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Full text of "Bibliotheca classica; or, a classical dictionary, containing a full account of all the proper names mentioned in antient authors: with tables of coins, weights, and measures, in use among the Greeks and Romans: to which is now prefixed a chronological table. By J. Lempriere, ... 1797"

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BIBLIOTHECA CLASSICA: | 


* s OR, ; 0 
A CLASSICAL DICTIONARY, 


A FULL ACCOUNT or ALL THE PROPER NAMES 
MENTIONED IN ANTIENT AUTHORS : 
WITH 


TABLES OF COINS, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES, 


IN USE AMONG THE GREEKS AND ROMANS: 


TO WHICH IS NOW PREFIXED 


A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 


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Lad ; | FM 
BY J. LEMPRIE RE, A. M. 


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THE THIRD EDITION, GREATLY ENLARGED. 
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LONDON: 


PRINTED FOR r. CADELL, JUNIOR, AND w. DAVIES, ({ SUCCESSORS 
TO MR. CADELL,) IN THE STRAND. 


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moſt accurate and fatisfaftory account of all the proper names which 
occur in reading the Claſſics, and, by a judicious collection of anec- 
dotes and hiſtorical facts, to draw a picture of ancient times, not lefs 
inſtructive than entertaining. Such a work, it is hoped, will not be deemed 
an uſeleſs acquiſition in the hands of the public; and white the ſtudent is ini- 
tiated in the knowledge of hiſtory and mythology, and familiarized with 
the ancient ſituation and extent of kingdoms and cities that no longer exiſt, 
the man of letters may, perhaps, find it not a contemptible companion, from 
which he may receive information, and be made, a {econd time, acquainted 
with many important particulars which time, or more laborious occupations, 
may have erazed from his memory. In the proſecution of his plan, the author 
has been obliged totreadinthe ſteps of many learned men, whoſe ſtudies have 
been directed, and not without ſucceſs, to facilitate the attainment of claſ- 
ſical knowledge, and the ancient languages. Their compoſitions have been 
to him a ſource of information, and he truſts that their labors have now 
found ne elucidation in his own, and that, by a due conſideration of every 
ſubject, he has been enabled to imitate their excellencies, without copying 
their faults. Many compolitions of the ſame nature have iſſued from the 
preſs, but they are partial and unſatisfactory. The attempts to be conciſe, 
have rendered the labors of one barren and uninſtructive, while long and 
unconnected quotations of paſſages, from Greek and Latin writers, disfi- 
gure the page of the other, and render the whole inſipid and diſguſting. It 
cannot, therefore, be a diſcouraging employment now, to endeavour to finiſh 
what others have left imperfect, and, with the conciſeneſs of Stephens, to 
add the diffuſe reſearches of Lloyd, Hoffman, Collier, &c. After paying 
due attention to the ancient poets and hiſtorians, from whom the moſt 
authentic information can be received, the labors of more modern authors 
have been conſulted, and every compoſition, diſtinguiſhed for the clearneſs 
and perſpicuity of hiſtorical narration, or geographical deſcriptions, has 
been carefully examined. Truly ſenſible of what he owes to modern Latin 
and Engliſh writers and commentators, the author muſt not forget o make 
a public acknowledgment of the aſſiſtance he has likewiſe ein Im the 
labors of the French. In the Siecles Payens of PAbbs Sali de 
A 2 altres, 


T: the following pages it has been the wiſh of the Author to give the 


4 
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iv PF. : P F CE 
Caſtres, hie has found all the information which judicious criticiſm, and a 
perfect knowledge of heathen mythology, could procure. The compoſi- 
tions of P Abbe Banter, have alſo been uſeful; and in the Dictionaire 
Hiſtorique, of a literary ſociety, printed at Caen, a treaſure of original 
anecdotes, and a candid ſelection and arrangement of hiſtorical facts have 
been diſcovered, 


It was the original deſign of the author of this Dictionary, to give a 
minute explanation of all the names of which Pliny, and other ancient geo- 
graphers, make mention; but, upon a ſecond conſideration of the ſubje&, 
he was convinced, that it would have increaſed his volume in bulk, and 
not in value. The learned reader will be ſenſible of the propriety of this 
remark, when he recollects, that the names of many places mentioned by 

'!iny and Pauſanias, occur no where elſe in ancient authors, and that to 
find the true ſituation of an inſignificant village, mentioned by Strabo, no 
other writer but Strabo is to be conſulted. 


This Dictionary being undertaken more particularly for the uſe of 
ſchools, it has been thonght proper to mark the quantity of the penultimate 
of every word and to aſſiſt the ſtudent who can receive no fixed and poſitive 
rules for pronunciation. In this the authority of Smethius has been fol- 
lowed, as ali'o Leedes's edition of Labbe's Catholici Indices. 


As every publication ſhould be calculated to facilitate literature, and te 
be ſerviceable to the advancement of the ſciences, the author of this 
Dictionary did not preſume to intrude himſelf upon the public, before 
he was ſenſible that his humble labors would be of ſome ſervice to the 
lovers of the ancient languages. The undertaking was for the uſe of 
ſchools, therefore he thought none ſo capable of judging of its merit, and 
of aſcertaining its ptility, as thoſe who preſide over the education of youth. 
With this view, he took the liberty to communicate his intentions to 
ſeveral gentlemen in that line, not leſs diſtinguiſhed for purity of criticiſm, 
than for their claſſical abilities, and from them he received all the encou- 
ragement which the defire of contributing to the advancement of learning 


can expect. To them, therefore, for their approbation and friendly com- 


munications, he publicly returns his thaaks, and hopes, that, now his 
labors are completed, his Dictionary may claim from them that patronage, 
and that ſupport, to which, in their opinion, the ſpecimen of the work 
ſeemed to be entitled. He has paid due attention to their remarks, he 
has received with gratitude their judicious obſervations, and cannot paſs 
over in ſilence their obliging recommendations, and particularly the 
friendly advice he has received from the Rev. R. Valpy, Maſter of Reading 


ſchool. 


For the accouut of the Roman laws, and for the feſtivals celebrated by 
the ancient inhabitants of Greece and Italy, he is particularly indebted to 
the uſeful collections of Archbiſhop Potter, of Godwyn, and Kennet. In 
the tables of ancient coins, weights, and meaſures, which he has annexed 


to the body of the Dictionary, he has followed the learned calculations of 


Dr. 


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. 


Nr. Arbuthnot. The quoted authorities have been carefully examined, 
and frequently reviſed ; and, it is hoped, the opinions of mythologiſts will 
appear without confuſion, and be found diveſted of all obſcurity. 


Therefore, with all the confidence which an earneſt deſire of being uſeful 
can command, the author offers the following pages to the public, conſcious 
that they may contain inaccuracies and imperfections. A Dictionary, the 
candid reader is well aware, cannot be made perfect all at once; it muſt 
ſtill have its faults and omiſſions, however cautious and vigilant the author 
may have been, and in every page there may be found, in the opinion of 
ſame, room for improvement, and for addition, Before the candid, there- 
fore, and the impartial, he lays his publication, and for whatever obſerva- 
tions the friendly critic may make, he will ſhew himſelf grateful, and take 
adventage of the remarks of every judicious reader, ſhould the favors and 
the indulgence of the public demand a ſecond edition. 


PEMBROKE COLLEGE, OXFORD, 
NOVEMBER, 1788. 


THE very favorable reception which the firſt edition of the Claſſical 
Dictionary has met from the public, fully evinces the utility of the perform- 
ance. From the conſciouſneſs of this, the author has ſpared no pains to 
render this ſecond edition more deſerving of the ſame liberal patronage. 
The hints of friends, and the animadverſions of critics, have been carefully 
adopted, and almoſt every article has been corrected and improved. New 
names have not only been introduced, but the date of events has been more 
exactly aſcertained ; and, therefore, to ſuch as compare the two editions, 
the improvements will appear numerous and important in every page. 


In anſwer to thoſe Gentlemen who have objected againſt the ſmallneſs of 
the print, and have recommended a larger type, the author begs leave to 
obſerve, that it has been found impracticable to remove the inconvenience : 
ſo much matter could not well have been compreſſed in one. oftavo ; and it 
muſt be remembered, that the book is intended as a volume of occaſional 
reference, and, therefore, that it cannot long fatigue the eye. 


It will be found not an unneceſſary addition, to have an account of th. 
beſt editions of each claſſic at the end of the reſpective character of the 
authors, Dr. Harwood's plan has in general been attended to, but the 
price has not been inſerted from its great fluctuation, which often dcpei!is 
more upon the caprice of opinion than upon real value. as 

. e 


vi R 


The chronological table prefixed to the Dictionary will, it is hoped, be 
acknowledged univerſally uſeful. It has been compiled with great accu- 
racy, and chiefly extracted from The Chronology and Hiſtory of the 
World, by Dr. J. Blair, folio edition, 1754; and from Archbiſhop 
Uſher's Annales Veteris et Novi Teſtamenti,” printed at Geneva, 


folio, 1722. 


LONDON, 
JULY, 1792, 


THE improvements introduced into this third edition will be diſco- 
vered to be numerous and eſſential. The author would have recommended 
his work to the ſame liberal patronage which the public have already ex- 


tended to the two preceding impreſſions, without apology, did he not 
conceive that ſome anſwer is due to the (gry of the Bibliotheca Claſſica, 


publiſhed at Daventer in Holland, in the year 1794. The anonymous 
editor, whoſe language proves his abilities as a ſcholar, after refle&ing 
with unbecoming ſeverity upon the firſt edition of this work, has not only 
been guided by the ſame plan, he has not only literally tranſlated and 
adopted as his own, verbatim, almoſt every article, but he has followed 
the original ſo cloſely, as even faithfully to copy ſome of the errors which 
the ſecond edition, publiſhed in 1792, corrected, and which, in a com- 
poſition ſo voluminous and ſo complex, it is not poſſible for the moſt 
minute attention to avoid. Such an attack muſt, therefore, be deemed 
as illiberal as it is unfriendly ; but, however, far from wiſhing to detract 
from the merit of judgment and perſeverance in the tranſlator, the author 
conſiders himſelf indebted to him for the elegance and the correctneſs of 
the language in which he has made the Dictionary appear in a Latin dreſs, 
and conſequently for the recommendation which he has given to his labors 
among the learned on the Continent. 


MW 39 


ABINGDON, 
FEBRUARY, 1797. 


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A 


CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE, 


FROM THE 


CREATION OF THE WORLD 


To F781 


FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE 


IN THE WEST, AND IN THE EAST. 


2 world ereated in th Juli 1 
The deluge 2 pg 7 * pra — Julian period 2 
1 1 4G 4 Fes is 3 to have begun under Miſraim, = 
queſt of 98 8 * ä 2 = an 228 
The kingdom of Sicyon eſtabliſhed — _ 
The kin dom of Aſſyria begins * 22 
* 5 —— Abraham — — = 122 
e kingdom of Argos eſtabliſned under Inach . = 
Mergnon the Egyptian, ſai N for _—_ 
_ 2 'SYPtian, ſaid . letters, rf 5 years before the 1822 
e deluge of Ogyges, by which Attica remai * 
200 years, till the coming of Cecrops — 1764 


time, fixing here the arrival of Cecrops into Atti 
which other wri ps into Attica, an epoch 
GRE TT RPA ny IT. Tok 


The chronology of the Arundelian Marbles begins about cc | 
1582 


* In the following table, I h ä 
3 „I have confined myſelf to the more eaſy and i 
EE 
year of the Ch yy uſion of the Julian period, it is neceſſary to obſerve, that, as the firſt 
required eith * — era always falls on the 47 14th of the Julian years, the riumb-r 
rules of dusk. 3 or after Chriſt, will eaſily be diſcovered by the application of the 
will be Gonna — _ or addition. The era from the foundation of Rome (A. U. C.) 
before (i it 5s e ſame facility, by recollecting that the city was built 783 3 
the conqueſt Fx ockent—qp can likewiſe be recurred to by the conſideration, that 
games were celebrated after the 3 9 ä 


a 2 | 1 hs 


"OTIS 
—— 


OED — i — — — 


— — 
—— —— — 


viii CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 


J. C. 
The kingdom of Athens begun under Cecrops, who came from ; 


Egypt with a colony of Saites. This — about 780 pda 1556 


before the firſt Olympiad — 

Scamander migrates from Crete, and begins the kingdom of c 1546 
Troy _ — 

The . of Deucalion in Theſſaly — * 1503 

The Panathenæa firſt celebrated at . _ — 1495 
Cadmus comes into Greece, and builds the citadel of Thebes 1493 


The firſt Olympic games celebrated in Elis by the Idæi Dactyli 1453 
The five books of Moſes written in the land of Moab, where he 


dies the following year, aged 110 — 
Minos floriſhes in Crete, and iron is found by ; the bay the T 1406 
accidental burning of the woods of Ida in Crete 7 
The Eleuſinian myſteries introduced at Athens by Eumolpus 1356 
The Iſthmian games firſt inſtituted by Siſyphus, king of 71226 
Corinth —— 3 ; 
The Argonautic expedition. The firſt Pythian games celebrated 156 
by Adraſtus, king of Argos — | c 3 
Gideon floriſhes in Ifrael — — — 1245 
The Theban war of the ſeven heroes againſt Eteocles — 1225 
Olympic games eclebrated by Hercules 1222 
The rape of Helen by Theſeus, and, 15 years after, by Paris I213 
Troy taken after a ſiege of 10 years. ZEneas fails to _ 1184 
Alba Longa built by Aſcanius — 1152 
Migration of the Kolian colonies — — 1124 


The return of the Heraclidæ into Peloponneſus, 80 years after 
the taking of Troy. Two years after, they divide the Pelopon- 10 
neſus among themſelves ; and here, therefore, begins the King- + 
dom of Lacedzmon under Euryſthenes and Procles — | 


Saul made king over Iſrael _ — 109 
The kingdom of Sicyon ended — 108 
The kingdom of Athens ends in the death of Codrus — 1070 
The migration of the Tonian colonies from Greece, and their ſet- 
tlement in Afia Minor — — — 44 
Dedication of Solomon's temple — — 1004 
Samos built _ — — 986 
Homer and Heſiod floriſned about this time, according to. the 
Marbles — — — 907 


Lycurgus, 42 years old, eſtabliſhed his laws at Lacedzmon, and, 
together with Iphitus and Cleoſthenes, reſtores the Olympic 
games at Elis, about 108 years before the . which is com- 
monly called the firſt Olympiad 

Phidon, king of Argos, is ſuppoſed to have Sect fcales Ray 
meaſures, and coined filver at —_—_— Carthage built 7 
Dido — — — 
Fall of the Aſſyrian empire by the death of s Sardanapalus, an era 
placed 80 years carlier by Juſtin — — 


nne Kingdom of Macedonia begins, and continues 646 years, till) 


the battle of Pydna — . 2 0 


The h ingdom of Lydia begins, and continues 249 year 797 


869 


CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. ix 


B. C 
The monarchical government aboliſhed at Corinth, and the Pry- 
tanes elected _ — — | 779 
Corcebus conquers at Olympia, in the 28th Olympiad from the 
inſtitution of Iphitus. This is vulgarly called the firſt Olym- 776 
piad, about 23 years before the foundation of Rome — 


The Ephori introduced into the government of Lacedzmon by "TY 
Theopompus — _ _ c 7 
Iſaiah begins to propheſy — — — 757 
=p ra archons begin at Athens, of which Charops is the ö 754 
r — aa 2 wins 
Rome built on the 2oth of April, according to Varro, on the 
year 3961 of the Julian period — — c 753 
| The rape of the Sabines — — — 750 
: The era of Nabonaſſar begins — — 747 
: The firſt Meſſenian war begins, and continues 19 years, to the 7 
ö taking of Ithome _ — — c 743 
, Syracuſe built by a Corinthian colony _ — 732 
5 The kingdom of Iſrael finiſhed by the taking of Samaria by 
2 Salmanaſar, king of Aſſyria. The firſt eclipſe of the moon þ 721 
3 on record March 19th, according to Ptolemy — 
4 Candaules murdered by Gyges, who ſucceeds to the Lydian throne 718 
2 Tarentum built by the Parthenians — — 707 
4 Corcyra built by Corinthians — — 703 
The ſecond Meſſenian war begins, and continues 14 years, to the 
taking of Ira, after a ſiege of 11 years. About this ae 685 
+ floriſhed the poets Tyrtæus and Archilochus — 
The government of Athens intruſted to annual archons 684 
9 Cypſelus uſurps the government of Corinth, and keeps it for 30 6 
88 years — _ aca _ 59 
70 Byzantium built by a colony of Argives or Athenians — 558 
Cyrene built by Battus _ — — 630 
44 The Scythians invade Aſa Minor, of which they keep poſſeſſion 62 
04 for 28 years — — — | 
986 Draco eſtabliſhes his laws at Athens — — 62 3 | 
Niniveh taken and deſtroyed by Cyaxares and his allies — 60 
907 The Phcenicians ſail round Africa, by order of Necho. About this bo 
| time floriſhed Arion, Pittacus, Alczus, Sappho, &c. + 
884 The Scythians are expelled from Afia Minor by Cyaxares 596 


The Pythian games firſt eſtabliſhed at Delphi. About this time 
florithed Chilo, Anacharſis, Thales, Epimenides, Solon, 55 591 
prophet Ezekiel, Eſop, Sterſichorus — — 
869 Death of Jeremiah the prophet — — 577 
. The ſirſt comedy acted at Athens by Suſarion and Dolon 562 
8 Piſiſtratus firſt uſurped the ſovereignty at Athens _— 560 
oy Cyrus begins to reign. About this time floriſhed Anaximenes, Bias, 1 
$1 Anaximander, Phalaris, and Cleobulus —. — 55" 
+ Crœſus conquered by Cyrus. About this time floriſhed Theognis } , . 
797 and Pherecydes — — — — 54 
The Marſeilles buiſt by the Phocæans. The age of Pythagoras, Simo- g 
nides, Theſpis, Xenophanes, and Anacreon — 539 


Babylon taken by Cyrus — — _ 338 
ä a 3 Learning 


4 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 


2 B. C. 
Learning encouraged at Athens, and a public library built 526 
Egypt conquered by Camby ſes — — 525 


Polycrates, of Samos, put to death — — 522 
Darius Hyſtaſpes choſen king of Perſia. About this time floriſhed 
Confucius, the celebrated Chineſe philoſopher 1 
The tyranny of the Piſiſtratidæ aboliſhed at Athens — 51 
The conſular government begins at Rome after the expulſion of 
the Tarquins, and continues independent, for 461 years, till % 509 
the battle of Pharſalia — — — 
Sardis taken by the Athenians and burnt, which became aſter- 
wards the cauſe of the invaſion of Greece by the Perſians. 


About this time floriſhed Heraclitus, Parmenides, Milo the f “ 


wreſtler, ogy, gas &c. — — 
The firſt dictator Lartius created at Rome — — 498 
The battle of Marathon — — — 490 


The battles of Thermopylæ and Salamis. About this time 
floriſned ÆEſchylus, Pindar, Charon, Ana xagoras, Zeuxis, þ 480 
Ariſtides, &c. — 


The Perſians defeated at Platæa and Mycale on the ſame day 479 

'Themiſtocles, accuſed ef conſpiracy, flies to Xerxes — 471 
The Perſians defeated at Cyprus and near the Eurymedon 470 

The third Meſſenian war begins, and continues 10 years 6 


Egypt revolts' from the Perſians under Inarus, aſſiſted by the 
Athenians — — is 1 
The Romans ſend to Athens for Solon's laws. About this time 
floriſhed Sophocles, Nehemiah the prophet, Plato the comic 
poet, Ariftarchus the tragic, Leocrates, Thraſybulus, Peri- 454 


cles, Zaleucus, &c. — * Take 
The Athenians def. ated at Chzronea by the Bœotians — 447 
The firſt ſacred war concerning the temple of Delphi — 448 


public honors in the 39th: year of his age. About this time 


Herodotus reads his hiſtory to the council of Athens, and receives 
floriſhed Empedocles, Hellanicus, Euripides, Herodicus, . 3 


dias, Artemones, Charondas, &c. — n 
A colony ſent to Thurium by the Athenians — 444 
Comedies prohibited at Athens, a reſtraint which remained in 8 
force for three years 555 — 442 
A war between Corinth and Corcyra — — 439 


The Peloponneſian war begins May the 7th, and continues about 
27 years. About this time floriſhed Cratinus, Eupolis, Ariſto- 1 
phanes, Meton, Euctemon, Malachi the laſt of the prophets, 43 
Democritus, Gor zias, Thucy lides, Hippocrates, &c. ' * 

The hiftory of the Old Teſtament finiſhes about this time. A 5 
plague at Athens for five years — _ 43 

A peace of 50 years made between the Athenians and Lacedzmo- 
nians, which is kept only during ſix years and ten months, þ 421 
though each cantinued at war with the other's allies — | 

ſcene of the Peloponneſian war changed to Sicily. The 
Agranan law firſt moved at Rome — — 


Egypt revolts from the Perſians, and Amyrtæus 1s appointed king 


CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 


The Carthaginians enter Sicily, where they deſtroy Selinus and c 

Himera, but LE are repulſed by Hermocrates . — 4⁰9 
The battle of E E 13 The uſurpation of Dionyſius 405 
Athens taken by nder, the end of the Peloponneſian war, and 


the appointment of 30 tyrants over the conquered city. About 
this time floriſhed Parrhaſius, * Lyſias, 2 
Euclid, Cebes, Teleſtes, &c. 
Cyrus the Younger killed at Cunaxa. The lorious retreat of 
the 10,000 Greeks, and the expulſion of the bw go "Ree from © 4or 
Athens by Thraſybulus — 
Socrates put to death — 
Ageſilaus of Lacedæmon's expedition into Ada againſt the Per- 
lians. The age of Xenophon, Cteſias, Zeuxis, e . 396 
Evagoras, Ariſtippus of Cyrene, and Archytas — 
The Corinthian war begun by the alliance of the Athenians, The- 
bans, Corinthians, and Argives, againſt Lacedemon — 395 
The Lacedzmonians, under Piſander, defeated by Conon at 
Cnidus ; and, a few days after, the allies are defeated at * 394 
ronæa, by Ageſilaus — — 
The battle of Allia, and the _ of Rome b by the Gauls 390 
Dionyſius beſieges Rhegium and takes it after 11 months. About 
this time floriſhed * Philoxenus, 2 Pythias, ane 388 
crates, &c. 
The Greek cities of Aſia tributary to Perkin, by the peace of An- 


talcidas, between the Lacedæmonians and Perfians — 387 


The war of Cyprus finiſhed A a treaty, aber it had continued g 
two years — * 
The Lacedzmonians defeated i in a ſea fight at 1 by Chabrias. 
About this time floriſhed Philiſtus, Iſæus, Iſocrates, Arete, 377 


Philolaus, Diogenes the cynic, &c. — 
Artaxerxes ſends an army under — with 20,000 Greeks, 
commanded by Iphicrates 374 
The battle of Leuctra, where the 8 are defeated by 
Epaminondas, the general of the Thebans 371 


The Meſſenians, after a baniſhment of 300 years, return to to Pelo 
ponneſus | = 
One of the conſuls at Homes elected from the Plebeians 
The battle of Mantinea n by 8 — a year aſter the 
A ts Tack ki f E Som f the 
us acnos, King 0 t. me ot t overnors 
* Leſſer Aſia revolt kom Perſia me | K 1 362 
The Athenians are defeated at Methone, the firſt battle that E a 
of Macedon ever won in Greece 
Dionyſius the Vounger is expelled from Syracuſe b Dy Dian. The 
ſecond ſacred war begins, on the temple of Delphi deing 1 357 
tacked by the Phoceans — 
Dion put to death, and Syracuſe governed * years by tyrants. 
About this time floriſhed Eudoxus, Lycurgus, * Theo- þ 2-4 
pompus, Ephorus, Datames, Philomelus, &c. 
"- - oceans, under it are defeated in Theſſaly by _ 53 
1 Ip — — — 22 


3 4 Egypt 


Pe I — 
- 


- — —— ———U— — — — — —* 


9 


—— 
. 


0 2” 0, ooo gy xa repo gottoory „ —A: — 


= _—_—_— . 
, 4 


= — — 2 dC 


X11 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 


B. C. 

Egypt is conquered by Ochus 350 

The ſacred war is finiſhed by rn taking all rhe cities of the 8 
Phoceans _ 34 

Dionyſius recovers the tyranny of 8 Syracuſe, after 10 n baniſh- | 

ment — — — 347 

Timoleon recovers Syracuſe, and baniſhes the tyrant — 343 


The Carthaginians defeated by Timoleon near Agrigentum. 
About this time floriſhed Speuſippus, Protogenes, Ariſtotle, 8 
Aſchines, Xenocrates, Demoſthenes, Phocion, Mamercus, 34 


Icetas, Stilpo, Demades — — 

The battle of Cheronæa — — 338 
Philip of Macedon killed by Pauſanias. His ſon Alexander, on 6 
the following year, enters Greece, deſtroys am &c. 33 
The battle of the Granicus — — — 334 
The battle of Iſſus 333 
Tyre and Egypt conquered by tl the : Macedonian * * 2 
andria built — — 33 
The battle of Arbela — 331 


Alexander's expedition againſt Porus. About this time floriſhed 
elles, Calliſthenes, Bagoas, Parmenio, Philotas, Memnon, ? 

Dinocrates, Calippus, a CATS Philetus, 3 Me- £ 327 
nedemus, &c. — 

Alexander dies on the 21ſt of April. His empire is divided into 
four kingdoms. The — war, and the e of the Pto- Þ 323 
lemies in Egypt 

Polyperchon publiſhes a ä liberty to all the Greek. e cities. 
The age of Praxiteles, Crates, Theophraſtus, Menander, 


Demetrius, n Nun. —— wn yoo 
Leoſthenes 
Syracuſe and Sicily uſurped by Agathocles. Demetrius Phalereus 
governs Athens for 10 years — 317 
Eumenes delivered to Antigonus by his army — 315 
Seleucus takes e and here the 8 of the era of the 
Seleucidz _ : ge. 
The conqueſts of Agatbocles i in Africa — — 309 
Democracy eſtabliſhed at Athens by Demetrius Poliorcetes 307 


The title of kings firſt aſſumed by the ſucceſſors of Alexander 306 
The battle of Ipſus, where Antigonus is defeated and killed by 
Ptolemy, Seleucus, Lyſimachus, and Caſſander. About this 


time floriſhed Zeno, Pyrrho, * Megaſthenes, Cran- 301 
tor, &c. — — — — 
Athens taken by Demetrius Poliorcetes, * a year's ſiege 296 
The firſt ſun dial erected at Rome by Papirius Curſor, and the time 
firſt divided into hours — — — 293 
Seleucus, about this time, built about 40 cities in Aſia, which he 
peopled with different nations. The age of Euclid the mathe- , 
matician, Arceſilaus, Epicurus, Bion, Timocharis, Eraſiſtratus, 29 
Ariſtyllus, Strato, Zenodotus, Arſinoe, Lachares, &c. 
! ic Athenians revolt from Demetrius — — 287 
yrchus expelled from Macedon by Lyſimachus — _ 


wd4 4 4 1 - * * 
—_— 


r 


323 
320 


317 
315 
312 
309 


307 
306 


301 


296 


1 293 


5 65 


287 
286 
The 


* ſocial war between the ÆEtolians and Achæans, aſſiſted 17 Dos 


x iii 


CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 


The Pharos of Alexandria built. The ſeptuagint ſuppoſed to be 
tranſlated abont this time — — — 284 

Lyfimachus defeated and killed by Seleucus. The Tarentine war 8 
begins, and continues 10 years. The Achæan league begins c * 

Pyrrhus, of Epirus, goes to Italy to aſſiſt the Tarentines 


280 
The Gauls, under Brennus, are cut to pieces near the temple of 


Delphi. About this time floriſhed Dionyſius the aſtronomer, 
Soſtratus, Theocritus, Dionyſius Heracleotes, Philo, Aratus, 278 
Lycophren, Perſæus, &c. — — 
Pyrrhus, defeated by Curius, retires to Epirus — 274 
The firſt coining of ſilver at Rome — — 269 
Athens taken by Antigonus Gonatas, who keeps it 12 years 268 


The firſt Punic war begins, and continues for 2g years. The 
chronology of the Arundelian Marbles compoſed. About this G 
time ftoriſhed Lycon, Crates, Beroſus, Hermachus, Helenus, ( **+ 
Clinias, Ariſtotimus, &c. — — 

Antiochus Soter defeated at Sardis by Eumenes of Pergamus 


262 

The Carthaginian fleet defeated by Duilius — — 260 

Regulus defeated by Xanthippus. Athens is reſtored to liberty by 6 
. — _ _ — — | *3 


Aratus perſuades the people of Sicyon to join the Achzan league, 
About this time floriſhed Cleanthes, Homer junior, Manetho, 
Timæus, Callimachus, Zoilus, Duris, Neanthes, Ctefibins, ops 
Soſibius, Hieronymus, Hanno, Laodice, Lyſias, Ariobarzanes 

The Parthians under Arſaces, and the Bactrians under — 


tus, revolt from the Macedonians — 2 
The ſea fight of Drepanum — — — 249 
The citadel of Corinth taken by Aratus — — 243 
Agis, king of Sparta, put to death for attempting to ſettle an 

Agrarian law. About this period floriſhed Antigonus Caryſtius, 

Conon of Samos, Eratoſthenes, Apollonius of Perga, Lacydes, f 24 

Amilcar, Ageſilaus the ephor, &c. — * 

Plays firſt acted at Rome, being thoſe of Livius Andronicus 240 
Amilcar paſſes with an army to Spain, with Annibal his ſon 237 
The temple of Janus ſhut at Rome, the firſt time ſince Numa 235 
The Sardinian war begins, aud continues three years — 234 
The firſt divorce known at Rome by Sp. Carvilius. Sardinia and 

Corſica conquered — — — 231 
The Roman ambaſſadors firſt appear at Athens and Corinth 228 
The war between Cleomenes and Aratus begins, and continues for 

five years — — c 27 


The coloſſus of Rhodes thrown down by an earthquake. The 
Romans firſt croſs the Po, purſuing the Gauls, who had en- 
tered Italy, About this time floriſhed Chryſippus, Polyſtra- 
tus, Euphorion, Archimedes, Valerius Meſſala, C. Nevius, 224 
Ariſtarchus, Apollonius, Philochorus, Ariſto Ceus, Fabius 


Pictor, the firſt Roman hiſtorian, Phylarchus, Lyſiades, 
Agro, &c. — — | 


The battle of Sellaſia — 


—_ — 222 


Ip — —— —— — 


Saguntum 


1 
; 
1 
- 
: 


CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 


% 


Saguntum taken by Annibal 
The ſecond Punic war begi 
'The battle of the lake 


—_— —— PY pp * 


ns, and continues 17 years 
Thraſymenus, and, next year, that of 


7 — — — — 


The Romans begin tl the auxiliary war againſt T Philip in Epirus, 

which is continued by intervals for 14 years 

Syracuſe taken by Marcellus, after a ſiege of three years 

iilopœmen defeats Machanidas at Mantinea 

Aſdrübal is defeated. About this time floriſhed Plautus, Arche 
gathus, Evander, Teleclus, Hermippus, Zeno, Sotion, En- 
nius, Hieronymus of Syracuſe, 'Tlepolemus, Epicydes 

The battle of Zama 

The firſt Macedonian war begins, and continues near 4 years 

The battle of Panius, where Antiochus defeats Scopes 

The battle of Cynoſcephale, where Philip is defeated 

The war of Antiochus the Great begins, and continues three 


Ic w 


a —— e uv AS — — Eu CG _ —ů — 1 — 
— — 


— 


— ——— — 


Lacedæmon ie to the Achonn league by ; Philopeemen | 

The luxuries of Afia brought to Rome 

The laws of * TS: for a while at Sparta by E Philo- 

Autiochus the Great it defeated 1 killed in Media. About this 
time floriſhed Ariſtophancs of Byzantium, Aſclepiades, Te- 
gula, C. Lælius, Ariſtonymus, Hegeſinus, Dio 
Critolaus, Maſiniſſa, the Scipios, the Gracchi, 

A war, which continues for one year, between Eumenes and 
Pruſias, till the death of Annibal 

Philopœmen defeated and killed by Dinocrates 

Numa's books found in a ftone coffin at Rome 

Perſeus ſends his ambaſſadors to Carthage 

Ptolemy's generals defeated by Antiochus, in a battle between Pe- 

The ſecond Macedonian war 

The battle of Pydna, and the fall of the Macedonian empire. 
About this period floriſhed Attalus the aſtronomer, Metrodo- 
ras, Terence, Crates, Polybius, Pacuvius, ur He- 
raclides, Carneades, Ariſtarchus, &c. 

The firſt library erected at Rome, with books ebiaied from the 
plunder of Macedonia 

Time meaſured out at Rome by a water machine, cm by 
Scipio Naſica, 134 years after the introduCtion of ſun dials 

Andriſcus, the Pſeudophilip, aſſumes the royalty in Macedon 

Lemetrius, king of Syria, defeated and killed by Alexander 


nes the ſtoic, 


luſium and mount Caſſius. 


9 Wl ö 


The third Punic war beg Prufias, king of Bithynia, p put to 
death by his ſon Nicomedes 

he Romans make war againſt the Acheans which is finiſhed the f 
next year by Mummius 

Carthage is deſtroyed by Scipio, and Corinth by Mummius 

Viriath»s4s defeated by Lælius in Spain 


The war of Numantia begins, and continues for eight years 


— 


Cnc — 89 3 
— a 


* » 
0 * 
Yb On TITTY _ Af 
A nA WBRRNZZES, 
— EOENN 


B. C. 
219 
218 


217 


1 


212 
208 


By 


202 
200 
198 
197 


I 


191 
189 


188 


; 187 


184. 


183 
179 
175 


171 
168 


167 
159 


152 
150 


149 
148 
147 


146 


141 
The 


The reign of the Seleucjdz ends in Syria on the conqueſt of the 


— 


CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. xv 


B. C. 

The Roman army, under Mancinus, is defeated by the Nu- 3 

mantines — — — — : 13 
Reſtoration of learning at Alexandria, and univerſal patronage 

offered to all learned men by Ptolemy Phyſcon. The age of 

Satyrus, Ariſtobulus, Lucius Accius, — Antipater, % 137 

Diodorus the peripatetic, Nicander, Cteſibius, Sarpedon, Mi- 

cipla, &c. — — les 7--#: 
The famous embaſſy of Scipio, Metellus, Mummius, and Panæ- 6 

tius, into Egypt, Syria, and Greece _ — | 13 
The hiſtory of the Apocrypha ends. The ſervile war in Sicily 

begins, and continues for three years _ — : 135 
Numantia taken. Pergamus annexed to the Roman empire 133 
Antiochus Sidetes killed by Phraates. Ariſtonicus defeated by 

Perpenna — — — — * 
The Romans make war againſt the pirates of the Baleares. 

Carthage is rebuilt by order of the Roman ſenate — 3 
C. Gracchus killed — — — 121 
Dalmatia conquered by Metellus _ — 118 
Cleopatra aſſumes the government of Egypt. The age of Erym- 

næus, Athenion, Artemidorus, Clitomachus, Apollonius, He- L 116 

rodicus, L. Cælius, Caſtor, Menecrates, Lucilius, &c. N 
The Jugurthine war begins, and continues for five years 111 
The famous ſumptuary law at Rome, which limited the ex- 

pences of eating every day — — * 
The Teutones and Cimbri begin the war againſt Rome, and con- 

tinue it for eight years — — — 
The Teutones defeat 80,000 Romans on the banks of the Rhone 105 
The Teutones defeated by C. Marius at Aquæ Sextiz — 102 
The Cimbri defeated by Marius and Catulus — — 101 
Dolabella conquers Luſitania — — — 99 
Cyrene left by Ptolemy Apion to the Romans — 97 
The Social war begins, and continues three years, till finiſhed by F 91 

Sylla — — — — 
The Mithridatic war begins, and continues 26 years — 89 
The civil wars of Marius and Sylla begin and continue ſix years 88 
Sylla conquers Athens, and ſends its — libraries to Rome 86 
Young Marius is defeated by Sylla, who is made dictator 82 


The death of Sylla. About this time floriſhed Philo, Charmidas, 
Aſclepiades, Apellicon, L. Siſenna, Alexander Polyhiſtor, Plo- Z 
tius Gallus, Diotimus, Zeno, Hortenſius, Archias, Polidonius, 7 
Geminus, &c. — — 

Bithynia left by Nicomedes to the Romans — — 75 

The ſervile war, under Spartacus, begins, and, two years — 
the rebel general is defeated and killed by Pompey and Craſſus 

Mithridates and Tigranes defeated by Lucullus 


Mithridates conquered by Pompey in a night battle. Crete is 66 
ſubdued by Metellus, after a war of two years — 


country by Pompey — — 
Catiline's conſpiracy detected by Cicero. Mithridate 
himſelf — a 


. 


— —— — 


* 


„ ————— 


— K . mou. lod — 


— 8 
_——— — ” 
ö 


xvi CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 


B. C. 
The firſt triumvirate in the perſons of J. Cæſar, Pompey, and Craſſus. 
About this time floriſhed Apollonius of Rhodes, Terentius Var- 
ro, Tyrannion, Ariſtodemus of Nyſa, Lucretius, Dionyſius the 60 
grammarian, * Cicero, Antiochus, Spurinus, Andronicus, Ca- 


tullus, Salluſt, Timagenes, Cratippus, &c. — 
Cicero baniſhed from Rome, and recalled the next year 58 
Cæſar paſſes the Rhine, defeats the Germans, and invades Britain 55 
Craſſus is killed by Surena — — 53 
Civil war between Cæſar and Pom _ _ 50 
The battle of Pharſalia — — — 48 
Alexandria taken by Cæſar _ _ 47 
The war of Africa. Cato kills himſelf. 'This year is called the year 

of confuſion, becauſe the calendar was evrrefted by Sogn, 46 

and the year made to conſiſt of 15 months, or 445 days 
The battle of Munda _ — — 1 
Cæſar murdered _ — — 44 


The battle of Mutina. The ſecond triumvirate in Octavius, An- 
tony, and Lepidus. Cicero put to death. The age of Soſi- 
genes, C. Nepos, Diodorus Siculus, Trogus Pompey, Didymus 43 
the ſcholiaſt, Varro the poet, &c. — — 


The battle of Philippi — — _ 42 
Pacorus, general of Parthia, defeated by Ventidius, 14 years after 

the diſgrace of Craſſus, and on the ſame day — 39 
Pompey the Vounger defeated in Sicily by Octavius — 36 
Octavius and Antony prepare for war — —— 32 
The battle of Actium. The era of the Roman emperors properly 

begins here — — _ gr: 
Alexandria taken, and Egypt reduced into a Roman province 30 
The title of Auguſtus given to Octavius — — 27 


The Egyptians adopt the Julian year. About this time floriſhed 
Virgil, Manilius, Dioſcorides, Aſinius Pollio, Mzcenas, Agrip- _ 
pa, Strabo, Horace, Macer, Propertius, Livy, Muſa, Tibullus, 3 
Ovid, Pylades, Bathyllus, Varius, Tucca, Vitruvius, &c. 


The conſpiracy of Murzna againſt Auguſtus — 22 
Auguſtus viſits Greece and Aſia — — 21 
The Roman enſigns recovered from the Parthians by Tiberius 20 
The ſecular games celebrated at Rome — — 17 
Lollius defeated by the Germans — — 16 
The Rhetj and Vindelici defeated by Druſus — 15 
The Pannonians conquered by Tiberius — — 12 
Some of the German nations conquered by Druſus — 11 
Auguſtus corrects the calendar, by ordering the 12 enſuing years) 
to be without intercalation. About this time floriſhed Damaſ- 0 
cenus, Hyginus, Flaccus the grammarian, Dionyſius of Hali- 
carnaſſus, and Dionyſius the geographer — 
Tiberius retires to Rhodes for ſeven years — 6 


Our S$Av1OUR is born, four years before the vulgar era, in the 
year 4710 of the Julian period, A. U. C. 749, and the fourth 4 
of the 193 Olympiad — 


A. D. 
L 
The 


Tiberius returns to Rome 


CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 


The leap year corrected, having nn: been every gd year 
Ovid baniſhed to 'Tomos 


Varus defeated and killed in Germany by A Arminius 


Auguſtus dies at Nola, and is ſucceeded by Tiberius. The age 
of Phædrus, Afinius Gallus, Velleius n ber 
Cornel. Celſus, &c. 

Twelve cities in Aſia deſtroyed by an carthquike 


Germanicus, poiſoned by Piſo, dies at Antioch 
Tiberius goes to Capreæ 


Our SAVIOUR crucified. This is put four years Jater by 2 moſt 
chronologifts aw c 
Sejanus diſgraced * 


Tiberius dies, and is ſueceeded by Caligula. Aber this period flo- 
riſhed Valerius Maximus, Columella, Pomponius Mela, . 
Philo Judzus, Artabanus, and Agrippina 


The name of Chriſtians firſt £ on at Antioch to the followers of 
Our Saviour Fes 


Caligula murdered b Chereas, and Wen by Claudius 
The "geting of Claudius into Britain — 
Caractacus carried in chains to Rome 
Claudius ſucceeded by Nero 


Agrippina put to death by her ſon Nero — 

Firſt perſecution againſt the Chriſtians — 

Sencca, Lucan, 3 others, put to death — 

Nero viſits Greece. The Jewiſh war begins. The age of Perfivs, 
Q. Curtius, Pliny the Elder, Joſephus, Frontinus, Burt 
Corbulo, Thraſea, Boadicea, &c. — — 

St. Peter and St. Paul put to death — — 

Nero dies, and is ſucceeded by Galba — — 


Galba put to death. Otho, defeated by Vitellius, kills himſelf. 
Vitellius is defeated by Veſpaſian's army — 

Jeruſalem taken and deſtroyed by Titus 

The Parthians revolt — — — 

Death of Veſpaſian, and ſucceſſion of Titus. Herculaneum and 
Pompeii deſtroyed by an eruption of Mount V eſuvius 

Death of Titus, and ſucceſſion of Domitian. The age of Sil. Ita- 
licus, Martial, Apollon. Tyanzus, Valerius Flaccus, n 

Epictetus, Quintilian, Lupus, Agricola, &c. 

1225 games inſtituted by Domitian, and celebrated 6 ovny 

ourth year — 

Secular games celebrated. The war with Dacia begins 

Domitian put to death by Stephanus, &c. and ſucceeded by Nerva. 
The age of uvenal, Tacitus, Statius, &c. 

Nerva dies, and is ſucceeded by Trajan — 

fliny made proconſul of Bithynia — 
acia reduced to a Roman province — 


rus, Suetonius, Pliny junior, Philo Byblius, Dion, Pruſæus, 
Plutarch, &c. — 


rajan's column erected at Rome * REY 


Traan dies, and is ſucceeded by Adrian — — 


Trajan $ expedition againſt Parthia. About this time foriſhed _ 
106 


114 
117 
Adrian 


xviii CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 
A. D. 
Adrian builds a wall in Britain — — — 121 
Adrian viſits Aſia and Egypt for ſeven years — 126 
He rebuilds Jeruſalem, and raiſes there a temple to Jupiter 130 
* Jaws! rebel, and are defeated after a war of five years, a and all c 131 
aniſhe — — — 


Adrian floriſned Theon, Phavorinus, Phlegon, Trallian, Ariſtides, 
Aquila, Salvius Julian, Polycarp, Arrian, Ptolemy, 58 

Antoninus defeats the Moors, Germans, and Dacians 

The worſhip of Serapis brought to Rome 

Antoninus dies, and . ſucceeded by M. Aurelius and L. Verus, the 
laſt of which reigned nine years. In the reign of Antoninus flo- 
riſhed Maximus Tyrius, Pauſanias, Diophantes, Lucian, Her- 
mogenes, Polyznus, Appian, Artemidorus, . the martyr, 
Apuleius, &c. _ — — 

A war with Parthia, which continues three years — 

A war againſt the Marcomanni, which continues five years 

Another, which continues three years 

M. Aurelius dies, and Commodus ſucceeds. In In the laſt rein, flo- 
riſhed Galen, 9 Tatian, Athenæus, a Dio 
genes Laertius — 

Commodus makes peace. mitch the Germans 

Commodus put to death by Martia and Lætus. He is beende for 
a few months by Pertinax, who is murdered, 193, and four rivals 
ariſe, Didius Julianus, Peſcennius Niger, Severus, and Albinus. 
Under Commodus floriſhed J. 1 2 — St. n 
&c. 


Adrian dies, and is ſucceeded by Antoninus Pius. In the reign y 


Niger 1s defeated b by Severus at Ius — 194 
Albinus defeated in Gaul — — 198 
Severus conquers the Parthians — 200 
Severus viſits Britain, and builds a wall there 207 


Severus dies at York, and is ſucceeded by Caracalla and Geta. In 
his reign floriſhed Tertullian, Minutius Felix, Papinianus, Cle- 
mens of Alexandria, Philoſtratus, Plotianus, and Bulas 

Geta killed by his brother Caracalla — 

The yon diſcovered. — murdered by Macriaus. Flo-T , 7 
riſhed 

hs — killed by che ſoldiers, and ſucceeded by Heliogs 
balus 

Alexander Severus d Heliogabalus. The Goths then exacted 
an annual payment not to invade or moleſt the Roman empire þ 
'The age of Julius Africanus 

The Arlacide of Parthia are conquered by y Artaxerzes, wg of * 
Media, and their empire deſtroyed — 

Alexander defeats the Perſians — 

Alexander killed, aud ſucceeded by Maximinus. At that time flo- * 23 f 
riſhed Dion Caflins, Origen, and Ammonius 

The two Gerdians ſucceed Maximinus, and are put to death by 
Pupienus, who ſoon after is deſtroyed, with Balbinus, * the þ 236 
ſoldiers of the younger Gordian — 


Sabinianus defeated in Africa aol 4 240 
Gordian 


CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. xix 


A. D. 
Gordian marches againſt the Perſians — — 242 


He is put to death by Philip, who ſucceeds, and makes peace with 
Sapor. About this time floriſhed Cenſorius, and Gregory Thau- 244 


maturgus _ _ — 
Philip killed, and ſucceeded by Decius. Herodian floriſhed « 249 
Decius ſucceeded by Gallus — — — 251 
A great peſtilence over the empire — — 252 
Gallus dies, and is ſucceeded by Emilianus, Valerianus, and Gal- 
lienus. In the reign of Gallus floriſhed St. Cyprian and Plo- þ 254 
tinus — — — 


The empire is haraſſed by 3o tyrants ſucceſſively 


— 258 
Valerian is taken by Sapor and flead alive — — x be 
Odenatus governs the eaſt for Gallienus — _ 264. 
The Scythians and Goths defeated — — 267 
Gallienus killed, and ſucceeded by Claudius. In this reign floriſned) 68 
Longinus, Paulus Samoſatenus, &c. — — i 
Claudius conquers the Goths, and kills 300,000 of them. Zeno- 26 
bia takes poſſeſſion of Egypt — — { 210 
Aurelian ſucceeds 23 + qua — — 270 
Zenobia defeated by Aurelian at Edeſſa — — 273 
Dacia ceded to the Barbarians by the emperor — 274 
Aurelian killed, and ſucceeded by Tacitus, who died after a reign of 4 
fix months, and was ſucceeded by Florianus, and, two months C 275 
after, by Probus — — — 
Probus makes an expedition into Gaul — — 277 
He defeats the 1 et in the eaſt — — 280 
Probus is put to death, and ſucceeded by Carus, and his ſong Ca- Q 
rinus and Numerianus _ — — 5 hag 
Diocleſian ſucceeds — — — 284 
The empire attacked by the Barbarians of the north. Diocleſian 16 
takes Maximianus as his- imperial colleague — : 
Britain recovered, after a tyrant's uſurpation of 10 years. Alex- 5 
andria taken by Diocleſian — — — 8 


Diocleſian and Maximianus abdicate the empire, and live in retire- 
ment, ſucceeded by Conſtantius Chlorus and Galerius Maximi- 
anus, the two Cæſars. About this period floriſhed J. Capitolinus, > 304 
Arnobius, Gregory and Hermogenes, the lawyers, Ælius Spar- 
tianus, Hierocles, Flavius Vopiſcus, Trebellius Pollio, &c. 
Conſtantius dies, and is ſucceeded by his ſon — 306 


At this time there were four emperors, Conſtantine, Licinius, Max- 

imianus, and Maxentius — — — 5 gos 
Maxentius defeated and killed by Conſtantine — 312 
The Emperor Conſtantine begins to favor the Chriſtian religion 319 
Licinius defeated and baniſhed by Conftantine 3 324 
The firſt general Council of Nice, compoſed of 318 biſhops, who 

fit from June 19 to Auguſt 25 — — 325 
The ſeat of empire removed from Rome to Conſtantinople 328 
Conſtantinople ſolemnly dedicated by the emperor on the eleventh 

of May — — — — 339 
Conſtantine orders all the heathen temples to be deſtroyed 331 


- 
- —_ — ».. 


** 


32 


F'Y 
\ 
1 
| 
l 


— 
— — * 
— 


=" WI wv 


xx CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 


: A.D. 
The death of Conſtantine, and ſucceſſion of his three ſons, Conſtan- 


tinus, Conſtans, and Conſtantius. In the reign of Conſtantine | 337 
floriſhed LaQantius, Athanaſius, Arius, and Euſebius 
Conſtantine the Younger defeated and killed by Conſtans at Aquileia 340 


Conſtans killed in Spain by Magnentius — — 350 
Gallus put to death by Conſtantius 354 
One hundred and fifty cities of Afia ruined by an carthaneke 358 


Conſtantius and Julian quarrel, and re for war; but the former 
dies the next year, and leaves t eb 
this period floriſhed /Elius Donatus, Eutropius, Libanius, Am- 
mian. Marcellinus, Jamblicus, St. Hilary, &c. — 
Julian dies, and is ſucceeded by Jovian. In Julian's reign floriſhed 6 
Gregory Nazienzen, Themiſtius, Aurelius Victor, &c. 393 
Upon the death of Jovian, and the ſucceſſion of Valens and Valen- 
tinian, the empire 1s divided, the former being emperorof the caſt, 364 


and the other of the weſt —— _ _ 
Gratian taken as partner in the weſtern empire by Valentinian 367 
Firmus, tyrant o of A Africa, defeated — — 373 
Valentinian the Second ſucceeds Valentinian the Firſt -— 375 
The Goths permitted to ſettle in Tue on nt expelled by the 

Huns — — } 376 
Theodofius the Great ſucceeds les in the en wa. ak 379 
Gratian defeated and killed by Andragathius 383 


The tyrant Maximus defeated and put to death by Theodoſius 388 
Eugenius uſurps the weſtern empire, and is two years after de- 
feated by Theodoſius — — — 392 
Theodoſius dies, and is ſucceeded by his ſons, Arcadius in the eaſt, 
and Honorius in the weſt. In the reign of Theodoſius floriſhed 
Auſonius, Eunapius, Pappus, Theon, in St. — 395 
St. Jerome, St. Ambroſe, &c. 


Gildo, defeated by his own brether, kills himſelf — 398 
Stilicho defeats 200,000 of the Goths at Feſulæ — 405 
The Vandals, Alani, and Suevi, 2 to ſettle in Spain and 06 
France by Honorius — — 4 
Theodoſius the Younger ſucceeds Arcadius in the eaſt, having 
Iſdegerdes, 1 of Perſia, as his N appointed by bs: 408 
father _ 
Rome plundered by y Alaric, like of the Viſigoths — 410 
The Vandals begin their kingdom in Spain — 412 
The kingdom of the Burgundians is begun in Alſace 413 
The Viſigoths found a kingdom at Thoulouſe _ 414 
The Alani defeated and extirpated by the Goths — 417 
The kingdom of the French begins on the Lower Rhine 420 


The death of Honorius, and ſucceſſion of Valentinian the Third. 
Under Honorius floriſhed Sulpicius Severus, Macrobius, Anianus, 23 
Panodorus, Stobzus, Servius the commentator, Hypatia, Pela- ( 
gius, Syneſius, Cyrill, Oroſius, Socrates, &c. — 

Theodoſius eſtabliſnes public ſchools at * and e 425 
the reſtoration of learning 

Pannonia recovered from * Huns by the Romans. The Vanda} 427 
paſs into Africa — The 


tter ſole emperor. About bo : 


The beginning of the Turkiſh empire in Aſia 


CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. xxĩ 


A. D. 

The French defeated by Ætius — — 428 

The Theodoſian code publiſhed — — 435 
Genſeric, the Vandal, takes Carthage, and begins the kingdom of 

the Vandals in Africa — - — — 439 


Attila, king of the Huns, ravages Europe — _ 447 

The Britons, abandoned by the Romans, make their celebrated 
complaint to Ætius againſt the Picts and Scots, and three years 6 
after the Saxons ſettle in Britain, upon the invitation of Vor- 44 
tizrern - — — — — 

Theodofius the Second dies, and is ſucceeded by Marcianus. About 
this time floriſhed Zozimus, Neſtorius, Theodoret, Socomen, 450 


Olympiodorus, &c. _ — — 
The city of Venice firſt began to be known _ 452 
Death of Valentinian the Third, who is ſucceeded by Maximus for 
two months, by Avitus for ten, and, after an inter-regnum of : 454 
ten months, by Majorianus — — — 
Rome taken by Genleric — _ _ 55 
Marcianus dies, and is ſucceeded by Leo, ſi named the Thracian 457 
Severus ſucceeds in the weſtern empire _ — 461 
Anthemus ſucceeds in tht weſtern empire, after an r "hy 
of two years _ _ — — 11 7 
Olybius ſucceeds Anthemus, and 1s ſucceeded, the next year, by 5 
Glycerius, and Glycerius by Nepos — — +7 


Nepos is ſucceeded by Auguſtulus. Leo junior, ſon of Ariadne, 
though an infant, ſuccceds his grandfather Leo in the eaſtern 
empire, and, ſume months after, is ſucceeded by his father 174 
Zeno — . 


The weſtern empire is deſtroyed by Odoacer, king of the Heruli, 


who aſſumes the title of king of Italy. About that time flo- 0 476 
riſhed Eutyches, Proſper, Victorius, Sidonius Apollinaris 
After the death of Zeno in the eaſt, Ariadne married Anaſtaſius, : 
ſirnamed the Silentiary, who aſcends the vacant throne a 49 
Theodorie, king of the Oltrogoths, revolts about this time, 
and conquers Italy. About this time floriſhed Boethris ih 493 
Symmachus — — — 
Chriſtianity embraced in France by the baptiſm of Clovis 496 
Paris made the capital of the French dominions _ 510 
Conſtantinople beſieged by Vitalianus, whoſe fleet is burned with 
brazen ſpeculum by Proclus — — 514 
a * 
The computing of time by the Chriſtian era, introduced firſt by 16 
Dionyſius | — — 5 


Juſtin the Firſt, a peaſant of Dalmatia, makes himſelf emperor 518 
Juſtinian the Firſt, nephew of Juſtin, ſucceeds. Under his glorious 
reign floriſhed Beliſarius, Jornandes, Paul the Silentiary, Sim- > 527 


plicius, Dionyſius, Procopius, Proclus, Narſes, &c. — 
Juſtinian publiſhes his celebrated code of laws — 529 
Conquelt of Africa by Beliſarius, and that of Rome, two years after 534 
Italy is invaded by the Franks — — 538 


he Roman conſulſhip ſuppreſſed by Juſtinian 


FF Þ4 
1 
+ 
to 


Rome taken aud pillaged by Totila * , — 


— — oo —— 


| 
| 
. 
| 


- — — — — Mo 
r 


xxĩi CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 


A.D. 
The manufacture of Silk introduced from India into * by 
Monks 55 
Defeat and death of * Totila, the Gothic king of Italy — 552 
Juſtin the Second, ſon of Vigilantia, the lifter of Juſtinian, ſucceeds 565 
Part of Italy conquered by the SINE, who formed a LANG 68 
dom there — , 
Tiberius the Second, an officer of t the imperial 1 guard, is adopted, 


and, ſoon after, — ; — — 578 
Latin ceaſes to be the language of Italy about chi time 581 
Maurice, the Capadocian, ſon-in-law of Tiberius, ſucceeds 582 


Gregory the Firſt, ſirnamed the Great, fills St. Peter's chair at 
Rome. The few men of learning who floriſhed the latter end 
of this century, were Gildas, Agathias, Gregory of Tours the > 590 
1 of French hiſtory, mel — and St. 9 the 
onk _ _ 
Auguſtin the Monk, with 40 others comes to * cu 
in England — 597 
About this time the Saxon Heptarchy began in in Eogland 600 
Phocas, a ſimple centurion, is elected emperor, after the revolt of 
the ſoldiers, and the murder of Maurice and of his children 
The power of the Popes * to be eſtabliſhed by the gs 606 


602 


ſions of Phocas — 
Heraclius, an officer in Africa, ſucceeds, aſter the murder of my G 
uſurper Phocas — 3 
The conquelts of Choſroes, king of Perſia, in a Syria, Egypt, Aſia  -, 
Minor, and, afterwards, his ſiege of Rome 4. 
The Perſians take Jeruſalem with dreadful ſlaughter 614 
Mahomet, in his 53d year, flies from Mecca to 3 on Fri- 
day July 16, which forms the firſt year of the n the nf 622 
of the Mahometans 
Conſtantinople is beſieged * the P Perſians and 7 Arabs — 626 
Death of Mahomet — _ 632 
Jeruſalem taken by the e and three youre aſter Alexandria G 
and its famous library deſtroyed | 37 
Conſtantine the Third, ſon of Heraclius, in partnerſhip with l Hera- 
cleonas, his brother by the ſame father, aſſumes the imperial pur- 
ple. Conſtantine reigns 103 days, and after his death, his ſon. "3 
Conſtantine's ſon Conſtans is declared emperor, tho? Heracleonas, F 
with his mother Martina, wiſhed to continue in 3 of the 
ſupreme power — 
The Saracens take Rhodes, and deſtroy the Coloſſus 653 


Conſtantine the Fourth, ſirnamed Pogonatus, ſucceeds, on the 


murder of his father in Sicily, Conſtantinople is firſt ee 608 
by the Arabs — — 3 
Conſtantinople beſieged by the Saracens, whoſe fleet is deſtroyed 673 
/ 


by the Greek tire _ — E 
Juſtinian the Second ſucceeds his father Conſtantine. In ** exile 
of 10 years the purple was uſurped by Leontius and Ablimerus 
Tiberius. His reſtoration happened 704. The only men of 
learning in this century were Secundus, Iſidorus, 'Theophylac- 
tus, Geo. Pilides, Calligicus, and the venerable Bede W 


9 ica 


Pon 


— 


SY 


Tr We£An ww ia. 


tt OO 


1. 
8, 80 
1e 

653 
ne 
5 668 
ea 673 


CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 


Africa finally conquered by the Arabs — 
Bardanes, ſirnamed Philippicus, ſucceeds at Conltentinople, on the 
murder of Juſtinian — — — — 
Spain 1s conquered by the Arabs. Acceſſion of Artemius, or Anaſ- 
taſius the Second, to the throne — 
Second ſiege of Conſtantinople by the Arabs. Anaſtaſius abdicates, 
and is ſucceeded by Theodoſius the Third, who, two years after, 


xiii 
Ty - > 
709 


To 


© 713 


yields to the ſuperior influence of Leo the Third, the firſt of 716 
the Iſaurian Matt — — — | 
Conſtantine the Fifth, ſirnamed Copronymus, ſucceeds his father Leo 741 
Bagdad built, and made the cafital of the Caliphs of the . of 80 
Abbas — 7 
Monaſteries diſſolved i in the eaſt by by Conſtantine 770 

Pavia taken by Charlemagne, which ends the 8 of the + Lom- c | 
bards, after a duration of 206 years — 774 
Leo the Fourth, ſon of Conſtantine, ſucceeds, ad five years af- 
ter, 1s ſucceeded by his wife Irene and his ſon Conſtantine the Þ 775 
Sixth _ _ _ — 
Irene murders her ſon and reigns alone. The only men of learn- 
ing in this century were Johannes Damaſcenus, Fredegaire, Al- 797 
cuinus, Paulus Diaconus, and George the monk — 
Charlemagne is crowned Emperor of Rome and of the weſtern em- 
pire. About this time the Popes ſeparate themſelves from the > 800 
princes of Conſtantinople — — — 
Egbert aſcends the throne of England, but the total reduction of 801 
the Saxon heptarchy is not effected till 26 years after 
Nicephorus the Firſt, great treaſurer of the empire, ſucceeds 802 
Stauracius, ſon of Nicephorus, and Michael the Firſt, ſirnamed 
Rhangabe, the huſband of Procopia, ſiſter of If greys 1 aſſume C 811 
the purple — * 
Leo the Pi Fifth, the Armenian, though but an officer of the palace g 
aſcends the throne of Conſtantinople — 13 
Learning encouraged among the Saracens by Almamon, whot 816 
made obſervations on the ſun, &c. — — 
Michael the Second, the Thracian, ſirnamed the Stammerer, ſuc- 82 
ceeds, after the — of Leo — — 227 
Theophilus ſucceeds his father Michael — — 829 
Origin of the Ruſſian monarchy 839 
Michael the Third ſucceeds his father Theophilus with his mo- g 
ther Theodora — — — ** 
The Normans get poſſeſſion of ſome cities in France = 53 
Michael is murdered, and ſucceeded by Baſil the Firſt, the wy 86 
cedonian — — — — 7 
Clocks firſt brought to Conſtantinople from Venice — 872 
Baſil is ſucceeded by his ſon Leo the Sixth, the philoſopher. In 
this century ſtoriſhed Meſue, the Arabian phyſician, Eginhard, t 
Rabanus, Albumaſar, Godeſcalchus, Hinemarus, Odo, Photius, > 886 


N Scotus, Anaſtaſius the librarian, Alfraganus, Albategni, 
eginon, John Aſſer — — — 
Death of Alfred, King of England, after a reign of 30 years 


901. 


Alexander, 


* 


— 
. 


S == 


— 


— 
- 
* Sew, 


— — — — ñ 71 ¹ .I. a A— 
— — 5 4 = 1 
ju — 


"Y 


— 


- X 
— 


xxt᷑v CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 


A.D. 


Alexander, brother of Leo, ſucceeds, with his nephew . 911 


the Seventh, ſirmamed Porphyrogenitus — 


The Normans eſtabliſh themſelves in France under Rollo 912 
Romanus the Firſt, firnamed Lecap us, general of the fleet, 
uſu ps the throne, with his three 10:5, Chriſtopher, OH; og 919 
and Conitantine the Eighth — 
Ficts eſtabliſhed in Frage — 923 
Naples ſeized by the Ent tern emperors _ 942 


The ſons of Romanus conſpiic againſt their father, and the kütt 
this occaſioned produced the reſtoration of Porphyro renitus 
Romanus the Second, fon of Conſtantine the eden be He- 


943 


lena, the daughter of Lecapenus, ſucceeds 959 
cephorus Phocas the Second, whom-che empreſs, unable to reign 6 
alone under the title of protectreſs of her young — had ( 993 
married — — — 
Italy conquered by Otho, and united to the German empire 964 
Nicephorus, at the auftigation of 'Theophano, is murdered * John 3 6 
Zimiſces, who aſſumes the purple — 909 
Paſil the Second, and Conſtantine the Ninth, the two facet of Ro- 975 


manus by Theophano, ſucceed on the death of Nimiſces 

Arithmetical figures 3 into Europe from Arabia N ar 
Saracens 

The Empire of Germany firſt made elective dy Otho II. The 
learned men of this century were Eudes de Cluni, Azophi, 
Luitprand, Alfarabius, Rhazes, Geber, Abbo, Aimoin, Gerbert 

All old churches about this time rebuilt in a new manner my 
architecture — — — 

Conltantine becomes ſole emperor on the death of his brother 85 5 

Romanus the Third, firnamed Argyrus, a patrician, ſucceeds, by 
marrying Zoe, the daughter of the late monarch _ 

Zoe, after proſtituting herſelf to a Paphlagonian money lender, 
cauſes her huſband Romanus to be poiſoned, and, af erwards, 
marries her favorite, who aſcends thc throne under the name of 
Michael the Fourth — — — 

The kingdoms of Caſtile and Aragon begin — — 1035 

Zoe adopts for her fon Michael the Filth, the trade of whoſe 
father (careening ww) had procured him the firname of 1041 
Calaphates _ — 


Zoe, and her ſiſter ee e are made ſole empreſſes by the f 
1042 


Romanus, poiſoned by his wife Theophano, ts facceeded by Ni- == 
1 01 


1028 


1034 


pulace, but after two months, Zoe, though 60 years old, takes, 
tor her third huſband, Conſtantine the "Tenth, who ſucceeds 
The Turks invade the Roman empire — — 1050 
After the death of Conſtantine, Theodora recovers the ſovereignty, 
and, 19 months after, adopts, as her ſucceſſor, Michael the Sixth, þ 2054 
ſirnamed Stratioticus — 5 SR 
Tſaac Commenus the Firſt, choſen emperor by the ſoldiers 1057 
anc abdicates, and, when his brother refuſes to ſucceed him, 2 1059 
appoints his friend n woe the Eleventh, ſirnamed Ducas 5 


The 


CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 


The crown of England is transferred from the head of Harold by 
the battle of Haſtings, October 14th, to William the Conqueror, 
duke of Normandy — — — — 

On the death of Ducas, his wife Eudoeia, inſtead of protecting his 
three ſons, Michael, Andronicus, and Conſtantine, uſurps the 
ſovereignty, and marries Romanus the Third, ſirnamed Diogenes 


princes aſcend the throne, under the name of Michael Para- 
inaces the Seventh, Andronicus the Firſt, aud Conſtantine the 
welfth — — _ — — 
The general Nicephorus Botaniates the Third, aſſumes the purple 
Doomſday-buok begun to be compiled from a general ſurvey of 
the eſtates of England, and finiſhed in fix years — 
Alexius Commenns the Firſt, nephew of Iſaac the Firſt, aſcends the 
throne, H:s reign is rendered illuſtrious by the pen of his 
daughter, the princeſs Anna Commena. The Normans, un- 
der Robert of Apulia, invade the eaſtern empire — 
Aſia Minor finally conquered by the Turks — — 
Acceſſion of William the Second to the Engliſh throne — 
The firſt cruſe de — — — 
Jeruſalem conquered by the Turks — — 
Jeruſalem retaken by the cruſaders. The only learned men of 
this century were Avicenna, Guy d'Arezzo, Glaber, Hermannus, 
Franco, Peter Damiam,, Michael Celularius, Geo. Cedrenus, 
Berenger, Pſellus Marianus, Scotus, Arzachel, William of 
Spires, Suidas, Peter the Hermit, Sigebert — 
Henry the Firſt ſucceeds to the throne of England — 
Learning revived at Cambridge — — — 
John, or Calojohannes, ſon of Ale xius, ſdceeds at Conſtantinople 
Order of Knights Templars inſtituted _ — 
Acceſſion of Stephen to the Engliſh crown — 
Manuel, ſon of ohn, ſucceeds at Conſtantinople — 


Romanus being taken priſoner by the Turks, the three S 


Ihe ſecond crulade — — 


The canon law compoſed by Gratian, after 24 years“ labor 
The party names of Guelfs and Gibbelines begin in Ital 

Henry the Second ſucceeds in England — — 
The Teutonic crder begins — — 
Conqueſt of Egypt by the Turks — — 
Diſpenſing of jultice by circuits firſt eſtabliſhed in England 
Alexius the Second ſucceeds his father Manuel — 
Engliſh laws digeſted by Glanville — — 


of Alexius, Andronicus, the grandſon of the great Alexius, is 
named Guardian, but he murders Alexius, and aſcends the throne 


— I Wyre 
© 
© 
— 


xx 
A. D. 


1066 


1067 


1099 


I100 
1110 
1118 
1118 


1135 
1143 
1147 
1151 
1154 
1154 
1164 
1169 
1176 
1180 
1181 


From the diſorders of the government, on account of the ex 
1183 


Andronicus is cruelly put to death, and ifaac Angelus, a deſcendant 
of the great Alexius by the female line, ſucceeds 

Richard the Firſt ſucceeds his father Henry in England. The 
third cruſade, and the ſiege of Acre + — _ 

Alexius Angelus, brother of Iſaac, revolts, and uſurps the ſove- 
reignty, by putting out the eyes of the emperor — 


1185 
1189 


5195 
Joha 


255 c HRONOLOGIcAL TABLE. 


A. D. 
John ſucceeds to the Engliſh throne. The learned men of id, | | 


century were, Peter Abelard, Anna Comena, St. Bernard, 
Averroes, William of Malmeſbury, Peter Lombard, Otho Tri- 
ſingenſis, Maimonides, Humenus; Wernerus, Gratian, Jeoffry \ 
of Monmouth, Tzetzes, Euftathius, John of Saliſbury, Simeon $9 
of Durham, Henry of Huntingdon, Peter Comeſtor, Peter of 
Blois, Ranulph Glanville, Yager Hoveden, Campanus, 
William of Newburgh _ _ _ 
Conſtantinople is beſieged and taken by the Latins, and Iſaac is 
taken from his dungeon and replaced on the throne with his ſon & 1203 
Alexius. 'This year is remarkable for the fourth cruſade 
The father and ſon are murdered by Alexins Mourzoufle, and Con- 
ſtantinople 1s again beſieged and taken by the French and Vene- 
tians, who ele&t Baldwin, count of Flanders, emperor of the eaſt. 
In the mean time, Theodore Laſcaris makes himſelf emperor of 5 1204 
Nice; Alexius, grandſon. of the tyrant Andronicus, becomes | 
emperor of Trebizond; and Michael, an illegitimate child of 


the Angeli, founds an empire in Epirus — — 

The emperor Baldwin 1s defeated by the Bulgarians, and, next 10 
year, is ſucceeded by his brother Henry _ — 5 

Reign and conqueſts of the great Zingis Khan, firſt emperor of the 3 1206 
Moguls and Tartars, till the time of his death 1227 — 

Ariſtotle's works imported from Conſtantinople are condemned by ban 
the council of Paris — — _ 9 

Magna Charta granted to the Engliſh barons by king John 1215 

Henry the 'Third ſucceeds his father John on the Engliſh throne 1216 

Peter of Courtenay, the huſband of Yolanda, filter of the two laſt 15 
emperors, Baldwin and Henry, is made emperor by the Latins 7 

The fiftli cruſade — — — 1218 

Robert, ſon of Peter Courtenay, ſucceeds — — 1221 

Theodore Laſcaris is ſucceeded on the throne of Nice by his ſon. in- 1222 
law, John Ducas Vataces — — — 

John of Brienne, and Baldwin the Second, ſon of Peter, ſucceed 1 
on the throne of Conſtantinople — — 

Baldwin alone — —— — — 1237 

Origin of the Ottomans — 1240 


Aſtronomical tables compoſed by Alphonſo the Eleventh of Caſtille 1253 

Ducas Vataces is ſucceeded on the throne of Nice by his ſon Theo- | 1255 
dore Laſcaris the Second — — 

Laſcaris ſucceeded by his ſon John Laſcaris, a minor — 1259 

Michael Palæologus, fon of the filter of the queen of Theodore 
Laſcaris, aſcends the throne, after the murder of the young g 1260 


prince's guardian — nile inks 
Conſtantinople is recovered from the Latins by the Greek emperors | 3 
of Nice — — — 
Edward the Firſt ſucceeds on the Engliſh throne — 1272 


Michael Palæologus dies, and his ſon Andronicus, who had already 
reigned nine years conjointly with his father, aſcends the throne. 1283 
The learned men of this century are, Gervaſe, Diceto, Saxo, 
Walter of Coventry, Accurſius, Antony of Padua, Alexander 

Halenſis, 


A. D. 


1199 


CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. xxvii 


A. . 
Halenfis, William of Paris, Peter de Vignes, Mathew Paris,) 


Groſſeteſte, Albertus, Thomas Aquinas, Bonaventura, John 
Joinville, Roger Bacon, Cimabue, Durandus, Henry of Ghent, 1283 
Raymond Lulli, Jacob Voragine, Albertet, Duns Scotus, 


'Thebit — — 3 


The Turkiſh empire begins in Bithynia — — 1298 
Tue mariner's compaſs invented or improved by Flavio — 1302 
The Swiſs Cantons begin — — — 1307 
Edward the Second ſucceeds to the Engliſh crown _ 1307 

Tranſlation of the holy ſee to Avignon, which alienation continues 
68 years, till the return of Gregory the Eleventh — OED 


Andronicus adopts, as his coizcagues, Manuel, and his grandſon, 


the younger Andronicus. Manvel dying, Andronicus revolts > 1320 
againſt his grandfather, who abdicates — — ( 
Edward the Third ſucceeds in England — _ 1327 
Firlt comet obſerved, whoſe phy is deſcribed with exactneſs, in 1337 
june — — — — 


Barlaam, Petrarch, Boccace, and Manuel Chryſoloras, where may 
be fixed the era of the revival of Greek literature in Italy 
Andronicus 1s ſucceeded by his ſon John Palæologus, in the ninth 
year of his age. John Cantacuzene, who had been left guar- ( 
dian of the young prince, aſſumes the purple. Firſt paſſage of 341 


About this time floriſhed Leo Pilatus, a Greek profeſſor at Florence, g 
1339 


the Turks into Europe — — 
The battle of Crecy — — — — 1346 
Seditions of Rienzi at Rome, and his elevation to the tribuneſhip 1347 
Order of the Garter in England — — — 1349 
Eſtabliſhment of the Ottomans in Europe — — 1353 
Cantacuzene abdicates the purple _ — 1355 
The battle of Poictiers _ — _ 1356 


Riſe of Timour, or 'Tamerlane, to the throne of Samarcand, and 


his extenſive conqueſts till his death, after a reign of 35 years 8 
Acceſſion of Richard the Second to the Engliſh throne 1377 
Manuel ſucceeds his father John Palzologus — 1391 


Acceſſion of Henry the Fourth in England. The learned men of) 
this century were Peter Apono, Flavio, Dante, Arnoldus Villa, | 
Nicholas Lyra, William Occam, Nicephoras Gregoras, Leon- > 1399 
tius Pilatus, Matthew of Weſtminſter, Wickliff, F — 
Nicholas Flamel, Chaucer | — 


Henry the Fourth is ſucceeded by his ſon Henry the Fifth 1413 
Battle of Agincourt — — _ * 1415 
Henry the Sixth ſucceeds to the throne of England. Conſtantiuople) 33 
is beſieged by Amurath the Second, the Turkiſh emperor 1 os 
John Palæologus the Second ſucceeds his father Manuel 1425 
Coſmo de Medici recalled from baniſhment, and riſe of that family 1 
at Florence — — — 5 "454 


The famous pragmatical ſanction ſettled in France — 1439 


Printing diſcovered at Mentz, and improved gradually in 22 years 1440 
Conſtantine, one of the ſons of Manuel, aſcends the throne after his 


brother John | — — — — 1 W648 
ahomet 


xxviii CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 


Mahomet the Second, emperor of the Turks, beſieges and takes“ 


Conſtantinople on the 29th of May. Fall of the eaſtern em- 

ire. The captivity of the Greeks, and the extinction of the 
imperial families of the Commeni and Palzologi. About this 
time, the Houſe of Vork in England began to aſpire to the 
crown, and, by their ambitious views, to deluge the whole 
kingdom in blood, The learned men of the 15th century were 
Leonard Aretin, John Huſs, Jerome of Prague, Poggio, Fla- 
vius Blondus, Theodore Gaza, Frank Philelphus, Geo, Tra- 
pezuntius, Gemiſtus Plotho, Laurentius Valla, John Guttem- 
burg, John Fauſtus, Peter Schoeffer, Weſſelus, Peurbachius, 
ZEneas Sylvius, Beſſarion, Thomas a Kempis, Argyropulus, 
Regiomontanus, Platina, Agricola, Pontanus, Ficinus, Laſ- 
caris, Tiphernas, Annius of Viterbo, Merula, Savonarola Picus, 
Politian, Hermolaus, Grocyn, Mantuanus, John Colet, Reuch- 
lin, Lynacre, &c. — — — 


20 la 59 


1453 


A CLASSICAL 


53 


SICAL 


CLASSICAL DICTIONARY, 
c. &c. &c. 


A B 


BA & Abz, a town of Phocis, 
famous for an oracle of Apollo, 
ſirnamed Abæus. The inha- 
bitants, called Abantes, were of 
Thracian origin. After the ruin of their 
country by Xerxes, they migrated to Eu- 
bœa, which from them was called Abantis. 
Some of them paſſed afterwards from Eu- 
bœa into Ionia. Heradbf. 8, c. 33.—Pauſ. 
to, c. 5 5. -A city of Caria.— Another of 
Arabia Felix. — A mountain near Smyrna. 
Plin. 5, c. 24. | 
ABACENE, a country of Sicily near Meſ- 
ſana. Died. 14. | 
ABAXLvus, an iſland in the German ocean, 
where, as the aneients ſuppoſed, the amber 
dropped from the trees. Plin. 37, e. 2. 
If a man was drowned there, and his body 
never 2 above the water, propitiato- 
ry ſacrifices were offered to his manes dur- 
ing a hundred years. 
ABANA, a place of Capua. Cc, contra 


ABANnNTEs, a people of Peloponneſus, 
who built a town in Phocis called Aba, af- 
fer their leader Abas, whence alſo their 
name originated: they afterwards went to 


Eubœa. [ Vid. Abantis.] Herodot. r, c. 146. 


 ABANTIAS, & Abantiides, a pattonymic 
given to the deſcendants of Abas king of 
Argos, ſuch as Acrifius, Danae, Perſeus, 
Atalanta, &c. Ovid. 

 ABanTIDAs made himſelf maſter of 
Sicyon, after he had murdered Clinias the 
father of Aratus. He was himſelf ſoon after 
aſſaſſinated, B. C. 251. Plut. in Arat. 

ABANTISy or Abantias, an ancient name 
of the ifland of Eubcea, received from the 
Abantes, who ſettled: in it from Phocis. 

lin. 4, c. 12,-—— Alſo a country of Epirus. 

auſ. 5, c. 22, 

ABARBAREA, one of the Naiades, mo- 
ther of Aſepys and Pedaſus by Bucolion, 
Laomedon's eldeſt fon. Homer, II. 6, v. 23. 


| 


A B 


AsAki uon, a country of Scythia, neat 
monnt Imaus. The inhabitants were ſaid 
to have their toes behind their heels, and to 
breathe no air but that of their native coun» 
try. Plin. 7, c. 2. 4, 

ABXARIs, a man killed by Perſeus. Ovid. 
Met. 5, v. 86.-—A Rutulian Killed by 
Euryalus. Virg. An. 9, v. 344 —A Scy- 
thian, ſon of Seuthes, in the age of Crœſus, 
or the Trojan war, who received a flying ar- 
row from Apollo, with which he gave ora- 
cles, and tranſported himſelf wherever he 

leaſed, He is ſaid to have returned to the 
yperborean countries from Athens without 
eating, and to have made the Trojan Palla- 
dium with the bones of Pelops. Some ſup- 
ofe that he wrote treatiſes in Greek; and it 
is reported, that there is a Greek manuſcript 
of his epiſtles ro Phalaris in the library of 
Auſburg. But there were perhaps two per- 


1 ſons of that name, Herodot. 4, c. 36.— 


Strab. 9. 

ABARUs, an Arabian prince, Who per- 
fidiouſly deſerted Craſſus in his expedition 
againſt Parthia. Appian. in Parth. He is 
called Mezeres by Flor. 3, c. 12. and Ariam- 
nes by Plut. in Craſſ. 

ABaAs, a mountain in Syria, where the 
Euphrates riſes. —A river of Armenia Ma- 
jor, where Pompey routed the Albani. 
Plut. in Pomp.—A ſon of Metanira, chang- 
ed into a lizard for laughing at Ceres. Ovid. 
Mer. 5. fab. 7.— The r1th king of Argos, 
ſon of Belus, ſome ſay of Lynceus and Hy- 
permneſtra, was famous for his genius and 
valor. He was father to Pretus and Acri- 
ſius, and built Abe. He reigned 23 years, 
B. C. 1384. Pau. 2, c. 16, 1. 10, c. 35, 
—— Apolled. 2, c. 2.—One of Aneas's com- 
panions, killed in Italy. Firg. An. 10, v. 
170. Another loſt in the ſtorm which drove 
ness to Carthage. Virg. x. 1, v. 125. 
—A Latian chief, who ane Eneas againſt 
Tutaus, and was killed by Lauſus. Vg. 

3 Fn, 


* — 


SW 2 
. 1 w 


A B 


„. 16. v. 170, Kc. A Greek killed by 


the Trojans, at the burning of Troy. Virg. 
Eu. 3, v. 286.—A centaur, famous for his 
fill in hunting. Ovid, Met. 12, v. 306.— 


A ſoothſayer, to whom the Spartans erected 


a ſtatue for his ſervices to Lyſander, Par. 
10y c. 9. A ſon of Neptune. Hygin. Fab. 
157,-A ſophiſt who wrote two treatiſes, 
one on hiftory, the ether on rhetoric : the 
time in which he lived is unknown, —A man 
ho wrote an account of Troy. He is 
quoted by Servius in Virg. En. 9. 

Asa, an ifland in the Red Sea, near 
Ethiopia. Pau. 6, c. 26. 

ABASTTIs,a part of Myſia in Aſia. Scrab. 

ABASSENA or Abaſſinia. Vd. Abyſſinia. 


An aAss vs, a town of Phrygia. Liv. 38. 


2. 1 

AuXTos, an ifland near Memphis in 
Fgypt, abounding with flax and papyrus. 
Ofiris was buried there. Lucan. 10, v. 323. 

ABDALONIMUS, one of the deſcendants 
„f the kings of Sidon, ſo poor, that to 
maintain himſelf, he worked in a garden. 
When Alexander took Sidon, he made him 
King, and enlarged his poſſeſſions on account 
of his great difintereſtedneſs. Tuſtin. 11, 
©. I0.—Curt, 4, c. 1. 

ABDERA, a town of Hiſpania Bztica, 
duilt by the Carthaginians. Srrab. 3.—A 
maritime city of Thrace, built by Hercules, 
in memory of Abderus, one of his favo- 
rites. The Clazomenians and Teians beau- 
tified it. Some ſuppoſe that Abdera, the 
ſiſter of Diomedes, built it. The arr was 
ſo unwholeſome, and the inhabitants of ſuch 
4 fluggiſh diſpoſition, that ſtupidity was 
commonly called Abderitica mens, It gave 
Virth to Democritus, Protagoras, Anaxare 
chus, and Hecatzus. Mela. 2, c. 2.—Cic. 
ad, Attic. 4, ep. 16.—Herodeot, 1, c. 186. 
Mart. 10, ep. 25. 

ABvDtkta, a town of Spain. Apollod. 2, 
8. 5. 

ABDERITES, a people of Pæonia, oblig- 
ed to leave their country on account of the 
great number of rats and frogs which infeſt- 
edit. Tuſtin. 15, c. 2. 

ABDERUS, a man of Locris, arm-bearer 
to Hercules, was torn to pieces by the mares 
of Diomedes, which the hero had entruſted 
to his cate when going to war againſt the 
Biſtones. Hercules built a city, which, in 
honor of his friend, he called Abdera. Apol- 


_ ted. 2, c. 5.—Philoftrat. 2, c. 28. 


As EAT, a people of Achaia, PIA. 4. c. 6. 


A B 


Anta, formerly Ire, a maritime town of 
Meſſenia, one of the ſeven cities promiſed 
to Achilles by Agamemnon. It is called 
after Abia, daughter of Hercules, and nurſe 
of Hyllus. Pauf. 4, c. 30.—Strab. 8.— 
Homer. II. 9, v. 292. 

ABENDA, à town of Caria, whoſe inha- 
bitants were the firſt who raiſed temples th 
the city of Rome. RE nk 
AB11, a nation between Sceythia and 


of celibacy, and enemies to war. Hemer, 
II. 13. v. 6. According to Curt. 7, c. 6, 
they ſurrendered to Alexander, after they 
had been independent ſince the reign of 
Cyrus. 

. or Abyla, a mountain of Afri- 
ca, in that part which is neareſt to the op- 
poſite mountain called Calpe, on the coaſt 
of Spain, only eighteen miles diftant. Theſe 
two mountains are called the columns of 
Hercules, and were ſaid formerly to be 
united, till the hero ſeparated them, and 
made a communication between the Medi- 
terranean and Atlantic ſeas. Strad, 3.— 
Mela. 1. e. 55 I. 2, C. 6. 


to ſurrender to Alexander. Curt. 8, c. 12. 
Asis Ats, a country beyond the Hy- 
daſpes in India. Arrian. 
Artsodrrs, ſome inhabitants of the 
Alps. Plin. J, c. 20. 
ABLETEs, a people near Troy. Stras, 
ABoBRICA, a town of Luſitania... PAH. 
4, c. 20.—Another in Spain. 
ABortczrſTvus, a Bœotian general, killed 
with a thouſand men, in a battle at Chæro- 
nea, againſt the Ætolians. P/ut. in Arat. 
ABu0LANT, a people of Latium, near Al- 
ba. Plin. 5, c. 5. 
Asus, a river of Sicily, Pit. in T- 
mol. 
ARBONITEICHOS, a town of Galatia. A/ 
rian. in Peripl. ; 
ABORACA, a townof Sarmatia. 
ABroriGiNes, the original inhabitants of 
Italy, under the reign of Saturn. Their 
poſterity was called Latini, from Latinus 
one of their kings. They aſſiſted Enes: 
againſt Turnus. Rome was built in thei? 
country. The word ſignifies without origin, 
or whoſe origin is not known, and is gene» 
rally applied to the original inhabitants of 
any country. Liv. 1, e. t, | &c,—Dioy/ 
Hal. 1, e. 10. Juſtin. 43, e. 1.—Plin. J. 
e. 6. 


ABELLA, a town of Campania, whoſe | ABorRas, a river of Meſopotamia. 


inhabitants weie called Abellani. Its nuts, 
called avellanz, were famous. Virg, n. 7, 
v. 742.— F: fin. 20, c. 5. 

Arrox, a noble of Saguntum, who 
favored the party of the Romans againſt Car- 
mage. Liv. 22, c. 22. 


Strab. 16. 3 

ABRADATES, a king of Sufa, who, when 
his wife Panthea had been taken priſoner by 
Cyrus, and humanely treated, furrend 
himſelf and his troops to the conqueror. 


lte was Killed in the firſt battle he _ 


Thrace. They lived upon milk, were fond 


ABrsAnxs, an Indian prince, who offered 


§trab. 
—Plix. 


killed 
*hero- 
Arat. 

ear Al- 


in Tis 
ia. A- 


itants of 

Their 
Latiuus 
| ZEneas 
in their 
F origin 
is gene · 
itants of 
=Dionyſ- 
ePlin. J. 


potamia. 
ho, when 


iſoner by 


rrend 
onquerot 


ze under 
too 


A B 
took in the cauſe of Cyrus, and his wife 
ſtabbed herſelf on his corpſe. Cyrus raiſed 
a monument on their tomb. Xenoph. Cyrop, 
55 5, &c. 

ABRENTIT'S, was made governor of 
Tarentum by Hannibal. He betrayed his 
truſt to the ehemy to gain the favors of a 
beautiful woman, whoſe brother was in the 
Roman army. Polyzn. 8, 

ABRrocdMaAs; ſon of Darius, was in the 
army of Xerxes, when he invaded Greece, 
He was killed at Thermopylæ. Herodot. 7, 
c. 224. 

ABRODIZATVUS, a name given to Parrha- 
ſius the painter, on account of the ſump- 
tuous manner of his living. Vid. Parrha- 
nus. f 

ABRon, an Athenian, who wrote a trea- 
tiſe concerning the religion of the ancient 
Greeks.—A grammarian of Rhodes, who 
taught rhetoric at Rome.—Another who 
wrote a treatiſe on Theocritus.—A Spartan, 
ſon of Lycurgus the orator. Plur, in 10. 
Orat.—A native of Argos, famous for his 
debauchery. 

ABRoNYCVS, an Athenian, very ſer- 
viceable to Themiſtocles in his embaſſy to 
Sparta. Thucyd. 1, c. 91. Herodot. 8, ec. 21. 


AC 


dered hini in Colchis, others; near Iftria. 
It is ſaid, by others, that he was not mur- 
dered, but that he arrived ſafe in Illyricum. 
The place where he was killed has been 
called Tomos, and the river adjoining to it, 
Abſyrtos. Lucan. 3, v. 190.—Strab., 7,— 
Hygin. Fab. 23.—Apollad. 1, c. 9.—Flacc, 
8, v. 261,—Ovid, Trift. 3. el. 9. Cicde Nat. 
D. 3, c. 19. 

ABULITEs, governor of Suſa, betrayed 
his truſt to Alexander, and was rewarded * 
with a province. Curt. 5, c. 2. Died. 17. 

ABvyDpEwvus, a diſciple of Ariſtotle, too 
much indulged by his maſter. He wrote 
' fome hiſtorical treatiſes on Cyprus, Delos, 
Arabia and Aſſyria. Phil. Fud.—Foſeph, 
contr, Ap. 

ABYDos, a town of Egypt, where was 
the famous temple of Oſiris. Plur. de 1/7. 
S Ohr. A city of Afia, oppoſite Seſtos 
in Europe, with which, from the narrow- 
neſs of-the Helleſpont, it ſeemed, to thoſe 
who approached it by ſea, to form only one 
town. It was built by the Mileſians, by 
permiſhon of king Gyges. It is famous for 
the amours of Hero and Leander, and for 
the bridge of boats which Xerxes built there 
acroſs the Helleſpont, The inhabitants be- 


ABRoONIUS, Silo, a Latin poet in the ing beſieged by Philip, the father of Per- 


Auguſtan age. 
Senec. - 

ABRGTA, the wife of Niſus, the young- 
eſt of the ſons of geus. As a monument 
to her chaſtity, Niſus, after her death, or- 
dered the garments which ſhe wore to be- 
come the models of faſhion in Megara. Put. 
Queſt. Gree, 

AB RO TN UM, the mother of Themiſto- 
cles, Plut. in Tem. — A town of Africa, 
near the Syrtes. Plin, 5, e. 4—A harlot 
of Thrace, Plut. in Arat. 

Pau. 7, 


ABRUS, a City of the Sapæi. 
c. 10. 8 

ABRVSTts, an ally of Rome, driven 
from his poſſeſſions by Perſeus, the laſt king 
of Macedonia, Liv. 42, c. 13 & 41. 

AsZsivus, a giagt, ſon of Tartarus and 
Terra, Hygin. Pref. fab. 

ABSINTHII, a people on the coaſts of 

Pontus, where there is alſo a mountain of 
the ſame name. Herodot. 6, c. 34. 
_ ABs6xvs, Abſyrtis, Abſyrtides, Iſlands 
in the Adriatic, or near Iſtria, where Ab- 
ſyrtus was killed, whence their name. 
Serab. 5,— Apolled. 1, c. 9. 

Ass vRros, a river falling into the Adri- 
aue ſea, near which Abſyrtus was murder - 
ed. Lucan. 3, v. 190. 

Ass vxrus, a ſon of ZEetes king of Col- 
Chis and Hypfea. His ſiſter Medea, as ſhe 
fled away with Jaſdn, tore his body to piece 
and ſtrewed his limbs in her father way, 


top his purſujt, Some ſay that ſhy mur · 


% 


He wrote ſome fables. | feus, devoted themſelves to death with their 
families, rather than fall into the enemy's 


hands. Liv. 31, c. 18, —Lucan. 2, v. 674.— 
Juſtin. 2, c. 13.--Muſeus in Her, 
Leand.— Flacc. 1, v. 285. 

AvFLA. Vid. Abtla, 

ABYLon, a city of Egypt. 

ABYSSINIA, a large kingdom of Africa, 
in Upper Æthiopia, where the Nile takes 
its riſe, The inhabitants are ſaid to be of 
Arabian origin, and were little known to 
the ancients, 

ACACALLIS, a nymph, mother of Plu- 
lander & Phylacis by Apollo. Theſe chil- 
dren were expoſed to the wild beaſts in 
Crete ; but a goat gave them her milk, and 
preſerved their life. Pauſ. 10, c. 16.--A. \ 
daughter of Minos, mother of Cydon, by 
Mercury, and of Amphithemis by Apollo. 
Pauſ. 8, e. 53. Apollon. 4, v. 1493. 

AcAcisium, a town of Arcadia, built 
by Acacus ſon of Lycaon. Mercury, fir- 
named Acaceſius, was worſhipped there. 
Pauſ. 8, c. 3, 36, Nc. 

Acacius, a rhetorician in the age of 
the emperor Julian, N 

ACADEMIA, a place near Athens, ſur« 
rounded with high trees, and adorned with 
ſpacious covered walks, belonging to Acadee 
mus, from whom the name is derived, 
Some derive the word from zag dun, 
removed from the people, Here Plato opened 
hig ſchool of philoſophy, and from this, 
every place ſacred to learning has ever lincs 

B 3 been 


„ 


— — — ERS To» — — * 
— — — —— äÆů—õ — 


— —— 


A O 


been called Academia. To exclude from it 
profanenefs and diſſipation, it was even for- 
bidden to laugh there. It was called Aca- 
demia vetus, to diſtinguiſh it from the ſe- 
cond Academy founded by Arcefilaus, who 
made ſome few alterations in the Platonic 
philoſophy, and from the d which was 
eftabliſhed by Carneades. (ic. de Div. 1, 
c. 3.—Diog. 3,—Elian. J. H. 3, c. 35. 

Acaptmus, an Athenian, who diſco- 
vered to Caſtor & Pollux where Theſeus had 
concealed their ſiſter Helen, for which they 
amply rewarded him. Plat. in The. 

ACALANDRUS, or Acalyndrus, a river 
falling into the bay of Tarentum. Plin. 3, 
C. 11. 

— a daughter of Minos and Pa- 
fiphae. / polled. 3, c. 1. 

ACAMARCHIS, one of the Oceanides. 

Ac Aus, ſon of Theſeus and Phædra, 
went with Diomedes to demand Helen 
from the Trojans after her elopement from 
Menelaus. In his embaſſy he had a ſon by 
Laodice the daughter of Priam. He was 
concerned in the Trojan war, and after- 
wards built the town of Acamantium in 
Phrygia, and called a tribe after his own 
name at Athens. Pauſ. 10, c. 26.—Y. Ca- 
lab. 12.—Hygin. 108. A ſon of Ante- 
nor in the Trojan war. Homer. II. 11, 
v. 60, &c. A Thracian auxiliary of 
Priam in the Trojan war. Hemer. J. 11. 

ACAMPSIS, ariver of Colchis. Arrian. 

ACANTHA, a nymph loved by Apollo, 
and changed into the flower Acanthus. 

ACANTHUS, a town near mount Athos, 
belonging to Macedonia, or according to 
others, to Thrace. It was founded by a 
colony from Andros. Thucyd. 4, c. 84. 
m— Mela. 2, c. 2.— Anotber in Aſia, 
near the Ninus, called alſo Dulopolis. 
Plin. 5, c. 28. An iſland mentioned by 
Plin. 5, c. 32. 

ACARA, a town of Pannonia.— Another 
in Italy. 

ACARIA, a fountain of Corinth, where 
Folas cut off the head of Euryſtheus. 
Strab. 8. 

ACARNANIA, (anciently Curetis), a 
country of Epirus, at the north of the To- 
nian ſea, divided from Ætolia by the Ache- 
lous. The inhabitants reckoned only 6 
months in the year; they were luxurious, 
and addicted to pleaſure. Their horſes were 
famous, It received its name from Acarnas. 
Plin. 2, c. 90.—Mela. 2, c. 3.—Strab. 7, 
& 9g.—Pauſ. 8, c. 24.—Lucian in Dial. 
Meretr. 

ACARNAS & Amphoterus, ſons of Alc- 
mæon & Callirhoe. Alcmeon being mur- 


dered by the brothers of Alpheſibœa his 


former wife, Callirhoe obtained from Jupi- 
ter, that her children, who were ſtill in the 


exadle, might grow up to puniſh their fa -I lived, ; 


| 


| his wife. 


A C 


ther's murderers. This was granted. Vid. 
Alcmzon. Pau. 8, c. 24. 

ACARNAS & Acarnan, a ſtony moun- 
tain of Attica, Senec. in Hippol. v. 20. 

ACASTA, one of the Oceanides. Heſiod. 
Theog. v. 356. 

AcasTvs, ſon of Pelias, king of Theſ- 
ſaly, married Aſty damia or Hyppolyte, who 
fell in love with Peleus, fon of Aacus, when 
in baniſhment at her huſband's court. Pe- 
leus rejecting the addreſſes of Hyppolyte, 
was accuſed before Acaſtus of attempts up- 
on her virtue, and ſoon after, at a chace, 
expoſed to wild beaſts, Vulcan, by order 
of Jupiter, delivered Peleus, who returned 
to Theſſaly, and put to death Acaſtus and 
Vid. Peleus & Aſtydamia.— 
Ovid. Met. 8, v. 306. Heroid. 13, v. 25. 
— polled. x, c. 9, & c. The ſecond archon 
at Athens. 

ACATHANTUS, a bay in the Red Sea. 
Strab. 16, | 

Acca Laurentia, the wife of Fauſtulus, 
ſhepherd of king Numitor's flocks, who 
brought up Romulus and Remus, who had 
been expoſed on the banks of the Tiber, 
From her wantonneſs, ſhe was called Lupa, 
(a proſtitute),whence the fable that Romu- 
lus was ſuckled by a ſhe-wolf. Diony/. Hal. 
I, c. 18.— Liv. 1, C. 4. The Romans 
yearly celebrated certain feſtivals [vid. Lau- 
rentalia] in honor of another proſtitute of 
the ſame name, which aroſe from this cir- 
cumſtance : the keeper of the temple of 
Hercules, one day playing at dice, made the 
god one of the numiber, on condition that 
if Hercules was defeated, he ſhould make 
him a preſent; but if he conquered, he 
ſhould be entertained with an elegant feaſt, 
and ſhare his bed with a beautiful female. 
Hercules was victorious, and accardingly 
Acca was conducted to the bed of Hercules, 
who in reality came to ſee her, and told her 
in the morning to go into the ſtreets, and 
ſalute with a kiſs the firſt man ſhe met. 
This was Tarrutius, an old unmarried man, 
who, not diſpleaſed with Acca's liberty, 
loved her, and made her the heireſs of all his 
poſſeſſions. Theſe, at her death, ſhe gave 
to the Roman people, whence the honors 
paid to her memory, Plur. Queſt, Rom. & 
in Romu!.—A companion of Camilla. Firg. 
An. 11, v. 820, 

Acc1a or Atia, daughter of Julia, & M. 
Atius Balbus, was the mother of Auguſtus, 
and died about 40 years B. C. Dio.—Swt. 
in Aug. 4. Variola, an illuſtrious female, 
whoſe cauſe was eloquently pleaded by Pliny- 
Plin. 6, ep. 33. 

AcctLa, a town of Sicily. Liv. 24, c. 35+ 

L. Accivs, a Roman tragic poet, whole 
roughneſs of fiyle Quintilian has im“ 

ted to the unpoliſhed age in which he 


He 


1. Hal. 
omans 
. Lau- 
tute of 
us cir- 
ple of 
ade the 
jon that 
} make 
red, he 
nt fe aſt, 
female. 
arding!ly 
[ercules, 
told her 
ets, and 
he met. 
jed man, 
liberty, 
of all his 
ſhe gave 
e honors 
Rom. 
la. Firg 


lia, & M. 
Auguſtus, 
10. Sus. 
1s females 
Aby Pliny- 


24,0. 35+ 
get, whole 

has im 
which he 


He 


marks of honor which he received at Rome, 
may be collected from this circumitance : 
that a man was ſeverely reprimanded by a 
magiſtrate for mentioning his name without 


AC 


He tranflated fome of the tragedies of So- 
phocles, but of his numerous pieces only 
ſome of the names are known; and among 
theſe, nis Nuptiæ, Mercator, Neoptolemus, 


Phœnice, Medea, Atreus, &c. The great 


reverence. Some few of his verſes may be 
found preſerved in Cicero and other writers. 
He died about 180 years B. C. Horak. 2, 
ep. I, v. 56.— Ovid. Am. 1, el. 15, v. 19. 


- Quintil, 10, c. 1. Cc. de Orat. 3, c. 16. 


A famous orator of Piſaurum in Cicero's 
age, —Labeo, a fooliſh poet mentioned Per/. 
T, v. 50.— Tullius, a prince of the Volſci, 
very inimical to the Romans. Coriolanus, 
when baniſhed by« his countrymen, fled to 
him, and led his armies againft Rome. 


Uu. 2, c. 37.-Plat. in Coriol. 


Acco, a general of the Senones in Gaul. 
Caf. bell. Gall. 6, e. 4 & 44. —An old 
woman who fell mad on ſceing her deformity 
in a looking-glaſs. Heſych. 

Accu, a town in Italy. Liv. 24, c. 20. 

Ac, a town in Phconicia, called alſo 
Prolemais. C. Nep. in Datam. c. 5. A 
place of Areadia near Megalopolis, where 
Oreſtes was cured from the perſecution of 
the furies, who had a temple there. Pauſ. 
8, v. 24. 

Actxrirtvs, a ſoothſayer, who remained 
alone at Delphi when the approach of 
Xerxes frightened away the inhabitants. c- 
rodot. 8, c. 37. 

ACERBAS, 2 prieft of Hercules at Tyre, 
wy married Dido. Vid. Sichzus.— Juſtin. 
rs, c. 

8 2 colony of the Brutii in 
Magna Græcia, taken by Alexander of Epi- 


1 ² 


Aczzxxæ, an ancient town of Campania, 
near the river Clanius. It ſtill ſubſiſts, and 
the frequent inundations from the river 
Which terrified its ancient inhabitants, arc 
now prevented by the large drains dug there. 
Virg. G. 2, v. 225. 

AcCERSECOMES, a. firname of Apollo, 
which ſignifies unfhorn. . 8, v. 128. 
Acts, a river of Aſia. Herodot. 3, c. 
117. e 

ACESIA, part of the iſland of Lemnos, 
which received this name from Philoctetes, 
wuoſe wound was cured there. Phileſtr. 

ACESINES, a river of Sicily. Thucyd, 4, * 
©. $0. 

Acksivus or ACESINEsS, a river of Per- 
fa falling into the Indus. Its banks pro- 
duce reeds of ſuch an uncommon fize, that 
2 piece of them, particularly between two 

ots, can ſerve as a boat to croſs thę water. 


Hin. 12, c. 9.—Plin. 4, c. 12, 


— 


a 


2 


* 
— 


12 
Ackervs, a firname of Apollo, as vod 


of medicine. 

AcksraA, a town of Sicily, called after 
king Aceſtes, and Known alfo by the name 
of Segefta. It was built by Zneas, who 


left here part of his crew, as be was goitg 


to Italy. Virg. Zn. 5, v. 946. 

AcksrEs, fon of Crinifus and Egeſta, 
was King of the country near Drepanum in 
Sicily. He aſſiſted Priam in the Trojan 
war, and kindly entertained Aneas during 
his veyage, and helped him to bury his fa- 
ther on mount Eryx. In commembration of 
this, Æneas built a city there, called Aceſta, 
from Aceſtes. Virg. An. 5, v. 746. 

ACESTIUM, a woman who ſaw all hey 
relations inveſted with the ſacred office of 
torch-bearers in the feſtivals of Ceres. Pauf. 
EW 

Acksropsnvs, a Greek hiftorian, who 
mentions the review which Xerxes made of 
his fortes before the battle of Salamis. Plut. 
in Themiſt. 

ACESTORIDES, an Athenian archon.— 
A Corinthian governor of Syracuſe. Died. 
19. 
ActTtEs, one of Evander's attendants. 
Virg. An. 11, v. 30. 

ACHARYTOS,alofty mountain in Rhodes, 
where ſupiter had a temple. 

ACHza, a ſirname of Pallas, whoſe tem- 
ple in Daunia was defended by dogs whe 
fawned upon the Greeks, but fiercely at- 
tacked all other perſons, Ariſtot. de rab. 
Ceres was called Achza, from her lamen - 
tations (a xoc) at the loſs of Proſerpine. Plut. 
in Ifid. & Oſir. ; 

Acn=z1, the deſcendants of Acharus, at 
firſt inhabited the country near Argos, but 
being driven by the Heraclidæ 80 years af- 
ter the Trojan war, they retired among the 
Ionians, whoſe 12 cities they ſeized and kept. 
The names of theſe cities are Pelena, ÆEgira, 
Ages, Bura, Tritza, ZEgion, Rhypæ, Ole- 
nos, Helice, Pattæ, Dyme, and Pharz. 
The inhabitants of theſe three laſt began a 
famous confederacy, 284 years B. C. which 
continued formidable upwards of 130 years, 
under the name of the Achæan league, and 
was molt illuſtrious whilſt ſupported by the 
ſplendid virtues and abilities of Aratus and 
Philopaermen. Their arms were ditected 
againſt the ÆEtolians for three years, with 
the aſſiſtance of Philip of Macedon, and 
they grew powerful by the acceſſion of 
neighbouring ſtates, and freed their country 
from foreign flavery, till at laſt they wero 
attacked by the Romans, and, after one year's 
hoſtilities, the Achzan league was totally 
deſtroyed, B. C. 147. The Achzans ex- 
tended the borders of their country by con- 
queſt, and even planted colonies in Magna 
Græcia.— The name of Achæi is generally 

B 3 applicd 


3 ˙ ᷣ—ů—̃ — — 


AC 
applied to all the Greeks indiſcriminately, 
by the poets. Vid. Achaia. Herodot. 1, 
C. 145, |. 8, c. 36.—Stat. Deb. 2, v. 164. 
Po. — Liv. I. 27, 32, &c.—Plut. in 
Päilap.— Plin. 4, c. 5.—Ovid. Met. 4, v. 
605. — Panſ. 7, c. 1, &c.—Alſo a people 
of Aſia on the borders of the Euxine. Ovid. 
de Pont. 4, el. 10, v. 27. 

Actum, a place of Troas oppoſite 
Tenedos. Strab. 8. 

Achæulxzs, a king of Perſia, among 
the progenitors of Cyrus the Great; whoſe 
deſcendants were called Achzmenides, and 
formed a ſeparate tribe in Perſia, of which 
the Kings were members. Cambyſes, ſon 
of Cyrus, on his death-bed, charged his 
nobles, and particularly the Achæmenides, 
not to ſuffer the Medes to recover their for- 
mer power, and aboliſh the empire of Per- 
ſia. Herodot. 1, c. 125, 1. 3, c. 65, I. 7, 
c. 11. —Herat. 2, od. 12, v. 21.—A Perſian, 
2 governor of Egypt by Xerxes, B. C. 
454. 

AcuhxuENTA, part of Perſia, called af- 
ter Achæmenes. Hence Achemenius. 
Horat. E pod. 13, v. 12. 

ACHA&AMENTDES, a companion of Ulyſſes, 
abandoned on the caaſt of Sicily, where 
Eneas, on his voyage to Italy, found him. 
Virg. An. 3, v. 624. 

ACH&ORUM LITTUS, a harbour in Cy- 
prus. Strab. In Troas,—In ZEolia,— 
in Peloponneſus,—on the Euxine. Par. 4, 
e. 34. 

AcH&ORUM $STATIO, a place on the 
coaſt of the Thracian Cherſoneſus, where 
Polyxena was ſacrificed to the ſhades of A- 
Chilles, and where Hecuba killed Polymnef- 
tor, who had murdered her ſon Polydorus. 

Acazvs, a king of Lydia, hung by his 
ſubjects for his extortion. Ovid. in 1b.—A 
ſon of Xuthus of Theſſaly. He fled, after 
the accidental murder of a man, to Pelo- 
ponneſus ; where the inhabitants were called 
from him, Achæi. He afterwards returned 
to Theſſaly, Strab. 8.—Pauf. 7, c. 1, 
A tragic poet of Eretria, who wrote 43 tra- 
gedies, of which ſome of the titles are pre- 
ſerved, ſuch as Adraſtus, Linus, Cycnus, 
Eumenides, Philoctetes, Pirithous, Theſcus, 
CEdipus, &c.; of theſe only one obtained the 
ptize. He lived ſome time after Sophocles. 
Another of Syracuſe, author of 10 tra- 
gedies. A river which falls into the Eux- 
ine. Arrian in Peripl —— A relation of An- 
riochus the Great, appointed governor of all 
the king's provinces beyond Taurus. He 
aſpired to ſovereign power, which he diſ- 
Puted for 8 years with Antiochus, and was 
at laſt betrayed by a Cretan. His limbs 
were cut off, and his body, ſewed in the 
cin of an aſs, was expoſed on a Fibbet. 
.. | | 


_— 


RS. 


ACHATA, Called alſo Hellas, a country of 
Peloponneſus at the north of Elis on the 
bay of Corinth, which is now part of Liva- 
dia, It was originally called Zgialus . ore 
from its ſituation. The Ionians called it To- 
nia, when they ſettled there; and it received 
the name of Achaia, from the Achæi, who 
diſpoſſeſſed the Ionjians. Vid. Achæi.— A 
ſmall part of Phthiotis was alſo called Achaia, 
of which Alos was the capital. 

AcnarcumM BELLUM. Vid. Achri. 

AcaXRra, a town near Sardis. Strab. 14. 

ACHARENSES, a people of Sicily near 
Syracuſe. Cic. in Verr. 3. 

ACHARNA, a village of Attica, Thucyd, 
2, c. 19. 

AcHAiTts, a friend of ZEneas, whoſe fi- 
delity was ſo exemplary that Fidus Achates 
became a proverb. Virg. An. 1, v. 316. 

AcHnELotnes, a patronymic given to the 
Syrens as daughters of Achelous. Ovid, 
Met. 55 Fab. 15. 

ACHELORIUM, a river of Theſſaly. Po- 
lyzn. 8. 

ACHELGus, the ſon of Oceanus & Terra 
or Tethys, god of the river of the ſame 
name in Epirus. As one of the numerous 
ſuitors of Dejanira, daughter of Cineus, he 
entered the lifts againſt Hercules, and bein 
inferior, changed himſelf into a ſerpent, — 
afterwards into an ox. Hercules broke off 
one of his horns, and Achelous being defeat - 
ed, retired into his bed of waters. The bro- 
ken horn was given to the goddeſs of Plenty, 
Some ſay that he was changed into a river 
after the victory of Hercules. This river is 
in Epirus, and riſes in mount Pindus, and 
after dividing Acarnania from Atolia, falls 
into the Ionian ſea, The ſand and mud 
which it carries dawn, have formed ſome 
iſlands at its mouth, This river is ſaid by 
ſome to have ſprung from the earth after the 
deluge. Heradot. 2, c. 10,—Strab, 10.— 
Ovid. Met. 8, fab. 5, l. 75 fab. 1. Amor, 
3, el. 6, v. 35.—Apollod. 1, c. 3 and 7, l. 
2, c. 7.—Hygin. pref. ſab. A river of 
Arcadia falling into the Alpheus.— Another 
flowing from mount Sipylus. Pau. 8, c. 38. 

ACHERDUS, a tribe of Attica; hence A- 
cherduſues, in Demoſth. . 

ACcUutRiM, a people of Sicily. Cic. 3 
in Herr. | 

AcuFron, a river of Theſprotia, in 
Epirus, falling into the bay of Ambracia. 
Homer called it, from the dead appearance 
of its waters, one of the rivers of hell, and 
the fable has been adopted by all ſucceeding 
pocts, who make the god of the ſtream to 
be the ſon of Ceres without a father, and 
* that he concealed himſelf in hell for feat 
of the Titans, and was changed into a bit- 
ter ſtream, over which the ſouls of the dead 
are at furſt conveyed, It receives, ſay ml 


Terra 
ſame 
.erous 
us, he 
bein 
yy. 
ke of 
efcats 
e bro; 
lenty. 
river 
ver is 
„ and 
„ falls 
mud 
ſome 
ud by 
er the 
10.— 
Amor. 
d 7, J. 
ver of 
nother 
c. 38. 
ce A.- 


Cic. 3 


ia, in 
Dacia. 
arance 
ll, and 
eeding 
am 10 
r, and 
or fear 
a bits 
e dead 
they, 
9 


Was entruſted to the centaur Chiron, who 


A C L 


the douls of the dead, becauſe a deadly lan- 
guor ſeizes them at the hour of diſſolution. | 
Some make him ſon of Titan, and ſuppoſe 
that he was plunged into hell by Jupiter, for 
ſupplying the Titans with water. The word 
Acheron is often taken for hell itſelf. Ho- 
rat. 1, od. 3, v. 36.—Pirg. G. 2, v. 292. 
Ex. 2, v. 295, &c.—Strah, 95.—Lucan, 
3, v. 16.—Sil. 2 Silv. 6, v. 80.—Liv. 8, 
e. 24. A river of Elis in Peloponneſus. 
Another on the Riphzan mountains. 
Orpleut. Alſo a river in the country of 
the Brutii in Italy. Juin. 12, c. 2. 

ACHERONTIA, a town of Apulia on a 
mountain, thence called Nidus by Horar. 3, 
od. 4, v. 14. 

ACHERUSIA, a lake of Campania near 
Capua. Diodorus, A. 1. mentions, that in 
Egypt, the bodies of the dead were conveyed 
over a lake called Acheruſia, and received 
ſentence according to the actions of their 
lte. The boat was called Baris, and the 
ferryman Charon. Hence aroſe the fable of 
Charon and the Styx, &c. 

ACHERUSIAS, a place near Heraclea, 
where Hercules, as 1s reported, dragged 
Cerberus out of hell. Xenoph. Anab, 6. 

AcHuEtTus, a river of Sicily. Sil. 14. 

ACHILLAS, a general of Ptolemy, who 
murdered Pompey the Great. Put. in 
Pump.—Lucan. 8, v. 538. 

AcHIilLLEuUsS or Aguftzus, a Roman 
general-in Egypt, in the reign 6f Diocletian, 
who rebelled, and for 5 years maintained 
the Imperial dignity at Alexandria. Diocie- 
dan at laſt marched againſt him; and be- 
cauſe he had ſupported a long ſiege, the em- 
peror ordered him to be devoured by lions. 

AcHtilLia, a peninſula near the mouth 
of the Boryfthenes. Mela 2, e. 1.— Herodot. 
4, c. 55 & 76. An ifland at the mouth 
of the Iſter, where was the tomb of Achilles, 
over which it is ſaid that birds never flew. 
Plin. 10, e. 29.—A fountain of Miletus, 
whoſe waters riſe ſalted from the earth, and 
afterwards ſweeten in their courſe. Athen. 
2, c. 2. 

ACHILLEIENSES, a people near Mace- 
donia, Xenoph. Hift. Græc. 3. 

ACHILLE1S, a poem of Statius, in which 
he deſcribes the education and memorable 
actions of Achilles. This compoſition is im- 
perfect. The poet's immature death de- 
prived the world of a valuable hiſtory of the 
kfe and exploits of this famous hero. 

ACHILLEs, the ſon of Peleus and Thetis, 
was the braveſt of all the Greeks in the 
Trojan war. During his infancy, Thetis 
plunged him in the Styx, and made every 
part of his body invulnerable, except the 
heel, by which the held him. His education 


Wught him due art of war, and made him | 


A C 


maſter of muſic, and by feeding him vn 

the narrow of wild beaſts, rendered him vi- 

gorous and active. He was taught eloquence 
by Phenix, whom he ever after lovad and 

reſpected. Thetis, to prevent him from go+ 

ing to the Trojan war, where ſhe knew he 

was to periſh, privately ſent him tothe court 
of Lycomedes, where he was diſguiſed in 2 

female dreſs, and, by his familiarity with 

the king's daughters, made Deidamia mother 
of Neoptolemus. As Troy could not be 
taken without the aid of Achilles, Ulyſſes 
went to the court of Lycomedes, in the ha- 
bit of a merchant, and expoſed jewels and 
arms to ſale, Achilles, chuſing the arms, 
diſcovered his ſex, and went to war. Vul- 
can, at the entreaties of Thetis, made him a 
ſtrong armour, which was proof againſt all 
weapons. He was deprived by Agameme 
non of his favorite miſtreſs, Briſeis, who had 
fallen to his lot at the diviſion of the booty 
of Lyrneſſus. For this aftront, he refuſed 
to appear in the field till the death of his 
friend Patroclus recalled him to action, and 
to revenge. [id. Patreclus.) He flew 
Hector, the bulwark of Troy, tied the corpſe 
by the heels to his chariot, and dragged it 
three times round the walls of Troy. After 
thus appeaſing the ſhades of his friend, he 
permitted old Priam to ranſom and to carry 
away Hector's body. In the 1oth year of 
the war, Achilles was charmed with Polyx- 
ena; and as he ſolicited her hand in the tem- 
ple of Minerva, it is {aid that Paris aimed are 
arrow at his vulnerable heel, of which wound 
he died. His body was buried at Sigæum, 
and divine honors were paid to him, and 
temples raiſed to his memory. It is ſaid, that 
after the taking of Troy, the ghoſt of Achil- 
les appeared to the Greeks, and demanded 
of them Polyxena, who accordingly was ſa» 
crificed on his tomb by his ſun Neoptolemus. 
Some ſay that this ſacrihce was voluntary, 
and that Polyxena was ſo grieved at his death 
that ſhe killed herſelf on his tomb. The 
Theſſalians yearly ſacrificed a black anda 
white bull on his tomb. It is reported that 
he married Helen after the ſiege of Trvy ; 
but others maintain, that this marriage hap- 
pened after his death, in the ifland of Leuce, 
where many of the ancient heroes lived, as 
in a ſeparate ely ſium. [ Vid. Leuce.] When 
Achilles was young, his mother aſked him, 
whether he preferred a long life, ſpent in 
obſcurity and retirement, or a few years of 
military fame and glory? and that, io his ho- 
nor, he made choice of the latter. Some ages 
after the Trojan war, Alexander, going to the 
conqueſt of Perſia, offered ſacrifices on the 
tomb of Achilles, and admired the hero who 
had found a Homer to publiſh his fame to 
poſterity. Xenoph. de venat.— Put. in Alex. 
De facie in Orbe Lyn. De muſic, De amic. 
B mult, 


1 


AC 


widlt, Queſt. Græc.— Pauſ. 3, c. 18, &c.— 
Died. 17.— Stat. Achiil.— Ovid. Met. 12, 
fab. 3, &c. Trift. 3, el. 5, v. 37, &c.—Virg. 
Ln. I, v.472, 488, |. 2, v. 275, l. 6, v. 
58, &c.—Apolled. 3, c. 13.—Hygin. fab. 

& 110—Streb. 14.—Plin. 35, c. 15.— 

ax. Tyr. orat. 27.—Horat. f, od. 8, |. 2. 
ad. 4 & 16, I. 4, od. 6, 2 ep. 2y v. 42.— 
Hom. I. & Od. Dictys Cret. 1, 2, 3, &c. 
Dares Phryg.—FJuv.7, v. 210.— Apollon. 4, 
Argon. v. Toe were other perſons 
of the ſame name. The moſt known were 
—a man who received Juno when ſhe fled 
from Jupiter's courtſhip—the preceptor of 
Chiron the centaur—a ſon of Jupiter and 
Lamia, reported to be fairer than Venus— 
a man who inſtituted oftraciſm at Athens. 
— - Tatjus, a native of Alexandria, in 
the age of the emperor Claudius, but ori- 
ginally a pagan, converted to chriſtianity 
and made a biſhop. He wrote a mixed hiſ- 
of of great men, a treatiſe on the ſphere, 
tactics, a romance on the loves of Clitophon 
and Leucippe, &c. Some manuſcripts of his 
works are preſerved in the Vatican and Pa- 
latinate libraries. The beſt edition of his 
works is that in 12mo. L. Bat. 1640. 

ACHILLEUM, a town of Troas ncar the 
tomb of Achilles, built by the Mitylencaus. 
Plin. 5, c. 30. 

Acxivt, the name of the inhabitants of 
Argos and Lacedzmon before the return of 
the Heraclidz, by whom they were expelled 
from their poſſeſſions 80 years after the Tro- 
jan war. Being without a home, they drove 
the Ionians from Ægialus, ſeized their 12 
cities, and called the country Achaia. The 
Jonians were received by the Athenians. The 
appellation of Achivi is indiſcriminately ap- 
plicd by the ancient poets to all the Greeks, 
Pauſ. 7, c. 1, &c. Vid. Achaia. 

ACHLADE&Vs, a Corinthian general, kill- 
ed by Ariſtomenes. Pau. 4, c. 19. 

AcroL6Fx, one of the harpies. Hygin. 14. 

ACc1CcH6R1Us, a general with Brennus in 
the expedition which the Gauls undertook 
againſt Pzonia, Pauſ. 10, c. 10. 

Ac1DAL1A, a ſimame of Venus, from a 
fountain of the ſame name in Bœotia, ſacred 
to her. TheGraces bathed in the fountain. 
Pirg. An. 1, v. 720. 

AC1DAsA, a river of Peloponneſus, for- 
merly called Jardanus. Pau. 5, c. 5. 

ACILIA, a plebeian family at Rome, 
which traced its pedigree up to the Trojans. 
—— The mother of Lucan. 

AC1LIA LEx was enacted, A. U. C. 556. 
by Acilius the tribune, for the plantation of 
five colonies in Italy. Liv. 32, c. 29,— 


Another called alſo Calpurnia, A. U. C. 


684. which enacted, that no perſon convicted 
of ambitus, or uſing bribes at elections, ſhould 
be admitted in the ſenate, or hold an office. 


40 

—— Another concerning ſuch as were guilty 
of extortion in the provinces. 
M. AciLius BaLBus, was conſul with 
Portius Cato, A. U. C. 638. It is ſaid, that 
during his conſulſhip, milk and blood fell 
from heaven. Plin, 2, c. 56. Glabrio, 
a tribune of the people, who with a legion 
quelled the inſurgent ſlaves in Etryria. Be- 
ing conſul with P. Corn. Scipio Naſica, 
A. U. C. 561, he conquered Antiochus at 
Thermopylæ, for which he obtained a tri- 
umph, and three days were appointed for 
public thankſgiving. He ſtood for the cen- 
ſorſhip againſt Cato, but defiſted on account 
of the falſe meaſures uſed by his competitor, 
Tuſtin. 31, c. 6.—-Liv. 30, c. 40. |. 31, c. 
50. 1.35, c. 10, &c.— The ſon of the 
preceding, erected a temple to Piety, which 
his father had vowed to this goddeſs when 
fighting againſt Antiochus. He raiſed a 
golden ſtatue to his father, the firſt that ap- 
pes in Italy. The temple of Piety was 

uilt on the ſpot where once a woman had 
fed with her milk her aged father, whom 
the ſenate had impriſoned, and excluded 
from all aliments. Val. Max. 2, c. $,— 
The enactor of a law againſt bribery.— A 
pretor in the time that Verres was accuſed 
by Cicero. A man accuſed of extortion, 
and twice defended by Cicero. He was 
proconſul of Sicily, and lieutenant to Cæſat 
in the civil wars. Cæſ. Bell. Civ. 3, c. 15. 
A conſal, whoſe ſon was killed by Do- 
mitian, becauſe he fought with wild beaſts. 
The true cauſe of this murder was, that 
young Glabrio was ſtronger than the empe · 
ror, and therefore envied. Juv. 4, v. 94. 

ACILLA, a town in Africa. Cæſ. Afr. 
e. 33. 

Ac1s, a ſhepherd of Sicily, ſon of Faunus 
and the uymph Simæthis. Galatza paſſion- 
ately loved him; upon which, his rival Poly- 
phemus, thro? jealouſy, cruſhed him to death 
with a piece of a broken rock. The gods 
changed Acis into a ſtream which riſes from 
mount Etna. Ovid. Met. 13, fab. 8. 

AcmMoN, a native of Lyrneſſus, who ac- 
companied Aneas into Italy. His father's 
name was Clytus. FVirg. Au. 10. v. 128. 

Acmontpxs, one of the Cyclops. Ovid. 
Faft. 4, v. 288. 

Ac@&TEs, the pilot of the ſhip which, 
againſt his conſent, carried away Bacchus, 
who had been found aſleep at Naxos. The 
crew were changed into ſea monſters, but 
Acœtes was preſerved. Ovid, Met. 3, fab. 
8. &. Vid. Acetes. 

Acovrzs, one of Lycaon's 50 ſons. 
Apollod. 3, c. 8 

Acorus, a famous hunter, changed 
into a lone, by the head of Medpſa, at the 
nuptials of Perſeus and Andromeda. Ovid. 
Met, 5, v. 201,—_ A perſon killed in the 


wats 


ilty 


with 
that 
| fell 
brio, 
gion 
Be- 
ſica, 
us at 
tri - 
d for 
cen- 
count 
-titor, 
31, e. 
f the 
which 
when 
ſed a 
at ap- 
y was 
n had 
whom 
luded 


* 


ccuſed 


AC 


AC 


wars of Zneas and Turnus, in Italy. Virg. | Acnrsrontibes, a pattonymic of Per- 


fn. 11, v. 615. 
Acorus, ayouth of Cea, who, when 


he went to Delos to ſee the ſacrifices of Di- | 


ana, fell in Jove with Cydippe, a beautiful 
virgin, and being unable to obtain her, 
wiote theſe verſes on an apple, which he 
threw into her boſom : 

Juro tibi ſanctæ per myſtica ſacra Diane, 

Me tibi venturam comitem, ſponſamque 

HIUram. 
Cydippe read the verſes, and being compell- 
ed by the oath ſhe had inadvertently made, 
married Acontius. Ovid. Her. ep. 20.,—A 
mountain of Bœotia. Pin. 4, c. 7. 

AconToBULuUs, a place of Cappadocia, 
under Hyppolyte queen of the Amazons. 
Apollon. arg. 2. 

Acbkis, a king of Egypt, who aſſiſted 
Evagoras king of Cyprus againſt Perſia, 
Diod. 15. 

ACRA, a town of Italy, —Eubaa,—Cy- 
prus,—Acarnania,—Sicily,—Africa,—Sat- 
matia, &c. 

Acxranina, the citadel of Syracuſe, tak- 
en by Marcellus the Roman conſul. Put. 
in Marcel. Cic. in Verr. 4. 

Ackæ, a mountain in Peloponneſus, 
Pau. a, c. 34- 

ACR&A, a daughter of the river Aſte- 
rion.—-A ſirname of Diana, from atemple 
built to her by Melampus, on a mountain 
near Argos.—A, ſirname of Juno, Pau. 
8, C. 17. 

ACREPHNIA, a town inBœotia; whence 
Apollo is called Acræphnius. Herodot. 8, 
6. 135. 

ACZgAGALLID, a diſhoneſt nation liv- 
ing anciently near Athens. ſcl. contra 
Crefiph, 

AcrAcas. Vid. Ag 
Acres, a freed man of Nero, ſent 
into Aſia to plunder the temples of the gods. 
Tac. An. 15, c. 45. 1. 16, c. 23. 

Acklas, one of Hippodamia's ſuitors, 
auf, 6, c. 21.-——He ball Acriæ, a town 
of Laconia. Id. 3, c. 21. | 
ACRIDOPHAG1, an Ethiopian nation, 
Who fed upon locuſts, and lived not beyond 
their goth year. At the approach of old 
age, ſwarms of winged lice attacked them, 
and gnawed their belly and breaſt, till the 
patient, by rubbing Fümſelf, drew blood, 
which increaſed their number, and ended in | 
his death. Died. 3.—Plin. 11, c. 29.— 

Strab. 16. 

ACRIoON, a Pythagorean philoſopher of 
Locris. Cic. de fin, 57 C. 29. 

ACR1SIONEVUS, a patronymic applied to 

 Argives, from Acrifius, one of their 
ancient Kings, or from Acriſione a town of 
Argolis, called after a daughter of Acrifius 

the ſame name. Ving. En. 77 V. 410, 


e 


ſeus, from his grandfather Acriſius. Ovid. 
Met. 5, v. 70. 

Acktstus, ſon of Abas, king of Argos, 
by Ocalea, daughter of Mantineus. He 
was born at the ſame birth as Prœtus, with 
whom it is ſaid that he quarrelled eyen in 
his mother's womb. After many diſſenſions, 
Prœtus was driven from Argos. Acrifius 
had Danae by Eurydice daughter of Lace- 
dæmon; and being told by an oracle, that 
his daughter's ſon would put him to death, 
he confined Danae in a brazen tower, to pre- 
vent her becoming a mother. She however 
became pregnant, by Jupiter changed into a 
golden — and tho* Acrifius ordered 
her, and her infant called Perſeus, to be ex- 
poſed on the ſea, yet they were ſaved; and 
Perſeus ſoon after became ſo famous for his 
actions, that Acriſius, anxious to ſee ſo re- 
nowned a grandſon, went to Lariſſa. Here 
Perſeus, wiſhing to ſhew his {kill in throw- 
ing a quoit, killed an old man wha proved 
to be his grandfather, whom he knew not, 
and thus the oracle was fulfilled. Acriſius 
reigned about 31 years. Hygin. fab. 63.— 
Ovid. Met. 4, fab. 16.—Horat. 3, od. 16 
Apollod. 2, c. 2, &c.—Pauſ. 2, c. 16, &c.— 

Vid. Danae, Perſeus, Polydectes. 

ACRITAS, a promontory of Meſſenia, in 
Peloponneſus. Pin. 4, c. 5. — Mela 2, c. 3. 

ACROATHON or ACKROTHOOS, a town 
on the top of mount Athos, whoſe inhabi- 
tants lived to an uncommon old age. Mela 
2, c. 2.—Plin. 8, c. 10. 

ACROCERAUNIUM, a promontory of 
Epirus, with mountains called Acroceraunia, 
which ſeparate the Ionian and Adriatic ſeas. 
The word comes from ange-, high, and 
nee, thunder ; becauſe, on account of 
their great height, they were often ſtruck 
with thunder. Lucret. 6, v. 420.—Plin. 

C. I.—Firg. Eu. 3, V. 506.—Strab. —— 
Horat. 1, od. 3. v. 20. 

ACROCORINTHUS, a lofty mountain on 
the iſthmus of Corinth, taken by Aratus, B. 
C. 243. There is atemple of Venuson the 
top, and Corinth is built at the bottom. 
Strab. 8.—Pauf. 2, c. 4&—Plit. in Arat — 
Stat. Theb. 7, v. 106. 

AcRoN, a king of Cenina, killed by Ros 
mulus in ſingle combat, after the rape of the 
Sabines. His ſpoils were dedicated to Ju- 
piter Feretrius. Plut, in Ramul. A phyſician 
of Agrigentum, B. C. 439. educated at A- 
thens with Empedocles. He wrote phy ſical 
treatiſes in the Doric dialect, and cured the 
Athenians of a plague, by lighting fire neax 
the houſes of the infected. Plin. 29, c. I. 
—Plut, in Ifid, —One of the friends of 
Ancas, killed by Mezentius. Ving. An. 
IQ, V. 719. 


ACROPATO05, one of Alexander's ay 
„ 


— — — 
- 


—— CIO — 


' Apolled, 2, c. 1. 


AC 


who obtained part of Media after the king's 
death. Juftin. 13, c. 4. 

AcRoPGLIs, the citadel of Athens, built 
on a rock, arid acceſſible only on one ſide. 
Minerva had a temple at the bottom. Pau/. 
in Attic, 

AcRroTXTvs, ſon of Cleomenes, king of 
Sparta, died before his father, leaving a ſon 
called Areus. Pauſ. 1, c. 13. l. 3, c. 6. 
Son of Areus, was greatly loved by 
Chelidonis, wife of Cleonymus.—This a- 
mour difpleaſed her huſband, who called 
Pyrrhus the Epirot, to avenge his wrongs. 
When Sparta was beſieged by Pyrrbus, 
Acrotatus was ſeen bravely fighting in the 
middle of the enemy, and commended by 
the multitude, who congratulated Chelidonis 
on being miſtreſs to ſuch a warlike lover, 
Plut. in Pyrrk. 

AcRroTnoons, Vd. Acroathon. 

AcTA or Acrx, a country of Attica, 
This word fignifies Here, and is applied to 
Attica, as being near the ſea. It is derived 
by ſome writers, from Actæus a king, from 
whom the Athenianshave becn called Actæi. 
Ovid. Met. 1, v. 313.—Firg. Eel. 2, v. 23. 

ACTA, a place near mount Athos, on the 
Egean Sea, Thucyd. 4, c. 109. 

Acræ4A, one of the Nereides.—A fir- 
Pame of Ceres. -A daughter of Danaus. 


ACTzxoN, a famous huntſman, fon of 
Ariſtæus and Autonoe daughter of Cadmus, 
whence he is called Autoncius herot. He 
ſaw Diana and her attendants bathing near 
Gargaphia, for which he was changed into 
a ſtag, anddevoured by his own dogs. Pauſ. 
9, c. 2.—Ovid. Met. 2, fab. 3. —A beautiful 
youth, ſon of Meliffus of Corinth, whom 
Archias, one of the Heraclidz, endeavoured 
to debauch and carry away, He was killed 
in the ſtruggle which in conſequence of this 
happened between his father and raviſher. 
Meliſſus complained of the inſult,” and 
drowned himſelf; and ſoon-after, the country 
being viſited by a peſtilence, Archias was 
expelled. Plut. in Amat. 

Acræus, a powerful perſon who made 
himſelf maſter of a part of Greece, which he 
called Attica. His daughter Agraulos mar- 
ried Cecrops, whom the Athenians caHed 
thei: firſt King, though Actæus reigned be- 
fore him. hs I, c. 2 & 14.—The word 
is of the ſame fignitcation as Atticus an in- 
habirant of Attica, 

ACTE, a miſtreſs of Nero, deſcended 


from Agtalus. Sueton. in Ner. 28. One ' 


of the Horæ. Hygin. fab. 183. 

ACTIA, the mother of Auguſtus, As 
ſhe ſlept in the temple of Apollo, ſhe 
dreamt that a dragon had lain with her. 
Nine months after, the brought forth; having 


A C 
ſcattered all over the world. Sue. in Aug. 
94. Games ſacred to Apollo, in comme- 
moration of the victory of Auguſtus over 
M. Antony at Actium. They were cele- 
brated every third, ſometimes fifth year, 
with great pomp, and the Lacedzmonians 
had the care of them. Plut, in Anton.— 
Strab. 7. Virg. An. 3, v. 280. 1.8, v. 
675.— A fitter of Julius Cæſar. Plat. in 
Cic. 

AcT1s, ſon of Sol, went from Geece 
into Egypt, where he taught aſtrology, and 
founded Heliopolis. Died. 5. 

AcrisAxxs, a king of Æthiopia, who 
conquered Egypt, and expelled king Amaſis. 
He was famous for his equity, and his ſevere 
puniſhment of robbers, whoſe noſes he cut 
off, and whom he baniſhed to a deſart place, 


| where they were in wantof all aliment, and 


lived only upon crows. Died. 1. 

AcTivM, a town and promontory of 
Epirus, famous for the naval victory which 
Auguſtus obtained over Antony and Cleopa- 
tra, the 2d of September, B. C. 31, in ho- 
nor of which the conqueror built there the 
town of Nicopolis, and inſtituted games, 
Vid. Atia, —Plut. in Anton, —Sueton. in Aug, 

AcT1vs, a firname of Apollo, from Ac- 
tium, where he had a temple. Firg. A, 
8, v. 704. A poet. Vd. Accins, ——A 
prince of the Volſci. Vid. Accius. 

Acrius Navivs, an augur who cut 2 
loadftone in two with a razor, before Tar- 
quin and the Roman people, to corftince 
them of his ſkill as an augur. Fler. 1, c. 5. 
Liv. 1, c. 36.-Labeo. Vid. Labeo. 

AcToR, a companion of Hercules in his 
expedition againſt the Amazons. The 
father of Mencetius by gina, whence Pa- 
troclus is called Actorides. Ovid. Trift. r, 
el. 8,—A man called alſo Aruncus. Virg. 
En. 12, v. 93.—One of the friends of .- 
neas. Id. 9, v. 500.—A ſon of Neptune by 
Agameda. Hygin, fab. 14.—A ſon of Dei- 
on and Diomede. Apolled. 1, c. 9.—The 
father of Eurytus, and brother of Augeas, 
Apolled. 2, c. 7. A ſon of Acaſtus, one 
of the Argonauts. Hygin. fab. 14. The 
father of Aſtyoche. Homer. II. 2,—A king 
of Lemnos. Hygin. 102. 

Acroklpks, a patronymic given to Pa- 
trochus, grandſon of Actor. Ovid. Met. 13, 
fab, 1, Alſo to Erithus, ſon of Actor, 
Id. Met. 5, fab. 3. Two brothers ſo fond 
of each other, that in driving a chariot, one 
generally held the reins, and the other the 
whip ; whence they are repreſented with tu 
heads, four feet, and one body. Hercules 
conquered them. Pindar, 

Acrökis, a maid of Ulyſſes, Homer. 
od. 23. | i 

M. Acrokivs Naso, a Roman hiftos 


previouſly dreamt that her bewels were 


nian, Sueten, in ul. 9. c. Acviig 


Aug. 
MCs. 
over 
cele- 
y ear, 
Hans 
.— 
8, v. 
df, 12 


Fcece 
and 


who 
naſis. 
ſevere 
je cut 
place, 
t, and 


ry of 
which 
leopa- 
in ho- 
re the 
games. 
n Hug. 
mn Ac- 
. En. 
— A 


cut 2 
e Tar- 
mince 
bv; 0: 4 
,abeo. 
s in his 
cm 
1ce Pa- 
Fri 19 
För. 
; of A- 
tune by 
of Dei- 
).—The 
Augeas. 
tus, one 
— be 
A king 


n to Pa- 
Met. 13; 
Actor. 
s ſo fond 
riot, one 
other the 
with tuo 
Hercules 


Homer. 


an hiſtos 


A cULEQ 


ſent to Rome for Poiſon to deſtroy Arauniys, I 


A D 


C. AcvLxo, a Roman lawyer celebrated 
as much for the extent bf his underſtanding, 
as for his knowledge of law, He was uncle 
to Cicero. Cic. in Orat. 1, c. 43 

Acteais, an ambaſſador from India to 
Alexander. Plut. in Alex. 

AcusiLiusand DaMacktTus, two bro- 
thers, conquerors at the Olympic games.— 
The Greeks ſtrewed flowers upon Diagoras 
their father, and called him happy in having 
ſuch worthy ſons. Pau. 6, c. 7.—An hiſ- 
torian of Argos, often quoted by Joſephus. 
He wrote on genealogies in a ſtyle ſample 
and deſtitute of all ornament. Cic.—- An 
Athenian who taught rhetoric at Rome un- 
der Galba. 

M. AcvuTtcus, an ancient comic writer, 
whoſe plays were known underthe names of 
Leones, Gemini, Anus, Bcotia, &c. 

Ada, a fifter of queen Artemiſia, who 
married Hidricus. After her huſband's | 
death, ſhe ſucceeded to the throne of Caria 
but being expelled by her younger brother, 
{he retired to Alindæ, which ſhe delivered 
to Alexander, after adopting him as her ſon, 
Curt. 2, c. 8.—Strab. 14. | 

Anzus, a native of Mitylene, who wrote 
a Greek treatiſe on ſtatuaries. Ather. 13. 

ADAMANTAZA, Jupiter's nurſe in Crete, 
who ſuſpended him in his cradle to a tree, 
that he might be found neither on the earth, 
the ſen, nor in heaven. To drown the in- 
fant's cries, ſhe had drums beat, and eym- 
bals ſounded, around the tree. Hygin. tab. 
739.7 

ADAmas, a Trojan prince, killed by 
Merion. Homer. II. 13, v. 560. A youth 
Who raiſed a rebellion on being emaſculated 
by Cotys king of Thrace, Ariſt. Pol. 5, 
c. 10. 

ADAMASTUS, a native of Ithaca, father 
rf Achæmenides. Vg. An. 3, v. 614. 

ADasP11, a people at the foot of mount 
Caucaſus. Juſtin. 12, c. 5, 

ADDEPHAGIA, a goddeſs of the Sicilians. 

lian, 1. V. H. c. 27. , 

_ Avpva, a river of Ciſalpine Gaul, falling 
to the Po. Plin. 2, c. 103. 

AveLynivs, a friend of M. Antoninus, 
whom he accompanied in his expedition into 
Parthia, of which he wrote the hiſtory, 
Strab. 11. | 

' AditmMox, raiſed a (edition in Mauritania 
to avenge his maſter Ptolemy, whom Cali- 
gula had put to death. Sueton. in Calig. 35. 

Abs, or HA bks, the god of hell among 
tie Greeks, the ſame as the Pluto of the La- 
uns. The word is deriveq from a & tiden, 
vun videre] becauſe hell is deprived of light. 
It is often uſed for hell itſelf by the ancient 
poets, 

ADGANDESTRIVS, a prince of Gaul, who 


* 


A D 
and was anſwered by the ſenate, that the 
Romans fought their enemies openly, and 
never nt perfidious meaſures. Tactt, An. 
2, c. 88. 

ADHERBAL,ſonof Micipſa, and grandſon 
of Maſiniſſa, was beſieged at Cirta, and put 
to death by Jugurtha, after vainly imploring 
the aid of Rome, B. C. 112. Salluft, in 
Tug. 

ADdRERBAS, the huſband of Dido. Vid. 
Sichæus. 

. ADIANTE, a daughter of Danaus. Apollod. 
2, c. II. 

ADtAT6R1x, a governor of Galatia, who, 

to gain Antony's favor, ſlaughtered, in one 


| night, all the inhabitants of the Roman colo- 


ny of Heraclea, in Pontus. He was taken 
at Actium, led in triumph by Auguſtus, and 
ſtrangled in priſon. Szradb. 12. 
AniMaNnTUS, a commander of the Athe- 
nian Heet, taken by the Spartans. All the 
men of the, fleet were put to death, except 
Adimantus, becauſe he had oppoſed the de- 
hgns of his countrymen, who intended to 
mutilate all the Spartans, Aenoph., Hip. 
Cc. Pauſanias ſays, 4, c. 17, I. 10, c. 9. 
that the Spartans had bribed him. A bro- 


neral, who reproached Themiſtocles with 
his exile. A king ſtruck with thunder, for 
ſaying that Jupiter deſerved no facrifices. 
Ovid. in Ibin. 337. 

AvDMETA, daughter of Euryſtheus, was 
prieſteſs of Juno's temple ãt Argos. One 
of the Oceanides. Hefrod. 7heog. v. 349. 

ADMETUs, ſon of Pheres and Clymene, 
king of Pherz in Theſſaly, married Theone 
daughter of Theſtor, and after her death, 
Alceſte daughter of Pelias. Apollo, when 
baniſhed from heaven, is ſaid to have tend- 
ed his flocks for nine years, and to have ob- 
tained from the Parcz, that Admetus ſhould 
never die, if another perſon laid down his 
life for him. This was chearfully done by 
Alceſte.—Admetus was one of the Argos 
nauts, and was at the hunt of the Calydo- 
nian boar. Pelias promiſed his daughter in 
marriage only to him who could bring him 
a chariot drawn by a lion and a wild boar, 
Admetus did this by the aid of Apollo, and 
obtained Alceite in marriage. Some ſay 
that Hercules brought him back Alceſte 
from hell. Senec. in Medea.—Hygin. fab: 50, 
51, & 243.— Ovid. de Art. Am. 3.— Apollod. 
I, c. 8 & 9, &c,—Tibull. 2 el. 3.— Pauſ. 5. 
c. 17. A king of the Moloſſi, to whom 
Themiſtocles fled for protection. C. Nep. 
in Them, 8. An officer of Alexander, 
killed at the ſiege of Tyre. Died. 17. 
"ADSN1A, feſtivals in honor of Adonis, 
firſt celebrated at Byblos in Pheenicia. They 
laſted two days, the firſt of which was ſpent 
in howlings and lamentations, the Zcond in 


) 


Joyful 


ther of Plato. Laert. 3.—A Corinthian ge- 


r - 


v0 ðò . ]7˖Xͤ. . es 


bis temple was guarded by 1000 dogs. Plat. 


AD 


8 clamors, as if Adonis was returned to 
ife. In ſome tawns of Greece and Egypt 
they laſted eight days. Only women were 
admitted, and ſuch as did not appear were 
compelled to proſtitute themſelves for one 
day. The time of the celebration was ſup- 

ſed to be very unlucky. The fleet of 

icias ſailed from Athens to Sicily on that 
day, whence many unfortunate omens were 
drawn. Plat. in Nicid.— Ammian. 22, 
c. 9. 

Andnrs, ſon of Cinyras, by his daughter 
Myrrha, oem: Myrrha] was the favorite of 
Venus. He was fond of hunting, and was 
often cautioned by his miſtreſs not to hunt 
wild beafts, for fear of being killed in the at- 
eempt. This advice he lighted, and at laſt 
received a mortal bite from a wild boar which 
he had wounded, and Venus, after ſhedding 
many tears at his death, changed him into a 
flower called anemony. Proſerpine is faid 
to have reſtored him to life, on condition 
that he ſhould ſpend fix months with her, 
and the reſt of the year with Venus. This 
implies the alternate return of ſummer and 
winter. Adonis is often taken for Oſiris, 
becauſe the feſtivals of both were often be- 
gun with mournful lamentations, and fin:ſh- 
ed with a revival of joy, as if they were re- 
turning to life again.— Adonis had temples 
raiſed to his memory, and is ſaid by ſome to 
have been beloved by Apollo and Bacchus, 
— Apollod. 3, c. 14.-—Propert. 2, el. 13, v. 
53.—FVirg. Ecl. 10, v. 18.— Bien. in Adon. 
— Hygin. 58, 164, 248, &c.— Ovid. Met. 10, 
fab. 10.—Muſaus de Her, — Pauſ. 2, c. 20, l. 
9, c. 41. A river of Phcenicia. 

ADRAMYTTIUM, an Athenian colony on 
the fea coaſt of Myfia, near the Caycus. 

Strab. 13.—Thucyd. 5, c. 1. ; 

ADRANA, a river in Germany. Tac. Ann. 

7, c. 56, 

ADRANUM, a town of Sicily near Ætna, 
with a river of the ſame name. The chict 
deity of the place was called Adranus, and 


in Timol. 
ADRASTA, one of the Oceanides who 
nurſed Jupiter. Hygin. fab. 182. 


' ADRASTI1A, a fountain of Sicyon. Pau. | 


4, c. 15. A mountain. Plat. in Lucul. 
AA country near Troy, called after 
Adraſtus, who built there a temple to Ne- 
meſis. Here Apollo had an oracle, Strab. 
13.— A daughter of Jupiter and Neceſſity. 
She is called by ſome Nemeſis, and is the 
puniſher of injuſtice, The Egyptians placed 
her above the moon, whence the looked down 
upon the actions of men. Strab. 13.—A 
daughter of Meliſſeus, to whom ſome attri- 
bute the nurſing of Jupiter. She is the ſame 
as Adraſta, Apol. I, c. f. | 

AbkasTII Cami, a plain near the 


A 


Granicus, where Alexander firſt defeated 
Darius. Tuſtin. 11, c. 6. 
ADRASTUS, ſon of Talaus and Lyfi. 
mache, was king of Argos. Polynices be- 
| ing baniſhed from Thebes by his brother E- 
teocles, fled to Argos, where he married At- 
gia, daughter of Adraſtus. The king aſſiſted 
his ſon-in-law, and marched againſt Thebes 
with an army headed by ſeven of his moſt 
famous generals, All periſhed in the war 
except Adraſtus, who, witha few men ſaved 
from laughter, fled to Athens, and implored 
the aid of Theicus againſt the Thebans, who 
oppoſed the burying of the Argives ſlain in 
battle. Theſeus went to his aſhſtance, and 
was victorious. Adraſtus, after a long 
reign, died through grief, occaſioned by the 
death of his ſon Ægialeus. A temple was 
| raiſed to his memory at Sicyon. Vg. An, 
6, v. — 12 1. c. 9, 3 c. 7.— 
Stat. Theb. 4 & 5.-—Hygin. fab. 68, 69, & 
70.—Paxſ. 1, c. 39, l. 8, c. 25, I. 10, c. 
90.— Herodot. 5, c. 67, &c.—A peripa- 
tetic philoſopher, diſciple to Ariſtotle. It is 
ſuppoſed that a copy of his treatiſe on hat- 
monics is preſerved in the Vatican.—4 
Phrygian prince, who having inadvertently 
killed his brother, fled to Crœſus, where he 
was humanely received, and entruſted with 
the care of his ſon Atys. In hunting a wild 
boar, Adraſtus flew the young prince, and 
in his deſpair killed himſelf on his grave, 
Herodot. 1, c. 35, &c. A Lydian, who 
aſſiſted the Greeks againſt the Perſians. Pai. 
J, 0. 8. A ſoothſay er in the Trojan war. 
Homer Il. 2 & 6.-—The father of Eurydice, 
who married Ilus the Trojan. Apollod. 2, c. 
12.—A king of Sicyon, who reigned _ 
B. C. 1215. A ſon of Hercules. Hygin. 
242. | 
ADR1A, ADRIAnumM, or ADBIATICUN 
MARE, a fea lying between Tllyricum and 
Italy, now called the gulph of Venice, fir 
made known to the Greeks by the diſco- 
| veries of the Phoczans. Herodot. 1.—Horet, 
I, od. 33, |. 3. od. 3 & 9. Catull. 4, 6. 

ADRIANOPBLIS, a town of Thrace on the 
Hebrus.—Another in Atolia,—Piſidia, and 
Bithynia. 

Abi xvus, or Hadrianus, the 15th em- 
peror of Rome. He is repreſented as an ac- 
tive, learned, warlike and auſtere general. 
He came to Britain, where he built a wall 
between the modern towns of Carliſle and 
Newcaſtle 60 miles long, to protect the Bri- 
tons from the incurſions of the Caledonians- 
He killed in battle 500,000 Jews who had 
rebelled, and built a city on the ruins of Je- 
ruſalem, which he called Alia, His memo- 
ry was ſo retentive, that he remembered eve- 

incident of his life, and knew all the fol- 

iers of his army by name. He was the 


emperor why wore a long beard, and * 


1 


efeated 


Lyfi- 
des bee 
ther E- 
ed At- 
aſſiſted 
Thebes 
is moſt 
he war 
n ſaved 
nplored 
ns, who 
ſlain in 
ce, and 
a long 
{ by the 
ple was 
rg. An, 
C. 7.— 
„ 69, & 
1. 10, c. 
- peripa- 
tle. Itis 
> on hat- 
a.— 
vertently 
where he 
ted with 
ng a wild 

ince, and 
his grave, 
ian, who 
ans. Par, 
rojan war. 
Eurydice, 
ollod. 2, c. 
ed 4 ears 
* Hein 
TATICUN 
ricum and 
nice, firſt 
the diſco- 
1.—Horat. 
wll. 4, 6. 

race on the 
piſidia, and 


E 1 5th em- 
ed as an ac- 
ere general. 
zuilt a wall 
Zarlifle and 
ect the Bn- 
daledonians. 
ws who ha 
ruins of je- 
His memo” 
mbered eve- 
all the fol- 
Was the os 
is 
and th 1d 


A A 


did to hide the warts on his face. His ſuc- 
ceſſors followed his example not through ne- 
ceſſity, but for ornament. Adrian went al- 
ways bareheaded, and in long marches gene- 
rally travelled on foot. In the beginning of 
his reign, he followed the virtues of his 
adopted father and pretiecefior Trajan; he 
remitted all arrears due to his treaſury for 
16 years, and publicly burnt the account- 
books, that his word might not be ſuſpected. 
His peace with the Parthians proceeded from 
a with of puniſhing the other enemies of 
Rome, more than from the effects of fear. 
The travels of Adrian were n6t for the diſ- 
play of imperial pride, but to fee whether 
juſtice was diſtributed impartially ; and pub- 
lic favor was courted by a condeſcending 
behaviour, and the meaner familiarity of 
bathing with the common people. It is ſaid 
that he wiſhed to enrol Chriſt among the 
gods of Rome; but his apparent lenity to- 
wards the Chriſtians was diſproved, by the 
erection of a ſtatue to Jupiter on the ſpot 
where Jeſus roſe from the dead, and one to 
Venus on mount Calvary. The weight of 
diſeaſes become intolerable. Adrian at- 
tempted to deſtroy himſelf ; and when pre- 
vented, he exclaimed, that the lives of o- 
thers were in his hands, but not his own. 
He wrote an account of his life, and pub- 
liſhed it under the name of one of his do- 
meſtics. He died of a dyſentery at Baiæ, 
July to. A. D. 138. in the 72d year of his 
age, after a reign of 21 years. Dio ——— 
An officer of Lucullus. Plat. in Lue. 
A rhetorician of Tyre in the age of M. 
Antoninus, who wrote ſeven books of 
metamorphoſes, beſides other treatiſes now 
loſt, 

ADRIMETUM, a town of Africa, on the 
Mediterranean, built by the Phæœnicians. 
Salluft. in Jug. 

 ADYRMACHILDA, a maritime people of 
Africa, near Egypt. Herodot. 4, c. 168. 

Aa, a buntreſs changed into an iſland of 
the ſame name by the gods, to reſcue her 
trum the purſuit of her lover, the river 
Phaſis. It had a town called Aa, which was 
the capital of Colchis. Flace. 5, v.42 6.— 
A town of Theſſaly. —Of Africa, —A foun- 
tain of Macedonia near Amydon. | 
1 games at gina, in honor of 


us. 

Aacipas, a king of Epirus, ſon of Neo- 
ptolemus, and brother to Olympias. He 
was expelled by his ſubjects for his conti- 
(ual wars with Macedonia. He left a ſon, 
Pyrchus, only two years old, whom Chau- 
2 king of Illyricum educated. Pauſ. 1, 

11. 

Kacloxs, a patronymic of the deſcen- 
dants of Zacus, ſuch as Achilles, Peleus, 
Fyrrhus, & c. Virg. An, 1, v. 103, GC. 


E C 


Accus, ſon of Jupiter by Zgina daugh- 
ter of Aſopus, was king of the ifland of A- 
nopia,which he called by his mother's name. 
A peſtilence having deſtroyed all his fub- 
jects, he entreated Jupiter to re-people his 
Kingdom; and according to his deſire, all 
the ants which were in an old oak were 
changed into men, and called by acus 
myrmidons, from Auen, an ant.—Aacus 
married Endeis, by whom hehad Telamon 
and Peleus. He afterwards had Phocus by 
Pſamathe, one of the Nereids. He was a 
man of ſuch integrity that the antients have 
made him one of the judges of hell, with 
Minos and Rhadamanthus. Herar. 2, od. 
1 3, |. 4, od. 8.—Pauſ. 1, c. 44. I. 2, c. 29. 
— Ovid. Met. 7, fab. 25, l. 13, v. 25.— 
Propert. 4, d. 12.—Plut. de conſel. ad Apoil. 
— polled. 3, c. 12. 

Ea, Ea, or Exa, an iſland of Colchis, 
in the Phaſis. Apollon. 3. 

EA, a name given to Circe, becauſe 
born at Fe. Virg. Ax. z, v. 386. : 

AEANTEUM, a City of Troas, where Ajax 
was buried, Plin. 5, c. 30.— An ifland 
near the Thracian Cherſoneſus, Id. 4, c. 12. 

AANTIDEs, a tyrant of Lampſacus, inti- 
mate with Darius. He married a daughter 
of Hippias, tyrant of Athens. Taucyd. 6, 
c. 59.—One of the 7 poets, called Pleiades. 

AEanTis, an Athenian tribe. Plut. 
Symp. 2. 

Aas, a river of Epirus falling into the 
Ionian ſea. In the fable of Io, Ovid de- 
ſcribes it as falling iuto the Peneus, and 
meeting other rivers at Tempe. This ſume 
have ſuppoſed to be a geographical miſtake 
of the poet. Lucan 6, v. 361.—0vid Met. 
t, v. 580. 

Erus, ſon of Philip, and brother of Po- 
lyclea, was deſcended from Hercules. An 
oracle having ſaid that whoever of the two 
touched the land after croſſing the Achelous 
ſhould obtain the kingdom, Polyclca pre- 
tended to be lame, aud prevailed upon her 
brother to carry her acroſs on his ſhoulders, 
When they came near the oppoſite fide, 
Polyclea leaped aſhore from. her brother's 
back, exclaiming that the kingdom was her 
own. FEatusjoincd her in her exclamation, 
and afterwards married her, and reigned 
conjointly with her. Their ſon Theſſalus 
gave his name to Theſſaly. Polyarn, 8. 

AcumacdRras, a ſon of Hercules, by 
Phyllone, daughter of Alcimedon. When 
the father heard that his daughter had had a 
child, he expoſed her and the infant in the 
woods to wild beaſts, where Hercules, con- 
ducted by the noiſe of a magpye which imi- 
tated the cries of a child, tound and deli- 
vered them. Pauſ. 8, c. 12. 

cums, ſucceeded his father Polym» 
neſtur on the throne of Arcadia, in the 


] 


reign 


Rr re Oe. 6 
— 


KE P 


reign of Theopompus of Sparta, Pauſ. 8. 
2. 3. 

prs un, a town of Eubæea. Plin. 4. 
c. 12.—Strab. 10. 


AEpkssa, or Edeſſa, a town near Pella. 


Caranus king of Macedonia took it by fol- 


lowing goats that ſought ſhelter from the 


rain, and called it, from that circumſtance 
(aiyac, caprat) MÆgeas. It was the burying- 
place of the Macedonian kings ; and an ora- 
cle had ſaid, that as long as the kings were 


buried there, ſo long would their kingdom 


ſubſiſt. Alexander was buried in a differ- 
ent place; and on that account, ſome au- 
thors have ſaid that the kingdom became 
extinct. Tuſtin. 7, c. r. 

Av1icutita Ridiculi, a temple raiſed to 
the god of mirth, from the following cir- 
cumſtance: after the battle of Cannæ, Han- 
nibal marched to Rome, whence he was 
driven back by the inclemency of the wea- 


ther; which cauſed ſo much joy in Rome, 


that the Romans raiſed a temple to the god 
ef mirth. This deity was worſhipped at 
Sparta. Plut. in L 4) Cs Ard. & Clem. Pau- 
ſanias alſo mentions a StS. 2e, 
»DtLEs, Roman magiſtrates, that had the 
care of all buildings, baths and aqueducts, 
and examined the weights and meaſures, 
that nothing might be fold without its due 
value. There were three different forts ; 
the AEdiles Plebeii, or Minores ; the Majores 
Adiles, and the /Ediles Cereales.— The ple- 
beian ediles were two, firſt created with the 
tribunes ; they preſided over the more mi- 
nute affairs of the ſtate, good order, and 
the reparation of the ſtreets. They procur- 
ed all the proviſions of the city, and execut- 
ed the decrees of the people. The Majores 
and Cercales had greater privileges, though 
they at firſt ſhared in the labor of the ple- 
beian ediles; they appeared with more pomp, 
and were allowed to fit publicly in rvory 
chairs. The office of an edile was honor- 
ablc, and was always the primary ſtep to 
greater honors in the republic. The ediles 


were choſen from the plebeians for 127 


years, till A. U. C. 338. F., I. I. 4. 
c. 14.—Cic, Legib. 3. N 
Ebirsus, a town in Eubca, 
Epo, daughter of Pandarus, married 


Zethus brother to Amphion, by whom ſhe . 


had a ſon called Itylus. She was ſo jealous 
of her ſiſter Niobe, becauſe ſhe had more 
children than herſelf, that ſhe reſolved to 
murder the elder, who was educated with 
Itylus. She by miſtake killed her own ſon, 
and was changed into a nightingale as ſhe 
attempted to Kill herſelf, Homer. Od. 19, 
v. 518. 

ut, or Hedui, a powerful nation of 
Celtic Gaul known for their valor in the 
wars of Cælar. When their country was 


— 


X G 


| invaded by this celebrated general, they 


were at the head of a factibn in oppohtion 
to the Sequani and their partiſans, and they 
had eſtabliſhed their ſuperiority in frequent 


the Sequani obtained the aſſiſtance of Ario- 
viſtus king of Germany, and on defeated 
their opponents. The arrival of Cæſar 
changed the face of affairs, the /Edui were 
reſtored to the ſovereignty of the country, 


* the artful Roman, by employing one 


fact ion againſt the other, was enabled to con- 
quer them all, though the inſurrection of 
Ambiorix, and that more powerfully ſup- 


ported by Vercingetorix, ſhook for a While 
the dominion of Rome in Gaul, and checked 
the career of the conqueror. Cf. in bell. G. 


rA, or Æetes king of Colchis, fon of 
Sol, and Perſeis daughter of Oceanus, was 
father of Medea, Abſyrtus and Chalciope, 
by Idya, one of the Oceanides. He killed 
| Phryxus ſon of Athamas, who had fled to 
his court on a golden ram. This murder 
he committed to obtain the fleece of the 
golden ram. The Argonauts came againſt 
Colchis, and recovered the golden fleece by 
means of Medea, though it was guarded by 
bulls that breathed fire, and by a venomous 
dragon. Their expedition has been celebrat- 
2 by all the ancient poets. [ Vid. Jaſon, 

Medea, and Phryxus.) Apellod. 1, c. 9.— 
Ovid. Met. 7, fab. 1, &e.—Pauf. 2, c. 3.— 
| Tuſtin 42, c. 2.—Flacc. & Orpheus in Argon, 

AEET1AS, a patronymic given to Medea, 
as daughter of etes. Ovid. Met. 7, v. 9. 
od, an ifland of the Aigean fea be» 
tween Tenedos and Chios. 

af As, a town, whoſe inhabitants are 
called /Egeates. 2 Adeſſa.] 

As z, a city of Macedonia, the ſame as 
Edeſſa. Some writers make them different, 
but Juſtin proves this to be erroneous, 7, c. 
I.—Plin. 4, c. 10. A town of Eubca, 
whence Neptune is called Zgzus. Strab.g. 

EA, a town and fea port of Cilicia. 
Lucan. 3, v. 227. 

Fc &xaNn, one of Lycaon's 50 ſons. 
Apelled. 3, c. 8. The ſon of Cœlus, oro 
Pontus and Terra, the ſame as Briareus. 
[ Vid. Briareus.] It is ſuppoſed that he was 
a notorious pirate chiefly reſiding at Æga, 
whence his name; and that the fable about 
his 100 hands ariſes from his having 100 
men to manage his oars in his piratical ex- 
curſions. Virg. An. 10, v. 565. 

OA UN MARE (now Archipelago) part 
of the Mediterranean, dividing Greece from 
Aſia Minor. It is full of iſlands, fome of 
which are called Cyclades, others Sporades, 
&c. The word Ægeum is derived by ſome 
from ZEgz, a town of Eubœa; or from the 
number of iſlauds which it contains, that ap- 
pear above the ſca, as ayes, goats ; or * 


battles. To ſupport their cauſe, however, , 


bein 
conf 
at th 
who 
riage 
if thi 
ſoon 
had « 
Was 
wiſh 
for | 
who 
moth 
ſent to 
that 
divor, 
to Atl 
but h 
the (y 
his ſc 
Crete 
got, a 
his fa 
Aal of 
of bla 
dead, 
the ſe; 
has be 
45 ye; 
ſeu, 


they 
ofition 
d they 
equent 


wever, - 


 Ario- 
efeated 
Cæſar 
21 were 
ountry, 
ng one 
to con- 
tion of 
ly ſup- 
a while 
hecked 
bell. G. 
, fon of 
us, Was 
alciope, 
e killed 
| fled to 
murder 
> of the 
againſt 
cece by 
rded by 
nomous 
etcbrat- 
[. Jaſon, 
c. 9.— 
5c. 3.— 
n Argon. 
- Medea, 
7, v. 9. 
fea bes» 


ants are 


e ſame as 
different, 
us, 7, C. 
Eubœa, 
Strab. g. 
FCilicia. 


80 ſons. 
elus, orof 
Briareus. 
at he was 
at Æga, 
ble about 
ving 100 
atical ex- 


lago) part 
eece from 
, fome of 
Sporades, 
d by ſome 
from the 
5; that ap- 
; of from 

tue 


E G& 


the promontory ÆEga, or from Ægea, a queen 
of the Amazons; or from Ageus, who is 
ſuppoſed to have drowned himſelf there, 
Plin. 4, c. 11.—Strab. 7, | 

avs, a firname of Neptune, from 
Age in Eubcea, Strab. 9. A river of 
Corcyra. A plain in Phocis. 

Ea aLzos, or ÆEgaleum, a mountain of 
Attica oppoſite Salamis, on which Xerxes 
{at during the engagement of his fleet with 
the Grecian ſhips in the adjacent fea, He- 
redrt. 8, c. 90. Thucyd. 2, c. 19. 

Eo Ax, [Græc. aiyay or aiyawy] the 
F#gean fea. Stat. Theb. 5, v. 56. 

Ac As, a place of Eubœa.— Another near 
Daunia in Italy, Polyb. 3. 

AGATES, a promontory of Folia. 
Three Iſlands oppoſite Carthage, called Aræ 
by Virg. An. 1. near which the Romans, 
in the firſt Punic war, defeated the Car- 
thaginian fleet, under Hanno, 242 B. C. 
Liv, 21, c. 10 & 41, I. 22, c. 54.— Mela 
2, c. 7. 

EcflLrox, a town of Macedonia taken 
by king Attalus, Liv. 31, c. 46. 

Actxria. Vid. Egeria. 

Eos rA, the daughter of Hippotes, and 
mother of ZEgeſtus called Aceſtes. Virg. 
An, 1, v. 554. An ancient town of 
Sicily near mount Eryx, deſtroyed by 
Agathocles. It was ſometimes called Se- 
gelta and Aceſta, Died. 10. 

Aceus, king of Athens, ſon of Pandion, 
being defirous of having children, went to 
conſult the oracle, and in his return, ſtopped 
at the cowt of Pittheus king of Troezene, 
who gave him his daughter Æthra in mar- 
Tiage. He left her pregnant, and told her, that 
if ſhe had a ſon, to Gnd him to Athens as 
ſoon as he could lift a ſlone under which he 
had concealed his ſword. By this ſword he 
was to be known to Egeus, who did nat 
wiſh to make any public diicovery of a ſon, 
for fear of his nephews, the Pallantides, 
who expected his crown. ÆEthra became 
mother of Theſeus, whom ſhe. accordingly 
ſent to Athens with his father's ſword. At 
that time Ægeus lived with Medea, the 
divorced wife of Jaſon. When Theſeus came 
to Athens, Medea attempted to poiſon him; 
but he eſcaped, and upon ſhewing Ægeus 


the {word he wore, diſcovered himſelf to be 


his ſon, When Theſtus returned from 
Crete after the death of the Minotaur, he for- 


tot, agreeable to the engagement made with | 


his father, to hoiſt up white ſails as a ſig- 
nal of his ſucceſs ; and Ægeus, at the ſight 
vf black fails, concluding that his ſon was 
dead, threw himſelf from a high rock into 
the ſea; which, from him, as ſome ſuppoſe, 
has been called the ZEgean. Ægeus reigned 
45 years, and died B. C. 1235. (Vid. The- 
ſeu, Minctaurus and Medea. Apollod. 1, 
| 9 


| 


2 G 


c. 8, 9. J. 3, c. 15,—Par. 1, c. 6, 22, 38 
1 4, c. 2.—Plut. in Theſ:—Hygin. fab. * 
43. 


ged into poplars, and their tears into amber. 
They are called Heliades. A daughter 
of Adraſtus, by Amphitea daughter of Pro- 
nax. She married Diomedes, in whoſe ab- 
ſence, during the Trojan War, ſhe proſtituted 
herſelf to her ſervants, and chiefly to Co- 
metes, whom the king had left maſter of 
his houſe. At his return, Diomedes being 
told of his wife's wantonneſs, went to ſettle 
in Daunia. Some ſay that Venus implanted 
thoſe vicious and luſtful propenſities in 
Agiale, to revenge herſelf on Diomedes, 
who had wounded her in the Trojan war. 
Ovid in Ib. v. 350.—Heomer II. 5. v. 412. 
Apolled. 1, c. 9. Stat, 3, Su. 5, 
v. 48. f 

ZEG1XLFA, an iſland near Peloponneſus, 
in the Cretan ſea. Another in the Lonian 
ſea, near the Echinades. Pin. 4, c. 12.— 
Herodot. 4, c. 107. The ancient name 
of Peloponneſus. 

EolaAlzus, ſon of Adraſtus by Am- 
phitea or Demoanaſſa, was one of the 
Epigoni, 1. e. one of the ſons of thoſe gene- 
rals who were Killed in the firſt Theban war. 
They went againſt the Thebans, who had 
refuſed to give burial to their fathers, and 
were victorious, They all returned home 
ſafe, except gialeus, who was killed. 
That expedition is called the war of the 
Epigoni. Pau. 1, c. 43, 44+ |. 2, c. 20. 
I. 9, c. 5.—Apelted. 1, c. 9. I. 3, c. 7. 
The ſame as Abſyrtus brother to Medea. 
Tuſtin, 42, C. 3. 

Ac1XLvs, ſon of Phoroneus, was en- 
truſted with the. Kingdom of Achaia by 
king Apis going to Egypt. Peloponneſus 
was called Ægialea from him. A man 
who founded the kingdom of Sicyon 2091 
hefore the chriſtian era, and reigned 52 
years, 

Acialus, a name given to part of 
Peloponneſus. {Fid. Achaia.] Pauſ. 5. 
c. 1, I. 7. c. t. An inconſiderable town of 
Pontus. A city of Aha Minor. A 
city of Thrace near the Strymon. A 
mountain of Galatia—A city of Pon- 
tus. Another in Ethiopia. 

'  Zc1vxs, a patronymic of Theſeus. He- 
mer II. 1, v. 265. 8 
Eo LA, a place in Laconia, where Atiſ- 
tomenes was taken priſoner by a crowd of 
| religious women whom he had attacked. 
' Pau. 4, c. 17. By 

GILIA, an iſland between Crete and 
Peloponneſus. -A place in Eubza. Here- 
dot. 6, c. 101. 
Eotutus, an old man who lived, ac- 
cording to Anacreon, 200 years. Plin. 7. 


ö c. 48. 
L 


ALGIALE, one of Phaeton's fiſters chan- 


- Wwe 


— 
— — - ＋ — 
— 


1 

| ; © } 
AS 1 
1 A 
H. 
1 


E © 


e. 8.—A king of Doris, whom Hercules 


aſſiſted to conquer the Lapithæ. Apollod. 
2, e. 7. 


Acrimwerxus or Moimtxus, an iſland | 


near Libya, ſuppoſed to be the fame which 
Virgil mentions under the name of Arz, 
Plin. 5, c. 7. ; 

Zc1NA, daughter of Aſopus, had a- 
cus by Jupiter changed into a flame of 
fare. She afterwards married Actor, ſon of 
Myrmidon, by whom ſhe had ſome. chil- 
eren, who 1 againſt their father. 
Some ſay that ſhe was changed by Jupiter 
into the iſland which bears her name. Pin. 
4, c. 12,—Strab. 8. — Mala 2, c. 7.— 
Apollod. 1, c. 9. I. 3, c. 12.—Pauſ. 2, c. 
5 & 29. An iſland formerly called 
CEnopia and now Engia, in a part of the 
#gean fea, called Saronicus Sinus, about 
22 miles in circumference. The inhabitants 
were once deftroyed by a peſtilence, and 
the country was repeopled by ants changed 
into men by Jupiter, at the prayer of king 
ZEacus. They were very powerful by ſea, 
and gave themſelves to Darius when he de- 
manded ſubmiſſion from all the Greeks. The 
Athenians under Pericles made war againſt 
them; and after taking 70 of their ſhips in a 
naval battle, they expelled them from Ægina. 
The fugitives ſettled in Peloponneſus, and 
after the ruin of Athens by Lyſander, they 
returned to their countty, but never after 
roſe to their former power of conſequence. 
Herodot. 5, 6 & 7.—Pauſ. 2,c. 29.—Strab. 
8.—M#/ian. V. H. 12, c. 10. 

AEcintta Pau us, a phyſician born in 
#gina. He floriſhed in the age of Galen, 
whoſe compoſitions he reviſed and pub- 
liſhed in ſeven books. 

AcintTs, a King of Arcadla, in whoſe 
age Lycurgus inſtituted his famous laws. 


" I, © 8. 
cISCHVs, a firname of Jupiter, from 


his uſing the goat Amalthea's ſkin, in- 
ſtead of a ſhield, in the war of the Titans. 


Died. | 


Rofran, a name of Pan, becauſe he had 
goat's feet. 

Eoin, a town between Ætolia and Pe- 

nneſus.——A town of Achaia. Pau. 

7, c. 26.— Herodot. 1, c. 145: 

EotzorssA, atown of Atolia. Herodot. 
T, c. 149. 

Ao 15, the ſhield of Jupiter, amo Tue asy@- 
& goats ſkin, This was the goat Amal- 
thea, with whoſe {kin he covered his ſhield. 
The goat was among the conſtel- 
lations, Jupiter gave this ſhield to Pallas, 
who placed upon it Meduſa's head, which 
turned into ſtones all theſe who fixed their 
eyes upon it. Virg. An. 8, v. 352 & 435. 

Ac1sTAVS, King of Argos, was ſon of 


Thyeſtes by his daughter Pelopea, Thye- | 


E G 


ſtes being at variance with his brother 
Atreus, was told by the oracle, that his 
wrongs could be revenged only by a ſon 
born of himſelf and his daughter. To avoid 
ſuch an inceſt, Pelopea had been conſecra- 
ted to the ſervice of Minerva by her father, 
who ſome time after met her in a wood, 
and raviſhed her, without knowing who ſhe 
was. Pelopea kept the ſword of her ra- 
viſher, and finding it to be her father's, 
expoſed the child ſhe had brought forth. 
The child was preſerved, and when grown 
up, preſented with the ſword of his mother's 
raviſher. Pelopea, ſoon after this melan- 
choly adventure, had married her uncle 
Atreus, who received into his houſe her 
natural fon. As Thyeſtes had debabched 
the firſt wife of Atreus, Atreus ſent 
Egiſthus to put him to death; but Thyeſte: 
knowing the aſſaſſin's ſword, diſcovered he 
was his own ſon, and, fully to revenge his 
wrongs, ſent him back to murder Atreus. 
After this murder Thyeſtes aſcended the 
throne, and baniſhed Agamemnon and 
Menelaus, the ſons, or as others ſay, the 
grandſons of Atreus. Theſe children were 
taken care of by CEneus, King of AMtlia. 
By their marriage with the daughters of 
Tyndarus, king of Sparta, they were im- 
powered to recover the kingdom of Argos, 
to which Agamemnon ſucceeded, while 
Menelaus reigned in his father-in-lay*: 
place. Ægiſthus had been reconciled to 
the ſons of Atreus; and when they went 
to the Trojan war, he was left guardian of 
Agamemnon's Kingdoms, ard of his wife 
Clytemneſtra, Zgiſthus fell in love with 
Clytemneſtra, and lived with her. On 
Agamemnon's return, theſe two adulterers 
murdered him, and, by a public marriage, 
ſtrengthened themſelves on the throne of 
Argos. Oreſtes, Agamemnon's ſon, would 
have ſhared his father's fate, had not his 
ſiſter Electra privately ſent him to his uncle 
Strophius, King of Phocis, where he con- 
trated the moſt intimate friendſhip with hi 
couſin Pylades. Some time after, Oreſtes 
came to Mycenz, the reſidence of Ægiſthus, 
and reſolved to puniſh the murderers of his 
father, in conjunction with Electra, who 
lived in diſguiſe in the tyrant's family. To 
effect this more effectually, Electra publicly 
declared that her brother Oreſtes wat 
dead; upon which ziſthus and Clytem- 
neſtra went to the temple of Apollo, to fe- 
turn thanks to the god 2 his death. Oreſtes, 
who had ſecretly concealed himſelf in the 
temple, attacked them, and put them both 
to death, after a reign of ſeven years. They 
were buried without the city walls. 1 
Agamemnon, Thyeſtes, wr Clytemnefr a 
| —_— dea. Ovid. de Rem. Am. 16 l. 


rift. 2, v. 396,-Hygin. fab. 87 1 


q —— 


Sers 6 


rothe 
at his 

a ſon 

5 avoid 
1ſecra- 
father, 

wood, 
ho ſhe 
her ra- 
ather*s, 

t forth. 

| grown 
nother's 

melan- 
uncle 
auſe her 
bauched 
us fent 
Thyeſte: 
vered he 
enge bis 
r Atreus, 
nded the 
non and 
ö ſay, che 
Iren were 
f Atolls. 
Shters of 
were im- 
of Argos, 
ed, while 
r-jn-law's 
Dnciled to 
they went 
uardian 
f his wiſe 

love with 
her. 
| adulterers 
marriage, 
> throne of 
, ſon, would 
ad not hit 
to his uncle 
re he con- 
hip with hit 
ter, Oreſtes 
ff Agiſthus, 
derers of hi 
Hleftray who 


E G 

Ali. V. H. 12, c. 42 —Pauſ. 2. 
r. 16, &c. Sophocl. in Electra. 
Aſchyl. & Senec..in Agam. Homer. Od. 
z & 11.—Pompey uſed to call J. Cæſar 
Egiſthus, on account of his adultery with 
his wife Mutia, whom he repudiated after 
ſhe had borne him three children. Smet. in 
Cæſ. 50. 

FEof run, a town of olia, on a moun- 
tain eight miles from the ſea. Thucyd. 3, c. 97. 

Rot un, a town on the Corinthian iſth- 
mus. 

Borg; the youngeſt daughter of Æſcu- 
lapius and Lampetie. A nymph, daugh- 
ter of Sol and Neæta. Virg. Ec. 6, v. 20. 
A nymph, daughter of Panopeus, be- 
loved by Theſeus after he had left Ariadne. 
Plut. in Theſ.——-One of the Heſperides, 
— One of the Graces. A proſtitute, 
Martial. 1, ep. 95. 

obs, a Samian wreftler, born dumb. 
Seeing ſome unlawful meaſures purſued in 
a conteſt, he broke the ſtring which held 
his tongue, through the defire of ſpeaking, 
and ever after ſpoke with caſe. Val. Max. 
t,c. 8. 

'Fottres, a ſirname of Apollo. 

Eos OE, a nurſe of Nero. Sueton, in 
Ner. 50. . 

Acoctros, or Capricornus, an animal 
into which Pan transformed himſelf when 
fying before Typhon in the war with the 
giants, Jupiter made him a conſtellation, 
Lucret. 1, v. 613. 

Eco, a ſhepherd. Virg. Ecl. Theocrit, 
14A promontory of Lemnos. A 
name of the Egean Sea. Facc. 1, v. 628. 
—— A boxer of Zacynthus, who dragged. 
2 large bull by the heel from a mountain 
into the city. Theocrig. Idyl. 4. 

oss PoTXMoOs, i. e. the goats river, a 
town in the Thracian Cherſoneſus, with a 
river where the Athenian fleet, conſiſting of 
180 ſhips, was defeated by LyſarWer, on 
the 13th Dec. B. C. 405, in the laſt year of 
the Peloponnefian war. Mela, 2, c. 2. 
Plin. 2, e. 58.—Pauf. 3, c. 8 & 11. 

cos, an Aſiatie nation under At- 
talus, with whom he conquered Aſia, and 
to whom he gave a ſettlement near the Hel- 
leſpont. Polyb. 5. 

Acus and RoscrLLVUs, two brothers 
among the Allobroges, who deſerted from 

lar to Pompey. Caf. bell. civ. 3, e. 59. 

Eo v, a town near Sparta, deſtroyed be- 
cauſe its inhabitants were ſuſpected by the 
Spartans of favoring the Arcatlians. au. 
37 30. 

a vr Axvxs, a nation in the middle of 
Africa, whoſe body is human above the 
py _ that of a goat below. Mela. 1, 

.4& 8. 


#cvesus, a town of the Getz, near 


| the Danube, Ovid. ex Pont. 1, ep. 9,1, 4. 


| 


E GC 


ep. 7. 
EO VY TA, 


a freedman of Cicero, ad. 
Attic. 8. 
Acvertini, the 


inhabitants of Egypt. 
[YVid. Ægyptus.] * 
ov TIUNA MARE, that part of the Me- 
diterranean ſea which is on the coaſt of 
Egypt. 

o vy rs, ſon of Belus, and brother to 
Danaus, gave his 50 ſons in marriage to 
the 50 daughters of his brother. Danausg 
who had eſtabliſhed himſelf at Argos, and 
was jealous of his brother, obliged all his 
daughters to murder their huſbands the firſt 
night of their nuptials. This was executed 
but Hypermneſtra alone ſpared her huſban 
Lynceus, Even Egyptus was killed by 
his niece Polyxena. Vid. Danaus, Danaides, 
Lyncens,— Xgyptus was king, after his 
father, of a part of Africa, which from him 
has been called Zgyptus. Hygin. fab. 168, 
170. polled, 2, c. 0 Heroid. 14. 
— Pau. 7, c. 21. An extenſive eountry 
of Africa watered by the Nile, bounded on 
the eaſt by Arabia, and on the weſt by 
Libya. Its name is derived from Ægyptus 
brother to Danaus. Its extent, according 
to modern calculation, is 180 leagues from 
north to ſouth, and it meaſures t 20 leagues 
on the ſhore of the Mediterranean; but at 
the diſtance of 50 leagues from the fea, it 
diminiſhes ſo much as ſcarce to meaſure 7 
or 8 leagues between the mountains on the 
eaſt and weſt, It is divided into lower, 
which lies near the Mediterranean, and up- 
per, which is towards the ſoutb. Upper 
Egypt was famous for the town of Thebes, 
but Lower Egypt was the moft peopled, 
and contained the Delta, a nutabet of large 
iflands, whieh, from their form, have been 
called after the fourth letter # the Greek 
alphabet. This country has been the mo- 
ther of arts and ſciences. The greateſt part 
of Lower Egypt has been formed by the 
mud and ſand carried down by the Nile. 
The Egyptians reckoned themſelves the 
moſt ancient nation in the univerſe, Nd. 
** — but ſome authors make them 
of Ethiopian origin. They are remarkable 
for their ſuperſtition; they paid as much 
honor to the cat, the crocodile, the bull 
and even to onions, as to Iſis. Rain nev 
or ſeldotn falls in this cduntry ; the fertility 
of the ſoil] originates in the yearly inunda- 
tions of the Nile, which riſes about 25 feet 
above the ſurface- of the earth, and exhibits 
a large plain of waters, in which are ſcat- 
tered hete and there, the totyns and villages 
as the Cyelades in the Ægean ſea. The 
air is not wholeſome, but the population is 
great, and the cattle very prolific. It is 
laid that Egypt onee —— 20,000 _ 

a e 


— — —BᷣV— — 
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. 
— — — 
— 


E L. 

It was governed by kings who have im- 
miortalized themſelves by the pyramids they 
have raiſed and the canals they have opened. 
The prieſts traced the exiſtence of the 
country for many thouſand years, and 
fondly imagined that the gods were their 
fuſt ſovereigns, and that their monarchy 
had laſted 11, 340 years according to Hero- 
dotus. According to the calculation of 
Conſtantine Manaſſes; the kingdom of 
Egypt laſted 1663 years from its beginning 
under Miſraim the ſon of Ham, 2188 R. C. 
to the conqueſt of Cambyſes, 525 B. C. 
Egypt revolted afterwards from the Perſian 
power, B. C. 414, and Amyrtzus then be- 
came king. After him ſucceeded Pſamme- 
tichus, whoſe reign began 408 B. C. Ne- 
Phereus 396. Acoris 389. Pſammuthis 
376, Nepherites 4 months, and Nectane- 
bis, 375. Tachos, or Teos, 363. Nec- 
tanebus, 361. It was conquered by Ochus 
350 B. C.; and after the conqueſt of 
Perſia by Alexander, Ptolemy refounded 
the kingdom, and began to reign 323 B. C. 
Philadelphus, 284. Evergetes, 246. Philopa- 
ter, 221. Epiphanes, 204. Philomator, 180 and 
169, conjointly with Evergetes II. or Phy- 
ſcon, for 6 years. Evergetes II. 145. La- 
thurus Soter, and his mother Cleopatra, 
116. Alexander of Cyprus, and Cleopatra, 
106. Lathurus Soter reſtored, 88. Cleo- 

tra II. 6 months, with Alexander the 
ſecond 19 days, 81. Ptolemy, ſirnamed 
Alexander III. 80. Dionyſtus, ſirnamed 
Auletes, 65. Dionyſius II. with Cleopa- 
tra III. 51. Cleopatra III. with young 
Ptolemy, 46, and in 30 B. C. it was re- 
duced by Auguſtus into a Roman province, 
The hiſtory of Egypt, therefore, can be di- 
vided into three epochas ; the firſt begin- 
ning with the foundation of the empire, to 
the conqueſt of Cambyſes ; the ſecond ends 
at the death of Alexander; and the third 
comprehends the reign of the Ptolemies, 
and ends at the death of Cleopatra, in the 
age of Auguſtus. Strab. 17.— Herodot. a, 
3 & 7.—Theocrit. Id. 17, v. 79.—Polyb. 
15.—Dicd. 1.—Plin, 5, c. f, I. 14, c. 7.— 
Marcell. 22, c. 40.—Juſtin. 1. -C. Nep. 
in Pauſ. 3, in Iphic. in Datam. 3.— Curt. 
4, c. I.—Fuv. 15, v. 175.— Pauſ. 1, c. 14. 
—Plut. d- Facie in Orb. Lun. de Iſid. & 
Ofir. in Ptol. in Alex. Mela 1, c. 9.— 


Apolled. 2, c. 1 & 5. — A miniſter of 


Mauſolus king of Caria. Poly@n. 6.— The 
ancient name of the Nile. Homer. Od. E, 
v. 258.—+Parſ. 9, c. 40. 

Acys. Vid. Ægy. 

Ac vsrnus. Vid. Egiſthus. 

AEL1A, the wife of Sylla. Plut. in Syll. 
Abe name of ſome towns built or re- 
paired by the emperor Adrian. 

A114 lex, enacted by Alius Tubero the 


* 


A L 


tribune, A. U. C. $59, to ſend tw colo- 
nies into the country of the Brutii. Liv, 
34, c. 53. Another A. U. C. 568, or- 
daining, that, in public affairs, the augurs 
ſhould obſerve the appearance of the ſky, 
and the magiſtrates be empowered to 5 
pone the buſineſs. Another called Alia 
Sextia, by Alius Sextus, A. U. C. 756, 
which enacted, that all ſlaves who bore an 

marks of puniſhment received from their 
maſters, or who had been impriſoned, 
ſhoxld be ſet at liberty, but not rank as 
Roman citizens. 

KLIA PETINA, of the family of Tubero, 
married Claudius Cæſar, by whom ſhe had 
a ſon. The emperor divorced her, to marry 
Meſſalina. Sueton. in Claud. 26. 

ELiANus CLAupus, a Roman ſophiſt 
of Præneſte, in the reign of Adrian. He 
firſt taught rhetoric at Rome; but being 
diſguſted with his profeſſion, he became 
author, and publiſhed treatiſes on animals 
in 17 books, on various hiſtory in 14 books, 
&c. in Greek, a language which he pre- 
ferred to Latin. In his writings he thows 
himſelf very fond of the marvellous, and 
relates many ſtories which are often devoid 
of elegance and purity of ſtyle ; though 
Philoſtratus has commended his language 
as ſuperior to what could be expected from 
a perſon who was neither born nor edu- 
cated in Greece. lian died in the 6oth 
year of his age, A. D. 140. The beſt 
editions of his works colle&ed together are 
that of Conrad Geſner, folio, printed Ti- 
guri, 1556, though now ſeldom to be met 
with, and that of Kuenius, 2 vols. 8o. 
Lipſ. 1780. Some attribute the treatiſe on 
the tactics of the Greeks to another Zlian, 

ELius & KLIA, a family in Rome, 
ſo poor that 16 lived in a ſmall houſe, and 
were maintained by the produce of a little 
field. Their poverty continued till Paulus 
conquered Perſeus king of Macedonia, and 
gave his ſon-in-law Æl. Tubero five pounds 
of gold from the booty. Val. Max. 4, c. 4. 

ZEL1ivs ADRIiinvs, an African, grand 
father to the emperor Adrian. Gallus 
a Roman knight, the firſt who invaded 
Arabia Felix. He was very intimate with 
Straho the geographer, and failed on the 
Nile with him to take a view of the coun- 
try. Plin. 6, c. 28.— Publius, one of 
the firſt queſtors choſen from the plebeians 
at Rome. Liv. 4, c. 54. l. Pæ- 
tus, ſon of Sextus or Publius. As he ſat 
in the ſenate-houſe, a woodpecker perched 
on his head; upon which a ſoothſayer ex- 
claimed, that if he preſerved the bird, bis 
| houſe would floriſh, and Rome decay; 
and if he killed it, the contrary muſt hap- 
pen. Hearing this, Ælius, in the preſence 


| 


of the ſenate, bit off the head of ws r 


that the 
quennial, 
2 half. 

lecond « 
A. U. c. 
Netar ty 


iſoned, 
ank as 


"ubero, 
he had 


> marry 


ſophiſt 
= 
it being 
became 
animals 
books, 
he pre- 
ie how: 
zus, and 
n devoid 
though 
language 
ted from 
Nor edu- 
the Goth 
The beſt 
ether are 
inted Ti- 
to be met 
'ols. 8v0. 
reatiſe on 
er Elan, 
in Rome, 
ouſe, and 
of a little 
till Paulus 
lonia, and 
ive pounds 
1X, 4, C. 4. 
an, grand 
Gallus 
0 invaded 
imate with 
led on the 
the coun- 
us, one of 
Cc plebeians 
). Al. Pæ- 
As be ſat 
ker perched 
zxthiayer ex 
he bird, bis 
me decay 3 
muſt hap* 
the preſence 


of ws by 


XA M 


All the youths of his family were killed at 
Eannz, and the Roman arms were ſoon 
attended with ſucceſs. Val. Max. 5, C. 6. 
— Þ-Saturninus, a ſatyriſt, thrown down 
from the Tarpeian rock for writing verſes 
againſt Tiberius. Sejinus, Vid. Sejanus. 
—— Sextus Catus, cenſor with M. Cethe- 
gus. He ſeparated the ſenators from the 
people in the public ſpectacles. During his 
conſulihip, the ambaſſadors of the Atoli- 
ans found him feafting in earthen dithes, 
and offered him filver veſſels, which he re- 
fuſed, ſatisfied with the eatthen cups, &c. 
which, for his virtues; he had received 
from his father-in-law, L. Paulus, after 
the conqueſt of Macedonia. P/in. 33, c. It. 
Cic. de Orat. 1. Spartianus, wrote the 
lives of the emperors Adrian, Antoninus 
Pius, & M. Aurelius. He floriſhed A. D. 
240. Tubero, grandſon of L. Paulus, 
was auſtere in his morals, and a formida- 
ble enemy to the Gracchi. His grandſon 
was accuſed before Cæſar, and ably de- 
fended by Cicero. Cic. ep. ad Brut. 
Verus Ceſar, the name of L. C. Commo- 
dus Verus, after Adrian had adopted him, 
He was made pretor and conſul by the 
emperor, who was ſoon convinced of his 
incapacity in the diſcharge of public duty. 
He killed himſelf by drinking an antidote; 
and Antoninus; firnamed Pius, was adop 
in his place. Alius was father to Anton ors 
Verus, whom Pius adopted. A phyſi- 
cian mentioned by Galen. L Gallus, a 
lawyer, who wrote 12 books concerning 
the ſignification of all law words. Scx- 
tus Pætus, a lawyer, conſul at Rome A. 
U. C. 554 He is greatly commended by 
Cicero for his learning, and called cordatis 
lame by Ennius for his knowledge of law. 
Cic. de Orat. 1, c. 48. in Brut. 20.——Sti- 
lo, a native of Lanuvium, maſter to N. 
Ter. Varro, and author of ſome treatiſes. — 
Lamia, Vid. Lamia. 

AELLo, one of the Harpies, (from tXcues 
ae, alienum tollens, or ata, tempeſtas.) 
Hlacc. 4, c 450. Ovid. Met. 13, v. 710.— 
One of Actæon's dogs. 

XALURUs, ſa cat), a deity worſhipped 
by the Egyptians; and after death, em- 
balmed, and buried in the city of Bubaſtis. 
Herodot. 2, c. 66, & c. Died. 1.—Cic. de 
Nat. D.-x. 
nien, & KRMATHIA. Vid. Ema- 

ion. 

EuILIALRx, was enacted by the dic- 
ator Æmilius, A. U. C. 309. It ordained 
that the cenſorſhip, which was before quin- 
qJuennial, ſhould be limited to one year and 
hop Liv. g, c. 33.— Another in the 
*ond conſulſhip of Emilius Mamercus, 
K U. c. 392. It gave power to the eldeſt 
KAY to drive a nail in the capitol on the 


K 


l 


A NM 
ides of September. Liv. 7, c. 3. The 


driving of a nail was a ſuperſtitious cere- 
mony, by which the Romans ſuppoſed that 
a peſtilence could be ſtopped, or an im- 
pending calamity averted, 

Amitiinus, (C. Julius), a native of 
Mauritania, proclaimed emperor after the 
death of Decius. He marched againſt Gal- 
lus and Valerian, but was informed they 
had been murdered by their own troops. 
He ſoon after ſhared their fate One of 
the thirty tyrants who rebelled in the reign 


of Gallienus. 
AMILIus. Vid. Emylius. 
EMuNxsrus, tyrant of Enna, was de- 
poſed by Dionyſus the elder. Diod. 14. 


Amon, Vid. Hzmon. 
AMSxaA, a large city of Aſia. Cic, pre 
Flacc. 


AMSNIA, a country of Greece, which 
received its name from Amon, or Emus, 
and was afterwards called Theſſaly. Achilles 
is called /Emonius, as being born there. 
Ovid. Trift, 3, el. 11, I. 4, el. for- 
at. 1. od. 37, It was alio called Pyrrha, 
trom Pyrrha, Deucalion's wife, who reigned 
there. 

Rus xfoks, a prieſt of Apollo in Italy, 
killed by Eneas. Virg. Tu. 10, v. 537. 

Euus, an actor in Domitian's reiga. 
„ v. 19% © 

AMYLIA, a noble family in Rome, de- 
ſeended from Mamercus, ſon of Pyti agoras, 
who, for his humanity, was called A, 
blandus. A veſtal whorekindled the fire 
of Veſta, which was extinguiſhed, by put- 
ting her veil over it. Val. Max 1, c. 1 
Dionyſ. Hal. 2. The wife of Africanus 
the elder, famous for her behaviour to her 
huſband, when ſuſpected of infidelity. Val. 
Max. 6, c 7. Lepida, daughter of Le- 
pidus, married Druſus the younger , whom 
ſhe diſgraced by her wantonneſs. She 
killed herſelf when accuſed of adultery 
with a ſlave: Tacit. 6, c. 40. A- part 
of Italy, called alſo Flaminia. Martial. 
6, ep. 85. A public road leading from 
Placentia to Ariminum; ealled after the 
conſul /Emylius, who is ſuppoſed to have 
made it. Martial, 3, ep. 4. 

ZAEMYLIANUS, a name of Africanus the 
younger, ſon of P. Emylius. In him the 
families of the Scipios and Emylii were 
united. Many of that family bore the 
ſame name. Juv. 8, v. 2. 

AMYLIT, a noble family in Rome, de- 
ſcended from Emylius, who reckoned Æ- 
neas among his anceſtors. Plutarch ſays, 
that they are deſcended from Mamercus, 
the ſon of Pythagoras, firnamed /Emylius, 
in Num. & Amyl, 

{EMYL1UsS, a beautiful youth of Syba- 
ris, whoſe wife met with the ſame fate as 

C 2 Froetis. 


—— 
= 


— —— — — 


— 


” ae, ut P oi AO Ya we OO on on — — — 
by © 


* Ko SS, 


- UF 2 
— — — — — 


— 


— — i 4c. } 4 . _ 


E N 
Proeris. Vid. Procris.Cenſorinus, a 
eruel tyrant of Sicily, who liberally re- 
warded thoſe who invented new ways of 
torturing. - Paterculus gave him a brazen 
horſe for this purpoſe, and the tyrant made 
the firſt experiment upon the donor, 
Plut, d: Fort. Rom. Lepidus, a youth who 
had a ftatue in the capitol, for ſaving the 
life of a citizen in a battle. Val. Max. 4, 
c. 1.—A triumvir with Octavius. Vd. 
Lepidus. Macer, a poet of Verona in 
the Auguſtan age. He wrote ſome poems 
upon ſerpents, birds, and as ſome ſuppoſe, 
on bees, The book, which 1s extant, on 
the virtues of herbs, and beat his name, is 
not, according to Scaliger, the production 
either of a great poet or learned phyſician. 
From the epithet Hiacum, given him by 
Ovid, ſome imagine that M cer wrote an 
account of the Trojan war. Macer died a 
few years before the birth of Chriſt. Ovid, 
Tri. 4, el. 16. Marcus Seaurus, a Ro- 
man who floriſhed about 100 years B. C. 
and wrote three books concerning his own 
life. Cre. in Brut. A poet in the age 
of Tiberius, who wrote a tragedy called 
Atheus, and deftroyed himſelf. Sura, 
another writer on the Roman year, Ma- 
mercus, three times dictator, conquered 
the Pidenates, and took their city. He 
limited to one year and a half, the cenſor- 
ſhip, which before his time was exerciſed 
during five years, Liv. 4, c. 17, 19, &c. 
Papinianus, ſon of Hoftilius Papinia- 
aus, was in favor with the emperor Seve- 
rus, and was made governor to his ſons 
Geta and Caracalla, Geta was killed by 
his brother, and Papinianus for upbraiding 
him, was murdered by his foldiers. From 
his ſchool the Romans have had many able 
lawvers, who were called Papinianiſts. 
Pappus, a cenſor, who baniſhed from the 
ſenate, P. Corn. Ruffinus, who had been 
twice conſul, becauſe he had at his table 
ten pounds of filver plate, A. U. C. 478. 
Liv. 14. Porcina an elegant orator. 
Cic. in. Brut, —Rettus, a ſevere governor 
of Egypt, under Tiberius. Dio. Regil- 
Jus, conquered the general of Antiochus 
at ſea, and obtained a naval triumph. Liv. 
37, c. 31.—Scaurus, a noble, but poor ci- 
tizen of Rome. His father, to maintain 
himſelf, was a coal merchant, He was 
edile, and afterwards pretor, and fought 
againſt jugurtha.—His ſon Marcus, was 
ſon-in-law to Sylla, and in his edileſhip he 
built a very magnificent theatre. Plin. 36. 
«Is; A bridge at Rome, called alſo 
Sublicius. Tuv. 6, v. 32. 
AEXXAR1A, an ifland in the bay of pu- 
teoli, abounding with cy preis trees. Pin. 


3, c. 6.— Stat. 3. Sylv. 5, v. 104. 1 landed in Epirus and Drepanum: u 


E N 


Erastus, one of the Ephori at Sparta. 
Thucyd. , c. 2. 

AENntA or AENEtA, a town of Macedonia, 
15 miles from Theſlalonica, founded by 
FEneas, Liv. 40. c. 4. 1. 44, c. 10. 

EnxtXves, a town of Cherſoneſus, built 


by Aneas, Caffander deſtroyed it, and 


carried the inhabitants to Theſſalonica, 
lately built. Dionyſ. Hal. 1. c 

ANnEXDp&#, a name given to the friends 
and companions of Aneas, by Virg. An, 
I, V. 161. | 

ANnEtAs, a Trojan prince, fon of An- 
chiſes and the goddeſs Venus. The opini- 
ons of authors concerning his character are 
different, He was educated by Chiron, 
Xenop. Cyneg. 1.— He married Creuſa, 
Priam's daughter, by whom he had a ſon 
called Afcanius. During the Trojan war, 
he behaved with great valor, in defence of 
his country, and came to an engagement 
with Diomedes and Achilles.. Yet Strabo, 
Dictys of Crete, Dionyſius of Halicarnaſſus, 
and Dares of Phrygia, accuſe him of be- 
traying his country to the Greeks, with 
Antenor, and of preſerving his life and 
fortune by this treacherous meaſure. He 
lived at variance with Priam, becauſe he 
received not ſufficient marks of diſtinction 
from the king and his family, as Homes, 
J.. 13, ſays. This might have provoked 
him to ſeek revenge by perfidy.—Authors 
of credit report, that when Troy was in 
flames, he carried away, upon his ſhoulders, 
his father Anchiſes, and the ſtatues of his 
houſhold gods, leading in his hand his ſon 
Aſcanius, and leaving his wife to follow 
behind. Some ſay that he retired to Mount 
Ida, where he built a fleet of 20 ſhips, and 
ſet ſail in queſt of a ſettlement, Strabs 
and others maintain that ARneas never |:tt 
his country, but rebuilt Troy, where be 
reigned, and his poſterity after him. Even 
Homer, who lived 400 years after the Tro- 
jan war, ſays, II. 20, v. 30, &c. that tie 
gods deſtined Æneas and his poſterity to 
reign over the Trojans. This paflage Dive 
nyſ. Hal. explained, by ſaying that Homer 
meant. the Trojans who had gone over e 
Italy with Aneas, and not the actual inh. 
bitants of Troy. According to Virgil and 
other Latin authors, who, to make the 
court to the Roman emperors, traced thei 
origin up to Æneas, and deſcribed his 2 
rival into Italy as indubitable, he with Ju 
fleet firſt eamè to the Thracian Cherſoneſus 
where Polymneſtor, one of his allies, zcignes- 
After viſiting Delos, the Strophades, and 
Crete, where he expected to find the em- 
pire promiſed him by the oracle, as in the 
place where his progenitors were bau 


— = = 0 8 1 


t Sparta. 


ace donia, 
inded by 


10. 

ſus, built 
1 it, and 
eſſalonica, 


c 
he friends 
irg. En, 


n of An- 
The opini- 
aracter are 
y Chiron. 
d Creuſa, 
had a {on 
rojan war, 
defence of 
Ngagement 
Yet Strabo, 
licarnaſſus, 
him of be- 
reeks, with 
is life and 
eaſure. He 
becauſe he 
diſtinction 
„ as Homer, 
ve provoked 
y .—Authors 
"roy Was in 
\is ſhoulders, 
Latues of hs 
hand his ſon 
fe to follow 
ed to Mount 
20 ſhips, and 
ent. Strabo 
eas never len 
y, where de 
r him. Even 
after the Tro- 
&c. that the 
; ſterity de 
; vaſlage Div» 
that Home! 
gone over 0 
e actual inba- 
to Virgil ard 
o make then 
;, traced thelt 
cribed his a 
e, he with nig 
n Cherſoneſus 
allies, reigne 


v. 770.—- Liv. 1, c. 3. 


AF N. 


- court of king Aceſtes, in Sicily, where | 


he buried his father. From Sicily he ſailed 
for Italy, but was driven on the coaſts of 
Africa, and kindly received by Dido queen 
of Carthage, to whom on his firſt inter- 
view, he gave one of the garments of the 
beautiful Helen. Dido being enamoured of 
him, wiſhed to marry him ; but he left 
Carthage by order of the gods. In his 
voyage he was driven to Siciiy, and from 
thence he paſſed to Cumz, where the Sy- 
bil conducted him to hell, that he might 
hear from his father the fates which attend- 
ed him apd all his poſterity. After a voy- 
age of cen years, and the loſs of r3 ſhips, 
he came to the Tyber. Latinus, the king 
of the country, received him with hoſpita- 
lity, and promiſed him his daughter La- 
vinia, who had been before betrothed to 
king Turnus by her mother Amata. To 
prevent this marriage, Turnus made war 
againſt Aneas; and after many battles, the 
war was decided by a combat between the 
two rivals, in which Turnus was killed. 
Eneas married Lavinia, in whoſe honor 
he built the town of Lavinium, and ſuc- 
ceeded his father-in-law. After a ſhort 
reign, ZEneas was killed - in a battle againſt 
the Etrurians. Some ſay that he was 
drowned in the Numicus, and his body 
weighed down by his armour ; upon which 
the Latins, not finding their king, ſup- 


poſed that he had been taken up to heaven, 


and therefore offered him ſacrifices as to a 
god. Dionyſ. Hal. fixes the arrival of 
Fneas in Italy in the 54th olymp. Some 
authors are that Eneas, after the ſiege 
of Troy, fell to the ſhare of Neoptolemus, 
together with Andromache, and that he 
was carried t6 Theſſaly, whence he eſcaped 
to Italy. Others ſay, that after he had 
come to Italy, he returned to Troy, leaving 
Aſcanius king of Latium. Aneas has 
been praiſed for his piety, and ſubmiſſion 
to the will of the gods. Homer. I. 13 & 
20. Hymn. in Vener,— Apclled. 3, c. 12. 
—Died. 3.—Pauf, 2, c 33. 1. 3, c. 22. l. 
1 C. 25.—Plut. in Romul. & Corol. Quzſt. 

om.—Val. Max. 1, c. 8.— For. 1, c. t. 
—TFuſtin. 20. c. 1. I. 31, c. 8. l. 43, c. 1.— 
Dietys. Cret. 5. — Dare. Phry. 6.— Dionyſ. 

tal. 1, c. 1t.—Strab, 13.— Liv. 1, c. 1. 
—Virg, An.—Aur, Victor. lian. V. H. 
dre. 22.—Propert. 4, el. 1.—Ovid. Met. 
14, fab. 3, &c. Trift. 4, v. 798.-——A ſon 
of Aneas and Lavinia, called Sylvius, be- 
cauſe his mother retired with him into the 
woods after his father's death. He ſuc- 
ceded Aſcanius in Latium. FVirg. An. 6, 
An ambaſſador 
lent by the Lacedzmonians to Athens, to 
teat of peace, in the $th year of the Pelo- 
Fenneſian war,-An ancient author who 


E N 


wrote on tactics, beſides other treatiſes, 
which, according to Alian, were epito- 
miſed by Cineas the friend of Pyrrhus.— 
A native of Gaza, who, from a Platonic - 
philoſopher became a chriſtian, A. D. 485, 
and wrote a dialogue called Theophraſtus, 


on the jmmortality of the ſoul, and the re- 


ſurrect ion. 

ENEIA, or ENIA, a place near Rome, 
afterwards called Janiculum. A city of 
Troas. Strab. 17. A city of Macedo» 
nia. Dionyſ. Hal. 1. g's 

AEntrpes, a patronymic given to Aſca- 
nius, as ſon of Aneas, Virg. u. 9, v. 
653. 

ANnFrs, a poem of Virgil, which has 
for its ſubje& the ſettlement of Aneas in 
Italy. The great merit of this poem is 
well known. The author has imitated 
Homer, and, as ſome ſay, Homer is 
ſuperior to him only becauſe he is more 
ancient, and is an original, Virgil died 
before he had corrected it, and at his 
death defired it might be burnt. This 
was happily diſobeyed, and Auguſtus 
ſaved from the flames, a poem which pro» 
ved his family to be deſcended from the 
kings of Troy. The Æneid had engaged 
the attention of the poet for 11 years, and 
in the firſt ſix books it ſeems that it was 
Virgil's deſign to imitate Homer's Odyſſey, 
and in the laſt the Iliad. The action of 
the poem comprehends eight years, one of 
which only, the laſt, is really taken up by 
action, as the ſevery firſt are merely epi- 
ſodes, ſuch as Juno's attempts to 4 
the Trojans, the loves of Aneas and Dido, 
the relation of the fall of Troy, &e.—In 
the firſt book of the Aneid, the hero is 
introduced, in the ſeventh year of his ex- 
pedition, {ailing in the Mediterranean, and 
ſhipwrecked on the African coaſt, where 
he is received by Dido. In the ſecond, 
Eneas, at the defire of the Phoenician 
queen, relates the fall of Troy, and his 
flight through the general conflagration to 
mount Ida. In the third, the hero con- 
tinues his narration, by a minute account 
of his voyage through the Cyclades, the 
places where he landed, and the dreadful 
ſtorm with the deſcription of which the 
poem opened. Dido, in the fourth book, 
makes public her partiality to Eneas, which 
is flighted by the failing of the Trojans 
from Carthage, and the book cloſes with 
the ſuicide of the diſappointed queen. In 
the fifth book, Aneas fails to Sicily; where 
he celebrates the anniverſary of his father's 
death, and thence purſues his voyage to 
Italy. In the fixth, he viſits the Elyſian 
helds, and learns from his father the fate 
which attends him and his deſcendants the 
Romans. In the ſeventh book, the hero 

8 | C 3 reaches 


eltroy / 


— — — — 
243 — 


| 
F 
C | | 
; [t 
S 4 
1 V4 
I 4 1 
| Witt 
. 4 
14 | 
1 4 
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1 . 
[| 14 
I "| Ti 
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N 
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. 
; % 4 
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a} - 
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. 


F. N 


reaches the deſtined land of Latium, and 
concludes a treaty with the King of the 
country, which is ſoon broken by the inter- 
ference of Juno, who ſtimulates Turnus 
to war The auxiliaries of the enemy are 
enumerated; and in the eighth book, Aneas 
is «ſiſted by Evander, and receives from 
Venus a ſhield wrought by Vulcan, on 


which are repreſented the future glory and 


triumphs of the Roman nation. The reader 
is pleaſed, in the ninth book, with the ac- 
count of battles between the rival armies, 
and the immortal friendihip of Niſus and 
Euryalus. Jupiter in the tenth, attempts 
a reconciliation between Venus and Juno, 
who patroniſed the oppoſite parties; the 
fight is renewed, Pallas killed, and Turnus 
ſaved from the avenging hand of Aneas, by 


the interpoſition of Juno. The eleventh 


book gives an account of the funeral of 
Pallas, and of the meditated reconciliation 
hetween | Aneas and Latinus, which the 
ſudden appearance of the enemy defeats. 
Camilla is ſlain, and the combatants ſepa- 
rated by the night. In the lait book, Juno 
prevents the ſingle combat agreed upon by 
Turnus and Aneas. The Trojans are de- 
feated in the abſence of their king; but on 
the return of Ancas, the battle aſſumes a 


dlifferent turn, a fingle combat is fought 


by the rival leaders, and tac poem is con- 
cluded by the dzath of king Turnus, Plin. 
7, C. 30, &Cc. 

ExkslDuvs, a brave general of Argos. 
Liv. 32, c. 25.—A Cretan philoſopher, 
who wrote 8 books on the doctrine of his 
maſter Pyrrho. Diog. in. Pyr. 

Axnts1vs, a firname of Jupiter, from 
mount num. 

Exkrus, a victor at Olympia, who, 
in the moment of victory, died through 
exceſs of joy. Pau. 3, c. 18. 

Ana. Vid. ENVEIA 

Zn1cvs, a comic writer at Athens. 

EN ISC, a people of Aſiatic Sarmatia. 
Lucan. 2, v. 591. . 

AnoBARByus, or Ahenobarbus, the fir- 
name of Domitius. When Caſtor and 
Pollux acquainted him with a victory, he 
diſcredited them; upon which they touched 
his chin and beard, which inſtantly be- 
came of a brazen color, whence the fir- 
name given to himſelf and his deſcen- 
dants. 

AENCCLEs, a writer of Rhodes. Athen. 

Eos, an independent city of Thrace, 
confounded with Aneia, of which ZEncas 
was the founder. Mela. 2, c. 2. 

Ex uu, a town of Thrace—of Theſſaly. 
—A mountain in Cephallenia. Strab. 7. 
A river and village near Offa, —A 
gity of Crete built by A:neas, 


4 


| 


| 


* O 

ENV RA, a town of Thaſos. Herodet, 
6, c 47. ; 

LI, a name given to Arne, Sapphg 
is called Æolia puella, by Horace, 4, od. 
97 v. 12. 

Eö LA, or ZEolis, a country of Afia 
Minor, near the Ægean ſea. It has Troas 
at the north, and Tonia at the ſouth. The 
inhabitants were of Grecian origin, and 
were maſters of many of the neighbouring 
iſlands, They had 12, others ſay 30 con- 
hderable cities, of which Cumæ and Leſ- 
bos were the moſt famous. They receive 
their name from Z/Eolus ſon of Hellenus, 
They migrated from Greece About 1124 
B. C. So years before the migration of the 
Tonian tribes, Herodot. 1, c. 26, &c.— 
Strab. 1, 2 & 6.—Plin. 5, c. 30.— Mela. 
I, c. 2 & 18. Theſſaly has been anci- 
ently called olia. Bœotus, ſon of Nep- 
tune, having ſettled there, called his fo 
lowers Bœotians, and their country Bootia, 

AoL1iz and /EoLibes, ſeven iflands 
between Siciſy and Italy; called Lipara, 
Hiera, Strongyle, Didyme, Ericuſa, Phæ- 
nicuſa, and Euony mos. They were the 
retreat of the winds; and Virg. An. 1, v. 
56, calls them ZEolia, and the kingdom ef 
Molus the god of ſtorms and winds. They 
ſ{qmetimes bear the name of Vulcaniæ and 
Hepheſtiades, and are known now among 
the moderns under the general appellatioa 
of Lipari iſlands. Juftin. 4, c. 1. 

AoLIDA, a city of Tenedos—— Ano- 
ther near Thermopylz. Herodat. 8, c. 35, 

EoLipks, a patronymic of Ulyſles, 
from Æolus; becauſe Anticlea, his mother, 
was pregnant by Siſyphus, the ſon af 
Aolus, when ſhe married Laertes. It is 
alſo given to Athamas and Miſenus, as 
ſons of olus. Ovid. Met. 4, v. 511, l. 
13, v. 31.—Virg. An. 6, v. 164 & 529. 

ö Lus, the king of ftorms and winds, 
was the ſon of Hippotas. He reigned over 
ZEvlia ; and becauſe he was the inventor of 
ſails, and a great aſtronomer, the poets 
haye called him the god of the wind. It 
is ſaid that he confined in a bag, and gave 
Ulyſſes, all the winds that could blow 
againſt his veſſel, when he returned to 
Ithaca, The campanions of Ulyſſes untied 
the bag, and gave the ' winds their liberty. 
Folus was indebted ta [uno for his royal 
dignity, according to Virgil. The name 
ſeerms ta be derived from azonog, ariui, 
becauſe the winds over which he preſided 
are ever varying, —There were two 
others, a king of Etruria, father to Maca» 
reus and Canace, and a ſon of Hellenuy 
often confounded with the god of the 
winds. This laſt married — by 
whom he had ſeven ſons and five daughters: 


oo wk We ,o» ac ſt 


EE =>» 


E » 


K S 


E 8 


Herodot. Apolled. 1, c. 7.— Hemer. Od. 10, v. 1.— | came enamoured of Heſperia, whom he 
Ovid. Met. 11, v. 478. |. 14, v. 224.— | purſued into the woods. The nymph threw 
Sapphe Apollon. 4, Argon.—Flacc, 1, c. 556.— | herſelf into the ſea, and was changed inte 
e, 4, od. Diod. 4. & 5.—Pirg. An. 1, v. 56, &c. a bird. Æſacus followed her example, and 
NA, a feſtival in Athens, in honor of | was changed into a cormorant, Ovid. Mer. 
/ of Aſia 1 ; 11. fab. 11. 

1as 1 roas Eplus, a king of Greece, reſtored} AsAievs, a river of Myſia, in Aſia, 
th. The to his kingdom by Hercules, whoſe ſon falling into the Helleſpont. Plin. 5. c. 32. 
gin, and Hyllus he adapted. Srrab. 9. AsaR, or Es AN As, a river of Magna 
;hbouring Eri, a town of Crete, called Solis, | Gracia, falling into the ſea near Crotona. 

y 3ZO con- in honor of Solon. Plut. in Solon. Ovid. Met. 15, v. 28. 
and Leſ- Eröro, a general of the Iſtrians, who] Ascatnrs, an Athenian orator, who 
y receive drank to exceſs, after he had ſtormed the | floriſhed about 342 B. C. and diſtinguiſhed 
Hellenus, camp of A. Manlius, the Roman general. | himſelf by his rivalſhip with Demoſthenes. 
out 1124 Being attacked by a ſoldier, he fled to a | His father's name was Atrometus, and he 
on of the neighbouring town, which the Romans | boaſted of his deſcent from a noble family, 
6, &C.— took, and killed himſelf for fear of being | though Demoſthenes reproached him as be- 
0.—Mela, taken. Flor. 2, c. 10. ing the ſon of a courtezan. The firſt open 
been anci- Er, a town of Elis, under the domi- | ſigns of enmity between the rival orators 
1 of "- nion of Neſtor. Stat. 4. Theb. v. 180. appeared at the court of Philip, where they 
| his fol AeYTvus, king of Mycenz, ſon of Chreſ- | were ſent as ambaſſadors ; but the charac- 
ry Bœotia. phontes and Merope, was educated in Ar- | ter of A#chines was tarniſhed by the ac- 
en iſlands cadia with Cypſelus, his mother's father. | ceptance of a bribe from the Macedonian 
d Lipara, To recover his kingdom, he killed Poly- | prince, whoſe tyranny had hitherto been 
uſa, Phæ- phontes, who had married his mother | the general ſubject of his declamation. 
were the againſt her will, and uſurped the crown. | When the Athenians wiſhed to reward the 
En. 1, v. Apollod. 2, c. 6.— Pauſ. 4, v. 8. A | patriotic labors of Demoſthenes with a 
ingdom of king of Arcadia, fon of Elatus. A ſon | golden crown, Æſchines impcached Cteſi- 
ids. They of Hippothous, who forcibly entered the | phon, who propoſed it; and to their ſub- 
ſcaniæ and temple of Neptune, near Mantinea, and | fequent diſpute we are indebted for the 
ow among was ſtruck blind by the ſudden eruption of | two celebrated orations de corona, Æſchines 
appellatioa falt water from the altar. He was killed | was defeated by his rival's ſuperior elo- 
. by a ſerpent in hunting. Pau. 8, c. 4 & 5. | quence, and baniſhed to Rhodes; but as 
——Ano- Aqui or auc, a people of Lati- | he retired from Athens, Demoſthenes ran 
. 8, c. 35. um, near ybur ; they were great enemies | after him, and nobly forced him to accept 
f + Ulyſſes, to Rome in its infant ſtate, and were con- | a preſent of filver. In his baniſhment, 
his mother, quered with much difficulty. Flor, 1, v. 11, | the orator repeated to the Rhodians, what 
he ſon af Liv, 1, c. 32. J. 2, c. 30. I. 3, c. 2, &c. | he had delivered againſt Demoſthenes ; and 
tes. It is —Plin, 3, c. 4 irg. u. 7, v. 747. |. | after receiving much applauſe, he was de- 
Hiſenus, as 97 v. 684.— Ovid. Faft. 3, v. 93. ſired to read the anſwer of his antagoniſt. 
v. $11, þ UIMEL1UM, a place in Rome where | It was received with greater marks of ap- 
24 & 529. tne houſe of Melius ſtood, who aſpired to | probation ; but, exclaimed AÆſchines, how 
and winds, ſovereign power. Liv. 4, c. 16. much more would your admiration have 
eigned over AR1As, an ancient king of Cyprus, who | been raiſed, had yau heard Demoſthenes 
inventor of built the temple of Paphos. Tacir. H. 2,.| himſelf ſpeak it! AEfchines died in the 
, the poets . 75th year of his age, at Rhodes, or, as 
wind. It ArGPE, wife of Atreus, committed | ſome ſuppoſe, at Samos. He wrote 3 
35 and gave adultery with Thyeſtes her brother-in-law, | orations, and 9 epiftles, which, from their 
-ould blow and had by him twins, who were placed as | number, received the name, the firſt of 
returned 0 food before Atreus. Ovid. Trift. 2, v. 391. | the graces, and the laſt of the muſes. The 
yſſes untied ——A daughter of Cepheus, raviſhed by | oratiens alone are extant, generally found 
heir liberty. Mars, She died in chud- bed; her child collected with thoſe of Lyſias. An oration 
or his royal was preſerved, and called Aropus, Pau. | which bears the name of Deliaca lex, is 
The name V c. 44. ſaid not to be his production, but that of 
Ne, Varl; Ardpus, a general of Epirus, in the | Aſchines, angther orator of that age. Cic. 
he preſided reign of Pyrrhus, A perſen appointed | de Orat. I, c. 24. l. 2, c. 53. in Brut. c. 
were two regent to Oreſtes, the infant ſen of Arche- | 17.—Plut. in Demeſth.—Diog. 2 & 3.— 
er to Maca» laus king of Macedonia. An officer of Pin. 7, c. 30. Diogenes mentions ſeven 
f Hellenuy king Philip, baniſhed for bringing a finger | more of the ſame name. A philoſopher, 
god of the into his camp. Poſyæn. 4, c. 2. A moun- { diſciple of Socrates, who wrote ſeveral dia- 
naretta, b/ tain of Chaonia, Liu. 2, e. 5. logues, ſome of which bore the following 
e daughters. B$sXkcvs, a river of Troy near Ida. titles: Aſpaſia, Phædon, Alcibiades, Draco, 
Apellodg & ſen of Priam, by Alexirhoe. He be- Erycia,. SN Telauges, &c. The 

1 4 


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dialogue intituled Axiochus, and aſcribed | 


to Plato, is ſuppoſed to be his compoſition. 
The beſt editions are that of Leovard, 1718, 
with the notes of Horrzus, in 8vo. and that 
Fiſcher, 8vo. Lip/. 1766. A man who 
wrote on oratory. —An Arcadian. A 
Mitylenean., A ditciple of Melanthius. 
——A Milefian writer. A ftatuary. 
Escukiox, a Mitylenean poet, inti- 
mate with Ariftotle. He accompanied 
Alexander in his Aſiatic expedition.—An 
Jambic poet of Samos. Athen.—A phy- 
fician commended by Galen. A treatiſe of 
his on huſbandry has been quoted by P/iny. 
—— A lieutenant of Archagathus, killed 
by Hanno. Diod. 20. 
ZESCHYLIDEs, a man who wrote a book 
en agriculture. lian. H. An. 15: 
EschFrus, an excellent ſoldier and 
t or Athens, ſon of Euphorion, and 
rother to Cynzgirus, He was in the 
Athenian army at the battles of "Marathon, 
Salamis, and Platæ a. But the moſt ſolid 
fame he has obtained, is the offspring leſs 
of his valor in the field of battle than of 
his writings. Of ninety tragedies, howe- 
ver, the fruit of his ingenious labors, 40 
of which were rewarded with the public 
prize, only ſeven have come ſafe to us: 
Prometheus vinctus, Septem duces apud T he- 
bas, Perſæ, Agamemnon, Chaphori, Eume- 
mides, Supplices, Aſchy lus is the firſt who- 
. two actors on the ſtage, and 
cloathed them with dreſſes ſuitable to their 
character. He likewiſe removed murder 
from the ſtage. It is ſaid, that when he 
compoſed, his countenance betrayed the 
greateſt ferocity; and according to one of 
his ſcholiaſts, when his Eumenides were 
repreſented, many children died through 
fear, and ſeveral pregnant women actually 
miſcarried in the houſe, at the ſight of the 
horrible maſks that were introduced. The 
imagination of the poet was ſtrong and 
comprehenſive, but diſorderly and wild; 
fruitful in prodigies, but diſdaining proba- 
bilities. His ftile is obſcure, and the la- 
bors of an excellent modern critic, have 
ronounced him the moſt difficult of all 
he Greek claſſics. A few expreſhons of 
impious tendency in one of his plays, nearly 
proved fatal to AÆſchylus; he was con- 
demned to death ; but his brother Amynias, 
it is reported, reverſed the ſentence, by un- 
covering an arm, of which the hand had 
been cut off at the hattle of Salamis in the 
ſervice of his country, and the poet was 
pardoned, ZEſchylus has been accuſed of 
drinking to exceſs, and of never compoſing 
except when in a ſtate of intoxication, In 
hi: old age he retired to the court of Hiero 
in Sicily ; and being informed that he was 
to die by the fall of a houſe, he retired 


| 


E 8 

from the city into the fields, where he fat 
down. An eagle, with a tortoiſe in ber 
bill, flew over his bald head, and ſuppoſ- 
ing it to be a ſtone, dropped her prey upon 
it to break the fſhe!l, and Aſchylus in- 
ſtantly died of the blow, in the 69th year of 
his age, 456 B. C. It is ſaid that he 
wrote an account of the battle of Marathon, 
in elegiac verſes. The beft editions of his 
works are thoſe of Stanley, fol. London, 
1663, that of Glaſg. 2 vols. in 12mo, 
1746. and that of Schutz, 2 vols. 8vo, 
Halz, 1782.—Horat. Art. Poet. 278.— 
until. 10, c. 1.—Plin. 10, c. 3.— Val. 
Max. 9, c. 12.— The 12th perpetual ar- 
chon of Athens. A Corinthian, bro- 
ther- in-law to Timophanes, intimate with 
Timoleon. Pl/ut. in Timo A Rhodian 
ſet over Egypt with Peuceſtes of Mace- 
donia, Curt. 4, c. 8. e 

AscuLAervs, ſon of Apollo, by Co- 
ronis, or as ſome ſay, by Lariſſa daughter 
of Phlegias, was god of medicine After 
his union with Coronis, Apollo ſet a crow 
to watch her, and was ſoon informed that 
ſhe admitted the careſſes of Iſchys, of 
/Emonia. The god in a fit of anger, de- 
ſtroyed Coronis with lightning, but ſaved 
the infant from her womb, and gave him 
to be educated to Chiron, who taught him 
the art of medicine. Some authors ſay, 
that Coronis left her father to avoid the 
diſcovery of her pregnancy, and that ſhe 
expoſed her child near Epidaurus. A goat 
of the flocks of Arcfthanas gave him her 
milk, and the dog who kept the flock 
ſtood by him to ſhelter him from injury. 
He was found by the maſter of the flock, 
who went in ſearch of his tray goat, and 
ſaw his head ſurrounded with reſplendent 
rays of light. Aſculapius was phy ſician 
to the Argonauts. 
life, of which Pluto complained 2282 
who ſtruck Aſculapius with thunder, but 
Apollo, angry at the death of his ſon, killed 
the Cyclops who made the thunderbolts, 
Aſculapius received divine hongys after 
death, chiefly at Epidaurus, Pergamus, 
Athens, Smyrna, &c. Goats, bulls, lambs, 
and pigs, were ſacrificed on his altars, and 
the cock and the ſerpent were ſacred to 
him. Rome A U. C. 462, was delivered 
of a plague; and built a temple to the god 
of medicine, who, as was ſuppoſed, had 
come there in the form of a ſerpent, and 
hid himſelf among the reeds in an iſland of 
the Tyber. Aſculapius is repreſented with 
a large beard, holding in his hand a ftaff, 
round which is wreathed a ſerpent; his 
other hand is ſometimes ſupported on the 
head of a ſerpent. Serpents are more pare 
ticularly facred to him, as the ancient phy- 
ſicians uſed them in their n 


He reſtored many to 


roſp 
in 1 
A 
ſam 
ther 
Yoon 
Alc 
educ 
afra 
up, 
from 
ſwer 
the | 
retun 
and 
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Allec 
whic 
the 
of yi 
ſelf | 
perſe 
i, c. 
fab, 
2 toy 
A 
being 
A 
thouy 
derty 
— 
SY 
4 
ſent t 
this « 
ſeveri 
on 
ge 
— 
With þ 


having 


1 injury, 
e Hock, 
gat, and 
plendent 
by ſician 


many to 


94 
der, but 
n, killed 
derbolts. 
s after 
ergamus, 
s, lambs, 
tars, and 
acred i 
delivered 
> the god 
fed, bad 
zent, an 
iſland of 
nted with 
1d a * 
nt; M8 
50 on the 
more par- 
jent phy- 
ipuons. 
ſerip Ho 


ff, aſon of Apollo, worſhipped in Arcadia; 


A 8 

He married Epione, by whom he had two | 
ſons, famous for their ſkill in medicine, 
Machaon and Podalirus ; and four daughters, 
of whom Hygica, goddeſs of health, is the 
moſt celebrated. Some have ſuppoſed that 
he lived a ſhort time after the Trojan war. 
Heſiod makes no mention of him. Homer. 
J. 4, v. 193. Hymn. in AMſcul.— Apollod. 
3, C. ro. Apellon. 4, Argon. —Hygin. fab. 
49.—0vid. Met. 2, fab. 8.—Pauſ. 4 © £1 
& 27. 1.7, c. 23, &c.— Diod. 4.— Pindar 

Pyth. 3.—Lucian. Dial... de Saltat.— Val. 
Nax. 1, c. 8,—Cic. de Nat. D. 3, c. 22, 
ſays there were three of- this name; the 


2d, a brother of Mercury; 3d, a man 
who firſt taught medicine, 

Es Ef Ns, a fon of Bucolion, Homer, II. 
6, v. 21,—A river. Vid. Æſapus. 

AsERNI1A, a city of the Samnites, in 
Italy. Liv. 27. c. 12.—Sil, 8, v. 567. 

AMsion, an Athenian, known for his 
reſpect for the talents of Demoſthenes. Plut. 
in Demsjth, 

Aso, ſon of Cretheus, was born at the. 
ſame birth as Pelias. He ſucceeded his fa- 
ther in the kingdom of Iolchos, but was 
ſoon exiled by his brother. He married 
Alcimeda, by whom he had Jaſon, whoſe 
education he entruſted to Chiron, being 
afraid of Pelias. iris ws was grown 
up, he demanded his father's kingdom 
from kis uncle, who gave him evaſive an- 
ſwers, and perſuaded him to go in queſt of 
tie golden fleece; {Vid. Faſon.] At his 
return, Jaſon found his father very infirm ; 
and Medea, [ Vid. Medeu], at his requeſt, 
drew the blood from Æſon's veins, and re- 
filled them with the juice of certain herbs 
which the had gathered, and immediately 
the old man recovered the vigor and bloom 
of youth, Some ſay that Æſon killed him- 
ſelf by drinking bull's blood, to avoid the 
perſecution of Pelias, Diod. 4.—Apelled. 
i, c. 9.—Ovid. Met. 7, v. 285 —Hygin, 
fab. 12, A river of Theſſaly, with 
a town of the ſame name. 

Ess vlors, a patronymic of Jaſon, as 
being deſcended from Aon. 

Asopvus, a Phrygian philoſopher, who, 
though originally a flave, procured his li- 
berty by the ſallies of his genius. He tra- 
velled over the greateſt part of Greece and 
Egypt, but chiefly reſided at the court of 
Crœſus, king of Lydia, by whom he was 
ſent to conſult the oracle of Delphi. In 
this commiſſion Æſop behaved with great 
ſeverity, and ſatirically compared the Del- 
Phians to floating flicks, which appear 
large at a diſtance, but are nothing when 

ought near, The Delphians, offended 
With his ſarcaſtic remarks, accuſed him of 


„ 


Apollo's temple, and threw him down from 
a rock, 561 B. C. Maximus Planudes has 
written his life in Greck; but no credit is 
to be given to the biographer, who falſely 
aſſerts that the mythologiſt was ſhort and 
deformed, AMſop dedicated his fables to 
his patron Crœſus; but what appears now 
under his name, is no doubt a compi lation 
of all the fables and apologues of wits be- 
fore and after the age of Aſop, conjointly 
with his own. Plut, in Selon.—Phad. 1, 
fab. 2. I. 2, fab. 9. Claudvs, an actor 
on the Roman ſtage, very intimate with 
Cicero. He amaſſed an immenſe fortune: 
His ſon, to be more expenſive, melted pre- 
cious ſtones to drink at his Entertainments, 
Horat, 2, Sat. 3, v. 239.—al. Max. 8, 
c. 10. I. 9, c. 1,—Plin. 9, c. 35. Il. 10, c. 
51. —- An orator, Diog. An hiſto- 
rian in the time of Anaximenes. Plut. in 
Solon, A river of Pontus. Strab, 12. 
An attendant of Mithridates, who 
wrote a treatiſe on Helen, and a panegyric 
on his royal maſter. 

AESTR1A, an iſland in the Adriatic. Mele 
2, C. 7. 

AsULa, a town on a mountain between 
Tybur and Præneſte. Herat, 3, od. 29. 
| AsVYETEs, a man from whoſe tomb 
Polites ſpied what the Greeks did in their 
ſhips during the Trojan war. Homer. Il. 2, 
v. 793. 

EsVMNETESs, a firname of Bacchus. 
Pauſ. 7, e. 21. 
<AESYMNUsS, a perſon of Megara, whe 
conſulted Apollo to know the beſt method 
of governing his country. Pau. 1, c. 43. 

AETHALTDES, a herald, ſon of Mercury, 
to whom it was granted to be amongſt the 
dead and the living at ſtated times. Apollon. 
Argon. 1. 

Arulo a man lain at the nuptials of 
Andromeda. Ovid. Met. 5. v. 146. 

AETHIGPlA, an extenſive country of 
Africa, at the ſouth of Egypt, divided into 
eaſt and weſt by the ancients, the former 
diviſion lying near Meroe, and the latter 
near the Mauri. The country, as well as 
the inhabitants, were little known to the 
ancients, though Homer has ſtyled them 
the juſteſt of men. Died. 4, ſays, that 
the ÆEthiopians were the firſt inhabitants of 
the earth. They were the firſt who wor- 
ſhipped the gods, for which, as ſome ſup- 
poſe, their country has never been invaded 
by a foreign enemy. The inhabitants are 
of a dark complexion, The country is 
inundated for five months every year, and 
their days and nights are almoſt of an 
equal length. The ancients have given the 
name of Ethiopia to every country whoſe 
inhabitants are of a black color. Lucan. 3, 


having ſecreted one of the ſacred veſſels of 


F 253. I. 9, v. 651.— Ju. 2, v. 23.— 


Pia. 


— —— b — 


1 
7 I.. 6, c. 29.— Pauſ. 1, c. 33.— Homer. An. 3, v. $10.—0vid. Met. 5. fab. 6. L : 
I Od. 1, v. 22. 1 5, v. 340.—Ital. 14, v. 59. j 
3 ; 4 4, V- 59 
1 ATHL1Vs, ſon of Jupiter by Protogenia, ETöLIA, a country bounded by Epi. } 
| 4 was father of Endymion. Apollod. 1, c. 7. | rus, Acarnania, and Locris, ſuppoſed to J 
THH-4 AETHon, a horſe of the ſun. Ovid, | be about the middle of Greece. It received 1 
| 5 4 Met. 2, fab. 1.——A horſe of Pallas, re- | its name from Atolus. The inhabitants ü 
(| 1 preſented as ſhedding teats at the death of | were covetous and illiberal, and were little - 
| 15 his maſter, by Virg. An: 11. v. 89. known in Greece, till after the ruin of an 
in A horſe of Hector. Homer. Il. 8, v8 5. Athens and Sparta they aſſumed a conſe- 1 
| F 1 | Krux, daughter of Pittheus King of | quence in the country, and afterwards tl 
I | i; Trezene, had Theſcus by /Egenus. { 74. | made themſelves formidable as the allies of 2 
| 1% Agent.] She was carried away by Caſ- | Rome, and as its enemies, till they were b. 
1 : tor and Pollux, when they recovered their | conquered by Fulvius. Liv. 26, c. 24, 4 
| | . filter Helen, whom Theſeus had ſtolen, &c.— For. 2, c. 9,-—Strab. 8 & 10.—Mela, 41 
1 1 and given her to keep. [ Vid. Helen.] She | 2, c. 3.— Pin. 4, c. 2.—Pauſ. 10, c. 18. 4 
| went to Troy with Helen. Homer. II. 3, —Plut. in Flam. T 
| F v. 144.—Parſ. 2, c. 31. l. 5, c. 19.— EröLus, ſon of Endymion of Elis and 2 
F | Hygin. fab. 37 & 79.—Plut. in Theſ.-— | Tphianafſa, married Pronoe, by whom he th 
3 | Ovid. Her, 10, v. 131. One of the | had Pleuron and Calydon. Having acci- 
. Oceanides, wife to Atlas. She is more | dentally killed a perſon, he left his country, by 
| | generally called Pleione. and came to ſettle in that part of Greece fl 
| ATaVvsA, a daughter of Neptune by | which has been called, from him, Ztolia, wi 
| Amphitrite. Pau. 9, c. 20. An iſland | Apoll2d, 1, c. 7 & 9. —Pauf. 5, c. 1. Kc 
1 near Lilybæum. Pin. 3, c. 8. Ex, a rocky iſland between Tenedos * 
. ZET1 A, a poem of Callimachus, in which | and Chios. Plin. 4, c. 11. A city in * 
| he ſpeaks of ſacrifices, and of the manner in | the country of the Marſi. The nurſe of ha 
| which they were offered. Marr. 10, ep. 4. | Jupiter changed into a conſtellation. 2 
| rl N or EtTsoN, the father of An- AFER, an inhabitant of Africa. — An ſuj 
. | ” dromache, Hector's wife. He was killed | mformer under Tiberius and his ſucceſſors. ſti 
it at Thehes, with his ſeven ſons, by the | He became alſo known as an orator, and ſee 
| Greeks. A famous painter, He drew | as the preceptor of Quintilian, and was get 
2 painting of Alexander going to celebrate made conſul by Domitian. He died A. D. Lu 
his nuptials with Roxane. This piece was | 59. - wh 
much valued, and was expoſed to public AFRANITA, a Roman matron who fre- of 
| view at the Olympic games, where it gained | quented the forum, forgetful of female dil 
t ſo much applauſe that the preſident of the | decency. Val. Max. 8, c. 3. _=_ 
' games gave the paiater his daughter in AFRAN1VUS, a Latin comic poet in the * 
| | marriage. age of Terence, oftcn compared to Menander, Sci 
. ZETNA, a mountain of Sicily, now called | He is blamed for the unnatural love of Sci 
\ Mount Gibel, famous for its vulcano, which, | boys, which he mentions in his writings, 7 
' f for about 3000 years, has thrown out fire at | ſome fragments of which are to be found dit 
I intervals. It is 2 miles in perpendicular | in the Corpus Poetarum. Quint. 10, c. 1.— H 
| height, and meaſures 100 miles round at | Sueton. Ner. 11. — erat. 2, ep. 1, v.57;—— cule 
the baſe, with an aſcent of 3o miles. Its | A general of Pompey, conquered by Czfar lie. 
crater forms a circle about 34 miles in circum- in Spain. Sueton. in Cæſ. 34.— Plat. is 4 
ference, and its top 15 covered with ſnow and | Pomp. Q. a man who wrote a ſevere Wer 
ſmoke at the ſame time, whilſt the ſides of | ſatyr againſt Nero, for which he was put A 
the mountain, from the great fertility of the | to death in the Piſonian conſpiracy. Tart. waa! 
ſoil, exhibit a rich ſcenery of cultivated Potitus, a plebeian, who ſaid before A 
Gelds and blooming vineyards. Pindar is Caligula, that he would willingly die if Chite 
| the firſt who mentions an eruption of | the emperor could recover from the diſ- temp 
Etna; and the ſilence of Homer on the | temper he labored under. Caligula te- of f 
| ſubject is conſidered as a proof that the | covered, and Afranius was put to death 0 
Ai | fares of the mountain were unknown in his | that he might not forfeit his word. ** 
1 age. From the time of Pythagoras, the Dio. ved. 
| . ſuppoſed date of the firſt volcanic appear- ArkIcA, called Libya by the Greeks, 445 
| ance, to the battle of Pharſalia, it is com- | one of the three parts of the ancient world, ** 
| | uted that Etna has had 100 cruptions. | and the greateſt peninſula of rhe univerſe, * 
he poets ſuppoſed that Jupiter had confined | was bounded on the eaſt by Arabia and 1* 
the giants under this mountain, and it was | the Red Sea, on the north by the Mediter- 4 1 Pl 
repreſented as the forge of Vulcan, where | ranean, ſouth and weſt by the ocean. In a ad 
his ſervants the Cyclops fabricated thun- | its greateſt length it extends 4300 miles, 12 
derbolts, & c. Hefied, Theog. v. 860. —Virg. | and in its greateſt breadth it is 3500 mile b * 
| x | 


6. . 


Epi- 
ed to 
ceived 
itants 
e little 
uin of 
conſe- 
rwards 
Uies of 
y were 
e. 24s 
— Mela. 
. 1. 


Elis and 
10m he 
ig acci- 
bountry, 
Grecce 
Etolia. 
1. 
Tenedos 
city 10 
nurſe of 
1. 

— An 
acceſſors. 
ztor, and 
and was 
ed A. D. 


who fre- 
f female 


et in the 
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1 love of 
writings, 
be found 
o, c. 1.— 
v. 57— 
4 by Czfar 
Plut, in 
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bY. Tacit. 
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the Greeks, 
cient world, 
he univerſc, 
Arabia al 
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It is joined on the eaſt to Aſia, by an 
iſthmus 60 miles long, which ſome of the 
Ptolemies endeavoured to cut, in vain, to 
join the Red and Mediterranean ſeas. It 
is ſo immediately fituate under the ſun, 
that only the maritime parts are inhabited, 
and the inland eountry is moſtly barren. 
and ſandy, and infeſted with wild beaſts. 
The ancients, through ignorance, peopled 
the ſouthern parts of Africa with monſters, 
enchanters, and chimeras; errors which 
begin to be correted by modern travellers, 
Vid. Libya. Mela, 1, c. 4, &c.— Died. 3, 
4, & 20.—Herodot, 2, c. 17, 26, & 32.1. 
4, c. 41, &c.—Plin. 5, c. I, &c. 
There is a part of Africa called Propria, 
which lies about the middle, and has Car- 
thage for its capital. 

AFRICANVUS, a blind poet commended 
by Ennius. A chriſtian writer, who 
floriſhed A. D. 222. In his chronicle, 
which was univerſally eſteemed, he rec- 
koned 5500 years from the creation of the 
world to the age of Julius Cæſar. Nothing 
remains of this work, but what Eulebius 
has preſerved. In a letter to Origen, Afri- 
canus proved, that the hiſtory of Suſanna is 
ſuppoſititious; and in another to Ariſtides, 
ſtill extant, be endeavours to reconcile the 
ſeeming contradictions that appear in the 
gene logies of Chriſt in St. Matthew and 
Luke, He is ſuppoſed to be the ſame 
who wrote nine books, in which he treats 
of phyſic, agriculture, &c.—A lawyer, 
diſciple to Papinian, and intimate with the 
emperor Alexander—An orator menti- 
oned by Quintilian.— The ſirname of the 
Scipios, from the conqueſt of Africa. Vid. 
Scipio. 

Arklcuu MARE, is that part of the Me- 
diterranean which is on the coaſt of Africa. 

AGAGRIANZA PORT#, gates at Syra- 
cule, near which the dead were buried. 
Cic. in Tuſe, 

. AGALASSES, a nation of India, con- 
quered by Alexander. Died. 17. 

AGALLA, a woman of Corcyra, who 
wrote a treatiſe upon grammar. Athen. 1. 

AGAMEDES and TROPHONIUS, two ar- 
Chitects who made the entrance of the 
temple of Delphi, for which they demanded 
of. the god, Whatever gift was moſt ad- 
vantagevus for a man to receive. Three 
days after they were found dead in their 
bed. Plut, de conf, ad Apa. —Cic. Tuſe. 1, 
c. 47,—Pauſ. 9, c. 11 & 37, gives a 
dücherent account. 

AGAMEMNON, kin 
Argos, was brother to M 
of Pliſthenes, the ſon of Atreus. Homer 
calls them ſons of Atreus, which is falſe, 
upon the authority of Heſiod, Apollod. & e. 
6d, P lifthenes, ] When Atreus was dead, 


of Mycenz and 


enelaus, and ſon | 


memnon's fleet, 
of Ancæus, and grandſon of Lycurgus, 
who, after the ruin of Troy, was carried by 


a ſtorm into Cyprus, where he built Pa» 
phos. Pauſ. 8, c. 5. 


A G 
his brother Thyeſtes ſeized the kingdom of 


Argos, and removed Agamemnon and 
Menelaus, who fled to Polyphidus king of 
Sicyon, and hence to CEneus, king of 
Atolia, where they were educated. Aga- 
memnon married Clytemneſtra, and Me- 
nelaus Helen, both daughters of Tyndarus 
king of 1 who aſſiſted them to reco- 
ver their father's kingdom. Agamemnon 
eſtabliſhed himſelf, at Mycenæ, whilſt 
Menelaus ſucceeded his father-in-law at 
Sparta, When Helen waz ſtolen by Paris, 
Agamemnon was elected commander in 
chief of the Grecian forces going againſt 
Troy. Their fleet was detained at Aulis, 
where Agamemnon ſacrificed his daughter 
to appeaſe Diana. [Yid. Iphigenia.] Dur- 
ing the Trojan war, Agamemnon behaved 
with much valor; but his quarrel with 


| Achilles, whoſe miſtreſs he took by force, 


was fatal to the Greeks. [id. Briſeis.] 
After the ruin of Troy, Caſſandra fell to 
his ſhare, and foretold him that his wife 
would put him to death. He gave no cre- 
dit to this, and returned to Argos with 
Caſſandra, Clytemneſtra, with ner adul- 
terer Ægiſthus, [ Vid. Agifthus] prepared 
to murder him; and as he came from the 
bath, to embarraſs him, ſhe gave him a 
tunic whoſe ſleeves were ſewed together, 
and while he attempted to put it on, the 
brought him to the ground with a ſtroke of 
a hatchet, and Ægiſthus ſeconded her blows. 
His death was revenged by his ſon Oreftes, 
[ Vid. Clytemneſtra, Menelaus,and Oreſtes. 1 
Homer II. 1, 2, &c, Od. 4, 1 
de Rem. Am. v. 777.— Met. 12, v. 30.— 
Hygin. fab. 88 & 97. —Strab. 8.—Thucyd. 
I, c. 9.—-lian, V. H. 4, c. 26.— Dicłyt. 
Cret. 1, 2, &c.—Dares Phryg.—Sophecl. 
in Elect.— Euripid. in Oreſt.—Senec. in 
Agam.—Pauf. 2, c. 6. I. 9, c. 40, &c.— 
Virg. nu. 6, v. 838.— Mela. 2. e. 3. 

AGAMEMNONI1US, an epithet applied to 
Oreſtes, a ſon of Agamemnon. Vg. Zn, 
4 Y. 471. 

AGAMETOR, an athlete of Mantinea. 
Pauf. 6, c. 10. 

AGAMNESTOR, a king of Athens. 

AGANIPPE, A celebrated fountain of 
Bœotia at the foot of mount Helicon. It 
flows into the Permeſſus, and is ſacred to 


the muſes, who, from it, were called Aga- 
nippedes. 
el. 3.—Ovid, Met. 5, v. 312. 


Pauſ. 9, c. 29,—Propert. 2, 


AGAPENOR, the commander of Aga- 
Homer. I. 2. The ſon 


AGAR, a town of Africa, Hirt. be., 


Afr. 76. 


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A G 


Acan?xr, a people of Arabia. Tra- 
fan deſtroyed their city, called Agarum. 
Strab. 16. 

AGAZISTA, daughter of Cliſthenes, was 
courted by all the princes of Greece. She 
married Megacles. lian. J. H. 12, c. 
24.—lerodat. 6, c. 126, &c. A daugh- 
ter of Hippocrates, who married Xantip- 
pus. She dreamed that ſhe had brought 
forth a lion, and ſome time after became 
mother of Pericles. Plut. in Pericl, — He- 
redet. 6, c. 131. 

AcasicLes, king of Sparta, was ſon 
of Archidamus, and one of the Proclidæ. 
He uſed to fay that a king ought to govern 
his ſubjects as a father governs his children. 
Par. 3, c. 7.—Plut. in A pop. 

Ac Ass, acity of Theſſaly. Liv. 45. c. 27. 

AGASTHENES, king of Elis, father to 
Poly xenus, was concerned in the Trojan 
war. Hemer. II. 2. 

AGASTROPHUS, a Trojan wounded by 
Diomedes. Homer. Il. 11, v. 338. 

AGASTHUS, an archon of Athens. 

AGXxsus, a harbour on the coaſt of 
Apulia. Plin, 3, c. 11. 

AGATHARCHITDAS, a general of Co- 
rinth in the Peloponnehan war. Thucyd. 
a, E. bY. A Samian hiſtorian, who 
wrote a treatiſe on ſtones, and a hiſtory of 
Perſia and Phœnice. A peripatetic philo- 
ſopher and hiſtorian of Cnidus, 177 B. C. 
who wrote ſeveral treatiſes on the Red ſea, 
Europe, Aſia, &c. Poſeph cont. Ap. 

AGATHARCHUS, an officer in the Syra- 
cuſan fleet. Thucyd, 7, c. 25. A pain- 
ter in the age of Zeuxis. Plut in Pericl, 

AGATHIAS, a Greck hiſtorian of Æolia. 
A poet and hiſtorian in the age of Juſ- 
tinian, of whoſe freign he publithed the 
Hiſtory in five books, Several of bis epi- 
grams are found in the Anthelogia, His 
hiftory is a ſeque] of that of Procopius. 
The beſt edition is that of Paris, fol. 1660. 

AGATHO, a Samian hiſtorian, who wrote 
an account of Scythia,—A tragic poct, who 
floriſhed 406 B. C. The name of ſome of 
bis tragedies are preſerved, ſuch as Tele- 

hus, Thyetes, &c.—A comic poet who 

ied ip the ſame age. Plut. in Parall. 

a fon of Priam. Hemer. II. 24. A go- 
vernor of Babylon. Curt. 5, c. 1. A 
Pythagorean philoſopher. lian. V. H. 
137 C. 4. A learned and melodious mu- 
fician, who firſt introduced ſongs in tragedy. 
Aviſtot. in Poet. 

AGATHGCLEA, a beautiful courtezan of 
Egypt. One of the Ptolemies deftroyed 
his wife Eurydice to marry her. She, with 
her brother, long governed the kingdom, and 
attempted to murder the King's fon. ut. 


A G 

youth, fon of a potter, who, by enteri 
in the Sicilian army, arrived to the — 
honors, and made hiraſclf maſter of Syra- 
cuſe, He reduced all Sicily under his 
power, but being defeated at Himera by 
the Carthaginians, he carried the war into 
Atrica, where, for four years, he extended 
his conqueſts over his enemy, He after- 
wards paſted into Italy, and made himſelf 
maſter of Crotona, He died in his 72d 
years, B. C. 289, after a reign of 28 vears of 
mingled proſperity and adverfity: Plat. is 
Apophth.— Nſtin. 22 & 23. Polyb. 15. 
Diud. 18, &c. A ſon of Lyſimachus, 
ta ken priſoner by the Getz, He wos ran- 
ſomed, and married Lytandra daughter of 
Ptolemy Lagus. His father, in his old age, 
married Arſinoe, the ffter of Lyſander. 
After her huſband's death, Arfinoe, fear- 
ful for her children, attempted tö murder 
Agathacles, Some ſay that ſhe fell in love 
with him, and killed him becauſe be 
ſighted ber. When Agathocles was dead, 
253 B. C. Lyſandra fied to Seleucus. rab, 
13.—Plt. in Pyrrh. & Demetr.—Pauſ. 1, 
c. 9 & 10. A Grecian hiſtorian of Ba- 
bylon, who wrote an account of Cyzicus, 
A Chian who wrote on huſbandry, 
Varro. A Samian writer. —A phy- 
clan. An Athenian archon. 

AGATHON, vid. Agatho. 

AGATHONYMUs wrote an hiſtory of 
Perſia. Plut. de Flum. 

AGATHOSTHENES, a poet, &c. 

AGATHYLLUS, an elegiac poet of Ar- 
cadia, Dieny/. Hal. 1. 

AGATHYRNUM, a town of Sicily, 


Scythia, who had their wives in common. 
They received their name from Agathyr- 
ſus, ſon of Hercules. Heredat. 4, c. 10. 
Virg. Eu. 4, V- 146. 

AGAvE, daughter of Cadmus and Her- 
mione, married Echion, by whom ſhe had 
Penthcus, who was torn to pieces by the 
Bacchanals. [Vid. Rane She is ſaid 
to have killed her huſband in cetebrating 
the orgies of Bacchus. She received di- 
vine honors after death. Theocrit, 26.— 
Ovid. Met. 3, v. 725. Lucan. 1, . 574 
— Slat. Theb. 11, v. 318.—Apuled. 3, ce. 
4. One of the Nereides, Apollod. 1. 
——A tragedy of Statius. Juv. 7, v. 87. 
&Cc. 

AGAU1, a northern nation who lived 
upon milk. Hemer, I. 13. 

AcAvus, a ſon of Priam. Homer. I. 24. 

AGDEST15, a mountain of Phrygia, where 
Atys was buried. Pauſ. 1, c. 4—— 
firname of Cybele. 

AGELASTUS, a firname of Craſſus, the 


in Clean, Tuſtin 30, c. 1. 
AGATHGCLES, a laſcivious and ignoble 


grandfather of the rich Craſſus. He only 
| laughed once in his life, and this it 45 — 
' 


1. 


Ac ArR VRS, an effeminate nation o 


teri 
— 
Syra- 
r his 
ra by 
ir into 
ended 
after- 
ümſelf 
s 72d 
ears of 
ut. in 
5. 15. 
achus, 
s ran- 
hter of 
jd age, 
ſander, 
„ fear» 
murder 
in love 
uſe be 
dead, 
. Strab, 
Pauſ. 1, 
of Ba- 
>Y Z1CUS, 
bandry, 


phyfi- 
tory of 


of Ar- 


ly. 

« 40 of 
ommon. 
\ pathyr- 
4, c. 10, 


ind Her- 
| ſhe had 
s by the 
he is ſaid 
te brating 
ved? di- 
it, 26.— 
1 3. 574 
lod. 3z C. 
pellod. I. 
. 77. 87. 


1:0 lived 
er. Il. 24. 


gia, where 
4— 


raſſus, the 


He only 


u is (ah 
way 


A'G 


was upon ſeeing an aſs eat thiſtles. Cic. de | 
Fn. 5.—Plin. 7, e. 19. 


ActLAvs, a king of Corinth, fon of 
Icion. One of Penelope's ſuitors. Ho- 
mer. Od. 20. A ſon of Hercules and 
Omphale, from whom Crœſus was de- 
ſcended. Apollod. 2, c. 7. 
of Priam, who preſerved Paris when ex- 
poſed on mount Ida. Id. 3, c. 12. 

AGENDICUM, a town of Gaul near the 
Senones. Caf. bell. Gall. 6, c. 44. 

Actvor King of Phœnicia, was ſon 
of Neptune and Libya, and brother to 
Belus. He married Telephaſſa, by whom 
he had Cadmus, Pheœnix, Cilix, and Euro- 
pa. Hygin. fab. 6, [{tal. 1, v. 15.1. 17, 
v. 58.— Apelled, 2, c. t. I 3, c. 1I.———A 
ſon of Jaſus and father of Argus. Apol- 
led. 2,- c. 10. A fon of Agyptus, Id. 
i. © . A fon of Phlegeus. Id. z, c. 7 
A ſon of Pleuron, and father to Phi- 
neus. Id. 1, c. 7. A ſon of Amphion 
and Niobe. Id. 3, c. 4. A king of 
Argos, father to Crotopus.— 4 ſon of 
Antenor. Homer. II. 21, v. 579. A 
Mitylenean, who wrote a treatiſe on 
muſic. - 

Act xd RIpes, a patronymic applied to 
Cadmus, and the other deſcendants of 
Agenor. Ovid. Met. 3, v. 8. N 

AGERINUS, a freed man of Agrippina, 
accuſed of attempting Nero's life. 1acir. 
Ann. 14, c. 16. 

AGESANDER, a ſculptor of Rhodes un- 
der Veſpaſian, who made a repreſentation 
of Laocoon's hiſtory, which now paſles 
for the beſt reli of all ancient ſculpture. 

AcrsIAs, a platonic philoſbpher who 
taught the immortality of the ſoul. One of 
the Ptolemies forbade him to cominue his 
lectures, becauſe his doctrine was ſo pre- 
valent that many of his auditors committed 
ſuicide. 

ActESiLAius, king of Sparta, of the 
family of the Agidæ, was ſon of Doryſſus, 
and father of Archelaus. During his reign, 
Lycurgus inſtituted his famous laws. He- 
ruder. 7, c. 204.—Pau. 3, c. 2. A ſon 
of Archidamus of the family of the Pro- 
elidæ, made king in preference to his ne- 
phew Leotychides. He made war againſt 
Artaxerxes king of Perſia with ſucceſs ; 
but.in*the midſt of his conqueſts in Aſia, 
he was recalled home to oppoſe the Athe- 
nians and Bœotians, who deſolated his 
Country ; and his return was ſo expeditious 
that he paſſed, in thirty days, over that 
tract of country which had taken up a whole 
tag of Xerxes' expedition. He defeated 

is enemies at Coronea; but ſickneſs pre- 
vented the progreſs of his conqueſts, and 
the Spartans were beat in every engagement, 


Upecially at Leuctra, till he appeared at 


4 


A ſervant. 


| 


| 


' 


| 


A G 
their head. Though deformed; ſmall af 


ſtature, and lame, he was brave, and a 
greatneſs of ſoul compenſated all the im- 
perfections of nature. He was as fond of 
ſobriety as of military diſcipline; and 
when he went, in his Zoth year, to aſſiſt 
Tachus King of Egypt, the ſervants of the 
monarch could hardly be perſuaded hat 
the Lacedæmoniau general was eating with 
his ſoldiers on the ground, bare-headed, 
and without any covering to repoſe upon. 
Age ſilaus died on his return from Egypt, 
after a reign of 36 years, 362 B. C. and 
his remains were embalmed and brought to 
Lacedemon. Jin. 6, c. 1.—Plut, & ©, 
Nep. in vit.— Pau. 3, c. 9.—Xenmph. Orat. 
pro Ageſ. A brother of Themiſtocles, 
who went into the Perſian camp, and 
tabbed Mardonius inftead of Xerxes. Pur. 
in Parall. A firname of Pluto. A 
Greek who wrote an hiſtory of Italy. 

AGczstiPSLIs, tfſt, king of Lacedæmon, 
ſun of Pauſanias, obtained a great victory 
over the Mantineans. He reigned 14 years, 
and was ſucceeded by his brother Cleom- 
brotus, B. C. 380. * % C. „ Le 
8. Xenopkh. 3. Hit. Grec. 2d, ſon 
of Cleombrotus, king of Sparta, was ſuc- 
ceeded by Cleomenes, 2d, B. C. 370. 
Pauſ. , e. 13, |. 3, c. 5. 

AGESISTRATA, the mother of king 
Agis. Plut. in Agid. 

AGESISTRATVUS, a man who wrote a 
treatiſe intitled De arte mathinal!. 

AGGRAMMES, a cruel king of the 
Gangarides. His father was a hair-drefler, 
of whom the queen became enamoured, 
and whom ſhe made governor to the king's 
children, to gratify her paſhon. He killed 
them, to raiſe Aggrammes, his ſon by the 
queen, to the throne, Curt. 9, c. 2. 

AGGRINE, a people near mount Rho- 
dope. Cic. in L. Piſ. 37. | 

Aol, the deſcendants of Euryſthenes, 
who ſhared the throne of Sparta with the 
Proclidz ; the name ſeems to be derived 
from Agis ſon of Euryſthenes. Virg. An. 
8, v. 682. 

AciLAvs, king of Corinth, reigned 36 
years. One of the Ephori, almoſt mur- 
dered by the partizans of Cleomenes. Put. 
in Cleom. 

Acts, king of Sparta, ſucceeded Nis 
father, Euryſthenes, and after a reign ot 
one year, was ſucceeded by his fon Echeſ- 
tratus, B. C. 1058. Pau. 3, c. 2. 
Another king of Sparta, who waged bloody 
wars againſt Athens, and reſtored liberty 
to many Greek cities. He attempted to 
reſtore the laws of Lycurgus at Sparta, but 
in vain; the perfidy of friends, who pre- 
tended to ſecond his views, brought him to 
difficulties, and he was at laſt dragged from 

> mple, 


0 


4 temple, where he had taken refuge, to a 
priſon, where he was ftrangled by orders 
of the Ephori. Plut. in Agid.——Ano- 
ther, ſon of Archidamus, who ſignalized him- 
ſelf in the war which the Spartans waged a- 
gainſt Epidaurus. He obtained a victory at 
Mantinea, and was ſucceſsful in the Pelopon- 
neſian war. He reigned 27 years. Thucyd. 3 
& 4.—Pauſ. 3, c. 8 & 10. Another, ſon 


of Archidamus, king of Sparta, who endea- 


voured to deliver Greece fivtm the empire of 
Macedonia, with the aſſiſtance of th- Perſians. 
He was conquered in the attempt, and ſlain 
by Antipater, Alexander's general, and 
5, 300 Lacedæmonians periſhed with him. 


, Curt. 6, c. 1.—Died. 17.—Jiſtin. 12, e. 1. 


&c. Another, ſon of Eudamidas, killed 
in a battle againſt the Mantineans, Pau. 
8, c. 10,— An Arcadian in the expedi- 
tion of Cyrus againſt his brother Artaxerxes. 

Folyen. 7, c. 18. A poet of Argos, 
who ſaid that Bacchus and the ſons of Leda 
would give way to Alexander, when a god. 
(wrt. 8. c. 5. A Lycian who followed 
ZEneas into Italy, where he was Killed. 
Firg. An. 10, v. 751. 

AGLAra, one of the Graces, called 
ſometimes Paſiphae. Pau. g, c. 35. 

+ AGLAONICE, daughter of Hegemon, 
was acquainted with aſtronomy and e-lipſes, 
whence ſhe boaſted of her power to draw 
the moon from heaven, Plat. de Orac. defect. 

AGLAGpE, one of the Sirens, 

AGLA6rnon, an excellent painter. P/in, 
35, c. 8. 

AGLAaosTHENES, wrote an hiſtory of 
Naxos. Strab. 6. 

AGLAURoOs, daughter of Erechtheus, the 

oldeſt king of Athens, was changed into 

a ſtone by Mercury. Some make her 
daughter of Cecrops. Vid. Herſe. —Ovid. 
Met. 2, fab. 12. 

AGcLXvus, the pooreſt man of Arcadia, 
pronounced by the oracle more happy than 
Gyges king of Lydia. Plin. 7, c. 46.— Val. 
Max. 7. c. 1. 

AGNA, a woman in the age of Horace, 
who, though deformed, had many admirers, 
Herat. 1, Sat. 3, v. 40. 

AcNo, one of the nymphs who nurſed 
Jupiter. She gave her name to a fountain 
on mount Lycæus. When the prieſt of 
Jupiter, after a prayer, ſtirred the waters 


of this fountain with a bough, a thick va- 


por aroſe, which was ſoon diſſolved into a 
plentiful ſhower. Par. 8, c. 31, &c. 
Acnopicex, an Athenian virgin, who 
diſguiſed her ſex to learn medicine. She 
was taught by Hierophilus the art of mid- 
wifery, and when employcd, always diſ- 
covered her ſex to her patients. This 
brought her into ſo much practice, that the 
males of her profeſhon, who were now out 


A G 


of employment, accuſed her before the Areo- 
pagus, of corruption. She confeſſed het 
ſex to the judges, and a law was ſmmedi- 
ately made to empower all free- born wo- 
men to learn midwifery. Hygin. fab. 274. 

Acnon, ſon of Nicias; was preſent at 
the taking of Sanios by Pericles. In the 
Peloponneſian war he went againſt Potidza, 
but abandoned his expedition through dif. 
caſe. He huilt Amphipolis, whoſe inha- 
hitants rebelled to Braſidas, whom they re- 
garded as their founder, fotgetful of Agnon. 
Thucyd. 2, 3, &e.——A writer. Quintil, 
2, c. 17. One of Alexander's officers, 
Plin. 33; e. 3. 


Acnontipes, a rhetorician of Athens, 
who accuſed Phocion of betraying the Pi- 


ræus to Nicanor, When the people recol- 
lefted what ſervices Phocion had rendered 
them, they raiſed him ſtatues, and put ts 
death his accuſer. P/ut. & Nep. in Phocion, 

AcownAtia & Accor; feſtivals in 
Rome, celebrated three times a year, in 
honor of Janus, or Agonius. The chief 
prieſt uſed to offer a ram, Ovid. Faſt. 1, v. 
317.—-Varro de L. L. 5. 

AGonts CAPITOLINT, games celebrated 
every fifth year upon the Capitoline hill, 
Prizes were propoſed for agility and ftrength, 
as well as for poetical and literary compo- 
ſitions. The poet Statius publicly recited 
his Thebaid, which was not received with 
much applauſe: 

Adonis, a woman in the temple of Ve- 
nus, on mount Eryx. Cic. Verr. 1. 

Acorus, a Roman deity, who patro- 
nized the actions of men. 2 Agonalia. 

AGORACRITUS, a ſculptor of Pharos, 
who made a ſtatue of Venus for the people 
of Athens, B. C. 150. £ 

AGORANGMI, ten magiſtrates at Athens, 
who watched over the city and port, and 
inſpected whatever was expoſed to ſale. 

AGcoRANIs, a river falling into the 
Ganges. Arrian, de Ind. 

AGOR@®A, a name of Minerya at Sparta, 
Pauſ. 3, c. 11. 6 

Ack, a place of Bœotia where the 
Iliſſus riſes. Diana was called Agræa, be- 
cauſe ſhe hunted there. A city of Suſt 
—of Arcadia, and Arabia. 

AGRe1 and AGRENSES, 2 people of 
Arabia. Plin. 6, e. 28.—0f Z#tolia, 
Liv. 42, c. 34. ; 

AcGcRkXAGaAas, or ACRAGAS, a wer, 
town, and mountain of Sicily ; called alſo, 
Agrigentum. The town was built by the 
people of Gela, who were a Rhodian co- 
lony. Firg. An. z, v. 703.—Died. 1t. 

AGRARIA LEX was enacted to diſtribute 
among the Roman people all the land; 
which they had gained by conqueſt, It 
was firſt propoſed A. U. C. 267, yo 

| c 


kiſtor 
Was e 
kues, 

firſt d 
tian e 
from 
equity 
to ent 


* 


A A G 


#onſul Sp. Caſſius Vicellinus, and rejected with reluctance to the ſuperior power of 8y- 


Ateo- 1 | | 
y the ſenate. This produced difſenfions ! racuſe. The government was m 
go r between the ſenate and the people, and | but eee a democracy was — 
N Caſlius, upon ſeeing the ill ſucceſs of the The famous Phalaris uſurped the ſovereignty 
. 274. new regulations he propoſed, offered to diſ- | which was alſo for ſome time in the hands 
ſent at tribute among the people, the money which of the Carthaginians. Agrigentum can 
In th was produced from the corn of Sicily, after | now boaſt of more venerable remains of 
a it had _ brought and fold in Rome. antiquity than any other town in Sicily. 
h dil. This act of liberality the people refuſed, Polyb. 9.—Strab. 6. 
1 * and tranquiſlity was ſoon after re-eſtabliſhed AcRINIUM, a city of Acarnania 
oy Wo - _ _ * 1 4 ee Polyb. 6. ; 
ime A. U. C. 269, by the tribune Licinius AGRIONIA, annual feſtivals in h 
— Stolo, but 3 no better ſucceſs; and o of Bacchus, celebrated generally is: the 
— treat were the tumults which followed, night. They were inſtituted, as ſome ſup- 
, that one of the tribunes of the people was | pole, becauſe the god was attended with 
bs, + killed, and many of the ſenators fined for | wild beaſts. 
2 2 — 1 Scævola, A. U. C. AGRIOPAS, a man who wrote the hiſtory 
; ds "4 Lap uaded the tribune Tiberius | of all thoſe who had obtained the public 
wm — us to propoſe it a third time ; and | prize at Olympia. Plin. 8, c. 22. 
ot K* his colleague in the tri- AcRioee, the wife of king Agenor, 
Phocion * iP» GEES yet Tiberius made it M. AGniepa VIPSANILUS, a celebrated 
ing paſs — * aw, after much altercation, and "Roman, who obtained a victory over 8. 
— —— toners were authoriſed to make a | Pompey, and favored the cauſe of Auguſtus 
a chief 5 ud the lands, —This law at laſt | at the battles of Actium and Philippi, where 
of: 1 v prove | atal to the freedom of Rome under | he behaved with great valor, He adviſed 
as 2 Flor. 3, c. 3 & 13.—Cic. pro | his imperial friend to re-eſtabliſh the repub- 
9 4 Agr —Liv. . . lican government at Rome, but he was 
une hill, 1 aur e, a tribe of Athens. Plut, in | over-ruled by Mecznas. In his expedi- 
ſtrength, en Keel 3 tions in Gaul and Germany he obtained ſe- 
compos ror Þ os a - wal at At ens in ho- | veral victories, but refuſed the honors of a 
7 e _ os. The Cyprians alſo ob- triumph, and turned his liberality towards 
ed with 185 theſe feſtivals, by offering human the embelliſhing of Rome, and the raiſ- 
2 | ing of magnificent buildings, one of which, 
: I er 3 daughter of Cecrops. the Pantheon, ſtill exiſts. After he had re- 
. pg 0 Minerva. : | tired for two years to Mitylene, in conſe- 
© gate. a * r &, a people of Illyria. Liv, | quence of a quarrel with Marcellus, Auguſ- 
gonalia. 8 A 2 Y tus recalled him, and as a proof of his re- 
Pharos, 45 LANES, a river of Thrace. Hero- gard, gave him his daughter Julia in mar- 
Le aces de 4, C. 9. A. people that dwelt in riage, and left him the care of the empire 
_ pe es of that river. Id. 5, | during an abſence af two years employed 
; 3 in viſiting the Roman provinces of Gre 
. 118 the father- in- law of the | and Aſia. He died — 4 
Pan. — Tacitus, who wrote his life. He | at Rome in the 51ſt year-of his age, 12 
hs the 8 for his public and private vir- B. C. and his body was placed in the tomb 
3 e was governor of Britain, and | which Auguſtus had prepared for himſelf, * 
at Sparta, «6 ns it to be an iſland. Domi- | He had been married three times, to Pom- 
1 his virtues; he recalled him ponia daughter of Atticus, to Marcella 
here thi . wb e province he had governed with | daughter of Octavia, and to Julia, by 
gra, be- pack _ moderation, and ordered him | whom he had five children, Caius, and 
: f Sula _ ome in the night, thatno triumph Lucius Cæſares, Poſthumus Agrippa, A- 
mY wh granted to him. Agricola obeyed, | grippina, and Julia, His ſon, C. Czfar 
cope of N . betray ing any reſentment, he | Agrippa, was adapted by Auguſtus, and 
F FEtolia. 1 1 peaceful ſolitude, and the en- made conſul, by the flattery of the Roman 
1. 228 ſociety of a few friends, people, at the age of 14 or 15, This pro- 
<< a * 3 is 56th year, A. D. 93. Tacit. miſing youth went to Armenia, on au ex- 
called alſo, "ERR 5 | pedition againſt the Perſians, where he re- 
gilt by the Badia from #3 wn a town of Sicily, 18 ceived a fatal blow from the treacherous 
hodian co- was found = ea, on mount Agragas. It | hand of Lollius, the governor of one of 
Yiod. 1 l. 3 y a Rhodian colony. The | the neighbouring cities, He languiſhed for 
| diſtribute r 5 ere, famous for their hoſpita- a little time, and died in Lycia. His 
the lands Fog 3 eir luxurious manner of living. younger brother, L. Cæſar Agrippa, was like- 
l "It tamed ing htuation Agzrigemem con- | wiſe adopted by his grandfather Auguſtus ; 
q 200,090 inhabitants, who ſubmitted | but he was ſoon after bauiſhed to Campania, 


67, by the 
" conſul 


4 


for 


——U—U— — 


— — — 


— — 


r ̃ —˙ . ! ̃ w-i'̃ mͤTep̃ VA. on oa 
—— 


. —  - 


| 
1 
þ 
5 
( 
| 


— 
_ 


— 


_— ——— 


— — — 


A G 


for uſing ſeditious language againſt his be- 
nefactor. In the 7th year of his exile he 
would have been recalled, had not Livia 
and Tiberius, jealous of the partiality of 
Auguſtus for him, ordered him to be aſſaſ- 
ſmated in his 26th year. He has been | 
called ferocious and ſavage ; and he gave 
himſelf the name of Neptune, becauſe he 
was fond of fiſhing. Virg. En. 8, v. 632. 
Hour. 1, od, 6.—Sylvius, a ſon of Tiberi- | 
nus Sylvius, king of Latium. He reigned 
33 years, and was ſucceeded by his ſon 
Remulus Sylvius. Dionyſ. Hal. 1. c. 8. 
One of the ſervants of the murdered 
prince aſſumed his name and raiſed com- 
motions. Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 39 A 
conſul who conquered the Aqui. A 
philoſopher. Diog. Herodes, a ſon of 
Ariſtobulus, grandſon of the Great Herod, 
who became tutor to the giand-child of 
Tiberius, and was ſoon after impriſoned 
by the ſuſpicious tyrant. When Caligula 
aſcended the throne, his favorite was re- 
leaſed, preſented with a chain of gold as 
heavy as that which had lately confined 
him, and made King of Judza. He was 
a popular character with the — ; and it 
is ſaid, that while they were flattering him 
with the appcllation of god, an angel of 
God ſtruck him with the louſy diſeaſe, of 
which he died, A. D. 43. His ſon, of the 
fame name, was the laſt king of the Jews, 
deprived of his kingdom by Claudius, in 
exchange for other provinces. He was 
with Titus at the celebrated ſiege of Jeru- 
falem, and died A. D. 94. It was before 
kim that St. Paul pleaded, and made men- 
tion of his inceſtuous commerce with his 
fiſter Berenice. Juv. 6, v. 156.—Tacit, 
2 Hift. c. 81. Menenius, a Roman ge- 
neral, who obtained a triumph over the 
Sabines, appeaſed the populace of Rome 
by the well-known fable of the belly and 
the limbs, and creed the new office of tri- 
bunes of the people, A. U. C. 261. He 
died poor, but univerſally regretted ; his 
funeral was at the expence of the public, 
from which alſs his daughters received 
dowries, Liv. 2, c. 32.— Flor. 1, c. 23, 
A mathematician in the reign of Do- 
mitian ; he was a native of Bithynia. 
AGRIPPINA, a wife of Tiberius. The 
emperor repudiated her to marry Julia. 
Sueton. in Tib. 7, A daughter of M. 
Agrippa, and grand-daughter to Auguſ- 
tus. She married Germanicus, whom the 
accompanied in Syria; and when Piſo 
poiſoned him, ſhe carried his aſhes to Italy, 
and accuſed his murderer, who ſtabbed 
himſelf. She fell under the diſpleaſute of 
Tiberius, who exiled her in an iſland, where 
ſhe died, A. D. 26, for want of bread. 


| diſtinguiſhed for intrepidity and eon jugaſ 


— 


She left nine children, and was univerſally | 


A G 


affection. Tac, 1, Ann. c. 2. &c.— Sueton. 
in Tib. 82. Julia, daughter of Germa- M 
nicus and Agrippina, married Domitias . 
ZEnobarbus, by whom ſhe had Nero. Af. W. 
ter her huſband's death ſhe married her 65 
| uncle the emperor Claudius, whom ſhe 
deſtroyed, to make Nero ſuecced to the inf 
throne. After many cruelties, and much 6, 
licentiouſneſs, ſhe was aſſaſſinated by order | 
of her ſon, and as ſhe expired, ſhe ex- Die 
claimed, “ ſtrike the belly which coul 14. 
give birth to ſuch a monſter.” She died 4 
A. D. 59, after a lite of proſtitution and dor 
inceſtuous gratifications. It is ſaid that her tan 
ſon viewed her dead body with all the rap- — 
tures of admiration, ſaymg, he never could 4 
have believed his mother was fo beautiful x cee. 
woman. She left memotrs which aſſiſted f 
Tacitus in the compoſition of his annals, Cui. 
The town which ſhe built, where the was Ach 
born, on the borders of the Rhine, and called A 
Agrippina Colonia, is the modern Cologne, Ron 
Tacit. Ann. 4, c. 75. Il. 12, c. 7, 22, &c. A 
Ackristus. Vid. Acriſius. A 
Ac RsOo E, the mother of Cadmus. Hy- Erib, 
gin. fab. 6. Ach. 
Acrits, ſon of Patthaon, drove bit Troj; 
brother -CEneus from the throne. He waz Whor 
afterwards expelled by Diomedes, the the d 
grandſon of CEneus, upon which he killed putec 
himſelf. Hygin. fab. 175 & 242.—/pollcd. hero. 
I, c. 7.— A giant. — A centaur killed Ajax 
by Hercules. Apollod. 2, c. $.-——A for hole 
of Ulyſſes aby Circe. Hefiod. Thevg. . the ſo 
IO13, — The father of Therfites, Ovid, terenc 
ex Pont. 3, el. 9, v. 9. his ſy 
AGRGLAS, ſurrounded the citadel of groun. 
Athens with walls, except that part which tne flo 
afterwards was repaired by Cimon. Paw. Killed 
1, c. 28, murde 
AGRoN, a king of Illyria, who, aſter at Sig 
conquering the AÆtolians, drank to ſuch and hi 
exceſs that he died inſtantly, B. C. 231. 2 
Polyb. 2, c. 4. | - 5, 
AGROTAS, a Greek orator of Marſcilles: þ elame 
AGROTERA, an anniverſary ſacrifice of 7 W 
goats offered to Minerva at Athens. |! 1 the 
was inſtituted by Callimachus the Pole- Ay 
march, who vowed to ſacrifice to the god- uy H 
deſs ſo many goats as there might be ene- in, w. 
mies killed in a battle which he was got 2 | 
to fight againſt the troops of Darius, who As 1 
had invaded Attlea. The quantity of the ae u 
ſlain was ſo great, that a ſufficient number in! 
of goats could not be procured; theretore S 
they were limited to 500 every year, nl l 6 
they equalled the number of Perſians (at 25 1 e 
in battle. a Herat 
AcyLrvsand Ac virus, from . 
fireet ; a ſirname of Apollo, becauſe fach. Th 
fices were offered .to him in te public 3 


ſtreets of Athens,  Herat. 4, od. 6. 
3 ACL 


AJ 


on jugi Acvtt A, a town of Etruria, founded by 
weten, z colony of Pelaſgians, and governed by 
en Mezentius when Ancas came to [taly. It 
omitins was afterwards called Cre, by the Lydians, 
o. Af. whs took poſſeſſion of it. Vim. An. 7, v. 
Ic 652.1. 8, v. 479. 

— — 34 s, a wreſtler of Cleonæ, ſcarce 
| to the inferior to Hercules in ſtrength, Stat. T heb. 
d much 6, v. 837. 


AGYRUs, a tyrant of Sicily, aſſiſted by 
Dionyſus againſt the Carthaginians. Died. 
14 


by order 
ſhe ex- 
ch could 
She died 


tion and 


Acrzlun, a town of Sicily, where Dio- 
dorus the hiſtorian was born. The inhabi- 


A B 
ſon of Telam&t, He went with 40 ſhips 


to the Trojan war, as being one of Helen's 
ſuitors. The night that Troy was taken, he 
oftered violence to Caſſandra, who fled into 
Minerva's temple ; and for this offence as he 
returned home, the goddeſs, who had ob- 
tained the thunders of Jupiter, and the power 
of tempeſts from Neptune, deſtroyed his ſhip 
in a ſtorm. Ajax ſwam to a rock, and ſaid 
that he was ſafe in ſpite of all the gods. Such 
impiety offended Neptune, who ſtruck the 
rock with his trident, and Ajax tumbled into 
the ſea with part of the rock, and was 
drowned. His body was afterwards found 
by the Greeks, and black ſheep offered on 
his tomb. According to Virgil's account, 
Minerva ſeized him in a whirlwind, and 
daſhed him againſt a rock, where he expired, 
Virg. An. 1, v. 43, 
&c.— Homer. Il. 2, 13, Sc. Od. 4. —Hygin. 
fab. 116 & 273.—Phileftr, Ico. 2, c. 13.— 
Senec. in Agam.—Heorat, cpo. 10, v. 13.— 
The two Ajaces 
were,. as ſome ſuppoſe, placed after death in 
the iſland of Leuce, a ſeparate place reſerved 
only for the braveſt heroes of antiquity, 
A1DGNEvs, a firname of Pluto. 


A 
«ing of the Moloſh, who impriſoned Theſeus, 


viſh his daughter Proſerpine, near the Ache- 
ron; whence aroſe the well-known fable of 


A river near Troy. 
* 


A1MYLvs, ſon of Aſcanius, was, accord- 
ing to ſome, the progenitor of the noble fa- 


* Arvs LocvuTivs, a deity to whom the 
Romans erected an altar, from the following 
circumſtance: one of the common people, 
called Ceditius, informed the tribunes, that 
as he,paſſed one night through one of the 
ſtreets of the city, a voice more than human, 
iſſuing from above Veſta's temple, told him 
that Rome would ſoon be attacked by the 
Gauls. His information was neglected, but 
the veracity was known by the event; and 
Camillus, after the conqueſt of the Gauls, 
built a_ temple to -that ſupernatural voice 
which had given Rome warning of the ap- 


that her tants were called Agyrinenſes, Died. 14. 
the rap- Lic. in Verr. 2, e. 65. 
ver could AGcYR1Us, an Athenian general, who ſue- 
eautiful 2 ceeded Thraſybulus. Died. 14. | 
ch aſſiſted AGYRTES, a man who killed his father, conſumed by thunder. 
is annals, Ovid, Met. 57 V. 148. A Piper. Sl. 2. 
>» ſhe was Ach, v. 50. PE 
and called An ALA, the firname of the Servilii at 
Cologne. Rome. i Pau. IO, c. 26 & 31. 
+2. ae AuENOBARBUS, Vid. Anobarbus, 
: Ajax, ſon of Telamon. by Peribœa or 
ans. Sh Fribœa daughter of Alcathous, was next to 
CG. Achilles the braveſt of all the Greeks in the 
e bit Trojan war. He engaged Hector, with | xi ,\ 
He way whom at parting he exchanged arms. After becauſe he and Pirithous attempted to ra- 
tes, "os the death of Achilles, Ajax and Ulyſſes diſ- 
ne killed puted their claim to the arms of the dead ow 
k 1oolled hero. When they were given to the latter, the deſcent of Theſeus and Pirithous into 
— — Ajax was ſo enraged, that he ſlaughtered a hell. Plut in Laieſ. 
1 ſon whole flock of ſheep, ſuppoſing them to be | Parſ, 10, c. 12. 
The, " the ſons of Atreus, who had given the pre- 
8 556 terence to Ulyſſes, and tabbed himſelf with | ing 
— i his word. The blood which ran to the | mily of the Rmylii in Rome, 
:rado4 of ground from the wound, was changed into 
w__ ich tne flower hyacinth. Some ſay that he was 
pare 72 killed by Paris in battle, others, that he was 
non. Pa. murdered by Ulyſſes. His body was buried 
ho, aſter at Sigæum, ſome ſay” on mount Rhotus 
no, ſuch and his tomb was viſited and honored by 
ank + 5 Alexander. Hercules, according to ſome au- 
B. C. 23. tors, prayed to the gods that his friend 
F Marſeilles. Telamon, who was childleſs, might have a 
idee of fon, with a ſkin as impenetrable as the ſkin 
7 fact) It of the Nemzan lion, which he then wore. 
a—_ His prayers were heard; and when Ajax was 
Is oy — born, Hercules wrapped him up in the lion's 
e to = — Kin, which rendered his body invulnerable, | proaching calamity, under the 
_ "goin xcept that part which was left uncovered | Locutius. 
NE 


Va hole in the ſkin, through which Her- 
ules hung His quiver This vulnerable part 
as in his breaſt, or as ſome ſay behind the 
deck. Q. Calab. 1 & 4.—Apollod. 3, c. 10 
* 13,—Phileftr. in Heroic. c. 12.—Pindar, 
hm, 6. — Homer. II. 1, c. Od. 11. Dictys. 


Darius, Wo 
uantity of! 
cient numbet 
ed ; thereto 
zery Jar, nl 


Perfians fan "et, 5. —Dares Phry. g. — Ovid. Met. 13. 
— Horat, 2, Sat, 3, v. 197.—lHygin, fab. 
nue (ai 107 & 242,—Pau. I, c. 35. J. 5, C. 19. 
beca x The ſon of Gileus king of Locris, was 
w 1 1 r vuamed Locrian, in contradiſtinction to the | 


"ys of Aius 


ALABANDA, an inland town of Caria; a- 
bounding with ſcorpions. The name is de- 
rived from Alabandus, a deity worſhipped 
there. Cic, de Nat, D. 3, c. 15.— Herodot. 
7, c. I195.—S{rab. 14. 

ALABUs, a river of Sicily. A 

AL $A, a city on a mountain of Sicily. 

AL XA, a ſirname of Minerva in Pelopon- 
neſus. Her feſtivals are alſo called Alza. 
Pau. 8, c. 4. 7. 

Ali; a number of iſlands in the 2 

4, 


— re _ 


A L 


gulf, abounding in tortoiſes, 
Perip. 

Alus, the father of Auge, who mar- 
ried Hercules. 

ALAGONIA, a city of 
c. 21 & 26. ; 

ALALA, the goddeſs of war, 
Mars. Plut. de glor, Athen. | 

ALAaLcoMENE, a city of Bœotia, where 
ſome ſuppoſe that Minerva was born, P/ur. 
eu. Gr. — Stat, Theb. 7, v. 330. 
AAL ta, a town of Corſica, built by a 
colony of Phocæans, deſtroyed by Scipio 
562 B. C. and afterwards rebuilt by Sylla. 
Herodot. 1, c. 165.— Flor. 2, c. 2. 

ALAMANEs, a ſtatuary of Athens, diſci- 
ple of Phidias. . 

ALAMANNT or ALEMANNT, a people of 
Germany, near the Hercynian foreſt, "They 
were very powerful, and inimical to Rome. 

ALANw1, a people of Sarmatia, near the 
Palus Mxotis, who were ſaid to have 26 
different languages. Strab. 

AL Axxks, a people of Pannonia. Tac. 15, 
Ann, c. 10. 

ALARICUSs, a ſamous king of the Goths, 
who plundered Rome in the reign of Hono- 
rius. He was greatly reſpected for his mi- 
litary valor, and during his reign he kept 
the Roman empire in continual alarms. He 
died after a reign of 13 years, A. D. 410. 

ALARTdD11, a nation ncar Pontus. Herodot. 
37 C. 94. ; 

ALASTOR, a ſon of Neleus and Chloris. 
Apollod. 1, c. 9. An arm-bearer to Sar- 
pedon, king of Lycia, killed by Ulyſles. | 
Ovid. Met. 13, v. 257. One of Pluto's 
Horſes when he carried away Proſerpine. 
Claud. de rapt. Prof. 1, v. 286. 

ALAupæ, ſoldiers of one of Cæſar's le- 
gions in Gaul. Sueton. in Jul. 24. 

ALAZON, a river flowing from mount 
Caucaſus into the Cyrus, and ſeparating Al- 
bania from Iberia. Flac. 6, v. 101. 


Arrian. in | 


Laconia. Pau. 3, 


ſiſter to 


ALBA SYLV1vs, ſon of Latinus Sylvius, 


fucceeded his father in the kingdom of Lati- 
um, and reigned 36 years. Ovid. Met. 14, 
v. 612. Longa, a city of Latium, built 
by Aſcanius, B. C. 1152, on the ſpot where 
Eneas found, according to the prophecy of 
Helenus, (irg. An. 3, v. 390, &c.), and 
of the god of the river, x. 8, v. 43), a 
ite ſow with 30 young ones. The de- 
ſcendants of Ancas reigned there in the fol- 
Jowing order: 1. Aſcanius, ſon of /Eneas, 
with little intermiſſion, 8 years. 2. Sylvius 
Poſthumus, 29 years. 3. Aneas Sylvius, 
31 years. 4. Latinus, 5 years. 5. Alba, 
36 years. 6. Atys or Capetus, 26 years. 
7. Capys, 28 years. 8. Calpetus, 13 years, 
9. Tibermus, 8 years. 10. Agrippa, 33 
years. 11, Remulus, 19 years. 12. Aven- 


Tacit. 2 Hip. c. 13. 


nus, 37 years. 13. Procas, 13 years. 


A L 


14. Numitor and Amulius. Alba was de- 


ſtroyed by the Romans, 665 B. C. and the Me 
inhabitants were carried to Rome. Liv, Þ), 
Flor. Juſtin. &c. A city of the Marſi in ma: 
Italy. Pompeia, a city of Liguria. Elin. nis 
35 C. 5. the) 
ALuAn1 and ALBENnsEs, names applied Cack 
to the inhabitants of the two cities of Alba, Flor 
Cie, ad Her, 2, c. 28. witl 
ALBAN14, a country of Aſia, between tory 
the Caſpian ſea and Iberia. The inhabitants A 
are ſaid to have their eyes all blue. Some cam: 
maintain that they followed Hercules from king 
mount Albanus in Italy, when he returned the 2 
from the conqueſt of Geryon, Dionyſ. Hal, the n 
. I 5.—7 in. 42, C. 3 11.— by I. 
Plin, 8, c. 40. — Mela. 3, c. 5.—The Caf- Here 
pian ſea is called Albanum, as being near Als iſland 
bania. Plin. 6, c. 13. It is 
ALBANUS, a mountain with a lake is reigne 
Italy, 16 miles from Rome. Hoerat. 2, ep. { albr, 
1. v. 27, The word taken adjectively, 1s tance. 
applicd to ſuch as are natives of, or belong "A, 
to, the town of Alba. Jong b 
ALB1A TERENTIA the mother of Othe, 


Set, 

ALBict, a people of Gallia Aquitan, 
Ca. bell. civ. 1, c. 34. 

ALB1ETA, a people of Latium. Dronyſ 
Hal. | 

ALBIGAUNUM, a townof Liguria. Mals. 
2z Co 4. 

Alix, two Roman orators of great me- 
rit, mentioned by Cicero in Brut, This name 
is common to many tribunes of the people, 
Liv, 2, c. 33. J. 6, e. 30.—Salluſ de Jug, 
Bell. 


ALB1inNovAnusCELsus. Vid. Celſus.— 
Pedo, a poet contemporary with Ovid, 
He wrote elegies, epigrams, and heroic 
poetry. Ovid. ex Pont. 4. ep. 10,—Quinti, 
IO, C. 5. 

ALBINTEMELIUM, a town of Liguria. 


aters y 
ofic fled 
Ake fell, 
to the x 
(elf in t 
Ig. . 
Al zv 
There the 
v. 

*. 
ntony * 
ALB01 
hom Sci 
lordid n 
$ ſervant 
ence, le 


punich t. 


Auzisus, was born at Adrumetum u 
Africa, and made governor of Britain, bf 
Commodus. After the murder of Pertinay, 
he was elected emperor by the ſoldiers in 
Britain, Severus had alſo been inveſted 
with the imperial dignity by his own army; 
and theſe two rivals, with about 50,000 
men, cach, came into Gaul to decide ths 
fate of the empire. Severus was conquerdh 
and he ordered the head of Albinus to be 
cut off, and his body to be thrown into the 
Rhone, A. D. 198. Albinus, according # 
the exaggerated account of a certain wil 
called Codrus, was famous for his voracht 


appetite, and ſornetimes eat for breakfaſt An an 
leſs than 500 figs, 100 peaches, 20 pounds us, an 

of dry raiſins, 10 melons, and 400 oyſten Me; io f, 
——A pretorian ſent to Sylla, as amb ll: tat he 
dor from the Senate during the civil ＋ Was Ma 


at des 
ind the 

Liv. 
larf in 
a, Plin. 


applied 
H Alba, 


between 
1abitanty 

Some 
les from 
returned 
ny[. Hal, 
Fl 1.— 
The Caſ- 
near Als 


a lake it 
rat. 2; ep. 
Ktivehy, 18 
or belong 


x of Oths, 


Aqguitand, 
m. Dro. 
uria. Mels. 


of great me · 
„This name 
the people, 
luſt de Jug 


d. Celſus 
with Ovid. 
and heroic 


a of Liguiik 


drumetum !l 
of Britain, 7 
er of Pertinn 
the ſoldiers 1 
been invel 
his own army} 
about 50,090 
to decide tf 
was conqueldy 
* Albinus to be 
thrown into: 


A JL. 


Ne was put to death by .Sylla's foldiers. | 


Plut. in Syll.— An uſurer. Herat. A Ro- 
man plebeian who received the veſtals into 
his chariot in preference to his family, when 
they fled from Rome, which the Gauls had 
ſacked. Val. Max. 1, c. 1.—Liv. 5, c. 40. 
Flor. 1; e. 13. A. Poſthumus, conful 
with Lucullus, A. U. C. 6or, wrote an hiſ- 
tory of Rome in Greck. 

AL RLON, ſon of Neptune by Amphitrite, 
came into Britain, where he eſtabliſhed a 
kingdom, and firit introduced aſtrology and 
the art of building ſhips. He was killed ar 
the mouth of the Rhone, with tones thrown 
by Jupiter, becauſe he oppoſed the paſiage of 
Hercules, Mela. 2, c. 5. The greateſt 
iſland of Europe, now called Great Britain. 
It is called after Albion, who is ſaid to have 
reigned there; or from its chalky white 
{albus rocks, which appear at a great diſ- 
tance. Plin. 4, c. 16.—Tacit. in Agric. 
be ancients compared its figure to a 
Jong buckler, or to the iron of a hatchet. 

Alis, a river of Germany falling into 
he German ocean, and now called the Elbe. 
MAN 2, V. 52. 

ALB1vUs, a man, father to a famous ſpend- 
hrift, Horat. 1. Sat. 4. A name of 
he poet Tibullus. Horat. 1. Od. 33, v. 1. 
ALBUCILLA, an immodeſt woman. 
acit, An. 6, C. 47. 

ALBULA, the ancient name of the river 
Tiber. Virg. An. 8, v. 332. 

ALRBUNEA, a wood near Tibur and the 
wer Anio, ſacred to the Muſes. It received 
ts name from a Sibyl, called alſo Albunea, 
vorhipped as a goddeſs at Tibur, whoſe 
emple ſtill remains. Near Albunea there 
as a (mall lake of the ſame name, whoſe 
aters were of a ſulphureous ſmell, and 
oflelled ſome medicinal properties. This 
Ake fell, by a ſmall ſtream called Albula, 
to the river Anio, with which it ſoon loſt 
(elf in the Tiber. Horat. 1. Od. 7, v. 12. 
rg. Eu. 7, v. 83. 

ALBURNUS, a lofty mountain of Lucania, 
ſhere the Tanager takes its riſe. Virg. G. 
v. 147. 

Arzus Pa cus, a place near Sidon, where 
ntony waited for the arrival of Cleopatra. 
ALBUT1Us, a prince of Celtibetia, to 
hom Scipio reſtored his wife. Arrian. 

lordid man, father to Canidia. He beat 
lervants before they were guilty of any 

ence, leſt, ſaid he, I ſhould have no time 

puniſh them when they offend. Horar. 2. 

2. A rhetorician in the age of Seneca. 

An ancient ſatyriſt. Cc. in Brut. 
us, an epicurean philoſopher, born at 
me; ſo fond of Greece and Grecian man- 
that he wiſhed not to paſs for a Roman. 

as made governor of Sardiaia; but he 


| 


| 


A L 


grew offenſive to the ſenate, and was bai 
ſhed. It is ſuppoſed that he died at Athens. 

Alcæus, acelebrated lyric poet, of Mity- 
lene in Leſbos, aboyt 600 years before the 
chriſtian ra. He fled from a battle, and his 
enemies hung up, in the temple of Minervay 
the armour which he left in the field, as a 
monument of his diſgrace, He is the inven» 
tor of alcaic verſes. He was contemporary 
to the famous Sappho, to whom he paid his 
addreſſes. Of all his works nothing but a 
few fragments remain, found in Athenæus. 
uin. 10. c. 1. Heradot. 5, c. 95. Horat. 
4. od. 9. Cc. 4. Tuſc. A poet of Athens, . 
laid by Suidas to be the inventor of tragedy. 
A writer of epigrams.—A. comic poet. 
A fon of Androgeus, who went with Hercu- 
les into Thrace, and was made king of part 
of the country. Apollod. 2, c. 5. A ſom 
of Hercules by a maid of Omphale.—A ſon 
of Perſeus, and father of Amphitryon. From 
him Hercules has been called Alcides. Apel- 
lod. 2, c. 4. Pau. 8, c. 14. 

ATCAMENES, one of the Agidæ, king 
of Sparta, known by his apophthegms. He 
lucceeded his father Teleclus, and reifhned 
37 years. The Helots rebelled in his reign. 
Par. 2, c. 2,1. 4, c. 4 & 5.— A general 
of the Achzans, Pauſ. 7, c. 15. A fla- 
tuary, who lived 448. B. C. and was diſtin- 
guiſhed for his ſtatues of Venus and Vulcan. 
.Pauſ. 5, c. 10. The commander of a 
Spartan fleet, put to death by the Atheni- 
ans. Thucyd. 4, c. 5, &c. 

ALCANDER, an attendant of Sarpedon, 
killed by Ulyſſes. Ovid. Met. 13, v. 257. 
——A Lacedæmonian youth, whoaccident= 
ally put out one of the eyes of Lycurgus. 
Plut. in Lyc.— Pauf. 3, c. 18,-—A Trojan 
killed by Turnus. Firg. An. , v. 767. 

ALCANDRE, the wife of Polybius, a rich 
Theban. Homer. Od. 4. 

ALCANOR, a Trojan of mount Ida, whoſe _ 
ſons Pandarus and Bitias followed ZAneas 
into Italy. Vg. Ax. , v. 672.—-—A ſor 
of Phorus, killed by Eneas. 1bid. 10, v. 
338. 

ALCATHoOE, a name of Megara in At- 
tica, becauſe rebuilt by Alcathoe. Ovid, 
Met. 8, v. 8. 

ALCATHOUS, a ſon of Pelops, who being 
ſuſpected of murdering his brother Chryſip- 
pus, came to Megara, where he killed a lion, 
which had deſtroyed the king's ſon. He 
ſucceeded to the Kingdom of Megara, and, 
in commemoration of his ſervices, feſtivals, 
called Alcathoia, were inſtituted at Megara. 
Pau. 1, c. 4, &c. A Trojan who mar- 
ried Hippodamia, daughter of Anchiſes. He 
was killed in the Trojan war, by Idomeneus, 
Homer. Il. 12, v. 93. A ſon of Parthaon, 
killed by Tydeus. Apolled. 1, e. 7, &c. 

D 3 A friend 


CONC — . — — 
1 - — — — 


a 
— 


—— 
— - "4 


en AA f 
- 
+ - 


A L 


A friend of neas killed in the Rutulian 
war. Viig. Ax. 10, v. 747. 

Alex, one of Actæon's dogs. Ovid. 
A town of Spain, which ſurrendered to 
Gracchus.* Liv. 40, c. 47. 

ALcEnoR, an Argive, who alone with 
Chromius ſurvived the battle between 300 
ot his country men and 300 Lacedæmonians. 
Ilerodot. 1, c. 82. N 

AlLcksrr, or Alcksris, daughter of 
Pelias, married Admetus. She, with her 
filters, put to death her father, that he might 
be reſtored to youth and vigor by Medea, 
who, however, refuſed to perform her pro- 
miſe, Upon this, the ſiſters fled to Admetus, 
who married Alcefte, They were ſoon pur- 
ſued by an army headed by their bruther 
Acaſtus; and Admetus being taken priſoner, 
was redeemed from death, by the generous 
offer of his wife, wlio was ſacrificed in his 
ſtead to appeaſe the ſhades of her father. 
Some ſay that Alceſte laid down her life for 
her huſband, when ſhe had been told by an 
oracle, that he could never recover from a 
diſeaſe except ſome one of his friends died 
In his ſtead. According to ſome authors, 
Hercules brought her back from hell. She 
had many ſuitors while ſhe lived with her 
father. Vid. Admetus. Juv, 6, v. 651,— 
Apollod. 1, c. 9,—Pauf. 5, c. 17,—Hygin, 
fab. 251.—Eurip. in Alceſt, 

ALcEtTAs, a king of the Moloſſi, deſcend- 
ed from Pyrrhus, the ſon of Achilles. Pauſ. 
25 e. 1m. A general of Alexander's army, 
brother to Perdiccas.—The eighth king of 
Macedonia, who reigned 29 years. An 
hiſtorian, who wrote an account of every 
thing that had been dedicated in the temple 
of Delphi. then. A ſon of Arybas, king 
of Epirus. Pau. 1, c. 11. 

ALcnatpas, a Rnodian, who became ena- 
moured of a naked Cupid of Praxiteles, 
Plin. 36, c. 5. | 

ALCHIMACHVUs, a celebrated painter. 
Plin. 35, c. 11. | 

ALC1B1ADEs, an Athenian general, fa- 
mous for his enterpriſing ſpirit, verſatile ge- 
nius, and natural foibles. He was diſciple to 
Socrates, whoſe leſſons and example checked, 


For a while, his vicious propenſities. In the 


Peloponneſian wars he encouraged the Athe- 
nians to make an expedition againſt Syracuſe. 
He was choſen general in that war, and in 
his abſence, his enemies accuſed him of im- 
ET and confiſcated his goods. Upon this 

e fled, ſtirred up the Spartans to make war 
againſt Athens; and when this did not ſuc- 
cced, he retired to Tiſſaphernes, the Perſian 
general. Being recalled by the Athenians, 
he obliged the Lacedzmonians to ſue for 
peace, made ſeveral conqueſts in Aſia, and 
was received in triumph at Athens, His po- 
pularity wap of ſhort duration; the failure of 

5 | 


& tf 


an expedition againſt Cyme, expoſed hin te 
again to the reſentment of the people, and A 
he fled to Pharnabazus, whom he afmoſ A, 
induced to make war upon Lacedzmoyn, 
This was told to Lyſander, the Spartan ge- wr 
neral, who prevailed upon Pharnabazus to Di 
murder Alcibiades, Two ſervants were ſent | 
for that purpoſe, and they ſet on fire the 2 
cottage where he was, and killed him with a 
darts as he attempted to make his eſcape 0 
He died in the 46th year of his age, 40 Ph. 
B. C. after a life of perpetual difficulties, He 
If the fickleneſs of his countrymen had ſhix 
known how to retain amang them the talent; tal 
of a man who diſtinguiſhed himſelf, and verk 
was admired wherever he went, they might prot 
have riſen to greater ſplendor, and to the —f 
ſovereignty of Greece, His character has —} 
been cleared from the aſperſions of malev- 56.— 
lence, by the writings of Thucydides, Ti- A ſo 
mæus, and Theopompus; and he is known Am 
to us as a hero, who, to the principles of the the | 
debauchee, added the intelligence and fi- dofty 
gacity of the ſtateſman, the cool intrepidity is thi 
of the general, and the humanity of the At 
7 her. Plut. & C. Nep. in Alcib.— Ovid 
kucyd. 5, 6 & 7,—Aenoph, Hift, Gres. Al 
I, &c.— Died. 12. in the 
ALCIDAMas, of Cos, father to Cteſila, epiſtle 
who was changed into a dove. Ovid. Me, contai 
7. fab. 12. A celebrated wreſtler. Stet, and m 
Theb. 10, v. 500. A philoſopher and ſupp 
orator, who wrote a treatiſe on death, He the qt] 
was pupil to Gorgias, and floriſhed B. C. Leigf. 
424. Duinti, 3 C. I AL 
ALciDaMEA, was mother of Bunus by by Ag 
Mercury. rhotius 
ALcinaMtpas, a general of the Meſſent of Met 
ans, who retired to Rhegium, after the tak 3z c. 1 
ing of Ithome by the Spartans, B. C. 72). and v. 
Straß, 6. Marpeſ 
ALlcipkuvs, an Athenian rhetoriciah an elep 
who wrote an eulogy on death, &c. Cie. !. Man, 
Tuſc. c. 48.—Plut. de Orat. ALc 
ALCIDAS, a Lacedzmonian, ſent with i baniſhec 


galleys againſt Corcyra, in the Peloponnefiat Mocrite, 


war. Thucyd. 3, c. 16, &c. | ALc1 

Al cis, a name of Hercules, from it ALct 
ſtrength, ax, or from his grandfather A Culed the 
cæus. A ſirname of Minerva in Mace into a bh 
nia. Liv. 42 which ſh 


3 4 6 
AL pIce, the mother of Tyro, by Sat Aer. 4. 


moneus. Apollod. 1, c. 9. Ar cu 
Alciukpr, the mother of Jaſon, Phiaraug 
Aſon. Flace. 1, v. 296. oy the Theb 
ALCIMEDoxN, a plain of Arcadia, with 3 rged h 
cave, the reſidence of Alcimedon, ue le, wh 
daughter was raviſhed by Hercules. I ale. 
. An excellent carver. Fg eath, he 
Ecl. 3. A ſailor, &. Ovid. Met Ame the } 
fab. 10, . h 
- ALcimEnes, a tragic poet of Me tbe 


, . T 
—— comic wiiter of Athens. 


ten 


RS 


ed hin tendant of Demetrius. Plut. in Dem. 
le * A man killed by his brother Bellerophon. 
** Aal. a, e. 3. + 

e Atcimus, an hiſtorian of Sicily, who 


wrote an account of Italy. 


tan ge- An orator. 
bazus to Diog. 1 ea ths 
were ſent ALC1NoF, a daughter of Sthenelus, Apol- 


; lad. 2, c. 4. 
fire the ALcing R. Vid. Alcenor. 


him with Alcixous, a ſon of Nauſithous king of 
s eſcape . iſed for his love of agriculture 
age, 4% Fheseia, PrANed For Als lone OT Agr : 


Mcultics He kindly entertained Ulyfſes, who had been 
| * ſhipwrecked on his coaſt, and heard the reci- 


= Go tal of his adventures; whence aroſe the pro- 
GIF and verb of the tories of Alcinous, to-denote im- 
bey might probability. Homer, Od. 7.—0rph. in Argon. 
ey met i e. C. 2, v. 87.— Stat. 1. Hl. 3, v. 81. 
racter has — Juv. 5, v. 151. — Ovid. Am. 1, el. 10. v. 


8 86. Plato de Rep. to. — Apollod. 1, c. 9. 
Sag A ſon of Hippocoon.—Apolled. 3, c. 10. 


4 A man of Elis. Pauſ. A philoſopher in 
__ 11 2 the ſecond 3 wrote a book De 
v4 and wy deFrina Platenis, the beſt edition of which 
Intrephliy is the 12 mo. printed Ov. 1667. 
ity of the ALCtoNEVS, a man killed by Perſeus. 
„ Alcib.- Ovid. Met. 5, fab. 4. 
. Grat. Al CIPHRON, a philoſopher of Magneſia, 
in the age of Alexander. There are ſome 
to Ctefilly epiſtles in Greek, that bear his name, and 
Ovid. Me. contain a very perfect picture of the cuſtoms 
eſtler. Stat, and manners of the Greeks. They are by ſome 
ſopher and ſuppoſed to be the production of a writer of 
a — He the 4th century. The only edition is that of 
"ſhed B. EC Leipſ. 12mo. 1715, cum notis Bergleri. 


ALCIPPE, a davghter of the god Mars, 

f Bunus . by Agraulos. She was raviſhed by Halir- 
rhotius. Apollod. 3, c. 14. The wife 

of Metion, and mother to Eupalamus. Td. 
3, c. 16. The daughter of Oenomaus, 
and wife of Evenus, by whom ſhe had 
Marpeſſa. A woman who brought forth 


the Meſſent 
ter the tak 


» B. Ge 72% 


icin an elephant. Plin. 7. A countrywo- 
; _ h man. Virg. Ecl. 7. 
. Ar cirrus, a reputed citizen of Sparta, 
1 ſent with 33 baniſhed by his enemies. He married De- 
Peloponnclit mocrite, of whom Plut. in Erat. 


ALC1s, adaughter of Agyptus. Apollod. 
ALCITHoE, a Theban woman who ridi- 
culed the orgies of Bacchus. She was changed 
into a bat, and the ſpindle and yarn with 
which ſhe worked, into a vine and ivy. Ovid. 
Met. 4. fab. 1. 


ALCM&0w, was ſon of the prophet Am- 


ules, from i 
andfather A 
va in Mace 


Phiaraus and Eriphyle. His father going to 
of Jak the Theban 5 - + 2 he was 4 Fo 
Arcadia, Wi! Charged him to revenge his death upon Eri- 
medon, wh! Pyle, who had betrayed him. Vid. Erie | 
ercules. © are As ſoon as he heard of his father's 
carver- Pr cath, he murdered his mother, for which 
Ovid. Mel. dime the Furies perſecuted him till Phlegeus 


. him and gave him his daughter 
Ipheſibęa in marriage. Alemæon gave 


ler the fatal collar which his mother had 


A L 


received to betray his father, and afterwards 
divorced her, and married Callirhoe the 
daughter of Achelous, to whom he promi- 
ſed the necklace he had given to Alpheſibœa. 
When he attempted to recover it, Alpheſi- 
bœa's brothers murdered him on account ef 
the treatment he had ſhown their fiſter, and 
left his body a prey to wild beaſts, Ale- 
mæon's children by Callirhoe revenged 
their father's death by killing his murderers. 
[Vid. Alphefibera, Amphiaraus.] Pauſ. 5, 
Cc. 12. |. 6, c. 18. I. 8, c. 24. —Plut. de 
Exil.— Apoliod. 3, c. 7.—Hygin. fab. 73 
& 245.—Stat. fleb, 2 & 4.— Ovid. Faſt. 
2, v. 44. Met. 9. fab. 10. A ſon of 
Ægyptus. Apollod. A philoſopher, diſ- 
ciple to Pythagoras, born in Crotona. He 
wrote on phyſic, and he was the firſt who 
diſſected animals to examine into the ſtruc- 
ture of the human frame. Cic. de Nat. D. 
5, e. 7. A fon of the poet AÆſchy lus. 
A ſon of Syllus, driven from Meſſenia 
with the reſt of Neſtor's family, by the 
Heraclide. He came to Athens, and from 
him * Alemæonidæ are deſcended. Pauſ. 
* . 

Al cr ONfDæ, a noble family of A- 
thens, deſcended from Alemæon. They 
undertook for 300 talents to rebuild the 
temple of Delphi, which had been burnt, 
and they finiſhed the work in a more ſplen- 
did manner than was required, in conſe- 
quence of which they gained popularity, 
and by their influence the Pythia prevailed 
upon the Lacedzmonians to deliver their 
country from the tyranny of the Piſiſtratidæ. 
Herodot. 5 & 6.—-Thucyd. 6, c. 59.—Plut. 
in Solon, 

ALCMAN, a very ancient Lyric poet, born 
in Sardinia, and not at Lacedzmon, as ſome 
ſuppoſe. He wrote, in the Doric dialect, 6 
books of verſes, beſides a play called Colym- 
boſas. He floriſhed B. C. 670, and died of 
the louſy diſeaſe. Pau. 1, c. 41. 1. 3, c. 
I5.—Ariftot. Hiſt. Anim. 5, c. 31. 

ALCMENA, was daughter. of Ele&ryon 
king of Argos, by Anaxo, whom Plat. de Reb. 
Grec. calls Lyſidice, and Died. I. 2, Eury- 
mede. Her father promiſed his crown and 
his daughter to Amphitryon, if he would re- 
venge the death of his ſons, who had been all 
Killed, except Licymnius, by the Telebo- 
ans, a people of ÆEtolia. While Amphitry- 
on was gone againſt the Ætolians, Jupiter, 
who was enamoured of Alcmena, reſolved 
to introduce himſelf into her hed. The 
more effectually to infure ſucceſs in his 
amour, he aſſumed the form of Amphitry- 
on, declared that he had obtained a victory 
over Alcmena's enemies, and even pre- 
ſented her with a cup, which he ſaid he 
had preſerved from the ſpoils for her ſake, 
| Alcmena yielded to her lover what ſhe had 

D 3 promiſed 


A 
4 . 
- 
£ 
- 
\ 
1 


L — — — 3 VT — . 
—— — 1 — " . 


„ 


Promiſed to her future huſband; and jupiter, 


to delay the return of Amphitryon, ordered 
his meſſenger, Mercury, to ſtop the riſing of 
Phoebus, or the ſun, ſo that the night he 
paſſed with Alcmena was prolonged tv three 
Jeng nights. Amphitryon returned the next 


day; and after complaining of the coldneſs 


with which he was received, Alcraena gf - 
quainted him witff the reception of a falſe 
Jover the preceding night, and even ſhowed 
bim the cup which ſhe had received. Am- 
phitryon was perplexed at the relation, and 
more ſo upon miſſing the cup from among 
his ſpoils. He went to the prophet Tireſias, 
who told him of Jupiter's intrigue; and he 
returned to his wife, proud of the dignity ot 
his rival. Alcmena became pregnant by Ju- 
piter, and afterwards. by her huſhand ; and 
when ſhe was going to bring forth, Jupiter 
boaſted in heaven, that a child was to be 
born that day, to whom hewould give abſolute 
power over his neighbours, and even over all 
the children of his own blood. Juno, who 


Was jealous of Jupiter's amours with Alc- 


mena, made him ſwear by the Styx, and 
Immediately prolonged the travails of Alc- 
mena, and haſtened the bringing forth ot 
the wife of Sthenelus king of Argos, who, 
after a pregnancy of ſeven months, had a 
ſon called Euryſtheus. Ovid, Met. 8, fab. 
5, &c. ſays, that Juno was aſſiſted by 
Lucina to put off the bringing forth of Alc- 
mena, and that Lucina, in the form of an 
old woman, fat before the door of Amphi- 
tryon with her legs and arms croſſed. This 
poſture was the cauſe of infinite torment to 
Alcmena, till her ſervant, Galanthis, ſup- 
Poſing the old woman to be a witch, and to 
de the caufe of the pains of her miſtreſs, told 
her that ſhe had brought forth. Lucina re- 
tired from her poſture, and immediately 
Alcmena brought forth twins, Hercu- 
Jes conceived by Jupiter, and Iphiclus by 
Amphitryon. Euryſtheus was already born, 
and therefore Hercules was ſubjected to his 
power. After Amphitryon's death, Alcmena 
married Rhadamanthus, and retired to Oca- 
Jea in Bœotia. This marriage, according to 
ſome authors, was celebrated in the iſland of 
Leuce. The people of Megara ſaid that ſhe 
had been buried in the temple of [upiter O- 
Iympius. Pauſ. 1, c. 41. I. 5, c. 18. 1.9, 
E. 16.— Plat. in Theſ. & Romul. — Homer. 
Od. 11. Il. 19.—Pindar. Pyth. 9. Lucian 
Dial. Deor.— Diod. 4.—Hygin. fab. 29.— 
Apollod. 2, c. 4, 7. l. 3, c. 1.—Plaut. in 
Amplit.— Herodot. 2, c. 43 & 45. Vid. 
Amphitryon, Hercules, Euryſtheus, 
ALCoN, a famous archer, who one day 
aw his ſon attacked by a ſerpent, and aimed 
at him ſo dexterouſly that he killed the beat 
without hurting his ſon, A filver ſmith, 


Ovid, Met. 13, fab, 5,——A ſon of Hippo- | 


A L 


coon. Pau. 3, c. 14.—— A ſurgeon under 


Claudius, who gained much money by his 


HAolus, married 


huſband's fate; 


65. 


558. 
tab. . 174. 


cyes. 


Diog. 4. 


on. He was 


ALCYGNA, 


ALDESCUS, 


Per. 
ALDUXABIS. 


and Diana the 


E. 23. k 


ALEBAS, 4 


vals of Bacchus were celebrated, the Wo- 
men were whipped in the temple. Pau. N 


profeſſion, in curing hernias and fractures. 
-—Þ -A ſon of Mars, 
Theſe two laſt were at the chace of the Caly. 
donian boar. Hygin. fab. 173. 
ALCyG6Nneg, or HALcyYG6wr, daughter of 


An of Amycus, 


Ceyx, who was drowned as 


he was going to conſult the oracle. The 
gods apprized Alcyone, in a dream, of her 


and when ſhe found, on the 


morzow, his body waſhed on the ſea-ſhore, 
| ſhe threw herſclf into the ſea, and was with 
her huſband changed into birds of the fame 
name, who keep the waters calm and ſerene 
while they build, and fit on their neſts on the 
ſurface of the ſea, for the ſpace of 7, 11, or 
14 days. Firg. 
c. 7.—Ovid. Met. 11, fab. 10.—Hygin. fab, 
One of the Pleiades, daughter of 
Atlas. She had Arethuſa by Neptune, and 
Eleuthera by Apollo. She, with her ſiſters, 
was changed into a conſtellation. Vd. Plei- 
ades. Pauf. 2, Cc. 30. l. 3, c. 18.— Ape. 
lod. 3, c. 10. —Hypin. fab. 157.— be 
daughter of Evenus, carried away by Apollo 
after her marriage. Her hufband purſued the 
raviſher with bows and arrows, but was net 
able to recover her. Upon this, her parents 
called her Alcyone, and compared her ſate to 
that of the wife of Ceyx. Homer. I. , v. 
The wife of Meleager. Hir. 
A town of "Theſſaly, where 
Philip, Alexander's father, loſt one of bis 


(7. 1, v. 399.—4polled, t, 


ALcybnevs, a youth of exemplary vit- 
tue, ſon to Antigonus, Plut. in Pyrrh.—— 
A.giant, brother to Porphyn- 


killed by Hercules. His 


daughters, mourning his death, threw thems* 
ſelves into the ſea, and were changed into 
Alcyons, by Amphitrite. Claudian. de Rap. 
Proſ.—Apollod. 


t, S 6 
a pool of Greece, whoſe 


depth the emperor Nero attempted in vail 
to find. Pau. 2, c. 37. 


a river of European Sarma» 


tia, riſtng from the Riphæan mountains, 
and falling into the northern ſea. Diomſ. 


Vid. Dubis. 


ALFA, a ſirname of Minerva, from her 
temple, built by Aleus, ſon of Aphidas at 
Tegza in Arcadia. The ftatue of the god. 
deſs made of ivory was carried by Auguſtus 
to Rome. Pau. 8, c. 4 & 46.——A om 
of Arcadia, built by Aleus. It had three fa- 
mous temples, that of Minerva, Bacchus, 


Epheſian. When the feſti- 


tyrant of Lariſſa, killed 


n under 
y by his 
aCtures, 
\ mycus, 


he Caly- 


1ghter of 
»wned as 
le. The 
1, of her 
d, on the 
ea-ſhore, 
was with 
the ſame 
nd ferene 
ſs on the 
7, 11, or 
Ipod. t, 
ven. fab, 
ughter of 
tune, and 
der ſiſters, 
Vid. Plei- 
8 Appl. 
.be 
by Apollo 
urſued the 
ut was nct 
er parents 
her tate to 
7 IL. 9, V. 
r. Hygin. 
y, where 
one of bis 


nplary vit- 
Pyrrh.—— 
> Porphyri- 
ules. His 
grew thems* 
,anged into 


an. de Rap. 


ece, Whoſe 
ted in vain 


can Sarma» 
mountains, 
a. Dion. 


a, from het 
Aphidas at 
of the por” 
Augu us 
2 town 
nad three fa- 
Va, Bacchus, 
zen the feltt- 
ed, the W0* 
le, Pauſ.by 


illed by 
a, killed bf 


A L 
his own guards for his cruelties. Ovid. in 
Ib. 323. 5 

Ar.£B810Nn and Drx cus, ſons of Nep- 
tune, were killed by Hercules, for ſtealing 
his oxen in Africa. Apollod. 2, C. 5. 

AlLzcro, one of the Furics, (a, XMnyw 
non deſino is repreſented with her head 
eovered with ſerpents, and breathing venge- 
ance, war, and peſtilence. Vid. Eumenides. 
Virg. Ain. 7, v. 324. |. 10, v. 41. 

Ale ro, ſucceeded his father Anaxago- 
ras in the kingdom of Argos, and was father 
to Iphis and Capaneus. Ta. 2, c. 13.— 
Apollod. 3, c. 6. 

ALECTRYON, a youth whom, Mars, dur- 
ing his amours with Venus, ſtationed at the 
door to watch againſt the approach of the 
ſun. He fell aſleep, and Apollo came and 
diſcovered the lovers, who were expoſed by 
Vulcan, in each other's arms, before all the 
gods. Mars was ſo incenſed that he changed 
Ale&ryon into a cock, who, ſtill mindful 
of his neglect, early announces the approach 
of the ſun, Lucian, in Ale, 

ALECTUS, a tyrant of Britain, in Diocle- 
fan's reign, &c. He died 296, A. D. 

ALEius CAMPUs, aplace in Lycia, where 
Bellerophon fell from the horſe Pegaſus, and 
wandered over the country till the time of 
his death. Homer. II. 6. v. 201,-Diony/. 
Perieg.— Ovid. in Ibid. 257. 

ALEMANNI, or Alamanni, a people of 
Germany. 

ALEMoN, the father of Myſcellus. He 
built Crotona in Magna Grecia. Myſcellus 
is often called Alemonides. Ovid, Met. 15, 
v. 19 & 26. 

ALzuustt, inhabitants of Attica, in 
whoſe country there was a temple of Ceres 
and of Proſerpine. Pauſ. in Attic, 

ALENs, a place in the iſland of Cos. 

ALEON, or Ales, a river of Ionia, near 
Colophon, Pau. 7, c. 5.1. 8, c. 28. 

ALEsE, a town of Sicily, called afterwards 
Archonidion, after the 4 The Ro- 
mans made it an independent city. 

ALEs1A, or Alexia, a famous city of the 
Mandubri in Gaul, founded by Hercules as 
he returned from Iberia, on a high hill. J. 
Cxſar conquered it. Flor. 3, Cc. 10.—C/. 
bell. Gall. 7, C. 68. 

ALES1UM, a town and mountain of Pelo- 
ponneſus. Par, 8, c. 10. 

ArET ES, a ſon of Ægiſthus, murdered by 
Oreſtes. Hygin. fab. 122. 

ALETHES, the firſt of the Heraclidæ, who 
was King of Corinth. He was ſon of Hippo- 
tas. Pauſ. 2, c. 4-——A companion} of 
Mneas, deſcribed as a prudent and venera- 
ble old man, Virg. An. 1, v. 125. l. 9, 
V. 246, 

ALETHIA, one of Apollo's nurſes. 

ALtTipas, (from a RA. to wander ), 


— 


A L 


certain ſacrifices at Athens, in remembrance 
of Erigone, who wandered with a dog after 
her father Icarus. 

ALETRIUM, a town of Latium, whoſe 
inhabitants are called Aletrinates. Liv. 9, 
e. 48. 

'ALFtTum, a tomb near the harbour of 
Carthage in Spain. Polyb. 10. 

Allr UADÆ, a royal family of Lariſſa in 
Theſſaly, deſcended from Aleuas king of 
that country. They betrayed their country 
to Xerxes, The name is often applied to 
the Theſſalians without diſtinction. Died. 
16.—Herodet, 7, c. 6. 172.—Paif. 3, e. 
8. I. 7, c. lo. —-Aliau. Anim. 8. c. 11. 

Altus, a king of Arcadia, famous for 
his ſkill in building temples, Pauſ. 8, c. 
4 & 53. 

ALEx, a river in the country of the Brutii, 
Dienyſ. Perieg. 

ALEXAMENUS, an Ztolian, who killed 
Nabis, tyrant of Lacedzmon, and was ſoon 
after. murdered by the people. Liv. 35, c 
34. f 

ALEXANDER 1ft, ſon of Amyntas, was 
the tenth king of Macedonia. He killed ths 
Perſian ambaſſadors for their immodeſt be- 
haviour to the women of his father's court, 
and was the firſt who raiſed the reputation 
of the Macedonians, He reigned 43 years, 
and died 451 B. C. Juſtin. 7, c. 3.—Hes 
rodot. 8, 7, 8 & 9. 

ALEXANDER 2d, ſonof Amyntas 2d, king 
of Macedonia, was treacherouſly murdered, 
B. C. 370, by his younger brother Ptolemy, 
who held the kingdom for four years, and 
made way for Perdiccas and Philip. Fuftin. 
7, c. 5, ſays Eurydice, the wife of Amyn- 
tas, was the cauſe of his murder. | 

ALEXANDER 3d, ſurnamed the Great, 
was ſon of Philip and Olympias. He was 
born B. C. 355, that night on which the fa- 
mous temple of Diana at Epheſus was burnt 
by Eroſtratus. This event, according to the 
magicians, was an early prognoſtic of his fu- 
ture greatneſs, as well as the taming of Buce- 
phalus, a horſe whom none vf the king's 
courtiers could manage; upon which Philip 
ſaid with tears in his eyes, that his ſon muſt 
ſeek another kingdom, as that of Macedonia 
would not be ſufficiently large for the diſplay 
of his greatneſs, Olympias during her preg- 
nancy declared, that ſhe was with child by 
a dragun; and the day that Alexander was 
born, two eagles perched for ſome time on 
the houſe of Philip, as if foretelling that his 
ſon would become maſter of Europe and 
Aſia. He was pupil to Ariſtotle during hve 
years, and he received his learned precep- 
tor's inſtructions with becoming deference 
and pleaſure, and ever reſpected his abili- 


ties, When Philip went to war, Alexander, 


in his 15th year, was left governor of Ma- 


cedonꝶ, 


MM. 


y 
o 
e 
; 
l 
4 
y 
1 


A L 


cedonia, where he quelled a dangerous ſedi- 
tion and ſoon after foHowed his father to the 
field, and ſaved his life in a battle. He 
was highly offended when Philip divorced 
Olympias to marry Cleopatra, and even 
cauſed the death of Attalus, the new queen's 
brother. After this he retired from court to 
his mother Olympias, but was recalled ; 
and when Philip was aſſaſſinated, he puniſh- 
ed his murderers; and, by his prudence and 
moderation, gained the affect ion of his ſub- 
jects. He conquered Thrace and Illyricum, 
and deſtroyed Thebes; and after he had 
been choſen chief commander of all the 
forces of Greece, he declared war againſt 
the Perſians, who under Darius and Xerxes 
had laid waſte and plundered the nobleſt of 
the Grecian cities. With 32, ooo foot and 
5,000 horſe, he invaded Aſia, and after the 
defeat of Darius at the Granicus, he con- 
quered all the provinces of Aha Minor. He 
obtained two other celebrated victories over 
Darius at Iſſus and Arbela, took Tyre after 
an obſtinate ſiege of ſeven months, and the 
laughter of 2000 of the inhabitants in cool 
blood, and made himſelf maſter of Egypt, 
Media, Syria, and Perha. From Egypt he 
viſited the temple of Jupiter Ammon, arid 
bribed the prieſts, who ſaluted him as the 
ſon of their god, and enjoined his army to 
pay him divine honors. He built a town 


which he called Alexandria, on the weſtern 


lide of the Nile, near the coaſt of the Medi- 
terranean, an eligible ſituation which his 
penetrating eye marked as beſt entitled to 
become the future capital of his immenſe 
dominions, and to extend the commerce of 
his ſubjects from the Mediterranean to the 
Ganges. His conqueſts were ſpread over 
India, where he fought with Porus, a power- 
ful king of the country ; and after he had 
invaded Scythia, and viſited the Indian 
ocean, he retired to Babylon, loaded with 
the ſpoils of the caſt. His entering the city 
was foretold by the magicians as fatal, and 
their prediction was fulfilled, He died at 
Babylon the 2 1ſt of April, in the 32d year 
of his age, after a reign of 12 years and 8 
months of brilliant and continued ſucceſs, 
323 B. C. His death was fo premature that 
ſome have attributed it to the effects of poi- 
ſon, and exceſs of drinking. Antipater has 
been accuſed of cauſing the fatal poiſon to be 
given him at a feaſt; and perhaps the reſent- 
ment of the Macedonians, whoſe ſervices he 
ſeemed to forget, by entruſting the guard of 
his body to the Perſians, was the cauſe of his 
death, He was ſo univerſally regretted, that 
Babylon was filled with tears and lamenta- 
tions; and the Medes and Macedonians de- 
clared, that no one was able or worthy to ſuc- 
ceed him. Many conſpiracies were formed 
againſt him by the officers of his army, but 


3 


they were all ſeaſonably ſuppreſſed. His ten · 
der treatment of the wife and mother of king 
Darius, who were taken priſoners, has been 
greatly praiſed; and the latter, who had ſur- 
vived the death of her ſon, killed herſelf when 
ſhe heard that Alexander was dead. His 
great intrepidity more than once endangered 
his life ; he always fought as if ſure of vic- 
tory, and the terror of his name was often 
more powerfully effectual than his arms, 
He was always forward in every engage- 
r and bore the labors of the field as 
well as the meaneſt of his ſoldiers. During 
his conqueſts in Aſia, he founded many cities, 


name, When he had conquered Darius, 
he ordered himſelf to be worſhipped as a 
god; and Calliſthenes, who refuſed to do it, 
was ſhamefully put to death. He murdered, 
at a banquet, his friend Clitus, who had 
once ſaved his life in a battle, becauſe he 
enlarged upon the virtues and exploits of 
Philip, and preferred them to thoſe of his 
ſon. His victories and ſucceſs encreaſed his 
pride; he dreſſed himſelf in the Perſian 
manner, and gave himſelf up to pleaſure and 
diſſipation. He ſet on fire the town of Per- 
ſepolis, in a fit of madneſs and intoxication, 
encouraged by the courtezan Thais, Yet 
among all his extravagancies, he was fond of 
candor and of truth; and when one of his 
officers read to him, as he failed on the Hy- 
daſpes, an hiſtory which he had compoſed 
of the wars with Porus, and in which he had 
too liberally panegyrized him, Alexander 
ſnatched the book from his hand, and threw 
it into the river, ſaying, © what need is there 
of ſuch flattery ? are not the exploitsof Alex- 
ander ſufficiently metitorious in themſelves, 
without the colorings of falſchood?”” He in 
like manner rejected a ſtatuary, who offered 
to cut mount Athos like him, and repreſeut 
himas holding a town in one hand, and pour- 
ing a river from the other, He forbade any 
ſtatuary to make his ſtatue except Lyhppus, 
and any painter to draw his picture except 
Apelles. On his death-bed he gave his ring 
to Perdiccas, and it was ſuppoſed that by this 
ſingular preſent, he wiſhed to make him his 
ſucceſſor. Some time before his death, his 
officers aſked him whom he appointed to ſuc» 
ceed him on the throne ? and he anſwered, the 
worthieſt among you; but I am afraid, added 
he, my beſt friends will perform my funeral 
obſequies with bloody hands. Alexander,with 
all his pride, was humane and liberal, caſy 
and familiar with his friends, a great patron 
of learning, as may be collected from his 
aſſiſting Ariſtotle with a purſe of money to 
effect the completion of his natural hiſtory. 
He was brave often to raſhneſs ; he fre- 
quently lamented that his father conquere 


every thing, and left him nothing to 2 


which he called Alexandria, after his own - 


s ten 
King 
been 
d ſur- 
when 
His 
igered 
F vic- 
often 
arms. 
gage- 
eld as 
During 
cities, 
S OWN - 
Darius, 
d as 2 
do it, 
rdered, 
ho had 
uſe he 
oits of 
of his 
iſed his 
Perſian 
are and 
of Per- 
ication, 
„ (-- 
fond of 
> of his 
he Hy- 
mpoſed 
he had 
exander 
d threw 
is there 
f Alex- 
mſelves, 
He in 
» offered 
epreſeut 
nd pour- 
ade any 
yſippus, 
except 
his ring 
at by this 
him his 
eath, his 
d to ſuc- 
ered, the 
d, added 
y funeral 
der, with 
ral, eaſy 
at patron 
from his 
money to 
| hiſtory» 
he fre- 
onquered 
g ro doz 
and 


A L 


und exclaimed, in all the pride of regal 
dignity, Give me kings for competitors, 
and I will enter the liſts at Olympia. All 
his family and infant children were put to 
death by Caſſander. The firſt deliberation 
that was made after his deceaſe, among his 
generals, was to appoint his brother Philip 
Aridzus ſucceſſor, until Roxane, who was 
then pregnant by him, brought into the 
world a legitimate heir. Perdiccas wiſhed 
to be ſupreme regent, as Aridzus wanted 
capacity; and, more ſtrongly to eſtabliſh 
himſelf, he married Cleopatra, Alexan- 
der's ſiſter, and made alliance with Eumenes. 
As he endeavoured to deprive Ptolemy of 
Egypt, he was defeated in a battle by Seleu- 
cus and Antigonus, on the banks of the river 
Nile, and aſſaſſinated by his own cavalry. 
Perdiccas was the firſt of Alexander's gene- 
rals who took up arms againſt his fellow ſol- 
chers, and he was the firſt who fell a ſacrifice 
to his raſhneſs and cruelty. To defend him- 
ſelf againſt him, Ptolemy made a treaty of 
alliance with ſome generals, among whom 
was Antipater, who had ſtrengthened himſelf 
by giving his daughter Phila, an ambitious 
and aſpiring woman, in marriage to Craterus, 
another of the generals of Alexander. Af- 
ter many difſenhons and bloody wars among 
themlelves, the generals of Alexander laid 
the foundations of ſeveral great empires in the 
three quarters of the globe. Ptolemy ſeized 
Egypt, where he firmly eſtabliſhed himſelf, 
and where his ſucceſſors were called Ptole- 
mies, in honor of the founder of their em- 
pire, which ſubſiſted till the time of Auguſ- 
tus. Seleucus and his poſterity reigned in 
Babylon and Syria. Antigonus at firſt eſta- 
Hiſhed himfelt in Aſia Minor, and Antipater 
in Macedonia. The deſcendants of Antipater 
were conquered by the ſucceſſors of Antigo- 
nus, who reigned in Macedonia till it was 
reduced by the Romans in the time of king 
Perſeus. Lyſimachus made himſelf maſter 
of Thrace; and Leonatus, who had taken 
poſſeſſion of Phrygia, meditated for a while 
to drive Antipater from Macedonia. Eu- 
menes eſtabliſhed himſelf in Cappadocia, but 
was ſoon overpowered by the combinations of 
his nval Antigonus, and ſtarved to death, 
During his life-time, Eumenes appeared ſo 
formidable to the ſucceſſors of Alexander, 
that none of them dared to aſſume the title 
of king. Curt. Arrian & Plut. have writ- 
«5 = opt of Alexander's life. Died. 
18.— Pauſ. 1, 7, 8, 9.— Tuſtin. 11 
& 12,—Pal. ©." 2.7 * Fd A 
lon of Alexander the Great, by Roxane, put 
% death with his mother, by Caſſander. 
Juftin, 15, c. 2. A man, who, after 
the expuſſion of Teleſtes, reigned in Co- 
auth. Twenty-five years after, Teleſtes 


Ulpollefled tum, and put him to death, 


th 


A L 


A ſon of Caſſander, king of Macedonia 
who reigned two years conjointly with his 
brother Antipater, and was prevented by 
Lyſimachus from revenging his mother 
Theſſalonica, whom his brother had mur- 
dered. Demetrius, the fon of Antigonus, 
put him to death. Tuſtin. 16, c. 1. Pau. 
e. 7. A king of Epirus, brother to 
Olympias, and ſucceſſor to Arybas. He 
baniſhed Timolaus to Peloponneſus, and 
made war in Italy againſt the Romans, and 
obſerved that he fought with men, while his 
nephew, Alexander the Great, was fighting 
with an army of women (meaning the Per- 
hans). He was ſirnamed Moloſſus. Jin. 
17, c. 3.— Diod. 16.—Liv. 8, c. 17 & 27. 
—Strab. 16. A ſon of Pyrrhus, was king 
of Epirus. He conquered Macedonia, from 
which he was expelled by Demetrius. He 
recovered it by the aſſiſtance of the Acarna- 
nians. TFuftin. 26, c. 3.—Plut. in Pyrrh. 
A king of Syria, driven from his King- 
dom by Nicanor, ſon of Demetrius Soter, 
and his father-in-law Ptolemy Philometor. 
Tuſtin. 35, c. 1 & 2.—Jeſepl. 13. ant. 
Tud.—Strab. 17. A king of Syria, firſt 
called Bala, was a merchant, and ſucceeded 
Demetrius. He conquered Nicanor by 
means of Ptolemy Phyſcon, and was af- 
terwards killed by Antiochus Gryphus, ſom 
of Nicanor. Toſeph. ant. Jud. 13, c. 18. 
Ptolemy, was one of the Ptolemean 
kings in Egypt. His mother Cleopatra, 
raiſed him to the throne, in preference to 
his brother Ptolemy Lathurus, and reigned 
conjuintly with him. Cleopatra, however, 


expelled him, and ſoon after recalled him; 


and Alexander, to prevent being expelled a 
ſecond time, put her to death, and for this 


unnatural action was himſelf murdered by 
one of his ſubjects. TJoſepa. 13. Ant. Jud. 


c. 20, &c,— Tuſtin. 39, c. 3 & 4. —Pauf. 


4 ©. 6 Ptolemy 2d, king of Egypt, 


was ſon of the preceding. He was educated 
in the ifland of Cos, and falling into the 
hands of Mithridates, eſcaped to Sylla, who 
reſtored him to his kingdom. He was 
murdered by his ſubjects a few days after 
his reftoration. Appran. I. Bell. Cit. 
Ptolemy 3d, was king of Egypt, after his 
brother Alexander, the laſt mentioned. 
After a peaceful reign, he was baniſhed by 
his ſubjects, and died at Tyre, B. C. 65, 
leaving his kingdom to the Roman people. 
Vid. Agyptus & Ptolemarus. Cic. pro. Rull. 


A youth, ordered by Alexander the 


Great to chmb the rock Aornus, with 30 
other youths. He was killed in the attempt. 
Curt. 8, c. 11. 
by Plut. in Mar io. 
ſopher. Plut. 
who aſſembled a multitude on pretence of 
ſhewing them an uncommon ſpectacle, and + 


An hiſtorian mentioned 
An Epicurean phiio- 
A governor of ZEciiag 


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from a woman he called Moſo. 


i 6, | 12. 


A: 1 
eonfined them till they had each bought 
their liberty with a ſum of money. Poyæn. 


6, e. 10. A name given to Paris, ſon 
of Priam. Vd. Paris. annzus, a king 


of Judza, ſon of Hyrcanus, and brother of 


Ariſtobulus, who reigned as a tyrant, and 
died through exceſs of drinking, B. C. 79, 
after maſſacring Soo of his ſubje&s tor rhe 
entertainment of his concubines.———A 
Paphlagenian who gained divine honors by 
his magical tricks and impoſitions, and 
likewiſe procured the friendſhip of Marcus 
Aurelius, He died 70 years old. A na- 
tive of Caria, in the 3d century, who wrote 
a commentary on tne writings of Ariftotle, 
part of which is ſtill extant.-——Trailtanus, 
a phyſician and philoſopher of the 4th cen- 
tury, ſome of whoſe works in Greek are 
ſtill extant. A poct of Atolia, in the 
age of Ptolemy Philadelphus. A peripa- 
zetic philoſopher, ſaid to have been preceptor 
to Nero. An hiſtorian, called alſo Poly- 
hiſtor, who wrote 5 books on the Roman 
republic, in which he ſaid that the Jews 
had received their laws, not from God, but 
He alfo 
wrote a treatiſe on the Pythagorean philoſo- 
phy, B. C. 88. A poet of Epheſus, who 
wrote a poem on aſtronomy and geography. 
A writer of Myndus, quoted by Athen 
and Alian. A ſophift of Sileneia, in the 
age of Antoninus. A. phyſician in the 
age of Juitinian, A Theſſalian, who, 
as he was going to engage in a naval battle, 
gave te his ſoldiers a great number of miſ- 
file weapons, and ordered them to dart 
them continually upon the enemy, to ren- 
der their numbers uſeleſs. Polyan. 6, c. 
27. A ſon of Lyſimachus. Polyen. 
| A governor of Lycia, who 
brought a reinforcement of troops to Alex- 
ander the Great, Curt. 7, c. 10. A ſon 
of Polyſperchon, killed in Afia by the Dy- 
mæans. Diod. 18 & 19. A poet of 
Pleuron, who ſaid that Theſeus had a daugh- 
ter called Iphigenia, by Helen. Pau. 2, 
£26. A Spartan, killed with two hun- 
dred of his ſoldiers by the Argives, when 
he endeavoured to prevent their paſſing 
through the country of Tegea. Died. 15. 
A cruel tyrant of Pherz, in Theſſaly, 
who made war againſt the Macedonians, 
and took Pelopidas priſoner. He was mur- 
dered, B. C. 357, by his wife called 
Thebe, whoſe room he carefully ſearched 
every night, fearful of ſome 4 that 
might be concealed to take away his life. 
Cic. de Inv. 2, c. 49. de off. 2, c. 9.—Val. 
Max. 9, c. 13.— Plut. & C. Nep. in Pelop. 
—Pauf. 6, c. 5.— Diod. 15 & 16.— vid. 
in I5. v. 321. — Severus, a Roman em- 
peror. Vid. Severus. | 
ALEXANDRA, the name of ſome queens 


A L 


of ſudæa, mentioned by Joſeph. —A nurſe 
of Nero. Suet. in Ver. 50. 

ALEXANDRI AR, the boundaries, ac- 
cording to ſome, of Alexander's victories, 
near the Tanais. Pin. 6, c. 16. 

ALEXANDRIA, the name of ſeveral cities 
which were founded by Alexander, during 
his conqueſts in Aſia; the moſt famous are 
A great and extenſive city, built B. C. 
232, by Alexander, on the weſtern fide of 
the Deita, The illuſtrious founder intended 
it not only for the, capital of Egypt, but of 
his immenſe conqueſts, and the commercial 
advantages which its ſituation commanded 
continued to improve from the time of 
Alexander till the invaſton of the Saracens 
m the 7th century, The commodities of 
India were brought there, and thence dif. 
perſed to the difterent countries around the 
Mediterrancan. Alexandria js tamous, among 
other curioſities, for the large library which 
the pride or learning of the Ptolemies had 
collected there, at a vaſt expence, from all 


| parts of the earth. This valuable repoſitory 
was burnt by the orders of the caliph Omar, 
A. D. 642; and it is ſaid, that during 6 
months, the numerous volumes ſupplied fuel 
tor the 4000 baths, which contributed to the 
health and convenience of the populous capi- 
tal of Egypt. Alexandna has likewite been 
diſtinguiſhed for its ſchools, not only of 
theology and philoſophy, but of phyſic, 
where once to have fudied, was a ſufficient 
recommendation to diſtant countries. The 
aſtronomical fchool, founded by Philadel- 
phus, maintained its ſuperior reputation for 
10 centuries till the time of the Saracens, 
The modern town of Scanderoon has been 
erected upon the ruins of Alexandria, and, 
as if it were an wſult to its former great- 
neſs, it ſcarce contains 6000 inhabitants, 
Curt. 4, c. 8.—Strab. 17..—-Plin. 5, c. 10. 
Another in Albania, at the foot of 
mount Caucaſus. Another in Arachoſia, 
in India. The capital of Aria, between 
Hecatompylon and Bactra. Another of 
Carmania. Another in Cilicia, on the 
confines of Syria. Another, the capital 
of Margiana. Another of Troas, &c. 
Curt, 7,—Plin, 6, c. 16, 23, 25. 
ALEXANDRIYDES, a Lacedæmonian whe 
married his ſiſter's daughter, by whom be 
had Dorycus, Leonidas, and Cleombrotus. 
A native of Delphi, of which he wro® 
an hiſtory. 
ALEXANDRINA AQUA, baths in Rome; 
built by the emperor Alexander Severus. 
ALEXANDROPGLIS, a City of Parthia 
built by Alexander the Great, P/in. b, c. 25. 
ALEXANOR, a ſon of Machaon, who bull 
a temple to his grandfather A(culapius, a 
received divine honors after death. Pau. at 
C. 11. 


5 


ALEXARCHVY 


A L 


AtFXARCHUS, a Greek hiſtorian. 

ALEXAS, of Laodicea, was recommend- 
ed to M. Antony by Timagenes, He was 
the cauſe that Antony repudiated Octavia 
to marry Cleopatra, Auguſtus puniſhed 
him ſeverely after the defeat of Antony. 
Plat. in Anton. 

AlL EXIA, or Aleſia. Vd. Aleſia. 

Alkxicacus, a firname of Apollo, 
from his delivering mankind from plagues. 

ALEX1NUS, a diſciple of Eubulides the 
Mileſian, famous for the acuteneſs of his 
genius and judgment, and for his fondneſs 
for contention and argumentation. He died 
of a wound he had received trom a ſharp- 

inted reed, as he ſwam acroſs the river 
Alpheus. Diog. in Euclid, 

AlEXIO Na phyſician, intimate with 
Cicero. Cic. ad Att. 13, ep. 25. 

ALExIiPPUS, a phyſician of Alexander. 
Plut. in Alex. 

ALEXIRAES, a ſon of Hercules by Hebe. 
Apollod. 2, c. 7. A place of Bœotia, 
where Alexiraes was born, bears alſo this 
name. Pauſ. 9, c. 25. 

ALEXIRHOF, a daughter of the river 
Gianicus. Ovid. Met. 11, v. 763. 

ALkxts, a man of Samos, who endea- 
voured to aſcertain, by his writings, the 
borders of his country. A comic poet, 
336 B. C. of Thurium, who wrote 245 
comedies, of which ſome few fragments re- 
main. A ſervant of Aſinius Pollio. 
An ungrateful youth of whom a ſhepherd 
is deeply enamoured, in Virgil's Ecl. 2. 
A ftatuary, diſciple to Polycletes, 87 
Oly m. Plin, 34, c. 8. A ſchool- fellow 
of Atticus. Cic. ad Attic. 7, ep. 2. 

ALEzoON, a native of Myndos, who 
wrote fables. Diog. 

ALFATERNA, a town of Campania, be- 
yond mount Veſuvius. 

ALFENus, a native of Cremona, who, 
by the force of his genius and his applica- 
tion, raiſed himſelf from his original pro- 
feſſion of a cobler, to offices of truſt at 
Rome, and at laſt became conſul. Horat. 
1, Sat. 3, v. 130. | 

ALctopum, a town of Latium near Tuſ- 
culum, about 12 miles from Rome, There 
is a mountain of the ſame name in the 
neighbourhood. Herat. 1, od. 21. 

ALIacmon & HALIACMON, a riverof 

acedonia, ſeparating it from Theſſaly. It 
flows into the Ægean fea. Plin. 4, c. 10. 

ALIARTUM, a city of Bœotia, taken 
by M. Lucretius. Liv. 42, c. 63. 

ALlakTus & HALIARTUS, a town of 
Beotia, near the river Permeſſus. Ano- 
ther in Peloponneſus, on the coaſt of Meſ- 
ſenia, Star, Ieh. 7, v. 274. 


ALtcts, a town of Laconia. A tribe 
of Athens. Strad, 


A L 


Arrfnus CCNA, a queſtor in Bœotia, 
appointed, for his ſervices, commander uf a 
legion in Germany, by Galba. The em- 
peror diſgraced him for his bad conduct, 
for which he raiſed commotions in the em- 
pire, Tacit. 1, Hiſt, c. 52. 

ALiræ, Alifa, or Alipha, a town ef 
Italy, near the Vulturnus. Liv. 8, c. 25. 

AL1LE1, a people of Arabia Felix. 

ALIVENTUSs, C. an hiſtorian in the ſe- 
cond punic war, who wrote in Greek an 
account of Annibal, beſides a treatiſe on 
military affairs. Liv. 21 & 30. 

ALinnE#, a town of Caria, Arrian. 

AL1PHERIA, a town of Arcadia, firuate 
on a hill, Polyb. 4, c. 77. 

AL1RROTHIUS, a ſon of Neptune. Hear- 
ing that his father had been defeated by 
Minerva, in his diſpute about giving a name 
to Athens, he went to the citadel, and en- 
deavoured to cut down the olive, which had 
ſprung from the ground, and given the vic- 
tory to Minerva; but in the attempt he 
miſſed his aim, and cut his own legs ſs 
ſeverely that he inſtantly expired, 

T. ALLEDIUs StEvERvUs, a Roman 
knight who married his brother's daughter 
to pleaſe Agrippina. A noted glutton in 
Domitian's reign. Ju. 5, v. 118. 

ALL1A, a river of Italy, falling into the 
Tiber. The Romans were defeated on its 
banks by Brennus and the Gauls, who were: 
going to plunder Rome, 17th July, B. C. 
390. Plut. in Camil.-Liv, 5, c. 37.— 
Flor. 1, c. 13.-PFirg. An. 7, v. 717. 
Ovid. Art. Am. 1. 413. 

ALL1ENOs, a pretor of Sicily, undes 
Cæſar. Hirt. Afric. 2. 

ALLGS BRS GES, a warlike nation of Gaul 
near the Rhone, in that part of the country 
now called Savoy. The Romans deſtroyed 
their city, becauſe they had aſſiſted Han- 
nibal. Their ambaſſadors were allured by 
great promiſes to join in Catiline's conſpi- 
racy againſt his country ; but they ſcorned 
the offers, and diſcovered the plot. 10. 
Strab. 4.— Tacit, 1. Hift. c. 66.—Salluft. in 
Fug. bell. 

ALLoBRYGEs, a people of Gaul ſup- 
poſed to be the fame as the Allobroges, 
Polyb. zo, c. 56. 

ALLoTxrTGEs, a nation on the ſouthern 
parts of Spain, Strab. 2. 

ALLUTIVS, a prince of the Celtiberi, 
to whom Scipio reſtored the beautiful prin» 
ceſs he had taken in battle. 

AL Mo, a ſmall river near Rome, falling 
into the Tiber. Ovid. Faſt. 4, v. 387.— 
Lucan. 1, v. 600. 

AlL Mom, the eldeſt of the ſons of Tyr⸗ 
rhus. He was the firſt Rutulian killed by 
the Trojans ; and from the ſkirmiſh whick 


| happened before and after his death, _ 


RI, Oo, fo, > 
— —— —— — —— — _ — 
. 


— a. a nt. md 


— 


4 A = 
— — —— — — 


A IL. 


- the enmities which ended in the fall of. 


Turnus. Firg. An. 7, v. 532. 

AL6a, feſtivals at Athens in honor of 
Bacchus and Ceres, by whoſe beneficence 
the huſbandmen received the recompence 
of their labors. The oblations were the 
fruits of the earth. Ceres has been called, 
from this, Aloas and Alois. 

ALoEusS, a giant, ſon of Titan and 
Terra, He married Iphimedia, by whom 
Neptune had two ſons, Othus and Ephial- 
tus. Alocus educated them as his own, 
and from that circumſtance they have been 
called Aides, They made war againſt 
the gods, and were killed by Apollo and 
Diana. They grew up nine inches eyery 
month, and were only nine years old when 
they undertook their war. They built the 
town of Aſcra, at the foot of mount Heli- 
con. Pauſ. 9, c. 29.,—Virg. An. 6, v. 
5$52.—tHomer, Il. 5, Od. 11. 

ALlLof bs & ALotbDæ, the ſons of Alo- 
eus. Id. Aloeus. 

ALöre, daughter of Cercyon, king of 
Eleufis, had a child by Neptune, whom ſhe 
expoſed in the woods, covered with a piece 
of her gown, The child was preſerved, 
and carried to Alope's father, who, upon 
knowing the gown, ordered his daughter 
to be put to death. Neptune, who could 
not ſave his miſtreſs, changed her into a 
fountain. The child was called Hippo- 
thoon, and placed by Theſeus upon his 
grandlfather's throne, Pau. 1, c. 5 & 39. 
— Hypin. fab. 187. 
Hygin. fab. 14.——A town of Theſſaly. 
Plin. 4, c. 7 Hamer. Il. 2, v. 682. 

ALOPECE, an iſland in the Palus Mæo- 


One of the Harpies. - 


A L 


| charge themſelves into the German, Medi- 


terranean and Euxine ſeas. The Alps are 
covered with perpetual ſnows, and diſtin- 
guiſhed, according to their ſituation, by the 
different names of Cottiæ, Carnice, Graiz, 
Noricæ, Juliæ, Maritime, Pannoniæ, Pen- 
nine, Pane, Rhetice, Tridentinæ, Ve- 
netæ. A traveller is generally five days in 
reaching the top in ſome parts. They were 
ſuppoſed for a long time to be impaſſable. 
Hannibal marched his army over them, 
and made his way through rocks, by ſoft- 
ening and breaking them with vinegar, 
They were inhabited by fierce uncivi- 
lized nations, who were unſubdued till the 
age of Auguſtus, who, to eternize the 
victory he had obtained over them, erected 
2 pillar in their territory. Strab. 4 & 5.— 
Liv. 21, c. 35.—Fiuv. 10, v. 151.— erat. 
2, Sat. 5, v. 41.—Lucan. 1, v. 183.— 
Tacit. Hift. 3, c. 53. 

ALPHEIA, a firname of Diana in Elis. 
It was given her when the river Alpheus 
endeavoured to raviſh her without ſucceſs, 
A firname of the nymph Arethuſa, be- 
cauſe loved by the Alpheus. Ovid. Met, 
5, v. 487. 

ALPHENOR, one of Niobe's ſons. Ovid, 
Met. 6, fab. 6. 

ALPHENUS. Vid. Alfenus. 

ALPHESIBEA, daughter of the river 
Phlegeus, married Alcmzon, fon of Am- 
phiaraus, who had fled to her father's 
court after the murder of his mother, [ Vid. 
n my She received as a bridal pre» 
ſent, the famous necklace which Polynices 
had given to Eriphyle, to induce her to be- 
tray her huſband Amphiaraus. Alcmzon, 


m4 a cc @a BR 4 an Vu a oc — 


28288 


| tis. Serab. Another in the Cimmerian | being perſecuted by the manes of his mo- 
5 18 Boſphorus. Pin. 4, c. 12. Another in | ther, left his wife by order of the oracle, 0 
N the /Egean ſea, oppoſite Smyrna. Id. 5. and retired near the Achelous, whoſe m 
I Yi C30. | daughter Callirhoe be married. Callirhoe bt 
| ALorEcCEs, a ſmall village of Attica, | had two ſons by him, and begged of him, to 
| where was the tomb of Anchimolius, whom | as a preſent, the necklace which was then 10 
814 the Spartans had ſent to deliver Athens { in the hands of Alpheſibæœa. He endea- lit 
*M. from the tyranny of the Pifiſtratidæ. Socra- | voured to obtain it, and was killed by Te- T 
| (0 tes and Ariſtides were born there. /Zſchin. | menus and Axion, Alpheſibœa's brothers, Hl 


contra Timarch, — Herodot. 5, c. 64. who thus revenged their ſiſter, who had 


y ALoPLlUs,a ſon of Hercules and Antiope. | been ſo innocently abandoned. Hygin. fab. br 

vo e Apollod, 244.—Propert, 1, el. 15, v. 15.—Pai. S, th 

BY ALos, a town of Achaia. Strab. 9.— [c. 24. | it 

$I Plin. 4, c. 7. ALPHESIBE Us, a ſhepherd, often men- aft 

| 14 | ALoTI1A, feſtivals in Arcadia, in com- tioned in Virgil's eclogues. ha 

| memoration of a victory gained over Lace- ALPHEvs, a famous river of Pelopon- to 

F dzmon by the Arcadians. neſus, which riſes in Arcadia, and after M 

| | ALPENUS, the capital of Locris, at the | paſſing through Elis and Achaia, falls into 45 

| | north of Thermopylæ. Herodot. 7, c. 176, | the ſea. The god of this river fell in love 

; &c. with the nymph Arethuſa, and purſued ber of 

N | Ar.PEs, mountains that ſeparate Italy | till ſhe was changed into a fountain by bre 

— from Spain, Gaul, Rhætia, and Germany; | Diana, The fountain Arethuſa is in Orty- be 

N conſidered as the higheſt ground in Europe. | gia, a ſmall iſland near Syracuſe; and the me 

= From them ariſe ſeveral rivers which after | ancients affirm, that the river Alpheus ter 

f |) watering the neighbouring countries diſ- | paſſes under the fea from Teer — we! 
. 


N 


5 
\ 


ſedi- 

S are 

iſtin- 

y the 

rail, 

Pen- 

„Ve- 
ays in 
y were 
fable. 
them, 
y ſoft- 
inegar. 
ancivi- 
till the 
ze the 
erected 
* 5.— 
Horat. 
183.— 


in Elis. 
Alpheus 
ſucceſs. 
uſa, be- 


d. Met. 
8. Ovid, 


he river 
of Am- 

father's 
r. [V id, 
idal pre» 
Polynices 
ier to be- 
lemæon, 
his mo- 
1 orac le, 
Sy whoſe 
Callirhoe 
d of him, 
was then 
le ende a- 
ed by Te- 
brothers, 
who. had 
Tygin, fab. 
Pau $ 


often men · 


' Pelopon- 
and after 
, falls into 
fell in love 
urſued bet 
ountain by 
is in Orty- 
e; and the 
r Alpheus 
rn geſus, an 
without 


A L 


without mingling itſelf with the falt wa- 
ters, riſes again in Ortygia, and joins the 
ſtream of Arethuſa, If any thing is thrown 
into-the Alpheus in Elis, according to their 
traditions, it will re-appear, after ſome 
time ſwimming on the waters of Arethuſa 
near Sicily. Hercules made uſe of the Al- 
pheus to clean the ſtables of Augias, Srrab. 
6.—Virg. An. 3, v. 694. —Ovid. Met. 5, 
fab. 10,.—Lucan. 3, v. 176.—Stat. Theb, 
1 & 4.— Mea. 2, c. 7.—Pauſ. 5, c. 7.1. 
6, c. 21.—- Marcellin. 25.—Plin. 2, c. 
103. ä 


Alrutus, or ALFEUS, a celebrated uſu- 


rer, ridiculed in Horat. Epod. 2. 

Alrutus AviTus, a writer in the age 
of Severus, who gave an account of illuſ- 
trious men, and an hiſtory of the Carthagi- 
nian war, t 

Alrixvs, belonging to the Alps. Ving. 
En. 4, v. 442. 

ALeinus (CorNELtVs), a contemp- 
tible poet, whom Horace ridicules tor the 
aukwgrd manner in which he introduces 
the death of Memnon in a tragedy, and 
the pitiful ſtyle with which he deſcribes the 
Rhine, in an epic poem he had attempted 
on the wars in Germany. Horat. 1. Sat. 
40% v. 3. Julius one of the chiefs of 
the Helvetii. Tacit. Hiſt. x, c. 68. 

Aris, a ſmall river falling into the 
Danube, 

ALS1UM, a town on the Tiber. S“. 8. 

Alsus, a river of Achaia in Pelopon- 
neſus, flowing from mount Sipylus. Par. 
77 L. 27. A ſhepherd during the Ru- 
tulian wars. Virg. u. 12, v. 304. 

ALTH&A, daughter of Theſtius and Eu- 
rythemis, married CEneus, king of Caly- 


don, by whom ſhe had many children, a- 


mong whom was Meleager. When Althza 
brought forth Meleager, the Parcæ placed a 
tog of wood in the fire, and ſaid, that as 
long as it was preſerved, ſo long would the 
life of the child juft born, be prolonged. 
The mother ſaved the wood from the 
flames, and kept it very careiully ; but when 
Meleager kilied his two uncles, Althea's 
brothers, Althaa, to revenge their death, 
threw the log into the fire, and as ſoon as 
it was burnt, Melcager expired. She was 
aſterwards fo ſorry for the death which ſhe 
had cauſed, that the killed herſelf, unable 
to ſurvive her ſon. Vid. Meleager, — Ovid. 
Mer. 8, fab. 4.— Homer. I.. g9.—Pauſ. 8, e. 
45, |. 1o, c. 31.—Apollod. 1, c. 8. 
ALTHAMENEsS, a ſon of Creteus king 
of Crete. Hearing that either he or his 
brothers were to be their father's murderer, 
be fled to Rhodes, where he made a ſettle- 
ment to avoid becoming a parricide. Af- 
ter the death of all his other ſons, Creteus 
went after his fon Althæmenes; when he 


! 


AM 


landed in Rhodes, the inhabitants attacked 


him, ſuppoſing him to be an enemy, and 
he was killed by the band of his own ſon. 
When ,Altnxmenes knew that he had 
killed his father, he entreated the gods to 
remove him, and the earth immediately 
opened, and ſwallowed him up. Apolicd. 
35 C. 8. 

ALTINUM, a flouriſhing city near Aqui- 
leia. Pia. 3, c. 18. 

Aris, a ſacred grove round Jupiter's 
temple at Olympia. Pauſ. 5, c. 20, &c. 

ALTVS, a city of Peloponncſus. Xenoph, 
Hit. Græc. 

ALuNT1OM, a town of Sicily. Pix. 3, 
c. 8,—Cic. in Verr. 4. 

Alus, Ar uus, & Harvs, a village 
of Arcadia called alſo the temple of Æſcu- 
lapius. Pauſ. 8, c. 25. 

ALYATTEsS I. a king of Lydia, de- 
ſcended from the Heraclide, He reigned 
57 years. IT. king of Lydia, of the fa- 
mily of the Mermnadz, was father to Crae- 
ſus. He drove the Cimmerians from Aſia, 
and made war againſt the Medes. He died 
when engaged im a war againſt Miletus, 
after a reign of 35 years. A monument 
was raiſed on his grave, with the gyoney 
which the women of Lydia had obtained 
by proſtitution. An eclipſe of the ſun ter- 
mmated a battle between him and Cyaxares. 
Herodot. 1. c. 16, 17, &c. 

ALYBA, a country near Myſia. Homer, 

> Ke 
ALYC£A, a town of Arcadia. Parf. 8, 
e. 47. 

Al. vcæus, ſon of Sciron, was killed 
by Theſeus. A place in Megara, received 
its name from him. Plat. in The. , 

ALYMmon, the huſband of Circe. 

ALvyYS$SUsS, a fountain of Arcadia, whoſe 
waters could cure the bite of a mad dog. 
Pauf. 8, c. 19. 

ALYxOTHOE, or ALEXIRHOF, daugh- 
ter of Dymus, was mother of Afacus by 
Priam. Ovid. Met. 11, tab. 11. 

AMApdScus, a king ot Thrace, de- 
feated by his antagonin Seutlics. Ariftct. 5, 
Polit. 10. 

AMAGE, a queen of S»rmatia, remark- 
able for ker juſtice and fortitude, . Po/yer. 
8, c. 56. | 

AvAaLTHE@A, daughter of Meliſſus king 
of Crete, fed Jupiter with goat's milk. 
Hence tome authors have called her a goaty 
and have maintained that Jupiter, tv re- 
ward her kindneſles, placed her in heaven 
25 a conſtellation, and gave one of her 
horns to the nymphs wo had taken care of 
his infant years. This horn was called the 
horn of plenty, and had the power to give 
the nymphs whatever they deſired. Diod. 
3, 4, & 5. — Ovid. Faſt, 5, v. 113,—Stras. 

IQ, 


- 
—d—O— 


| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 


— — GE —— 


— 


. ee eee ES 
* 


* — 


A M 


T0.—Hygir. fab. 139.—Pauſ. 7, e. 26. 
A Sibyl of Cumæz called alſo Hierophile 
and Demophile. She is ſuppoſed to be the 
ſame who brought nine books of prophe- 
etes to Tarquin king of Rome, &c. Varro. 
—T ibul. 2, el. 5, v. 67. [| Vid. Sibyllæ.] 

AMALTHEUM,a public place which At- 
ticus had opened in his country-houſe, called 
Amalthea in Epirus, and provided with 
every thing which could furniſh entertain- 
ment and convey inſtruction. Cic. ad Attic, 
I, ep. 13. 

AM ANA or AmAnvs, a mountain of 
Cilicia. Lucan, 3, v. 244. 

CN. Sat. AmanDuUs, a rebel general 
under Diocleſian, who aſſumed imperial 
honors, and was at laſt conquered by Dio- 
eleſian's colleague, 

AMANTES or AMANTINTY, a people of 
Tyricum deſcended from the Abantes of 
Phocis. Callimack, 

AmAvus, one of the deities worſhipped 
n Perſia. Strab, 11. A mountain of 
Cilicia. 

Au cus, an officer of Cinyras, chang- 
ed into marjoram. 

AMARDI, a nation neat the Caſpian ſea. 
Mela. 1, c. 3 

AMARTUS, a city of Greece. 
Hymn. in Apoll. 

AMARYLL1s, the name of a country 
woman in Virgil's eclogues. Some com- 
mentators have ſuppoſed, that the poet 
ſpoke of Rome under this fiétitious apella- 
tion. 

AMARYNCEUS, a king of the Epeans, 
buried at Bupraſium. S rab. 8. — Fauſ. 8, 
e. 1. 

AMARYNTHUS, a village of Eubcea, 
whence Diana is called Amaryſia, and her 
feſtivals in that town Amarynthia.—Eubcea 
» ſometimes called Amarynthus. Pauſ. 
1, c. 31. 

Au A3, a mountain of Laconia. Pauſ. 3. 

AuAsiNus, a ſmall river of Latium 
falling into the Tyrrhene ſea. Virg. An. 
7, v. 685. 

AMaAsSIA, a City of Pontus, where Mi- 
thridates the great, and Strabo the geogra- 
pher, were born. Strab, 12. 

AMAS1s, a man who, from a common 
foldier, became king of Egypt. He made 
war againſt Arabia, and died before the 
invaſion of his country by Cambyſes king 
of Perſia, He made a law, that every one 
ef his ſubjects ſhould yearly give an ac- 
count to the public magiſtrates, of the man- 
ner in which he ſupported himſelf. He re- 
fuſed to continue in alliance with Polycra- 
hes the tyrant of Samos, on account of his 
uncommon proſperity, When Cambyſes 
came into Egypt, he ordered the- body of 


Homer, 


Amaſis to be dug up, and to be inſulted and 


A M 
burnt; an action which was very offenfive 
to the religious notions of the Egyptians. 
Herodot. 1, 2, 3. A man who led the 
Perſians againſt the inhabitants of Barce. 
Herodot. 4, c. 201, &c. 

AMASTRI1sS, the wife of Dionyſius the 
tyrant of Sicily, was ſiſter to Darius, whom 
Alexander conquered. Strab. Alſo, the 
wife of Xerxes, king of Perſia. [PY, 
Ameſtris.] A city of Paphlagonia, on 
the Euxine fea. Catull. 

AMASTRUS, one of the auxiliaries of 
Perſes, againſt Æetes king of Colchis, killed 
by Argus, ſon of Phryxus. Flacc. 6, v. 
544. A friend of Aneas, killed by Ca- 
milla in the Rutulian war. Firg. An. 11, 
v. 673. 

AMATA, the wife of king Latinus. She 
had betrothed her daughter Lavinia to 
Turnus, before the arrival of Aneas in 
Italy. She zealouſly favored the intereft 
of Turnus ; and when her davghter was 
given in marriage to /Eneas, ſhe hung her- 
ſelf to avoid the fight of her ſon-in-law. 
Virg. An. 7, &Cc. 

AMATHUsS, (gen. untis) a city on the 
ſouthern fide of the iſland of Cyprus, par- 
ticularly dedicated to Venus. The iſland 
is ſometimes called Amathuſia. Virg. An. 
IO, v. 51. Ptol. 5, c. 14. 

AMAXAMPEUS, a fountain ef Scythia, 
whoſe waters imbitter the ſtream of the ri- 
ver Hypanis. Herodot. 4, c. 52. 

AMAXIAOr AMAXITA, an ancient town 
of Troas. A place of Cilicia abounding 
with wood fit for building ſhips. Pin. 5, 
c. 9.—Strab. 14. 

AuAzENESs or MAZENES, a prince of 
the iſland Oaractus, who failed for ſome 
time with the Macedonians and Nearchus 
in Alexander's expedition into the eaſt, 
Arrian. in Indic. 

AMAZGNES or AMAZGNITDES, a nation 
of famous women who lived near the river 
Thermodon in Cappadocia. All their life 
was employed in wars and manly exer- 
ciſes. They never had any commerce 
with the other ſex; but, only for the ſake of 
propagation, they vifited the inhabitants of 
the neighbouring country for a few days, 
and the male children which they brought 
forth were given to the fathers. Accord- 
ing to Juſtin, they were ftrangled as ſoon 
as born, and Diodorus ſays that they 
maimed them and diſtorted their limbs. 
The females were carefully educated with 
their mothers, in the labors of the field; 
their right breaſt was burnt off, that they 
might hurl a javelin with more force, and 
make a better uſe of the bow ; from that 
circumſtance, therefore, their name is de- 
rived {a non, wats mamma), They founded 
au extenſive empire in Afia Minor, * 


nfive 
tans. 
d the 


arce. 


s the 
vhom 
o, the 
[Va. 
a, on 


ies of 
Killed 

6, v. 
y Ca- 


s. She 
nia to 
cas in 
ntereſt 
r was 
g her- 
n-law. 


on the 
s, par- 
iſland 
g. An, 


cythiag 
the ri- 


1t town 
2unding 


Plin, 57 


ince of 
»r {ome 
earchus 
ne eaſt, 


2 nation 
he river 
heir life 
y exer- 
Mm merce 
» ſake of 
itants of 
W days, 
brought 

Accord- 
as ſoon 
at they 
r limbs. 
ted with 
he field; 
hat they 
Ice, and 
rom that 
ne is de- 
founde 
or, along 
the 


A M 


he fhores of the Euxine, and near the Ther- 
medon. They were defeated in a battle near 
the Thcrmodon, by the Greeks ; and ſome of 
them migrated beyond the Tanais, and ex- 
tended their territories as far as the Caſpian 
fea. Themyicyra was the moſt capital of 
their towns. Smyrna, Magneſia, Thyatira, 
and Epheſus, according to ſome authors, 
were built by them. Diodorus I. 3, men- 
tons a nation of Amazons in Africa, more 
ancient than thoſe of Aſia. Some authors, 
among whom is Strabo, deny the exiſtence 
of the Amazons, but Juſtin and Diodorus 
particularly ſupport it ; and the latter ſays, 
that Penthefilea, one of their queens, came 
to the Trojan war on the fide of Priam, and 
that the was killed by Achilles, and from 
mat time the glory and character of the 
Amazons gradually decayed, and was to- 
rally forgotten. The Amazons of Aftica 
floriſhed long before the Trojan war, and 
many of their actions have been attributed 
to thoſe of Aſia. It is ſaid, that after they 
had almoſt ſubdued all Aſia, they invaded 
Attica, and were conquered by Theſeus. 
Their moſt famous actions were their expe- 
dition againſt Priam, ard afterwards the 
aſhfſtance they gave him during the Trojan 
war; and their invaſion of Attica, to pu- 
wiſh Theſeus, who had carried away An- 
dope, one of their queens. They were al- 
ſo conquered by Bellerophon and Hercules. 
Among their queens, Hippolytc, Antiope, 
Lampeto, Marpeſia, &c. are famous. Cur- 
uus ſays, that Thaleſtris, one of their 
queens, came to Alexander whilt he was 


purſuing his conqueſts in Aſia, tor ihe ſake | 
ef raiſing children from a man of ſuch mi- 


litary reputation ; and that after ſhe had 
remained 13 days with him, the retired in- 
ls her country. The Amazons were ſuch 
expert archers, that, to denote the goud- 
neſs of 2 bow or quiver, it was uſual to 
wall it Amazonian. Firg. An. 5, v. 311. 
Jernand. de Reb. Get. e. 7.— Aer. Icon. 
2, e. 5. —Juſtin. 2, c. 4.— Curt. b, c. 5.— 
Plin. 6, c. 7, l. 14, c. 8, I. 36, c. 5.— 
Herodot. 4, c. 110,—Strab. 11.— Died. 2. 
—Dionyſ. Hal. 4.—Pauſ. 7, c. 2.—Plut. in 
Theſ.—. Apolled, 2, c. 3 & 5,—tygin. fab, 
14 & 163, 

AM AZ N NIA, a celebrated miſtreſs of the 
emperor Commodus. The country of 
ihe Amazons, near the Caſpian ſea. 

AMAZS5NIUM, a place in Attica, where 
Theſeus obtained a victory over the Ama- 

ons. 


AMazSNn1vs, a firname of Apollo at 
Lacedæmon. | 
AMBARR1, a people of Gallia Celtica, 
related tothe Adui, Ceſ.bell. G. 1, c. 11. 
AMBENUs, a mountain of European 
Flacc, 6, V. 85. 


| 


A M 
AMBARVYIL1A,a joyful procefion round 
the ploughed fields, in honor of Ceres the 


goddeſs of corn, There were two feſtivals 
of that name celebrated by the Romans, 
one about the month of April, the other in 
July. They went three times round their 
hields crowned with oak leaves, finging 
hymns to Ceres, and entreating her to 
preſerve their corn, The word is derived 
ab ambiendis arvis, going round the fields. 
A ſow, a theep, and a bull, called ambar- 
vallæ hoftiz, were afterwards immolated, 
and the facrifhce has fornetimes been called 
fuovetaurilia, from ſus, ovis, and taurus. 
Virg. G. 1.— Iib. 2, . 1.—Catode R. R. c. 
141. 

AMBIALITES, a people of Gallia Celti- 
ca. Cæſ. bell. G. 3. c. 9. 

AMBIANUM, a town of Belgium. Its 
inhabitants contpired againſt J. Czfar. C. 
2, bell. G. c. 4. ; 

AMBIATINUM, a village of Germany, 
where the emperor Caligula*was born. Suge 
ten. in Cal. 8. . 

AMBIiGATUsS, a king of the Celtz, in 
the time of Tarquinius Priſcus. Seeing the 


great population of his country, he ſent his 


two nephews, Sigovelus and Belloveſus, 
with tv'o colonies, in queſt of new ſettle- 
ments; the former towards the Hercynian 
woods, and the other towards Italy. Ltv. 
5, c. 34, Sc. 

AMB1GRIX, a King of the Eburones in 
Gau!, He was a great enemy to Rome, and 
was Killed in a batt.e with J. Cæſar, in 
which Co, ooo of his countrymen were 
ſlain. Cf. bell. G. 5, c. 11, 26. L 6, 
c. 30. 

AMBIivIUus, a man mentioned by Cicere 
de Sc meet, 

AMBLADA, a town of Piſidia. Strab. 

AMBRACIA, a city of Epirus, near the 
Acheron, the reſidence of king Pyrrhus. 
Auguſtus, after the battle of Actium, 
called it Nicopolis. Mela. 2, c. 3.—Plir, 
4, c. 1.—Polyb. 4, c. 63.—Strab. 10. 

AMBRACIUS SINUS, a bay of the Ionian 
ſea, near Ambracia, about 300 ſtadia deep, 
narrow at the entrance, but within near 100 
ſtadia in breadth, and now called the gulph 
of Larta. Pulyb. 4, c. 63.—Mela. 2, c. 3. 
ler. 4, c. 11.—Strab. 10. 

AMBR1, an Indian nation. Tuſtin. 12. 
c. 9. 

AMBRONES, certain nations of Gaul, 
who loſt their poſſeſſions by the inundation 
of the ſea, and lived upon rapine and plun- 
der, whence the word Ambrones implied a 
diſhonorable meaning. They were con- 
quered by Marius. Plut. in Mario. 


Aus Rss A, feſtivals obſerved in honor 
of Bacchus, in fome cities in Greece. They 
were the fame as the Brumalia of the Ro- 

ant. 


A M 
mans. One of the daughters of Atlas, 
changed into a conſtellation after death. 
The food of the gods was called ambrofra, 
and their drink neftar. The word ſignifies 
immortal. 
mortality to all thoſe who eat it. It was 
ſweeter than honey, and of a moſt odorife- 
rous ſmell ; and it is ſaid, that Berenice the 
wife of Ptolemy Soter, was ſaved from death 
by cating ambroſa given her by Venus. Ti- 
tonus was made immortal by Aurora, by 
eating ambroſia; and in like manner Tan- 
talus and Pelops, who, on account of their 


impiety had been driven from heaven, and 


compelled to die upon earth. It had the 
Power of healing wounds, and therefore 
Apollo, in Homer's Iliad, faves Sarpedon's 
body from putrefaction, by rubbing it with 
ambroſia; and Venus alſo heals the wounds 
of her ſon, in Virgil's Aneid, with it. 
The gods uſed generally to perfume their 
hair with ambroſia, as Juno when ſhe 
adorned herſelf to captivate Jupiter, and 
Venus when ſhe appeared to /Eneas. Homer, 
I. r, 14, 16 & 24.—Lucian de dea Syria. 
—Catull. ep. 100.—Theocrit. Id. 15.—PFirg. 
Au. 1, v. 407, |. 12, v. 419.—O0vid, Met. 
2.—Pindar. 1, Olymp. 

AugRos ius, biſhop of Milan, obliged 
the emperor Theodofius to make penance 
for the murder of the people of Theſſalonĩca, 
and diſtinguiſhed himſelf by his writings, 
eſpecially agaiuſt the Arians. His 3 books 
de officiis are till extant, His ſtyle is not 
inelegant, but his diction is ſententious ; 
his opinions eccentric, though his ſubject 
is diverſified by copiouſneſs of thought. He 
died A. D. 397. The beft edition of his 
works is that of the Benedicts, 2 vols. fol. 
Paris, 1686. 

AMBRYoN, a man who wrote the life of 


Theocritus of Chios. Diog. 


AMBRYSSUS, a City of Phocis, which re- 
ceives its name from a hero of the ſame 
name. Pauſ. 10, c. 35. 

AuzüBA J, Syrian women of im- 
moral lives, who in the diſſolute period of 
Rome, attended feſtivals and aſſemblies as 
minſtrels. The name is derived by ſome 
from Syrian words, which ſignify a flute. 
Horat. 1. Sat. 2. Suet. in Ner. 27. 

AMBULL1, a ſirname of Caſtor and 
Pollux, in Sparta. 

AMELES, a river of hell, whoſe waters 
no veſſel could contain. Plut, 10, de Rep. 

AMENANUS, a river of Sicily, near 
mount Etna, 

AMENIDES, a ſecretary of Darius the 
laſt king of Perha. Alexander ſet him over 
the Arimaſpi. Curt. 7, c. 3. 

AMENGCLEs, a Corinthian, ſaid to be 
the firſt Grecian who built a three-oared 


It had the power of giving im- 


A M 
galley at Samos and Corinth. Tikucyd. 15 


E. TY: 

AMERIA, a city of Umbria. Pin. 3, c. 
14. Hence Amerinus, Virg. G. 1, v. 265. 

Aus TRAX Tus, a town of Sicily, near 
the Haleſus. The Romans beſieged it for 
ſever. months, and it yielded at laſt after a 
third ſiege, and the inhabitants were ſold as 
llaves. Polyb. 1, c. 24. 

AMESTRIS, queen of Perſia, was wife 
to Xerxes. She cruelly treated the mother 
of Artiante, her huſband's miſtreſs, and 
cut off her noſe, ears, lips, breaſt, tongue, 
and eyebrows. She alſo ſacrificed 14 noble 
Perſian youths, to appeaſe the deities under 
the earth. Herodot. 7, c. 61.1. 9, c. 111. 
A daughter of Oxyartes, wife to Lyſi- 
machus. Diod. 20. 

AMIDA, a city of Meſopotamia, be- 
ſieged and taken by Sapor, King of. Perſia, 
Ammian. 19, 

AMILCAR, a Carthaginian general of 
great eloquence and cunning, firnamed 
Rhodanus. When the Athenians were 
afraid of Alexander, Amilcar went to his 
camp, gained his confidence, and ſecretly 
tranſmitted an account of all his ſchemes to 
Athens. Trogus. 21, c. 6. A Cartha- 
ginian, whom the Syracuſans called to their 
aſſiſtance againſt the tyrant Agathocles, 
who beſieged their city. Amilcar ſoon after 
favored the intereſt of Agathocles, for 
which he was accuſed at Carthage. He 
died in Sy racuſc, B. C. 309. Diod. 20.— 
Tuſtin. 22, c. 2 & 3. A Carthaginian, 
ſirnamed Barcas, father to the celebrated 
Annibal. He was general in Sicily during 
the firſt Punic war; and after a peace had 
been made with the Romans, he quelled a 
rebellion of ſlaves, who had beſieged Car- 
thage, and taken many tawns of Africa, 
and rendered themſelves ſo formidable to 
the Carthaginians that they begged and ob- 
tained aſſiſtance from Rome. After this, 
he paſſed into Spain with his ſon Annibal, 
who was but nine years of age, and laid 
the foundation of the town of Barcelona, 
He was killed in a battle againſt the Vet- 
tones B. C. 237. He had formed the plan 
of an invaſion of Italy, by croſſing the Alps, 
which his ſon afterwards carried into execu- 
tion. His great enmity to the Romans was 
the cauſe of the ſecond Punic war. He 
uſed to ſay of his three ſons, that he Key! 
three lions to devour the Roman power. ( 
Nep. in Vit —Liv. 21, c. 1.—Polyb. 2— 
Plut. in Annib. A Carthaginian general, 
who aſſiſted the Inſubres againſt Rome, and 
was taken by Cn. Cornelius. Liv. 32, © 
30. I. 43, C. $. A ſon of Hanno, de- 
feated in Sicily by Gelon, the ſame day 


that Xerxes was defeated at Salamis by 
: i Themiſtoclt. 


Ga 


cyd. 13 


1. 3 c. 
v. 265. 
„ near 
4 it for 
after a 
ſold as 


is wife 
mother 
ſs, and 
tongue, 
4 noble 
's under 
c. 111. 


to Lyſi- 


zia, be- 
Perſia. 


neral of 
ſirnamed 
ns were 
nt to his 
| ſecretly 
hemes to 
Cartha- 
d to their 
zathocles, 
ſoon after 
cles, for 
age. He 
od. 20.— 
thaginiany 
celebrated 
ily during 
ace had 
quelled 2 
eged Car- 
of Africa, 
nidable to 
ed and ob- 
After this, 
1 Annibal, 
e, and laid 
Barcelona, 
ſt the Vet- 
ed the plan 
g the Alps, 
into execu- 
Mans was 
war. He 


power. 0 

Polyb. 2— 
ian general, 
Rome, an 

Liv. 32, C 
Hanno, de- 
> ſame day 
Salamis b/ 
hemiſtoc)*+: 


A M 


Theraiftocles. He burnt himſelf, that his 
body might not be found among the ſlain. 
Sacrifices were offered to him. Herodot. 7, 
c. 167, &c. 

Autos, or Aultus, a river of Mau- 
ritania, where the <!:phants go to waſh 
themſelves by moonſhine. Plin. 8, c. 1. 
——A town of Arcadia, Pauf. in Ar- 
cadic. 

Autud er, or AuvMENE, a daughter 
of Danaus, changed into a fountain which 
is near Argos, and flows into the lake 
Lerna. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 240. 

Aulxra, or AMMINEA, a part of 
Campania, where the inhabitants are great 
huſbandmen. Its wine was highly efteem- 
ed. Virg. G. 2, v. 99.——A place of Theſ- 
ſaly. 

Nene a famous pirate, whom An- 
tizonus employed againſt Apollodorus ty- 
raut of Caſſandrea. Poſyæn. 4, c. 18. 

Auixtus, a river of Arcadia. Pauſ. 
8, c. 30. 

Amin$GLEs, a native of Corinth, who 
foriſhed 705 B. C. &c. 

Auiszxa, a country of Cappadocia. 
Strab. 12. 

AuistAs, a comic poet, whom Ariſto- 
phanes ridiculed for his inſipid verſes. 

Auiss 4s, an officer of Megalopolis in 
Alexander's army. Curt. 10, c. 8. 

AMITERNUM, a town of Italy, where 
Salluſt was born, The inhabitants aſſiſted 
Turnus againſt Eneas. Virg. Anu. 7, v. 
710.—Plin. 3, e. 5. 

AmrTHion, or AMYTHAON, was fa- 
ther to Melampus the famous prophet. Stat. 
Theb, 3, v. 451. 

AmMMALo, a feſtival in honor of Jupi- 
ter in Greece, 

Ammianus. Vid. Marcellinus. 

Ammon & Hammon, a name of Jupi- 
ter, worſhipped in Libya. He appeared 
under the form of a ram to Bacchus, who, 
with his army, ſuffered the greateſt extre- 
mities for want of water, in the deſerts of 
Africa, and ſhewed him a fountain. Up- 
on this, Bacchus erected a temple to his fa- 
ther, under the name of Jupiter Ammon, 
1. e. ſandy, with the horns of a ram. The 
ram, according to ſome, was made a con- 
ſtellation. The temple of Jupiter Ammon 
Was in the deſerts of Libya, nine days 
Journey from Alexandria. It had a fa- 
mous oracle, which, according to ancient 
tradition, was eſtabliſhed about 18 centuries 
before the time of Auguſtus, by two doves 
Which flew away from Thebais in Egypt, 
and came one to Dodona, and the other 
to Libya, where the people were ſoon in- 
formed of their divine miſſion. The oracle 
of Hammon was conſulted by Hercules, 
Perſeus, and others; but when tt pro- 


4 


| 


AM 


nounced Alexander to be the ſon of Jupli< 
ter, ſuch flattery deſtroyed its long eſtab- 
liſhed reputation, and in the age of Plu- 
tarch it was ſcarce known. The fituation 
of the temple was pleaſant; and according 
to Ovid. Met. 15, v. 310.—Lucret. 6, v. 
847.— Herodot. in Melpom.—Curt. 440 7. 
there was near it a fountain whoſe waters 
were cold at noon and midnight, and warm 
in the morning and evening.. There were 
above 100 prieſts in the temple, but only 
the elders delivered oracles. There was 
alſo an oracle of Jupiter Ammon in Æthi- 
opia. Plin, 6, c. 29.—Strab. 1. 11 & 17. 
—Plut. cur orac. edi defierant, & in Lfd. 
Curt. 6, c. 10. I. 10, c. 5.— Herodot. 1, c. 
6, I. 2, c. 32 & 55.1. 4, c. 44.—Pauſ. 3, 
c. 18. 1. 4, c. 23—Hygin. fab. 133. Poet. 
r. 2, c. 20.—Fuftin. 1, c. 9. |. 11, c. 
It. A king of Libya, father to Bac» 
chus. He gave his name to the temple of 
Hammon, according to Died. 8. 

AMMon & BroTHAs, two brothers 
famous for their ſkill in boxing.—Ovid. 
Met. 5, v. 107. 

AMMONIA, a name of Juno in Elis. 
Pauſ. 5, c. 15. 

AMMON11, a nation of Africa, who de- 
rived their origin from the Egyptians and 
1 Their language was a mix- 
ture of that of the two people from whom 
they were deſcended. Herodot. 2, 3 & 4. 

Aunödius, a Chriſtian philoſopher, 
who opened a ſchool of Platonic philoſophy 
at Alexandria, 232 A. D. and had among 
his pupils Origen and Plotinus. His trea- 
tiſe Ne Opacrcy was publiſhed in 4to. by 
Valckenaer, L. Bat. 1739. A writer 
who gave an account of ſacrifices, as alſo a 
treatiſe on the harlots of Athens. At lien. 
13.—-An Athenian general firnamed Bar- 
cas. Polyb. 3. : 

AMMOTHEA, one of the Nereides. 


He- 


fied. Theog, 


AMNIAS, a river of Bithynia. Appian. 
de Bell. Mitur. 

Auxis us, a port of Gnoſſus in Crete, 
with a ſmall river of the ſame name. 
Cal lim. 

AMeRraeus, an Athenian player of 
great reputation, who ſang at the nuptials 
of Demetrius and Nicza. Polyeen. 4, c. 6. 

AMoMETUS, a Greek hiſtorian, Plin. 
6, C. 17. | 

Amor, the ſon of Venus, was the God 
of Love. Vid. Cupido. 

AMORGES, a Perſian general, killed in 
Caria in the reign of Xerxes. Herodot. 5, 
e. 121. 

AmoRGos, an iſland among the C y- 
clades, where Simonides was born. Strab. 
10. 

AMPEL Us, a promontory of Samos. 

E | A town 


1 
4 
8 | 


upon the ground, upon which they ſlept in 
-», expectation of receiving in a dream the 


— ff DOS — 4 


AM 


A town of Crete, - Macedonia, — Liguria, 
—& Cyrene. A favorite of Bacchus. 
APELUS1A, a promontory of Africa, in 
Mauritania, Mela, 1, c. 5 & 6. 
AmMPHEA, a city of Meſſenia, taken by 
the Lacedzmonians. Pau. 4, C. 5. 
AMPHIALAVUsS, a famous. dancer in the 
iſland of the Phæacians. Homer. Od. $.— 
AMPHIANAX, a king of Lycia in the 
time of Acriſius & Prœtus. Apollod. 2, 
e. 8. 
AMPHIARAUS, ſon of Oicleus, or ac- 
cording to others, of Apollo, by Hyperm- 
neſtra, was at the chace of the Calydo- 
nian boar, and accompanied the Argonauts 
in their expedition, He was famous for 
his knowledge of futurity. He married 
Eriphyle, the ſiſter of Adraſtus king of 
Argos, by whom he had two ſons, Alcmz- 
en and Amphilochus. When Adraſtus, at 
the requeſt of Polynices, declared war 
againſt Thebes, Amphiaraus ſecreted him- 
ſelf, not to accompany his brother-in-law 
in an expedition in which he knew he was to 
periſh. But Eriphyle, who knew where he 
had concealed himſelf, was prevailed upon 
to betray him by Polynices, who gave her 
a$ a reward for her perfady, a famous gol- 
den necklace ſet with diamonds. Amphi- 
araus being thus diſcovered, went to the 
war, but previouſly charged his fon Alcmæ- 
on to put to death his mother Eriphyle, as 
ſoon as he was informed that he was killed, 
The Theban war was fatal to the Argives, 
and Amphiaraus was ſwallowed up in his 
chariot by the earth as he attempted to re- 
tire from the battle. The news of his 
death was brought to Alcmæon, who im- 
mediately executed his father's command, 
and murdered Eriphyle. Amphiaraus re- 
ceived divine honors after death, and had 
a celebrated temple and oracle at Oropos in 
Attica. His ftatue was made of white 
marble, and near his temple was a fountain, 
whoſe waters were ever held ſacred, They 
only who had conſulted his oracle, or had 
been delivered from a diſeaſe, were per- 
mitted to bathe in it, after which they 
threw pieces of gold and filver into the 
ſtream. Thoſe who confulted the oracle of 
Ampniaraus, firſt purified themſelves, and 
abſtained from food for 24 hours, and three 
days from wine, after which they ſacrificed 
a ram to the prophet, and ſpread the ſkin 


anſwer of the oracle. Plutarch de orac. de- 
fect. mentions, that the oracle of Amphia- 
raus was once conſulted in the time of 
Xerxes, by one of the ſervants of Mardo- 
nius, for his maſter, Who was then with an 
army in Greece; and that the ſervant, 


A M 


the temple, who upbraided him, and drove 
him away, and even threw ftones at his 
head when he refuſed to comply. This 
oracle was verified in the death of Mardo. 
nius, who was actually killed by the blow 
of a ſtone he received on the head. Cic. & 
Div. t, c. 40.—Philoſtr, in vit. Apollon. 2, 
c. 11.— Homer. Od. 15, v. 243, &c.— 
Hygin. fab. 70, 73, 128 & 150. — Diod. 4 
— Ovid. 9, fab. 10.— Pauſ. 1, c. 34. 1. 2, 
b. 37.1. 9, c. 8 & 19. —-Aſchyl. Sept. ant 
Taeb.—-Apollod. 1. c. 8 & 9. I. 3, c. 6. &c. 
—Strab. 8. 

AMPHIARAIDES, a patronymic of Alc. 
mæon, as being ſon of Amphiaraus. Ovid, 
Faſt. 2, c. 43. 

AMPHICRATES, an hiftorian who wrot- 
the lives of illuſtrious men. Diog. 

AMPHICTYoON, ſon of Deucalion & Pyr. 
rha, reigned at Athens after Cranaus, and 
firſt attempted to give the interpretation of 
dreams, and to draw omens. Some (ay 
that the deluge happened in his age. Fuftir, 
2, C. 6. The fon of Helenus, who fin 
eſtabliſhed the celebrated council of the 
Amplictyont, compoſed of the wiſeſt and 
moſt virtuous men of ſome cities of Greece, 
This auguſt aſſembly confiſted of 12 per. 
ſons, originally ſent by the following Rates; 
the Ionians, Dorians, Perhæbians, Bœoti- 
ans, Magneſians, Phthians, Locrians, Ma- 
lians, Phocians, Theſſalians, Dolopes, and 
the people of ¶ ta. Other cities in proceſi 
of time ſent alſo ſome of their citizens to 
the council of the Amphictyons, and in the 
age of Antoninus Pius, they were encreaſed 
to the number of 30. They generally met 
twice every year at Delphi, and ſometimes 
fat at Thermopylz. They took into con- 
deration all matters of difference which 
might exiſt between the different ſtates of 
Greece, When the Phocians plundered the 
temple of Delphi, the Amphictyons de- 
clared war againſt them, and this war was 
ſupported by all the ſtates of Greece, 
and laſted 10 years. The Phocians, with 
their allies, the Lacedzmonians, were de- 
prived of the pnvilege of fitting in the 
council of the Amphictyons, and the Ma- 
cedonians were admitted in their place, for 
their ſervices in ſupport of the war. About 
60 years after, when Brennus, with the 
Gauls, invaded Greece, the Phocians be- 
haved with ſuch courage, that they welt 
reinſtated in all their former privileges. 
Before they proceeded to buſineſs, the Am, 
phictyons ſacrificed an ox to the god 
Delphi, and cut his fleſh into ſmall pieces 
intimating that union and unanimity pte- 


vailed in the ſeveral cities which they repre* 


ſented. Their deciſions were held fac 
and inviolable, and even arms were no 
up to inforce them, Par. in Phocic. 


den aſleep, ſaw in @ dream the prieſt of 


chats 


eir ſide 
ommon 


and drove 
bes at his 
ly. This 
ft Mardo- 
the blow 
J. Cic. & 
Apollon. 2, 
3, & c.— 
— Died. 4 


8.3 . 
Sept. ante 
„ c. 6. &c. 


ic of Alc- 
raus. Ovid. 


who wrote 


og. 


ion & Pyr- 
anaus, and 
pretation of 
Some ſay 
ge. Tuſtin, 
„ who firt 
acil of the 
wiſeſt and 
s of Greece, 
of 12 per- 
wing ſtates; 
ins, Bœoti- 
crians, Ma- 
Jolopes, and 
2s in proceli 
r Citizens to 
and in the 
re encreaſed 
-nerally met 
d ſometimes 
k into conſi- 
ence which 
ent ſtates of 
lundered the 
jityons de- 
his war Was 
of Greect, 
ns, were de 
tting in the 
and the Ma- 
eir place, for 


war. A 


us, with the 
Phocians be- 
at they war 
Ty privileges. 
eſs, the Ame 
the god of 
ſmall pieces 
1animity — 
ch they repre” 
held ſacred 


gs Were 


in Phocic. & 
Acai — 


A NM 
Aelaic—Strab. 8. —Suidas.— Heſych.— E, 


hin, 
AMPHICLEA, a town of Phocis, where 


Bacchus had a temple. 

AmMPHIDAMUS, a ſon of Aleus, brother 
to Lycurgus. He was of the family of the 
Inachide. Pauſ. 8, c. 4. — One of the 
Argonauts. Flac, 1, v. 376. A ſon of 
Buſiris, killed by Hercules. Apol/od. 2, c. 5 

AMPHIDROMIA, a feſtival obſerved by 
private families at Athens, the fifth day 
after the birth of every child. It was cuſ- 
tomary to run round the fire with a child in 


tivals. 

AMPHIGENTA, a town of Meſſenia in 
peloponneſus. Stat. 4. Theb. v. 178. 

AMPHILGCHUS, a ſon of Amphiaraus 
and Eriphyle. After the Trojan war, he 
left Argos his native country, and built 
Amphilochus, a town of Epirus. Srrab. 
7. Pauſ. 2, c. 18. An Athenian phi- 
loſopher who wrote upon agriculture, Varro. 
d R. R. 1. 

AMpHilYTUs, a ſoothſayer of Acarna- 
nia, who encouraged Piſiſtratus to ſeize 
lhe ſovereign power of Athens. Herodot. 
, c. 62. 

Aurmimkxchus, one of Helen's ſuitors. 
He went to the Trojan war. Apollod. 3, c. 
10.— Hygin. fab. 97. 

Aurntul box, a Libyan killed by Per- 
rus in the court of Cepheus. Ovid. Met. 
„ ». 75.— ne of Penelope's ſuitors 
led by Telemachus. Homer, Od. 22, v. 
283. 

Auruix sur, the name of one of the 
tendants of Thetis. Homer. II. 18, v. 44. 
AMeninSmus, one of Penelope's ſui- 
75 killed by Telemachus. Homer. J. 22, 
89. 

AMPHINTMUS & ANAPIUS, two bro- 
ders, who, when Catana and the neigh- 
pouring cities were in flames, by an erup- 
Jon from mount Ætna, ſaved their parents 
pon their ſhoulders. The fire, as it is ſaid, 
wed them while it conſumed others by 
ar fide; and Pluto, to reward their un- 
vmmon piety, placed them after death in 
e iſland of Leuce, and they received di- 
ne honors in Siciiy. Val. Max. 5, e. 4.— 
— 6.—Iral. 14, v. 197.— Seneca de 
ene. 

Aurufox, was ſon of Jupiter, by An- 
Pe daughter of Nycteus, who had mar- 


U when he married Dirce. Amphion 
u born at the Came birth as Zethus, on 
dunt Citheron, where Antiope had fled 
void the reſentment of Dirce and the 
d Children were expoſed in the woods, 
\Preſerved by a ſhepherd. { Vd. Antiope. 
n Awphian grew up, be cultivate 


their arms; whence the name of the feſ- 


d Lycus, and had been repudiated by 


A M 


poetry, and made ſuch an uncommon pro- 


grels in muſic, that he is ſaid to have been 
the inventor ot it, and to have built the walls 
of Thebes at the ſound of his lyre. Mercury 
taught him muſic, and gave him the lyre. 
He was the firſt who raiſed an altar to this 
god. Zethus and Amphion united to avenge 
the wrongs which their mother had ſuffered 
from the cruelties of Dirce. They befieged 
and took Thebes, put Lycus to death, and 
tied his wife to the tail of a wild bull, 
who dragged her through precipices till ſhe 
expired. The fable of Amphion's moving 
ſtones and raiſing the walls of Thebes at 
the ſound of his lyre, has been explained 
by ſuppoſing that he perſuaded by his elo- 
quence, a wild and uncivilized people, to 
unite together and build a town to protect 
themſelves againſt the attacks of their ene= 
mies. Homer. Od. 11.-—Apolled. 3, c. 5 & 
10.—Pauſ. 6, c. 6. I. 6, c. 20. I. 9, c. 5 & 
17. Propert. 3, el. 15. — Ovid. de Art, 
Am. 3, v. 323.—Herat. 3, od. 11. Art. 
Poet. v. 394.— Stat. Theb, f, v. 10.——A. 
ſon of Jaſus king of Orchomenos, by Per- 
ſephone daughter of Mius. He married 
Niobe, daughter of Tantalus, by whom 
he had many children, among whom was 
Chloris the wife of Neleus. He has been 


| confounded by mythologiſts with the ſon 


of Antiope, though Homer, in his Odyſſey, 
ſpeaks of them both, and diſtinguiſhes 
them beyond contradiction. The number 
of Amphion's children, according to Ho- 
mer, was 12, fix of each ſex; acco ding 
to lian, 20; and according to Ovid 14, 
ſeven males and ſeven females. When 
Niobe boaſted herſelf greater, and more 
deſerving of immortality than Latona, all 
her children, except Chloris, were deſtroyed 
by the arrows of Apollo and Diana ; Niobe 
herſelf was changed into a flone, and Am- 
phion killed himſelf in a fit of deſpair. 
Homer. Od. 11, v. 261 & 282. lian, J 
H. 12, v. 36.— Ovid. Met. 6, fab. 5. 
One of the Argonauts. Hygin. fab. 14. 
A famous painter and ſtatuar Plin. 36, 
c. 10. — One of the Greek generals in 
the Trojan war. Homer. Il. 13, v. 692. 
AMPHIPGLES, magiſtrates appointed at 
Syracuſe, by Timoleon, after the expulſion 
of Dionyſius the younger. The office exs 
iſted for above 300 years. Died. 16, 
AMPHIPOLI1S, a town on the Strymon, 
between Macedonia and Thrace, An Athe- 
nian colony under Agnon, fon of Nicias, 
drove the ancient inhabitants, called Edoni- 
ans, from the country, and built a city, 
which they called Amphipolis, i. e. a town 
ſurrounded on all fides, becauſe the Stry= 
mon flowed all around it. It has been al- 
ſo called Acra, Strymon, Myrica, Eion, 


and the town of Mars. It was the cauſe 
| | E 2 of 


* — "Is... * — — 


A M 


ef many wars between the Athenians and 
Spartans. Thucyd. 4, c. 102, &c.—-Hero- 
dot. 6, c. 126. 1.7, c. 114, —Dizrd. 11, 12, 
& c. C. Nep. in Cim. 

AmenieYRos, a ſirname of Diana, be- 
eauſe ſhe carries a torch in both her hands. 
Sophocles in Trach, 

AMPHIRETUS, a man of Acanthus, who 
artfully eſcaped from pirates who had made 
kim priſoner. Poly. 6. 

AMPHIROE, one of the Oceanides. He- 
od. Theog. v. 361. 

Aururs, a Greek comic poet of Athens 
eontemporary with Plato. Beſides his co- 
medies, he wrote other pieces, which are 
now loſt. Suidas.— Diog. 

AMPHISBENA, a two-headed ſerpent in 
the deſerts of Libya, whoſe bite was ve- 
momous and deadly. Lucan. , v. 719. 

' AmPpHissA, a daughter of Macareus, 
beloved by Apollo, She gave her name to 
a city of Locris near Phocis, in which was 
a temple of Minerva. Liv. 37, c. 5.—Ovid. 
Met. 15, v. 703.—Lucan. 3, v. 172. 

AMPHISSENE, a country of Armenia. 

AmeH1ssUs, a ſon of Dryope. Ovid. 
Met. 9, fab. 10. 

AMPHISTHENES, a Lacedzmonian, who 
fell delirious in ſacrificing to Diana. Pau. 
3, C. 16. 

AMPHISTIDES, a man fo naturally deſ- 
titute of intellects, that he ſeldom remem- 
bered that he ever had a father. He wiſhed 
to learn arithmetic, but never could com- 
prehend beyond the figure 4. Arifter. probl. 4. 

AmMPHISTRATUS & RHECAS, two men 
of Laconia, charioteers to Caſtor and Pollux. 
Strab, 11.—Fuftin. 42, c. 3. 

AMPHITEA, the mother of Ægialeus, by 
Cyanippus, and of three daughters, Argia, 
Deipyle and AÆgialea, by Adraſtus king of 
Argos. She was daughter to Pronax. Apol- 
/od. 1.—The wife of Autolycus, by whom 
ſhe had Anticlea, the wife of Laertes. Ho- 
mer. Od. 19. 

- AMPHITHEATRUM, a large round or oval 
building at Rome, where the people aſſem- 
bled to ſee the combats of gladiators, of 
wild beaſts, and other exhibitions, The 
amphitheatres of Rome were generally built 
with wood ; Statilius Taurus was the firſt 
who mgde one with ſtones, under Auguſtus, 

AMPHITHEM1s, a Theban general, who 
involved the Lacedzmonians into a war 
with his country. Plut. in Lyſ.— Pauſ. 3, 
c. 9. 

3 one of the Nereides. 

AMPHITRITE, daughter of Oceanus and 
Tethys, married Neptune, though ſhe had 
made a vow of perpetual celibacy. She had 
by him Triton, one of the ſea deitjes. She 
had a ſtatue at Corinth in the temple of 


Neptune, She is ſometimes called Salatia, | AMPRACIA, [Vid Ambracia-) 


| 


A M 


and-is often taken for the ſea itſelf. Varg, 
de L. L. 4.—Hefied. Theog.— Apolled. 3. 


Claudian de Rapt. Prof. 1, v. 104. Oi. 2 
Met. 1, v. 14. a 
Aurulrzx vo, a Theban prince; ſon of 3 
Alcæus and Hippunome. His filter Ana 
had married Electryon king of Mycenz, !“ 
whoſe ſons were killed in a batile by the of 
Teleboans. Electryon promiſed his crown, " | 
and daughter Alcmena, to him who could any 
revenge the death of his ſons upon the Tele- _— 
boans ; and Amphitryon offered himſelf, E 3 
and was received, on condition that he p 
ſhould not approach Alcmena before he had The 
obtained a victory. Jupiter, who was cap- ran 
tivated with the charms of Alemena, bor. . 4 
rowed the features of Amphitryon, when * 0 
he was gone to the war, and introduced we 
himſelf to Electryon's daughter, as her huſ- 4th 
band returned victorious. Alcmena be- = 
came pregnant of Hercules by Jupiter, and —＋ 
of Iphiclus by Amphitryon, after his re- _ 
turn. [Vid. Alemena.] When Amphitry- mier 
on returned from the war, he brought back WW burie, 
to Electryon, the herds which the Teleboans vic 
had taken from him. One of the com . 
having ſtrayed from the reſt, Amphitrya, The 
to bring them together, threw a ſtick, which he 4 
ſtruck the horns of the cow, and rebound- . 
ed with ſuch violence upon Electryon t ear, 
he died on the ſpot. After this accidental uſurpe 
murder, Sthenelus, Electryon's brother, ſeueii¶ do tei 
the kingdom of Mycenæ, and obliged An. 
phitryon to leave Argolis, and retire :, c. 
Thebes with Alcmena. Creon, king oi painter 
Thebes, purified him of the murder. A Ami 
lod. 2, c. 4—Pirg. An. 8, v. 213—""M fin; 
pert. 4, el. 10, v. 1.—Heſied. in Scut. He the Bel 
cul, —Hygin. fab. 29.—Pauſ. 8, c. 14. laurels 
AMPHITRYONIADES, a firname of Ha carried 
cules, as the ſuppoſed ſon of Amphitryong io. .; 
Virg. Mn. 8, v. 103. wy 
AMPHITUS, a prieſt of Ceres, at ! Any 
court of Cepheus. Ovid. Met. 5, fab. 5: with he 
AMPpHOTERUS was appointed commat Diana, 
der of a fleet in the Helleſpont by Au enter 
ander. Curt. 3, e. 1. mer 
AMPHRYSUS, a river of Theſſaly, ne L 24. | 


which Apollo, when baniſhed from heave 
fed the flocks of king Admetus. Frot 
this circumſtance the god has becncalledA 
phryſſius, and his prieſteſs Amphryſſa. Laa 
6, v. 367.—Virg. G. 3, v. 2. Eu. 6, v. J 
— A river of Phrygia whoſe waters rende 
ed women liable to barrenneſs. Plin. 32,6 

AuriA LaBIENA LEX, was enacted 
T. Ampius and T. Labienus, tribunes 
the people, A. U. C. 693. It gave Fol 
pey the Great the privilege of appearing 
triumphal robes, and with a golden cle 
at the Circenſian games, and with ap 
texta and golden crown at theatrical pla 


Aurel 


If. Farr, 
04.—0vid, 


Ince; ſon of 
ſiſter Anaxo 
of Mycenz, 
atile by the 
d his crown, 
1 who could 
on the Tele- 
red himſelf, 
ion that he 
before he had 
bo was caps 
lemena, bor- 
itryon, whet 
d introduced 
r, as her hul- 
Alcmena be- 
Jupiter, and 
after his te- 
en Amphutry- 
brought back 
the Teleboans 
\ of the cows 
Amphitryon, 
a tick, which 
and rebound- 
Ele&ryon that 
this accidental 
s brother,ſeized 
d obliged Am- 
and retire & 
>reon, king e 
murder. Ap 
V. ) 3—P * 
d. in Scut, He 
8, c. 14 
* of Her 
of Amphitiya 


f Ceres, at | 
let. 5, fab. by 


ointed comman 


ſpont by AK 


F Thbeſſaly, ne 
zed from heave 
\dmetus. Frol 
s been called 4 
mphoyſie Lu 
PB N. 6, V. ; 


(4 
J 
ſe waters rende 


k It bracia- 
Aur 1515 


A NM 


Auer vskors, a patronymic of Mopſus, 
fon of Ampyx. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 316. 

Aur vx, a ſon of Pelias. Par. A 
man mentioned by Ovid. Met. 5, v. 184. 
Abe father of Mopſus. Orph. in Ar- 
gin, —Pauf. 5, c. 17. ; 

AMSACTUS, a «place about the middle 
of Italy, whoſe waters are ſo ſulphureous 
that they infe& and deſtroy whatever ani- 
mals come near the place. Virg. An. 7, 
v. 565,—Cic. de Div. 1, c. 36. 

AmULt1vus, king of Alba, was ſon of 
Procas, and youngeſt brother to Numitor, 
The crown belonged to Numitor by right of 
birth; but Amulius diſpoſſeſſed him of it, 
and even put to death his ſon Lauſus, and 
conſecrated his daughter Rhea Sylvia to the 
ſervice of Veſta, to prevent her ever be- 
coming a mother, Yet, in ſpite of all theſe 
precautions, Rhea became pregnant by the 
god Mars, and brought forth twins, Ro- 
mulus and Remus. Amulius, who was 
informed of this, ordered the mother to be 
buried alive for violating the laws of Veſta, 
which enjoined perpetual chaſtity, and the 
two children to be thrown into the river, 
They were providentially ſaved by ſome 
ſhepherds, or, as others ſay, by a ſhe- 
wolt; and when they had attained the 
years of manhood, they put to death the 
uſurper, Amulius, and reſtored the crown 
to their grandfather, Ovid. Faſt. 3, v. 67. 
Luv. 1, c. 3 & 4.—Plut. in Romul.,— Flor. 
l, c. 1.— Dionyſ. Hal. A celebrated 
painter, Plin. 3 5, e. 10. 

Aude PorTus, a place in Pontus, 
famous for the death of Amycus king of 
the Bebryces. His tomb was covered with 
laurels, whoſe boughs, as is reported, when 
curied on board a ſhip, cauſed uncommon 
dſſentions among the ſailors. Plin. 5, c. 
1. —Arrian. 


AnYcLa, a daughter of Niobe, who, | 


vith her ſiſter Melibœa, was ſpared by 
Vina, when her mother boaſted herſelf 
Eater than Diana. Pauſ. 2, c. 22. 
Homer ſays that all the daughters periſhed. 
ll. 24. [Vid. Niobe.] 
AnYcLz, a town of Italy between 
acta and Tarracina, built by the compani- 
dns of Caſtor and Pollux. The inhabitants 
ere ſtrict followers of the precepts of Py- 
Wagoras, and therefore abſtained from fleth. 
ney vere killed by ſerpents, which they 
ought impious to deſtroy, though in their 
en defence. Plin. 8, c. 29. Once a re- 
prevailed in Amyclæ, that the enemies 
ie coming to ſtorm it; upon which the 
Maditants made a law, that forbade ſuch 
port to be credited, and when the ene- 
J really arrived, no one mentioned it, or 
up arms in his own defence, and the 
1 Was caſily taken. From this circum- 


{ 


AM 


ſtance the epithet of racitæ has been given 
to Amyclæ. Firg. An. 10, v. 564—S1l, 
8, v. 529. A city of Peloponneſus, 
built by Amyclas. Caſtor and Pollux were 
born there. The country was famous for 
dogs. Apollo, called Amyclæus, had a 
rich and magnificent temple at Amyclæ. 
ſurrounded with delightful groves. Pau. 
3, e. 18,—Stat, Theb. 4, v. 223.—Strab. 
8.—irg. G. 3, v. 345.—0vid. de art. am. 
2, v. 5. 

AMYCL Us, a ſtatuary, Pau. 10, c. 
13. A firname of Apollo. 

AmYCLas, fon of Lacedæmon and Spar- 
ta, built the city of Amyclæ. His fiſter 
Eurydice married Acriſius king of Argos, 
by whom ſhe had Danae. Pau. 3, Cc. 1. 
I. 7, c. 18, The maſter of a ſhip in 
which Cæſar embarked in diſguiſe. When 


Amyclas wiſhed to put back to avoid a 


violent ſtorm, Cwliar unveiling his head, 
diſcovered himſelf, and bidding the pilot 
purſue his voyage, exclaimed, Cæſarem de- 
his, Cæſuriſque fortunam. Lucan, 5, v. 
520. 

AmYcus, ſon of Neptune, by Melia, 
was King of the Bebryces. He was famous 
for his ſkill in the management of the 
ceſtus, and he challenged all ftrangers to a 
trial of ſtrength, When the Argonauts, in 
their expedition, ſtopped on his coaſts, he 
treated them with great kindneſs, and Pol- 
lux accepted his challenge, and killed him 
when he attempted to overcome him by 
fraud. Apollon. 2 Argon.—Theocrit, Id. 22. 
—Apol/ed. 1, c. 9.——One of the compa- 
nions of /Eneas, who almoſt periſhed in a 
orm on the coaſt of Africa. He was 
killed by Turnus. Firg. An. 1, v. 225. 
I. 9, v. 772. Another likewiſe killed 
by Turnus. 15. 12, v. 509. A ſon of 
Ixion and the cloud. Ovid. Met. 12, v. 245. 

AmYDon, a city of Macedonia, which 
ſent auxiharies to Priam during the Trojan 
war. Homer. I. 2. 

AMYMONE, daughter of Danaus and 
Europa, married Enceladus, ſon of Ægyp- 
tus, whom ſhe murdered the firſt night of 
her nuptials. She wounded a ſatyr with an 
arrow which ſhe had aimed at a ſtag. The 
ſatyr purſued her, and even offered her vio- 
lence, but Neptune delivered her. It was 
ſaid, that ſhe was the only one of the 50 
ſiſters who was not condemned to fill aleaky 
tub with water in hell, becauſe ſhe had 
been continually employed, by order of her 
father, in ſupplying the city of Argos with 
water, in a great drought. Neptune ſaw 
her in this employment, and was enamoured 
of her. He carried her away, and in the 
place where the ſtood, he raiſgd a fountain, 
by ſtriking a rock. The fountain has been 
called Amymoge. She had . by 


E 3 | Neptune, 


* 


— ——ů — fo. >. — 


—— — — — 2 


= IE oy. — —-- 
— = 


mm, a 


— —ꝛꝑ —a — 


A M AN 


Ce. it. © a IH 


| 
i Neptune. Apollod. 2.—Strab, 8.—Pauſ. | pes. Ovid. Met. 12, v. 364.——A fon of J 
[ | 2, c. 37.—O0vid. Amor. 1, v. $15. —Hygin. Agyptus, killed by Damone the firſt night 0 
ſab. 169. A fountain and rivulet of | of his marriage. Hygin. fab. 170, Þ 

Peloponneſus, flowing through Argolis into} AnvRISs, a man of Sybaris, who con. A 

the lake of Lerna. Gi. Met. 2, v. 240. | ſulted the oracle of De'phi concerning the 0 

1 AmMvyNTAs 1ſt, was king of Macedonia | probable duration of his country's proſpe. ſ 
i after his father Alcetas. fis ſon Alexan- | rity, &c. * 
1 der murdered the ambaſſadors of Megaby- AMYRIcus CAMPUS, a plain of The. * 
1 zus, for their wanton and inſolent beha- | ſaly. Polyb. 3. af 
i viour to the ladies of his father's court. AnvrIvs, a king by whom Cyrus wx ei 
, Bubares, a Perſian general, was ſent with | killed in a battle. Crefras. os 
1 an army to revenge the death of the ambaſs | AmYrvs, a town of Theſſaly.—A rie fr, 
1 ſadors; but inſtead of making war, he | mentioned by Val. Flace. 2, v. 11. ar 
1 married the king's daughter, and defended AMYST1s, a river of India falling int hi 
| his poſſeſſions. Fuſtin. 7, c. 3.— Herodot. the Ganges. Arrian in Indic, th 
| 5, 7 & 8. The ſecond of that name AMYTHAoON, a ſon of Cretheus king of 2 
was ſon of Menelaus, and king of Mace- | Iolchos, by Tyro. He married Idomene, m. 

donia, after his murder of Pauſanias. He | by whom he had Bias and Melampus. Af, cre 

was expelled by the Illyrians, and reſtored | ter his father's death, he eſtabliſhed himſel wi 

by the Theſſalians and Spartans. He made f in Meſſenia, with his brother Neleus, and pu 

war againſt the IIlyrians and Olynthians, | re-eſtabliſhed or regulated the Olympic gal 

and lived to a great age. His wife, Eury- | games. —Melampus is called Amytharnu, ere 

dice, conſpired againſt ' his life; but her | from his father Amythaon. Firg. G. 7 

| ſnares were ſeaſonably diſcovered by one of | v. 5 50.— Diod. 4.—Apolled. I, Homer. Oi. we 

| NT UG his daughters by a former wife. He had} 11. A ſon of Hippaſus, who aſſiſted Bat 
e. Alexander, Perdiccas, and Philip, Alex- | Priam in the Trojan war, and was killed ma 

\ . 1 nander the Great's father, by his firſt wife; | by Lycomedes. Homer. Il. 17, zen 
N 4 8 and by the other he had Archelaus, Ari- AMYTI Sz A daughter of Aſtyages, whon 14 
1 dzus, and Menelaus. He reigned 24 years; | Cyrus married, Crefras. A daughter & 
| | bh, and ſoon after his death, his ſon Philip | of Xerxes, who married Megabyzus, and 750 
1 + murdered all his brothers, and aſcended the | diſgraced herſelf by her debaucheries. A 
| : 25 throne. Juſtin. 7, c. 4 & 9.—Died. 14, AxAcks or ANACTES, a name givea Of! 
| | "Wh &—C. Nep. & Plut. in Pelopid. There is | to Caſtor and Pollux. Their feſtivals wet of , 

| i another king of Macedonia of the ſame | called Anaceia, Plut. in Thef. : rint] 
N name, but of his life fgqw particulars are ANACHARSIS, a Scythian philoſopher, qua 

recorded in hiſtory.— A man who ſucceeded J 592 B. C. who, on account of his wildcmy rint! 

Dejotarus, in the kingdom of Gallogrzcia. | temperance, and extenſive knowledge, has tant. 

| After his death it became a Roman pro- | been called one of the ſeven wiſe men. Like batt] 

! vince under Auguſtus. Strab, 12. One | his countrymen, he made uſe of a cart i c. 5 

of Alexander's officers, Another officer | ſtead of a houſe. He was wont to compan Cieni 

who deſcrted to Darius, and was killed as | laws to cobwebs, which can ſtop only A 

he attempted to ſeize Egypt. Curt. 3, c. | ſmall flies, and are unable to reſiſt the iu ton! 

9. A ſon of Antiochus, who withdrew | perior force of large inſets, When here * 

himſelf from Macedonia, becauſe he hated | turned to Scythia, from Athens, where! Ven 

Alexander.—An officer in Alexander's ca- had ſpent ſome time in ſtudy, and in d zuſtu 

valry, He had two brothers called Sim- | friendſhip of Solon, he attempted to inte of ]. 

mias and Polemon. He was accuſed of | duce there the laws of the Athenians, whic little 

conſpiracy againſt the king, on account of | ſo irritated his brother, who was then 0 ters i, 

his great intimacy with Philotas, and ac- | the throne, that he killed him with wy A) 

quitted. Curt. 4, c. 15. 1. 6, C. 9. 1. 8. | row. Anacharfis has rendered himſelf tium, 

c. 12.—A ſhepherd's name in Virgil's | mous among the ancients by his wilting divor, 

Eclog.—A Greek writer who compoſed ſe | and his poems on war, the laws of Scy Eu. 

veral works quoted by Athenæus. | &c.—Two of his letters to Gown Ax 

AMYNTIANUS, an hiftorian in the age | Hanno are ill extant. Later authors virgin 

of Antoninus, who wrote a treatiſe in com- | attributed to him the invention of "Hen eſteen 

mendation of Philip, Olympias, and Alex- | of anchors, and the potter's wheel. * Jie pre 

ander. dot, + c. 46, 47 & 48.— Plat. in Conv were c 

AmMyNToR, a king of Argos, ſon of | Cic. Tuſc. 5, c. 32.—Streb. 7. Vere 

Phraſtor. Hedeprived his ſon Phoenix of his AnAciuM, a mountain with 2 ben cerem 

eyes, to puniſh him for the violence he had | ſacred to the Anaces in Peloponneſus. ſuch 

offered to Clytia his concubine. Hygin. fab. | Hen. 1, c. 21. ; Te klude d 

173.—Ovid. Mer. 8, v. 307.—Apolled. 3. ANACREON,a famous lytic Poet o = a 

cu 


Homer. II. 9. — A gencral of the Dolo- in Ionia, higbly favored by Fore — 


* 


A {on of 
e firſt night 
70. 

„ Who con- 
ncerning the 


ry's proſpe 
in of Thel. 
n Cyrus was 


ly. A rivet 
«Tt. 
falling into 


theus king 0 
ed Idomene, 
lampus. Af, 
liſhed himſelf 
Neleus, and 
the Olympic 
| Amythaoniu, 

Virg. G. 3 
Homer. 01, 
, who afliſted 
ad was Killed 


17. 

ſtyages, whon 
—A daugitet 
egabyzus, and 
ucheries. 

a name gives 
r feſtivals welt 


ef 
n philoſopher, 
of his wiſdem, 
-nowledge, has 
viſe men. Like 
iſe of a cart in 
ont to compant 
can ſtop onh 
to reſiſt the iu 
When he re 
thens, where 
udy, and in i 
-mpted to intre 
thenians, hie 
ho was then 0 
him with an Z 
ered himſelf | 
by his writing 
laws of Scyt 
to Crœſus © 
ater authors l 
ntion E 9 
's heel. H 
Plat. in Cem 


„ af 
loponnelus. 
a of Te 1 
c.? 
Hirte“ 


have been the admiration of every age and 


le proſtitution, The feſtivals of the deity 


kluded b 


AN 


Hipparchus ſon of Philoſtratur. He was 
of a laſcivious and intemperate diſpoſition, 
much given to drinking, and deeply ena- 
moured of a youth called Bathyllus. His 
odes are ſtill extant, and the uncommon 
ſweetneſs and elegance of his poetry 


country. He lived to his 8 5th year, and 
after much N and debauchery, 
choaked himſelf with a grape ſtone, and 
expired, Plato ſays, that he was deſcended 
from an illuſtrious family, and that Co- 
drus, the laſt king of Athens, was one of 
his progenitors. His ſtatue was placed ing 
the citade] of Athens, repreſenting him as 
an old drunken man, Gnging, with every 
mark of diſhpation and intemperance. Ana- 
creon floriſhed 532 B. C. All that he 
wrote is not extant; his odes were firſt 
publiſhed by H, Stephens, with an ele- 
gant tranſlation. The beſt editions of Ana- 
creon are, that of Maittaire, 4to. London 

1725, of which only one hundred copies 
were printed, and the very correct one of 
Barnes, 12mo, Cantab. 1721, to which 
may be added that of Brunck, 12mo, Ar- 
gentor. 1778. 
14.—lian, V. H. 9, c. 4.—Cic. in 1 wh 
4, c. 33.— Horat. epod. 14, v. 20,—Plin. 
75 c. 7.— Herodot. 3, c. 121. 

AxAcroRIA & ANACTORIUM, a town 
of Epirus, in a peninſula towards the gulph 
of Ambracia. It was founded by a Co- 
rinthian colony, and was the cauſe of many 
quarrels between the Corcyreans and Co- 
rinthians—Auguſtus carried the inhabi- 
tants to the city of Nicopolis, after the 
battle of Actium. Strab. 10. Thucyd. 1, 
c. 55.— lin. 4, c. I, I. 5, c. 29.— An an- 
cient name of Miletus. 

ANACTGRIE, a woman of Leſbos, wan- 
tonly loved by Sappho, Ovid. Her. 1 5, v. 17. 

AnNADYoMENE, a valuable painting of 
Venus rifing from the ſea, by Apelles. Au- 
guitus bought it, and placed itin the temple 
of J. Cæſar. The lower part of it was a | 
little defaced, and there were found no pain- 
ters in Rome able to repair it. Plin. 35, c. 10. 
Ax aN, a city of the Hernici in La- 
tum, where Antony ſtruck a medal when he 
dirorccedOctavia and married Cleopatra. Virg. 
An, 7, V. 684.—Strab, 5. Ital. 8, V. 392. 

Axairis, a goddeſs of Armenia. The 
virgins who were conſecrated to her ſervice, 
eee med themſelves more dignified by pub- 


were called Sacarum Feſta ; and when they 
vere celebrated, both ſexes aſſiſted at the 
. and inebriated themſelves to 
uch a degree, that the whole was con- 
y a ſcene of the greateſt laſciviouſ- 
dels and intemperance. They were firſt 


Pauſ. 1, c. 2. 25.—Strab, | 


A N 


againſt the Sac, and covered tables, with 
the moſt exquiſite dainties, that he might 
detain the enemy by the novelty and ſweet - 
neſs of food to which they were unaccuſtom- 
ed, and thus eaſily deſtroy them. Strab. rt, 


Diana is alſo worſhipped under this 
name by the Lydians. Plin. 33, c. 4. 

ANAGYRONTUM, a ſmall village of At- 
tica. Herodot. 

ANANIAS, an Iambic poet. Athen, 

ANAPHE, an iſland that roſe out of the 
Cretan ſea, and received this name from 
the Argonauts, who, in the middle of a 
ſtorm, ſuddenly ſaw the new moon, Apol» 
lo was worſhipped there, and called Ana- 
phæus. Apollonius. 

ANAPHLYSTUS,an Athenjan tribe called 
after an ancient hero of the ſame name, who 
was ſon of Troezen, A ſmall village 
near Athens, 

ANnApvus, a river of Epirus. Thucyd. 2, 
c. 82.——Of Sicily, Id. 6, c, 96. 

AxaAxrzs, a people of lower Pannonia. 
Cef. 6, bell. G. c. 25. 

Avas, a river of Spain, now called 
Guadiana, Strab. 3. 

ANATGLE, one of the Horæ. Hygin, 
fab. 183,——A mountain near the Ganges, 
where Apollo raviſhed a nymph called 
Anaxibia. 

ANnAucalvbas, a Samian wreſtler. Pauf, 
5, c. 27. 

ANAURUS, a river of Theſſaly, near 
the foot of mount Pelion.—A river of 
Troas near Ida. Coluth. 

ANAvus1s, one of Medea's ſuitors, killed 
by Styrus, Val. Flacc. 6, v. 43. 

ANnaAx, a ſon of Cœlus and Terra, from 
whom Miletus has been called Anactoria. 
Pau. 1, c. 36.1. 7, c. 2. 

ANAXAGGRAS ſucceeded his father Me- 
gapenthes on the throne of Argos. He 
ſhared the ſovereign power-with Bias and 
Melampus, who had cured the women of 
Argos of madneſs. Pauf. 2, c. 18,—— 
A Clazomenian philoſopher, ſon of Hegefi- 
bulus, diſciple to Anaximenes, and preceptor 
to Socrates, and Euripides. He diſregarded 
wealth and honors, to indulge his fondneſs 
for meditation and philoſophy. He ap- 
plied himſelf to aftronamy, was acquainted 
with eclipſes, and predicted that one day 
a ſtone would fall from the ſun, which it is 
ſaid really fell into the river Egos. Anax- 
agoras travelled into Egypt for improve- 
ment, and uſed to ſay that he preferred a 
grain of wiſdom to heaps of gold. Peri- 
cles was in the number of his pupils, and 
often conſulted him in matters of tate ; and 
once diſſuaded him from ſtarving himſelf to 
death. The ideas of Anaxagoras, concern- 
ing the heavens, were wild and extravagant. 


ulituted by Cyrus, when he maiched | 


He ſuppoſed * * ſug was inflam- 


? 


A N 


mable matter, about the bigneſs of Pelo- 
ponneſus; and that the moon was inhabited. 
The heavens he believed to be of ſtone, and 
the earth of ſimiliar materials, He was 
accuſed of impiety, and condemned to die; 
but he ridiculed the ſeritence, and ſaid it had 
long been pronounced upon him by nature. 
Being aſked whether his body ſhould be car- 
ried into his own country, he anſwered no, 
as the road that led to the other fide of the 
grave was as long from one place as the 
other, His ſcholar Pericles pleaded elo- 
quently and ſucceſsfully for him, and the 
ſentence of death was exchanged for baniſh- 
ment. In priſon, the philoſopher is ſaid to 
have attempted to ſquare the circle, or de- 
termine exactly the proportion of its diame- 
ter to the circumference, When the people 
of Lampſacus aſked him before his death, 
whether he wiſhed any thing to be done in 
commemoration of him, Yes, ſays he, let 
the boys be allowed ta play on the anniver- 
fary of my death. This was carefully ob- 
ſerved, and that time dedicated to relaxa- 
tion, was called Anaxagereia, He died at 
Lampſacus in his 72d year, 428 B. C. His 
writings were not much efteemed by his 


pupil Socrates. Divg. in vita. —Plut. in Ni- | 


cid & Pericl, —Gic. Acad, Q. 4, c. 23. Tuſc. 
1, c. 43. A ſtatuary of AÆgina. Pa. 
I, c. 23.— A grammarian, diſciple to 
Zenodqtus. Diog. An orator, diſciple 
to Socrates. Diog. A ſon of Echeanax, 
who, with his brothers Codrus and Diodorus, 
de ſtroyed Hegeſias, tyrant of Epheſus, 

Ax AXAN DER, of the family of the He- 
raclidæ, was ſon of Eurycrates, and king of 
Sparta, The ſecond Meſſenian war began 
an his reign, in which Ariſtomenes ſo egre- 
giouſly ſignalized himſelf. Herodot. 7, c. 
204.— Plat. in Apoph.— Pauſ. 3, c. 3.1. 4, 
c. 15 & 16.— A general of Megalopo- 
lis, taken by the Thebans. 

ANxAXAN DRI DES, ſon of Leon, and fa- 
ther to Cleomenes 1ſt, and Leonidas, was 
King of Sparta. By the order of the 
Ephori, he divorced his wife, of whom he 
was extremely fond, on account of her bar- 
renneſs; and he was the firſt Lacedæmonian 
who had two wives. Herodot. 1, 5 & 7.— 
Plut. in Apoph. 1.— Pauſ. 3, c. 3, Sc. 
A ſon of Theopompus. Heradot. 8, c. 131. 
A comic poet of Rhodes in the age of 
Philip and Alexander. He was the firſt 
poet who introduced intrigues and rapes 
upon the ſtage. He was of ſuch a paſſionate 
diſpoſition that he tore to pieces all his 
compoſitions which met with no ſucceſs. 
He compoſed about a hundred plays, of 
which ten obtained the prize. Some frag- 
ments of his poetry remain in Athenzus. 
He was ſtarved to death by order of the 


Athenians, for ſatyrizing their government. 
Ar iftot. 37 Ret. 


AN 


ANAXARCHUS, a philoſopher of Abdera, 
one of the followers, of Democritus, and the 
friend of Alexander. When the monarch 
had been wounded in a battle, the philoſo. 


Plato's m 
tom of t 
cumſtance 
wiſdom. 


pher pointed to the place, adding, that is ANAX1 
human blood, and not the blood of a god. e comp? 
The freedom of Anaxarchus offended Nico. Wh was the 1 
creon at Alexander's table, and the tyran!, ſerted tha 
in revenge, ſeized the philoſopher, and {W©form, ant 
pounded him in a flone mortar with iro eath and 
hammers, He bore this with much reſig. by the be 
nation, and exclaimed, “ Pound the boch moved, a 
of Anaxarchus, for thou doſt not pound his {i from the 
ſoul.” Upon this, Nicocreon threatened to circle of f 
cut his tongue, and Anaxarchus bit it F bigger th: 
with his teeth, and ſpit it out into the {geographic 
tyrant's face. Ovid. in Ib. v. 571.—Plu n the 64 
in Symp. 7.—Diog. in Vita. —Cic. in Tac, Cic, acad, 
$, E. 18. A Theban general. Thucyd, Plin, 2, e 
8, C. 100. who bore 
ANAXARETE, a girl of Salamis, who fe ANAXI 
arrogantly deſpiſed the addreſſes of Iphis, a Frahſtratu 
youth of ignoble birth, that the lover hung wander, © 
himſelf at her door. She ſaw this ſad ſpec He (aid th 
tacle without emotion or pity, and was {WW Created be 
changed into a ſtone. Ovid. Met. 14, ad that t 
748. had been 1 
AnaxEtvoR, a muſician, whom M. A- f1dered the 
tony greatly honored, and preſented wiz © a ſolid 
the tribute of four cities. Strab. 14. were fixec 
ANAX1AS, a Theban general. Pauſ. : bent at tha 
e. 22. the prove! 
ANAX1BIA, a ſiſter of Agamemnon. Pa, WW +415 fe 
2, c. 29.—A daughter of Bias, brother is luded, 3. 
the phyſician Melampus. She married Fe- R C. Ci, 
lias, king of Iolchos, by whom ſhe had A- D. 1, e. 
caſtus, and four daughters, Piſidice, Pelo- —_ na! 
pea, Hippothoe, and Alceſte. Apollad. e. He 
c. 9. She is called daughter of Dymas, nd piece 
Hygin. fab. 1 Whoſe life 


the niſtory 
anger, thr: 
habitants ( 
maintainec 
menes was 
peaſe the 
him, {wor 


. an Athenian archot, 
Pauſ. 10, c. 23. 

ANnAxIiDAMUs, ſucceeded his fathe 
Zeuxidamus on the throne of Sparta Pai. 
3, c. 7, J. 4, c. 15. 

AnaxiLas & ANAXYLAUS, a Meſſe 
an, tyrant of Rhegium, He took Zanc's 


and was ſo mild and popular during bus e Was goi 
reign, that when he died, 476 B. C. be . beg 
left his infant ſons to the care of one of e cnflay 
ſervants, and the citizens choſe rather! ou requ 
obey a ſlave than revolt from their bene = from 
lent ſovereign's children. Juin. 3, ©: lip and 
—PBPauſ. 4, e. 23.1. 5, C- 26.— Thucyd. 0 2p | 
c. 5. Herodot. 6, c. 23, J. 7, © 167-7 = ore 
A magician of Lariſſa, baniſhed from In 4p ar 
by Auguſtus. A Pythagorean philo9 * M. 
pher.——A phyſician.— An hiſtoria An 
who began his hiſtory with bitter nech devi ce. 
againſt former writers. Diony/. Hal,——* p ile of 
Lacedzmonian. Plut, in Alcib.—4 a of 2 
mic writer, about the 100 olympiad. emetri 


ANAXILIDES, wrote ſome treatiſes 7 
. * y tione * 
cerning philoſophers, and men old 


vu 


AN 


lato's mother became pregnant by a phan- 
13 — of the god Apollo, from which cir- 
a cumſtance her ſon was called the prince of 
philoſo. WI wiicom- Diog. in Plut. i 
that is ANAXIMANDER, A Mileſian philoſopher, 
i a god. the companion and diſciple of Thales. He 
ed Nico. vas the firſt who conſtructed ſpheres, aſ- 
e tyran! ſerted that the earth was of a cylindrical 
er 7 torm, and taught that men were born of 
ich e euth and water mixed together, and heated 
ch reſig. by the beams of the ſun; that the earth 
the body moved, and that the moon received light 
„ound his from the ſun, which he confiderec as a 
atened circle of fire like a wheel about 28 times 
bit it of WM digger than the earth. He made the firit 
into the WY geographical maps and ſun-dials, He died 
1, — Ply; Win the 64th year of his age, B. C. 547. 
. in Taſe Cic, acad, Queſt. 4, c. 37,—Diog. in vit.— 
Thucyd, Plin, 2, c. 79.—Plut, Ph. He had a ſon 
who bore his name. Strab. 1. 
3, who fo ANAXIMENES, A philoſopher, ſon of 
f Iphis, a Frafiſtratus. He was the diſciple of Anaxi- 
over hug wander, and ſucceeded him in his ſchool. 
ſad ſpet· He ſaid that the air was the cauſe of every 
and wa created being, fand a ſelf-exiſtent divinity, 


and that the (bn, the moon, and the ſtars, 
had been made from the carth. He con- 
fidered the earth as a plain, and the heavens 
as a ſolid concave ſphere, on which the flars 
were fixed like nails, an opinion preva— 
ent at that time, and from which originated 
the proverb, 7: et cp e. cpuranu, if the 


ff, 145 V. 


1 M. An- 
nted wit 


14. 
Pauſ. 2 


pueden frond fall? to which Horace has al- 
_ <a 1uded, 2 v. 7. He died 504 years 
arried be- B. C. Cie. acad. Cuff. 4, c. 37, de Nat. 
he had A. D. 1, e. 10.—Pli. PI. — Plin. 2, c. 76. 
lice, Peg - A native of Lampſacus, ſon of Ariſto- 
Apolled. 1, cles, He was pupil to Diogenes the Cynic, 


and preceptor to Alexander the Great, of 
whoſe life, and that of Philip, he wrote 
the hiſtory, When Alexander, in a fit of 
anger, threatened to put to death all the in- 
habitants of Lampſacus, hecauſe they had 
maintained a long fiege againſt him, Anaxi- 
menes was fent by his countrymen to ap- 


Dy mas, b 
m archot, 


his father 
arta P al 


2 Meſſen - Peaſe the king, who, as ſoon as he ſaw 
ok Zance biw, ſwore he would not grant the favor 
during bi he was going to aſk. Upon this, Anaxi- 
B. C. e wenes begged the king to deftroy the city, 
one of l and enflave the inhabitants, and by this 
re rather artiul requeſt the city of Lampſacus was 
jeir benevo* ſaved from deſtruction, Beſides the life of 


Philip and his ſon, he wrote an hiſtory of 


lin, 37 C. | 
i 3s Greece in 12 books, all now loſt. His ne- 


-Thucyd. 0 


c. 107. Phew bore the ſame name, and wrote an ac- 
4 from Ital count of ancient paintings. Pauſ. 6, c. 18. 
gan philolo- —Val. Max. 77 Q, 3 


3 hiſtoria Axaxiröbis, a comic poet of Thaſos. 
er inveans lin, 14, c. 14, A writer on agriculture, 
Hal, —\ likewiſe of Thaſos. 
3. Ad ANAXIPPUS, a Comic writer, in the age 
npiad. af Demetrius, He uſed to ſay, that philo- 
reatiſes 000 
ntioned 1 

Plate 


| 


AN 


ſophers were wiſe only in their ſpeeches, 
but fools in their actions. Athen. 

ANAXIRHOE, a daughter of Coronus, 
who married Epeus. Par. 5, c. 1. 

ANax1s, a Bœotian hiſtorian, who wrote 
an hiſtory down to the age of Philip ſon of 
Amyntas. Died. 25. | 

ANAxo, a virgin of Trœzene carried 
away by Theſeus. Plut. in Thef. 

ANC vs, the ſon of Lycurgus and An- 
tinoe, was in the expedition of the Argo- 
nauts. He was at the chace of the Calydo- 
nian boar, in which he periſhed. Hygin, 
fab. 173 & 248.—Ovid. Met. S. The ſon 
of Neptune and Aſty palæa. He went with 
the Argonauts, and ſucceeded Tiphis as pi- 
lot of the ſhip Argo. He reigned in Ionia, 
where he married Samia, daughter of the 
Mzander, by whom he had four ſons, Pe- 
rilas, Enudus, Samus, Alitherfus, and one 
daughter called Parthenope. Orpheus Ar- 
gon, He was once told by one of his ſer- 
vants, whom he preſſed with hard labor in 
his vineyard, that he never would taſte of 
the produce of his vines. He had already 
the cup in his hand, and called the prophet 
to convince him of his falſehood; when the 
ſervant, yet firm in his prediction, uttered 
this well known proverb, 

Hox a KeTagy ThEAEs „U- K 2¹ xis. 

anxpoy. 

Multa cadunt inter calicem ſupremaque labra. 
And that very moment Anczus was told that 
a wild boar had entered his vineyard ; upon 
which, he threw dewn the cup, and ran to 
drive away the wild beaſt. He was killed 
in the attempt. 

ANCALITES, a people of Britain near 
the Trinobantes. Cæſ. bell. G. 5, c. 21. 


ANCARIUS, a god of the Jews. Vid. 
Anchialus. 
ANCHARIA, a family of Rome. The 


name of Octavia's mother. Pl/ut. in Anton, 

ANCHARIUS, a noble Roman killed by 
the partizans of Marius during his civil 
wars with Sylla. Plut. in Maris. 

ANCHEMGLUs, ſon of Rhœtus, king of 
the Marrubii in Italy, raviſhed his mother- 
in-law, Caſperia, for which he was expel- 
led by his father. He fled to Turnus, and 
was killed by Pallas, ſon of Evander, in 
the wars of Aneas againſt the Latins. Virg. 
En, 10, v. 389. 

ANCHESITES, a wind which blows from 
Anchiſa, a harbour of Epirus. Cic. ad At- 
tic. 7, ep. I.—Dionyſ. Hal. 

ANCHESMUs, a mountain of Attica, 
where Jupiter Ancheſmius has a ſtatue. 

ANCHIALE & ANCHIALA, a city on 
the ſea coaſt of Cilicia, Sardanapalus, the 
laſt king of Afſyria, built it, with Tarſus in 
its neighbourhood, in one day. Str ab. * 

4 


— — — 


———ů— 


- 


— 


Sp 


— CIS. 
- - 


. euro Guo Ion oo oo99- 
Ta 7 


- - 
— —— 


ä—— ———— — 


—̃ — 
— — — —u— — — 
— 


— 


8 


* 


2 = —y 


— 
- 


— — — 
— —¾—. . 


— 
Wim 8 
— — 


. on a en. 


LES 


= 


_— 


— — 


—ͤ— —— — — 


AN 
Pin. s, c. 27. The founder was buried 
there, and had a ſtatue, under which was a 
famous infcriptien, denoting the great in- 
temperance and diſſipation which diſtin- 
guiſhed all his'life. There was a city of the 
ſame name in Thrace, called by Ovid the 
city of Apollo. There was another in Epi- 
rs. Ovid. Ti. 1, el. 10, v. 36, —Plin. 
4, c. II. Mela. 2, c. 2. ; 

AncyrArivs, a famous aſtrologer. A 
great warrior, One of the Phxacians, 
Homer. Ci. A god of the Jews, as ſome 
ſuppoſe, in Mart/a/'s epigrams, 11, ep. 95: 

ANCKIMOLIVS, a Spartan gencral ſent 
againſt the Pit ſtratidæ, and killed in the 
expedition. Herodot. 5, c. 63. — A ſon of 
Rhetus. Vid. Anchemolus. 
Axchixor, a daughter of Nilus, and wife 
of Belus. Apollod. 2, c. 1. 

ANCH10N,, id. Chion. 

ANCHISE, a city of Italy. Dionyſ. Hal. 

ANCHIsts, a ſon of Capys by Themis, 
daughter of Ilus. He was of ſuch a beau- 
tiful complexion, that Venus came down 
from heaven on mount Ida to enjoy his 
company. The goddeſs became pregnant, 
and forbade Anchiſes ever to -mention the 
favors he had received, on pain of being 
ſtruck with thunder. The child which 
Venus brought forth, was called Æneas; he 
was educated as ſoon as born by the nymphs 
of Ida, and, when of a proper age, was 
entruſted to the care of Chiron the centaur, 
When Troy was taken, Anchiſes was be- 
come ſo infirm that ZEneas, to whom the 
Greeks permitted ta take away whatever 
he eſteemed moſt, carried him through the 
flames upon his ſhoulders, and thus ſaved 
His life. He accompanied his ſon in his 
voyage towards Italy, and died in Sicily in 
the Soth year of his age. He was buried on 
mount Eryx, by Aneas and Aceſtes, king 
of the country, and the anniverſary of his 
death was afterwards celebrated by his ſon 
and the Trojans on his tomb. Some au- 
thors have maintained, that Anchiſes had 
forgot the injunctions of Venus, and boaſted 
at a feaſt, that he enjoyed her favors on 
mount Ida, upon which he was killed with 
thunder. Others ſay, that the wounds he 
teceived from the thunder were not mortal, 
and that they only weakened and disfigured 
His body. Virgil, in the 6th book of the 
Aneid, introduces him in the Elyſian fields, 
te lating to his ſon the fates that were to at- 
tend ham, and the fortune of his deſcendants, 
the Romans. [Vid. Aneas.] Virg. An. 1, 
2, &c,—lHygin. fab. 94, 254, 260, 270.— 
Hefiod. Theeg. v. 1010. —Apelled. 3.—Ovid. 
Faft. 4, v. 34.— Homer. Il. 20. & Hymn. in 
Pener.— Xeneph. Cyneg. e. 1,—Dionyſ. Hal. 
I, de Antiq, Rom. Panſanias, 8, c. 12, 
ſays, mat Anchiſes was buried on a moun- 


3 


ANC 
tain in Arcadia, which, from him, has beeg 
called Anchiſia.— An Athenian archon. 
Dionyſ. Hal. 8. 

ANCHISIA, a mountain of Arcadia, 2 
the bottom of which is a monument of 
Anchiſes. Pauſ. 8, c. 12 & 13. 

ANCHISIADEsS, a patronymic of Æneas, 
25 being ſon of Anchiſes. Virg. An. 6, yy, 
34%, Oc. 

ANCHor, a place near the mouth of the 
Cephiſus, where there is a lake of the ſame 
name. Stab, 

AvcuRNRA, a fortified place in Galatia, 

ANCHURVUs, a ſon of Midas, king of 
Phrygia, who ſacrificed himſelf for th: 
good of his country, when the earth had 


opened and ſwallowed up many buildings. 


The oracle had been conſulted, and gar: 
for anſwer, that the gulph would never cloſe, 
if Midas did not throw into it whatever he 
had moſt precious. Though the King had 
parted with many things of immenſe value, 
yet the gulf continued open, till Anchurus, 
thinking himfelf the moſt precious of his 
father's poſſeſſions, took a tender leave of 
his wife and family, and leaped into the 
earth, which cloſed immediately over his 
head. Midas erected there an altar of 
ſtones to Jupiter, and that altar was the 
firſt object which he turned into gold, when 
he had received his fatal gift from the gods, 
This unpoliſhed lump of gold exiſted fiill 
in the age of Plutarch. Plut. in Parall. 
ANCILE & ANCYLE, a ſacred ſhield, 
which, according to the Roman authors, 
fell from heaven in the reign of Numa, 
when the Roman people labored under 
a peſtilence. Upon the preſervation of this 
ſhield depended the fate of the Roman em- 
pire, and therefore Numa ordered 11 of the 
ſame fize and form to be made, that if 
ever any attempt was made to carry them 
away, the plunderer might find it difficult 
to diſtinguiſh the true one. They wer? 
made with ſuch exactneſs, that the king 
promiſed Veterius Mamurius, the artith 
whatever reward he deſired. ¶ Vid. Ma- 
murius,] They were kept in the temple 
of Veſta, and an order of priefts was choſen 
to watch over their ſafety. Theſe priefts 
were called Salii, and were twelve in num: 
ber; they carried every year, on the fi 
of March, the ſhields in a ſolemn pro- 
ceſſion round the walls of Rome, danci"s 
and ſinging praiſes to the god Mars. Th 
ſacred feſtival continued three days, during 
which every important buſineſs was a 
ped. It was deemed unfortunate 10 
married en thoſe days, or to underta a 
any expedition, and Tacitus in 1 Hif. _- 
attributed the unſucceſsful campaign of * 
emperor Otho againſt Vitellius, 0 " 


. ebration of the 
leaving Rome during the cel Any lion 


AN 
built b 
form < 
Adrat 
chapel 
hiſtoriz 
air by 
zudæa, 
tne vir, 
the pl: 
grims 
13.—1 

Ax. 
was gr 
He wa 
tins, \ 
bines, 
city by 
tus an 
the cit) 
Roman 
the toy 


' been 
rchon, 


lia, at 
ent of 


Eneaz, 


. 65 v, 


of the 
e ſame 


latia, 
ing of 
Dr the 
h had 
dings, 
d gave 
| cloſe, 
ver he 
ng had 
value, 
churus, 
of his 
eave of 
ato the 
ver his 
tar of 
as the 
„ when 
e gods, 
ed fill 
wall, 
ſhicld, 
authors, 
Numa, 
under 
of this 
an em- 
of the 
that if 
y them 
11 5 
y were 
1e king 
d artiſt, 
4, Ma- 
temple 
; Choſen 
d priefts 
in num 
the firſt 


dear Mantua, where Virgil was born, hence 


A N 


Ancyliorium feſtum. Theſe two verſes of 
Ovid explain the origin of the word Ancyle, 
which is applied to theſe ſhields : 

Tdque ancyle vocat, quod ab omni parte re- 

ciſum eſt, 

Quemque notes oculis, angulus omnis abeft. 

Faſt. 3, v. 377, &c. 
Varro de L. L. 5, c. 6. Val. Max. 1, c. 
1. Ju. 2, v. 124.—Plut. in Num. —Virg. 
Ain, 8, v. 664.—Dionyſ. Hal. 2.— Liv. 1, 
c. 20. 

AN cod & AN c NA, a town of Picenum, 
built by the Sicilians, with a harbour in the 
form of a creſcent, on the ſhores of the 
Adriatic, Near this place is the famous 
chap:l of Loretto, ſuppoſed by monkith 
hiſtorians to have been brought through the 
air by angels, Auguſt 10, A. D. 1291, from 
zudza, where it was a cottage, inhabited by 
the virgin Mary, The reputed ſanctity of 
the place has often brought 100,000 pil- 
grims in one day to Loretto, Plin. 3, c. 
I3,—Lucar, 2, V. 402,—ltal. 8, V. 437- 

Ancuvs MArT1vs, the 4th king of Rome, 
was grandion to Numa, by his daughter. 
He waged a ſucceſsful war againſt the La- 
tins, Veientes, Fidenates, Volſci, and Sa- 
bines, and joined mount Janiculum to the 
city by a bridge, and incloſed mount Mar- 
tius and the Aventine within the walls of 
the city. He extended the confines of the 
Roman territories to the ſea, where he built 
the town of Oftia, at the mouth of the Ti- 
ber, He inherited the valor of Romulus 
with the moderation of Numa. He died 
B. C. 616, after a reign of 24 years, and 
was ſucceeded by Tarquin the elder. Drony/, 
Hal. 3, c. 9.—Liv. 1, c. 32, &c,—Fler, 1, 
e. 4. —Virg. An. 6, v. 815. 

Axcvh RR, a town of Sicily, A town 


of Phrygia, Pau. 1. 
AvDa, a city of Africa. Polyb, 
ANDABATZ#, certain gladiators who 


fought blindfolded, whence the proverb, 
Andabatarum more to denote raſh and inconſi- 
derate meaſures, Cic. 7, ad. famil. ep. 10. 
ANDANIA, a city of Arcadia, where 
Arittomenes was educated. Pauſ. 4, c. 1. 
. It received its name from a gulf of 
the ſame name. Id. 4, c. 33. 
ANDEGAVIA, a country of Gaul, near 
: Turones and the ocean. Tacit. Ann. 3, 
41. 
AnDEs, a nation among the Celtæ. Cæſ. 
2 bell. Gall. c. 35. A village of Italy, 


&indinus, Ital. 8, v. 595. 

Axpoclpks, an Athenian orator, ſon of 
Leggoras. He lived in the age of Socrates 
the Philoſopher, and was intimate with the 
maſt illuſtrious men of his age. He was 


oftcu baniſhed, but his dexterity always 


| eunuchs. 


of Thebes. 


| 


— — 


A N 
reſtored him to favor. 
his life in 10 orat. 
extant. 

Axron Kris, a river of India, falling 
into the Ganges. Arrian. 

ANDREAMON, the father of Thoas. Hy- 
gin. fab. 97. The ſon-in-law and ſuc- 
ceſſor of CEneus. Apollod. 1. 

ANDRAGATHIVS, a tyrant, defeated by 
Gratian, A. D. 383, &c. 

ANDRAGATHUS, a man bribed by Lyſi- 
machus to betray his country, & c. Polyzn. 
. 1. 

ANDRAGGRAS, a man who died a ſud- 
den death. Martial. 6, ep. 53. 

ANDRAMYLEsS, a king of Lydia, who 
caſtrated women, and made uſe of them as 
Athen. 

ANDREAS a ſtatuary of Argos. Pauſ. 6, 
c. 16. A man of Panormum, who wrote 
an account of all the remarkable events that 
had happened in Sicily. Athen. A ſon 
of Peneus. Part of Greece was called 
Andreis after him. Pau. 9, c. 34, &c. 

ANDRICLUS, a mountain of Cilicia. 
Strab. 14. A river of Troas, falling into 
the Scamander. Plin. 5, c. 27. 

ANDR1SCUs, a man who wrote an hiſtory 
of Naxos. Atlien. 1. A worthleſs per- 
ſon called Pſeudophilippus, on account of 
the likeneſs of his features to king Philip. 
He incited the Macedonians to revolt 
againſt Rome, and was conquered and led 
in triumph by Metellus, 152 B. C. Flor. 
2, c. 14. 

ANDROBIVUS, a famous painter. Pia. 
35, e. It. : 

ANDROCLEA, a daughter of Antipoenus 
She, with her fiſter Alcida, 
ſacrificed herſelf in the ſervice of her coun- 
try, when the oracle had promiſed the vic- 
tory to her countrymen, who were engaged 
in a war againſt Orchomenos, if any one 
of noble birth -devoted himſelf for the glory 
of his nation. Antipoenus refuſed to do 
it, and his daughters chearfully accepted it, 
and received great honors after death. Her- 


Plut. has written 
Four of his orations are 


cules, who fought on the fide of Thebes, 
dedicated to them the image of a lion in 
the temple of Diana. 


Pau. 9, C. 17. 
ANDRGCLES, a ſon of Phintas who reign- 
ed in Meſſenia. Pauſ. 4, c. 5, &c. A 


man who wrote an hiſtory of Cyprus. 


ANDROCLIDES, anoble Theban who de- 


fended the democratical, againſt the en- 
croachments of the oligarchical power. He 


was killed by one of his enemies. A ſo- 


phiſt in the age of Aurelian, who gave an 
account of philoſophers. 


ANDRGCLUs, a ſon of Codrus, who 


reigned in Tonia, and took Epheſus and Sa- 
mos. Pauſ. 7, c. 2. 


ANDROCY DES, 


A N 


AxDprocyYpes, a phyſician, who wrote 
the following letter to Alexander: Vinum 
potaturus, Rex, mement» te bibere ſanguinem 
terre, ficuti venenum eft homini cicuta, fic et 
wvinum. Plin. 14, c. 5. 

AnprRoDAMYs. Vd. Andromadas. 

ANDREGDUS, a ſlave known and protected 
in the Roman circus, by a lion whoſe foot 
he had cured, Gel. 5, c. 15. 

AN DRGG ETOS, a Greek, killed by Aneas 
and his friends, whom he took to be his 
countrymen. Virg. An. 2, v. 371. 

AnDRGGEvs, ſon of Minos & Pafiphae, 
was famous for his {kill in wreſtling. He 
overcame every antagoniſt at Athens, and 
became ſuch a favorite of the people, that 
Ageus king of che country grew jealous of 
his popularity, and cauſed him to be afſaſi- 
nated as he was going to Thebes. Some 
ſay that he was killed by the wild bull of 
Marathon, Minos declared war againſt 
Athens to revenge the death of his ſon, and 
peace was at laſt re- eſtabliſhed on condition 
that Ægeus ſent yearly ſeven boys and ſeven 
girls from Athens to Crete to be devoured 
by the minotaur. [| Vid. Minctaurus. | The 
Athenians eſtabliſhed feſtivals by order of 
Minos, in honor of his ſon, and called them 
Androgeia. Hygin. fab. 41.— Died. 4.— 
Virg. Mn. 6, v. 20.—Pauſ. 1, c. 1, & 27. 
—Apolled. 2, c. 5, I. 3, c. 1 & 15.—Plut. 
in Thef. 

AnDROGYNE, a nation of Africa, be- 

ond the Naſamones. Every one of them 
— the characteriſtics of the male and 
female ſex; and one of their breaſts was 
that of a man, and the other that of a wo- 
man. Plin. 7, c. 2. 

AN DPRUGNMACHE, a daugbter of Eetion, king 
of Thebes in Cilicia, married Hector ſon of 
Priam king of Troy, by whom ſhe had 
Aſtyanax. She was ſo fond of her huſband 
that ſhe even fed his horſes with her own 
kand. During the Trojan war ſhe remained 
at home employed in her domeſtic concerns. 
Her parting with Hector, who was going to 
a battle, in which he periſhed, has always 
been deemed the beſt, moſt tender and pa- 
thetic of all the paſſages in Homer's Iliad. 
She received the news of her huſband's 
death with extreme ſorrow; and after the 
taking of Troy, ſhe had the misfortune to 
ſee her only ſon Aſtyanax, after ſhe had 
ſaved him from the flames, thrown head- 
long from the walls of the city, by the hands 
of the man whoſe father had killed her huſ- 
band. / Senec. in Troad.) Andromache, in 
the diviſion of the priſoners by the Greeks, 
fell to the ſhare of Neoptolemus, who 
treated her as his wife, and carried her to 
Epirus. He had by her three ſons, Moloſ- 
ſus, Piclus, & Pergamus, and afterwards re- 
pudiated her, After this divorce ſhe mar- 


A N 


ried Helenus ſon of Priam, who, as herſelf 
was a captive of Pyrrhus. She reigned with 
him over part of the country, and became 
mother by him of Ceſtrinus. Some ſay that 
Aſtyanax was killed by Ulyſſes, and Euri. 
pides _ that Menelaus put him to death, 
Homer. Il. 6, 22 & 24. —Y. Calab 1.—Virg, 
En. 3, v. 486.—Hygin. fab. 123.—Dares 
Phryg.—Ovid. Am. 1, el. 9, v. 35. Trif. 
5, el. 6, v. 43 —Apolled. 3, c. 12.—Pauſ. 
t, E. I; 

ANDROMACHIDAE, 2 nation who pre- 
ſented to their king all the virgins who 
were of nubile years, and permitted him to 
uſe them as he pleaſed. | 

ANDROMACHUS, an opulent perſon of 
Sicily, father to the hiſtorian Timæus. 
Diod. 16. He aſſiſted Timoleon in reco- 
vering the liberty of the Syracuſans.—A 
general of Alexander, to whom Parmenio 
gave the government of Syria. He was 
burnt alive by the Samaritans. Curt. 4, e. 
5&8. An officer of Seleucus the young- 
er. Polyen. 4. A po:t of Byzantium. 
A phyſician of Crete in the age of 
Nero. A ſophiſt of Naples, in the age of 
Diocleſian. 

AN DPROMA DAS Or ANDRODAMUS, ana- 
tive of Rhegium, who made laws for the 
Thracians concerning the puniſhment of he- 
micide, &c. Ariftot. 

AnDRGOMEDA, a daughter of Cepheus 
king of Æthiopia, by Caſhope. She was 
promiſed in marriage to Phineus, her uncle, 
when Neptune drowned the kingdom, and 
ſent a ſca monſter to ravage the country, 
becauſe Caſhope had boaſted herſelf fairer 
than Juno and the Nereides. The oracle of 
Jupiter Ammon was conſulted, and no- 
thing could ſtop the reſentment of Neptune, 
if Andromeda was not expoſed to the ſea 
monſter. She was accordingly tied naked 
on a rock, and at the moment that the 
monſter was going to devour her, Perſeus, 
who returned through the air from the con- 
queſt of the Gorgons, ſaw her, and was cap- 
tivated with her beauty. He promiſed to 
deliver her and deſtroy the monſter, if he 
received her in marriage as a reward for 
his trouble. Cepheus conſented, and Per- 
ſeus changed the ſea monſter into a rocky 
by ſhewing him Meduſa's head, and un- 
tied Andromeda and married her, He had 
by her many children, among whom were 
Sthenelus, Anczus, and Electryon. The mar- 
riage of Andromeda with Perſeus was op- 
poſed by Phineus, who after a bloody bat- 
tle was changed into a ſtone by Perſeus. 
Some ſay that Minerva made Andromeda 2 
conſtellation in heaven after her death. J. id, 
Meduſa, Perſeus. Hygin. fah. 64.— Cie. 
de Nat. D. 2, c. 43. —-Apollod. i oo, * 
Manil, 5, v. 533.—Propert. 3, el. 21. 
, 57 v. 533. Free According 


Accor 
Joppa 
onar 
of the 
been 

Scaurt 
fable 

has be 
Was c 
attem 
ventec 
faithfi 


Ariflo 
citade 
crates 
from 
The 1 
covert 
to reb 
of Ha 
tive of 
the ſe 
A ma 
dria, 
Alen 


AN 


According to Pliny, 1. 5, c. 31, it was at 
Joppa in Judza that Andromeda was tied 
on a rock. He mentions that the ſkeleton 
of the huge ſea monſter, to whom ſhe had 
been expoſed, was brought to Rome by 
Scaurus, and carefully preſerved. The 
fable of Andromeda and the ſea monſter 
has been explained, by ſuppoſing that ſhe 
was courted by the captain of a ſhip, who 
attempted to carry her away, but was pre- 
vented by the interpoſition of another more 
faithful lover, 

ANDRON, an Argrive, who travelled all 
over the deſarts of Libya without drink, 
Ariſtot. 1, de ebriet. A man ſet over the 
citadel of Syracuſe by Dionyſius. Hermo- 
crates adviſed him to ſeize it and revolt 
from the tyrant, which he refuſed to do. 
The tyrant put him to death for not diſ- 
covering that Hermocrates had incited him 
to rebellion. Polyæn. 5, c. 2. A man 
of Halicarnaſſus. Plat. in The. A na- 
tive of Epheſus, who wrote an account of 
the ſeven wiſe men of Greece. Diog. 
A man of Argos. Another of Alexan- 
dria, & c. Apollon. Hit. mirab. e. 25.— 
Athen, 

AxDRoNnicus Livivs. Vid. Livius. 

ANDRONICUS, a peripatetic philoſopher 
of Rhodes, who floriſhed 59 years B. C. 
He was the firſt who publiſhed and reviſed 


the works of Ariſtotle and Theophraſtus. 


His periphraſis is extant, the beſt edition of 
which is that of Heinſius, 8vo. L. Bat. 1617. 
Plut. in Syll. A Latin poet in the age of 
Cæſar. A Latin grammarian, whoſe 
life Suetonius has written. A king of 
Lydia, firnamed Alpyus. One of Alex- 
ander's officers, One of the officers of 
Antiochus Epiphanes. An aſtronomer 
of Athens, who built a marble octogonal 
tower in honor of the eight principal winds, 
on the top of which was placed a Triton 
with a ſtick in his hand, pointing always to 
the ſide whence the wind blew. 

ANDRO HAOT, a ſavage nation of Euro- 
pean Scythia. Herodot. 4, c. 18, 102. 

ANDROPOMPUS, a Theban who killed 
a in ſingle combat by fraud. Pa 
2, c. 18. 

ANnDRos, an iſland in the Ægean fea, 
known by the different names of Epagrys, 
Antandros, Laſia, Cauros, Hydruſſa, Non- 
Aria. Its chief town was called Andros. 
It had a harbour, near which Bacchus had 
a temple, with a fountain, whoſe waters 
Uuring the ides of January taſted like wine. 
It received the name of Andros from An- 
dros ſon of Anius, one of its kings, who 
lived in the time of the Trojan war. Ovid. 
Met. 13, v. 648.— irg. An. 3, v. 80. 


* 37 V. 70.—Plix. ; Co 103,—-Mela, I 
2, 


A N 


ANpfosrnkxrs, one of Alexander's ge- 


nerals, ſent with a ſhip on the coaſt of A- 
rabia. Arrian. 7, c. 10.-Streb. 16. A. 
governor of Theſſaly, who favored the in- 
tereſt of Pompey. He was conquered by J. 
Cziar. Cæſ. 3, bell. Civ. c. 80. A ſta- 
tuary of Thebes. Pau. 10, c. 19.—A 
geographer in the age of Alexander, 
ANDROTREION, a Greek, who wrote a 
hiſtory of Attica, and a treatiſe on agri- 
culture. P/in,—Pauſ. 10, C. 8. 
ANELONT1s, a river near Colophon, 
Pauſ. 8, c. 28. 
ANERASTUS, a king of Gaul. 
ANEMOLIA, a City of Phocis, afterwards 


called Hyampolis. Srrad. 


ANEMSSA, a village of Arcadia. Pauf, 
©, e. 38; 

ANFinoMusS and ANASIAS, rather Am- 
plinamus, which Vid. 

ANGELI1A, a daughter of Mercury. 

ANGEL10N, a ſtatuary, who made Apol- 
lo's ſtatue at Delphi. Pau. 2, c. 32. 

ANGELUs, a ſon of Neptune, born in 
Chios, of a nymph whoſe name. is un- 
known. Parſ. 7, c. 4. 

ANGITES, a river of Thrace, falling into 
the Stry mon. Herodot. 7, c. 113. 

AN Rus, a river of Illyrium, flowing in 
a northern direction. Herodot. 4, c. 49. 

ANGUIT41A, a wood in the country of the 
Marſi, between the lake Fuciaus and Alba. 
Serpents, it is ſaid, could not injure the in- 
habitants, becauſe they were deſcended from 
Circe, whoſe power over theſe venomous 
creatures has been much celebrated. Si. 
8.—Virg. Ax. 7, v. 759. 

ANIA, a Roman widow, celebrated for 
her beauty. One of her frieuds adviſed 
her to marry again., No, ſaid ſhe, if I marry 
a man as affectionate as my firſt huſband, I 
ſhall be apprehenſive for his death; and if he 
is bad, why have him, after ſuch a Kind 
and indulgent one ? 

ANICETUS, a ſon of Hercules by Hebe 
the goddeſs of youth. Apollod. 2.—A freed- 


man who directed the education of Nero, and 


became the inſtrument of his crimes. Suet. 
in Ner, 

AN IIA, a family at Rome, which, in 
the floriſhing times of the republic, pro- 
duced many brave and illuſtrious citizens, 
A relation of Atticus. C. Nepos. 

ANIC1UM, a town of Gaul. C:z/. bell. 
Gall. 7. 

An1icivs GALLvus triumphed over the 
Illyrians and their king Gentius, and was 
propretor of Rome, A. U. C. 585. A 
conſul with Corn. Cethegus, A. U. C. 592. 
Probus, a Roman conſul in the fourth 
century, famous for his humanity. 

ANIGRUS, a river of Theſſaly, where the 
Centaurs waſhed the wounds which 2 


A N. 


had received from Hercules, and made the 


waters unwholeſome. Ovid. Met. 15, v. 
281. The nymphs of this river are called 
Anigriades. Pauſ. 5, c. 6. | 

| Av1o & ANIEN, a river of Italy, flow- 
ing through the country of Tibur, and fall- 
ing into the river Tiber, about five miles at 
the north of Rome. It receives its name, 
as ſome ſuppoſe, from Anius, a king of 
Etruria, who drowned himſelf there when 
he could not recover his daughter, who had 
been carried away, Stat. 1 Sylv. 3, v. 
20.—Virg. Ex. ), v. 683.—Strahb.” 5. — Ho- 
rat. 1, od. 7, v. 13.—Plut. de fort. Rom. 

AN1ToORG1s, a city of Spain, near which 
2 battle was fought between Aſdrubal and 
the Scipios. Liv. 25, c. 33. 

Anivus, ſon of Apollo and Rhea, was 
king of Delos, and father of Andrus. He 
had by Dorippe three daughters, Oeno, 
Spermo, and Elais, to whom Bacchus had 
given the power of changing whatever they 
pleaſed into wine, corn, and oil. When 
Agamemnon went to the Trojan war, he 
wiſhed to carry them with him to ſupply 
his army with proviſions; but they com- 
plained to Bacchus, who changed them 
into doves. Ovid. Met. 13, v. 642.— 
2 Hal. 1. Died. 5. —-Virg. An. 3, v. 

O. 


ANNA, a goddeſs, in whoſe honor the 
Romans inſtituted feſtivals. She was, ac- 
cording to ſome, Anna the daughter of 
Belus and fifter of Dido, who, after her 
ſiſter's death, fled from Carthage, which 
Jarbas bad beſieged, and came to Italy, 
where Encas met her, as he walked on 
the banks of the Tiber, and gave her an 
honorable reception, for the kindneſſes ſhe 
had ſhewn him when he was at Carthage. 
Lavinia, the wife of Aneas, was jealous of 
the tender treatment which was ſhewn to 
Anna, and meditated her ruin. Anna was 
apprized of this by her fiſter in a dream, 
and the fied to the river Numicus, of which 


ſhe became a deity, and ordered the inha- 


bitants of the country to call her Anna Pe- 
renna, . becauſe the would remain for ever 
under the waters, Her feſtivals were per- 
formed with many rejoicings, and the females 
often, in the midſt of their chearfulneſs, for- 
got their natural decency. They were in- 
troduced into Rome, and celebrated the 
1th of March. The Romans generally 
ſacrificed to her, to obtain a long and happy 


life : and hence the words Annare & Pe- 


rennare. Some have ſuppoſed Anna to be 
the moon, quia menſibus impleat annum; others 


call her Themis, or lo, the daughter of 
Another 


Inachus, and ſometimes Maia. 
more received opinion maintains, that An- 
na was an old induſtrious woman of Bo- 


villæ, who, when the Roman populace had 


3 


| 


| 


AN 

fled from the city to mount Sacer, brought 
them cakes every day; for which kind treat. 
ment the Romans, when peace was re-eſta- 
bliſhed, decreed immortal honors to her 
whom they called Perenna, ab perennitate 
cultis, and who, as they ſuppoſe, vas be- 
come one of their deities. Ovid, F.. 3, v. 
653, &c.—Sil. 8, v. 79.—FVirg. An. 4, v. 
9, 20, 421, & 500. 

ANNA CoMMENA, a princeſs of Conſtan- 
tinople, known to the world fur the Greek 
hiſtory, which ſhe wrote, of her tater 
Alexius Emperor of the eaſt. The charac. 
ter of this hiſtory is not very high either 
for authenticity or beauty of compoſition ; 
the hiſtorian is loſt in the daughter; and in- 
ſtead of fhmplicity of ſtyle and narrative, as 


Gibbon ſays, an elaborate affectation of be- 


toric and ſcience betrays in every page the 
vanity of a female author. The beſt edi- 
tion of Anna Commena, is that of Paris, 
folio, 1651. 

ANNALES, a chronological hiſtory which 
gives an account of all the important 
events of every year in a ſtate, without en- 
tering into the cauſes which produced them, 
The annals of Tacitus may be conſidered in 
this light. In the firſt ages of Rome, the 
writing of the annals was one of the duties 
and privileges of the high-prieſt ; whence 
they have been called Annales Maximi, 
from the prieſt Pontifex Maximus, who 
conſecrated them, and gave them as truly 
genuine and authentic. 

ANNAL1S LEx ſettled the age at which, 
among the Romans, a citizen could be ad- 
mitted to exerciſe the offices of the ſtate. This 
law originated in Athens, and was intro» 
duced in Rome. No man could be a knight 
before 18 years of age, nor be inveſted with 
the conſular power before he had arrived to 
his 25th year. 
 ANNIANUS, a poet in the age of Tra» 
Jan. 
ANNYTBALg a celebrated Carthaginian ge- 
neral, ſon of Amilcar. _ He was educated in 
his father's camp, and inured from his early 
years to the labors of the field. He paſſed 
into Spain when nine years oid, and at the 
requeſt of his father, took a ſolemfi oath he 
never would be at peace with the Romans. 
After his father's death, he was appointed 
over the cavalry in Spain; and ſome time 
after, upon the death of Aſdrubal, he was 

inveſted with the command of all the armies 
of Carthage, though not yet in the 25th 
year of his age. In three years of continual 
ſucceſs, he ſubdued all the nations of Spain 
which oppoſed the Carthaginian power, and 
took Saguntum after a ſiege of eight months. 
This city was in alliance with the Romani, 
and its fall was the 4 of the rg” 
Punic wat ich Anni epare 
Fun Wau, * Prep uppors 


ſupport 
of a con 
large arr 
ca, he | 
at the 
This art 
foot and 
ſiſted of 
Liv. 21 
which w 
had neve 
by Here 
the top 
unciviliz. 
paſſage, 
20,000 1 
ſoftening 
that eve 
the mour 
Where a 
could not 
poſed by 
Italy; ar 
Scipio ar 
the Po, 
Apennine 
ſeated th 
near the 
ter met th 
Amilius : 
40,000 fo 
zaged the 
of Cann; 
that no 
Killed, an 
with the d 
victory, b 
of gold ri 


my fpirit 
approac 
that the pi 
then ſtood 
the Roma 
ſome time 


ua, where 


forgot to co 
this luxur 

ance it hz 
that Capua 
(er the hatt 
More cauti. 
— Maxi, 

ell as the 
lok for be 
Reded Faß 

oming tl! 


Alter man; 


da, where the Carthaginian ſoldiers ſoon 


A N 
fupport with all the courage and prudence | 


of a conſummate general. HeJevied three 
large armies, one of which he ſent to Afri- 
ca, he left another in Spain, and marched 
at the head of the third towards Italy. 
This army ſome have calculated at 20,000 
foot and 6,000 horſe; others ſay that it con- 
ſiſted of 100,000 foot and 20,000 horſe. 
Liv. 21, c. 38. He came to the Alps, | 
which were deemed almoſt inacceſſible, and 
had never been. paſſed over before him but 
by Hercules, and after much trouble gained 
the top in nine days. He conquered the 
uncivilized inhabitants that oppoſed his 
paſſage, and after the amazing loſs of 
20,000 men, made his way ſe eaſy, by 
ſoftening the rocks with fire and vinegar, 
that even his armed elephants deſcended 
the mountains without danger or difficulty, 
where a man, difincumbered of his arms, 
could not wal Kk before in (ſafety. He was op- 
poſed by the Romans as ſoon as he entered 
Italy; and after he had defeated P. Corn. 
Scipio and Sempronius, near the Rhone, 
the Po, and the Trebia, he croſſed the 
Apennines, and invaded Etruria. He de- 
feated the army of the conſul Flaminius 
near the lake Traſimenus, and ſoon af- 
ter met the two conſuls C. Terentius and I. 
Emilius at Cannz. His army conſiſted of 
40,000 foot and 10,000 horſe, when he en- 
zaged the Romans at the celebrated battle 
of Cannæ. The laughter was ſo great 
that no leſs than 40,000 Romans were 
killed, and the conqueror made a bridge 
with the dead carcaſes; and as a ſign of his 
victory, he ſent to Carthage three buſhels 
of gold rings which had been taken from 
$630 Roman knights ſlain in the battle, 
Had Annibal, immediately after the battle, 
marched his army to the gates of Rome, 
t mutt have yielded amidſt the general con- 

tion, if we believe the opinions of 
lome writers; but his delay gave the ene- 
my fpirit and boldneſs, and when at laſt 
de approached the walls, he was informed 
that the piece of ground on which his army 
then ſtood, was lelling at a high price in 
the Roman forum. After hovering for 
ſome time round the city, he retired to Ca- 


forgot to conquer in the pleaſures and riot of 
this luxurious city. From that circum- 
ſance it has been ſaid, and with propriety, 
t Capua was a Cannz to Annibal. Af- 
ler the hattle of Cann the Romans became 
more cautious, and when the dictator Fa- 
dus Maximus had defied the artifice as 
Fell as the valor of Annibal, they began to 
for better times. Marcellus who ſue- 
weded Fabius in the field, firſt taught the 
Mans that Annibal was not invincible, 


A N 


it was decreed, that war ſhould he carried 
into Africa, to remove Annibal from- the 
gates of Reme, and Scipio, who was the 
firſt propoſer of the plan, was empowered 
to put it into execution. When Carthage 
ſaw the enemy on her coaſts, ſhe recalled 
Anmbal from Italy ; and that great general 
is ſaid to have left, with tears in his eyes, 
a country, which during ſixteen years he 
had kept under continual alarms, and which 
he could almoſt call his own. He and 
Scipio met near Carthage, and after a par- 
ley, in which neithef would give the pre- 
ference to his enemy, they determined ts 
come to a general engagement. The battle 
was fought near Zama: Scipio made a great 
ſlaughter of the enemy, 20,000 wee killed, 
and the ſame number made priſoners, Anni- 
bal, after he had loſt the day, fled to Adm- 
metum. Soon after this deciſive battle, the 
Romans granted peace to Carthage, on hard 
conditions; and afterwards Annibal, who 
was jealous and apprehenſive of the Roman 
power, fled to Syria, to king Antiochus, 
whom he adviſed to make war againſt Rome, 
and lead an army into the heart of Italy. 
Antiochus diſtruſted the fidelity of Annibal, 
and was conquered by the Romans, who 
granted him peace on the condition of his 
delivering their immortal enemy into theu 
hands. Annibal, who was apprized of 
this, left the court of Antiochus, and fled 
to Prufias, king of Bithynia. He encou-- 
raged him to declare war againſt Rome, and 
even aſſiſted him in weakening the power 
of Eumenes, king of Pergamus, who was 
in alliance with the Romans. The ſenate 
received intelligence that Annibal was in 
Bithynia, and immediately ſent ambaſſa- 
dots, amongſt whom was L. Q. Flaminius, 
to demand him of Prufias. The king was 
unwilling to betray Annibal, and violate 
the laws of hoſpitality, but at the ſame 
time he dreaded the power of Rome. An- 
nibal extricated him from his embarraſſ- 
ment, and when he heard that his houfe 
was beſieged on every fide, and all means 
of eſcape fruitleſs, he took a doſe of poiſon, 
which he always carried with him in a ring 
on his finger, and as he breathed his laſt, 
he exclaimed, So/vamus diuturnd curd pope 
lum Romanum, quando mortem ſenis expettare 
longum cenſet, He died in his 7oth year, 
according to ſome, about 182 years B. C. 
That year was famous for the death of the 
three greateſt generals of the age, Annnibal, 
Scipio, and Philopemen. The death of ſs 
formidable a rival was the cauſe of great 
rejoicings in Rome ; he had always been a 
profeſſed enemy to the Roman name, and 
ever endeavoured to deſtroy its power. If 
he ſhone in the field, he alſo diſtinguiſhed 
himſelf by his ſtudies, He was taught 


iter many unportant debates in the ſenate, 


| 


Greck 


| 
| 
\ 


A 


Greek by Sofilus a Lacedzmonian, and he | 
even wrote ſome books in that language on 

different ſubjects. It is remarkable, that the 

life of Annibal, whom the Romans wiſhed 

ſo many times to deſtroy by perfidy, was 

never attempted by any of his ſoldiers or 

countrymen. He made himſelf as conſpi- 

cuous in the government of the ſtate, as at 

the head of armies; and though his ene- 

mies reproached him with the rudeneſs of 
laughing in the Carthaginian ſenate, while 

—— ſenator was bathed in tears for the 

misfortunes of the country, Annibal de- 

fended himſelf by ſaying, that he, who 

had been bred all his life in a camp, ought 

to be diſpenſed with all the more poliſhed 

feelings of a capital, He was ſo apprehen- 

five for his ſafety, that when he was in Bi- 
thynia, his houſe was fortified like a caſtle, 
and on every fide there were ſecret doors 
which could give immediate eſcape if his 
life was ever attempted. When he quitted 
Italy, and embarked on board a veſſel for 
Africa, he ſo ſtrongly ſuſpected the fidelity 
of his pilot, who told him that the lofty 
mountain which appeared at a diſtance was 
a promontory of Sicily, that he killed him 
on the ſpot ; and when he was convinced 
of his fatal error, he gave a magnificent 
burial to the man whom he had ſo falſely 
murdered, and called the promontory by 
his name. The labors which he ſuſtained, 
and the inclemency of the weather to which 
he expoſed himſelf in crofling the Alps, ſo 
weakened one of his eyes, that he ever 
after loſt the uſe of it. The Romans have 
celebrated the humanity of Annibal, who, 
after the battle of Cannz, ſought the body 
of the fallen conſul amidſt the heaps of 
ſlain, and honored it with a funeral becom- 
ing the dignity of Rome. He performed 
the ſame friendly offices to the remains of 
Marcellus and Tib. Gracchus, who had 
fallen in battle. He often blamed the un- 
ſettled meaſures of his country; and when 
the enemy had thrown into his camp the 
head of his brother Aſdrubal, who had 
been conquered as he came from Spain 
with a reinforcement into Italy, Annibal 
ſaid that the Carthaginian arms would no 
longer meet with their uſual ſucceſs. Juve- 
nal, in ſpeaking of Annibal, obſerves, 
that the ring which cauſed his death made 
a duc atonement to the Romans for the 
many thouſand rings which had been ſent 
to Carthage from the battle of Cannz. 
Annibal, when in Spain, married a woman 
of Caſtulo. The Romans entertained ſuch 
2a high opinion of him as a commander, 
that Scipio who conquered him, calls him 
the greateſt general that ever lived, and 
gives the ſecond rank to Pyrrhus the Epirot, 
and places himſelf the next to theſe in me- 


- 


| quered by the conſul, C. Sulpit. Paterculw, 


A N 


rit and abilities. It is plain that the failurs 
of Annibal's expedition in Italy, did ng 
ariſe from his neglect, but from that < 
his countrymen, who gave him no aff. 
tance; far from imitating their enemies 
of Rome, who even raiſed in one year 13 
legions to oppoſe the formidable Carthagi. 
nian. Livy has painted the character d 
Annibal like an enemy, and it is much ty 
be lamented that a great hiſtorian has with. 
held the tribute due to the merits and vir. 
tues of the greateſt of generals. C. Nep. it 
vita, Liv. 21, 22, &c,—Plut. in Flanin, 
&c.— Juſtin. 32, c. 4.—Sil, Ital. 1, & 
— Appian.—Florus 2 & 3.—Polyb,—Did 
— Fuv. 10, v. 159, &c,—Val. Max,—Hh 
rat. 4, Od. 4, Epod. 16. The ſon of the 
great Annibal, was ſent by Himilco to Lilp 
bæum, which was beſieged by the Roman,, 
to keep the Sicilians in,their duty. Poly, 1, 
A Carthaginian general, ſon of Aſdry- 
bal, commonly called of Rhodes, abo 
160 years before the birth of the great An- 
nibal. Juſlin. 19, c. 2.—Aenopl. Hf. 
Græc. A ſon of Giſcon, and grandſon df 
Amilcar, ſent by the Carthaginians to the 
aſſiſtance of Ægiſta, a town of Sicily. He 
was overpowered by Hermocrates, an exiled 
Syracuſan. Tuſtin. 22 & 23.— A Ca- 
thaginian, ſirnamed Senior. He was con- 


alpire to 
This n: 
Carthagin 
ſelves am 
Punic wa 
wars agal 
&c, 
ANOP& 
nver Aſcp 
ANSER, 
Irif. Jz e 


pertinent. 


bitants of 
ANTAA 
that the ne 
able to the 
muſician w 
Ax TU 
and Neptu; 
ling, that | 
temple to! 
conquered 
mim, and 2 
his mother 
the hero | 
ſqueezed h 
% v. 598. 
3 v. 88.— 


in Sardinia, and hung on a croſs by his 
countrymen for his ill ſucceſs. ad Attic, 1 

AxNIcERISs, an excellent charioteer & * killed 
Cyrene, who exhibited his Kill in driving er. 
a chariot before Plato and the academy. 
When the philoſopher was wantonly fold 
by Dionyſus, Anniceris ranſomed his friene, 
and he ſhewed further his reſpect for leam- 
ing, by eſtabliſhing a ſe& at Cyrene, called 
after his name, which ſupported that al 
good conſiſted in pleaſure. Cic. de of. 3; 
Diog. in Plat. & Arif. lian. V. H. 2, c. 2. 

AnNnius SCAPULA, a Roman of grett 
dignity, put to death for conſpiring again 
Caſſius. Hirt. Alex. 55. 

AN NON & HAN NO, a Carthaginian ge- 
neral conquered in Spain by Scipio, and 
ſent to Rome. He was ſon of Bomilah 
whom Annibal ſent privately over to tis 
Rhone to conquer the Gauls, Liv. 21 f eek citie 
27. A Carthaginian who taught bite ne pe... 
to ſing © Annon is a god,“ after whit Died. 14 
he reſtored them to their native liber AnTan: 
but the birds loſt with their flavery vis gainſt the 
they had been taught. lian. V. H. ul, tother of 


ANTAG 
122 
by Antigor 
e was c 
ked him 1 
meals wher 
igamemno 
ne poet, t. 
"71 (atm 
ndvidual « 
np. & 4 

AYTAL( 
Was ſent j 
eace with 
ty his coun 


lib, c. 30.——A Carthaginian who wi% Min. 22, 
in the Punic language, the account of 4 ANTAN! 
voyage he had made round Africa. This the Lele 


book was tranſlated into Greek, and i 
extant, Another baniſhed from Cathal 
for taming a lion for his own amuſemeth 


et after t 
cen called 
Apollonia. 
Wourhood C; 


| which was interpreted as if he with 10 


A N 


afoire to ſovereign power. Plin. 8, c. 16. 
—This name has been common to many 
Carthaginians who have ſignalized them- 
ſelves among their countrymen during the 


failure 
did not 
that & 
0 aſſiſ. 


enemies Punic wars againſt Rome, and in their 

— 13 wars againſt the Sicilians. Liv. 26,27, 
agi- 

Kc. 

— - AxoP A, a mountain and road near the 
ch to 


river Aſepus. Herodot. 7, c. 216. 

AvsER, a Roman poet, whom Ovid, 
Trift, 3, el. I, v. 425, calls bold and im- 
ertinent. 

AnSIBARIT, a people of Germany. Ta- 
git, Ann. 13, c. 55. 

AxræA, the wife of Proteus. Homer. 
I —A goddeſs worſhipped by the inha- 
bitants of Antium. 

AnT&As, a king of Scythia, who ſaid 
that the neighing of a horſe was far prefer- 
able to the muſic of Iſmenias, a famous 
muſician who had been taken captive. Plut. 

Axtæus, a giant of Libya, ſon of Terra 
and Neptune. He was ſo ſtrong in wreſt- 
ling, that he boaſted that he would erect a 
temple to his father with the ſkulls of his 
conquered antagoniſts. Hercules attacked 
him, and as he received new ſtrength from 
his mother as often as he touched the ground, 
the hero lifted him up in the air, and 
ſqueezed him to death in his arms. Lucan. 
b v. 598.— Stat. 6. Theb. v. 89 3.—Juv. 
3, v. 88.———A ſervant of Atticus. Cic. 
ad Attic, 13, ep. 44- A friend of Tur- 
aus killed by Anceas. Virg. An. 10, v. 
501. 

ANTAGSRAS, a man of Cos. Pau. 3, 
C.i,——A Rhodian poet, much admired 
by Antigonus, Id. 1, c. 2. One day as 


is With- 
and vir. 
Nep. i 
| Flamin, 
, I, Ke. 
— Did, 
x.— H. 
on of the 
to Lily 
Romans, 
Polyb, . 
f Aſdru- 
$, above 
reat An» 
ph. Hy. 
andſon of 
ns to the 
cily. He 
an exiled 
A Cit 
was con- 
terculu, 


(s by tus 


rioteer ct 
n driving 
academy. 
only fold 
his friend, 


for leam- © was cooking. ſome fiſh, the King 
ne, cal ed him whether Homer ever dreſſed any 
d that 4 meals when he was recording the actions of 
. de of. 7 igamemnon ? And do you think, replied 
H. b yo ine poet, that he W ac Tem TETpapaTal Ka. 
n 


wen wiunns, ever enquired whether any 
ndvidual drefled fiſh in his army > Plut. 
Vp. & Apoph. 


ing againſt 


ginian ge. Avrarelpas of Sparta, ſon of Leon, 
cip1o, at Was ſent into Perſia, where he made a 
Bomulcaty tace with Artaxerxes very diſadvantageous 
ver to the 0 his country, by which, B. C. 387, the 
Liv. thy Teck cities of Aſia became tributary to 
ught b ae Perſian monarch, Pauf. 9, c. I, &c, 


frer whicl Died. 14. Plat. in Artax. 


ve no ANTANDER, a general of Mefſenia, 
avery V caſt the Spartans. Pauf. 4, c. 7.-——A 
. Hol of Agathocles, tyrant of Sicily 
gho widlty uſtin, 22, c. 7. N g 
count + a ANTANDRos, A city of Troas, inhabited 
rica. tl the Leleges, near which Æneas built hrs 
and s ' det after the deſtruction of Troy. It has 
mn Cn den called Edonis, Cimmeris, Aſſos, and 
. \ollonia, There is a hill in its neigh- 
wing 10 "thood called Alexandreia, where Paris 


AN 


ſat, as ſome ſuppoſe, when the three rival 
goddefles appeared before him when con- 
tending for the prize of beauty. Srrab. 13. 
—Pirg. An. 3, v. 6 —Mela. r, c. 18. 

ANTERBROGTUS, an ambaſſador to Cæſar 
from the Rhemi, a nation of Gaul. Cæſ. bel. 
Gall. 2, c. 3. 

AN TETUSs PUBL1vs was appointed over 
Syria by Nero, He was accuſed of ſedition 
and conſpiracy, and drank poiſon, which 
operating ſlowly, obliged him to open his 
veins. Tacit. An. 13, &c. 

ANTEMNE, a city of the Sabines be- 
tween Rome and the Anio. Virg. u. 7, 
v. 631.— Dion ſ. Hal. 

ANTENOR, a Trojan prince related to 
Priam. It is ſaid that during the Trojan 
war, he always kept a ſecret correſpon- 
dence with the Greeks, and chiefly with 
Menelaus and Ulyſſes. In the council of 
Priam, Homer introduces him as adviſing 
the Trojans to reſtore Helen, and conclude 
the war. He adviſed Ulyfles to carry away 
the Trojan palladium, and encouraged the 
Greeks to make the wooden horſe, which, 
at his perſuaſion, was brought into the city 
of Troy by a breach made in the walls. 
ZEneas has been accuſed of being a partner 
of his guilt ; and the night that Troy was 
taken, they had a number of Greeks ſta» 
tioned at the doors of their houſes to pro- 
te&t them from harm. After the deſtruc- 
tion of his country, Antenor migrated to 
Italy near the Adriatic, where he built the 
rown of Padua. His children were alſo 
concerned in the Trojan war, and diſplayed 
much valor againſt the Greeks. Their 
names were Polybius, Acamas, Agenorg 
and according to others, Polydamas & 
Helicaon. Liv. 1. c. 1.—Plin. 3, c. 13.— 
Virg. Tu. 1, v. 242.—Tacit. 16, c. 21.— 
Homer. Il. 3, 7, 8, 11.—Ovid. Met. 13. 
Dictys. Cret. 5. - Dares Phryg. 6.—Strab. 
13.— Dionyſ. Hal. 1.-—Pauf. 10, e. 27,— 
A ſtatuary. Pau. A Cretan who wrote 
an hiſtory of his country. lian. 

ANTENORTDES, a patronymic given to 
the three ſons of Antenor, all killed dur- 
ing the Trojan war. Virg. An. 6, v. 


AxrIRos, (avri tee, dgainff love) a ſon 
of Mars and Venus. He was not, as the 
derivation of his name implies, a deity that 
prefided over an oppoſition to love, but he 
was the god of mutual love and of mutual 
tenderneſs, Venus had complained to 
Themis, that her ſon Cupid always conti- 
nued a child, and was told, that if he had 
another brother, he would grow up in 2 
ſhort ſpace of time. As ſoon as Anteros 
was born, Cupid felt his ſtrength increaſe, 
and his wings enlarge; but if ever his 


brother was at a diſtance from him, he 
found 


Ln 


—_ 
—  - 


— — —ä—— vent 
— > — 


—_— 
Fa 


— 
* 


— 52 - 
— 


rn —— — — — — — 
„ ——_ eo 7 
: 4 
= 
7 _ - 


22 of L - my 
— — — 
1 — 
— % 75 _ . * * — r — — — Lo 
_ — = — 
— — — < 1 — 


— 


AN 
found himſelf reduced to his ancient ſhape. | 
From this circumflance it is ſ{cen, that return 
of paſſion gives vigor to love. Anteros had 
a temple at Athens raiſcd to his honor, 
when Meles had experienced the coldneſs 
and diſdain of Timagoras, whom he paſſio- 
nately eſteemed, and for whom he had 
killed himſelf, [ Vid. Melcs.) Cupid and 
Anteros are often repreſented ſtriving to 
ſcize a palm-tree from one another, to 
teach us that true love always endeavours to 
overcome by kindneſs and gratitude. They 
were always painted in the Greek acade- 
mies, to inform the ſcholars that it 1s their 
immediate duty to be grateful to their 
teachers, and to reward their trouble with 
love and reverence. Cic. des Nat. D. 3, c. 
'23.—Parſ. 1, c. 30. J. 6, c. 23. A 
grammarian of Alexandria, in the age of 
the emperor Claudius. 
Atticus. Cic. ad Attic. g, ep. 14- 

ANTHEA, a town of Achaia. Par. 7, 
c. 18. Of Meſſcnia, 1d, 4, c. 31. — Of 
Trœzene. Id. 2, c. 30. 

ANTHEAsS, a ſon of Eumelus, killed 
in attempting to ſow corn from the chariot 
of Triptolemus drawn by dragons. Pau. 
7. e. 13. 

Axrut po, a city of Bœotia, which 
receives its name from the flowery plains 
that ſurround it, or Anthedon, a certain 
nymph. Pauſ. 7, c. 10. I. 9, c. 22.—It was 
formerly inhabited by Thracians. Homer, 
Il. 2.— Ovid. Met. 13, v. 905. A port 
of Peloponneſus. Plin. 4, c. 5. 

ANTHELA, a town near the Aſopus, 
near which Ceres and Amphictyon had a 
temple. Herodot. 7, c. 176. 

Avru kus, an iſland in the Mediterra- 
nean, the ſame as the Ionian Samos. Strab. 
to. 

ANTHEMON, a Trojan. Homer, II. 4. 

AxTHEMUs, a city of Macedonia at 
Therme. A city of Syria. Strab, 

ANTHEMUSIA, the ſame as Samos, 
A city of Meſopotamia. Strab. 

ANTHENE, a town of Peloponneſus. 
Thucyd. 5, c. 41. 

ANTHERMUs, a Chian ſculptor, ſon of 
Micciades, and grandſon to Malas, He and 
his brother Bupalus made a ſtatue of the 
poet Hipponax, which cauſed univerſal 
laughter, on account of the deformity of 
its countenance, The poet was ſo incenſed 
upon this, and inveighed with ſo much 
bitterneſs againſt the ſtatuaries, that they 
hung themſelves, according to the opinion 
of , ſome authors. Plin, 36, c. 5. 

ANTHES, a native of Anthedon, who 
firſt invented hymns. Plut, de Muſ. A 
ſon of Neptune. 

ANTHESPHORIA, feſtivals celebrated in 
Sicily, in honor of Proſerpine, who was 


A ſrecdman of 


AN 
carried away by Pluto as ſhe was gather. ANT! 
ing flowers. Claudian de Rapt. Prof... that fed 
Feſtivals of the ſame name were alſo ob- the coun 
ſcrved at Argos in honor of Juno, who wy 12. I. 6, 
called Antheia, Pauſ. Corinth. — Pallas. ANT 
Onom. 1, C. 1. RO_Ee 

ANTHESTERIA, feſtivals in honor & the QUE 
Bacchus among the Greeks. They wee cording | 
celebrated in the month of February, calle * 
Antheſterion, whence the name is derived, ANTI 
and continued 3 days. The firſt day vu ſion of 1 
called Midoyin, ano Toy miYoug ciytn, be. — N 
cauſe they tapped their barrels of liqus — My 
The ſecond day was called Xoeg, from the fear of q 
meaſure xoa, becauſe every individuat drank 1 
of his own veſſel, in commemoration of ama 
the arrival of Oreſtes, who, after the mu- .. 
der of his mother, came, without being . 
puriſied, to Demophoon, or Pandion, king ** 
of Athens, and was obliged, with all the 1 "PE 
Athenians, to drink by himſelf, for fear of A 18 
polluting the people by drinking with them Ty 8 
before he was purified of the parricjde. It a” 
was uſual on that day, to ride out in cha- : * 
riots, and ridicule thoſe that paſſed by, 9g 
The beſt drinker was rewarded with 2 pon . 
crown of leaves, or rather of gold, and 1 a 
with a caſk of wine. The third day was cal. 4 0 + | 
ed yurp%, from yurpe, a veſſel brought i; v. 4 4 
out full of all ſorts of ſeed and herbs, deem- 3 
ed ſacred to Mercury, and therefore nut 
touched. The flaves bad the permiſſion of 
being merry and free during theſe feſtivals; 
and at the end of the ſolemnity a herald 
proclaimed, @upaZt, Kats, ove ir Ardignpa; 
1. e. Depart, ye Carian ſlaves, the feſtivals 
are at an end. Alian. J. H. 2, c. 41. 

ANTHEVUS, a ſon of Antenor, much el 
tee med by Paris. One of the compani- 
ons of Aincas. Virg. An. 1, v. 514. 

ANTHIA, a ſiſter of Priam, ſeized by 8 
the Greeks. She compelled the people d 8 
Pallene to burn their ſhips, and bull by Atken 
Scione. Polyæn. 7, c. 47.—A tom. 
Vid. Anthea. A daughter of Theſpius, 
miſtreſs to Hercules. Apollod. 2, c. 7. Res 

AN THIAS. Vid. Antheas. Epamino 

ANTHIUM, a town of Thrace, affe. battle of 
wards called Apollonia. Plin. 4, e. 11— 8 
A city of Italy. one in P 

ANTH1Us, {flowery , a name of Bacchus Octa, by 
worſhipped at Athens. He had alſo a ſtatue they proc 
at Patræ. Mm ſervice t 

AnTHo, a daughter of Amulius, ws inſanity ; 
of Alba, 4 


ſhe hearc 
Homer, C 
— Pauf. 
Periphete 
daughter 
the ſon « 
Nicomac 
AnTI 
man whe 
Hermola 
man vict. 


Avr 
oppoſite | 


ram. 

ANTHGRES, a companion of Hercults ently call 
who followed Evander, and ſettled in Italy. Neptune 
He was killed in the war of Turnus 28 trident in 
Eneas. Virg. Tu. 10, v. 778. his ſide, 
ANTHRACIA, a nymph. Pauf. 8, c. il. dome w 


d Diocles, 


ANTHROPINUS, Tiſarchus, an 10 


three perſons who laid ſnares for Aga 


but this! 
opHAGH 


— — 2 — 2 — 


tyrant of Sicily, Pelyæn. 5, c. 3. 
| ANTHROP 


gather. 
6 
alſo ob- 
who wa 
— Pollux. 


honor of 
ey were 
ry, called 
; derived, 
day was 
iytu, be- 
f liquor, 
from the 
ual drank 
ration of 
the mur- 
Mut being 
ion, king 
h all the 
or fear of 
vith them 
1cide., It 
t in cha- 
aſſed by. 
d with a 
rold, and 
was Call- 
1 brought 
bs, deem- 
efore not 
miſhon of 
feſtivals; 
y a herald 
Ade; 
e feſtivals 
c. 41. 
much eſ- 
compani- 
514. 
ſeized by 
people d 
ind build 
A tow. 
Theſpius, 
1 


ce, afiel- 
. 1 1 — 


of Bacchus 
ſo a ſtatue 


lius, kung 
Hercules, 
d in Italy: 
ius againk 
[.$, c. zi. 
1 Diocky 
Agathockes 


— 


AN 


 AxyTHROPOPHAGYT, a people of Scythia 
that fed on human fleſh. They lived near 
the country of the Meſſagetæ. Plin. 4, c. 
12. J. 6, c. 30.—Mela. 2, c. r. 

ANnTHYLLAy a city of Egypt on the Ca- 
nopic mouth of the Nile. It maintained 
the queens of the country in ſhoes, or, ac- 
cording to Atheneus 1, in girdles. Hero- 
d:t. 2, c. 98. 

ANTIA LEX was made for the ſuppreſ- 
fon of luxury at Rome. Its particulars are 
not known. The enactor was Antius Reſtio, 
who afterwards never ſupped abroad for 
fear of being himſelf a witneſs of the profu- 
ſion and extravagance which his law meant 
to deſtroy, but without effect. Mac rob. 3, 
c. 17. 

8 the mother of Echion. 

AnTIAsS, the goddeſs of fortune, chiefly 
worſhipped at Antium. 

ANTIiCLEA, a daughter of Autolycus and 
Amphithea. Her father, who was a famous 
robber, permitted Siſyphus, ſon of olus, 
to enjoy the favors of his daughter, and 
Anticlea was really pregnant of Ulyſſes 
when ſhe married Laertes king of Ithaca. 
Laertes was nevertheleſs the reputed father 
of Ulyſſes. Ulyſſes is reproached by Ajax 
in Ovid. Met. as being the ſon of Siſyphus. 
It is faid that Anticlea killed herſelf when 
ſhe heard a falſe report of her ſon's death. 
Homer, Od. 11, 19.— Hygin. fab. 2or, 243. 
—Pauſ. 10, c. 29. A woman who had 
Periphetes by Vulcan. Apellod. 3. A 
daughter of Diocles, who married Machaon 
the ſon of Eſculapius, by whom ſhe had 
Nicomachus and Gorgaſus. Pau. 4, c. 30. 

ANTICLES, an athenian archon.——A 
man who conſpired againſt Alexander with 
Hermolaus. Curt. 8, c. 6.— An Athe- 
man victor at Olympia. 

ANTICLIDES, a Greek hiſtorian, whoſe 
works are now loſt. They are often quoted 
by Atheneus, & Plut, in Alex. 

AnTickX&Gus, a mountain of Lycia, 
oppoſite mouut Cragus. Strab. 4. 

ANTICRATES, a Spartan, who ſtabbed 
Epaminondas, the Theban general, at the 
battle of Mantinea. Plat. in Age/, 

AxricFRA, two towns of Greece, the 
one in Phocis, and the other near mount 
Oeta, both famous for the ellebore which 
they produced, This plant was of infinite 
ler vice to cure diſeaſes, and particularly 
inſanity 5 hence the proverb Navuiget Anti- 
Nam. The Anticyra of Phocis was anci- 
ently called Cypariſſa. It had a temple of 

<ptune, who was repreſented holding a 
teident in one hand and reſting the other on 
his ſide, with one of his feet on a dolphin. 
dome writers, eſpecially Horace (Art. P. 
300), ſpeak of three iſlands of this name, 
Mut this ſeems to be a miſtake, Pauſ. 10, 


| 


A N 


c. 36.— Horat. 2, Sat. 3, v. 166. De Art. 


Poet. v. 300.—Perſfus, 4, v. 16.—Strab, 
9. Mela. 2, c. 3. — Ovid. Pont. 4, ep. 3, 
v. 53. A miſtreſs of Demetrius. Put. 
in Demetr. 

ANnTipS&Mvs, a warlike ſoldier of king 
Philip at the ſiege of Perinthus. 

Axtripörus, an excellent painter, pu- 
pil of Euphranor. Pia. 35, c. 11. 

ANTicENnEs, one of Alexander's gene- 
rals, publicly rewarded for his valur. Curt. 
5, e. 14. 

ANTICENI DAS, a famous muſician of 
Thebes, diſciple to Philoxenus. He taught 
his pupil Iſmenias to deſpiſe the judgment 
of the populace. Cic. in Brut. 

AN TIGGNA, daughter of Berenice, was 
wife to king Pyrrhus. Put. in Pyrrh. 

ANTI Nr, a daughter of CEdipus, 
king of Thebes, by his mother Iocaſta. She 


buried by night her brother Polynices, 


againſt the poſitive orders of Creon, who, 
when he heard of it, ordered her to be bu- 
ried alive. She however killed herſelf be - 
fore the ſentence was executed; and Hæ- 
mon, the king's ſon, who was paſſionately 
fond of her, and had not been able to ob- 
tain her pardon, killed himſelf on her grave. 
The death of Antigone is the ſubje& of one 
of the tragedies of Sophocles, The Athe- 
nians were ſo pleaſed with it at the fiſt re- 
preſentation, that they 4 the author 
with the government of Samos. This tra- 
gedy was repreſented 32 times at Athens 
without interruption Sophec/. in Antig.— 
Hygin. fab. 67, 72. 243, 254.—Apolled. 
3, c. 5. — Ovid Tri. 3, el. 3.—-Phileftrat. 
2, c. 29.— Stat. Theb, 12. A daughter 
of Eurytion king of Phthia in Theſſaly. 
Apollod. A daughter of Laomedon. She 
was the ſiſter of Priam, and was changed 
into a ſtork for comparing herſelf to Juno, 
Ovid, Met. 6, v.93. 

ANTIGGNIA, an inland town of Epirus. 
Plin. 4, c. 1.——One of Macedonia, found- 
ed by Antigonus, ſon of Gonatas. 1d. 4, 
c. 10. One in Syria on the borders of 
the Orontes. Strab. 16. Another in 
Bithynia, called alſo Nicæa. Id. 12.——- 
Another in Arcadia, anciently called Man 
tinea, Pauſ. 8, c. 8. — One of Troas in 
Aſia Minor, Stradb. 13. 

ANTiGcGNnvus, one of Alexander's gene- 
rals, univerſally ſuppoſed to be the illegiti- 
mate ſon of Philip, Alexander's father. In 
the diviſion of the provinces after the king's 


death, he received Pamphylia, Lycia, and - 


Phrygia, He united with Antipater and 
Ptolemy, to deſtroy Perdiccas and Eume- 
nes; and after the death of Perdiccas, he 
made continual war againit Eumenes, 
whom, after three years of various fortune, 
he took prilgner, N to be * 

2 c 


9 — 


r i — wn wana” — 
AY — . . , - * * 


A N 


He afterwards declared war againſt Caſſan- | 
der, whom he conquered, and had ſeveral 
engagements by his generals with Lyſima- 
chus. He obliged Seleucus to retire from 
Syria, and fly for refuge and ſafety to 
Egypt. Ptolemy, who had eſtabliſhed him- 
ſelt in Egypt, promiſed to defend Seleucus, 
and from that time all friendſhip ceaſed be- 
tween Ptolemy and Antigonus, and a new 
war was begun, in which Demetrius, the 
ſon of Antigonus, . conquered the fleet of 
Ptolemy near the ifland of Cyprus, and 
took 16,000 men priſoners, and ſunk 200 
ſhips. After this famous naval battle, 
which happened 26 years after Alexander's 
death, Antigonus and his fon aſſumed 
the title of kings, and their example was 
followed by all the reſt of Alexander's ge- 
nerals. - The power of Antigonus was now 
become ſo formidable, that Ptolemy, Seleu- 
cus, Caſſander, and Lyſimachus, combined 
together to deftroy him; yet Antigonus de- 
ſpiſed them, ſaying, that he would diſperſe 
them as birds, He attempted to enter Egypt 
in vain, though he gained ſeveral victories 
over his opponents, and he at laſt received 
ſo many wounds in a battle that he could 
not ſurvive-them, and died in the 8oth year 
of his age, 301 B. C. During his life, he 
was maſter of all Aſia Minor, as far as 
Syria; but after his death, his ſon Deme- 
trius loſt Aſia, and eftabliſhed himſelf in 
Macedonia after the death of Caſſander, 
and ſome time after attempted to recover 
his former poſſeſſions, but died in captivity, 
in the court of his ſon- in-law, Seleucus. 
Antigonus was concerned in the different 
- intrigues of the Greeks. He made a treaty 
of alliance with the Etolians, and was 
highly reſpected by the Athenians, to whom 
he ſhewed himſelf very liberal and indul- 
gent. Antigonus diſcharged ſome of his 
officers becauſe they ſpent their time in 
taverns, and he gave their commiſſions to 
common ſoldiers, who performed their duty 
with punctuality. A certain poet called 
him divine; but the king deſpiſed his flat- 
tery, and bade him go and enquire of his 
ſervants whether he was really what he ſup- 
poſed him. Syrab, 13.—Diecd, 17, G&r.,— 
Pauſ. 1, c. 6, Sc. —Juſtin. 13, 14 & 15. 
Xx Nep. in mn Phe = Pane: Es. 
men. & Arat. Gonatas, ſon of Demetri- 
us, and grandſon to Antigonus, was king of 
Macedonia. He reſtored the Armenians to 
liberty, conquered the Gauls, and at laſt 
was expelled by Pyrrhus, who ſeized his 
kingdom. After the death of Pyrrhus, he 
recovered Macedonia, and died after a reign 
of 34 years, leaving his ſon Demetrius to 
ſucceed, B. C. 243. Tuſtin. 21 & 25.— 
Polyb.,—Plut. in Demetr. The guardian 
of his nephew; Philip, the ſon of Demetrius, 


A N 


who married the widow of Demetrius, and 
uſurped the kingdom, He was called De- 
ſon, from his promiſing much and giying 
nothing, He conquered Cleomenes king of 
Sparta, and obliged him to retire into Egypt, 
becauſe he favored the Ætolians againſt 
the Greeks, He died B. C. 227, after, 
reign of 11 years, leaving his crown to the 
lawtul poſſeſſor, Philip, who diſtinguiſhed 
himſelf by his cruelties and the war he made 
againſt the Romans, Juſtin. 28 & 29.— 
Polyb. 2.—Plut. in Cleom. A ſon of Arif. 
tobulus king of Judza, who obtained an 
army from the king of Parthia, by promiſing 
him 1000 talents and soo women. With 
theſe foreign troops he attacked his country, 
and cut the ears of Hyrcanus to make him 
unfit for the prieſthoud. Herod, with the 
aid of the Romans, touk him priſoner, and 
he was put to death by Antony. Jeſepl. 14. 
Dion. & Plut. in * ea le £ 
hiſtorian in the age of Philadelphus, who 
wrote the lives of ſome of the ancient phi. 


loſophers. Diog.—4then. A writer on 
agriculture. A ſtatuary who wrote on 


his profeſſion. 
ANTILCo, a tyrant of Chalcis. Affe 
his death, oligarchy prevailed in that city, 


| Ariftot. 5, Polit. 


ANTILIBANUS, a mountain of Syria op- 
poſite mount Libanus; near which the 
Orontes flows. Strab.— Pin. 5, c. 20. 

ANTILOCHUS, a King of Meſſenia.— The 
eldeſt ſon of Neſtor by Eurydice. He wen! 
to the Trojan war with his father, and was 
killed by Memnon the ſon of Aurora, 
Homer. Od. 4. Ovid, Heroid, ſays he was 
killed by He@or.—A poet who wrote 2 
panegyric upon Lyſander, and received a hat 
filled with filver. Plut. in I/. An hif- 
ſtorian commended by Diony/. Hal, 

ANTIMACHUS, a laſcivious perſon.—An 
hiſtorian.—A Greek poet of Tonia in the age 
of Socrates. He wrote a treatiſe on the age 
and genealogy of Homer, and proved him to 
be a native of Colophon, He repeated on? 
of his compoſitions before a large audience, 
but his diction was ſo obſcure and unintelli- 
gible that all retired except Plato; upon 
which he ſaid, Legam nihilominus, Plato ain 
mihi eft unus inftar omnium, He was reckon- 
ed the next to Homer in excellence, and the 
emperor Adrian was ſo fond of his poet! 
that he preferred him to Homer. He win 
a poem upon the Theban war; and before bt 
had brought his heroes to the city of Thebes, 
he had filled 24 volumes, He was firnamed 
Clarius from Claros, a mountain near Colo* 
phon, where he was born. Pau. 9, © 35 
—Plut. in Lyſand. & Timol.— Propert. 2, el 
34, v. 45.—Quintil, 10, c. 1.———Anothe! 
poet of the ſame name, firnamed Fſecas be⸗ 


cauſe he praiſed himfelf,-A Trojan, who 


Pars 


Paris br 
to Men 
ambaſſa 
polochu 
memno! 
of Herci 
polled. 2 
who wr 
world, 1 
AvT1 
2, c. 23 
ANT] 
quennial 
ſtituted! 
where A 
nity. 
ANTI 
in honor 
ANT1 
whom th 
fond, th: 
to him, : 
had been 
writers (i 
in the N 
offered h 
honor of 
ca, fon c 
ſuitors. ] 
ners; anc 
Telemac| 
mother J 
home, he 
dreſs, anc 
refuſed, 2 
les had | 
and Eum 
were ign 
Antinous 
16, 178 
ANTI! 
vince, A 
once the 
greatneſs, 
Antiochu 
a hill, an. 
Orontes 
brated 81 
the ſake « 
tiochia n. 
A city Ca 
built by 
The capit 
of Epheſ. 
Another 
from Sel 
Margiana 
nuther | 
of Syria, 
Meandex. 
Avi 
Antiochu 
chens. 


18, and 
ed Doe. 
giving 
King of 
Egypt, 
againſt 
after a 
n to the 
guiſhed 
ne made 
29.— 
of Arif. 
ined an 
romiſing 
With 
country, 
ake him 
with the 
ner, and 
ſeph. 14, 
ſtius, an 
us, who 
tent phi. 
writer on 
rote on 


, Affet 
hat city, 


Syria op- 
hich the 
„ 0, 
ia.— The 
He wen! 
and was 
Aurora, 
s he was 
wrote 2 
ved a hat 
An hiſ- 
. 
ſon.— An 
in the age 
m the age 
ed him to 
eated one 
audience, 
unintelli- 
to; upon 
Plato en 
is reckon- 
e, and the 
his poetry 
He wion 
| before be 
f Thebes, 


s firnamed 
near Colo- 
# 9, C. 35 
ppert. 2,0 
Another 
. 
an, W 

18 Pars 


polled. 2 & 3. 


A N 


paris bribed to oppoſe the reſtoring of Helen | 


to Menclaus and Ulyſſes, who had come as 
ambaſſadors to recover her. His ſons, Hip- 
polochus and Piſander, were killed by Aga- 
memnon. Homer. II. 11 & 12. A ſon 
of Hercules by a daughter of Theſtius. A- 
A native of Heliopolis, 
who wrote a poem on the creation of the 
world, in 3780 verſes. 

ANTIMENES, a ſon of Deiphon. 
2, c. 28. 

ANTINOEIA, annual ſacrifices. and quin- 
quennial games in honor of Antinous, in- 
fitured by the emperor Adrian at Mantinea, 
where Antinous was worihipped as a divi- 
nity. 

Arrinerdt be, a town of Egypt, built 
in honor of Antinous. 

AnTiNous, a youth of Bithynia, of 
whom the emperor Adrian was ſo extremely 
fond, that at his death he erected a temple 
to him, and wiſhed it to be believed that he 
had been changed into a conſtellation. Some 
writers ſuppoſe that Antinous was drowned 
in the Nile, while others maintain that he 
offered himſelf at a ſacrifice as a victim, in 
honor of the emperor. A native of Itha- 
ca, ſon of Eupeithes and one of Penelope's 
ſuitors. He was brutal and cruel in his man- 
ners; and excited his companions to deſtroy 
Telemachus, whoſe advice comforted his 
mother Penelope. When Ulyſſes returned 
home, he came to the palace in a beggar's 
dreſs, and begged for bread, which Antinous 
refuſed, and even ſtruck him. After Ulyſ- 
ſes had diſcovered himſelf to Telemachus 
and Eumzus, he attacked the ſuitors, who 
were ignorant who he was, and killed 
Antinous among the firſt, Homer, Od. 1, 
16, 17 & 22,—Propert. 2, el. 5. 

AnTI5CHIA, the name of a Syrian pro- 
vince, Mela. 1, c. 14. A city of Syria, 
once the third city of the world for beauty, 
greatneſs, and population, It was built by 
Antiochus and Seleucus Nicanor, partly on 
4 kill, and partly in a plain. It has the river 
Orontes in its neighbourhood, with a cele- 
brated grove called Daphne; whence, for 
the ſake of diſt jnction, it has been called An- 
tiochia near Daphne. Dionyſ. Piereg. 
A city called alſo Niſibis, in Meſopotamia, 

"uilt by Seleucus, ſon of Antiochus.— 
The capital of Piſidia, 92 miles at the eaſt 
of Epheſus.—A city on mount Cragus.— 
Another near the river Tragus,. 25 leagues 

tom Seleucia, on the weſt.— Another in 

Margiana, called Alexandria & Seleucia.— 

nuther near mount Taurus, on the confines 

„Syria. — Another of Caria, on the river 

Meander, 

Avribcuis, the name of the mother of 


Antiochus the ſon of Seleueus. -A tribe of 
chens. 


Pauſ. 


— 


AN 


Aris cuus, firnamed Soter, was ſon of 
Seleucus,, and king of Syria and Aſia. He 
made a treaty of alliance with Ptolemy Phi- 
ladelphus, king of Egypt. He fell intd a 


| lingering diſeaſe, which none of his fathet's 


phyſicians could cure for ſome time, till it 
was diſcovered that his pulſe was more ir- 
regular than uſual when Stratonice his ſtep- 
mother entered his room, and tha tlove 2 
her was the cauſe of his illneſs. This was 
told to the father, who willingly gave Stra- 
tonice to his fon, that his immodei ate love 
might not cauſe his death. He died 291 B. C. 
after a reign of 19 years. Tuſtin, 17, C. 
2, &c.,—Val. Max. 5.—Polyb. 4.— Appiar. 
he ſecond of that name, ſirnamed 
Thees (Ged) by the Milefians, becauſe he 
put to death their tyrant Timarchus, was 
ſon and ſucceſſor of Antiochus Soter. He 
put an end to the war which had been begun 
with Ptolemy ; and, to ſtrengthen the peace, 
he married Berenice, the daughter of the E- 
gyptian king. This ſo offended his former 
wite Laodice, by whom he had two ſons, 
that ſhe poiſoned him, and ſuborned Arte- 
mon, whole features were ſimilar to his, to 
repreſent him as king. Artemon, ſubſer- 
vient to her will, pretended to be indiſpoſed, 
and, as king, called all the miniſters, and 
recommended to them Seleucus, firnamed 
Callinicus, ſon of Laodice, as his ſucceſſor, 
After this ridiculous impoſture, it was made 
public that the king had died a natural death, 
and Laodice placed her ſon on the throne, and 
diſpatched Berenice and her ſon, 245 years 
before the Chriſtian era. Applun. The 
third of that name, ſirnamed the Great, bro- 
therto Seleucus Ceraunus, was king of Syria 
and Aſia, and reigned 36 years. He was 
defeated by Ptolemy Philopater at Raphia, 
after which he made war againſt Perſia, and 
took Sardes. After the death of Philopa- 
ter, he endeavoured to cruſh his infant ſon 
Epiphanes; but his guardians ſolicited the 
aid of the Romans, and Antiochus was com- 
pelled to reſign his pretenſions. He con- 
quered the greateſt part of Greece, of which 
ſome cities implored the aid of Rome; and 
Annibal, who had taken refuge at his court, 
encouraged him to make war againſt Italy. 
He was glad to find himſelf ſupported by the 
abilities of ſuch a general ; but his meaſures 
were dilatory, and not agreeable to the ad- 
vice of Annibal, and he was conquered and 
obliged to retire beyand mount Taurus, and 
pay a yearly fine of 2000 talents to the Ro- 
mans. His revenues being unable to pay 
the tine, he attempted to plunder the tem- 
ple of Belus in Suſiana, which ſo incenſed 
the inhabitants, that they killed him with his 
followers, 187 years before the Chriſtian era, 
In his character of king, Antiochus was hu - 


mane and liberal, * patron gf learning, and 
- 


- — 
—— —— 1 by 
= : 
* - 
7 — 
— 


— 4 — | " 8 mY 
— 4 - > a br LP PR, 
5” — 1 — 2 — — — 
= — — — 


— 


_— 
„ 


— 
— 
- — — 


AN 


the friend of merit; and he publiſhed an 
edict, ordering his ſubjects never to obey ex- 
cept his commands were conſiſtent with the 
laws of the country. He had three ſons, 
Seleucus Philopater, Antiochus Epiphanes, 
and Demetrius. The firſt ſucceeded him, 


and the two others were kept as hoſtages by 


the Romans. Fuftin. 31 & 32.—Strab. 16. 
Liv. 34, c. 59. — Fler. 2, c. 1.—Appian. 
bell. Hr. The fourth Antiochus, fir- 
named Epiphanes, or Illuſtrious, was king 
of Syria, after the death of his brother Se- 
leucus, and reigned eleven-years. He de- 
ſtroyed Jeruſalem, and was ſo cruel to the 
Jews, that they called him Epimanes, or Fu- 
riousr, and not Epiphanes. He attempted 
to plunder Perſepolis without effect. He 
was of a voracious appetite, and fond of 
childiſh diverſions; he uſed for his pleaſure 
to empty bags of money in the ſtreets, to ſee 
the people's eagerneſs to gather it; he bathed 
in the public baths with the populace, and 
was fond of perfuming himſelf to exceſs. He 
invited all the Greeks he could at Antioch, 
and waited upon them as a ſervant, and 
danced with ſuch indecency among the ſtage- 
players, that even the moſt diſſipate and 
ſhameleſs bluſhed at the fight. Polybius. 
Juſtin. 34, c. 3.— The fifth, ſirnamed Eu- 
pator, ſucceeded his father Epiphanes on the 
throne of Syria, 164 B. C. He made a 
peace with the Jews, and in the ſecond year 
of his reign was aſſaſſinated by his uncle De- 
metrius, who ſaid that the crown was law- 
fully his own, and that it had been ſeized 
from his father. Jin 34.—Foſeph. 12. 
The fixth, king of Syria, was firnamed 
Fntheus, or noble, Nis father Alexander 
Bala, entruſted him to the care of Malcus, 
an Arabian; and he received the crown from 


Tryphon, in oppoſition to his brother De- 


metrius, whom the people hated. Before 
he had been a year on the throne, Tryphon 
murdered him 143 B. C. and reigned in his 
place for three years. TFoſeph. 13. The 
ſeventh, called Sidetes, reigned nine years. 
In the beginning of his reign, he was afraid of 
Tryphon, and concealed himſelf, but he ſoon 
obtained the means of deſtroying his enemy. 
He made war againſt Phraates king of Par- 
thia, and he fell in the battle which was 
ſoon after fought about 130 years before 
the Chriſtian era, Juſlin, 36, c. 1.— 
Appian. bell, Syr. The eighth, firnamed 
Grypus, from his aquiline noſe, was ſon of 
Demetrius Nicanor by Cleopatra. His bro- 
ther Seleucus was deſtroyed by Cleopatra, 
and he himſelf would have ſhared the ſame 
fate, had not he diſcovered his mother's ar- 
tiſice, and compelled her to drink the poiſon 
which was prepared for himſelf, He killed 
Alexander Zebina, whom Ptolemy had ſet 
to oppoſe him on the throne of Syria, and 


AN 


was at laſt aſſaſſinated, B. C. 112, after 2 
reign of eleven years. Tuftin. 39, & c.— 
Jeſeph, Appian. The ninth, firnamed 
Cyzenicus, from the city of Cyzicus, where 
he received his education, was ſon of Antio- 
chus Sidetes, by Cleopatra. He diſputed the 
kingdom with his brother Grypus, who 
ceded to him Cœloſyria, part of his patrimo- 
ny. He was at laſt conquered by his ne- 
phew Seleucus near Antioch, and rather 
than to continue priſoner in his hands, he 
killed himſelf, B. C. 93. While a private 
man, he ſeemed worthy to reign; but when 
on the throne, he was diſſolute and tyranni- 
cal. He was fond of mechanics, and in- 
vented ſome uſeful military engines. - 
pian. Jeſepl. The tenth, was ironically. 
ſirnamed Pius, becauſe he married Selena, 
the wife of his father and of his uncle. He 
was the ſon of Antiochus ninth, and he ex- 
pelled Seleucus the ſon of Grypus from 
Syria, and was killed in a battle he fought 
againſt the Parthians, in the cauſe of the 
Galatians. Toſeph. Appian. After his 
death, the kingdom of Syria was torn tv 
pieces by the factions of the royal family or 
uſurpers, who, under a goed or falſe title, 
under the name of Antiochus or his rela- 
tions, eſtabliſhed themſelves for a little time 
either as ſovereigns of Syria, or Damaſcus, 
or other dependent provinces. At laſt An- 
tiochus, firnamed Aſiaticus, the ſon of Anti- 
ochus the ninth, was reſtored to his pater- 
nal throne by the influence of Lucullus tte 
Roman general, on the expulſion of Ti- 
granes king of Armenia from the Syrian 
dominions; but four years after, Pompey de- 
poſed him, and obſerved, that he who hid 
himſelf while an uſurper ſat upon his throne, 
ought not to be a king. From that time, 
B. C. 65, Syria became a Roman province, 
and the race of Antiochus was extinguilhed. 
Tuſtin, 40. A philoſopher of Aſcalon, 
famous for his writings, and the reſpect 
with which he was treated by his pupils, 
Lucullus, Cicero, and Brutus. P. ut. in Lu- 
cull. An hiſtorian of Syracuſe, ſon of 
Xenophanes, who wrote an hiſtory of S. 
cily, in nine books, in which he began at 
the age of king Cocalus. Strab.— Diad. 12. 
A rich king, tributary to the Romans 
in the age of Veſpaſian. Tacit. Hiſt. 2, © 
81. A ſophiſt who refuſed to take upon 
himſelf the government of a ſtate, on c 
count of the vehemence of his paſſions.— 
A king conquered by Antony, &c 040. 
3, Bell. civ. 4. A king of Meſſenis. 
Pauf. 4. A commander of the Athenian 
fleet, under Alcibiades, conquered by Ly” 
ſander. Xenoph. Hi. Græc.— A Me! 
of Alexandria, who publiſhed a treatiſe on 
comic poets.” Athen. A ſceptic of Lo- 


dicea, Dieg. in Pyrrh,——A\ 1 


it, 
— ada 
mentio 
ſon of 


forth t 
expoſe 
they w 
Epopei 
Some | 
for wh 
him, a 
brother 
the w: 
daught 
killed 
whom 
neice. 
his nev 
huſban 
her har 
ſhe w. 
many 
means 
who ut 
Lycus 
Thebes 
to the 
till ſhe 
fountai 
of her 
wande! 
relief f 
cured | 
Hygini 
vorced 
viſhed 
and th 
pregna 
marrie. 
band 1 
upon \ 
howeve 
brough 
author: 
decauſe 
river 
mainta 
that na 
and the 
phion 
17.—0 


after 3 
& c.— 
named 
where 
Antio- 
ted the 
„ Who 
trimo- 
his ne- 
rather 
19s, he 
private 
it when 
yranni- 
and in- 
. Alps 
onically. 
Selena, 
le. He 
| he ex- 
2s from 
fought 
of the 
fter his 
torn to 
nuly or 
ſe title, 
is rela- 
tle time 
maſcus, 
aft An- 
of Anti- 
s pater- 
illus the 
of Ti- 
Syrian 
pey de- 
who hid 
5 throne, 
at time, 
rovince, 
guiſhed. 
\ (calon, 
; pupils, 
in Lu- 
ſon of 
y of Si- 
zegan at 
Diad. 12. 
Romans 
„l. 2, 6. 
ke upon 
on gc- 
ns. — 
Ceæſ. 
ſeſſenia. 
the nian 
by Ly- 
A writer 
eatiſe on 
of Lao- 
ned ſo- 
philt, 


A N 


phiſt, Philoftra. A ſervant of Atticus. 
Cic. ad Attic. 13, ep. 33. A hair- dreſſer 
mentioned by Martial, 11, ep. 8 5.—4 
ſon of Hercules by Medea. Apollod. 2, c. 
AA ſtage player. Fav. 3, v. 98. 


Avriörk, daughter of Nycteus King of 


Thebes, by Polyxo, was beloved by Jupi- 
ter, who, to deceive her, changed himſelf 
into a ſatyr. She became pregnant, and, 
to avoid the reſentment of her father, ſhe 
fled to mount Cithzron, where ſhe brought 
forth twins, Amphion and Zethus. She 
expoſed them to prevent diſcovery, but 
they were preſerved. After this ſhe fled to 
Epopeus, King of Sicyon, who married her. 
Some ſay that Epopeus carried her away, 
for which action Nycteus made war againſt 
him, and at his death left his crown to his 
brother Lycus, entreating him to continue 
the war and puniſh the raviſher of his 
daughter. Lycus obeyed his injunctions, 
killed Epopeus, and recovered Antiope, 
whom he loved, and married though his 
neice. His firſt wife, Dirce, was jealous of 
his new connection; ſhe prevailed upon her 
huſband, and Antiope was delivered into 
her hands, and conhned in a priſon, where 
ſhe was daily tormented. Antiope, after 
many years of impriſonment, obtained 
means to eſcape, and went after her ſons, 
who undertook to avenge her wrongs upon 
Lycus and his wife Dirce. They took 
Thebes, put the king to death, and tied Dirce 
to the tail of a wild bull, who dragged her 
till ſhe died. Bacchus changed her into a 
fountain, and deprived Antiope of the uſe 
of her ſenſes. In this forlorn ſituation ſhe 
wandered all over Greece, and at laſt found 
relief from Phocus, ſon of Ornytion, who 
cured her of her diſorder, and married her. 
Hyginus, fab. 7, ſays that Antiope was di- 
vorced by Lycus, becauſe ſhe had been ra- 
viſhed by Epopeus, whom he calls Epaphus, 
and that after her repudiation ſhe became 
pregnant by Jupiter, Mean while Lycus 
married Dirce, who ſuſpected that her huſ- 
band ſtill kept the company of Antiope, 
upon which he impriſoned her. Antiope 
however eſcaped from her confinement, and 
brought forth on mount Cithzron. Some 
authors have called her daughter of Aſopus, 
becauſe ſhe was born on the banks of that 
nver. The ſcholiaft on Apollon. 1, v. 735, 
maintains, that there were two perſons of 
that name, one the daughter of Nycteus, 
and the other of Aſopus, and mother of Am- 
phion and Zethus. Par. 2, c. 6. l. 9, c. 
17.— Ovid. 6. Met. v. 110.—Apolled. 3, c. 
5 Propert. 3, el. 15. — Homer. Od. 11, v. 
259.—Hygin. fab. 7, 8, & 155. A 
daughter of Theſpius or Theſtius, mother 
* Alopius by Hercules. Apollod. 2, c. 
7——A daughter of Mars, queen of the 


r 
3 


A N 


| Amazons, taken priſoner by Hercules, and 


given in marriage to Theſeus. She is alſo 
called Hippolyte. Vid. Hippolyte. A 
daughter of olus, mother of Bœotus and 
Hellen, by Neptune. Hygin. fab. 157. 
A daughter of Pilon, who married Eurytus. 
Id. fab. 14. 

ANT16RUs, a ſon of Lycurgus. Pluz. in 
Lycurg. 

ANTIPATER, ſon of Tolaus, was ſoldier 
under king Philip, and raiſed to the rank 
of a general under Alexander the Great. 
When Alexander went to invade Aſia, he 
left Antipater ſupreme governor of Mace- 
donia, and of all Greece. Antipater exerted 
himſelf in the cauſe of his king; he made 
war againſt Sparta, and was ſoon after 


called into Perſia with a reinforcement by 


Alexander, He has been ſuſpected of giv- 
ing poiſon to Alexander, to raiſe himſelf to 
power. —After Alexander's death, his ge- 
nerals divided the empire among themſelves, 
and Macedonia was allotted to Antipater. 
The wars which Greece, and chiefly Athens, 
had meditated during Alexander's life, now 
burſt forth with uncommon fury as ſoon as 
the news ot his death was received. The 
Athenians levied an army of 30,000 men, 
and cquipped 200 ſhips againſt Antipater, 
who was maſter of Macedonia. Their ex- 
pedition was attended with much ſucceſs, 
Antipater was routed in Theſſaly, and even 
beſieged in the town of Lamia. But when 
Leoſthenes the Athenian general was mor- 
tally wounded under the walls of Lamia, 
the fortune of the war was changed, 
Antipater obliged the enemy to raiſe the 
ſiege, and ſoon after received a rein- 
forcement from Craterus from Afia, with 
which he conquered the Athenians at Cra- 
non in Theſſaly. After this defeat, Anti- 
pater and Craterus marched into BwWotia, 


and conquered the Ætolians, and granted 


peace to the Athenians, on the conditions 
which Leoſthenes had propoſed to Antipater 
when beſieged in Lamia, i. e. that he 
ſhould be abſolute maſter over them. Be- 
ſides this, he demanded from their ambaſ- 
ſadors, Demades, Phocion, and Xenocrates, 
that they ſhould deliver into his hands the 
orators Demoſthenes and Hyperides, whoſe 
eloquence had inflamed the minds of their 
countrymen, and had been the primary 
cauſes of the war. The conditions were 
accepted, a Macedonian garriſon was ſta- 
tioned in Athens, but the inhabitants ſtill 
were permitted the free uſe of their laws 
and privileges. Antipater and Craterus 


were the firſt who made hoſtile preparations 
againſt Perdiccas; and during that time, 
Polyperchon was appointed over Macedonia. 
Polyperchon defeated the Ætolians, who 
had made an invaſion upon Macedonia. 

F 4 Antipater 


A N 


Antipater gave aſſiſtance to Eumenes, in 
Afia, againſt Antigonus, according to Juſ- 
tin. 14, c. 2. At his death, B. C. 319. 
Antipater appointed Polyperchon maſter of 
all his paſſcſhons; and as he was the oldeſt 
of all the generals and ſycceſſors of Alex- 
ander, he recommended that he might be 
the ſupreme ruler in their councils, that 
every thing might be done according to his 
judgment. As for his ſon Caſſander, he 
left him in a ſubordinate ſtation under Po- 
Iyperchon. But Caſſander was of too aſ- 
piring a diſpoſition tamely to obey his father's 
injun&ions, He recovered Macedonia, 
and made himſelf abſolute, Curt. 3, 4, 5, 
6, 7 & 10,—Juſtin. 11, 12, 13, & c.— Died. 
17, 18, &c.—C, Nep. in Ploc. & Eumen.— 
Plat. in Eumen. Alexand, Sc. A ſon of 
Caſſander, king of Macedonia, and ſon- in- 
law of Lyfimachns. He killed his mother 
becauſe ſhe wiſhed his brother Alexander to 
ſucceed to the throne. Alexander, to re- 
venge the death of his mother, ſolicited the 
aſſiſtance of Demetrius; but peace was re- 
eſtabliſhed between the two brothers by the 
advice of Lyſimachus, and ſoon after De- 
metrius killed Antipater, and made himſelf 
king of Macedonia, 294 B. C. Juin. 26, 
8. . A king of Macedonia, who reign- 
ed only 45 days, 277 B. C.—A king of 
Cilicia. A powerful prince, father to 
Herod. He was appointed governor of 
Judza, by Czſar, whom he had aſſiſted in 
the Alexandrine war, Joſeph ——An A- 
thenian archon. 
ſoldiers, who conſpired againſt his life with 
Hermolaus. Curt. 8, c. 6. A celebrat- 
ed ſophiſt of Hieropolis, preceptor to the 
children of the emperor Severus. A 
Stoic philoſopher of Tarſus, 144 years B. C. 
— A poet of Sidon, who could compoſea num- 
ber of verſes extempore, upon any ſubject. 
He ranked Sappho among the muſes, in one 
of his epigrams, He had à fever every 
* on the day of his birth, of which at laſt 

e died. He florithed about 80 years B. C. 
Some of his epigrams are preſerved in the 
anthologia. Pin. 7, c. 5. Val. Max. 1, 
c. 10.—Cic. de Orat. 3, de Offic. 3, de Queſt. 
Acad. 4. A philoſopher of Phcenicia, 
preceptor to Cato of Utica. Plut. in Cat. 
—A Stoic philoſopher, diſciple to Dio- 
genes of Babylon. He wrote two books on 
divination, and died at Athens. Cic. de 
Div. 1, c. 3. Ac. Queſt. 4, c. 6. De offic. 3. 
e. 18. A diſciple of Ariſtotle, who wrote 
two books of letters. A poet of Theſſa- 
lonica, in the age of Auguſtus, 

ANT1PATRIA, a city of Macedonia. Liv. 

31, © 27. . 
 ANnTIPATRIDAS, a governor of Telmeſ- 
ſus. Polyen. 5. | 

. ANTIPATRIS, a City of Paleſtine, 


One of Alcxander's | 


A N 


AxrirnAxxs, an ingenious ſtatuary of 
Argos. Pau. 5, c. 17. A comic poet of 
Rhodes, or rather of Smyrna, who wrote 
above go comedies, and died in the 74th 
year of his age, by the fall of an apple upon 
his head, —A phy ſician of Delos, who uſed 
to ſay that diſcaſes originated from the va- 
riety of food that was eaten, Clem, Alex, 
— Athen. 

ANTIPHATES, a king of the Læſtrygo- 
nes, deſcended from Lamus, who founded 
Formiz. Ulyſſes returning from Troy, came 
upon his coaſts, and ſent three men to ex- 
amine the country. Antiphates devoured 
one of them, and purſued the others, and 
ſunk the flect of Viyſſes with ſtones, ex- 
cept the ſhip in which Ulyſſes was, Ovid, 
Met, 14, v. 232.— A ſon of Sarpedon, 
Virg. An. q, v. 696. The grandfather 
of Amphiaraus. Homer. Od. A man 
killed in the Trojan war. Homer. II. 

ANT1IPHILI PORTUS, a harbour on the 
African fide of the Red Sea. S!radb. 16. 


Avril us, an Athenian who ſucceed= 


ed Leoſthenes at the ſiege of Lamia againſt 
Antipater. Diod. 18.--——A noble paintei 
who repreſented a youth leaning over a fire 
and blowing it, from which the whole 
houſe ſeemed to be illuminated. He was 
an Egyptian by birth: he imitated Apelles, 
and was diſciple to Cteſidemus. Pin. 3 5, c. 10. 
ANTIFPHON, a poct,—A native of Rham- 
nuſia, called Neſtor, for his eloquence and 
prudence. The 16 orations that ate ex- 
tant under his name, are ſuppoſititious. An 
orator who promiſed Philip, king of Ma- 
cedonia, that he would ſet on fire the cita- 
del of Athens, for which he was put to 
death at the inſtigation of Demoſthenes. 
Cic. de Div. 2.—Plut. in Alcib. & Dems}, 
A poet who wrote on agriculture, 
Athen. An author who wrote a trea- 
tiſe on peacocks. A rich man intro- 
duced by Xenophon as diſputing with So- 
crates, An Athenian who interpreted 
dreams, and wrote an hiſtory of his art. 
Cic. de Div. 1 & 2. A fooliſh rheto- 
rician.——A. poet of Attica, who wrote tra- 
gedies, epic poems, and orations. Diony- 
ſius put him to death becauſe he refuſed to 
praiſe his compoſitions. Being once aſked by 
the tyrant, what braſs was the beſt? he an- 
ſwered, that with which the ſtatues of Harmo- 
dius andAriſtogiton are made. Plut.——Arifiot. 
ANTIPHONUS, a ſon of Priam, who went 
with his father to the tent of Achilles do 

redeem Hector. Homer. Il. 24. ; 
AnTirnvus, a ſon of Priam, killed by 
Agamemnon during the Trojan war.—A 
ſon of Theſſalus, grandſon to Hercules. He 
went to the Trojan war in 30 ſhips. Hoe 
mer, J. An intimate friend cf Ulyſſes. 
Homer. Od. 17,—- A brother of Ctimenus, 
yas 


was ſon © 
two broth 
the falſe | 
lence to t 
the ſea. 
and they 
murder. 
ANnT11 
daughters 
lic ;afety. 
ANTI. 
people of 
AwT1s 
—An il; 
Pia. 2 
Arts 
an Athen 
ther, Hi 
his pupils 
he had he 
and told 
a maſter, 
the head 
phers. ( 
what phi 
live with 
and pref 
which dr 
tempted 
ried his « 
tiſthenes, 
of thy ce 
of God, b 
of his let 
auſterity 
himſelf a 
ter, but: 
gotten. A 
Cic. de ( 
in Lyc.— 
hiſtorian 
ANTI 
Yer at R( 
his coun! 
5 taxed i 


y of 
*t of 
rote 
74th 
upon 
uſed 
e va - 


Alex, 


Ygo- 
nded 
came 
ex- 
vured 
and 
„ex- 
Ovid. 
edon. 
father 

man 


Jainter 

a hre 
whole 
e was 
pelles, 
55. 10. 
Tham- 
'e and 
re ex- 
An 
of Ma- 
e cita- 
put to 
thenes. 
Demel. 
-ulture, 
a trea- 

intro- 
ith So- 
rpreted 
his art. 
rheto- 
te tra- 
Diony- 
fuſed to 
ſKed by 
> he an- 
Harmo- 
- Ariſtot. 
ho went 
nilles do 


A N 


was ſon of Ganyctor the NaupaRian. Theſe 
two brothers murdered the poet Heſiod, on 
the falſe ſuſpicion that he had offered vio- 
lence to their ſiſter, and threw his body into 
the ſea, The poet's dog diſcovered them, 
and they were ſeized and convicted of the 


murder. 


Plut. de Solert. Anim. 


ANTIPENUS, a noble Theban, whoſe 
daughters ſacrificed themſelves for the pub- 


lic ;afety. 


Vid. Androclea, 


ANTIPGOL is, a city of Gaul, built by the 
people of Marſeilles, Tacit. 2, Hi. c. 15. 

ANTISSA, a City at the north of Leſbos. 
An iſland near it, Ovid. Mer. 15,v. 287. 


—Plin. 2, c. 89. 


ANTISTHENES, a philoſopher, born of 
an Athenian father, and of a Phrygian mo- 
ther, He taught rhetoric, and had among 
his pupils the famous Diogenes ; but when 
he had heard Socrates, he ſhut up his ſchool, 
and told his pupils, “ Go ſeek for yourſelves 


a maſter, I have now found one. 


5 


He was 


the head of the ſect of the Cynic philoſo- 
phers. One of his pupils aſked him, 
what philoſophy had taught him? © To 


Diog. 


live with my ſelf,” ſaid he. He fold his all, 
and preſerved only a very ragged coat, 
which drew the attention of Socrates, and 
tempted him to ſay to the Cynic, who car- 
ried his contempt of dreſs too far, An- 
tithenes, I ſee thy vanity through the holes 
of thy coat.“ Antiſthenes taught the unity 
of God, but he recommended ſuicide. Some 
of his letters are extant. 
auſterity were followed as long as he was 
himſelf an example of the Cynical charac- 
ter, but after his death they were all for- 
gotten. Antiſthenes fAloriſhed 396 years B. C. 
Lic. de Orat, 3, c. 35.—Diog. 6.—Plut. 
in Ly:,-——A diſciple of Heraclitus.—An 
tiſtorian of Rhodes. 

Axrisrius LABEo, an excellent law- 
yer at Rome, who defended the liberties of 
his country againſt Auguſtus, for which he 
is taxed of madneſs by Horat. 1. Sat. 3, v. 
b2.—Sueton, in Aug. 54. 
dü, was the author of a celebrated treaty 


His doctrines of 


Petro of Ga- 


detween Rome and his country, in the age 
of Tarquin the Proud. Dionyſ. Hal. 4. 
. Reginus, a lieutenant of Cæſar in 
Gaul, Caf. Bell. G. 6 & 7. 


A ſoldier of 


ompey's army, ſo confident of his valor 
that he challenged all the adherents of Cæ- 
lar, Hirt. 2 5, Hiſp. bell. 
ANTITHEVUs, an Athenian archon, Par. 


1c. 17, 


; AxTium, a maritime town of Italy, built 
y Aſcanjus, or, according to others, by a 
„n of Ulyſſes and Circe, upon a promon- 


wy 32 miles from Oſtium. 


It was the 


capital of the Volſci, who made war againſt 
me Romans for above 200 years. Camillus 
wok it, and carried all the beaks of their 


3 


| tormer reigns, 


A N 


ſhips to Rome, and placed them in the 
Forum on a tribunal, which from thence 
was called Ri rum. This town was dedi- 
cated to the goddeſs of Fortune, whoſe ſta- 
tues, when confulted, gave oracles by a 
nodding of the head, or other different 
hgns. Nero was burn there. Cic. de Div. 
1.— Horat. 1, od. 35. 

ANx roms, the laſt king of Corinth. 
After his death, magiſtrates with regal au- 
thority were annualiy choſen. 

ANTONIA LEX was cnacted by M. An- 
tony, the conſul, A. U. C. 708. It abro- 
gated the lex Atia, and renewed the /ex 
Cornelia, by taking away from the people 
the privilege of chuſing prieſts, and reſtor= 
ing it to the college of prieſts, to which it 
originally belonged. Dio. 44. Another 
by the ſame, A. U. C. 703. It ordained 
that a new decury of judges ſhould be ad- 
ded to the two former, and that they ſhould 
be choſen from the centurions. Cic. in 
Philip. 1 & 5. Another by the ſame. It 
allowed an appcal.to the people, to thoſe 
who were condemned de may:jiate, or of 
per fidious meaſures againſt the ſtate.—Ano- 
ther by the ſame, during his triumvirate. 
It made it a capital offence to propoſe ever 
after, the election of a dictator, and for an 
2 to accept of the office. Appian. + 

ell. civ. 3. 

ANTSNIA, a daughter of M. Antony, by 
Octavia. She married Domitius Anobar- 
bus, and was mother of Nero, and two 
daughters.—A ſiſter of Germanicus.—A 
daughter of Claudius and Alia Petina. 
She was of the family of the Tubero's, and 
was repudiated fur her levity. Sueton. in 
Claud. 1,—Tacit. Ann. 11. The wife of 
Druſus the ſon of Livia, and brother of 
Tiberius. She became mother of three chil- 
dren, Germanicus, Caligula's father; Clau- 
dius the emperor, and the debauched Livia. 
Her huſband died very cacly, and ſhe never 
would marry again, but ſpent her time in 
the education of her children. 
ple ſuppoſe her grandſon Caligula ordered 
her to be poiſoned, A. D. 38. Pal. Max. 
6 ©. 3. A caſtle of Jeruſalem, which 
received this name in honor of M. An- 
tony. 

ANTSoN11, a patrician and plebeian fami- 
ly, which were faid to derive their origin 
from Antones, a ſon of Hercules, as Plut. 
in Anton. informs us. 

ANTONINA, the wife of Beliſarius, &c. 

ANTONINUS, ſirnamed Pius, was adopt- 
ed by the emperor Adrian, to whom he 
ſucceeded. This prince is remarkable for all 
the virtues that can form a perfe& ſtateſman, 
philoſopher, and king. He rebuilt what» 
ever cities had been deſtroyed by wars in 
In caſes of famine or in- 

yadation, 


Some peo- | 


e _ 
WI , 


— —— 
= — 


— — 
* 


ate 


- ” — v5 — 


”> 4 0 _ * - 
7 K po 
Fr ea nn — — 
. — — — 
_—_ " 0 


and — — . 


— 


i 
"4 
. 
. 
: 
* 
L 
x 
| s 
„ 
* 
2 
1 


| 
7 


— 
— 


AN 


utidation, he relieved the diſtreſſed, and ſup- 
plied their wants with his own money. He 
ſuffered the governors of the provinces to 
remain long in the adminiſtration, that no 
opportunity of extortion might be given to 
new comers. In his conduct towards his 
ſubjects, he behaved with affability and hu- 
manity, and liſtened with patience to every 
complaint brought before him. When told 
of conquering heroes, he ſaid with Scipio, 
I prefer the life and preſervation of a citizen, 
to the death of r00 enemies. He did not 
perſecute the Chriſtians like his predeceſſors, 
but his life was a ſcene of univerſal benevo- 
lence. His laſt moments were eaſy, though 
preceded by a lingering illneſs. When con- 
ſul of Aſia, he lodged at Smyrna in the houſe 
of a ſophiſt, who in civility obliged the 
govcraor to change his houſe at night. The 
ſophiſt, when Antoninus became emperor, 
viſited Rome, and was jocoſely defired to 
uſe the palace as his own houſe, without 
any apprehenſion of being turned out at 
night. He extended the boundaries of the 
Roman province in Britain, by raiſing a 
rampart between the friths of Clyde and 
Forth ; but he waged no wars during his 


reign, and only repulſed the enemies of the, 


empire who appeared in the field. He died 
in the 75th year of his age, after a reign of 
23 years, A. D. 161. He was ſucceeded by 
his adopted fon M. Aurelius Antoninus, fir- 
named the philoſopher, a prince as virtuous 
as his father. He raiſed to the imperial 
dignity his brother L. Verus, whoſe vo- 
luptuouſneſs and diſſipation were as con- 
ſpicuous as the moderation of the philoſo- 
pher. During their reign, the Quadi, Par- 
thians, and Marcomanni were defeated. 
Antoninus wrote a book in Greek, intitled, 
Ta uad taurov, concerning himſelf. The 
beſt editions of which are the 4to Cantab. 
1652, and the 8vo. Oxon. 1704. After the 
war with the Quadi had been finiſhed, Ve- 
rus died of an apeplexy, and Antoninus ſur- 
vived him eight ycars, and died in his 61ſt 
year, after a reign of 19 years and ten days. 
Dio, Caſſius. Baſhinus Caracalla, was 
ſon of the emperor Septimus Severus, 
celebrated for his cruelties. He killed his 
brother Geta in his mother's arms, and 
attempted to deſtroy the writings of Ariſ- 
totle, obſerving that Ariſtotle was one of 
thoſe who ſent poiſon to Alexander. He 
married his mother, and publicly lived with 
her, which gave occaſion to the people of 
Alexandria to ſay that he was an CEdipus 
and his wife a Jocaſta. This joke was fatal 
to them; and the emperor, to puniſh their 
ill language, ſlaughtered many thouſands in 
Alexandria. After aſſuming the name and 
dreſs of Achilles, and ftiling himſelf the 
eonqueror of provinces he had never ſeen, 


5 


AN 


he was aſſaſſinated at Edeſſa by Macrinns, 
April 8, in the 43d year of his age, A. D. 
217. His body was ſent to his wife Julia, 
who ſtabbed herſelf at the ſight. here 
is extant a Greek itincrary, and another book 
called Iter Britannicum, which ſome have at. 
tributed to the emperor Antoninus, though 
it was more probably written by a perſun of 
that name whoſe age 1s unknown, 

ANToN1oPGLIs, a city of Meſopotamia, 
Marcell. 8. 

M. Axröxtus GN1PHo, a poet of Gaul 
who taught rhetoric at Rome; Cicero and 
other illuſtrious men frequented his ſchool, 
He, never aſked any thing for his leQures, 
whence he received more from the liberality 
of his pupils. Sueton. de Illuſt. Gr. 7.— 
An orator, grandfather to the triumvir of 
the ſame name. He was killed in the civil 
wars of Marius, and his head was hung in 
the Forum. Val. Max. 9, c. 2.—Lacan. :, 
v. 125; Marcus, the eldeſt ſon of the 
orator of the ſame name, by means of 
Cotta and Cethegus, obtained from the ſe. 
nate the office of managing the corn on the 
maritime coaſts of the Mediterranean with 
unlimited power. This gave him many 
opportunities of plundering the provinces 
and enriching himſelf. He died of a broken 
heart. Salluft, Frag. Caius, a ſon of 
the orator of that name, who obtained 1 
troop of horſe from Sylla, and plundered 
Achaia. He was carried before the pretor 
M. Lucullus, and baniſhed from the ſenate 
by the cenſors, for pillaging the allies, and 
refuſing to appear when ſummoned before 
juſtice. Caius, ſon of Antonius Caius, 
was conſul with Cicero, and aſſiſted him to 
deſtroy the conſpiracy of Catiline in Gaul, 
He went to Macedonia, as his province, 
and fought with ill ſucceſs againſt the Dar- 
dani. He was accuſed at his return, and 
baniſhed. Marcus, the triumvir, was 
grandſon to the orator M. Antonius, and 
ſon of Antonius, firnamed Cretenfis, from 
his wars in Crete, He was augur and tr- 
bune of the people, in which he diſtinguiſh- 
ed himſelf by his ambitious views. He a. 
ways entertained a ſecret reſentment again 
Cicero, which aroſe from Cicero's having 
put to death Corn. Lentulus, who was con- 
cerned in Catiline's conſpiracy. This Len- 
tulus had married Antonius's mother after 
his father's death. When the ſenate wi 
torn by the factions of Pompey's and 
Czſar's adherents, Antony propoſed tha 
both ſhould lay aſide the command of the 
armies in the provinces; but as this props” 
ſition met not with ſucceſs, he privately te. 
tired from Rome to the camp of Cæſar 2 
adviſcd him to march his army to Rome. 
In ſupport of his attachment, he commande 


0 2 arſalia and 
the left wing of his army at Phy mw Jin 


geeor 
him 
peopl 
the . 
an or; 
himſe 
remin 
they 
ſieged 
D. Br 
an en 
ſtratio 
the co 
Cæſar 
with t 
brated 
with | 
did no 
might 
Cicero 
empire 
ſet ov. 
arid A 
enlarge 
queſts. 
he repi 
Auguit 
en the 
the bat 
of J. ( 
M. * 
cent m. 
eaſt, he 
patra q 
Via ton 
guitus, 
tony of 
time aſſ 
with C 
Czar, 
Where a 
Cleopat! 
Antony 
cauſe, / 
followed 
was ſoor 
his allies 
queror o 
and Cle 
the bite 
year of 
Queror (1 
that his 
en chi 
been blaz 
Is unco 
dneſs 
Wrote a 
Was fon 7 
accordin 
ſcanded; 
cules, 0 
Phale, d 
Ver, a 


e Julia, 
— There 
er book 
have at- 
, though 
erſoun of 


zotamia, 


of Gaul 

ero and 

ſchool. 

lectures, 

iberality 

7.— 

mvir of 
the civil 

hung in 

Lucan. 2, 

n of the 
jeans of 
n the (e- 

n on the 
ean with 
m many 
provinces 
a broken 
a ſon of 
tained 1 
lundered 
he pretor 
he ſcnate 
lies, and 
ed before 
us Caius, 
d him to 
in Gaul. 
province, 
the Dar- 
urn, and 
wir, Was 
nus, and 
ſis, from 
and tri- 
ſtinguiſh 
* He al- 
nt againſt 
' having 
was con- 
"his Len- 
ther after 
enate was 
ey's and 
ofed that 
d of then 
is prope” 
vatehy te- 
*x(ar an 

to Rome 
mmanded 
alia; and 
according 


AN 


aecording to 2 premeditated ſcheme, offered 
him a diadem in the preſence of the Roman 
people. When Cxſar was aſſaſſinated in 
the ſenate houſe, his friend Antony ſpoke 
an oration over his body, and to ingratiate 
himſelf and his party with the populace, he 
reminded them of the liberal treatment 
they had received from Cæſar. He be- 
feged Mutina, which had been allotted to 
D. Brutus, for which the ſenate judged him 
an enemy to the republic, at the remon- 
tration of Cicero. He was conquered by 
the conſuls Hirtius and Panſa, and by young 
Cæſar, who ſoon after joined his intereft 
with that of Antony, and formed the cele- 
brated triumvirate, which was eſtabliſhed 
with ſuch cruel proſcriptions that Antony 
did not even ſpare his own uncle that he 
might ſtrike off the head of his enemy 
Cicero, The triumvirate divided the R.oman 
empire among themſelves; Lepidus. was 
ſet over all Italy, Auguſtus had the weſt, 
and Antony returned into the eaſt, where he 
enlarged his dominions by different con- 
queſts. Antony had married Fulvia, whom 
he repudiated to marry Octavia the fiſter of 
Auguitus, and by this connection to ſtrength- 
en the triumvirate. He aſũſted Auguſtus at 
the battle of Philippi againſt the murderers 
of J. Cæſar, and he buried the body of 
M. Brutus, his enemy, in a moſt magnifi- 
cent manner. During his reſidence in the 
eaſt, he became enamoured of the fair Cleo- 
patra queen of Egypt, and repudiated Octa- 
via to marry her. This divorce incenſed Au- 
tuſtus, who now prepared to deprive An- 
tony of all his power. Antony, ia the mean 
time aſſenibled all the forces of the eaſt, and 
with Cleopatra marched againſt Octavius 
Czſar. Theſe two enemies met at Actium, 
Where a naval engagement ſoon began, and 
Cleopatra, by flying with 60 ſails, drew 
Antony from the battle, and ruined his 
cauſe, After the battle of Actium, Antony 
followed Cleopatra into Egypt, where he 
was ſoon informed of the defection of all 
his allies and adherents, and ſaw the con- 
queror on his ſhores. He ſtabbed himſelf, 
and Cleopatra likewiſe killed herſelf with 
the bite of an aſp. Antony died in the 56th 
year of his age, B. C. zo, and the con- 
queror ſhed tears when he was informed 
that his enemy was no more. Antony left 
en Children by his three wives. He has 
cen blamed for his great effeminacy, for 
's uncommon love of pleaſures, and his 
tondneſs of drinking. It is faid that he 
Wrote a book in praiſe of drunkenneſs. He 
Was fond of imitating Hercules, from whom, 
acording to ſome accounts, he was de- 
landed: and he is often repreſented as Her- 
cules, with Cleopatra in the form of Om- 
phale, areſſed in the arms of her ſubmiſſive 


"er, and beating him with her ſandals. 


4 


A N 


In his public character, Anteny was brave 
and courageous, but with the intrepidity uf 
Cæſar, he poſſeſſed all his voluptuous incli- 
nations, He was prodigal to a degree, and 
did not ſcruple to call, from vanity, his ſons 
by Cleopatra, kings of kings. His fondneſs 
for low company, and his debauchery, form 
the beſt parts of Cicero's Philippics. It is 
ſaid, that the night of Czſar's murder, Caſ- 
ſius ſupped with Antony; and being aſked 
whether he had a dagger with him, an- 
ſwered, yes, if you, Antony, aſpire to ſo- 
vereign power. Plutarch has written an ac- 
count of his life. Firg. An. 8, v. 68 5.— 
Horat. ep. 9.—Frwv. 10, v. 122.—C. Nep. 
in Attic.—Cic. in Philip. Juſtin. 41. 
42. Julius, ſon of Antony the triumvir, 
by Fulvia, was conſul with Paulus Fabius 
Maximus. He was firnamed Africanus, 
and put to death by order of Auguſtus. 
Some ſay that he Killed himſelf. It is ſup- 
poſed that he wrote an heroic poem on Di- 
omede, in t2 books. Horace dedicated his 
4 Od. 2, to him. Tacit. 4, Ann. c. 44.— 
Lucius, the triumvir's brother, was beſieged 
in Peluſium by Auguſtus, and obliged to 
ſurrender himſelf with 300 men by famine. 
The conqueror ſpared his life. Some ſay 
that he was killed at the ſhrine of Cæſar. 
A noble, but unfortunate youth, His 
father, Julius, was put to death by Auguſtus, 
for his criminal converſation with Julia, and 
he himſelt was removed by the emperor to 
Marleilles, on pretence of finiſhing his edu» 
cation. Tacit. 4, An. c. 44. Felix, a 
freedman of Claudius, appointed governor 
of Tudea. He married Druſilla, the daughter 
of Antony and Cleopatra. Tacit. 4, Hi,. 9. 
Flamma, a Roman, condemned for ex- 
tortion, under Veſpaſian. Tacit. Hift. 4, 
c. 45. Muſa, a phyſician of Auguſtus. 
Plin. 29, c. 1. Merenda, a decemvir at 
Rome, A. U. C. 303. Liv. 3, c. 35.—— 
Q. Merenda, a military tribune, A.U.C. 333. 
Liv. 4, c. 42. 

ANTORIDES, a painter, diſciple to Ariſ- 
tippus. Plin. 

ANTYLLA. Vid. Anthylla. 

ANnvBi1s, an Egyptian deity, repreſented 
under the form of a man with the head of 
a dog, becauſe when Oſiris went in his ex- 
pedition againſt India, Anubis accompanied 
him, and clothed himſelf in a ſhcep's ſkin. 
His worſhip was introduced from Egypt 
into Greece and Italy. He is ſuppoſed by 
ſome to be Mercury, becauſe he is ſome- 
times repreſented with a caduceus. Some 
make him ſon of Ofiris, others, his brother. 
Died. 1.—Lucan. 8, v. 337i.—O0vid. Mct. , 
v. 686.— Plut. de Ifid. & Oſirid.— Herodot. 
Virg. An. 8, v. 698. 


Anx1vus, a river of Armenia, falling inte 


the Euphrates. 
ANxXUR, 


- ; I - 2 
— —_— ů * * —— 


'the Marſyas. 


BS 


ANXUR, a city of the Volſci, taken by 
the Romans, A. U. C. 348. It was ſacred 
to Jupiter, who is called Jupiter Anxur. 
Liv. 4, c. 69.—Horat. t, Sat. 5, v. 26.— 
Lucan, 3, v. 84. —Virg. An. 7, v. 799. 

AnvyTA, a Greek woman, ſoine of whoſe 
elegant verſes are ſtill extant. 

AxYTvs, an Athenian rhetorician, who, 
with Melitus and Lycon, accuſed Socrates 
of impiety, and was the cauſe of his con- 
demnation. Theſe falſe accuſers were af- 
terwards put to death by the Athenians. 
Ding.-— lian, V. II. 2, c. 13, —Heorat. 2. 
Sat. 4, v. 3.—Plut. in Alcib, 

ANZABE, a river near the Tigris. Mar- 
"OS. 

AoLL1vs, a ſon of Romulus by Herſilia, 
afterwards called Abillius. 

Ao, a ſon of Neptune, who came to 
Eubcea and Bœotia, from Apulia, where he 
colleted the inhabitants into cities, and 
reigned over them. They were called 
Aones, and the country Aonia, from him. 

As vxs, the inhabitants of Ana, called 
afterwards Bœotia. They came there in the 
age of Cadmus, and obtained his Jeave to 
ſettle with the Phœnicians. The muſes 
have been called 4onides, becauſe Aonia was 
more particularly frequented by them. Pau. 
9, c. 5.—Owid. Met. 3, 7, to, 13. Trift. 
el. 5, v. 10. Faſt. 3, v. 456. J. 4, v. 245. 
rg. G. 3, v. 11. 

AGR1s, a famous hunter, fon of Aras 
king of Corinth, He was ſo fond of his 
filter Arathyrza, that he called part of the 
country by her name. Pauſ. 2, c. 12. 
The wife of Neleus, called more commonly 
Chloris. Td. 9, e. 36. 

' Aorwos, Aornus, Aornis, a lofty rock 
in India, taken by Alexander. Hercules 
had Heſieged it, but was never able to con- 
quer it. Curt. 8, c. 11 —Arrian, 4.—Strab, 
1 5.—Plut. in Alex. A place in Epirus, 
with an oracle. Pauſ. 9, c. 80. A cer- 
tain lake near Tarteſſus. Another near 
Biz and Puteoli. It was alſo called Avernus. 

Abr, a people of Thrace near the Getz 
on the Iſter. Plin. 4. 

ArAlr, a people of Aſia Minor. Strab. 

APAMA, a daughter of Artaxerxes, who 
married Pharnalazus ſatrap of Ionia. 
A daughter of Antiochus. Pau. 1, c. 8. 

APAME, the mother of Nicomedes by 
Pruſias king of Bithynia.— The mother 
of Antiochus Soter, by Seleucus Nicanor. 
Soter founded a city which he called by his 
mother's name. 

APAMIA, Apamea, a city of Phrygia, on 
A city of Bithynia, 
Meſopotamia. Another 


Of Media. 
ne ar the Tigris. 

Ar ARNT, a nation of ſhepherds* near the 
Caipian ſea, Streb. 


8 P 


ArATOU81A, a ſeſtival at Athens which 
received its name from awaTn; deceit, he. 
cauſe it was inſtituted in memory of a fta. 
tagem by which Xanthus king of Bœotia 
was killed by Melanthus king of Athens, 
upon the following occaſion: when a war 
aroſe between. the Bœotians and Athenians 
about a picce of ground which divided their 
territories, Xanthus made a propoſal to the 
Athenian king to decide the battle by ſingle 
combat, Thymates, who was, then on the 
throne of Athens, refuſed, and his ſucceſſor 
Melanthus accepted the challenge. When 
they began the engagement, Melanthus ex- 
claimed, that his antagoniſt had tome perſon 
behind him to ſupport him; upon which 
Xantius looked behind, and was killed by 
Melanthus. From this ſucceſs, Jupiter was 
called araTnop deceiver, and Bacchus, who 
was ſuppoſed to be behind Xanthus, was 
called MteAayayic, clothed in the. ſkin of 
a black grat. Some derive the word from 
anartogia, i. e. yaropin, becauſe on the day 
of the feſtival, the children accompanied 
their tathers to be regiſtered among the 
citizens, The feſtival laſted three days, the 
firſt day was called Nu, becauſe ſupper: 
Fopwo: were prepared for each ſeparate tribe. 
The ſecond day was called avappuzic an 
Tov tp. becauſe ſacrifices were offered 
to Jupiter and Minerva, and tne head of 
the victims was generally turned up towards 
the heavens. The third was called Kevprwri; 
from ue a youth, or xoups ſhaving, be- 
cauſe the young men had their hair cut of 
before they were regiſtered, when their 
parents ſwore that they were free-born A- 
thenians, They generally ſacrificed two 
ewes and a ſhe-goat to Diana. This feftival 
was adopted by the Tonians, except the in- 
habitants of Epheſus and Colophon.—4 
firname of Minerva——of Venus. 

APEAURO5S, a mountain in Pelaponneſus, 
Poly b. 4. | 

APELLA, a word, Horat. 1, Cat. 5, v.10, 
which has given much trouble to critics and 
commentators. Some ſuppoſe it to mean 
circumciſed, ( fine pelle), an epithet highly 
applicable to a Jew. Others maintain that 
it is a proper name, upon the authority of 
Cicero ad Attic. 12, ep. 19, who mentions 
a perſon of the ſame name. 

APELLES, a celebrated painter of Cos, 
or, as others ſay, of Epheſus, ſon of Pithius. 
He lived in the age ofAlexander the Great, 
who hanared' him ſo much that he forbade 
any man but Apelles to draw his picture. He 
was ſo attentive to his profeſſion, that he 
never ſpent a day without employing his 
pencil, whence the proverb of Nulla dies 
ine. lined. His moſt perfect picture wa 
Venus Anadyomene, which was not total 


| finiſhed when the painter died. He made 


A pain - 


1 paint 
his han 
ſaw it, 
the thu: 
ture. 

temple 
Ale kan 
much ſ. 
that m. 
the korſ 
ſuppoſii 
painter 
horſe is 


majeſty 


dtaw th 
miſtreſſi 
her, anc 
her. H 
ing, wh 
Pliny. 

Egypt | 
Prolemy 
t deatl 
vered h. 
pelles ni 
three; a 
ne, and 
ſutor ul 
lome, 


Macedo 
APEL 
ſopher, 
that he 
could n 
bought 
phraſtus 
trequent 
brary w 
carricd : 
the capil 
able boo 
of Ariſt, 
Chriſt, 
Ap 
which r 
from I. 
Joined t. 
that they 
fore Ital} 
v. 306.— 
Y. 743.- 
Abr 
Who ditt 
well as } 
Aators, | 
and Qui 
died A, 
Meriany: 
AER 
Argolis, 


* 


which 
it; bt. 

a ſtra. 
Beeotia 
\ theng, 

a war 
heniang 
add their 
| to the 
y ſingle 

on the 
cceſſor 

When 
hus en- 
; perſon 
illed by 
ter was 
15, Who 
is, Was 
{kin of 
d from 
the day 
a panied 
ung the 
ays, the 
uppers 
te tribe, 
bie art 
offered 
head of 
towards 
eptwrit 
ing, be- 
r cut of 
n their 
10MM A- 
ed two 
; feſtival 
the in- 
.—4 


onneſus. 


57 V- 105 
itics and 
to mean 
t highly 
tain that 
nority of 
mentions 


of Cos, 
* Pithius, 
ie Great, 
e forbade 
ure, He 
that he 
ing bis 
lulla dies 
ture Was 
O totally 
He made 

A pauute 


# majeſty.” When Alexander ordered him to 


A P 
x painting of Alexander holding thunder in | 
his hand, ſo much like life, that Pliny, who 
ſaw it, ſays that the hand of the King with 
the thunder ſeemed to come out of the pic- 
ture. This picture was placed in Diana's 
temple at Epheſus. He made another of 
Alexander, but the king expreſſed not 
much ſatis faction at the fight of it; and at 
that moment a horſe paſſing by, neighed at 
the korſe which was repreſented in the piece, 
ſuppoſing it to be alive; upon which the 
painter faid, © one would imagine that the 
horſe is a better judge of painting than your 


draw the picture of Campaſpe, one of his 
miſtreſſes, Apelles became enamoured of 
her, and the King permitted him to marry 
her. He wrote three volumes upon paint- 
ing, which were ſtill extant in the age of 
Pliny, It is faid that he was accuſed in 
Egypt of conſpiring againſt the life of 
Ptolemy, and that he would have been put 

to death had not the real conſpirator diſco- 

vered himſelf, and ſaved the painter. A- 

pelles never put his name to any pictures but 

three; a ſlee ping Venus, Venus Anadyome- 

ne, and an Alexander. The proverb of Ne 

ſutor ultra crepidam, is applied to him by 

lome, Plin, 35, c. 10.— erat. 2, ep. 1, 

v. 233,—Cic. in Famil. 1, ep. 9. Ovid. de 

Art. Am. 3, v. 401. —-FVal. Max. 8, c. 11. 

A tragic writer. Suet. Calig. 33.— 

Macedonian general, &c. 

APELLICON, a Tcian Peripatetic philo- 
ſopher, whoſe fondneſs for books was ſo great 
that he is accuſed of ſtealing them, when he 
could not obtain them with money. He 
bought the works of Ariſtotle and Theo- 
phraſtus, but greatly disfigured them by his 
trequent interpolations. The extenhve li- 
brary which he had collected at Atheus,was 
carricd to Rome when Sylla had conquered 
the capital of Attica, and among the valu- 
able books was found an original manuſcript 
of Ariſtotle. He died about 86 years before 
Ciriſt, Strab. 13. 

APENNINUS, a ridge of high mountains 
Which run through the middle of Italy, 
from Liguria to Ariminum. They are 
Juined to the Alps. Some have ſuppoſed 
tat they ran acroſs Sicily by Rhegium be- 
fore Italy was ſeparated fromSicily, Luran.2, 
. 306.—Ovid. Met. 2, v. 226.,—ltal. 4, 
V. 743.—Srab. 2. — Mela. 2, c. 4. 

Arz, MArCuUs, a Latin orator of Gaul, 
Who diſtinguiſhed himſelf as a politician, as 
well as by his genius, The dialogue of the 
Tators, inſerted with the works of Tacitu: 
and Quintilian, is attributed to him. He 
died A. D. 85. Another. Vid. Nu- 
merianus. 


APEROPIA, a ſmall iſland on the coaſt of 


Argolis, Pauſ. 2, c. 34- | 


AP 

Aptsvs, Apeſas, or Apeſantus, a moun- 
tain of Peloponneſus, near Lerna. Stat. in 
Theb. 3. v, 461. 

APHACA, a town of Paleſtine, where 
Venus was worthipped. 

ArPH#®aA, a name of Diana, who had a 
temple in Agina. Par. 2, c. 30. 

APHAR, the capital city of Arabia, near 
the Red Sea, Arrian. in Peripl. 

APHARETVUS, fell in love with Marpeſſa, 
daughter of CEnomaus, and carried her 
away. 

APHAREUS, a king of Meſſenia, who 
married Arene daughter of CEbalus, by 
whom he had three ſons. Pauſ. 3, c. t. 
A relation of Iſocrates, who wrote 37 
tragedies. 

APHAs, a river of Greece, which falls 
into the bay of Ambracia. /in. 4, c. 1. 

APHELLAS, a King of Cyrene, who, with 
the aid of Agathocles, endeavoured to reduce 
all Africa under his power. Trftin. 22, 
e. 9. 

Apuks s, a mountain in Peloponneſus, 
whence, as the poets have imagined, Per- 
ſeus attempted to fly to heaven. Star. 3, 
Theb. v. 461. 

Apukræ, a city of Magneſia, where the 
ſhip Argo was launched. Apollod. 

APHiDAs,alon of Arcas King of Arcadia. 
Pau. 8. 

APHIDNA, a part of Attica, which re- 
ceived'its name from Aphidnus, one of the 
companions of Theſeus. Herodot. 

APHIDNUS, a friend of /Eneas, killed by 
Turnus. Firg An. g, v. 702. 

APHCEBETUS, one of the conſpirators 
againſt Alexander. Curt. 6, C. 7. 

APHRICES, an Indian prince, who de- 
fended the rock Aornus with 20,000 foot 
and 15 clephants. He was killed by his 
troops, and his head ſent to Alexander. 

APHRODISIA, an iſland in the Perſian 


gulf, where Venus is worſhipped. —Felitivals ' 


in honor of Venus, celebrated in ditferent 
parts of Greece, but chiefly in Cyprus. 
They were firſt inſtituted by Cinyras, from 
whoſe family the prieſts of the goddeſs were 
always choſen, All thoſe that were initi- 
ated offered a piece of money to Venus, as 
a harlot, and received as a mark of the 
favors of the goddeſs, a meaſure of ſalt and a 
pee; the ſalt, becauſe Venus aroſe from 
the ſea, the ꝙ R, becauſe ſhe is the god- 
deſs of wantonneſs. They were celebrated 
at Corinth by harlots, and in every part of 
Greece they were very much irequented, 
Strab. 14. Athen. R 
APHRODISUM, a city on the caſtern parts 
of Cyprus, nine miles from Salamis, A 
promontory with an iſland of the ſame name 

on the coaſt of Spain. P/in. 3, c. 3. 
ArRRODITE, the Grecian name of Venus, 
trom 


— — bh 


— —— — — 


1 
4 
4 

= 
4 
q 

| 

1 

of 


— — — — — - 


- 


— 


—— 


. Geet AAS 


=. - 


—«ö— ↄ — 


i 
a 


A P 
from a$p®- froth, becauſe Venus is ſaid to 


' have been born from the froth of the ocean. 


ArnaYTE or Aphytis, a city of Thrace, 
near Pallena, where Jupiter Ammon was 
worſhipped. Lyſander beſieged the town; 
but the god of the place appeared to him in 
a dream, and adviſed him to raiſe the ſiege, 
* he immediately did. Pauſ. 3, c. 
18. 

Apt A, an ancient name of Peloponneſus, 
which it received from king Apis. It was 
afterwards called Zgialea, Pelaſgia, Argia, 
and at laſt Peloponneſus, or the ifland of 
Pelops. Homer, II. 1, v. 270. Alſo the 
name of the earth, worſhipped among the 
Lydians as a powerful deity. Herodot. 4, 
c. 59. 

e or Apion, was born at Oaſis 
in Egypt, whence he went to Alexandria, 
of which he was deemed a citizen. He ſuc- 
ceeded Theus in the profeſſion of rhetoric in 
the reign of Tiberius, and wrote a book 
againſt the Jews, which Joſephus refuted. 
He was at the head of an embaſſy which 
the people of Alexandria ſent to Caligula, 
to complain of the Jews. — Seneca. ep. 88. 
—Plin, pref. His. 

APICATA, married Scjanus, by whom 
ſhe had three children. She was repudiated. 
Tacit. Ann. 4, c. 3. 

AP1c1vus, a famous glutton in Rome. 
There were three of the ſame name, all fa- 
mous for their voracious appetite, The firſt 
lived in the time of the republic, the ſecond 
in the reign of Auguſtus and Tiberius, 
and the third under Trajan. The ſecond 
was the moſt famous, as he wrote a book on 
the pleaſures and incitements of eating. He 
hanged himſelf after he had conſumed the 
greateſt part of his eſtate. The beſt edition 
of Apicius Czlius de arte coquinarid, is that 
of Amſt. 12mo, 1709. Tuv. 11, v. 3.— 
Mariial. 2, ep. 69. 

Artus, one of the chief rivers of 
Theſſaly, flowing into the Peneus, above 
Lariſſa. Lucan. 6, v. 372. 

Ar INA, and Apinæ, a city of Apulia, de- 
ſtroyed with Trica, in its neighbourhood, 
by Diomedes ; whence came the proverb of 


Apina & Trica, to expreſs trifling things. 


Martial. 14, ep. 1,—Plin. 3, c. 11. 

AP18La & Apiolz, a town of Italy, taken 
by Tarquin the Proud. The Roman capitol 
was begun with the ſpoils taken from that 
city. Plin. 3, c. 5. 

Arlon, a ſirname of Ptolemy, one of 
the deſcendants of Ptolemy Lagus. A 
grammarian. [Yid. Apianus,] 

Apis, one of the ancient kings of Pelo- 
ponneſus, ſon of Phoroneus and Laodice. 
Some ſay that Apollo was his father, and 
that he was King of Argos,while others call 
him King of Sicyon, and fix the time of his 


AT 


reign above 200 years earlier, which is enough 
to thew he is but obſcurely known, if known 
at all. He was a native of Naupactum, and 
deſcended from Inachus. He received di- 
vine honors after death, as he had been mu- 
nificent and humane to his ſubjects. The 
country where he reigned was called Apia; 
afterwards it received the name of Pelaſgia, 
Argia, or Argolis, and at laſt that of Pelg. 
ponneſus, from Pelops. Some amongſ 
whom is Varro, and St. Auguſtine, have 
imagined that Apis went to Egypt with 2 
colony of Greeks, and that he civilized the 
inhabitants, and poliſhed their manner;, 
for which they made him a god after death, 
and paid divine honors to him under the 
name of Serapis. This tradition, accord. 
ing to ſome of the moderns, is without 
foundation. AEſchy!. in Suppl.— Augnf, 
de Civ. Dei, 18, c. 2 2, e. 5.— 
Apallod. 2, c. 1. A ſon of Jaſon, bom 
in Arcadia; he was killed by the horſes of 
Etolus. Pauſ. 5, c. 1.— A town of 
Egypt, on the lake Mareotis. A god 
of the Egyptians, worſhipped under the 
form of an ox. Some ſay that Iſis and 
Oſiris are the deities worſhipped under this 
name, becauſe during their reign they 
taught the Egyptians agriculture. The 
Egyptians believed that the ſoul of Ofirs 
was really departed into the ox, where it 
wiſhed to dwell, becauſe that animal had 
been of the moſt eſſential ſervice in the 
cultivation of the ground, which Ofiris had 
introduced into Egypt. The ox that was 
choſen, was always diſtinguiſhed by pat- 
ticular marks; his body was black ; he 
had a ſquare white ſpot upon the forehead, 
the figure of an eagle upon the back, 3 
knot under the tongue like a beetle, the 
hairs of his tail were double, and his right 
ſide was marked with a whitiſh ſpot, te- 
ſembling the creſcent of the moon. With- 
out theſe, an ox could not be taken as the 
god Apis; and it is to be imagined that 
the prieſts gave theſe diſtinguiſhing cha- 
racteriſtics to the animal, on which their 
credit and even proſperity depended. The 
feſtival of Apis laſted ſeven days; the a 
was led in a ſolemn proceſſion by the prieſts, 
and every one was anxious to receive bin 
into his houſe, and it was believed that the 
children who ſmelt his breath received ! 

knowledge of futurity. The ox was © 
ducted to the banks of the Nile with much 
ceremony, and if he had lived to the ue 
which their ſacred books allowed, tht) 
drowned him in the river, and embalme 

his body, and buried it in ſolemn ſtate : 
the city of Memphis. After his _ 
which ſometimes was natural, the great 

cries and lamentations were heard in ES 


as if Oſiris was juſt dead; the prieſts * 


Heir ! 
eſt m. 
ox ap 
ties to 
lowed 
Oſiris 
which 
left 40 
he was 
time n 
appear 
accord 
a wan 
was all 
under t 
that he 
that th 
Oſiris, 
byſes « 
cclebral 
mark 0 
queror 
ſelf. F 
ordered 
When f 
their vel 
joicinge 
dered th 
manded 
were for 
7 
ſtables, 
the hanc 
he refuſe 
was inti 
German 
the ome! 
his Orac! 
on an alt 
upon it, 
to know 
_ of 
J opping 
from the 
were hea 
the oracl 
22.— fler 
rab. 
25 e. 7, 
8. e. 
465 
Abri 
in the tim 
APot1 
at Rome j 
N fro 
old proph 
that if l. 


Apollo, 4 
for his ſer 
pel the ene 
hed the 


bey were 


nougy 
Known 
n, and 
ed di- 
en mu- 
, The 
Apia; 
laſgia, 
f Pelo- 
mongſt 
„ have 
with 2 
ed the 
anner, 
death, 
der the 


(fs and 
ider this 
gn they 
e. The 
F Oſirs 
where it 
mal had 
in the 
faris had 
that was 
by per- 

ack ; he 
fort head, 
back, 2 

tle, the 
his right 
| re- 
Wii 
en as the 
ined that 
ing cha- 
ich theit 
ed. The 
3 the or 
he prieſts, 
-ejve bim 
d that the 
cived tht 
was con- 
vich much 
» the time 
wed, they 
embalme 
n ſtate a 
his death 
he greateſt 
| in Egypt, 
eſts (haves 
cheic 


= 7 


Weir heads, which was a ſign of the deep- 
eſt mourning. This continued till another 
ox appeared with the proper characteriſ- 
ties to ſucceed as the deity, which was fol- 
lowed with the greateſt acclamations as if 
Ofiris was returned to life, This ox, 
which was found to repreſent Apis, was 
left 40 days in the city of the Nile before 
he was carried to Memphis, during which 
time none but women were permitted to 
appear before him, and this they performed 
according to their ſuperſtitious notions, in 
a wanton and indecent manner. There 
was alſo an ox worſhipped at Heliopolis, 
under the name of Mnevis ; ſome ſuppoſe 
that he was Ofiris, but others maintain 
that the Apis of Memphis was ſacred to 
Ofiris, and Mnevis to Iſis. When Cam- 
byſes came into Egypt, the people were 
celebrating the feſtivals of Apis with every 
mark of joy and triumph, which the con- 
queror interpreted as an inſult upon him- 
ſeif, He called the prieſts of Apis, and 
ordered the deity itſelf to come before him. 
When he ſaw that an ox was the object of 
their veneration, and the cauſe of ſuch re- 
joicings, he wounded it on the thigh, or- 
dered the prieſts to be chaſtiſed, and com- 
manded his ſoldiers to laughter ſuch as 
were found celebrating ſuch riotous feſti- 
vals, The god Apis had generally two 
ſtables, or rather temples, If he eat from 
the hand, it was a favorable omen; but if 
he refuſed the food that was offered him, it 
was interpreted as unjucky. From this, 
Germanicus, when he vifited Egypt, drew 
the omens of his approaching death. When 
his oracle was conſulted, incenſe was burnt 
on an altar, and a piece of money placed 
upon it, after which the people that wiſhed 
to know futurity, applied their ear to the 
mouth of the God, and immediately retired, 
topping their ears till they had departed 
from the temple. The firſt ſounds that 
were heard, were taken as the anſwer of 
the oracle to their queſtions. Pauſ. 7, c. 
22.— flerodot. 2 & 3.—Plin. 8, c. 38, Sc. 
—Strab, 7, Plut. in Ifid. & Ofir, — Apollod. 
2 e. 7, I. 2, e. 1.—Mela. 1, c. 9.—Plin. 
8. e. 39, &c.—Strab, 7. -A lian. V. H. 4 
& 6.— Diod. 1. 
Arrius GALBA, a celebrated buffoon 
in the time of Tiberius. Juv. 5, v. 4. 
APOLLINARES LUDI, games celebrated 
at Rome in honor of Apollo. They origi- 
nated from the following circumſtance : an 
old prophetic poem informed the Romans 
that if they inſtituted yearly games to 
Apollo, and made a collection of money 
vt his ſervice, they would be able to re- 
el the enemy whoſe approach already ſig- 
hed their deſtruction. The firſt time 


they were celebrated, Rome was alarmed 


A 


by the approach of the enemy, and inflantly 
the people ruſhed out of the city, and ſaw 
a cloud of arrows diſcharged from the fky 
on the troops of the enemy, With this 
heavenly aſſiſtance they eaſily obtained the 
victory. The people generally ſat crowned 
with laurel at the repreſentation of theſe 
games, which were uſually celebrated at 
the option of the pretor, till the year U. C. 
545, when a law was paſſed to ſettle the 
celebration yearly on the ſame day about 
the nones of July. When this alteration 
happened, Rome was infeſted with a dread- 
ful peſtilence, which however ſeemed to be 
appraſed by this act of religion. Zi. 25, 
©. 1. 

APOLUINARIS, C. Sulpitius, 2 gram- 
marian of Carthage, in the ſecond century, 
who is ſuppoſed to be the author of the 
verſes prefixed to Terence's plays as argu- 
ment. 

APOLLINYDES, a Greek in the wars of 
Darius and Alexander, &c. Curt. 4, c. 5. 

AeoLLInis ARx, a place at the en- 
trance of the Sibyl's cave. PFirg, An. 6. 
Promontorium, a promontory of Afri- 
ca. Liv. 30, c. 24. Templum, a place 
in Thrace, in Lycia. Alian. * H. 
6, c. 9. 

Apollo, fon of Jupiter and Latona, 
called alſo Phœbus, is often confounded 
with the Sun. According to Cicero, 3 de 
Nat. Deor. there were four perſons of this 
name. The firſt was ſon of Vulcan, and 
the tutelary god of the Athenians. The 
ſecond was ſon of Coiybas, and was born 
in Crete, for the dominion of which he 
diſputed even with Jupiter himſelf. The 
third was ſon of Jupiter and Latona, and 
came from the nations of the Hyperboreans 
to Delphi. The fourth was born in Arca- 
dia, and called Nomion, © becauſe he gave 
laws to the inhabitants. To the ſon of Ju- 
piter and Latona all the actions of the 
others ſeem to have been attributed. The 
Apollo, ſon of Vulcan, was the ſame as 
the Orus of the Egyptians, and was the 
moiſt ancient, from whom the actions of 
the others have been copied. The three 
others ſeem to be of Grecian origin, The 
tradition that the ſon of Latona was born 
in the floating iſland of Delos, is taken 
from the Egyptian mythology, which aſ- 
ſerts that the fon of Vulcan, which is ſup- 
poſed to be Orus, was ſaved by his mo- 
ther Ifis from the perſecution of Typhon, 
and entruſted to the care of Latona, who 
concealed him in the iſland of Chemmis.— 
When Latona was pregnant by [upiter, 
Juno, who was ever jealous of her huſ- 
band's amours, raiſed the ſerpent Python 
to torment Latona, who was refuſed a place 
to give birth to her children, till Neptune, 

moved 


— - 
— RC,” e Rs ING RAT 


— — 


— 
— 


* 
1 

* 
pi 


a 


moved at the ſeverity of her fate, raiſed the | 
iſland of Delos from the bottom of the 
ſea, where Latona brought forth Apollo 
and Diana. Apollo was the god of all the 
fine arts, of medicine, muſic, poetry, and 
eloquence, of all which he was deemed 
the inventor. He had received from Jup1- 
ter the power of. knowing futurity, and he 
was the only one of the gods whoſe oracles 
were in general repute over the world. His 
amours with Leucothoe, Daphne, Ifla, 
Bolina, Coronis, Clymene, Cyrene, Chione, 
Acacallis, Calliope, &c. are well known, 
and the various ſhapes he aſſumed to grati- 
fy his paſſion. He was very fond of young 
Hyacinthus, whom he accidentally killed 
with a quoit ; as alſo of Cypariſſus, who 
was changed into a cypreſs tree, When 
his ſon Aſculapius had been killed with 
the thunders of Jupiter, for raiſing the 
dead to life, Apollo, in his reſentment, 


Killed the Cyclops who had fabricated the 


thunderbolts. Jupiter was incenſed at this 
act of violence, and he baniſhed Apollo 
from heaven, and deprived him of his dig- 
nity, The exiled deity came to Admetus 
king of Theſſaly, and hired himſelf to be 
one of his ſhepherds, in which ignoble em- 
ployment he remained nine years ; from 
waiuch circumſtance he was called the god 
of ſhepherds, and at his ſacrifices a wolf 
was generally offered, as that animal is the 
declared enemy of the theepfold. During 
his reſidence in Theſſaly, he rewarded the 
tender treatment of Admetus. He gave 
him a chariot, drawn by a lion and a bull, 
with which he was able to obtain in mar- 
riage Alceſte the daughter of Pelias; and 
ſoon after, the Parcz granted, at Apollo's 
requeſt, that Admetus might be redeemed 
from death, if another perſon laid down 
his life for him.— He aſſiſted Neptune in 
building the walls of Troy; and when he 
was refuſed the promiſed reward from Lao- 
medon, the king of the country, he deſ- 
troyed the inhabitants by a peſtilence.— As 
ſoon as he was born, Apollo deſtroyed, 
with arrows, the ſerpent Python, whom 
* had ſent to perſecute Latona ; hence 

e was called Pythius. He was not the 
inventor of the lyre, as ſome have ima- 
gined, but Mercury gave it him, -and re- 
ceived as a reward the famous caducens 
with which Apollo was wont to drive the 
flocks of Admetus. His conteſt with Pan 
and Marſyas, and the puniſhment inflicted 
upon Midas, are well known. He received 
the firnames of Phœbus, Delius, Cynthius, 
Pzan, Delphicus, Nomius, Lycius, Cla- 
rius, Iſmenius, Valturius, Smintheus, &c. 
for reaſons which are explained under thoſe 
words. Apollo is generally repreſented 
with long hair, and the Romans were fond 


3 


of imitating his figure, and therefore in 
their youth they were remarkable for their 
fine head of hair, which they cut ſhort at 
the age of 17 or 18. He 1s always re- 
preſented as a tall beardleſs young man 
with a handſome ſhape, holding in hig 
hand a bow, and ſometimes a lyre; his 
head is generally ſurrounded with beams of 
light, He was the deity who, according 
to the notions of the ancients, inflicted 
plagues, and in that moment he appeared 
ſurrounded with clouds, His worſhip and 
power were univerſally acknowledged : he 
had temples and ſtatues in every country, 
particularly in Egypt, Greece, and Italy, 
His ſtatue, which ſtood upon mount Att. 
um, as a mark to mariners to avoid the 
dangerous coaſts, was particularly famous, 
and it appeared a great diſtance at ſea, 
Auguſtus, before the battle of Adtium, 
addreſied himſelf to it for victory. The 
cock, the graſshopper, the wolf, the crow, 
the ſwan, the hawk, the olive, the laurel, 
the palm-tree, &c, were ſacred to him; 
and in his ſacrifices, wolves and hawks 
were offered, as they were the natural ene- 
mies of the flocks over which he preſided, 
Bullocks and lambs were alſo immolated 
to him. As he preſided over poetry, be 
was often ſeen on mount Parnaſſus with 
the nine Muſes. ' His moſt famous oracles 
were at Delphi, Delos, Claros, Tenedos, 
Cyrrha and Patara. His moſt ſplendid 
temple was at Delphi, where every nation 
and individual made conſiderable preſents 
when they conſulted the oracle. Auguſtus, 
after the battle of Actium, built him 2 
temple on mount Palatine, which he en- 
riched with a valuable library. He hada 
famous Coloſſus in Rhodes, which was one 
of the ſeven wonders of the world. Apollo 
has been taken for the Sun ; but it may be 
proved by different paſſages in the ancient 
writers, that Apollo, the Sun, Phœbus, and 
Hyperion, were all different characters and 
deities, though confounded together. When 
once Apollo was addreſſed as the Sun, and 
repreſented with a crown of rays on his 
head, the idea was adopted by every wn. 
ter, and from therice aroſe the miſtake. 
Ovid. Met. 1, fab. 9 & 10. I. 4, fab. 3, 
&c.—Pauf. 2, c. 7. I. 5, c. 7, l. 7. c. 20. l. 9 
c. 30, &c.—Hygin. fab. 9, 14, 50,93, 14% 
&c.— Stat. 1. Hieb. 560. — Tibull. 2, el 
3.—Plut. de Amor. Homer. II. & Hymn 
in Apoll. — Virg. An. 2, 3, &c. G. 47. 
323.—Horat. 1, od. 10.— Lucian. Dial. 
Mer. & Vulc,—Prepert. 2, el. 28.—Calli- 
mack. in Apoll. Apollod. 1, c. 3, 4% 9.1. 2 
c. 5. I. 3, c. 5,10 & 12. One of the ſhips 
in the fleet of Aneas, Virg. An. 10, 
171. Alſo a temple of Apollo upon 
mount Leucas, which appeared at 2 great 


diſtance 


diſtance 
mariner: 
dangero! 
Virg. A 
APOL 
poſed by 
Apo 
and myt 
bias, an 
philoſopl 
before th 
tory of 4 
of all his 
tis Bibli 
books. 
rods ant 
actions 
faithful a 
of Heyn 
then 
— AQ 
tragedies 
Ac 
age of M 
An arch 
the builc 
Danube. 
to whom 
ſpoken 11 
who con 
A learne' 
about 4. 
| 
Zeuxis v 
were adr 
Pliny; a 
Ajax tri 
was of ſi 
deſtroyed 
vocation. 
of Perga 
gultus, 
Strab, I3 
4 Lemmi 
phyſi 
of Cya 
APoL1 
honor of 
this circy 
to Egiale 
ython; 
and fled t 
With an e 
dabitants, 
ſeven cho 
of girls, te 
Apollo at 
in honor 
N:5w the 
Mer, a n 
Were cho! 
We if anx 
dana. 


fore ig 
or their 
hort at 
1 res 
g man 
in hig 
re ; his 
eams of 
cording 
ntli&ed 
ppeared 
hip and 
ed: he 
ountry, 
| Italy, 
t Acti- 
oid the 
amous, 
at ſea, 
\ tium, 
7, The 
Ie crow, 
> laurel, 
o him; 
hawks 
ral ene« 
reſided, 
molated 
try, he 
us with 
oracles 
"encedos, 
[plendid 
y nation 
preſents 
uguſtus, 
him 2 
he en- 
e had 2 
was one 
Apollo 
may be 
> ancient 
bus, and 
ters and 
r. When 
un, and 
on his 
ery wri- 
miſtake. 
fab. Y 
20. J. 9 
937 1494 
„. 2, el. 
& Hymn, 
G. 4%. 
n. Dial. 
Lalli- 
& 9.2 
the ſhips 
n, 10% v. 
lo upon 
th great 


diſtance 


1 


diſtance at ſea; and ſerved as a guide to | 
mariners, and reminded them to avoid the 
dangerous rocks that were along the coatt, 


Virg. En. 3, V. 275. 


APOLLOCRATES, a friend of Dion, ſup- 


poſed by ſome to be the ſon of Dionyſus, 


APOLLODGRUS, a famous grammarian 
and mythologiſt of Athens, ſon of Aſcle- 
las, and diſciple to Panætius the Rhodian 
philoſopher. He floriſhed about 115 years 
before the Chriſtian era, and wrote an hiſ- 
tory of Athens, beſides other works. 
of all his compoſitions, nothing is extant but 
his Bibliotheca, which is divided into three 
books, It is an abridged hiſtory of the 
rods and of the ancient heroes, of whoſe 
actions and genealogy it gives a true and 
faithful account. The beſt edition is that 
Heyne Goett. in 8vo. 4 vols. 1782. 
Athen,<Plin, 7, e. 37.— Diod. 4 & 13. 
—— A tragic poet of Cilicia, who wrote 
tragedies entitled Ulyſſes, Thyeſtes, &c. 
——A comic poet of Gela in Sicily, in the 
age of Menander, who wrote 47 plays. 
An architect of Damaſcus, who directed 
the building of Trajan's bridge acroſs the 
Danube. He was put to death by Adrian, 
towhom, when in. a private ſtation, he had 
ſpoken in too bold a manner, —A writer 
who compoſed an hiſtory of Parthia. 
A learned diſciple of Epicurus, who wrote 
about 40 volumes on different ſubjects. 
Diog.——A painter of Athens, of whom 
Zeuxis was a pupil. Two of his paintings 
were admired at Pergamus in the age of 
Pliny; a prieſt in a ſuppliant poſture, and 
Ajax ſtruek with Minerva's thunders. He 
vas of ſuch an iraſcible diſpofition, that he 
deſtroyed his own pieces upon the leaſt pro- 
vocation, Plin. 34, c. 8. A rhetorician 
of Pergamus, preceptor and friend to Au- 
gultus, who wrote a book on rhetoric. 
Krab. 13. A tragic poet of Tarſus. 
A Lemnian who wrote on huſbandry.— 
A phyſician of Tarentum. Another 
of Cytium, 
APOLLONIA, a feſtival at Ægialea in 
honor of Apollo and Diana. It aroſe from 
tis circumſtance : theſe two deities came 
o Agialea after the conqueſt of the ſerpent 
ton; but they were frightened away, 
and fled to Crete. AEgialea was ſoon viſited 
wh an epidemical diſtemper, and the in- 
— by advice of their prophets, ſent 
den Choſen boys, with the ſame number 
1 irls, to entreat them to return to-Egialea. 
1 and Diana granted their petition, 
1 of which a temple was raiſed to 
8 © the goddeſs of perſuaſion ; and ever 
ON : number of youths of both ſexes 
5 cholen to march in ſolemn proceſſion, 
Dd it anxious to bring back Apollo and 
a. P auſan, in Corinth, rewn of 


But | 


8 © 


Mygdonia.— Of Crete.—Of Sicily.—On the 
coalt of Aſia Minor.—Another on the coaſt 
of Thrace, part of which was built on a ſmall 
iſland of Pontus, where Apollo had a tem- 

le. A town of Macedonia, on the 
coaſts of the Adriatic. A city of Thrace, 
Another on mount Parnaſſus. 

AroLtonias, the wife of Attalus king 
of Phrygia, to whom ſhe bore four chil- 
dren, 

AP0LLONIADES, a tyrant of Sicily, 
compelled to lay down his power by Ti- 
moleon. 

ArPoLLONYDES; a writer of Nicæa.— 
A phy ſician of Cos at the court of Artax- 
erxes, who became enamoured of Amytis, 
the monarch's ſiſter, and was ſome time 
after put to death for ſlighting her after the 
reception of her favors. 

AroLLowtvus, a Stoic philoſopher of 
Chalcis, ſent for by Antoninus Pius, to in- 
ſtrut his adopted ſon Marcus Antoninus. 
When he came to Rome, he refuſed to go 
to the palace, obſerving, that the maſter 
ought not to wait upon his pupil, but the 
pupil upon him. The emperor hearing this, 
ſaid, laughing, “ It was then eaſter for 
Apcllonius to come from Chalcis to Rome, 
than from Rome to the palace.“ A geo- 
metrician of Perge in Pamphylia, whoſe 
works are now loſt. He lived about 242 
years before the Chriſtian era, and com- 
poſed a commentary on Euclid, whoſe pu- 
pils he attended at Alexandria. He wrote 
a treatiſe on conic ſections, cight of which 
are now extant, and he firſt endeavoured to 
explain the cauſes of the apparent ſtopping 
and retrograde motion of the planets, by cy- 
cles, and epicycles, or circles within circles, 
—The beſt edition ot Apollonius is Dr. 
Halley*s, Oxon. fol. 1710. A poet of 
Naucratis in Egypt, generally called Apol- 
lonius of Res, becauſe he lived for ſome 
time there. He was pupil, when young, 
to Callimachus and Panætius, and was the 
third librarian of the famous library of 
Alexandria, under Ptolemy Evergetes. He 
was ungrateful to his. maſter Callimachus, 
who wrote a poem againſt him, in which he 
denominated him 47. Of all his works 
nothing remains but his poem on the ex- 
pedition of the Argonauts, in four books. 
The beſt editions of Apollonius, are thoſe 
printed at Oxford, in 4to, by Shaw, 1777, 
in 2 vols. and in 1, 8vo, 1779, and 
that of Brunck Argentor. 12mo, 1780. 
Cuintii. 10, c. 1. A Greek orator, ir- 
named Molo, was a native of Alaban- 
da in Caria. He opened :a ſchool of 
rhetoric at Rhodes and Rome, and had 

. Cxfar and Cicero among his pupils. 
He diſcouraged the attendance of thaſe 


A 


whom he ſuppoſed incapable of diſtinguiſn- 
| G : ing 


— — — — — 


— 


—— G A 6” mae? ne DS 


— 


— PER „ a rn ria" D 


— 
„„ 


— 


— 9 ales, Bo 


— 


- 


of Alexandria. 


A P 


mended to them purſuits more congenial to 
their abilities. He wrote an hiſtory, in 
which he did not candidly treat the people 
of judæa, according to the complaint of 
Joſephus contra Apion. Cics de rat. 1, c. 
28, 75, 126 & 130. Ad. famil. 3, ep. 16. 
De Invent. 1, c. 81.—Quintil. 3, c. 1. l. 
12, c. 6.— Set. in Caf. 4.—Plut. in Caf. 
A Greek hiſtorian about the age of 


Auguſtus, who wrote upon the philoſophy 


of Zeno, and of his followers. Strab. 14. 
A Stoic philoſopher who attended Ca- 
to of Utica in his laſt moments. Put. iu 
Cat. An officer ſet over Egypt by Alex- 
ander. Curt. 4, c. 8. A wreſtler. Parſ. 
5. A phyſician of Pergamus, who wrote 
on agriculture. Varro. A graminarian 
A writer in the age of 
Antoninus Pius, Thyaneus, a Pythago- 
rean philoſopher, well ſkilled in the ſecret 
arts of magic. Being one day haranguing 
the populace at Epheſus, he ſuddenly ex- 
claimed, „ Strike the tyrant, ſtrike him; 
the blow is given, he is wounded, and 
fallen!“ At that very moment the empe- 
ro” Domitian had been ftabbed at Rome. 
The magician acquired much reputation 
when this circumſtance was known. He 
was courtzd by Kings and princes, and 
commanded unuſual attention by his nv in- 
berleſs artifices. His friend and companion, 
called Damis, wrote his life, which 200 
years after engaged tie attention of Philo- 
ſtratus. In his hiſtory the biographer re- 
Jates ſo many curious and extraordinary 
anecdotes of his hero, that many have juſtly 
deemed it a romance; yet for all this, Hie- 
rocles had the preſumption to compare the 
impoſtures of Apollonius with the miracles 
of Jeſus Chrift A ſophiſt of Alexan- 
dria, diſtinguiſhed for his Lexicon Græcum 
Tliadis et Odyſſea, a book that was beaut:- 
fully edited by Villoiſon in 4to. 2 vols. 
Paris, 1773. Apollonius was one of the 
pupils of Didymus, and tloriſhed in the 
beginning of the firſt century. ——A phyſi- 
Can. A ſon of Sotades at the court of 
Ptolemy Philadelpnus. Syrus, a Plato- 
nic philoſopher. Herophilius, wrote con- 
cerning ointments. 

APOLLGOPHANES, a Stoic, who greatly 
flattered king Antigonus, and maintained 
that there cxiſted but one virtue, prudence, 
Diog. A phyſician in the court of Anti- 
ochus. Polyb. 5 A comic poet. Ali- 


an. Anim. 6. 


Aromy10s, a ſirname of Jupiter. 

ArOo NANA, an ifland near Lilybæum. 
irt. Aſric. 2. 

M. ApoN1Us, a governor of Maœſia, re- 
Warded with a triumphal faatue by Otho, 


ing themſelves as orators, and he recom- | 


inceſts and rapes. 


a 2 


for defeating gooo barbarians. Tacit. If, 
t, e. 79. 

Ard us, a fountain with a village of the 
ſame name near Patavium in Italy, The 
waters of the fountain were wholeſome. 
and were ſuppoſed to have an oracula 
power. Lucan. 7, v. 194.—Suet. in Tiber, 
14. | 
ArosTROPHIA, a firname of Venus in 
Bœotia, who was diſtinguiſhed under theſ: 
names, Venus Urania, Vulgaria, and Apo. 
trophia, The former was the patroneſs of ; 
pure and chaſte love; the ſecond of cams! 
and ſenſual defires; and the laſt incited men 
to illicit and unnatural gratifications, to 
Venus Apoftrophia was 
invoked by the Thebans, that they might 
he ſaved from ſuch unlawful defires, She 
is the ſame as the Verticordia of the Ro: 
mans. Parſ.9,c. 16. Val. Max. 8, c. ic, 

APOTHEOS15, a ceremony obſerved by the 
ancient nations of the world, by whick 
they raiſed their Kings, heroes, and great 
men, to the rank of deities. The nations 
of the eaſt were the frſt who paid divine 
honors to their great men, and the Romans 
[{pwed their example, and not only deified 


* ö a 
the moſt prudent and humane of their em- 


perors, hut alſo the moſt cruel and profligate 
Herodian 4, c. 2, has left us an account of 
the apotheoſis of a Roman emperor. After 
the body of the deceaſed was burnt, an tory 
image ves laid on a couch far ſeven days, 
repreſerting the emperor under the agonies 
of diſeaſe, The city was in ſorrow, the ſe⸗ 
nate viſited it in mourning, and the phy- 
ſicians pronounced it every day in a more 
decaying ſtate. When the death was an- 
nounced, a young band of ſenators carried 
the couch and image to the Campus Martius, 
where it 28 depoſited on an edifice in the 
form of 2 pyramid, where ſpices and com- 
buſtible materials were thrown. After this 
the knights walked round the pile in ſolemn 
proceſſion, and the images of the moſt illul- 
trious Romans were d1awn in ſtate, and im- 
mediately the new emperor, with a torch, 
ſet fire to the pile, and was aſſiſted by the 
ſurrounding multitude. Mean while an 
eagle was let fly from the middle of the pile, 
which was ſuppoſed to carry the ſoul of the 
deceaſed to heaven, where he was ranked 
among the gods. If the deified was 3 fe- 
male, a peacock, and not an eagle, was {ent 
from the flames. The Greeks obſerved ce 
remonics much of the ſame nature. | 
APPIA VIA, a celebrated road leading 
from the porta Capena at Rome to Brundu- 
ſium, through Capua. Appius Claudius 
made it as far as Capna, and it received Its 
name from him. It was continued a! 


. : ſar, and Au- 
finiſhed by Gracchury J wy guftus- 


guſtus.- 
Stat. 2. 
Suet, in 
APPI 
deities, | 
Peace, 
the App 
Ovid, de 
Appl. 
andtia, 
univerſal 
book's, v 
tions the 
mans in 
poſition, 
imple at 
military 
a maſter] 
greatly n 
only the 
thian, M 
thoſe of 
witir a ft 
beſt editi 
Gum, 2 
of Schwe 
He was f 
promoted 
univerſal 
from the 
his own: 
work are 
Ayppri 
from Ro 
Herat. b 
APp1v 
family at 
| $3 S wg 
APpry 
obtained | 
He atten 
ber father 
act of vio! 
in the Rat 
*. 3 C. 
orator, wh 
queducts 
was come: 
demanded 
Frow'n old 
cauſed hin 
bouſe, and 
om gran 
Ulhonorat 
b, v. 203. 
man, w 
been proſc 
nodes amo 
lem for 8 
vas ſhipy 
bis life. 4A 
Conſul, wh 


"WE 


it, Hy, euſtus,—Vid. Via. Lucan. 3, v. 28 5.— 
Fat. 2. Sylo. 2, v. 12,—Mart. 9, ep. ioc. 

e of the guet. In Tiber. 14. 

7. The ApPiADEs, a name given to theſe five 

leſome, deities, Venus, Pallas, Veſta, Concord, and 

oracula Peace, A temple was erected to them near 


n Tibe, the Appiæ Aquæ, by the forum of J. Czſar, 
| Ovid. de Art. Am. 3, v. 45% 
enus in Ayprinvs, a Greek hiſtorian of Alex- 
ler theſe andria, who floriſhed A. D. 123. His 
d Apa wiverfal hiſtory, which conſiſted of 24 
neſs of 2 books, was a ſeries of hiſtory of all the na- 
f carna! tions that had been conquered by the Ro- 
ted men mans in the order of time ; and in the com- 
ions, to poſition, the writer diſplayed, with a ſtyle 
phia Was fimple and unadorned, a great knowledge of 
J might military affairs, and deſcribed his battles in 
Es, . a maſterly manner. This excellent work is 
the Ru: greatly mutilated, and there is extant now 
8,0. 15, only the account of the Punic, Syrian, Par- 
ed bythe thian, Mithridatic, and Spaniſh wars, with 
y which thoſe of Illyricum and the civil diſſentions, 
nd Brea: witir a fragment of the Celtic wars. The 
ie Nations bet editions are thoſe of Tollius and Vari- 
id divine aum, 2 vols. $vo, Amft. r670, and that 
' Romans of Schweigheuſerus, 3 vols. $vo. Lipf. 1785. 
ly deificd He was ſo eloquent that the emperor highly 
their em- promoted him in the ſtate. He wrote an 
rofligate. univerſal hiſtory in 24 books, which began 
re from the time of the Trojan war, down to 
r. Afer his own age. Few books of this valuable 
„ ory work are extant. 
ven Gays, Arif FORUM, a little village not far 
— from Rome, built by the conſul Appius. 
v, the oh Herat. 1, ſat. 5. : : 
the phy» Aep1vs, the prænomen of an illuſtrious 
a 2 more family at Rome.—A cenſor of that name, 
Hr A. U. C. 442. Horat. 1, ſat. 6. 
rs carried Appius CLAupius, a decemvir who 
is Martius, obtained his power by force and oppreſſion. 
fice in the He attempted the virtue of Virginia, whom 
and Cone ber father killed to preſerve her chaſtity. This 
After this at of violence was the cauſe of a revolution 
in _ n the tate, and the raviſher was baniſhed. 
moſt Mal Liv.z, e. 33. Claudius Cæcus, a Roman 
e, and *. orator, who built the Appian way, and many 
h a tach aqueducts in Rome. When Pyrrhus, who 
ſted by tht was come to aſſiſtthe Tarentines againſt Rome, 
while — demanded peace of the ſenators, Appius, 
of the 7 gown old in the ſervice of the republic, 
ſou) . cauſed himſelf to be carried to the ſenate- 
yas Fan — houſe, and, by his authority, diſſuaded them 
Was * rom granting a peace which would prove 
le, wm Y Ulhonorable to the Roman name. Ovid. Faſt. 
bſerved e b, v. 203.—Cic. in Brut. & Tuſc. 4. A 
re. 30 Roman, who, when he heard that he had 
ad lea re. been proſcribed by the triumvirs, divided his 
to Brund ; debe among his ſervants, andembarked with 
18 Claudius th 


ed M em for Sicily, In their paſſage the veſſel 
rec 


ny das ſhipwrecked, and Appius alone ſaved 
n * us life. Appian. 4. Claudius Craſſus, a 
, gt Galul, who, with Sp. Naut. Rutulius, con- 


AF 


| quered the Celtiberians, and was defeated by 


Perſeus king of Macedonia. LIV. 
Claudius Pulcher, a grandſon of Ap. Cl. Cæ- 
cus, conſul in the age of Sylla, retired from 
grandeur to enjoy the pleaſures of a private 
life, Ciaulus, a general of the Sabines, 
who, upon being ill treated by his country- 
men, retired to Rome with 5000 of his 
friends, and was admitted into the ſenate in 
the early ages of the republic. Plut. in 
Poplic. Herdonius ſeized the capitol with 
4,090 exiles, A. U. C. 292, and was ſoon 
after overthrown. Liv. 3, c. 15.— Fir. z. 
c. 19. Claudius Lentulus, a conſul with 
M. Perpenna.—A dictator who conGuered 
the Hernici.—The name of Appius was 
common in Rome, and particularly to many 
conſuls whoſe hiſtory is not marked by any 
uncommon event, 

AePULA, an immodeſt woman, &c. 
Jud. 6, v. 64. 

APRIES & Ar Rlus, one of the kings of 
Egypt in the age of Cyrus, ſuppoſed to be the 
Pharaoh Hophra of ſcripture. He took Sidon 
and lived in great proſperity till his ſubjects 
re volted to Amaſis, by whom he was con- 
quered and ſtrangled. Herodot. 2, c. 1 59, &c. 
— Dod. 1. 

APSINTHITI, a people of Thrace; they 
received their name from a river called Ap- 
ſinthus, which lowed through their territory. 
Dionyſ. Perieg. 

Aes1Nvs, an Athenian ſophiſt in the 3d 
century, author of a work called Præceptor 
de arte rhetorica, 

APsUs, a river of Macedonia falling into 
the Ionian ſea between Dyrrhachium and 
Appollonia, Lucan. 5, v. 461. 

APTERA, an inland town of Crete. Prol. 

APULEIA LEX, was enacted by L. Apu- 
letus the tribune, A. U. C. 652, for inflict- 
ing a puniſhment upon ſuch as were guilty of 
raiſing (editions, or ſhewing violence in the 
city. Varilia, a grand-daughter of Au- 
guſtus, convicted of adultery with a certain 
Manlius in the reign of Tiberius. Tacit. 
An. c. 50. 

APULEIUS, a learned man who ſtudied at 
Carthage, Athens, and Rome, where he 
married a rich widow called Pudatilla, for 
which he was accuſed by ſome of her rela- 
tions of uſing magical arts to win her 
heart. His apology was a maſterly compo- 
ſition. In his youth, Apuleius had been 
very expenſive; but he was, in a maturer 
age, more devoted to ſtudy, and learnt Latin 
without a maſter. The moſt famous of his 
works extant is the golden aſs in eleven books, 
an allegorical piece replete with morality. 
The beſt editions of Apuleius are the Del- 

hin, 2 vols. 4to. Paris, 1688, and Priczi, 
oo. Goudz, 1650. 
G 2 APULIA, 


8 — —— ——ß— — 
p . — 
— — 2 
GERE SET 
Wm jb 


wr. ants wn * 


vas + +7 


TY 


| 
1 
5 
5 
? 


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— —ölm—w — — — . 
— — — — 


. 


— 


— 


— 


— 


AR 


Ar drt, a country of Italy between 
Daunia and Calabria. It was part of the 
ancient Magna Grzcia, and generally divided 
into Apulia Daunia, and Apulia Peucetia. 
It was famous for its wools. Some ſuppoſe 
that it is called after Apulus, an ancient king 
of the country before the Trojan war. Piu. 
3, c. 11.,—Cic. de Div. 1, e. 43.—Strab, 6. 
Mela 2.--Martial. in Apoph. 155. 

Aruscipkuvs, a lake of Africa. All 
bodies, however heavy, were ſaid to ſwim on 
the ſurface of its waters. Pin. 32, c. 2. 

AqQUARi1Us, one of the ſigns of the Zo- 
diac, rifing in January, and ſetting in Febru- 
ary. Some ſuppoſe that Ganymede was 
changed into this ſign. Firg. C. 35 v. 304- 

AQUILARIa, a place of Africa. Cæſ. 2, 
bell, civ. 23. 

AqQuiLEIA or AQUILEGIA, a town 
founded by a Roman colony, called, from 
its grandeur, Roma ſecunda, and fituated at 
the north of the Adriatic Sea, on the con- 
fines of Italy. The Romans duilt it chiefly 
to oppoſe the frequent incurſions of the bar- 
barians. The Roman emperors enlarged 
and beautified it, and often made it their re- 
ſidence. Ital. 8, v. bog5.—Martial. 4. ep. 
25,-Mela. 2, c. 4. 

AqQuiLius N1GER, an hiſtorian men- 
tioned by Sueton. in Aug. 11. Marcus, a 
Roman conſul who had the government of 
Aſia Minor. Tuſtin. 36, c. 4. Sabinus, 
a lawyer of Rome, ſirnamed the Cato of his 
age. He was father to Aquilia Severa,whom 
Heliogabalus married. Severus, a poet 
and hiſtorian in the age of Valentinian. 
| AQUILLIA & AQUILIA, a patrician fa- 
mily at Rome, from which few illuſtrious 
men role, 

AqutLo, a wind blowing from the north. 
Its name is derived, according to ſome, 
from Aguila, on account of its keenneſs and 
velocity. 

AquiLoNIA, a city of the Hirpini in 
Italy. Liv. 10, c. 38. 

” AQUINIUs, a poet of a moderate capacity. 
Cic. 5. I. 

AqQuINUM, a town of Latium, on the 
borders of the Samnites, where Juvenal was 
born. Strab..-l[tal. 8, v. 404.— J. 3, v. 
319. 

AQUITANIA, a country of Gaul, bound- 
ed on the weſt by Spain, north by the pro- 
vince of Lugdunum, ſouth by the province 
called Gallia Narbonenſis. Its inhabitants 
are called Aquitani. Pin. 4, c. 17.—Strab. 4. 

ARA, a conſtellation, conſiſting of ſeven 
ſtars, near the tail of tae ſcorpion, Ord, 
Met. 2, v. 138. 

ARA LUGDVNENSIS, a place at the con- 
fluence of the Arar and Rhone. Juv. 1, 


v. 44. 


\ 


AR 


ARABARCHES, a vvigar perfon among 
the Egyptians, or perhaps an uſual exprefſign 
for the leaders of the Arabians, who reſided 
in Rome, Juv. 1, v. 130. Some bel; 
that Cicero, 2. ep. 17. ad Attic. alluded tg 


maſterly 
hanged h 
into a ſp 
tab. 1, & 


Pompey under the name of Arabarches, ARAC 
ARABIA, a large country of Aſia, form. Mafſaget 
ing a peninſula between the Arabian and One of 
Perſian gulfs. It is generally divided into Indus. 
three different parts, Petræa, Deſerta, and ARAC 
Felix. It is famous for its frankincenſe and India, wi 
aromatic plants. The inhabitants wer river Ar; 
formerly under their own chiefs, an uncixi- mount C. 
lized people, who paid adoration to the ſun, 8. 7. 
moon, and even ſerpentò, and who had thei | ARAC 
wives in common, and circumciſed their ers of | 
children. The country has often been in- kie bay © 
vaded, but never totally ſubdued. Alexander AKAC| 
the Great expreſſed his with to place the ſeat eonenſis. 
of his empire in their territories. The {ci ARAC! 
is rocky and ſandy, the inhabitants are ſcarce, 4 
the mountains rugged, and the country with- Aka: 
out water. In Arabia, whatever woman waz Bia. Fi, 
convicted of adultery, was capitally puniſh ARAD! 
ed. The Arabians for ſome time ſupported 115 the 
the ſplendor of literature, which was en- Pericg. 
tinguiſhed by the tyranny and ſuperſtitica ARE, 1 
which prevailed in Egypt, and to them ve errancan, 
are indebted for the invention of Algebra, "acre the 
or the application of ſigns and letters to te- aty, I 
preſent lines, numbers, and quantities, and — greate] 
alſo for the numerical characters of 1, 2,3, Ned to | 
&c.—Herodet. 1, 2, 3, & Dicd. 1 & . e 
Plin. 12 & 14 —Strab, 16.—Xemph— 13. 
Tibull. 2, el. 2. Curt. 5, c. 1. Ving. 6.1, NTP 
v. 57.—Alſo, the name of the wife of Zgyp- rica, on 
tus. Apollod. 42. bell, 
Azarlcus SINUS, a ſea between Egypt RAR, 
and Arabia, different, according to tome OK, obe 
authors, from the Red Sea, which tity 1 in 01 
ſuppoſe to be between Æthiopia and India, wv. 3,1 
and the Arabian gulph further above, be- ARARU: 
tween Egypt and Arabia. It is about 4 SEN, 
days ſail in length, and not half a day's 8 AXATH) 
its my extenſive breadth, Plin. 5, C. II. 123 
— Straß. e ame na 
ARABTSs, An Aus, ARBIs, an Indian Arve 
river. Curt. 9, c. 10. 5. 2. 
Ax ARS & ARABUS, a ſon of Apollo 3nd Nigonus ( 
Babylone, who firſt invented medicine, at © Court 
taught it in Arabia, which is called after oY who 
his name. Plin. 7, c. 56. "ay, 
ARACCA & ARECCA, a city of Sula N ſituat 
Tibull. 4, el. 1. d me 
ARACHNE,a woman of Colophon,daugt- * bim 
ter to Idmon a dyer. She was fo ſilfal 8 5 Yet c; 
working with the needle, that ſhe cha 8 and 
lenged Minerva, the goddeſs of the ary ® "a fro 
a trial of ſkill. She repreſented on her Y- Ar 
work the amours of Jupiter with Euros, & 3 oy 
Antiope, Leda, Aſteria, Danae, rf eg — 
] 


Kc. but though her piece was pert 
8 1 f maſter) 


A R 

maſterly, ſhe was defeated by Minerva, and 
hanged herſelf in deſpair, and was changed 
into a ſpider by the goddeſs. Ovid, Met. 6, 
fab. 1, Kc. A city of Theſſaly. 

ArtACHOSTA, A city of Aſia, near the 
Maſſagetz. Ir was built by Semiramis.— 
One of the Perſian provinces beyond the 
Indus. Plin. 6, c. 23.—Strad. 11. 

AracuoTEz & ARACHOTI, a people of 
India, who received their name from the 
river Arachotus, which flows down from 
mount Caucaſus. Dionyſ. Perieg.— Curt. , 
7. 


among 
xpreſſion 
o reſided 
beliere 
luded to 
ches. 

a, form- 
21an and 
ded into 
2rta, and 
cenſe and 
nts were 
in unciwi- 


2 ARACHTHYTAS, one of the four capital 
regs w ners of Epirus, near Nicopolis, falling into 
ſed their L h . 9 7 

n the bay of Ambracia. Srrab. 7. 


AKACILLUM, a town of Hiſpania Tarra- 
tonenſis. Flor. 4, c. 12. 
Axacostt, an Indian nation. Jin. 13, 


Alexander 
ce the ſeat 


The {ul b 4 

= — ARACYNTHUS, a mountain of Acarna- 
wb _ tia. Plin. 4, c. 2.—Virg. Ecl. 2, v. 24. 

te ani. AxXpvs, an iſland near Phœnicia, join- 
4 115 the continent by a bridge. Drony/. 
1 ; Perieg. 

n e Azz, rocks in the middle of the Medi- 
8 1 erranean, between Africa and Sardinia, 
f Algebra acre the Romans and Africans ratified a 


reaty, It was upon them that Æneas loſt 

* greateſt part of his fleet; they are ſup- 
pied to be thoſe iflands which are com- 
only called Egates. Virg. An. 1, v. 
173. 

ARE PHILENORUM, a maritime city of 
rica, on the borders of Cyrene. Salluf. 
Fur. bell, 

AR, a river of Gaul, flowing into the 
Kune, over which Cæſar's ſoldiers made a 
dye in one day. Cæſ. bell. Gall. 1, c. 12. 
Mito, 3 v. 452. 

Akäxes, aseythian river Luwing through 
imenia, Herodut. 4, c. 48. 


tters do te- 
tities, and 

of 1, 2, 
. 1 & 2— 
Aerspl.— 
Virg. G. Iy 
e of Egyp- 


geen Egypt 
ig to ſome 
which they 
and India, 
above, be · 


is about 4 - 
f a day's ,3ATHYREA,Aa (mall province of Achaia, 
n, 55 C. 1h nervards called Aſophis, with a city of 


ame name. Homer. II. 2.—Strab. 8. 

Airy, 2 Greek poet of Cilicia, about 
77 B. C. He was greatly eſteemed by 
Tigonus Gonatas king of Macedonia, at 
ue court he paſſed much of his time, 
7 by whoſe deſire he wrote a poem on 
"Momy, in which he gives an account 


, an Indian 


f Apollo and 
ediCine, and 
called after 


y of Sula. 25 lituations, riſing and ſetting, num- 

Sow motion of the ſtars. Cicero re- 
phon,Gaugh- * him as unacquainted with aſtro- 
; ſo Cxilful u * yet capable of writing upon it in 
at ſhe chat * and highly finithed verſes, which 
of the art d _ from the ſubject admit of little 
nted on bf J. Aratus wrote beſides, hymns and 


ams, &c. and 


erz had among his inter- 


with Eut oba, 
and commentators many of the 


e, Alcmeny 


une y 
; perfect and Sous ot Greece whoſe works are 
maker) ! des Cicero, Claudius, and Ger- 


s Czfar, who, in their youth, r 


x 


moments of relaxation, tranſlated the pα- 
nomena into Latin verſe, The beſt editions 
of Aratus are, Grotins' 4to. apud Rapha- 
leng. 1600; and Oxon. 3vo. 1672. Cic. de 
Nat, D. 2, c. 41.—Pauſ. 1, c. 2.— Ovid. 
Am. 1, el. 15, v. 26. The ſon of Clinias 
& Ariſtodama, was born at Sicyon in 
Achaia, near the river Aſopus. When 
he was but ſeven years of age, his father, 
who held the government of Sicyon, was 
aſſaſſinated by Abantidas, who made him- 
ſelf abſolute. After ſome revolutions, the 
ſovereignty came into the hands of Ni- 
cocles, whom Aratus murdered, to reſtore 
his country to liberty. He was ſo jealous 
of tyrannical power, that he even deſtroyed 
a picture which was the repreſentation of a 
tyrant, He joined the republic of Sicyon 
in the Achzan league, which he ſtrength- 
ened, by making a treaty of alliance with 
the Corinthians, and with Ptolemy king 
of Egypt. He was choſen chief command» 
er of the forces of the Achæans, and drove 
away the Macedonians from Athens and 
Corinth. He made war againſt the Spar- 
tans, but was conquered in a battle by their 
king Cleomenes. To repair the loſſes he 
nad ſuſtained, he ſolicited the aſſiſtance of 
king Antigonus, and drove away Cleo- 
menes from Sparta, who fled to Egypt, 
where he killed himſelf. The tolians 
oon after attacked the Achæans; and Aras» 
tus, to ſupport his character, was obliged 
to call to his aid, Philip, king of Macedo- 
nia. His friendſhip with this new ally dif 
not long continue. Philip ſhewed himſelf 
crucl and oppreſive ; and put to death ſome 
of the nobleſt of the Achæans, and even ſe- 
duced the wife of the ſon of Aratus. Ara» 
tus, who was now advanced in years, ſhowed 
his diſpleaſure by withdrawing himſelf from 
the ſociety and friendſhip of Philip. But 
this rupture was fatal. Philip dreaded the 
power and influence of Aratus, and there» 
fore he cauſed him and his ſon to be poiſon- 
ed. Some days before his death, Aratus 
was obſerved to ſpit blood; and when ap- 
prized of it by his friends, he replied, 
Such are the rewards which a connection 
with kings will produce.“ He was buried 
with great pomp, by his countrymen; and 
two ſolemn ſacrifices were annually made 
to him, the firſt on the day that he deliver- 
ed Sicyon from tyranny, and the ſecond on 
the day of his birth. During thoſe ſacri- 
hces, which were called Aratcra, the prieſts 


| wore a ribbon beſpangled with white and 


purple ſpots, and the public ſchool-maſter 
walked in proceſſion at the head of his ſcho- 
lars, and was alwavs accompanied by the 
richeſt and molt eminent ſenators, adorned 
with garlands. Aratus died in the 62d year 
of his age, B. C. 213, He wrote a hiftorv 

G 3 of 


-” 


— C —̃ — ii HER 4s 


— 


— — 


— Y 


— — 


— 2 


— — — 


3 


of the Achzan league, much commended 
by Polybius. Plut. invite, —Pauſ. 2, c. 8. 
Lic de Offic. 2, c. 23,—Strab. 14. Liv. 
27, C.-31.—Polys. 2. 

ARAXES, a celebrated river which ſepa- 
rates Armenia from Media, and falls into 
the Caſpian Sea. Lucan. 1, v. 19, I. 7, v. 
158.—S7rab. 8.—Virg. Eu. 8, V. 728 — 
Herodot. 1, c. 202, &c. Another which 
falls into the Euphrates. Another in Eu- 
rope, now called Volga. 

An Acks, a Mede who revolted with 
Belefis againſt Sardanapalus, and founded 
the empire of Media upon the ruins of the 
Aſſyrian power, $20 years before the Chriſ- 
tian era. He reigned above fifty years, and 
was famous for the greatneſs of his under- 
takings, as well as for his valor. Jin. 1, 
c. 3.—Paterc. 1, c. 6. 

AR BELA, a town of Perſia, on the river 
Lycus, famous for a battle fought there be- 
tween Alexander and Darius, the 2d of 
October, B. C. 331. Curt. 5, c. 1.—Plut. 
in Alex. 

ARBELA, a town of Sicily, whoſe inha- 
bitants were very credulous. 

ARBISs, a river on the weſtern boundaries 
of India. Strad, 

ARBOCALA, a city taken by Annibal as 
he marched againſt Rome. 

ARBUSCULA, an actreſs on the Roman 
ſtage, who laughed at the hiſſes of the po- 
pulace, while ſhe received the applauſes of 
the knigh#. Horat. 1, Sat. 10, v. 77. 

ARCADIA, an inland country of Pelo- 
ponneſus, ſurrounded on every fide by land, 
ſituate between Achaia, Meſſenia, Elis and 
Argolis. It received its name from Arcas 
ſon of Jupiter, and was anciently called 
Drymodes, on account of the great number 
of oaks (pig) it produced, and afterwards 
Pelaſgia, The country has been much 
celebrated by the poets, ana was famous 
for its mountains. The inhabitants were 
for the moſt part all ſhepherds, who lived 
upon acorns, were ſkilful warriors, and 
able muſicians. They thought themſelves 
more ancient than the moon. Pan the god 
of ſhepherds chiefly lived among them.— 
Ariſtotle 4, de met. ſays, that the wine of 
Arcadia, when placed in a goat's ſkin, near 
a fire, will become chalky, and at laſt be 
turned into ſalt. Strab, 8.—Plir. 4, c. 6. 
Pa. 8, c. 4.—Athen,14. A fortified 
village of Zacynthus. 

ARCAD1USs, cldeſt ſon of Theodoſius the 
Great, lucceeded his father A. D. 395. 
Under him the Roman power was divided 
into the eaſtern and weſtern empire. He 
made the eaſtern empire his choice, and 
fixed his refidence at Conſtantinople; while 
his brother Honorius was made emperor of 
the welt, and lived in Rome. After this 


K 


ſeparation of the Roman empire, the tuo =. 
powers looked upon one another with in. many 
difference; and ſoon after, their indifference dur 0 
was changed into jealouſy, and contributed dr 
to haſten their mutual ruin. In the reg 1 
of Arcadius, Alaricus attacked the wetter * | 
empire, and plundered Rome. Arcadiug * 3 
married Eudox ia, a bold ambitious woman, mew to 
and died in the 31ſt year of his age, after; 17 tim 
reign of 13 years, in which he bore th; hee. 
character of an effeminate prince, who {uf. his * 
fered himſelf to be governed by favorite, LS 
and who abandoned his ſubjects to the th. 1 
ranny of miniſters, while he loſt himſelf |n wok 


the pleaſures of a voluptuous court. Ane 
ARCANUM, a villa of Cicero's, near the father t 
Minturni. Cic. 7, ep. ad Att. 10. Aue 
ARrCas, a ſon of Jupiter and Callify, Ane 


He nearly killed his mother, whom fue with pi 
had changed into a bear. He reigned n tified 8 
Pelaſgia, which from him was called Arc- of a. 
dia, and taught his ſubjects agriculture and Azc 
the art of ſpinning wool. After his dest, aofas. 
Jupiter made him a conſtellation, with FOE 
mother. As he was one day hunting, !: lain in 
met a wood-nymph, who begged bis afiit He kill, 
tance, becauſe the tree over which ſhe pr. tant of 
ſided, and on whoſe preſervation her [i c. 5, & 
depended, was going to be carried aug Archefil 
by the impetuous torrent of a river. Arcs 219. 
changed the courſe of the waters, and pre- Auen 
ſerved the tree, and married the ny mb, Hera th 
by whom he had three ſons, Azan, Af“. Aue 
das, and Elatus, among whom he diviced Arc: 
his kingdom. The deſcendants of Az '. ny 
planted colonies in Phrygia. Aphidas i Auen 
ceived for his ſhare, Tegea, which on d Auen 
account has been called the inheritance a kings of 
Aphidas; andElatus became maſter of Mou conquere 
Cylene, and ſome time after paſſed int —A þ 
Phocis, Pau. 2, c. 4.—Hygin. tab. 1558 nice, an 
176.—Apolled. 3, c. 8.—Strab. S8.— H Gigniry h 
Faſt. 1, v. 470. 65 was kille 
ARCiwnA, a town of Phœnicia, wit 0: 56. 
Alexander Severus was born. 2 mana by 
ARCENsS, a Sicilian who permitted a king of 
ſon to accompany Eneas into Italy, wi* Aſiſted a; 
he was killed by Mezentius. Virg. 1.4 independe 
v. $81, &c. = perfidiout 
AxckstL Aus, fon of Battus, King 4 Macedon; 
Cyrene, was driven from his kingdom 8 Ciccas the 
a ſedition, and died B. C. 575. Tlie bun child, he 
of that name, died B. C. 550. Pahanx the kingd 
C. 41.— Herodot. 4, C. 159. One oA Sreat mon 
ander's generals, who obtained Meſopos one of his 
mia at the general diviſion of the prov miſed hin 
after the king's death.— A chief ot oy given her 
which he betrayed to Dionyſius the o ; Tears, H 
Died. 14.——A philoſopher of Pita * Died. 14 
Folia, diſciple of Polemon. He WO 8, 12, 
Sardes and Athens, and was the founde fcnamed 


of the middle academy, as Socrates * 
the ancient, and Carncades the nen h 


the two 
with in- 
ifterence 
tributed 
he reign 
> weltcmn 
Arcacius 
woman, 
e, aftera 
bore the 
who {uf 
Favorites, 
o the ty- 
imſelf in 
bo 
near the 


1 Callifi. 
hom Jung 
reigned u 
led Arc» 
ulture and 
his death, 
„with be 
unting, be 
d his afl. 
h ſhe pie. 
n her lite 
ried aw} 
er. Arcs 
s, and pre- 
ne nymfb, 
zan, Aptir 
he divided 
s of Am 
\ phidas be 
ich on wy 
1eritance C 
er of mou 
paſſed into 
fab. 1558 
„ 8.— U 


icia, when 


. Los 
remitted 
Italy, ber 


irg. 1.4 


us, king 0 
kingdom A 
Tue ſecond 
Pelyen. by 

One of Ales 

1 Meſop%® 

the provine 

f of Catan 

us the elde 

of Pitane! 
the found 
rates found 

he nen 1 


A R 


He pretended to know nothing, and accuſed 
others of the ſame ignorance. He acquired 
many pupils in the character of teacher ; 
but ſome of him left them for Epicurus, 
though no Epicurean came to him ; which 
gave him occaſion to ſay, that it is eaſy to 
make an eunuch of a man, but impoſſible 
to make a man of an eunuch. He was 
very fond of Homer, and generally divided 
his time among the pleaſures of philoſophy, 
love, reading, and the table. He died in 
his 75th year, B. C. 241, or 300 accord- 
ing to ſome. Diog. in vita, — Verſius 3, v. 
a. (ic. de Finib. A painter. Par. 
— A comic and elegiac poet. 

Arxcts1Us, ſonof ſupiter, ſaid to be grand- 
father to Ulyfles. Ovid. Met. 13, v. 144. 

ARCH ®A, a city of Folia. 

ARzCKHEANAX of Mitylene, was intimate 
with Piſiſtratus tyrant of Athens. He for- 
tified Sigzum with a wall from the ruins 
of ancient Troy. Strab. 13. 

ARrCHE&ATIDAS, a country of Pelopon- 
neſus. Polyb. 

ARCHAGATHUS, ſon of Archagathus, was 
ſlain in Africa by his ſoldiers, B. C. 28 5. 
He killed his grandfather Agathocles, ty- 
rant of Syracuſe. Died. 20.—Fruftin. 22, 
c. 5, Kc. ſays, that he was put to death by 
Archeſilaus.—A phy fician at Rome, B. C. 
219. 

ARCHANDER, father-in-law to Danaus. 
Herozt. 2, c. 98. 

. ARCHANDROS, a town of Egypt. 

ARCHE, one of the Muſes according to 
Cicero, 

ARCHEGETES, a ſirname of Hercules, 

ARCHELAUS, a name common to ſome 
kings of Cappadocia, One of them was 
conquered by Sy lla, for aſſiſting Mithridates. 
——A perſon of that name married Bere- 
nice, and made himſelf king of Egypt; a 
dignity he enjoyed only ſix months, as he 
was killed by the ſoldiers of Gabinius, B. 
C. 56. He had been made prieſt of Co- 
nana by Pompey. His grandſon was made 
king of Cappadocia by Antony, whom he 
aſted at Actium, and he maintained his 
dependence under Auguſtus, till Tiberius 
pertidiouſly deſtroyed him. — A king of 
Macedonia, who ſucceeded his father Per- 
Ciccas the ſecond; as he was but a natural 
child, he killed the legitimate heirs, to gain 
the kingdom. He proved himſelf to be a 
Neat monarch ; but he was at laſt killed by 
oe of his favorites, becauſe he had pro- 
miſed him his daughter in marriage, and 
ven her to another, after a reign of 23 
Fears. He patronized the poet Euripides. 
Died. 14.—Fuſtin. 7, c. 4.—Zlian. J. H. 
22, 13, 44 King of the Jews, 
knamed Herod, He married Glaphyre, 


' op + 

daughter of Archelaus king of Macedonia, 
and widow of his brother Alexander. Cx - 
far baniſhed him, for his crueitics, to Vienna, 
where he died. Die. A king of Lace- 
demon, ſon of Agefilaus. He reigned 42 
years with - Charilaus, of the other branch 
of the family. Herodot. 7, c. 204.—Pauſ. 
e. . A general of Antigonus the 
younger, appointed governor of the Acro- 
corinth, with the philoſopher Perſzus. Po- 
lyen. 6, c. 5. A celebrated general of 
Mithridates, againſt Sylla. Id. 8, c. 9 
A philoſopher of Athens or Meſſenia, fon 
of Apollodorus, and ſucceſſor to Anaxago- 
ras, He was preceptor to Socrates, and 
was called Piyficus, He ſuppoſed that heat 
and cold were the principles of all things. 
He firſt diſcovered the voice to be propa- 
gated by the vibration of the air. Cic. 
Tuſc. 5.—Diop. in vita. —Augaſtin. de ct,. 
Dei. $.——A man ſet over Sufa by Alex- 
ander, with a garriſon of 3000 men. Curt. 
30 . ©; A Greek philoſopher, who 
wrote a hiſtory of animals, and maintained 
that goats breathed not through the noſtrils 
but through the ears. Plin. 8, c. 50. 
A fon of Electryon and Anaxo. Apolled, 
2. A Greek poet, who wrote epigrams. 
Varro. de R. R. A ſculptor of Priene, 
in the age of Claudius. He made an apo- 
theoſis of Homer, a piece of ſculpture 
highly admired, and ſaid to have been diſ- 
covered under ground A. D. 1658. A 
writer of Thrace. 

ARCHEMACHUS, a Greek writer, who 
publithed an hiſtory of Eubea. Athen. 6. 
A ſon of Hercules——of Priam, 4ps{- 
lod. 2 S 3. 

ARCHEMGRUS, or Opheltes, ſon of 
Lycurgus, king of Nemza, in Thrace, by 
Eurydice, was brought up by Hypſipyle, 
queen of Lemnos, who had fled to Thrace, 
and was employed as a nurſe in the king's 
family. Hypſipyle was met by the army 
of Adraſtus, who was going againſt Thebes ; 
and the was forced to ſhew them a foun- 
tain where they might quench their thirſt, 
To do this more expeditiouſly, the put 
down the child on the graſs, and at her 
return found him killed by a ſerpent. The 
Greeks were {to atflicted at this misfor- 
tune, that they initituted games in honor 
of Archemorus, which were called Nemæ- 
an, and king Adraſtus inliſted among the 
combatants, and was victorious. Apsl/od. 
2 & 3.—Pauſ. 8, c. 48.—Stat. Teb. 6. 

ARCHEPGL1sS, a man in Alexander's ar- 
my who conſpired againſt the king with 
Dymnus. Curt. 6, c. 7. 

ARCHEPTOLEMUS, fon of Iphitus, king 
of Elis, went to the Trojan war, and fought 
againit the Greeks. As he was fighting 


G + uc. 


2 


— — — — 2 —— 


C4. „.. = 
— L . — 


- — 
— 
— 


— ſ—— — — — 


— — 


— 


- — im 


A R 


near Hector, he was killed by Ajax ſon of 
Telamon. It is ſaid that he re-cſtabliſhed 
the Olympic games. Homer. II. 8, v. 125. 

ARCHESTRATVUS, a tragic poet, whole 
pieces were ated during the Peloponneſian 
war. Plut. in Arift. A man ſo ſmall 

nd lean, that he could be placed in a diſh 
without filling it, though it contained no 
more than an obolus.—A follower of Epi- 
curus, who wrote a poem in commendation 
of gluttony. 

ARCHETIMUS, the firſt philoſophical 
writer in the age of the ſeven wiſe men of 
Greece. Diog. 

ARCHET1Us, a Rutulian, killed by the 
Trojans. Virg. Ain. 12, v. 459. 

Arcnfa, one of the Oceanides, wife to 
Inachus. Iygin. fab. 143. 

Axchras, a Corinthian deſcended from 
Hercules. He founded Syracuſe, B. C. 
732. Being told by an oracle to make 
choice of health or riches, he choſe the 
latter. Dionyſ. Hal. 2. A poet of An- 
tioch, intimate with the Luculli. He ob- 
tained the rank and name of a Roman ci- 
tizen by the means of Cicero, who de- 
fended him in an elegant oration, when his 
enemics had diſputed his privileges of citi- 
zen of Rome. He wrote a poem on the 
Cimbrian war, and began another concern- 
ing Cicero's confulſhip, which are now loſt, 
Some of his epigrams are preſerved in the 
Anthologia. Cic. pro Arch. A Pole- 
march of Thebes, aſſaſſinated in the con- 


{piracy of Pelopidas, which he could have 
E. II. 


morrow the reading of a letter which he | 


prevented, if he had not deferred to the 


had received from Archias the Athenian 
high-prieſt, and which gave him informa- 
tion of his danger. Plut. in Pelop. A 
High prieſt of Athens, contemporary and 
intimate with the Polemarch ot the ſame 
name. III. ibid A Theban taken in 
the act of adultery, and puniſhed accord- 
ing to the law, and tied to a poſt in the 
public place, for which puniſhment he 
aboliſhed che Oligarchy. Ariftot. 
ARCHIBIXDEs, 2 philoſopher of Athens, 


very inimical to the views and meaſures of | 


Phocion. Plut. in Phac. An ambaſla- 
dor of Byzantium, &c. Polyen. 4, c. 44. 

ARrcnisius, the ſon of the geographer 
Ptolemy. 

AtCHIDAMIA,a prieſteſs of Ceres, who, 
on account of her affect ion for Ariftomenes, 
reitored him to liberty when he had been 
taken prifoner by her female attendants at 
the cclebration of their feſtivals. Pau. 4, 
„ A daughter of Cleadas, who, 
upon hearing that her country men the Spar- 
tans, were debating whether they ſhould 

tend away their women, againſt the hoſtile 
approach of Pyrrhus, ſeized a ſword, and 


= 


A R 


ran to the ſenate houſe, exclaiming that 
the women were as able to fight as the 
men. Upon this the decree was repealed, 
Flut. in Pyrr.—Pelyen. 8, c. 8. 

ARCHIDAMUS, ſon of Theopompus, king 
of Sparta, died before his father. Pau. 
Another, king of Sparta, ſon of Anaxida- 
mus, ſucceeded by Agaſicles. Another 
ſon of Agefilaus, of the family of the Pro. 
clidæ. Another, grandſon of Leotychi. 
das, by his fon Zeuxidamus. He ſucceeded 
his grandfather, and reigned in conjunction 
with Pliſtoanax. He conquered the Argives 
and Areadians, and privately aſſiſted the 
Phocians in plundering the temple of Delphi, 
He was called to the aid of Tarentum again 
the Romans, and killed there in a battle, 
after a reign of 33 years. Died. 16.— Tens pl. 
Another, ſon of Eudamidas.——Ano- 
ther, who conquered the Helots, after a 
violent earthquake. Died. 11. A ſon 
of Ageſilaus, who led the Spartan auxilia- 
ries to Cleombrotus at the battle of Leu&ra, 
and was Kliled in a battle againſt the Luca- 
nians, B. C. 338. A ſon of Xenius 
Theopompus, Pauſ. 

Arcfipas, a tyrant of Athens, killed 
by his troops. 

ARCHIDEMUS, a Stoic philoſopher, who 
willingly exiled himſelf among the Parthi- 
ans. Plut. de exil. 

ARCHIDEVUS, a ſon of Amyntas, king of 
Macedonia. Juſtin. 7, c. 4. 

ARCHIDIUM, a city of Crete, named 
after Archidius fon of Tegeates. Pau, 8, 


ARCHIGALLU)S, the chief of the prieſts 
of Cybele. 

ARCHIGENES, a phyſician, born at Apa- 
mea, in Syria, He lived in the reign of 
Nomitian, Nerva, and Trajan, and died 
in the. 73d year of his age. He wrote 3 
tieatiſe on adorning the hair, as alſo ten 
books un fevers. Juv. 6, v. 235. 

ARCHILGCHUs, a poet of Paros, who 
wrote elegies, ſatyrs, odes, and epigrams, 
and was the firſt who introduced iambics 
in his verſes. He had courted Neobule, 
the daughter of Lycambes, and had received 
promiſes of marriage ; but the father gave 
her to another, ſuperior to the poet in rank 
and fortune; upon which Archilochus wrote 
ſuch a bitter ſatyr, that Lycambes hanged 
himſelf in a fat of deſpair. The Spartaus 
condemned his verſes on account of their 
petulance, and baniſhed him. He floriſhed 
685 B. C. and it is ſaid that he was aſſai- 
nated. Some fragments of bis poetry te- 
main, which diſplay vigor and animation, 
boldneſs and vehemence in the higheſt de- 
gree; from which reaſon, pernaps Cicero 
calls virulent edits, Archilechia edit 


| Cic, Te, I,—Quintil, 10, C. rr 
1, < 


nologic: 
ARC 
Syracuſ 
that fail 
the he: 
the Ror 
chimed« 
denly r: 
enemy | 
then let 
water tt 
fire wit 
town u. 
firi& ore 
medes, ; 
ould þ 
ſence, 
the phil 
folving 
rant tha 
town; 2 
he was, 
follow h 
a monut 
a cylinc 
mained 
his queſ 
of the g 
thorns 7 
Archim. 
villages 
af earth 
is kept f 
Cation « 
lag glaſſ 
ſome of 
Buffon « 
ton, T 
ſed to be 
pable of 
of a bo\ 
Ciſcovere 
mixed w 
for the k 
dern hy 
ſcrew WI 
the wild 
laying, t. 
d me 
M a fi 
Works a 
[phera & 
[piralibus 


_ thay 
s the 
ealed, 


nction 
gives 
*d the 
Delphi. 
againſt 
battle, 
Lene pl. 
Ano- 
after a 
A fon 
wxthas 
euctra, 
Luca- 
Xenius 


killed 


er, who 
Parthi» 


king of 


named 
P au. $, 


e prieſts 


at Apa- 
reign of 
nd died 
wrote 4 
allo ten 


os, who 
pigrams, 
| jambics 
Neobule, 

received 
ther gave 
t in rank 
nus wrote 
-s hanged 
Spartan 
˖ F theit 
D floriſhed 
as aſſaſl · 


poetry te- 
animation, 
ig beſt de 

8 Cicero 
ta edit 
—Herodet: 


13 C 


A R 


1. c. 1.— Hera. art. poet. v. 79.— Athen. 
1, 2, &c.—A ſon of Neſtor, killed by 
Memnon in the Trojan war. Homer. Il. 2. 
__— A Greek hiſtorian who wrote a chro- 
nological table, and other works. = 
ARCHIMEDES, a famous geometrician of 
Syracuſe, who invented a machine of glaſs 
that faithfully repreſented the motion of all 
the heavenly bodies, When Marcellus, 
the Roman conſul, beſieged Syracuſe, Ar- 
i medes conſtructed machines which ſud- 
denly raiſed uy in the air the ſhips of the 
enemy from the bay before the city, and 
then let them fall with fuch violence into the 
water that they ſunk. He (et them alſo on 
kre with his burning glaſſes. When the 
town was taken, the Roman general gave 
frict orders to his ſoldicrs not to hurt Archi- 
medes, and even offered a reward to him who 
ſhould bring him alive and ſafe into his pre- 
ſence, All theſe precautions were uſeleſs: 
the philoſopher was ſo deeply engaged in 
ſolving a problem, that he was even igno- 
nat that the enemy were in poſſeſſion ot the 
town; and. a ſoldier, without knowing who 
he was, killed him, becauſe he refuſed to 
follow him, B. C. 212. Marcellus raiſed 
a monument over him, and placed upon it 
a cylinder and a ſphere; but the place re- 
mained long unknown, till Cicero, during 
kis queſtorſhip in Sicily, found it near one 
of the gates of Syracuſe, ſurrounded with 
thorns and brambles. Some ſuppoſe that 
Archimedes raiſed the ſite of the towns and 
villages of Egypt, and began thoſe mounds 
of earth by means of which communication 
15 kept from town to town during the inun- 
Gtions of the Nile. The ſtory of his burn- 
ing glaſſes had always appeared fabulons to 
ſome of the moderns, till the experiments of 
Buffon demonſtrated it beyond contradic- 
tion. Theſe celebrated glaſſes were ſuppo- 
ſed to be reflectors made of metal, and ca- 
pable of producing their effect at the diſtance 
of a bow ſhot, The manner in which he 
Giſcovered how much braſs a goldſmith had 
mixed with gold in making a golden crown 
the king, is well known to every mo- 
dern hydroſtatic, as well as the pumping 
[crew which Rill bears his name. Among 
the wild ſchemes of Archimedes, is his 
laying, that, by means of his machines, he 
could move the earth with eaſe, if placed 
M 2a fixed ſpot near it. Many of his 
works are extant, eſpecially treatiſes de 
[przra & cylindro, circuli dimenſio, de lineis 
[Pt ralibus, de quadratura paraboles, de numero 
Jenæ, &c. the beſt edition of which is 
x of David Rivaltius, fol. Paris, 1615. 
Cie, Tuſc. 1, c. 25. De Nat. D. 2, c. 34.— 
Liv, 24, c. 34. —Yuintil, 1, c. 10.—Pitrw, 
9, C. 3.—Peolyb, 7. Plat. in Marcell, Ful. 
lax, L, A 7. 


AR 


| Anrcninvs, a man who, when he was 


appointed to diſtribute new arms among the 
populace of Argos, raiſed a mercenary band, 
and made himſelf abſolute. Pelyzn. 3, c. 
8. A rhetorician of Athens. 

ARCHIPELAGUS, a part of a ſea where 
a great number of iflands are interſperſed, 
ſuch as that part of the Mediterranean which 
lies between Greece and Aſia Minor, and is 
generally called Mare ÆEgeum. 

ARCHIPSLIS, a ſoldier who conſpired 
againſt Alexander with Dymnus. Curt. 6, 
C7 

ARCHIPPE, a city of the Marſh, deſtroyed 
by an earthquake, and loſt in the lake of 
Fucinus. Plin, 3, c. 19. 

ARCHIPPUS, a king of Italy, from whom 
perhaps the town of Archippe received its 
name. Virg. u. 7, v. 752. A philoſo- 
pher of Thebes, pupil to Pythagoras. 
An archon at Athens. A comic poet of 
Athens, of whoſe 8 cemedies only one ob- 
tained the prize, ——A philoſopher in the 
age of Trajan. 

ARCHITIs, a name of Venus, worſhipped 
on mount Libanus. 

ARCHoN, one of Alexander's generals, 
who received the provinces of Babylon, at 
the-general diviſion after the king's death. 
Died. 18. 

ARCHONTES, the name of the chief 
magiſtrates of Athens. They were nine in 
number, and none were choſen but ſuch as 
were deſcended from anceſtors who had been 
free citizens of the republic for three genera- 
tions. They were alſo to be without defor- 
mity in all the parts and members of their 
body, and were obliged to produce teſtimo- 
nies of their dutiful behaviour to their pa- 
rents, of the ſervices they had rendered 
their country, and the competency of their 
fortune to ſupport their dignity. They took 
a ſolemn oath, that they would obſerve the 
laws, adminittcr juſtice with impartiality, 
and never ſutfer themſelves to be corrupted. 
If they ever received bribes, they were com- 
pelled by the laws to dedicate to the god of 
Delphi, a flatue of gold, of equal weight 
with their body. They all had the power 
of punithing malefactors with death. The 
chief among them was called Archon, the 
year took its denomination from him ; he 
determined all cauſes between man and 
wife, and took care of legacies and wills; 
he provided for orphans, protected the in- 
jured, and puniſhed drunkenneſs with un- 
common ſeverity. If he ſuffered himſelf to 
be intoxicated during the time of his office, 
the miſdemeanor was puniſhed with death. 
The ſecond of the archons was called Baſileus; 
it was his office to keep good order, and to 
remove all cauſes of quarrel in the families of 
thoſe who were dedicated to the ſervice of — 

gods. 


— I. 


— 


— . 
— 
- 


. — ——ñ ͤ GE»ũuñ•mñ2— — — — 


1 
2 
{- 
a 
5 
f 
1 
1 
( 


— —— 


— 


— 


— — 


— . 


_ __ — 


A i 
gods, The profane and the impious were 


brought Lefore his tribunal; and he offered 

ublic ſacrifices for the good of the ſtate. He 
aſſiſted at the celebration of the Eleuſinian 
feſtivals, and other religious ceremonies. 
His wife was to be related to the whole pco- 
ple of Athens, and of a pure and unſullied 
life. He had a vote among the Areopagites, 
but was obliged to fit among them without 
his crown. The Polcmarch was another ar- 
chou of inferior dignity. He had the care 
of all foreigners, and provided a ſufficient 
maintenance, from the public treaſury, for the 
families of thoſe who had loſt their lives in 
the defence of their country. Theſe three 
chief archons gencrally choſe each of them 
two perſons of reſpectable character, and of 
an advanced age, whoſe counſels and advice 
might aſſiſt and ſupport them in their public 
capacity, The f1x other archons wers in- 
diſtinctly called 7zejmothetey, and received 
complaints againſt perſons accuſed of impiety, 
bribery, and ill behaviour. They ſettled all 
diſputes between the citizens, 1cdrefſed the 
wrongs of ſtrangers, and forbade any laws to 
be enforced, but ſuch as were conducive to 
the ſafety of the ſtate, Theſe officers of 
ſtate were choſen after the death of King 
Codrus; their power was originally for life, 
but afterwards it was limited to 10 years, and 
at laſt to one year, After ſome time, the qua- 
lifications which were required to he an ar- 
chon were not ſtrictly obſerved. Adrian, be- 
fore he was elected emperor of Rome, was 
made archon at Athens, though a forcigner ; 
and the ſame honors were conferred upon 
Plutarch. The perpetual archons, after 
the deata of Codrus, were Medon, whoſe 
office began B. C. 1070; Acaſtus, 1050; 
Archippus, 1014; Therſippus, 995; Phor- 
bas, 954; Megacles, 923; Diognetus, 893; 
Pherecles, 865; Ariphron, 846; Theſpicus, 
826; Agameſtor, 799; ZAEſchylus, 778; 
Alcmæon, 756; after whoſe death the ar- 
chons were decennial, the firſt of whom was 
Charops, who began 753; Æſimedes, 744; 
Clidicus, 734; Hippomenes, 724; Leocra- 
tes, 714; Apſander, 704; Eryxias, 694 ; 
after whom the office became annual, and of 
theſe annual archons Creon was the firſt. 
Ariſioph. in Nub. S ib. Plut. Sympos: 1. 
— Demoſth.—Pollux.—Lyfias, 

ARCHYLUS ThuRrrIvs, a general of Dio- 
nyſius the elder, Diad. 14. 

ARCRYTAS, a muſician of Mitylene, who 
wrote a treatiſe on agriculture, Dog. 
The ſon of Heſtiæus of Tarentum, was a 
follower of the Pythagorean philoſophy, and 
an able aſtronomer and geometrician. He 
redeemed his maſter, Plato, from the hands 
of the tyrant Dionyſus, and for his virtues, 


he was ſeven times choſen, by his fellow 


Citizens, governor of Tarentum. He in- 
3 


A; 


vented ſome mathematical inſtruments, and 
made a wooden pigeon which could fly, 
He periſhed in a ſhipwreck, about 394 
years before the Chriſtian era. He is alto 
the reputed inventor of the ſcrew and the 
pulley. A fragment of his writings has been 
preſerved by Porphyry, Horat. 1, od. 28. 
Cic. 3, de Orat.—Diog. in wit, 

ARCITENENS, an epithet applied ty 
Apollo, from his bearing a bow, with 
which, as ſoon as born, he deſtroyed the 
ſerpent Python. Firg. An. 3, v. 75. 

ArcTinus, a Mileſian poet, ſaid to be 
pupil to Homer, Dionyſ. Hal. 1. 

ARrCTOPHYLAX, a ſtar near the great bear, 
called alſo Bootes. Cic. de Nat. D. 2, c. gz, 

ArcTos, a mountain near Propontis, in. 
habited by giants and monſters, Two ce- 
leſtial conſtellations ncar the north pole, 
commonly called Urſa Major and Minot, 
ſuppoſed to be Arcas and his mother, who 
were made conſtellations. Firg. G. 1.—4. 
ratus, Ovid. Faſt. 35 v. 107. 

ARCTURUSsS, a ſtar near the tail of the 
great bear, whoſe riſing and ſetting was ge- 
nerally ſuppoſed to portend great tempeſts. 
Horat. 3, od. 1. The name is derived from 
its ſituation, apxrO- urſus, ovpa canda, It 
riſes now about the beginning of October, 
and Pliny tells us it roſe in his age on the 
12th, or, according to Columella, on the 
5th of September. 

ARDALVUS, a ſon of Vulcan, faid to hare 
been the firſt who invented tne pipe. He 
gave it to the Muſes, who on that account 
have been called Ardalides, and Ardaliotide:. 
Pauf. 2, c. 31. 

ArxvaANIA, a country of Egypt. Strab. 

ARDAXANUS, a ſmall river of Illyricum, 
Pelyb. 

ARDEA, formerly Ardua, a town of La- 
tium, built by Danae, or according to ſome, 
by a fon of Ulyſſes and Circe, It was the 
capital of the Rutuli. Some ſoldiers ſet it 
on tire, and the inhabitants publicly re- 
ported, that their city had been changed 
into a bird, called by the Latins Ardea. It 
was rebuilt, and it became a rich and mag- 
nificent city, whoſe enmity to Rome ren- 
dered it famous. Tarquin the Proud was 
preſſing it with a fiege, when his ſon ravt- 
ſhed Lucretia. C. Nep. in Attic, 14.,—L. 
I, e. 37. I. 3, e. 71. . e. % Oc 
Virg. An. 7, v. 412. — Ovid. Met. 1, fab. 
573.—Strab. 5. 

ARDERICCA, a ſmall town on the Eu- 
phrates, north of Babylon. 

ARDIEZI, a town of Illyricum, whole 
capital was called Ardia. Strab. 7. 

ARDONEA, a town of Apulia, Liu. 24 
c. 20. 

ARZDUA, an ancient name of Ardea. Fig: 
En. Ty V. E 1. 


ARDUENNS 


AR 
the t11 
miles 
Nervii 
Gall. | 


that t! 
gus, 
camp 
genity 
and ot 
to the 
blood! 
nerall 
which 
ſtitute 
crops, 
it, wh 
naus, 
Judge: 
not k 
ſome 
greate 
ligiou 
mem! 
ed the 
the la 
Was 0 
mem! 
ally 0 


nts, and 
uld fly. 
1 
e is alſo 
and the 
has been 
d. 28.— 


dlied to 
o, With 
yed the 
75. 

1d to be 


eat bear, 
2, C. 42, 
2Nt1s, in. 
Two ce- 
th pole, 
| Minof, 
er, Who 
1.—4. 


of the 
was ge- 
empeſts. 
ed from 
nda, Ir 
October, 
e on the 
, on the 


| to have 
pe. He 

account 
aliotide:. 


Strab. 
lyricum, 


n of La- 
to ſome, 
was the 
ers ſet it 
licly re- 
changed 
dea. It 


3 


ARDUENNA, a large foreſt of Gaul, in 
the time of J. Cæſar, which extended 50 
miles from the Rhine to the borders of the 
Nervil. Jacit. 8. Ann. c. 42.—Caf. bell. 
Gall. 6, C. 29. 

AxzDUi1NE, the goddeſs of hunting among 
the Gauls. 

ArDYENSSs, a nation near the Rhone, 
Polyb. 3- 

ARDYS, a ſon of Gyges, king of Lydia, 
who reigned 49 years, took Priene, and 
made war againſt Miletus. Herodot. 1, c. 
15. 
"AREACIDE, a nation of Numidia, Po- 
lyb. 

Arras, a general choſen by the Greeks 
againſt Ætolia. Tuſtin. 24, C. 1. 

ArEGONI1s, the mother of Mopſus by 
Ampyx. Orph. in Argon. 

ArtELATUM, a town of Gallia Narbonen- 
fis. Strab. 4.—Mela. 2, c. 5. 

ARELLIUS, acelebrated painter of Rome, 
in the age of Auguſtus, He painted the 
goddeſſes in the form of his miſtreſſes. Plz, 
35 e. 10. A miſer in Horat. 

AREMORICA, a part of Gaul, which at- 
terwards received the name of Aquitania. 
Plin. 4. 

rok & Arene, a city of Meſſenia, in 
Peloponneſus. Homer. II. 2. 

ARENACUM, a town of Germany. T acit, 
H. 5, c. 20. 

ArroPAGITE, the judges of the Areo- 
pagus, a feat of juſtice on a {mall eminence 
near, Athens, whoſe name is derived from 
a- ray, the hill of Mars, becauſe Mars 
was the firſt who was tried there, for the 
murder of Hallirhotius, who bad offered vio- 
lence to his daughter Alcippe. Some ſay 
that the place received the name of Areopa- 
gus, becauſe the Amazons pitched their 
camp there, and offered ſacrifices to their pro- 
genitor Mars, when they beſieged Athens; 
and others maintain, that the name was given 
to the place, becauſe Mars is the god of 
bloodſhed, war and murder, which were ge- 
nerally puniſhed by that court. The time in 
which this celebrated ſeat of juſtice was in- 
ſtituted, is unknown. Some {ſuppoſe that Ce- 
crops, the founder of Athens, firſt eſtabliſhed 
it, while others give the credit of it to Cra- 
naus, and others to Solon. The number of 
Judges that compoſed this auguſt aſſembly, is 
not known. They have been limited by 
lome to , to 31, to 51, and ſometimes to a 
greater number. The moſt worthy and re- 
ligious of the Athenians were admitted as 
members, and ſuch archons as had diſcharg- 
ed their duty with care and faithfulneſs. In 
the latter ages of the republic, this obſervance 
was often violated, and we find ſome of their 
members of looſe and debauched morals. If 
auy of them was convicted of immorality, if 


3 


they were ſeen fitting at a tavern, or bad 
uſed any indeccntlanguage, they were iime- 
diately expelled from the aſſembly, and held 
in the greateſt diſgrace, though the dignity 
of a judge of the Areopagus always was for 
life. The Areopagites took cognizance of 

murders, impiety, and immoral behaviour, 

and particularly of idleneſs, which they 

deemed the cauſe of all vice. They watch- 

ed over the laws, and they had the manage- 

ment of the public treaſury; they had the 

liberty of rewarding the virtuous, and of in- 

flicting ſevere puniſhment upon ſuch as 

blaſphemed againſt the gods, or flighted the 

celebration of the holy myfleries They 

always fat in the open air, becauſe they 

took cognizance of murder; and by their 

laws, it was not permitted tor the murderer 

and nis accuſer to be both under the ſame 

roof. This cuſtom alſo might originate be- 

cauſe the perſons of the judges were ſacred, 

and they were afraid of contracting pollu- 
tion by converſing in the ſame houſe with 

men who had been guilty of ſhedding in- 

nocent blood. They always heard cauſes 

and paſſed ſentence in the night, that they 

might not be prepoſicfied in favor of the 
plaintiſf or of the defendant by ſeeing them. 
Whatever caufes were pleaded betore them, 
were to be diveſted of all oratory and fine 

(peaking, left cloquence thould charm their 
ears, and corrupt their judgment. Hence a- 
roſe the moſt juſt and moſt impartial dtci- 
ſions, and their tentence was deemed ſacred 
and inviolable, and the plaintiff and defen- 
dant were equally convinced of its juſtice. 
The Arcopagites generally fat on the 27th, 
28th and 29th day of every month. Their 
authority continued in its original ſtate, till 
Pericles, who was retuſed admittance among 
them, reſolved to leſſen their conſequence, 
and deſtroy their power. From that time 
the morals of the Athenians were corruptedy 
and the Areopagites were no longer conſpi- 
cuous for their virtue and juſtice; and when 
they cenſured the debaucheries of Demetri- 
us, one of the family of Phalereus, he plain- 
ly told them, that if they wiſhed to make 
a reform in Athens, they muſt begin at 
home. 

AREOPAGVUS, a hill in the neighbourhood 
of Athens, Vid. Arcopagite. 

ARESTE, a people of India, conquered 
by Alexander. Tuſtin. 12, c. 8. 

ARESTHANAS, a country man, whoſe goat 
ſuckled Æſculapius, when expoſed by his 
mother. Pauſ. 2, c. 26. 

ARESTORIDES, a patronymic given to 
the hundred-eyed Argus, as ſon of Areſtor. 
Ovid. Met. 1, v. 584. 

ArETA, the mother of Ariſtippus the 
philoſopher. Laert. 2. A daughter of 
Dionyſus, who married Dion, She was 

| thrown 


— — 


—— — wean 
———_— — 


— 9 
— 0 wb 1 4 
— III—  -- 

- 


— 
—— 


. Hygin. fab. 157. 


- — — — — 


A R 


thrown into the ſea. Plut. in Dion. A 
female philoſopher of Cyrene, B. C. 377. 
A daughter of Rhexenor, deſcended 
from Neptune, who married her uncle Al- 
einous, by whom ſhe had Nauſicaa. Homer 
Od. 7 & 8.—Apolled. 1. 

ARETAUs, a phyſician of Cappadocia, 
very inquiſitive after the operations of na- 
ture. His treatiſe on agues has been much 
admired. The beſt edition of his works 
which are extant, is that of Boerhaave, L. 
Bat. fol, 1735. 

ARETAPHYLA, the wife of Melanippus, 

prieſt of Cyrene. Nicocrates murdered her 
nuſband to marry her. She, however, was 
ſo attached to Melanippus, that ſhe endea- 
voured to poiſon Nicocrates, and at Jaſt 
cauſed him to be aſſaſſinated by his brother 
Lyſander, whom ſhe married. Lyſander 
proved as cruel as his brother, upon which 
Aretaphila ordered him to be thrown into 
the ſea. After this ſhe retired to a private 
Ration, Plut. de Virtut. Mulier.—Polyzn, 
8, c. 38. 

ARETALES, a Cnidian, who wrote an 
hiſtory of Macedonia, beſides a treatiſe on 
iſlands. Plut. 

ArFtTE. Vid. Areta. 

ArETEs, ond of Alexander's officers. 
Curt. 4, c. 15. 

ARETHRUSA, a nymph of Elis, daughter 
of Oceanus, and one of Diana's attendants. 
As fhe returned one day from hunting, ſhe 
fat near the Alpheus, and bathed in the 
ſtream. The god of the river was enamoured 
of her, and he purſued her over the moun- 
tains and all the country, when Arethuſa, 
ready to fink under fatigue, implored Diana, 
who changed her into a fountain. The Al- 
_ immediately mingled his ſtreams with 

ers, and Diana opened a ſecret paſſage under 
the earth and under the fea, where the 
waters of Arethuſa diſappeared, and roſe in 
the iſland of Ortygia, near Syracuſe in Sicily. 
The river Alpheus followed her alſo under 
the ſea, and roſe alſo in Ortygia; ſo that, as 
mythologiſts relate, whatever is thrown into 
the Alpheus in Elis, riſes again, after ſome 
time, in the fountain Arethuſa ncar Syra- 
cuſe. Vid. Alpheus, — Ovid. Met. 5, fab. 10. 
— Athen. 7. Pauſ.—One of the Heſpe- 
rides. Apollod. 2, c. 5. A daughter of 
Herileus, mother of Abas, by Neptune. 
One of Actæon's dogs. 
Hygin. fab. 181. A lake of upper Ar- 
menia, near the fountains of the Tigris. 
Nothing can fink under its waters. Plin. 2, 
c. 103. 

ARETINUM, a Roman colony in Etruria, 
Ital. 5. v. 123. 

ARETUS, a ion of Neſtor and Anaxibia. 
Homer. Od. 3. A Trojan againfl the 
Greeks, He was Killed by Automedon. 


AR 


Homer. Il. 17. A famous warrior, whoſe 
only weapon was an iron club, He was 
treacherouſly killed by Lycurgus, king of 
Arcadia. Pau 35 C. 11. 

Akkus, a king of Sparta, preferred in 
the ſucceſſion to Cleonymus, brother of 
Acrotatus, who had made an alliance with 
Pyrrhus. He aſſiſted Athens when Antigo- 
nus beſieged it, and died at Corinth, 
Pauſ. 3, c. 6.—Plut. A king ef 
Sparta, who ſucceeded his father Acrotatus 
2d, and was ſucceeded by his ſon Leonidas, 
ſon of Cleony mus. A philoſopher of 
Alexandria, intimate with Auguſtus. Sue. 
ton. A poet of Laconia. An orator 
mentioned by Cel. 

Arcus & ArcEvs, a ſon of Apollo 
and Cyrene. ee 19 . . A ſon of 
Perdiccas, who ſucceeded his father in the 
kingdom of Macedonia. Jin. 7, c. 1 — 
A mountain of Cappadocia, covered with 
perpetual ſnows, at the bottom of which is 
the capital of the country called Maxara, 
Claudian. A ſon of Ptolemy, killed by 
his brother. Pauf. 1,——A ſon of Licym- 
nius. Apollod. 2. 

ARGXLvs, a king of Sparta, ſon of Amy. 


clas. Pauſ. 3, c. 1. 


ARGATHSNA, a huntreſs of Cios in Bi- 
thynia, whom Rheſus married before he 
went to the Trojan war. When ſhe heard 
of his death, ſhe died in deſpair. Partien. 
Erotic. c. 36. 

Axcarnövivs, a king of Tarteſſus, 
who, according to Plin. 7, c. 48, lived 120 
years, and zoo according to Ital. 3, v. 396. 

ARGE, a beautiful huntreſs, changed into 
a ſtag by Apollo. Hygin. fab. 205. One 
of the Cyclops. Hefiod. A daughter of 
Theſpius, by whom Hercules had two ſons. 
Apollod, 2. A nymph, daughter of 
Jupiter and Juno. Apollod. 1. ; 

ARGEA, a place at Rome, where certain 
Argives were buried. 

ARrGAATHE, a village of Arcadia, Pau. 
8, c. 23. 

ARGENNUM, a promontory of Ionia. 

ARGES, a ſon of Cœlus and Terra, wha 
had only one eye in his forehead. Apallod. 
ty . 

ARGESTRATUsS, a king of Lacedæmon, 
who reigned 35 years. 

ARGEUSs, a fon of Perdiccas, king of Ma- 
cedonia, who obtained the kingdom when 
Amyntas was depoſed by the Illyrians. 
Juſlin. 7, c. 2. 

ARG1, {plur. maſc.] Vid. Argos. 

ARGia, daughter of Adraſtus, married 
Polynices, whom ſhe loved with uncommon 
tenderneſs, When he was killed in the wary 
ſhe buried his body in the night, againſt the 
poſitive orders of Creon, for which pious 


| action the was puniſhed with death. Theſcus 
revenge 


revenge 
tab. 69 
gone & 
neſus, C 
was the 
Hygin. 
mother 
ther of 


ARG 
Palatiur 
kept th 
Martial 

ARG 
nias, W 
dence v 
C. Nep. 

ARG 
the Nil. 

Ac 
Strymo 
Hucyd. 

ARG 
contine 
where t 
ed by C 

ARO 

ARG 


cury, | 
Argus, 


to all tl 
ARc 
vately | 
garden: 
ARc 
Which 


whoſe 
> was 


ng of 


ed in 
er of 
with 
tigo- 
rinth. 
g of 
Nats 
nidas, 
Er of 
Sue 
orator 


\ pollo 
ſon of 
n the 
| with 
uch is 
axara, 
led by 
ſeym- 


Amy - 


in Bi- 
re he 
heard 
then, 


te ſſus, 
-d 120 
7. 396. 
d into 
— One 
iter of 
o ſons. 
er of 


-ertain 
Pau, 


lia. 
, wha 


(pal. l od. 
mon, 


f Ma- 
when 
yrians. 


uarried 
mmon 
de war, 
aſt the 

pious 
heſcus 
cenged. 


A R 

revenged her death by killing Creon. Hygin. 
tab. 69 & 72.—Stat, Theb. 12. [ Vid. Anti- 
gone & Creon.} A — of Pelopon- 
neſus, called alſo Argolis, of which Argos 
was the capital. -One of the Oceanides. 
Hygin. praf.—The wife of Inachus, and 
mother of Io. Id. fab. 145. Tie mo- 
ther of Argos, by Polybus. Id. fab. 145. 
— A daughter of Auteſion, who married 
Ariſtodemus, by whom ſhe had two ſons, 
Euryſthenes, and Procles. Apollod, 2.— 
Pauſ. 4, c. 3. 

ARrG1AS, a man who founded Chalcedon, 
A. U. C. 148. 

ARGILETUM, a place at Rome, near the 
Palatium, where the tradeſmen generally 
kept their ſhops. Virg. An. 8, v. 355.— 
Martial. 1, ep. 4. | 

ARGIL1VUS, a favorite youth of Pauſa- 
nias, who revealed his maſter's correſpon- 
dence with the Perſian king, to the Ephori. 
C. Nep. in Pau. 

ARXGILLUS, a mountain of Egypt, near 
the Nile. 

AxciLvus, a town of Thrace, near the 
Strymon, built by a colony of Andrians. 
Thucyd. 4, c. 103.—Heredot. 7, c. 115. 

ARrcinUsEz, three ſmall iflands near the 
continent between Mitylene and Methy mna, 
where the Lacedæmonian fleet was conquer- 
ed by Conon the Athenian. Straß. 13. 

AR OE, a nymph of mount Parnaſſus. 

ARGIPHONTES, a ſirname given to Mer- 
cury, becauſe he #i//e4 the hundred- eyed 
Argus, by order of Jupiter. 

ARGIPPE1, a nation among the Sauroma- 
tians, born bald, and with flat noſes. They 
lived upon trees. Herodot. 4, c. 23. 

ARGIVA, a firname of Juno, worſhipped 
at Argos. Virg. An. 3, v. 547. 

Akeivt, the inhabitants of the city of 
Argos and the neighbouring country. The 
word 1s indiſcriminately applied by the poets 
to all the inhabitants of Grecce. 

ARG1vUs, a ſteward of Galba, who pri- 
vately interred the body of his maſter in his 
gardens, Tacit. Hift. 1, c. 49. 

ARGo, the name of the famous ſhip 
Which carried Jaſon and his 54 companions 
to Colchis, wien they reſolved to recover 
the golden fleece, The derivation of the 
word Argo has been often diſputed. Some 
Grive it from Argos, the perſon who firſt 
Propoled the expedition, and who built the 
ſhip. Others maintain that it was built at 
Argos, whence its name. Cicero, Tuſc. 1, 
c. 20, calls it Argo, becauſe it carried Gre- 
clans, commonly called Argives. Diod. 4, 
deres the word from «py@-, which ſigni- 

hes ſroife, Ptolem ſays, but falſely, that 

ercules built the thip, and called it Argo, 
Mer a ſon of Jaſon, who bore the ſame 


tame, The ſhip Argo had 50 oars. Ac- 


* to be ſacrificed, the ram took them 
* 


A R 


cording to many authors, ſhe had a beam on 
her prow, cut in the foreſt of Dodona by 
Minerva, which had the power of giving 
oracles to the Argonauts, This ſhip was 
the firſt that ever ſailed on the ſea, as ſome 
report. After the expedition was finiſhed, 
Jaſon ordered her to be drawn a ground at 
tne Iſthmus of Corinth, and conſecrated to 
the god of the ſea. The poets have made 
her a conſtellation in heaven. Jaſon was 
killed by a beam which fell from the top, 
as he ſlept on the ground near it, Hygin. 
fab. 14. 4. P. 2, c. 37,—Catull, De Nupt. 
Pel. & Thet,—PAal. Flacc. 1, v. 93, &c.— 
Phedr. 4, fab. 6. Seneca in Medea.—4- 
Pellon. Argen. —Apollod. 1.—Cic. de Nat. D. 
—Plin, 7, c. 56. - Mani. 1. 

ARGOLICUS SINUS, a bay on the coaſt 
of Argolis. 

ARc drs and ARG1A,a country of Pelo- 
ponneſus between Arcadia and the Ægean 
ſea. Its chief city was called Argos. 

Ago, one of the deſcendants of Hercu- 
les, who reigned in Lydia 505 years before 
Gyges. Herodot. 1, c. 7. 

ARC ON AUT, a name given to thoſe an- 
cient heroes who went with Jaſon on board 
the ſhip Argo to Colchis, about 79 years 
before the taking of Troy, or 1263 B. C. 
The cauſes of this expedition aroſe from the 
following circumſtance :—Athamas, king 
of Thebes, had married Ino, the daughter of 
Cadmus, whom he divorced to marry Ne- 
phele, by whom he had two children, 
Phryxus and Helle. As Nephele was ſubje& 
to certain fits of madneſs, Athamas repudi- 
ated her, and took a ſecond time Ino, by 
whom he had ſoon after two ſons, Learchus 
and Melicerta, As the children of Nephele 
were to ſucceed to their father by right of 
birth, Ino conceived an immortal hatred 
againſt them, and ſhe cauſed the city of 
Thebes to be viſited by a peſtilence, by poi- 
ſoning all the grain which had been ſown 
in the earth. Upon this the oracle was con- 
ſulted; and as it had been corrupted by means 
of Ino, the anſwer was, that Nephele's 
children ſhould be immolated to the gods. 
Phryxus was apprized of this, and he imme - 
diately embarked with his ſiſter Helle, and 
fled to the court of Aetes, king of Colchis, 
one of his near relations. In the voyage 
Helle died, and Phry xus arrived ſafe at Col- 
chis, and was received with kindneſs by the 
king, The poets have embelliſhed the 
flight of Phryxus, by ſuppoſing that he and 
Helle fled through the air on a ram which 
had a golden fleece and wings, and was en- 
dowed with the faculties of ſpeech. This 
ram, as they ſay, was the offspring of Nep= 
tune's amours, under the form of a ram, 
with the nymph Theophane. As they were 


on 


* 


N 
| 
| 


1 
| 


S „ 22222. Ez —— — ů ˖*—— ————— 


_— 


2— — 


— 


XK I" 


2 _—_—_— 
— —— - 


E o - 
—— — — —— ̃ — — — 
= 2 — 


ä—ꝓ——— — ͥ́ꝙͤſſ — ———— —— ———— 
* 


A R 


en his back, and inſtantly diſappeared in 
the air. On their way Helle was giddy, 
and fell into that part of the ſea which from 
her was called the Helleſpont. When 
Phryxus came to Colchis, he ſacrificed the 
ram to Jupiter, or, according to others, to 
Mars, to whom he alſo dedicated the golden 
fleece. He ſoon after married Chalciope the 
daughter of Æctes; but his father-in-law 
envied him the poſſeſſion of the golden 
fleece, and therefore, to obtain it, he mur- 
dered him. Some time after this event, 
when Jafon, the ſon of Æſon, demanded 
of his uncle Pelias the crown which he 
uſurped [wid. Pelias, Jaſon, Afon.] Pe- 
las ſaid that he would reſtore it to him, 
provided he avenged the death of their com- 
mon relation Phryxus, whom Metes had 
baſely murdered in Colchis. Jaſon, who was 
in the vigor of youth, and of an ambitious 
foul, chearrully undertook the expedition, 
and embarked with all the young princes of 
Greece in the ſhip Argo. They ſtopped at 
the iſland of Lemnos, where they remained 
two years, and raiſed a new race of men 
from the Lemnian women who had murdered 
their huſbands. [Vid. Hypſipyle.] After 
they had left Lemnos, they viſited Samo- 
thrice, where they offered ſacrifices to the 
gods, and thence paſſed to Troas and to Cy- 
zicum. Here they met with a favorable re- 
ception from Cyzicus the King of the country. 
The night after their departure, they were 
driven back by a ſtorm again on the coaſt of 
Cyzicum, and the inhabitants, ſuppoſing 
them to betheirenemies the Pelaſgi, furiouſly 
attacked them. In this nocturnal engage- 
ment the ſlaughter was great, and Cyzicus 
was killed by the hand of Jaſon, who, to 
expiate the murder he had ignorantly com- 
mitted, buried him in a magnificent manner, 
and oftercd a ſacrifice to the mother of the 
gods, to wliom he built a temple on mount 
Dyndymus. From Cyzicum they viſited 
Bebrycia, otherwiſe called Bithynia, where 
Pollux accepted the challenge of Amycus 
king of the country, in the combat of the 
ceſtus, and flew him. They were driven 
from Bebrycia, by a ſtorm, to Salmydeſſa, on 
the coaſt of Thrace, where they delivered 
Phineus, king of the place, from the perſe- 
cution of the harpies, Phineus directed their 
courſe through the Cyanean rock or the 
Symplegades, [ Vid. Cyane g. ] and they ſafely 
entered the Euxine ſea. They viſited the 
country of the Mariandinians, where Lycus 
reigned, and loſt two of their companions, 
Idmon, and Tiphis their pilor. After they 
bad left this coaſt, they were driven upon the 
and of Arecia, where they found the 
children of Phryxus, whom AÆetes their 
grandfather had ſent to Greece to take pol- 


ſeſſion of their father's kingdom. From this | 


A R 


iſland they at laſt arrived ſafe in a, the 
capital of Colchis. Jaſon explained the 
cauſes of his voyage to /Eetes; but the con- 
ditions on which he wasto recover the golden 
fleece, were ſo hard, that the Argonauts muſt 
have periſhed in the attempt, had not Medea, 
the king's daughter, fallen in love with their 
leader: She had a conference with Jaſon, 
and after mutual oaths of fidelity in the 
temple of Hecate, Medea pledged herſelf to 
deliver the Argonauts from her father's hard 
conditions, if Jaſon married her, and carried 
her with him to Greece, He was to tame 
two bulls, which had brazen feet and horns, 
and which vomited clouds of fire and ſmoke, 
and to tie them to a plough made of adamant 
ſtone, and to plough a field of two acres of 
ground never before cultivated. After this 
he was to ſow in the plain, the teeth ofa 
dragon, from which an armed multitude were 
to riſe up, and to be all deftroyed by his hands, 
This done, he was to kill an ever-watchful 
dragon, which was at the bottom of the tree, 
on which the golden fleece was ſuſpended. 
All thefe labors were to be performed in 
one day; and Medca's aſſiſtance, whoſe 
knowledge of herbs, magic and potions 
was unparalleled, eaſily extricated Jaſon from 
al} danger, to the aſtoniſhment and terror 
of his companions, and of Eetes, and the 
people of Colchis, who had affembled to 
be ſpectators of this wonderful action. He 
tamed the bulls with caſe, ploughed the 
field, ſowed the dragon's teeth, and when 
the armed men ſprang from the earth, he 
threw a ftone in the midſt of them, and 
they immediately turned their weapons 
one againſt the other, till they all periſhed. 
After this he went to the dragon, and by 
means of enchanted herbs, and a draught 
which Medea had given him, he lulled the 
monſter to ſleep, and obtained the golden 
fleece, and immediately ſet ſail with Medea, 
He was ſoon purſued by Abſyrtus, the 
king's ſon, who came up to them, and was 
ſeized and murdered by Jaſon and Medea. 
The mangled limbs of Abſyrtus were ſtrewed 
in the way through which etes was to 
paſs, that his farther purſuit might be 
ſtopped. After the murder of Abſyrtus, 
they entered the Palus Mzotis, and by put- 
ſuing their courſe towards the left, according 
to the fooliſh account of poets who were 8, 
norant of geography, they came to the iſland 
Peuceſtes, and to that of Circe. Here Circe 
informed Jaſon, that the cauſe of all his ca- 
lamities aroſe from the murder of Abſyttus, 
of which ſhe refuſed to expiate him. Soon 
after, they entered the Mediterranean by the 
columns of Hercules, and paſſed the ſtraits o 
Charybdis and Scylla, where they muſt * 
periſhed, had not Tethys, the miſtreſs 0 


Peleus, one of the Argonauts, delivered hs 


They w 
eloquent 
iſland o 
enemy's 
ſuit by: 
reſolved 
had not 
the wife 
try, ben 
Colchiar 
privately 
that the c 
void. Fr 
the bay 
driven by 
and after 
of the pre 
neſus, wh 
der of A 
in Theſſa 
voyage is 
gives ano 
He ſays, 
one of th 
Abſyrtus 
mouth of 
tinued thi 
waters de 
Carry the 
Adriatic, 
met with 
meaſures, 
ner over t 
ately put 
of Dodona 
Jaſon ſhox 
not previo 
this they 
Circe, whi 
witho 
u athird tr 
returned to 
many plac! 
kas been c. 
world; it 
unters, an 
deulus, St; 
among the 
ly Called 
indar, and 
Wen an ac; 


culars. 


Not exactly 


om the var 
en of the 
mM of ſc 
ef of tl 
Aaftus ſon 
, Admet 


t Apollo, 


Woleme, ; 
us fon of 
eus, Amj 


A R 


were preſerved from the Sirens by the 


, the vence of Orpheus, and arrived in the 
a the may of the 2 where they met the 
9 1-4 enemy's fleet, which had continued their pur- 
,olden ſuit by a different courſe. It was therefore 
s muſt reſolved, that Medea ſhould he reftored, if ſhe 
ledea, had not been actually married to Jan but 
\ their the wife of Alcinous, the king of the coun- 
Jaſon, ur, being appointed umpire between the 
in the Colchians and Argonauts, had the marriage 
ſelf to grivately conſummated by night, and declared 
s hard that the claims of Æetes to Medea were now 
carried void. From Phæacia the Argonauts came to 
Ane the bay of Ambracia, whence they were 
horns, driven by a ſtorm upon the coaſt of Africa, 
[moke, and after many diſaſters at laſt came in fight 
lamant of the promontory of Melea in the Pelopon- 
eres of neſus, where Jaſon was purified of the mur- 
ter this der of Abſyrtus, and ſoon after arrived ſafe 
th ofa in Theſſaly. The impracticability of ſuch a 
de were voyage is well known. Apollonius Rhodius 
hands. gives another account, equally improbable. 
Fatchful He ſays, that they ſailed from the Euxine up 
he tree, one of the mouths of the Danube, and that 
pended. Abſyrtus purſued them by entering another 
rmed in mouth of the river. After they had con- 
whoſe tinued their voyage for ſome leagues, the 
potions waters decreaſed, and they were obliged to 
ſon from carry the ſhip Argo acroſs the country to the 
d terror Adriatic, upwards of 150 miles. Here they 
and the met with Abſyrtus,wio had purſued the ſame 
nbled to meaſures, and conveyed his ſhips in like man- 
on, He ner over the land. Abſyrtus was immedi- 
ghed the ately put to death; and ſoon after, the beam 
nd when of Dodona [ Vid. Argo.] gave an oracle, that 
earth, he Jaſon ſhould never return home if he was 
em, and not previouſly purified of the murder. Upon 
weapons this they ſailed to the iſland of a, where 
periſhed. Circe, who was the fiſter of Æetes, expiated 
„ and by kim without knowing who he was. There 
| draught bathurd tradition, which maintains, that they 
julled the returned to Colchis a ſecond time, and viſited 
de golden many places of Aſia. This famous expedition 
h Medea. u been celebrated in the ancient ages of the 
rtus, tue world; it has employed the pen of many 
, and was unters, and among the hiſtorians, Diodorus 
d Medea. deulus, Strabo, Apollodorus and Juſtin ; and 
re ſtrewed among the poets, Onamacritus, more gene- 
es was to ally called Orpheus, Apollonius Rhodius, 
might be Findar, and Valerius Flaccus, have extenſivelj 
Abſyrtus, wen an account of its moſt remarkable par- 
nd by Put- lars, The number of the Argonauts is 
according pt exactly known; the following liſt is drawn 
bo Wer 11 om the various authors who have made men- 
o the illan 01 of the Argonautic expedition. Jaſon, 
Here 2 mn of Bon, as is well known, was the 
all bis ca- nel of the reſt. His companions were 
f - Abſyrtus, Kaltus ſon of Pelias, Actor ſon of Hippa- 
aim. w 1 Admetus ſon of Pheres, Æſculapius ſon 
mean by Apollo, Ætalides ſon of Mercury and 
the 45 I Poleme, Almenus ſon of Mars, Amphia- 
muſt 1 W loa of CEcleus, Amphidamus ſon of 
—_— us, Amphion ſon of Hyperafius, Anceus 
ver 
They 


AR 


a ſon of Lycurgus, and another of the ſame 
name, Areus, Argus the builder of the thi 
Argo, Argus ſon of Phryxus, Armenus, Af- 
calaphus ſon of Mars, Aſterion fon of Co- 
metes, Aſterius ſon of Neleus, Augeas ſori of 
Sol, Atalanta daughter of Schœneus, dif- 
guiſed in a man's dreſs, Autolycus ſon of 
Mercury, Azorus, Buphagus, Butes ſon of 
Teleon, Calais fon of Boreas, Canthus ſon 
of Abas, Caſtor ſon of Jupiter, Ceneus ſon 
of Elatus, Cepheus ſon of Aleus, Cius, Cly- 
tius and Iphitus ſons of Eurythus, Coronus, 
Deucalion ſon of Minos, Echion ſon of Mer- 
cury and Antianira, Ergynus ſon of Neptune, 
Euphemus ſon of Neptune and Macionaſſa, 
Eribotes, Euryalus ſon of Ciſteus, Eurydamas 
and Eurythion ſons of Iras, Eurytus ſon of 
Mercury, Glaucus, Hercules ſon of Jupiter, 
Idas ſon of Aphareus, Ialmenus ſon of Mars, 
Idmon ſon of Abas, Iolaus ſon of Iphiclus, 
Iphiclus ſon of Theſtius, Iphiclus ſon of 
Philacus, Iphis ſon of Alector, Lynceus ſon 
of Aphareus, Iritus ſon of Naubolus, Laer- 
tes ſon of Arceſius, Laocoon, Leodatus fon 
of Bias, Leitus ſon of Alector, Meleager ſoa 
of CEneus, Menœtius fon of Actor, Mopſus 
ſon of Amphycus, Nauplius ſon of Neptune, 
Neleus the brother of Pelias, Neſtor ſon of 
Neleus, Oileus the father of Ajax, Orpheus 
ſon of CEager, Palemon ſon of Ætolus, Pe- 
leus and Telamon ſons of acus, Pericly- 
menes {on of Neleus, Peneleus ſon of Hi- 
palmus, Philoctetes ſon of Pœan, Phlias, 
Pollux fon of Jupiter, Polyphemus ſon of 
Elates, Pœas ſon of Thaumacus, Phanus ſon 
of Bacchus, Phalerus ſon of Alcon, Phocas 
and Priaſus ſons of Ceneus one of the Lapithæ, 
Talaus, Tiphys ſon of Aginus, Staphilus ſon 
of Bacchus, two of the name of Iphitus, 
Theſeus ſon of Ægeus, with his friend Piri- 
thous. Among theſe Æſculapius was phy- 
hcian, and Tiphys was pilot. 

 ARGos, ing. neut. & Argi, maſc. plur. } 
an ancient city, capital of Argolis in Pelo- 
ponneſus, about two miles from the ſea, on 
the bay called Argolicus fires, Juno was 
the chief deity of the place. The kingdom 
of Argos was founded by Inachus, 1856 
years before the Chriſtian era, and afterwards 
it was united to the crown of Mycenz. Ar- 
gos was built according to Euripides. Iphig. 
in Aulid. v. 152, 534, by ſeven Cyclops, 
who came from Syria. Theſe Cyclops were 
not Vulcan's workmen. The nine firſt kings 
of Argos were called Inachides, in honor of 
the founder. Their names were Inachus, 
Phoroneus, Apis, Argus, Chryaſus, Phorbas, 
Triopas, Stelenus and Gelanor. Gelanor 
gave a kind reception to Danaus, whodrove 
him from his kingdom in return for his 
hoſpitality. The deſcendants of Danaus 
were called Bel:des. Agamemnon was king 
of Argos during the Trojan war; and 80 
years 


— a — 


— — = —— — — 


— — 2 ˖ ·  OOI——_ oo 


A R 


years aſter, the Heraclidæ ſeized the Pelopon- 
neſus, and depoſed the monarchs. The in- 
habitants of Argos were called Argivi and 
Argolici ; and this name has been often ap- 
plied to all the Greeks, without diſtinction. 
Plin, 2, c. 56. Pauſ. 2, c. 15, &c.—lTorat. 
1, od. 7. lian. V. H. 9. c. 15,—Strab. 
.- Mela. 1, c. 13, &c. 1. 2, c. 3.—ULirg. 
Eu. 1, v. 40, &c. A town of Theſſaly, 
called Pelaſgicon by the Pelaſgians, Lucan. 
6. v. 3535. Another in Epirus, called 
Amphilochium. 

ARrGvs, a king of Argos, who reigned 70 
years, A ſon of Arcſtor, whence he is 
often called Arefforides. He married Iſmene, 

the daughter of the Aſopus. As he had an 
hundred eyes, of which only two were afleep 
at one time, Juno ſet him to watch Io,whom 
Jupiter had changed into a heifer; but Mer- 
cury, by order of Jupiter, ſlew him, by lulling 
all his eyes aſleep with the ſound of his lyre. 
Juno put the eyes of Argus on the tail of 
the peacock, a bird ſacred to her divinity. 
Meſchus Idyl.—Ovid. Met. 1. fab. 12 & 13. 
—Propert. 1, v. 585, &c. el. 3.—Apollod. 1, 
S. 9. 1.8. . . A ſon of Agenor. Hygin. 
fab. 145. A ſon of Danaus, who built 
the ſhip Argo. 1d. 14. A ſon of Jupiter 
and Niobe. Id. 145.— A ſon of Pyras and 
Callirhoe. Id. 145.— A fon of Phryxus. 
14. 34——A ſon of Polybus. Id. 14. 
One of Actæon's dogs. AFApollod. A 
dog of Ulyſſes, who knew bis maſter after 
an abſence of 20 years. Homer, Od. 17. 


„ 


ARGYNNIsS, a name of Venus, which 
ſhe received from Argynnus, a favorite youth 
of Agamemnon, who was drowned in the 
Cephiſus. Propert. 3, el. 5, v. 52. 

Axc FA, a nymph greatly beloved by a 
ſhepherd called Selimnus. She was changed 
into a fountain, and the ſhepherd into a river 
of the ſame name, whole waters make 
lovers forget the object of their affections. 
Vid. Selimnus. Pauſ. 7, c. 23.-——A city 
of Troas.—Alſo the native place of Dio- 
dorus Siculus, in Sicily. 

Arc FAs IDs, a Macedonian legion 
which received this name from their ſilver 
helmets. Curt. 4, c. 13. 

ARGYRE, an iſland beyond the mouth of 
the river Indus, abounding in metal. Mela. 
98. 

AROYRI PA, a town of Apulia, built by 
Diomedes after the Trojan war, and called 
by Polybius Argipana. Only ruins remain 
to ſhow where it once ſtood, though the 
place ſtill preſerves the name of Arpi.— 
Virg. Ax. II, v. 246. 

ARIA, a country of Aſia, ſituate at the 
eaſt of Parthia. Mela. 1, c. 2. I. 2, c. 7. 
The wiſe of Pætus Cecinna, of Padua, 
a Roman ſenator who was acc uſed of corſp - 


v 


— ——— — —— on I 


A R | 
racy againſt Claudius, and carried to Rom 


by ſea, She accompanied him, and in the ceede 
boat ſhe ſtabbed herſelt, and preſented the Stratc 
{word to her huſband, who followed her «x. He d 
ample. Plin. 7. 220, 
ARTADNE, daughter of Minds 2d, king thes ti 
of Crete, by Paſiphae, fell in love with The. chia 
ſens, who was ſhut up in the labyrinth tg whond 
be devoured by the Minotaur, and gave bim tiochu: 
a clue of thread, by which he extricated him- his kir 
ſelf from the difficult windings of his con- 1 
finement. After he had Conquered the the inf 
Minotaur, he carried her away according tg His ſor 
the promiſe he had made, and married het; Ipater 
but when he arrived at the ifland of Naxoy 4 
he forſook her, though ſhe was already preg. him Fe 
nant, and repaid his love with the moſt en- to bis > 
dearing tenderneſs. Ariadne was fo &iſcon- ates 
folate upon being abandoned by Theſws, on his 
that ſhe hung herſelf, according to ſome ; friends 
but Plutarch ſays, that ſhe lived may uſu _ 
years after, and had ſome children by Ona- in — \ 
rus, the prieſt of Bacchus. According to he of 
ſome writers, Bacchus loved her after The- viving v 
ſeus had forſaken her, and he gave her a eſca + 
crown of ſeven ſtars, which, after her kin 5 
death, was made a conſtellation. The Ar- Tir 
gives ſhewed Ariadne's tomb, and when had twe 
one of their temples was repaired, her aſhv legitim: 
were found in an earthen urn. Homer, Laodice 
Od. 11, v. 320. ſays, that Diana detained comede 
Ariadne at Naxos. Plat. in Theſ,—Ovid, made w 
Met 8, fab. 2: Hereid. 10. De Art. An. his ne 10 
2, Faſt. 3, v. 462.—Catull. de Nupt. Pd * who ” 
S Het. ep. 61. Hygin. fab. 14, 4 made w 
270.—Apolled. 3, c. 1. 6 dates, b 
Akiæus, an officer who ſucceeded to weſence 
the command of the ſurviving army aftet ſon, 2 c 
the deata of Cyrus the younger, after tis the vcas 
battle of Cunaxa. He made peace win volted x 
Artaxerxes. MXenoph, ther Ari 
AZItANni& ARIENI, a people of Afi. expelled 
Dionyſ. Perieg. 714. | The exile 
ARIANTAS, a king of Scythia, whs and Ni 
yearly ordered every one of his ſubjects u power 5 
preſent him with an arrow. Herodet. 4 in the 405 
c. Br, | | wiſhed tc 
ARIAMNES, a king of Cappadocia, (at Cappadoc 
of Ariarathes 3d. : ceived A 
ARIARATHES, a king of Cappadoci, death of / 


who joined Darius Ochus in his expedital 
againſt Egypt, where he acquired much 
glory. His nephew, the 2d of that name, 
defended his kingdom againſt Perdiccas us 
general of Alexander, but he was defeat? 
and hung on a croſs in the 8 1ſt year of fn 
age, 321 B. C. His ſon Ariarathes * 
3d, eſcaped the maſſacre which attences 
his father and bis followers ; and after i 


the throne 
ith; but 
the eldeſt 
prieft of « 
umpire be 
Oded in f 
reco ered 
Won after ( 


el; 
death of Perdiccas, he recovered Cafe 3 1 
docia, by conquering Amyntas the Macedo "hen * 
nian general. He was ſucceeded by Polrzn 1 
ſvn Ariamnes,—Ariarathes the 4b, * Anker. 
ceccel NICK A 
| 'ytus m; 


T A R 


22 ceeded bis father Ariamnes, and married 
ed the Stratonice, daughter of Antiochus Theos. 
ner ex · He died after a reign of 28 years, B. C. 
220, and was ſuceceded by his ſon Ariara- 
J, king thes the 5th, a prince who married Antio- 
ch Thes chia, the daughter of king Antiochus, 
nth to whom he aſſiſted againit the Romans. An- 
we him tiochus, being defeated, Ariarathes ſaved 
ed him- his kingdom from invaſion by paying the 
is con- Romans a large ſum of money remitted at 
red the the inſtance of theking of Pergamus. 
rding ts His ſon, the 6th of that name, called PA- 


ed het; lopater, from his piety, ſucceeded him 166 


f Naxo⸗ B. C.; an alliance with the Romans ſhielded 
dy preg- him againft the falſe claims that were laid 
noſt en- to his crown by one of the favorites of De- 
\ diſcon- metrius king of Syria. He was maintained 
T heſcus, on his throne by Atralus, and aſſiſted his 
o ſome ; friends of Rome againſt Ariftonicus, the 


d many uſurper of Pergamus ; but he was killed 
by Onas in the war B. C. 130, leaving fix children, 
"ding to five of whom were murdered by his ſur- 
fter The- viving wife Laodice. The only one who 
we her 4 eſcaped, Ariarathes 7th, was proclaimed 
after het king, and ſoon after married Laodice, the 
The Ar- ſiſter of Mithridates Eupator, by whom he 
ind whet had two ſons. He was murdered by an il- 
her aſh legitimate brother, upon which his widow 
Homer, Laodice gave herſelf and kingdom to Ni- 
detained comedes king of Bithynia. Mithridates 
-u made war againſt the new king, and raiſed 
Art. An. his nephew to the throne. The young king, 
Vupt. T el who was the 8th of the name of Ariarathes, 
. 14% 4 made war againſt the tyrannical Mithri- 
dates, by whom he was aſſaſſinated in the 
cceeded to preſence of both armies, and the murcerer's 
army after ſon, a child 8 years old, was placed on 
„ after tit the vacant throne. The Cappadocians re- 
peace Wil voted, and made the late monarch's bro- 
ther, Ariarathes gth, king ; but Mithridates 
le of Ali expelled him, and reſtored his own fon. 
; The exiled prince died of a broken heart 
'thiay wie and Nicomedes of Bithynia, dreading the 
ſubjects u power of the tyrant, intereſted the Romans 
Herodot. 3 in the affairs of Cappadocia. The arbiters 
; wiſhed to make the country free ; but the 
xadocia, (al Cappadocians demanded a King, and re- 
| ceived Ariobarzanes, B. C. 91. On the 
Cappadecth death of Ariobarzanes, his brother aſcended 
5 expeditet the throne, under che name of Ariarathes 
uived un. erb; but his title was diſputed by Siſenna, 
f that wy the eldeſt ſon of Glaphyra, by Archelaus 
erdliccaun prieſt of Comina. M. Antony, who was 
wor __ umpire between the contending parties, de- 
it ear 0 * Oded in favor of Siſenna ; but Arjarathes 
_—_— Recovered it for a while, though he was 
Fs 


lon after obliged to yield in favor of Ar- 
At chelaus, the ſecond ſon of Glaphyra, B. C.36. 
ere Macedt 199. 18.— Juin. 13. & 29.—Strab. 12. 
_— vy bi Wan e a general mentioned by 


the 4b, fee, Y 
ceeG 


. 29. 
Axicta, an Athenian girl, whom Hip- 
Polytus married after he had been raiſed 


— 


| 


A R 


| from the dead by Æſculapius. He built a 


city in Italy, which he called by her name. 
He had a ſon by her called Virbius. Ovid. 
Met. 15, v. 544.— irg. An. 7, v. 762, &c. 
A very ancient town of Italy, built 
by Hippolytus, ſon of Theſeus, after he 
had been raiſed from the dead by Aſcula- 
pius, and tranſported into Italy by Diana. 
In a grove in the neighbourhood of Aricia, 
Theſeus built a temple to Diana, where he 
eſtabliſhed the ſame rites as were in the 
temple of that goddeſs in Tauris, The prieſt 
of this temple was always a fugitive, and 
the murderer of his predeceſſor, and went 
always armed with a dagger, to prevent 
whatever attempts might be made upon his 
life by one who wiſhed to be his ſucceſlor. 
The Arician foreſt was very celebrated, and 
no horſes would ever enter it, becauſe Hip- 
polytus had been killed by them. Egeria 
the favorite nymph and inviſible protectreſs 
of Numa, generally refided in this famous 
grove, which was fituated on the Appian 
way, beyond mount Albanus. Owid. Met. 
I 5. * 5 3, v. 263,—Lucan. 6, v. 74.— 
Virg. An. 7, v. 761, &c. 

AR1CINA, a firname of Diana, from her 
temple near Aricia. [ Vid. Aricia.] The 
mother of Octavius. Cic. 3. Phil. e. 6. 

ARIDEUs, a companion of Cyrus the 
younger. Alter the death of his friend, he 
reconciled himſelf to Artaxerxes, by be- 
traying to him the ſurviving Greeks in their 
return. Diad. An illegitimate ſon of 
Philip, who, aſter the death of Alexander, 
was made king of Macedonia, till Roxane, 
who was pregnant by Alexander, brought 
into the world a legitimate male ſucceſſor. 
Aridzus had not the free enjoyment of his 
ſenſes; and therefore Perdiccas, one of 
Alexander's generals, declared himſelf his 
protector, and even married his fiſter, to 
ſtrengthen their connection. He was ſeven 
years in poſſeſhon of the ſovereign pow- 
er, and was put to death, with his wife 
Eurydice, by Olympias. Jin. 9, c. 8.— 
Diod. 

ARIFENISs, daughter of Alyattes, mar- 
ried Aſtyages king of Media. Herodot. 1, 
E. 74. n 

ARIGEAUM, a town of India, which 
Alexander found burnt, and without inha- 
bitants. Arrian. 4 


AKkll, a ſavage people of India. Of 


Arabia. Plin. 6. Of Scythia. Her oder. 
Of Germany. Tacit. 

ARIMA, a place of Cilicia or Syria, 
where Typhus was overwhelmed under 
the ground. Homer. II. 2. 

ARIMASPI, a people conquered by Alex- 
ander the Great, Curt, 7, c. 3. 

ARIMASPIAS, a river of Scythia with 
golden ſands. The 8 W inhabitants 


uad 


... ⁵ ou. ca ng 
by . 


— . - 


— 


— , 1 
. — - 


„% TT 


- Uw— 


© — 
* 
—— — — — 
2 1 — 
- 


AR 


bad but one eye in the middle of. their | 
forehead, and waged continual war againſt 

the Griffins, monſtrous animals that collected 

the gold of the rivers. Plin. 7, c. 2.— He- 

rodat. 3 & 4.—Strab. 1 & 13. 

ARIMASTHE, a people near the Euxine 
ſea, Orpheus. Argon. 

ARIMAZES, a powerful prince of Sog- 
diana, who treated Alexander with much 
inſolence, and even aſked, whether he could 
fly to aſpire to ſo extenſive a dominion * 
He ſurrendered, and was expoſed on a 
croſs with his friends and relations. Curt, 
T, & If. 

ARI, a nation of Syria. Straß. 

ARrIMINUM, (now Rimini) an antient 
eity of Italy, near the Rubicon, on the 
borders of Gaul, founded by a colony of 
Umbrians, It was the cauſe of Cæſar's 
civil wars. Lucan. 1, v. 231.—Plin. 3, c. 15. 

AR1IMINUS, a river of Italy, rifing in 
the Apennine mountains. Plin. 3, c. 15. 

ARIMPHE1, a people of Scythia, near 
the Riphzan mountains, who lived chiefly 
upon berries in the woods, and were re- 
markable for their innocence and mildneſs. 
Plin. 6, c. 7. 

ArxTtMus, a king of Myſia. Varro. 

ARIOBARZANES, a man made king of 
Cappadocia by the Romans, after the trou- 
bles, which the falſe Ariarathes had raiſed, 
had ſubſided. Mithridates drove him from 
his kingdom, but the Romans reſtored him, 
He followed the intereſt of Pompey, and 
fought at Pharſalia againſt J. Cæſar. He 
and his kingdom were * by means 
of Cicero. Cic. 5, ad Attic, ep. 29.— 
Horat. ep. 6, v. 38.—Flor, 3, c. 5. A 
ſatrap of Phrygia, who, after the death of 
Mithridates, invaded the kingdom of Pon- 
tus, and kept it for 26 years. He was ſuc- 
ceeded by the ſon of Mithridates. Diod. 
T7. A general of Darius, who defended 
the paſſes of Suſa with 15,000 foot againſt 
Alexander. After a bloody encounter with 
the Macedonians, he was killed as he at- 
tempted to ſeize the city of Perſepolis. 
Diod. 17.— Curt. 4 & 5. A Mede of 
elegant ſtature, and great prudence, whom 


Tiberius appointed to ſettle the troubles of 


Armenia. Tacit. An. 2, c. 4. A moun- 
tain between Parthia and the country of the 
Maſſagetæ. A ſatrap, who revolted from 
the Perſian king. 

ARIOMANDES, ſon of Gobryas, was ge- 
neral of Athens againit the Perſians. Plut. 
in Cim. 

ARIOMARDUS, a ſon of Darius, in the 
army of Xerxes when he went againſt 
Greece. Herodot. 7, c. 78. 

Asloukpzs, a pilot of Xerxes. 

Akio, a famous lyric poet and muſi- 
tian, ſon of Cyclos, of Methymna, jn the 


3 


A R 


iſland of Leſbos. He went into Italy with 
Periander, tyrant of Corinth, where he ob- 
tained immenſe riches by his profeſſion, 
Some time after, he wiſhed to reviſit his 
country; and the failors of the ſhip, in 
which he embarked, reſolved to murder 
tim, to obtain the riches which he was car. 
rying to Leſbos. Arion ſeeing them m- 
flexible in their reſolutions, begged that he 
might be permitted to play ſome melodious 
tune; and as ſoon as he had finiſhed it, he 
threw himſelf into the ſea. A number of 
dolphins had been attracted round the ſhip 
by the ſweetneſs of his muſic ; and it is ſaid, 
that one of them carried him ſafe on bis 
back to Tænarus, whence he haſtened to 
the court of Periander, who ordered all the 
ſailors to be crucified at their return. Hy. 
gin, fab. 194.—lHerodvr. 1, c., 23 & 24— 
lian. de Nat. An. 13, c. 45.—4tal. 11— 
Propert. 2, El. 26, v. 17.—Plut. in Symp, 
A horſe, ſprung from Ceres and Nep- 
tune, Ceres, when ſhe travelled over the 
world in queſt of her daughter Proſerpine, 
had taken the figure of a mare, to avoid the 
importuning addreſſes of Neptune. The 
god changed himſelf alſo into a horſe, and 
from their union aroſe the horſe Arion, which 
hac! the power of ſpeech, the feet on the 
right fide like thoſe of a man, and the reſt 
of the body like a horſe. Arion was 
brought up by the Nereides, who often 
harnaſſed him to his father's chariot, which 
he drew over the ſea with uncommon ſwift- 
neſs. Neptune gave him to Copreus, who 
preſented him to Hercules. Adiaſtus, king 
of Argos, received him as a preſent from 
Hercules, and with this wonderful animal 
he won the prize at the Nemæan games. 
Arion, therefore, is often called the horſe of 
Adraſtus. Pau. 8, c. 25.—Propert. 2, el. 
34, v. 37.—Apollod. 3, c. 6. 

ARr1ovisTUs, a king of Germany, who 
profeſſed himſelf a friend of Rome. When 
Czſar was in Gaul, Arioviſtus marched 
againſt him, and was conquered with the 
loſs of 80,000 men. Cæſ. 1. bell. Gall, 
Tacit. 4 Hi. 
Akis, a river of Meſſenia. Pauſ. 4 
c. 31. | 

AR1$SBA, a town of Leſbos, deſtroyed 
by an earthquake. A colony of the Mi- 
tyleneans in Troas, deſtroyed by the Tro- 
jans before the coming of the Greeks. Lig. 
En. q, v. 264. — Homer. I.. 7.— The 
name of Priam's firſt wife. ; 

AR1STEANETUS, a writer whoſe epiſties 
have been beautifully edited by Abreſch. 
Zwollz, 1749. 

AR1ISTE&UM, a eity of Thrace at the 
foot of mount Hæmus. Pin. 4, C11: R 

Akisræus, ſon of Apollo andthe nymp 


Cyrene, was born in the deſerts of 1 


and b 
upon 
for hut 
Nomu 
vell:d « 
Ariſtz 
he mar 
mus, b. 
He fel 
Orpheu 
was ſtu 
and die 
the bee 
applied 
to ſeize! 
how he 
tained, 
manes c 
bulls an 
had don 
of bees 
carcaſes, 
mer pr. 
Ariſtæu 
young, 
mytterie 
live on 
Was, afte 
Ariſtzu 
nymphs 
manage 
wards c 
kind. / 
tin, 1 3. 
de Nat. 
Hygin, fa 
4 — Here 
24.—. 
Corinthi: 
He was t. 
deat); 
Ak 
an hiſtory 
A ſon . in. 
tus, who 
the Ather 
dis. Thi 
every eve 
ſervants d 
tagoras. 
the Perſia 
man of ( 
Herder. 4 
Axis 
Matly ef 
Aex.— p. 
bo wrote 
Akisr. 
Pa 35 0 
RIST, 
Who by 9 


with 
e ob- 
eſſion. 
fit bis 
ip, in 
nurder 
as Cars 
m m- 
that he 
lodious 
{ it, he 
nber of 
he ſhip 
is ſaid, 
on bis 
ened to 
| all the 
. Hye 
7 24— 
I. 11— 
1 Symp, 
1d Nep- 
zver the 
ſerpine, 
void the 
e. The 
ſe, and 
n, which 
et on the 
the reſt 
OR Was 
10 often 
t, which 
on (wift- 
zus, who 
tus, king 
ent from 
11 animal 
n games, 
e horſe of 
ert. 2j el. 


any, who 
ie, When 
marched 
with the 
. Gall. 


Pau. 4 


deſtroyed 
of the Mi- 
the Tro- 
eks. Virg- 


1. 


oſe epiſtles 
Abreſch. 


ace at the 


„ C. 11. 
the nympt 


of Lybi, 
and 


A R 


and brought up by the Seaſons, and fed 
upon nectar and ambroſia. His fondneſs 
for hunting ptocured him the firname of 
Nomus and Agreus. After he had tra- 
velled over the gr:ateſt part of the world, 
Ariſtæus came to ſettle in Greece, where 
he married Autonoe, the daughter of Cad- 
mus, by whom he had a ſon called Actæon. 
He fell in love with Eurydice, the wife of 
Orpheus, and purſued her in the fields. She 
was ſtung by a ſerpent that lay in the graſs, 
2nd died, for which the gods deſtroyed all 
the bees of Ariſtzus. In this calamity he 
applied to his mother, who directed him 
to ſeize the ſea-god Proteus, and conſult him 
how he might repair the loſſes he had ſuſ- 
trined, Proteus adviſed him to appeaſe the 
manes of Eurydice by the ſacrifice of four 
hulls and four heifers : and as ſoon as he 
had done it, and left them in the air, ſwarms 
of bees immediately ſprang from the rotten 
carcaſes, and reſtored Ariſtœus to his for- 
mer - proſperity. Some authors ſay, that 
Ariſtæus had the care of Bacchus when 
young, and that he was initiated in the 
mytteries of this god. Ariſtæus went to 
live on mount Hæmus, where he died. He 
was, after death, worſhipped as a demi-god. 
Ariſtzus is ſaid to have learned from the 
nymphs, the cultivation of olives, and the 
management of bees, &c. which he after- 
wards communicated to the reſt of man- 
kind. Virg. G. 4. v. 317.—Died. 4.—TFuſ- 
tin, 13. c. 7. Ovid. Fa. t. v. 363.—Cic. 
de Nat. D. 3, c. 18.—Pauſ. 10, c. 17 — 
Hygin. fab. 161, 180, 247.—Apollod. 3, e. 
4— Herodot. 4, c. 4, &c,—Polyzn. 1, c. 
24.— 4A general who commanded the 
Corinth ian forces at the ſiege of Potidæa. 
- was taken by the Athenians, and put to 
eat), 

Aki5TAGGRA5, a writer who compoſed 
a hiſtory of Egypt. Plin. 36, c. 12. 
A ſon-in-law of Hiftizus, tyrant of Mile- 
tus, who revolted from Darius, and incited 
the Athenians againſt Perſia, and burnt Sar- 
dis. This ſo exaſperated the King, that 
every evening before ſupper he ordered his 
lervants to remind him of puniſhing Ariſ- 
tagoras. He was killed in a battle againſt 
the Perſians, B. C. 499. Herodot. 5, c. 30, 
Sc. J. 7, e. 8.—Polyæn. 1, c. 24. A 
= - Cyzicus. Another of Cumæ. 

det. 4. 

ARISTANDER, a celebrated ſoothſayer, 
Fatly efteemed by Alexander. Plut. in 
x.——Plin. 17, c. 25. An Athenian, 
70 wrote on agriculture. 

RSTANDROS, a ſtatuary of Sparta. 

Paul. 3, c. 18. F a 5 
1 Nisrakchr, a matron of Epheſus, 

o by order of Diana ſailed to the coaſts 


—_ 


A R 


| of Gaul with the Phoczans, and was made 
prieſteſs. Strab. 4. 55 

Ants rAxchus, a celebrated gramma- 
rian of Samos, diſciple of Ariſtophanes. 
He lived the greateſt part of his life at Alex- 
andria, and Ptolemy Philometor entruſted 
him with the educ: tien of his ſons. He 
was famous for his critical powers, and he 
reviſed the poems of Homer with ſuch ſe- 
verity, that ever after all ſevere critics were 
called Ariſtarchi. He wrote above 800 
commentaries on different authors, much 
eſteemed in his age. In his old age he be- 
came dropſical, upon which he flarved 
himſelf, and died in his 72d year, B. C. 
157. He left two ſons called Ariftarchus 
and Ariſtagoras, both famous for their ſtu- 
pidity. Horat. de Art. Poet. v. 449.—Ovid. 
3. ex Pont. ep. 9. v. 24.—Cic. ad Fam. 3 
ep. II. ad Attic. 1, ep. 14. —Quintil, 10, c. 
I. A tragic poet of Tegea in Arcadia, 
about 454 years B. C. He compoſed 70 
tragedies, of which two only were rewarded 
with the prize. One of them, called Achil- 
les, was tranſlated into Latin verſe by 
Ennius. Sui. A phy ſician to queen Be- 
renice, the widow of Antiochus. Pelyæn. 
An orator of Ambracia. An aſ- 
tronomer of Samos, who firit ſuppoſed 
that the earth turned round its axis, and re- 
volved round the ſun. This doctrine nearly 
proved fatal to him, as he was accuſed of 
diſturbing the peace of the gods Lares. He 
maintained that the ſun was 19 times far- 
ther diſtant from the earth than the moon, 
and that the moon was 56 ſemi-diameters 
of our globe, and little more than one- 
third, and the diameter of the ſun 6 or 7 
times more than that of the earth. The age 
in which he floriſhed, is not preciſely known, 
His treatiſe on the largeneſs and the diſ- 
tance of the ſun and moon is extant, of 
which the beſt edition is that of Oxford, 
Svo. 1688. 

ARISTAZANES, a noble Perſian in favor 
with Artaxerxes Ochus. Died. 16. 

ARISTEAS, a poet of Proconneſus, who 
as fables report appeared {even years after his 


ter to the people of Metapontum in Italy, 
and commanded them to raiſe him a ſtatue 
near the temple of Apollo. He wrote an 
epic poem on the Atimaſpi in three books, 
and ſome of his verſes are quoted by Lon» 
ginus. Heredot. 4, c. 13. A phyſician 
of Rhodes. A geometrician, intimate 
with Euclid. A poet, ſon of Democha- 
res, in the age of Crœſus. 
ARr1STERE, an iſland on the coaſt of 
Peloponneſus. Pauſ. 2, c. 34. 
AR1ISTEUS, a man of Argos, who ex- 
cited King Pyrrhus to take up arms 
H 2 againſt 


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againft his countrymen, the Argives. Po- 
Hen. 8, c. 68. ; , 
AR1STHENES, a ſhepherd who found 
Aſculapius when he had been expoſed in 
the woods by his mother Coronis. : 
ArtsTHUS, an hiſtorian of Arcadia, 
Diony /. Hal. 1. 
AkIs rig us, a river of Pæonia. Polyæn. 
4, C. 12. : 
AR15STIDES, a celebrated Athenian, fon 
of Lyſimachus, whoſe great temperance 
and virtue procured him the firname of 
Jui. He was rival to Themiſtocles, by 
whoſe influence he was baniſhed for ten 
years, B. C. 484; but before ſix years of 
his- exile had clapſed, he was recalled by 
the Athenians. He was at the battle of 
Salamis, and was appointed chief comman- 
der with Pauſanias againſt Mardonius, who 
was defeated at Platæa. He died ſo poor, 
that the expences of his funeral were de- 
frayed at the public charge, and his two 
daughters, on account of their father's vir- 
tues, received a dowry from the public trea- 
ſury when they were come to marriagcable 
years. Poverty however ſde med hereditary in 
the family of Aciſtides, for the grandion was 
ſeen in the public ſtreets getting his liveli- 
hood by explaining dreams. The Atheni- 
ans became more vutuous in imitating 
their great leader; and from the ſenſe of 
his good qualities, at the repreſentation of 
one of the tragedies of /Eſchylus, on the 
mentioning of a ſentence concerning moral 
goodneſs, the eyes of the audience were all 
at once turned from the actor to Ariſtides, 
When he ſat as judge, it is ſaid that the 
plaintiff, in his accuſation, mentioned the 
injuries his opponent had done to Ariſtides. 
& Mention the wrongs you have received,“ 
replied the equitable Athenian.—“ I fit here 
as judge, and the lawſuit is yours, and not 
mine.” C. Nep. & Plut. in Vita. —An 
hiſtorian of Miletus, fonder of ſtories and 
anecdotes than of truth. He wrote an hif- 
tory of Italy, of which the goth volume 
has been quoted by Plur. in Parall. 
An Athlete, who obtained a prize at the 
Olympian, Nemean, and Pythian games, 
Pauſ. 6, c. 16. A painter of Thebes in 
Beotia, for one of whoſe pieces Attalus 
offered 6000 ſeſterces. Plin. 7 & 35. 
A Greek orator who wrate 50 orations, be- 
ſides other tracts. When Smyrna was deſ- 
troyed by an earthquake, he wrote ſo pa- 
thetic a letter to M. Aurelius, that the em- 
peror ordered the city immediately to be 
rebuilt, and a ſtatue was in conſequence 
raiſed to the orator. His works conſiſt of 
Bymns in proſe in honor of the gods, fune- 
ral orations, apologies, panegyrics, and 
harangues, the beſt edition of which is 
that of Jebb, 2 vols. 4to. Oxon, 1722, me! 


—— — = 


AR 


that in a ſmaller ſize in 12mo, 3 vols. of 
Canterus apud P. Steph. 1604. A man 
of Locris, who died by the bite of a wea- 
ſel, lian. V. H. 14. A philoſopher 
of Myfia, intimate with M. Antoninus. 
An Athenian, who wrote treatiſes on ani- 
mals, trees, and agriculture, 

ARISTILLUS, a philoſopher of the Alex. 
andrian ſchool, who about 300 years B. C. 
attempted with Timocharis to determine 
the place of the different ſtars in the hea- 
vens, and to trace the courſe of the planet, 

ARISTIPPUS, the elder, a philoſopher 
of Cyrene, diſciple ro Socrates, and founder 
of the Cyrenaic ſect. He was one of tie 
flatterers of Dionyſius of Sicily, and di 
tinguiſhed himſelf for his epicurean volup- 
tuouſneſs, in ſupport of which he wrote a 
book, as likewiſe an hiſtory of Libya, 
When travelling in the deſarts of Africa, he 
ordered his ſervants to throw away the mo- 
ney they carried, as too burdenſome. On 
another occaſion, diſcovering that the ſhip 
in which he ſailed belonged to pirates, he 
defignedly threw his property into the ſea, 
adding, that he choſe rather to Joſe it than 
his life. Many of his ſayings and maxims 
are recorded by Diogenes, in his life. Herat, 
2. Sat. 3, v. 100. His grandſon of the 
ſame name, called the younger, was a warm 
defender of his opinions, and ſupported 
that the principles of a!l things were pain 
and pleaſure. He floriſhed about 363 yezrs 
B. C.—A tyrant of Argos, whoſe life was 
one continued ſeries of apprehenſion. He 
was killed by a Cretan, in a battle again 
Aratus, B. C. 242. Diag. A man who 
wrote an hiſtory of Arcadia, Diog. 2. 

M. Ar1$ST1vs, a tribune of the ſoldien 
in Cæſar's army. Ceſar. hell. Gall. , e. 
42. Another. Vid. Fuſcus, — A faty- 
riſt, who wrofe a poem called Cyclops. 

ArisTo. Vid. Ariſton. 

ARISTOBUCLA, a name given to Diana 
by Themittocles. 

ARISTOBULUS, a name common t9 
ſome of the high prieſts and kings of ]udzz, 
& c. Foſeph. A brother of Epicurus. 
One of Alexander's attendants, who wrote 
the king's life, replete with adulation and 
untruth. A philoſopher of Judæa, B. C. 
I 50, 

ARTSTOCLEA, a beautiful woman, {een 
naked by Strato, as ſhe was offering 4 le 
eri ice. She was paſſionately loved by 
Calliſthenes, and was equally admired by 
Strato. The two rivals ſo furiouſly con- 
tended for her hand, that ſhe died during 
their quarrel, upon which Strato killed him. 
ſelf, and Calliſthenes was never ſeen altet, 
Plut. in Amat. ; 

AR1sTSCLEs, a peripatetic philoſoph 


of Meſſenia, who reviewed, in a treatiſe 00 
philoſophy 


pkitoſt 
The 14 
He 
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trength, 2 
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country. J 
were called 
their birth 


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ols. of pkitoſophy, the opinions of his predeceſſors. 


A man The 14th book of this treatiſe is quoted, & e. 
a Wea- — He alſo wrote on rhetoric, and likewiſe 
vopher nine books on morals. A grammarian of 


1.— Rhodes. A ſtoic of Lampfacus. An 
on ani - hittorian. Strab. 4. — A muſician, Allen. 
&:.——A prince of Tegea, &c. Polyen. 
— This name is common to many Greeks, 
of whom few or no particulars are recorded. 


E Alex- 
11180 


termine Anr5TOCLIDESya tyrant of Orchomenus, 
the hea- who, becauſe he could not win the affection 
planet: of Stymphalis, killed her and her :ather, 
loſopher uon which all Arcadia took up arms and 
founder &:troved the murderer. 

> of tle Az15TOCRATES, a king of Arcadia, put 
and di- t death by his ſubjects, for offering violence 
a volup- to the prieſteſs of Diana. Pau. 8, c. 5. 
wrote a His grandſon of the ſame name, was ſtoned 
| Libya, % death for taking bribes, during the ſecond 
\ rica, he \eT-nian war, and being the cauſe of the 
the mo- defeat of his Meſſenian allies, B. C. 682. 1d. 
me. On *. ——A Rhodian. A man who en- 
t the ſhip d:1voured to deſtroy the democratical power 
rates, he at Athens. An Athenian general ſent to 
the ſea, the aſtitance of Corcyra with 25 gallies. 
fe it than Od. 15,——An Athenian who was pu- 


d maxims nilhed with death for flying from the held of 
e. Herat, battle, —A Greek hiſtorian, ſon of Hip- 
ſon of the parchus. Plut. in Lyc. 

1S a Warm AR1STOCREON, the writer of a book on 
ſupported geography. ; 

Were pain AzisToCRITUS, wrote a treatiſe con- 
363 yes cerning Miletus. 

ſe life was AkiSTubEMUs, ſon of Ariſtomachus, 
fon, He was one of the Heraclide, He, with his 
tle againit brothers Temenus and Chreſpontes, in- 


man who vated Peloponneſus, conquered it, and di- 
og. 2. vided the country among themſelves, 1104 


the ſoldiers years before the Chriſtian era. Par. 2, 
all. 7, e. c. 18. Ke. He was killed by the ſons of 
A ſaty- Pylades and Electra, or, as others ſay, by 


yclops. Apollo. Id. 3, c. 1. A king of Meſ- 


nia, who maintained a famous war againſt 


a to Diana Sparta. After ſome loſſes, he recovered his 

ſtrength, and ſo effectually defeated the 
ommon t9 enemy's forces, that they were obliged to 
s of Juda, proſtitute their women to re-people their 
curus.— country. The offspring of this proſtitution 


who wrote 
ulation al 


vere called Partheniæ, and 30 years after 
their birth they left Sparta and ſeized upon 


adza, B. C. arentum. Ariſtodemus put his daughter 

to death for the good of his country; but 
oman, (een being afterwards perſecuted in a dream by 
Hering a- ber manes, he killed himſelf, after areign of 
loved by x Years and ſome months, in which he had 
admired by ebtained much military glory, B. C. 724. 
riouſly con- Hi, dcath was lamented by his countrymen, 
died dutmg e did not appoint him a ſucceſſor, but 


killed him- 


, cu mveſted Damis, one of his friends, with 
r ſeen aktet. 


Uolute power to continue the war, which 
vas at laſt terminated after much blood- 


hiloſophe! ſhed and many loſſes on both fides. Pau. 
a treatiſe cn Aalen. The father of Euryſthenes and 
philoſophÞ 


A R 


Procles, was the firſt king of Lacedzmon, 
of the Heraclidz. Apsl/od. 2. A tyrant 
of Cumz.—— A philoſopher of Agina,—— 
An Alexandrian who wrote ſome treatiſes, 
&c. A Spartan who taught the children 
of Pauſanias. A man who was preceptor 
to the children of Pompey. A tyrant of 
gr A Carian, who wrote an hiſ- 
tory of painting. A philoſopher of Nyſa 

LC a... Tn Ii 

ARISTOGENES, a phyſician of Cnidos, 
who obtained great reputation by the cure 
of Demetrius Gonatas, king of Macedonia. 
A Thaſian who wrote 24 books on 
medicine. 

AR1STOGLTON & Harmodizs, two cele- 
brated friends of Athens, who, by their 
Joint efforts, delivered their country from 
the tyranny of the Piſiſtratidz, B. C. $10. 
They received immortal honors from the 
\ Athenians, and had ſtatues raiſed to their 
memory. Theſe ſtatues were carried away 
by Xerxes when he took Athens, The con- 
{piracy of Ariſtogiton was ſo ſecretly plan- 
ned, and fo wiſely carried into execution, 
that it is ſaid a courtezan bit her tongue off, 
not to betray the truſt repoſed in her. Pau, 1, 
c. 29.—terodet. 5,c.55.—Plut. de 10 Orat. 
An Athenian orator, firnamed Canis, 
for his impudence. He wrote orations 
againſt Timarchus, Timotheus, Hyperides, 
and Thraſylius. A ſtatuary. Pau. 

ARISTOLAUS, a painter, Pin, 35, e. 
11. 

ARISTOMACHE, the wife of Dionyſius of 
Syracuſe. Cic. Tuſc. 5, e. 20. The wife 
of Dion. A poeteſs. Plut. Symp. A 
daughter of Priam, who married Critolaus. 
Pauſ. 10. 

ARISTOMACHUS,anAthenian,who wrote 
concerning the preparation of wine. Pin. 
14, c. 9. A man ſo. exceſſively fond of 
bees, that he devoted 58 years of his life in 
raiſing ſwarms of them, Plin. 11, c. 9.— 
The ſon of Clcodæus, and grandſon of Hyl- 
lus, whoſe three ſons, Creſphontes, Teme- 
nus, and Ariſtodemus, called Heraclidz, 
conquered Peloponneſus. Par. 2, c. 7, 
I. 3, c. 15.—Heredet. 6, 7, & 8. A man 
who laid aſide his ſovereign power at Ar- 
gos, at the perſuaſion of Aratus. Pau. 2, 
c. 8 

ARisSToOMEDES,a Theſſalian general in the 
intereſt of Darius 3d. Curt. 3, c. 9. 

Aklisroukxks, a commander of the 
fleet of Darius on the Helleſpont, conquered 
by the Macedonians, Curt. 4. c. 1. A 
famous general of Meſſenia, who encouraged 
his countrymen to ſhake off the Lacedæmo- 
nian yoke, under which they had labored for 
above 30 years. He once defended the virtue 
of ſome Spartan women, whom his ſoldiers 
had attempted ; and whey he was taken pri- 

H 3 ſoner 


3 


toner and carried to Sparta, the women whom | 
he had protected intereſted themſelves ſo 

warmly in his cauſe that they procured his 

liberty. He refuſed to aſſume the title of 

king, but was fatisfied with that of com- 
mander. He acquired the firname of Tuft, 
from his equity, to which he joined the true 
valor, ſagacity, and perſeverance of a general, 
He often entered Sparta without being 
known, and was ſo dexterous in eluding the 
vigilance of the Lacedzmonians, who had 
taken him captive, that he twice eſcaped 
from them. As he attempted to do it a 
third time, he was unfortunately killed, and 
his body being opened, his heart was found 
all covercd with hair. He died 671 years 


- dria. 


B. C. and it is ſaid that he left dramatical 
pieces behind him. Diad. 15.—Pauf. in 
Moeſſen. A Spartan ſent to the aſſiſtance 
of Dionyſius. Polyen. 2. 

AxtsToN, the ſon of Agaſicles, king of 
Sparta. Being unable to raiſe children by 
two wives, he married another famous for 
her beauty, by whom he had, after ſeven 
months, a ſon Demaratus, whom he had 
the imprudence to call not his own. Hero- 
dot. 6, c. 61, &c. A general bf Ætolia. 
A ſculptor. A Corinthian who aſ- 
fiſted the Syracuſans againft the Athenians. 
An officer in Alexander's army. 
A tyrant of Methymna,who, being ignorant 
that Chios had ſurrendered to the Macedo- 
nians, entered into the harbour, and was taken 
and put to death. Curt. 4, c. 9. A phi- 
loſopher of Chios, pupil to Zeno the ſtoic, 
and founder of a ſe& which continued but a 
little while. He ſupported that the nature 
of the divinity is unintelligible. It is faid 
that he died by the heat of the ſun, which 
tell too powerfully upon his bald head. In 
his old age he was much giveu to ſenſuality, 
Diog. A lawyer in Trajan's reign, whoſe 
eulogium has been written by Pliny, 22 epift. 
lib. 1. A peripateric philoſopher of Alex- 
a'1dria, who wrote concerning the courſe of 
the Nile. Strab. A wreſtler of Argos, 
under whom Plato performed fome exerciſes, 
A muſician of Athens. A tragic 
poet. A peripatetic of Cos. A na- 
tive of Pella, in the age of Adrian, who 
wrote on the rebellion of the Jews. 

ARISTONAUTA, the naval dock of Pel- 
lene. Pau. 2. 

ARtSTONICUS, {on of Eumenes, by acon- 
cubine of Epheſas, 126 B. C. invaded Aſia 
and the kingdom of Pergamus, which At- 
talus had left by his will to the Roman 
people, He was conquered by the conſul 
Perpenna, and itrangled in priſon. Tuftin. 
36, c. 4.— Flor. 2, e. 20. A muſician of 


A R 


ArrsToNnTYTDEs, a noble ſtatuary, Pix, 
34, c. 14. 
ArrsT6wus, a captain of Alexander: 
cavalry, Curt. 9, c. 5. 
ARrIisTonYMUs, acomic poet under Phi. 
ladelphus, keeper of the library of Alezan. 
He died of a retention of urine, in 
his 77th year. Athen, One of Alcxan. 
der's muſicians. Plut. in Alex. 
ARisSToPHANTs, a celebrated comic poet 
of Athens, ſun of Philip of Rhodes. He 
wrote 54 comedies, of which only 11 art 
come down to us. He lived in the age of 
Socrates, . Demoſthenes, and Euripides, 
B. C. 434, and laſhed the vices of his aze 
with a maſterly hand. The wit and excellence 
of his comedies are well known; but they 
abound ſometimes too much with obſcenity, 
and his attack upon the venerable character 
of Socrates has been always cenſured, and 
with juſtice, As a reward of his mental 
greatneſs, the poet received a crown of olive, 
in a public aſſembly z but if he deſerved 
praiſe, he merited blame for his licentioul- 
neſs, which ſpared not even the gods, and 
was ſo offenfive to his countrymen that Alci- 
biades made a law at Athens,which forbade 
the comic writers from mimicking or repte- 
ſenting on the ſtage any living character by 
name. Ariitophanes has been called tie 
prince of ancient comedy, as Menander of 
the new. The play called Nubes is pointedly 
againſt Socrates, and the philoſopher is eu- 
poſed to ridicule, and his precepts placed n 
| a moſt ludicrous point of view, by the i- 
troduction of one of his pupils in the cha- 
racters of the piece. It is ſaid that 8. 
Chryſoſtom uſed to keep the comedies af 
Ariſtophanes under his pillow, on account 
of the brilliancy of the compoſition. Pu- 
tarch has made a compariſon between tit 
princes of the new and old comedy, which 
abounds with many anecdotes conceriiig 
theſe original characters. The beſt editions 
of the works of Ariſtophanes, are, Kuſter's 
fol. Amſt. 1710, and the 12mo. L. Bat. 167% 
and that of Brunck. 4 vols. 8vo. Atze. 
1783, which would ſtill be more perfect did 
it contain the valuable Scholia. Quinti/.19 
c. I.—Paterc, 1, c. 16.—Horats 1, Sat. + 
V. . A grammarian of Byzantium 
keeper of the library of Alexandria under 
Ptolemy Evergetes. He wrote a treatiſe c 
the harlots of Attica. Diog. in Plat. & 
Fpic.—Athen. . A Greek hiſtorian ® 
Beotia, quoted by Plut. de Hered. Mal'g 
A writer on agriculture. 
AR8ISTOPHIULIDES, a king of Tarentum 
in the reign of Darius ſon of Hyſtaſpes. Hee 
rodet. 3. 


Olzntkus. A grammarian of Alexandria, 


Horner. hefides a treatite on the Muſzum 
enatbhmed at Alexaadr by the Ptolemies. 


I —ñ—öẽ 


who wrote a commentary on Heſiod and | crates. He drew the picture of Alcibia 


| ſofrly reclining on the bofom of the courte* 


— —̃ —_—_— 


ARISTSPHON, a painter in the age of de 


zan Nemea, and all the people of ay 


cordir 
le xanc 
much 
reſped 
Impro' 
Ariſto 
the lp 
from | 
«are Co! 
extant: 
his des 
the Pte 
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tiven u 
Ariſtot 
his gen 
all his | 
by Pla 
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of eloqi 
and acy 
thought 
been co 
"re are 
\Magina 
dra ſtu 
tecourſe 
Tame 
tared fy 
opinion: 
and the 
vt the a1 
© d qui 


Ccellor, 


P. 
xander's 


der Phi- 
Alexan. 
urine, in 
Alcxan- 


»mic poet 
des. He 
ly 11 are 
he age of 
Euripides, 
of his aze 
excellence 
but they 
obſcedit7, 
character 
ured, and 
is mental 
n of olive, 
e deſerved 
licentioul- 
; gods, and 
| that Aldi- 
ich forbade 
g or repte- 
haracter by 
called tne 
enander of 
js pointecly 
zpher is ex · 
ts placed in 
by the n- 
in tho cha- 
id that 8. 
-omedies af 
on 2ccoun 
tion, Plu- 
between tie 
nedy, which 
concerning 
beſt editions 
re, Kuſter's 
„ Bat. 167% 
o. Argent 


e perfect did 
Cut i 
. 1, Sat. + 

Byzantium, 
andria unde 
a treatiſe cd 

in Plat. & 
c hiſtorian ct 
Jerod, May 


of Tarentum 
y ſtaſpes. Hee 


the age of do. 
of Alcibiades 
of the courte* 


le of * 


X 
yan in crowds to be ſpectators of the maſter- 
ly piece. He alſo made a painting of Mars 


leaning on the arm of Venus. Athen. 13. 


—Plin, 35, c. 11. A comic poet in the 
age of Alexander, many of whoſe fragments 
are collected in Athenzus. 

ARrtsTOR, the father of Argus the hun- 
dred eyed keeper of Io. 

AR1$TORTDES, the patronymic of Argus. 
Ovid. Met. 1, v. 624. 

ARISTOTELETA, feſtivals in honor of A- 
riftotle, becauſe he obtained the reſtitution 
of his country from Alexander. 

ArrsToTELES, a famous philoſopher, 
ſon of Nicomachus, a phyſician, born at 
Stagira. After his father's death he went 
to Athens, to hear Plato's lectures, where 
he ſoon ſignalized himſelf by the brightneſs 
of his genius. He had bcen of an inactive 
and diffolute diſpoſition in his youth, but 
now he applied himſelf with uncommon 
diligence, and after he had ſpent 20 years 
in hearing the inſtructions of Plato, he 
opened a ſchool for himſelf, for which he 
was accuſed of ingratitude and illiberality 
by his ancient maſter. He was moderate in 
his meals ; he flept little, and always had 
one arm out of his couch with a bullet in it, 
which, by falling into a brazen baſon under- 
neath, early awakened him. He was, ac- 
cording to ſome, 10 years preceptor to A- 
le xander, who received his inſtruct ions with 
much pleaſure and deference, and always 
reſpected him. According to Plutarch, the 
improvement that Alexander made under 
Ariſtotle, was of more ſervice to him than all 
tie ſplendor and power which he received 
from Philip. Almoſt all his writings, which 
are compoſed on a variety of ſubjects, are 
extant: he gave them to Theophrattus at 
his death, and they were bought by one of 
the Ptolemies, and placed in the famous li- 
brary of Alexandria. Diogenes Laertes has 
given us a very extenſive catalogue of them. 
Ariſtotle had a deformed countenance, but 

is genius was a ſufhcient compenſation for 
all his perſonal defects. He has been called 
by Plato the philoſopher of truth; and Ci- 
cero compliments him with the title of a man 
of eloquence, univerſal knowledge, readineſs 
and acuteneſs of invention, and fecundity of 
thought, The writings of Ariſtotle have 

en compared with thoſe of Plato; but the 
ore are the effuſions of a lively and fruitful 
imagination, whilſt the philoſopher of Sta- 
pra ſtudied nature more than art, and had 
tecourſe to ſimplicity of exprefſivn more than 
«mament, He neither worſhipped nor 
ared for the divinity, concerning which his 
opinions were ever various and difſonant ; 
and the more he diſregarded the mythology 
or the ancients, the greater was the” credit 

e acquired over his leſs philoſophical pre- 

cellors, He was ſo authoritative in his 


A R 


opinions, that, as Bacon obſerves, he wiſhed 
to eſtabliſh the ſame dominion over men's 
minds, as his pupil over nations. Alexander, 
it is ſaid, v iſhed and encouraged his learned 
tutor io write the hiſtory of animals; and 
the more effectually to aſſiſt him, he ſup- 
plied him with 800 talents, and, in his Aſia- 
tic expedition, employed above a thouſand 
men to collect animals, either in fiſhing, 
hunting, or hawking, which were carefully 
trantmitted to the philoſopher. Ariſtotle's 
logic has long reigned in the ſchools, and 
been regarded as the perfect model of all 
Imitation. As he expired, the philoſopher 
is faid to have uttered the following ſenti- 
ment; Fæde hunc mundum intravi, anxins 
vixt, , perturbatus egredior, cauſa cauſarum 
miſcrere mei. The letter which Philip wrote 
to Ariſtotle, has been preſerved, and is in 
theſe words : © I inform you I have a ſon; 
I thank the gods, not ſo much for making 


me a father, as for giving me a ſon in an 


age when he can have Ariſtotle for his in- 
ſtructor. I hope you will make him a ſur- 
ceſſor worthy of me, and a king worthy of 
Macedonia.“ Ariſtotle wiſhed to make his 
wife Pythias a deity, and to pay her the 
lame worſhip as was paid to Ceres. He 
died in the 63d year of his age, B. C. 322. 
His treatiſes have been publiſhed ſeparately ; 
but the beſt edition of the works collective- 
ly, is that of Duval, 2 vols. fol. Paris, 1629. 
Tyrrwhitt's edition of the Poetica, Oxon. 
40. 94, is a valuable acquiſition to literature. 
He had a ſon whom he called Nicomachus, 


by the courtezan Herpyllis. Some have ac- 


cuſed him of being acceſſary to the death of 
Alexander, and ſaid that he drowned himſelf 
in the Euripus, becauſe he could not find out 
the cauſe of its flux and reflux. There are 
however different reports about the manner 
of his death, and ſome believe that he died 
at Athens of a cholic, two years after Alex- 
ander's death. The people of Stagira inſti- 
tuted feſtivals in his honor, becauſe he had 
rendered important ſervices totheircity. Diog. 
in vita. — Put. in Alex. & de Alex. fort. &c. 
Cc. Acad. Queſt. 4, de Orat. 3, de finth. 5. 
nil. 1, 2, 5, 10.—/Elian. V. H. 4.— 
Juſtin. 2. — Juſtin. Martyr.—Auguff. de Civ. 
Dei, 8.—Plin. 2, 4, 5, & C—Athen,—V al, 
Max. 5, c. 6, Sc. There were beſides 
ſeven of the ſame name: A magiſtrate of 
Athens.—A commentator on Homer's Iliad. 
An orator of Sicily, who anſwered the 
panegyric of Iſocrates. A friend of A- 
chines. A man of Cyrene who wrote on 
poetry. —A ſchoolmaſter mentioned in 
Plato's life, written by Ariſtoxenus. An 
obſcure grammarian. Diog. de ri/tor. 

ARISTOTIMUS, a tyrant of Elis, 271 years 
B. C. Pau. 5, c. 5. 


AIs roxkNus, a celebrated muſician, 
diſciple of Ariſtotle. He wrote 453 diffe- 
H 4 reut 


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rent treatiſes on philoſophy, hiſtory, &c. 
and was diſappointed in his expectations of 
ſucceeding in the ſchool of Ariſtotle, for 
which he always ſpoke with ingratitude of 
his learned maſter, Of all his works nothing 
remains but three hooks upon muſic, the 
moſt ancient on that ſubject extant. A 
philoſopher of Cyrene. Ather. A phy- 
hcian whoſe writings are quoted by Galen. 
A poet of Selinus. A Pythagorean 
philoſopher. | 

AR1$STUS, a Greek hiftorian of Salamis, 
who wrote an account of Alexander's ex- 
pedition. Strab, 14. —rrian, 7. 

AR1STYLLUS, an obſcure poet. Aal. 
—— Anaſtronomer of Alexandria, 292 B. C. 

AKk1Us, a river of Gaul, and of Aſia. The 
inhabitants in the neighbuurhood are called 
Arii. A celebrated writer, the origin of 
the Arian controverſy, that denied the 
eternal divinity and conſubſtantiality of the 
word. Though he was greatly perſecuted 
for his opinions, he gained the favor of the 
emperor Conſtantine, and triumphed over 
Dis powerful antagoniſt Athanaſius. He 
died the very Night he was going to enter 
the church of Conſtantinople in triumph. 
Preſſed by nature, he ſlepped aſide to caſe 
zümſelt; but his bowels guthed out, and he 
expired on the ſpout. Athanaſ. ; 

ARMENES, a ſon of Nabis, led in triumph 
at Rome. Liv. 34, c. 1. 

AKMENIA, a large country of Aſia, di- 
vided into Upper and Lower Armenia. 
Upper Armenia, called alſo Major, has Me- 
dia on the caſt, Iberia on the north, and 
Meſopotamia on the ſouth. Lower Arme- 
nia, or Minor, is bounded hy Cappadocia, 
Armenia Major, Syria, Cilicia, and the 
Euphrates. The Armenians were a long 
time under the dominion of the Medes and 
Perſians, till they were conquered, with the 
relt of Aha, by Alexander and his ſucceſſors. 
Tine Romans made it one of their provinces, 
and, under ſome of the emperors, the Ar- 
menians had the privilege of chooſing their 
own kings, but they were afterwards re- 
cluced. The country received its name from 
Armenus, who was one of the Argonauts, 


and of Theſſalian origin. They borrowed 


the names and attributes of their deities from 
the Perſians. They paid great adoration to 
Venus Anaitis, and the chicfeſt of the 
people always proſtituted their daughters 
in honor of this goddeſs. Armenia Major 
15 now called Turconia, and Minor, Aladulia. 
Herodot. 1, c. 194. l. 5, c. 49,—Curt. 4, 
c. 12. I. 5, c. I.—Strab, 1 & 11.— ela. 
3, Sc. —Plin. 6, c. 4, Sc. Lucan. 2. 
ARMENTAR1US, a Cæſar in Diocleſian's 
reign. | 

ARMILLATUS, one of Domitian's fa- 
Corites, Juv. 4, v. 53. 


A K 


ARMILUSTRIUM, a feſtival at Rome gn 


the 19th of October. When the ſacrifices 
were offered, all the people appeared under 
arms. The feſtival has often been confound- 
ed with that of the Salii, though eaſily diſ- 
tinguiſhed ; becauſe the Jatter was obſeryed 
the 2d of March, ard on the cclebration of 
the Armiluſtrium they always played on 2 
flute, and the Salii played upon the trumpet, 
It was inſtituted A. U. C. 543. PFearro de 
L. L. 3, e. 3.—Liv. 27, e. 37. | 

ARrMinius, a warlike general of the 
Germans, who ſupported a bloody war a- 
gainſt Rome for ſome time, and was at laſt 
conquered by Germanicus in two great 
battles, He was poifoned by one of his 
friends, A. D. 19, in the 37th year of his 
age. Dio. 56.—Tacit, An. 1, Ec. \ 

ArmoRIic a, cities of Celtic Gaul, famous 
for the warlike, rebellious, and inconſtant 
diſpoſition of the inhabitants called Armo- 
rici. Cf. bell, G. 

ARNE, a city of Lycia, called afterwards 
Xanthus. A town of Umbria in Italy, 
A daughter of Holus, who gave her 
name to two towns, one in Theſſaly, the 
other in Beeotia, Neptune changed himſelt 
into a bull to enjoy her company. Stab. 1 
& 2.—Pauſ. 9, c. 40. — 0. Met. 6, 
fab. 4. 

ARxt, a people of Italy, deſtroyed by 
Hercules. 

ARNIENSIs, a tribe in Rome. Liv. 6. 

ARrNnoB1Us, a philoſopher in Dioclefian's 
reign, who became a convert to Chriſtianity. 
He applied for ordination, but was refuſed 
by the biſhops till he gave them a proof of 
his fincerity, Upon this he wrote his cele- 
brated treatiſe, in which he expoſed the ab- 
ſurdity of irreligion, and ridiculed the hea- 
then gods. Opinions are various concerning 
the purity of his ſtyle, though all agree in 
praiſe of his extenſive erudition, The book 
that he wrote de rhetorica inſiitutione is not 
extant, The beſt edition of his treatiſe ad- 
verſus gentes is the 4to, printed L. Bat. 
I651. 

Anus, a river of Etruria, riſing on the 
Appennine mountains, and falling into the 
Mediterranean, Liv, 22, c. 2. 

ARroA, a town of Achaia. Pau. 7. 

AROMA, a town of Caria——of Capha- 
docia, 

ARPANI, a people of Italy. 5 

Axel, a city of Apulia, built by Dio- 
medes after the Trojan war. TJufin. 20, 
c. I,—Virg, An, 10, v. 28. 

ARPINUM, a town of the Volſci, famous 
for giving birth to Cicero and Marius. The 
words Arpinæ charte are ſometimes 3p” 
plied to Cicero's works. Mart. 10, . 19. 
—Fuv. 8, v. 237.— 4A town of Magn? 
Grecia, 


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ARAI 


A R 
'Axxs.*1, a people of Thrace, Pia. | 


ARKHABA&US, the king of a nation in the 
neighbourliood of Macedonia, who greatly 
diſtreſſed Archelaus. Ariftor, 5. Polit, 
c. 10. 

Augria. Vid. Aria, 

ARRI GALLA, a beautiful, but immo- | 
deſl woman in the reign of the emperors. 
Tacit. 155 C. 59. | 

ARrRIANUS, a philoſopher of Nicomedia, } 
priett of Ceres and Proſerpine, and diſciple 
of Epictetus, called a ſecond Xenophon from 
the elegance and ſweetneſs of his diction, and 
diſtinguithed for his acquaintance with mili- 
tary and political life, He wrote 7 books on 
Alexander's expedition, the periplus of the 
Euxine and Red Sea, 4 books on the diſſer- 
tations of Epictetus, beſides an account of | 
the Alani, Bithynians, and Parthians. He 
foriſhed about the 140th year of Chriſt, and 
was rewarded with the conſulſhip and. go- 
vernment of Cappadocia, by M. Antoninus. 
Tie bell edition of Arrian's Expeditio Alex 
audi, is the fol. Gronovii. L. Bat. 1704, | 
and the S vo. a Raphelio, 2 vols. 1757, and 
the Tactica, Svo. Amſt. 1683. A Greek 
hiſtorian. An Athenian who wrute a 
treatiſe on hunting, and the manner of Keep- 
ing dogs. —A poct who wrote an epic 
poem in 24 books on Alexander; alſo ano- 
thcr poem on Attalus, king of Pergamus. He 
lcewile tranſlated Virgil's Georgics into 
Greek verſe. 

ARR1CS, a friend of Cicero, whoſe ſump- 
tuous feaſt Horat. deſcribes, 2 fat. 3. v.86. 
—Aper, a Roman general who murdered 
the emperor, & + 

ARkrtus & Alus, a philoſopher of 
Alexandria, who ſo ingratiated himſelf with 
Auguſtus, after the battle of Actium, that 
the conqueror declared the peoples: of Alex- 
andria owed the preſervation of their city 
to three cauſes; * becauſe Alexander was 
their founder, becauſe of the beauty of th 
ſituation, and becauſe Arrius was a native 
ot the place. Plut. in Anton. | 

ARRUNTIUS, a Roman conſul. A 
lamous geographer, who, upon being ac- 
culedof adultery and treaſon, under Tiberius, 
opened his veins. Tacit, Ann. 6. 

ARSABES, a ſatrapof Armenia. —Of Per- 
ha. Polyæn. 

ARSACES, a man of obſcure origin, who 
upon ſeeing Seleucus defeated by the Gauls, 
imvaded Parthia, and conquered the gover- 
nor of the province called Andragoras, and 
aid the foundations of an empire, 250 B. C. 
He added the kingdom of the Hyrcani to his 
newly acquired poſſeſſions, and ſpent his 
ume in eſtabliſhing his power, and regulat- 
ing the laws. After death he was made a 
god of his nation, and all his ſucceſſors 


— 


— 


2 | 
Tuſtin, qt, c. 5 & 6. His ſon and ſg-acf- 


tor bore the ſame name. He carried war 
againſt Antiochus the ſon of Scleucus, who 
entered the field with 100,000 foot and 
20,000 horſe, ' He afterwards made peace 
with Antiochus, and died B. C. 217. 1d. 
41, c. 5,——The 3d king of Parthia, of 
the family of the Arſacide, bore the ſame 
name, and was allo called Priapatius. He 
reigned 12 years, and left two ſons, Mithri- 


dates and Phraates. Phraates ſucceeded as 


being the elder, and at his death he left his 
kingdom to his brother, though he had 
many children; obſerving, that a monarch 
ought to have in view, not the dignity of 
his family, but the proſperity of his ſubjects. 
Tuſtin. 31, c. 5. A king of Pontus and 
Armenia, in alliance with the Romans. He 
fyuught long with ſucceſs againſt the Per- 
hans, till he was deceived by the ſnares: of 
King Sapor, his enemy, who put out his 
eyes, and ſoon after deprived him of life. 
Mas cellin. The eldeſt fon of Artabanus, 
appointed over Armenia by his father, after 
the death of King Artaxias. Tacit, Hi. 6. 
A ſervant of Themif. ocles. 

ARrSACIiD&, a name given to ſome of the 
monarchs of Parthia, in konor of Arſaces, 
the founder of the empire. Their power 
ſubſiſted till the 229th year of the Chriſtian 
ru, when they were conquered by Artax- 
erxes king of Perſia. Tuftin, 41. 

ARSAMENES, a fatrap of Perka, at the 
battle of the Granicus. 

ARSAMETES, a river of Afia, near Par- 


thia. Tacit. ann. 15. 


ARSAMOSATA, a town of Armenia Ma- 
jor, 79 miles from the Euplirates. Tacit. 
ann. 15. 

ARSANES, the ſon of Ochus, and father 
of Codumanus, 

ARSANIAS, a river of Armenia, which, 
according* to fume, flows into the Tigris, 


and afterwards into the Euphrates. /in. 
5 e. 249 


ARSENA, a marſh of Armenia Major, 
whole hſhes are all of the ſame ſoit, Strab. 

Aksks, the youngeſt fon of Ochus, 
whom the eunuch bagoas raiſed to the 
throne of Perſia, and deftroyed with his 
children, aſter a reign of three years. Dicd, 
6 

ARS1A, a wovd of Etruria, famous for a 
battle between the Romans and the Veien- 
tes. Plut. in Popi. A river of Italy, 
flowing through Campania. 

ARSIDAVUsS, a {on of Datames, &. 

Asi NOE, daughter of Lencippus and Phi- 
lodice, was mother of Æſculapius by Apollo, 
according to ſome authors. She received 
divine honors after death at Sparta. peed. 
3.—-Pauf, 2, c. 26. J. 3, c. 12.—4A 


Were called, in honor of his name, acid. | daughter of Phlegeus, promiſed in matriage 


18 


— — 


92 — 
— - 
. —_— — 


© 


P 


——— 


— — 


— 


„„ 


— 


1 
(| 
1 
| 


"7 


WM 


to Alemæon. Apollnd. 3, c. 7. A foun | 


tain of Peloponneſus. Pauſ. Meſjen. 
The fiſter and wife of Ptolemy Philadel- 
phus, worſhipped after death under tt name 
of Venus Zephyritis. Dinochar:s began 
to build her a temple with ladftones, in 
which there ſtood a ſtatue of Arſinoe ſuſ- 
pended in the air by the power of the mag- 
net; but the death of the architect pre- 
vented its being perfected. Plin. 34, c. 14. 
A daughter of Ptolemy Lagus, who 
married Lyſimachus king of Macedonia, 
After her huſband's death, Ceraunus her 
own brother married her, and aſcended the 
throne of Macedonia, He previouſly mur- 
dered Lyſimachus and Philip, the ſons of 
Arſinoe by Lyſimachus, in their mother's 
arms. Arfinoe was ſome time after baniſh- 
ed inte Samothrace. Jin. 17, c. 1, &c. 
A younger daughter of Ptolemy Au- 
Ictes, ſiſter to Cleopatra. Antony diſpatch- 
ed her to gain the good graces of her fitter, 
Hirt. Alex. 4.-—Appian. The wife of 
Magas king of Cyrene, who committed adul- 
tery with her ſon-in-law. Tuftin. 26, c. 3. 
A daughter of Lyſimachus. Pau. 
A town of Egypt, ſituated near the lake of 
Maris, where the inhabitants paid the 
bigheſt veneration to the crocodiles. They 
nouriſhed them in a ſplendid manner, and 
embalmed them after death, and buried 
them in the ſubterraneous cells of the La- 
byrinth. Szrab. A town of Cilicia, —of 
Molia,—of Syria,—of Cyprus, —of Lycia, 
&c. g 


ARSITES, a ſatrap of Paphlagonia. 

ARTABANUS, ſonof Hyſtaſpes, was bro- 
ther to Darius the firſt. He diſſuaded his 
nephew Xerxes from making war againſt 
the Greeks, and at his return he aſſaſſinated 
him with the hopes of aſcending the throne. 
Darius, the ſon of Xerxes, was murdered 
in a ſimilar manner; and Artaxerxes, his 
brother, would have ſhared the ſame fate, 
had not he diſcovered the ſnares of the aſ- 
ſaſſin, and puniſhed him with death. Died, 
i.—Tuftin. 3, c. 1, &c.— Herodot. 4, c. 38. 
I. 7, c. 10, &c. A king of Parthia, after 
the death of his nephew Phraates 2d. He 
undertook a war againſt a nation of Scythia, 
in which he periſhed. His ſon Mithridates 
ſucceeded him, and merited the appellation 
of Great. Juſtin. 42, c. 2. A king of 
Media, and afterwards of Parthia, after 
the expulſion of Vonones, whom Tiberius 
had made king there. He invaded Arme- 
nia, from whence he was driven away by 
one of the generals of Tiberius, He was 
expelled from his throne, which Tiridates 
uſurped; and ſome time after, he was reſtot- 
ed again to his ancient power, and died 
A. D. 48. Tacit. ann. 5, &c.-——-A king of 
Partkia, very inunical to the intcreſt of Veſ- 


— — 


| 


A R 


paſian. Another king of Parthia, who 
made war againſt the emperor Caracalla, 
who had attempted his life on pretence of 
courting his daughter. He was murdered, 
and the power of Partlua aboliſhed, and 
the crown tr lated to the Perfian monarchs, 
Div. — Heridian. 

ARTABAZUs, a ſon of Pharnaces, gene- 
ral in the army of Xerxes. He fled from 
Greece upon the ill tuccefs of Mardonius, 
Herodot. 7, 8 & 9. A general who made 
war again Ataxerxes, and was deteated, 
He was atterwards reconciled to his prince, 
and became the familiar friend of Darius 36, 
After the murder of this prince, he ſurren- 
dered himſelf up with his ſons to Alexander, 
who treated him with much humanity ang 
confidence. Curt. 5, c. 9 & 12.1. 6, c. ;. 
l. 7, c. 3 & 5.1.8, c. 1,-—-An officer of 
Artaxerxes againſt Datames. Diod. 15. 

ArTABRI & ARTABRIT &, a people of 
Luſitania, who received their name from 
Artabrum, a promontory on the coaſt of 
Spain. . Sil. 3, v. 362. 

ARTACZAS, an officer in the army of 
Xerxes, the talleſt of all the troops, the 
king excepted. 

ARTACENA, a city of Aſia, near Aria. 

ARTACE, a town and ſeaport near Cy- 
zicus. It did not exiſt in the age of Pliny, 
There was in its neighbourhood a fountain 
called Artacia. Herodot. 4, c. 14. Pro- 
cop. de bell, Perſ. 1, c. 25.—Strab. 13.— 
Plin. 5, c. 32. A city of Phrygia.— 
A fortified place of Bithynia. 

ARTACENE, a country of Aſſyria near 
Arbela, where Alexander conquered Darius, 
Strab, 16. 

ARTACIA, a fountain in the country of 
the Læſtrygones. Tibull. 4, el. 1, v. 60. 

Akri, a name by which the Perſians 
were called among their neighbours. He- 
radot. 7, c. 61. 

AKRTAGERAS, a town of Upper Armenia, 
Strab. 

ARTAGERSES, a general in the army of 
Artaxerxes, killed by Cyrus the younger. 
Plut. in Artax, 

ARTANES, a king of the ſouthern parts 
of Armenia. Strab. 11. A river 
Thrace flowing into the Iſter. Herodot. 4, 
c. 49. A river of Colchis. 

ARTAPHERNES, a general whom Darius 
ſent into Greece with Datis. He was con- 
quered at the battle of Marathon, by Milti- 
ades. Vid. Datis. C. Nep. in Milt.— le- 
rodot. 

ARTATUS, a river of Illyria. Liv. 43. 
c. 19. ; 
ARTAVASDES, a ſon of Tigranes king of 
Upper Armenia, who wrote tragedies, al 
ſhune as an elegant orator and faithful hife 


toriau, He lived in alliance with the Ko- 
yall 


mar 
Acc 
tony 
whi 
carr 
the 
chai 
Stra 
give 
nam 
alſo 
perſ 
A 


Ant 
vinc 
rela 
Kin; 
Hera 
A 
Upp 
whe 
that 
of tl 
and 
mea, 
A 
dom 
deft 
Xer 
fam 
mad 
quer 


ſiſta 


12, who 
aracalla, 
tence of 
ur dered, 
ed, and 
onarchs. 


s, gene- 
led from 
\rdonius, 
ho made 
lefteated, 
s prince, 
arius za. 
e ſurren- 
exander, 
nity and 
6, Ca 5. 
officer of 
415 
people of 
ne from 
coaſt ot 


army of 
ops, the 


xr Aria. 

near Cy- 
of Pliny, 
fountain 
— Py. 
5. 13.— 
81a.— 


yria near 
d Darius, 


duntry of 
v. 60. 

Perſians 
rs. Hes 


A rmenia, 


army of 
younger. 


ern parts 
river 


crodot. 4, 


m Darius 
was con- 
by Milti- 
t.— He- 


Liv. 43. 


8 king of 
dies, and 
ful hif- 
| the Ro- 

mans, 


AR 


mans, but Craſſus was defeated partly on 
account of his delay. He betrayed M. An- 
tony in his expedition againſt Parthia, for 
which Antony reduced his kingdom, and 
carried him to Egypt, where he adorned 
the triumph of the conqueror led in golden 
chains. He was ſome time after murdered, 
Strab. 11. The crown of Armenia was 
given by Tiberius to a perſon of the ſame 
name, who was expelled. —Augultus had 
alſo raiſed to the throne of Armenia, a 
perſon of the ſame name. Tacit, An. 2. 

An TAX A & ARTAXIAS, à general of 
Antiochus the Great, who erected the pro- 
vince of Armenia into a Kingdom, by bis 
reliance on "the friendſhip of the Romans. 
King Tigranes was one of his ſucceſſors. 
Strab. 11. 

ARTAXATA, a ſtrongly fortified town of 
Upper Armenia, the capital of the empire 
where the kings generally reſided. It is faid 
that Annibal built it for Artaxias, the king 
of the country. It was burnt by Corbulo, 
and rebuilt by Tiridates, who called it Nerc- 
rea, in honor of-Nero. Strab. II. 

ARTAXERXES Ift, ſucceeded to the king- 
dom of Perſia, after his father Xerxes. He 
deftroyed Artabanus who bad murdered 
Xerxes, and attempted to deftroy the royal 
family to raiſe himſelf to the throne, He 
made war againſt the Bactrians, and re-con- 
quered Egypt, that had revolted, with the aſ- 
ſiſtance of the Athenians, and was remark- 
able for his equity and moderation. One of 
his hands was longer than the other, whence 
he has been called Macrochir or Longimanus, 
He reigned 39 years, and Cied B. C. 425. 
C. Nep. in Reg. —Plut. in Artav. The 


ad of that name, king of Perſia, was ſirnam- 


ed Mnemon, on account of his extenfive me- 
mory. He was ſon of Darius the ſecond, 
by Paryſatis the daughter of Artaxerxes 
Longimanus, and had three brothers, 
Cyrus, Oftanes, and Oxathres, His name 
was Arſaces, which he changed into Ar- 
kaxerxes when he aſcended the throne, 
His brother Cyrus was of ſuch an ambitious 
diſpoſition, that he reſolved to make himſelf 
king, in oppoſition to Artaxerxes. Pary ſatis 
always favored Cyrus; and when he had at- 
tempted the life of Artaxerxes, ſhe obtained 
bis pardon by her entreaties and influence. 
Cyrus, who had been appointed over Lydia 
and the ſea coaſts, aſſembled a large army 
under various pretences, and at laſt marched 
* againſt his brother at the head of 100,000 
Barbarians and 13,000 Greeks. He was 
eppoſed by Artaxerxes with 900,000 men, 
and a bloody battle was fought at Cunaxa, 
in which Cyrus was killed, and his forces 
routed, It has been reported, that Cyrus 
Wh: killed by Artaxerxes, who was ſo de- 


hrous of the honor, that he put to death | 


A K 


two men for ſaying that they had killed 


him. The Greeks, who had aſſiſted Cyrus 
againſt his brother, though at the diſtance of 
above 600 leagues from their country, made 
their way through the territories of the ene- 
my; and nothing is more famous in the 
Grecian hiſtory, than the retreat af the ten 
thouſand. After he was delivered from the 
attacks of his brother, Artaxerxes ſtirred up 
a war among the Greeks againſt Sparta, and 
exerted all his influence to weaken the power 
of the Greeks, He marricd two of his own 
daughters, called Atoſſa and Ameſtris, and 
named his eldeſt ſon Darius to be ſucceſſor. 
Darius however conſpired againſt his father, 
and was put to death ; and Ochus, one of 
the younger ſons, called alſo Artaxerxes, 
made his way to the throne, by cauſing his 
elder brothers Ariaſpes and Arſames to be 
a ſfaſſinated. It is faid that Artaxerxes died 
of a broken heart, in conſequence of his 
ſon's unnatural behaviour, in the 94th year 
of his age, after a reign of 46 years, B. C. 
353. Artaxerxes had 150 children by his 
250 concubines, and only four legitimate 
ions. Plut. in v.. Nepos in Reg.-— 
Juſtin. to, c. t, &c,—Dtioa. 13, &. 
The 3d, firnamed Ochus, ſucceeded his 
father Artaxerxes ad, and eſtabliſhed him- 
ſelf on his throne by murdcring above 80 
of his neareſt relations. He puniſhed with 
death one of his othcers who conſpired 
againſt him, and recovered Egypt, which 


had revolted, deftroyed Sidon, and ravaged 


all Syria. He made war againſt the Caduſii, 
and greatly rewarded a private man called 
Codomanus for his uncommon valor. But 
his behaviour in Egypt, his cruelty towards 
the inhabitants, ofeended his ſubzeRs, and 
Bagoas at laſt obliged his phyſician to poi- 
ſon him, B. C. 337, and afterwards gave 
his fleſh to be devoured by cats, and made 
handles for ſwords with his bones. Code» 
manus, on account of his virrues, was ſoon 
after made king by the people ; and that he 
might ſcem to poſſeſs as much dignity as the 
houſe of Artaxerxes, he reigned under the 
name of Darius the 3d. Tuſtin, 10, c. 3. 
— Died. 7.—-fElian. J. H. 6, c. 8 

ARTAXERXES Or ARTAXARES ift, a 
common ſoldier of Perſia, who killed Ar- 
tabanus A. D. 228, and erected Perſia again 
into a kingdom, which had been extinct 
fince the death of Darius. Severus the 
Roman emperor conquered him, and ob- 
liged him to remain within his kingdom. 
Herolian. 5. One of his ſucceflors, ſon 
of Sapor, bore his name, and reigned 11 
years, during which he diſtinguiſhed him- 
ſelf by his cruelties. 

ARTAXIAS, ſon of Artavaſdes, king af 
Armenia, was proclaimed king by his father's 
troops. He oppoſed Antony, by — 


— 


— — 
«a = 


- 
— 


- 


. ——— EET 22 


1 I — 
— — 


Tr 2 — 


— 3 


— 


<< —— — - 
—— — 


—— 


A R 


he was defeated, and became ſo odious that 
the Romans, at the requeſt of the Armeni- 
ans, raiſed Tigranes to the throne. Ano- 
ther, ſon of Polemon, whoſe original name 
was Zeno. After the expulſion of Verwnes 
from Armenia, he was made king by Ger- 
manicus. Tacit. 6. Ann. c. 31.——A ge- 
neral of Antiochus. Vid. Artaxa. 

ARTAYCTES, a Perſian appointed go- 
vernor of Seſtos by Xerxes. He was hung 
en a croſs by the Athenians for his cruelties, 
Herodot. 7 & 9. 

ARkTAYNTA, a Perſian lady, whom 
Xerxes gave inemarriage to his ſon Darius. 
She was one of the miſtreſſes of her father- 
in-law. Hereadst. 9, c. 103, &c. 

ARTAYNTES, a Perfian appointed over 
a fleet in Greece, by Xerxes. Herodot. 8, 
EC. 13. I. 9, c. 107. | 

ARTEMBARES, a celebrated Mede in 
the reign of Cyrus the Great. Herodot. 
1 & 9. 

ARTEMIDORUS, a native of Epheſus, 
who wrote an hiſtory and deſcription of the 
earth, in eleven books. He florithed about 
104 years B. C. A phyſician in the age 
of Adrian. A man in the reign of An- 
roninus, who wrote a learned work on the 
interpretation of dreams, ſtill extant ; the 
beſt edition of which is that of Rigaltius, 
Paris, to. 1604. to which is annexed Ach - 
metis oneirocritica. A man of Cnidus, 
ſon to the hiſtorian Theopompus. He had 
a ſchool at Rome, and he wrote a book on 
illuſtrious men, not extant. As he was a 
friend of J. Cæſar, he wrote down an ac- 
count of the conſpiracy which was formed 
againſt him. He gave it to the dictator 
from among the crowd as he was going to 
the ſenate, but J. Cæſar put it with other 
papers he held in his hand, thinking it to 
be of no material conſequence, Plat. in 
Cz/. 

ARTEMIS, the Greek name of Diana. 
Her feſtivals, called Artemiſia, were cele- 
brated in ſeveral parts of Greece, particu- 
larly-at Delphi, where they offered to the 
goddeſs a mullet, which, as was ſuppoſed, 
'bore ſome affinity to the goddeſs of hunting, 
becauſe it is ſaid to hunt and kill the ſea 
hare. There was a ſolemnity of the ſame 
name at Syracuſe ; it laſted three days, 
which were ſpent in banqueting and diver- 
ſions. Athen. 7. 

ARTEMISIA, daughter of Lygdamis of 
Halicarnaſſus, reigned over Halicarnaſſus 
and the neighbouring country. She aſſiſted 
Xerxes in his expedition againſt Greece 
with a fleet, and her valor was ſo great that 
the monarch obſerved that all his men 
fought like women, and all his women like 
men, The Athenians were ſo aſhamed of 
fighting againſt a woman, that they offered 


A KR 


a reward of 10,000 drachms for her head, 
It is ſaid that ſhe was fond of a youth of 
Abydos, called Dardanus, and that, to pu- 
nith his diſdain, ſhe put out his eyes while 
he was afleep, and afterwards leaped down 
the promontory of Leucas. Herodot. 7, 
c. 99. l. 8, c. 68, &c.—Fuftin. 2, c. 12. 
There was alſo another queen of Catia 
of that name, often confounded with the 
daughter of Lygdamis. She was daughter 
of Hecatomnus king of Caria or Halicar- 
naſſus, and was married to her own brother 
Mauſolus, famous for his perſonal beauty, 
She was ſo fond of her huſband, that at his 
death ſhe drank in her liquor his afhes after 
his body had been burned, and erected to 
his memory a monument, which, for its 
grandeur and magnificence was called on: 
of the ſeven wonders of the world. Tn, 
monument the called Mauſoleum, a name 
which has been given from that time to all 
monuments of unuſual ſplendor. She in- 
vited all the literary men of her age, and 
propoſed rewards to him who compoſed th: 
beſt elegiac panegyric upon her huſband, 
The prize was adjudged to Theopompus. 
She was ſo inconſolable for the death of her 
huſband, that ſhe died through grief two 
years after. Vitruv —Strab. 14.—Þlin, 
36, C. 5, 

ARTEMISIA. Vid. Artemis. 

ARTEMISIUM, a promontory of Eubca, 
where Diana had a temple. The neigh- 
bouring part of the ſea bore the ſame name. 
The fleet of Xerxes had a ſkirmiſh there 
with the Grecian ſhips. Herodot. 7, c. 
175, &c. A lake near the grove Aricia, 
with a temple ſacred to Artemis, whence 
the name. 

ARTEMITA, a City at the eaſt of Seleu- 
cia,—An iſland oppoſite the mouth of the 
Achelous, Strab, 

ARTEMON, an hiſtorian of Pergamus.— 
A native of Clazomenz, who was with 
Pericles at the ſiege of Samos, where it is 
ſaid he invented the battcring ram, the te- 
tudo, and other equally valuable military 
engines. A man who wrote a treatiſe 
on collecting books: A native of Mag- 
neſia, who wrote the hiſtory of illuſttious 
women. A phyſician of Clazomenz. 
| A painter. A Syrian whoſe features 
reſembled in the ſtrongeſt manner thoſe of 
Antiochus. The queen, after the king's 
murder, made uſe of Artemon to repreſent 
her huſband in a lingering ſtate, that, by 
his ſeeming to die a natural death, ſhe might 
conceal her guilt, and effect her wicked 
purpoſe. Vid. Antiochus. 

ARTIMPASA, a name of Venus among 
the Scythians. Herodot. 4, c. 59. »-4 

ARTOBARZANES, a fon of Darius, "F 
endeayoured to aſcend the throne in pre 


) . rence 


AR 
on tne 
ſaw ! 
to Af. 
1, C. 

AB 
in the 
to dea 

AR 
honor 


count: 


280 of 


Marrie 
pouſe 

wife. - 
m the 
partiz; 
biker 


r head, 
uth of 
to pu- 
While 
down 
lot. 7, 
E. Is. 
Caria 
th the 
ughter 
alicar- 
brother 
beauty. 
at his 
s after 
ted to 
for its 
ed one 

Thi, 

name 
> to all 
She in- 
e, and 
ſed the 
iſband. 
mpus. 
of her 
ef two 
oÞPlin, 


ubœa, 
neigh- 
name. 
1 there 
75 C. 
Aricia, 
vhence 


Seleu- 
of the 


nus.— 
s with 
e it is 
he teſ- 
ulitary 
treatiſe 
Mag- 
ſtrious 
menx. 
>atures 
ofe of 
king's 
preſent 
at, by 
might 
vicked 


A R 


rence to his brother Xerxes, but to no pur- 
poſe. Herodot. 7, c. 2 & 3. 

ARTOCHMES, a general of Xerxes, who 
married one of the daughters of Darius. 
Herodot. 7, c. 73. 

ARrTSNA, a town of the Latins, taken 
by the Equi. Liv. 2, c. 43. 

ARTONTES, a ſon of Mardonius. Par. 
in Baotic. 

ARrToNIUs, aphy ſician of Auguſtus, who 
on the night previous to the battle of Philippi, 
ſaw Minerva in a cheam, who told tum 
to aſſure Auguſtus of victory. Pal. Max. 
e. 7. 

"ARTOXARES, an eunuch of Papblagonia, 
in the reign of Artaxerxes 1ſt, cruelly put 
to death by Paryſatis. 

ARTURIUS, an obſcure fellow, raiſed to 
honors and wealth by his flatterics, &c. 
Juv. 3, v. 29. 

ARTYNES, a king of Media. 

ARTYNIA, a lake of Aſia Minor. 

AR TVYSsTINA, a daughter of Darius. He- 
r:dot. 3, c. 88. 

Azuæ, a people of Hyrcania, where 
Alexander kindly received the chief officers 
of Darius. Curt. 6, C. 4. 

ARVvALES, a name given to twelve prieſts 
who celebrated the feſtivals called Ambar- 
valia, According to ſome, they were de- 
ſcended from the 12 ſons of Acca Lauren- 
tia, who ſuckled Romulus. They wore 
a crown of ears of corn, and a white fillet, 
Varro de L. L. 4. —Vid. Ambarvalia. 

Axukkis, a god of the Egyptians, fon 
of Iſis and Ofiris. According to ſome ac- 
counts, Ofiris and Iſis were married toge- 
ther in their mother's womb, and Iſis was 
pregnant of Arueris before ſhe was born. 

ARVERNI, a powerful people of Gaul, 
ncar the Ligeris, who took up arms againſt 
J. Czfar. They were conquered with great 
laughter, They pretended to be deſcended 
from the Trojans, as well as the Romans. 
Caf. bell. Gall. 7.—Strab, 14. 

AxvIx Aus, a king of Britain. Juv. 
4 V. 127. 

ARVvISIUM & ARVvISUS, a promontory 
of Chios, famous for its wine. Virg. Ecl. 5. 

L. AxuncuLEeivus CosTaA, an officer 
ſent by J. Cxſar againſt the Gauls, by 
whom he was killed. Cef. bell. Gall. 
Akuxs, an Etrurian ſoothſayer in the 
ꝛge of Marius. Lucan. I, v. 586. A 
toldier who flew Camilla, and was killed 
y a dart of Diana. Virg. Anu. II, v. 759. 
A brother of Tarquin the Proud. He 
married Tullia, who murdered him to eſ- 
pouſe Tarquin, who had aſſaſſinated his 
wife. A ſon of Tarquin the Proud, who, 
in the battle that was fought between the 
Fartzans of his father and the Romans, at- 
eked Brotus the Roman conſul, who 


5 


A 8 


wounded him, and threw him down from 
his horſe. Liv. 2, c. 6. A ſon of Por- 
ſena king of Etruria, ſent by his father to 
take Aricia. Liv. 2, c. 14. 

ARuNTIvs, a Roman who ridiculed the 
rites of Bacchus, for which the god inebri- 
ated him to ſuch a degree that he offered 
violencg to his daughter Medullina, who 
murdered him when ſhe found that he act- 
ed fo diſhonorably to her virtue. Plat. in 
Parall. A man who wrote an account of 
the Punic wars in the ftile of Salluſt, in the 
reign of Auguſtus. Tacit, An. 1.—Senec, 
ep. 14. Another Latin writer. Senec. de 
benef. 6. Paterculus, a man who gave 
Amylius Cenſorinus, tyrant of Wgeſta, a 
brazen horſe to torment criminals. The 
tyrant made the firſt experiment upon the 
body of the donor. Plut. in Parall. 
Stella, a poet deſcended of a conſular family, 
in the age of Domitian. 

ARUPINUS, a maritime town of Iftria. 
Tibull. 4, el. f, v. 110. 

ARUs PEX. Vid. Haruſpex. 

ARX ATA, a town of Armenia, near the 
Araxes. Strab. 11. 

AREYANDES, a Perſian appointed gover- 
nor of Egypt by Cambyſes. He was put to 
death becauſe he imitated Darius in what- 
ever he did, and wiſhed to make himſelf 
immortal. Herodot. 4, c. 166. 

ARYBAS, a native of Sidon, whoſe 
daughter was carried away by pirates. Ho- 
mer. Od. 15, v. 425. A king of the Mo- 
loſh, who reigned 10 years. 

ARYPTA&UsS, a prince of the Moloſſi, 
who privately encouraged the Greeks againſt 
Macedonia, and -afterwards embraced the 
party of the Macedonians. 

ASANDER, a man who ſeparated, by a 
wall, Cherſoneſus Taurica from the conti- 
nent. Straß. 7. 

ASBEST.® & ASBYST-f, a people of 
Lybia above Cyrenc, where the temple of 
Ammon is built, Jupiter is ſometimes call- 
ed on that account AH,. Herodot. 4, 
c. 170.—Ptol. 4, e. 3. 

AsSBGLVs {black hal, one of Actæon's 
dogs. Ovid. Met. 3. 

ASCALAPHUs, a ſon of Mars and Afſ- 
tyoche, who was among the Argonauts, and 
went to the Trojan war at the head of rhe 
Orchomenians, with his brother Ialmenus. 
He was killed by Deiphobus. Hemer. II. 2, 
. 1 A ſon of Acheron by Gorgyra 
or Orphne, ſtationed by Pluto to watch over 
Proſerpine in the Elyſian fields. When 
Ceres had obtained from Jupiter her daugh- 
ter's freedom and return upon earth, pro- 
vided ſhe had eaten nothing in the kingdom 
of Pluto, Aſcalaphus diſcovered that ſhe 
had caten ſome pomegranates from a tree; 
upon which Proſerpine was ordered by Ju- 

piter 


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piter to remain fix months with Pluto, and 
the reſt of the year with her mother. Pro- 
ſerpine was ſo diſpleaſed with Aſcalaphus, 
that ſhe ſprinkled water on his head, and 
immediately turned him into an owl. 
Apallyd. 1, c. 5. 1. 2, c. 5.—Ovid. Met. 5. 
fab. 8. 

AsCXr.ov, a town of Syria, near the 
Mediterrancan, about $20 ſtadia from Jeru- 
ſalem, ſtill in being. It was antieatly fa- 
mous for its onions. Fofeph. de bell. Jud. 3, 
c. 2.—[ heophraſt, H. Pl. 7, c. 4. 

ASCANIA, an iſland of the ZEgean fea, 
———-A city of Trons, built by Atcanias, 

AscAnrvs, ſon of /Eneas by Creula, 
was ſaved from the flames of Troy by his 
father, whom he accompanied in his voyage 
to Italy. He was afterwards called Julus, 
He bchaved with great valor in the war 
which his father carried on againſt the 
Latins, and ſucceeded Aneas in the king- 
dom of Latinus, and built Alba, to which 
he transferred the ſeat of his empire from 
Lavinium. The deſcendants of Aſcanius 
reigned in Alba for above 420 years, under 
14 kings, till the age of Numitor. Aſcanius 
geigned 38 years; zo at Lavinium, and 8 
at Alba; and was ſuccceded by Sylvius 
Poſthumus, ſon of AEncas by Lavinia. Iu- 
Jus, the ſon of Aſcanius, diſputed the crown 
with him; but the Latins gave at in favor 
of Sylvius, as he was deſcended from the 
family of Latinus, and Iulus was inveſted 
with the office of high-prieſt, which re- 
mained a long while in his family. Liv. 1, 
c. 3.—Virg. An. 1, &c.—According to 
Dionyſ. Hal. 1, c. 15, Sc. the ſon of 
Fneas by Lavinia was alſo called Aſcanius. 
A river of Bithynia. Virg. G. 3, v. 


270. 

Ascii, a nation of India, in whoſe 
eountry objects at noon have no ſhadow. 
Plin. 2. 

ASCLEPITA, feſtivals in honor of Aſcle- 
pius, or Zſculapius, celebrated all over 
Greece, At Epidaurus they were called by 
a different name. 

ASCLEPIADES, a rhetorician in the age 
of Eumenes, who wrote an hiſtorical account 
of Alexander. Arrian. A diſciple of 
Plato. A philoſopher, diſciple to Stilpo, 
and very intimate with Menedemus. The 
two friends lived together, and that they 
might not be ſeparated when they mar- 
ried, Aſclepiades married the daughter, and 
Menedemus, though much the younger, the 
mother. When the wife of Aſclepiades was 
dead, Menedemus gave his wife to his friend, 
and married another. He was blind in his 
old age, and died in Eretria. Plut,——A 
phyſician of Bithynia, B. C. go, who ac- 
Cuired great reputation at Rome, and was 


inc zounder of à fect in phyſic. He rched 


ua 


AS 


ſo much upon his ſkill, that he laid a wager 
he ſhould never be ſick; and won it, as ke 
died of a fall, in a very advanced age. No. 
thing of his medical treatiſes is now extant, 
An Egyptian, who wrote hymns to the 
gods of his country, and alfo a treatiſe on 
fhe coincidence of all religions, A native 
of Alexandria, who gave an hiſtory of the 
Athenian aichons.—-—The writer of a tre. 
tile on Demetrius Phalereus. A diſciple 
of Iſocrates, who wrote 6 books on thoſe 
events which had been the ſubject of trage. 
dies. A phy ſician in the age of Pompey. 
——-A tragic poet. Another phyſician of 
Bithvnia, under Trajan. He lived 70 years, 
and was a gicat favorite of the emperor's 
Coint. 

ASCLEP1ODGRUS, a painter in the age of 
Apelles, 12 of whoſe pictures of the gods 
were fold for 300 minz each, to an African 
prince, Plin, 3s. A ſoldier who con- 
ipired againſt Alexander wita Hermolaus, 
Curt. 85 Bs 5 

AsCLip1o0D6TUs, a general of Mithri- 
dates. 

AsCLEPIUs, Vid. Aculapius. 

ASCLETAR10ON, a mathematician in the 
age of Domitian, who ſaid that he ſhould 
be torn by dogs. The emperor ordered him 
to be put to death, and his body carefully 
ſecured; but as ſoon as he was ſet on the 
burning pile, a ſudden ſtorm aroſe which put 
out the flames, and the dogs came and tore to 
pieces the mathematician's body. Sueton ix 
Domit. 15. | 

AsCLvs, a town of Italy. Ital. 8. 

ASCGLIA, a feſtival in honor of Bacchus, 
celebrated by the Athenian huſbandmen, 
who generally ſacrificed a goat to the god, 
becauſe that animal is a great enemy to the 
vine. They made a bottle with the {kin of 
the victim, which they filled with oil and 
wine, and afterwards leapt upon it. He who 
could ſtand upon it firſt was victorious, and 
received the bottle as a reward. This was 
called arxaMaguy Tapas To tei Toy aguy 
anneclai, leaping upon the bottle, whence the 
name of the 2 is derived. It was alſo 
introduced in Italy, where the people be- 
ſmeared their faces with the dregs of wine, 
and ſang hymns to the god. They always 
hanged ſome ſmall images of the god on the 
talleſt trees in their vineyards, and theſe 
images they called Oſcilla. Virg. G. 2, . 
384.— Pollux. 9, c. 7. 

Ascovius LEO, a preceptor of Nero. 
Pedia, a man intimate with Virgil and 
Livy. Another of the ſame family in the 
age of Veſpaſian, who became blind in fis 
old age, and lived 12 years after. He wrots, 
beſides ſome hiſtorical treatiſes, annotation» 
on Cicero's orations. . 

AsCKA, atown of Bœotia, built, 1 


to ſore 
at the f 
born tl 
Aſerea» 
from A 
by Nep 
we Patel 
Asc1 
for the 
bricius. 
AsD! 
of Ham 
the Nur 
general 
for eigh! 
and valc 
his arm: 
foundat 
plete. 1 
the Ron 
bade kit 
fully obf 
in the n 
ſlave wi 
ſlave w: 
greateſt 
tience, 
he was 
Appian 
840 .— 
Spain 
brother 
entered 
Annibal 
Romans 
and Clas 
near the 
207. He 
of his n 
taken pr 
Killed. 
and ſom! 
of Anni; 
vas in t 
miſed ſu 
loſing A 
and Cat 
bad befe 
into Ital, 
the gove 
27, Sc. 
A Carth; 
appointec 
loner by 
lon of Gi 
thaginian 
great An 
omans 
Scyphax, 
Scipio. 
Another 
Make 
Auubal 


a Wager 
t, As he 

No. 
extant. 
Ns to the 
-atife on 
A native 
y of the 
f a trea- 
diſciple 
on thoſe 
ff trage. 
Pompey, 
ſician of 
o years, 
mperor's 


he age of 
the gods 
African 
ho con- 
rmolaus, 


Mithri- 


in in the 
2 ſhould 
ered him 
carefully 
et on the 
rhich put 
id tore to 
Fueton in 


A 
Bacchus, 
andmen, 
the god, 
ny to the 
e ſ in of 
oil and 
He who 
ious, and 
This was 
roy aguy 
hence the 
t was alſo 
2ople be- 
of wine, 
y always 
od on the 
ind theſe 
G. 2, v. 


r of Nero. 
Virgil and 
ily in the 
ind in bis 
He wrote, 
motations 


according 
iy 


A 8 


to ſome, by the giants Otus and Ephialtes, | 
at the foot of mount Helicon, Heſiod was 


born there, whence he is often called the 
Aſcrean poet. The town received its name 
from Aſcra, a nymph, mother of CEoclus 
by Neptune. Strab. g. Pau. 9, c. 29. 
wePaterc. 1. 

AscULUM, a town of Picenum, famous 
for the deteat of Pyrrhus by Curius and Fa- 
bricius. Flor. 3, c. 18. 

ASDRUBAL, a Carthaginian, ſon-in-law 
of Hamilcar. He diftinguithed himſelf in 
the Numidian war, and was appointed chiet 
g-neral on the death of his father-in-Jaw, and 
for eight years preſided with much prudence 
and valor over Spain, which ſubmitted to 
his arms with chearfulneſs. Here he laid the 
foundation of new Carthage, and ſaw it com- 
plete. To ſtop his progreſs towards the eaſt, 
the Romans, in a treaty with Carthage, for- 
bade kim to paſs the Iberus, which was faith- 
fully obſerved by the general. He was killed 
in the midſt of his ſoldicrs, B. C. 220, by a 
ſlave whoſe maſter he had murdered. The 
flave was caught, and put to death in the 
greateſt turments, which he bore with pa- 
rience, and even ridiculed. Some ſay that 
he was killed in hunting. Ital. 1, v. 165.— 
Appian. Iheric.— Pelyb. 2.— Liv. 21, c. 2, 
. A ton of Hamilcar, who came from 
Spain with a large reinforcement for his 
brother Annibal. He crofied the Alps, and 
entered Italy; but ſome of his letters to 
Annival having fallen into the hands of the 
Romans, the conſuls M. Livius Salinator 
and Claudius Nero, attacked him ſuddenly 
near the Metaurus, and defeated him, B. C. 
207. He was killed in the battle, and 56,000 
of his men thared his fate, and 5400 were 
taken priſoners; about go Romans were 
killed. The head of Aſdrubal was cut off, 
and ſome days after thrown into the camp 
e Annibal, who, in the moment that he 
vas in the greateſt expectations for a pro- 
miſed ſupply, exclaimed at the fight, © Ir 
long Aldrubal, 1 loſe all my happineſs, 
and Carthage all her hopes.” Afdrubal 
dad before made an attempt to penetrate 
mto Italy by ſea, but had been deicated by 
the governor of Sardinia. Li. 21, 23. 
275 Sc. Polyb.-— Horat. 4. od. 4. 
A Carthaginian general, firnamed Caltus, 
*ppointed governor of Sardinia, and taken pri- 
loner by the Romans. Liv. Another, 
on of Gilgon, appointed general of the Car- 
Mhaginian forces in Spain, in the time of the 
Feat Annibal. He made head againſt the 

omans in Africa, with the aſſiſtance of 
Syphax, but he was ſoon after defeated by 

eipio. He died B. C. 206. Liv. 
Another who adviſed his countrymen to 
Mike peace with Rome, and upbraided 
Auubal for laughing in the Carthaginian 


—- 
27 4" 


A.- 8 


ſenate, Liv, A grandſon of Maſiniſſa, 
murdered in the ſenate-houſe by the Car- 
thaginians, Another, whoſe camp was 
deftroyed in Africa by Scipio, though at 
the Lead of 20,000 men, in the lat Punic 
war. When all was loſt, he fled to the 
enemy, and begged his life. Scipio ſhewed 
him to the Carthaginians, upon which his 
wife, with a thouſand imprecations, threw 
herſelf and her two children into the 
flames of the temple of Æſculapius, which 
ihe, and others, had ſet on fire. He was 
not of the {ame family as Hannibal. 
Liv. $1. A Carthaginian general, con- 
quered by L. Cæcilius Metellus in Sicily, 
in a battle in which he loſt 1 30 clephants. 
Theſe animals were led in triumph all over 
Italy by the conquerors. 

ASELL10 (Sempronius), an hiſtorian and 
military tiibune, who wrote an account of the 
actions in which he was preſent. Dieny/. Hal. 

As iA, one of the three parts of the ancient 
world, ſeparated from Europe by the Tanais, 
the Euxine, Ægean, and Mediterranean 
ſeas. The Nile and Egypt divide it from 
Africa. It receives its name from A ſia, the 
daughter of Occanus. This part of the globe 
has given birth to many of che greateſt mo- 
narchies of the univerſe, and to the ancient 
inhabitants of Aſia we are indebted for moſt 
of the arts and ſciences. The ſoil is fruit- 
ful, and abounds with all the neceſſaries as 
well as luxuries of life. Aha was divided into 
many different empires, provinces, and ſtares, 
of which the moſt conſpicuous were the Al- 
ſyrian and Perſian monarchies. The Aſſyrian 
monarchy, according to Euſebius, laſted 
1240 years, and according to Juſtin, 1300 
years, down to the year of the world 4380. 
The empire of Perſia exiſted 228 years, till. 
e death of Darius the 3d, whom Alexander 
the Great conquered. The empire of the 
Medes laſted 2 59 years,according to Euſebius, 
or lefs, according to others, till the reign of 
Aſtyages, who was conquered by Cyrus the. 
Great, who transferred the power of the 
MecJcs, and founded the Perſian monarchy. 
{t was in Aſia that the military valor of the 
Macedonians, and the bold retreat of the 
10,000 Greeks were ſo conſpicuouſly diſ- 
played. It is in that part of the world that 
we are to look for the more viſible progreſs 
of luxury, deſpotiſm, ſedition, effeminacy, and 
diſſipation. Aſia was generally divided into 
Major and Minor. A ſia Major was the moſt 
extenſive, and comprehended all the eaſtera 
parts; and Aſia Minor was a large country 
in the form of a peninſula, whoſe boundaries 
may be known by drawing a line from the 
bay of Iſſus, in a northern direction, to the 
eaſtern part of the Euxine Sea. Aſia Minor 
has been ſubject to many revolutions. It was 
tributary to the Scythians tar upwards of 

15 


A 8 


150 years, and was a long time in the 
power of the Lydians, Medes, &c. The 
weſtern parts of Aſia Minor were the recepta- 
cle of all the ancient emigtations from Greece, 
and it was totally peopled by Grecian colo- 
nies. The Romans generally and indifcri- 
minately called Aſia Minor by the name of 
Aſia. Strab, — Meta. — Tiftin.—Plin.—Ta- 
cit. Sc. One of the Occanides, who mar- 
ried Japetus, and gave her name to one of 
the three quarters of the ancient globe. 
Ap3ilod. 1, c. 2. One of the Nereides. 
Hygin. A mountain of Laconia, Pau. 
I, E. 28. 

As1ATiſcvus, a Gaul, in the age of Vi- 
tellius, Tacit. Hiſt. 2. The ſirname of 
one of the Scipios, and others, for their con- 
queſts or campaigns in Aſia. 

ASILAS, an augur, who aſſiſted Aineas 
againſt Turnus. A Trojan officer. Virg. 
Au. , 10, Se. 

ASINARIA, a feſtival in Sicily, in com- 
memoration of the victory obtained over 
Demoſthenes and Nicias, at the river Aſi- 
narius. 

AS1NAR1vs, a river of Sicily, where the 
Athenian generals, Demoſthenes and Nicias, 
were taken priſoners, 

Asfns, one of the Sporades, An 
"and of the Adriatic. Three towns of 
Poloponnefus bore that name, viz. in Laco- 
ma, Argolis, and Meſſenia. 

AsSINEs, a river of Sicily. 

Asrinivs GALLvus, ſon of Afinius Pol- 
tio the orator, married Vipſania after ſhe 
had been divorced by Tiberius. This mar- 
riage gave riſe to a ſecret enmity between 
the emperor and Afinius, who ftarved him- 
ſelf to death, either voluntarily, or by order 
of bis Imperial enemy. He nad fix ſons by 
his wife. He wrote a compariſon between 
his father and Cicero, in which he gave a 
decided ſuperiority to the former. Tacit. 1 
& 5. Ann. — Dio. 58.—Plin. 7, ep. 4. 
Marcellus, grandſon of Aſinius Pollio, was 
accuſed of ſome miſdemeanors, but acquitted, 
&c. Taci?. 14. Ann. Polſio, an excel- 
lent orator, poet, and hiſtorian, intimate 
with Auguſtus. He triumphed over the 
Dalmatians, and wrote an account of the 
wars of Cæſar and Pompey, in 17 books, 
beſides poems. He reſuſed to anſwer ſome 
verſes written againſt Lim by Auguſtus, 
« becauſe,“ faid he, “ you have the power 
to proſcribe me, ſhould my anſwer prove 
offenſive.“ He died in the Both year of 
his age, A. D. 4. He was conſul with 
Cn. Domitius Calvinus, A. U. C. 712. 
It is to him that the fourth of Virgil's 
Bucolics is inſcribed. Quint/.— Sucton. in 

Cef. 30 & 55. — Dio. 37, 49, 55.—Sencc, 
de trang. Ani. & cp. 100. —Plin. 7, e. 30.— 
Tecit. 6. - Paterc. 2.—Plut, in C.. 


AS 
| commander of Mauritania, under the fir 
emperors, & c. Tacit. Hiſt. 2.— A, 
hiſtorian in the age of Pompey. Another 
in the third century.——Quadratus, a man 


who publiſhed the hiftory of Parthia, Greece, 
and Rome. 


Asrv's, a ſon of Dymas, brother of He. 
cuba. He aſſiſted Priam in the Trojan war, 
Homer. A poet of Samos, who wrote 
about the genealogy of ancient heroes and 
her ines. Pauſ. 7, c. 4. A ſon of Im. 
bracus, who accompanied ÆEneas into Italy, 
Virg. An. 10, v. 123. 

Asius Camus, a place near the Cayfter, 

As x Aus, a mountain of Macedonia, 
near which the river Aous flows. Liv, xz, 
. 3. 

Asöputs, 2 ſmall country of Pelopanne. 
ſus, near the Aſopus. 

AsdPIA, the ancient name of Sicyon, 
Fax]. 4, ©. 1. 

ASSPIADEsS, a patronymic of Zacus, 
ſon of Agina, the daughter of Aſopu. 
Ovid. Met. 7, v. 484. 

Asöpis, the daughter of the Aſopus.— 
A daughter of Theſpius, mother of Mentor, 
Apollod. 2, c. 7. 

Asöpus, a river of Theſſaly, falling ine 
the bay of Malia, at the north of Thermo- 
pylz. Strab. 8. A river of Bœotia, xiſig 
near Platæa, and flowing into the Euripus, 
after it has ſeparated the country of the 
Thebans and Platæans. Par. 9, c. 4.— 


Laodicea. A river of Peloponneſus, paſ- 
ſing by Sicyon.— Another of Macedonia, 
flowing near Heraclea. Strab. &c.——A 
river of Phconicia. A ſon of Neptune, 
who gave his name toa river of Peloponneſus. 
Three of his daughters are particularly ccle- 
brated, Ægina, Salamis, and Iſmene. - 
potiod. 1, c. 9. I. 3, c. 12.—Pauf. 2. c. 
12. 

ASPAMITHRES, a favorite eunuch cf 
Xerxes, who conſpired with Artabanus tv 
deftroy the king and the royal family, &c. 
Cteſias. | 

ASPARAGIUM, atown near Dyrrhachium. 
Cæſ. bell. Civ. 3, c. 30. 

AsPXAS1A, a daughter of Hermotimus of 
Pliocæa, famous for her perſonal charmsand 
elegance. She was prieſteſs of the ſun, 
miſtreſs to Cyrus, and afterwards to is 
brother Artaxerxes, from whom ſhe paſſed 
to Darius. She was called Milto, Vermil:'9n, 
on account of the beauty of her complexion 
lian. V. H. 12, c. 1.—Plut. in Artax.—— 
Another woman, daughter of Axiochus, born 
at Miletus. She came to Athens, Where 
ſhe taught eloquence. Socrates was pro 
to be among her ſcholars. She ſo captivated 
Pericles, by her mental and perſonal ac. 


compliſhments, that ke became her pup 


A river of Aſia, flowing into the Lycus nezr 


and a 
wife. 


war a 
behav 
W cor! 
and it 
neſs ir 
the mi 
caught 
—Qui 
was al 
mproj 
Cc. de 

AsP 
the 2C 
Gore) 
lophuſt 


Cyclad 


Asp1 


nymph 
ot Bceo! 
Trojan | 


Aspe 


near Pei 
gods Wa 
Hrab. 1 


AssA 
Ass 4 
Ass 4 


by Calli: 
ther t. 


An. 1. 


Rutuliar, 


AssE! 
As$61 


and Arg 


Assos 
Ass. 


boundari 
umes. A 
and Capi 
Zenerall 

7 Muy wh 
mia, Arr 
empire }« 
Was foun 
Kearding 


4 83 


the firſt 


— An 


wife. He was ſo fond of her, that he made 
war againſt Samos at her inſtigation. The 


-Another behaviour of Pericles towards Aſpaſia, great- 
S, à man corrupted the morals of the Athenians, 
„Greece, 21d introduced diſſipation and laſciviouſ- 
neſs into the ſtate. Some have confounded 
r of He. the miſtreſs of Pericles with Aſpaſia the 
Jan war, daughter of Hermotimus. Plut. in Pericl. 
ho wrote —Quintil, 11. The wife of Xenophon 
roes and ws alſo called Aſpaſia, if we follow the 
Mm of Im. mproper interpretation given by ſome to 
nto Italy, (ic. de Inv. 1, c. 31. 
ASPASIRUS, a peripatetic philoſopher in 
> Cayfter, the 2d century, whoſe commentaries on 
acedouia, different ſubjects were highly valued. A 


Liv. zi, ſyphiſt, who wrote a panegyric on Adrian. 
ASPASTES, a ſatrap of Carmania, ſuſ- 

pected of infidelity to his truſt while Alex- 

ander was in the eaſt. Curt. 9, c. 20. 
ASPATHINES, one of the ſeven noble- 


men of Perſia, who conſpired againſt the 


elopanne- 
Ff Sicyon, 


f Facus nſurper Smerdis. Herodot. 3, c. 70, &c. 
f Aſopus, -— A ſon of Prexaſpes. Id. 7. 
AsPENDUS, a town of Pamphylia. Cic. 
OPUS.— in Verr. 1, c. 20. The inhabitants ſacri- 
of Mentor, need ſwine to Venus. 
ASPHALTITES, a lake. Vid. Mate Mor- 
falling inte tuum. 
f Thermo- Asp1s, a ſatrap of Chaonia, who re- 
eotiagriling volted from Artaxerxes. He was reduced 
ie Euripus, by Datames. Cor. Nep. in Dat. A city 
try of the and mountain of Africa. One of the 


5 C. 4.— Cyclades. A city of Macedonia. 

Lycus nezr « AsPLEDON, a ſon of Neptune by the 

meſus, pat- mph Midea. He gave his name to a city 

Macedonia, of Beeotia, whoſe inhabitants went to the 

Sc.— 4 Tojan war. Homer. II. 2. 

f Neptune, ASPORENUS, a mountain of Aſia Minor 

loponneſus. near Pergamus, where the mother of the 

-ularly ccle- bod was worlhipped, and called Aſporena. 

nene. Ap- Hrab. 13. 

Pauſ. 2. © Assa, a town near mount Athos. 

ASSABINUS, the Jupiter of the Arabians. 

eunuch of ASSARACUS,a Trojan prince, ſon of Tros 


rtabanus de 
family, KC, 


byCallirhoe. He was father to Capys, the 
tier to Anchiſes. Homer. I. 20.—Virg. 
1. . — Two friends of Aneas in the 
Rutulian war. Virg. Ax. 10, v. 124. 
ASSERINI, a people of Sicily. 
AssõR Us, a town of Sicily, between Enna 
nd Argyrium. 
Assos, a town of Lycia on the ſea coaſt, 
AVR A, a large country of Aſia, whoſe 
oundaries have been different in its florithing 
ues. At firſt it was bounded by the Lycus 
and Caprus ; but the name of Aſſyria, more 
deucrally ſpeaking, is applied to all that ter- 
muy which lies between Media, Meſopota- 
ala, Armenia, and Babylon. The Aſly rian 
Mpire is the moſt ancient in the world. It 
Was founded by Ninus or Belus, B. C. 2059, 
weading to ſome authors, and laſted till the 


yrrhachium. 


rmotimus of 
charms and 
of the ſun, 
rards to his 
n ſhe paſſed 
dy Vermillian, 
complexion 
Artax.— 
xiochus, born 
thens, Where 
5s Was prou 
ſo captivated 
erſonal - 
her pup" 

ne her p "I 


and at laſt took her for his miſtreſs and 


A 8 


reign of Sardanapalus, the 31ſt foverelgt 
fince Ninus, B. C. 820. According to 
Euſebius, it floriſhed for 1240 years; accord- 
ing to Juſtin, 1300 years; but Herodotus 
ſays, that its duration was not above 5 or 600 
years. Among the different monarchs of 
the Aſſyrian empire, Semiramis greatly diſ- 
tinguithed herſelf, and extended the bounda- 
ries of her dominions as fat as Athiopia and 
Libya. In ancient authors, the Aſſyrians are 
orten called Syrians, and the Syrians Aſſy- 
rians. The Afſfyrians aſſiſted Priam in the 
Trojan war, and ſent him Memnon with an 
army. The king of Aſſyria generally filed 
himſelf king of kings, as a demonſtration of 
his power and greatneſs. The country is now 
called Curdiſtan. Vid. Syria. Strab. 16, 
Ileredot. 1 & 2.—Tuftin. 1.—Plin, 6, c. 13 
& 26.— Ptel. 1, c. 2. Died. 2. — Mela. 1, 
C. 2. 

As rA, a city of Spain. 

Asraca xi, a people of India, near the 
Indus. Strab. 15. 

As rAcus, a town of Bithynia, built by 
Aſtacus, ſon of Neptune and Olbia, or rather 
by a colony of Megara and Athens. Lyfi- 
machus deſtroyed it, and carried the inhabi- 
tants to the town of Nicomedia, which was 
then lately built. Pauſ. 5, c. 12.— Arrian, 
——Strab, 17.— A city of Acarnania, 
Plin. 5. 

ASTAPA, a town of Hiſpania Bztica. 
Liv. 38, c. 20. 

As1TAPpvus, a river of Mthiopia, falling 
into the Nile. 

ASTARTE, a powerful divinity of Syria, 
the ſame as the Venus of the Greeks. She 
had a famous temple at Hierapolis in Syria, 
which was ſerved by 300 prieſts, who were 
always employed in offering ſacrifices. She 
was repreſented in medals with a long habit, 
and a mantle over it, tucked up on the left 
arm. She had one hand firetched forward, 
and held in the other a crooked ſtaff in the 
form of a croſs. Lucian. de Ded Syrid.— 
Cic. de Nat. D. 3, c. 23. 

ASTER, a dexterous archer of Amphi- 
polis, who offered his ſervices to Philip 
king of Macedonia. Upon being lighted, he 
retired into the city, and armed an arrow at 
Philip, who preſſed it with a fiege. The ar- 
row, on which was written, “aimed at 
Philip's right eye,“ ſtruck the king's eye; 
and put it out; and Philip, to return the 
pleaſantry, threw back the {ame arrow, with 
theſe words, “ If Philip takes the town, 
Aiter ſhall be hanged.” The conqueror 
kept his word. Lucian. de Hiſt. Serib, 

As TEIA, a daughter of Ceus, one of 
the Titans, by Phoebe, daughter of Cœlus 
and Terra. She married Perſes, ſon of 
Crius, by whom ſhe had the celebrated He- 


1 She enjoyed for a long time the fa- 
1 


vors 


— — — — — 


AS 
vors of Jupiter, under the form of an eagle; 
but falling under his diſpleaſure, ſhe was 


A 8 


poets mention, during the golden age; but 
the wickedneſs and impicty of mankind 


changed into a quail, called Ortyx by the | drove her to heaven in the brazen and iron do 
Greeks; whence the name of Ortygia, given | ages, and ſhe was placed among the conſtel- Ly 
to that iſland in the Archipelago, where ſhe | lations of the zodiac, under the name of we 
retired. Ovid. Met. 6, fab: 4.—Hygin. fab. | Virgo. She is repreſented as a virgin, with he 
58.—Apolled. 1, c. 2, Oc. A town of | a ſtern, but majeſtic countenance, holding a At 
Greece, whoſe inhabitants went to the | pair of ſcales in one hand, and a ſword in to 
Trojan war. Hemer. I. 2, v. 782. the other. Sencc.. in OFav, -O]. Met. x, the 
One of the daughters of Danaus, who mar- v. 149.— at. 1. Phenom. v. 98.— Head. in 
ried Chætus, ſon of Agyptus. Ap/od. 2. Therg. Dae 
One of the daughters of Atlas, mother AsrRæus, one of the Titans who made thi 
of Oenomaus, king of Piſa. Hugin. tab. | war againft Jupiter. A river of Macedo. rea 
250. A miſtreſs of Gyges, to whom | nia, near Therme. Alian. UH. F. 15 Aa 
Horace wrote three odes, to comfort her j c. 1. | wit 
during her lover's abſence, AsTv, a Greek word which ſignifies ger 
AsSTERION & ASTERIUS, a river of Pe- | city, generally applied by way of diſtinction, Fi 
loponneſus, which flowed through the coun=- | to Athens, which was the moſt capital city Iſn 
try of Argolis. This river had three daughters, of Greece, The word vrbs is applied with mit 
Eubœa, Proſymna, and Acræa. Par/. 2, the ſame meaning of ſuperiority to Rome, deu 
e. 17. A ſon of Cometes,who was one of | and wong to Alexandria, the capital of 595 
the Argonauts. Apollon. T. A ſtatuary, Egypt, as alſo to Troy. of 1 
ſon of Aiſchylus. . -A fon of Mi- As ru, an Etrurian, who aſſiſted Zneas in 
nos 2d, king of Crete, by Paſiphac. He | againſt Turnus. Vg. An. 10, v. 180. and 
was killed by Theſeus, though he was A35TURA,a ſmall village of Latium, when log 
thought the ſtrongeſt of his age. Apollodoras Antony's ſoldiers cut off Cicero's head. cele 
ſuppoſes him to be the fame as the famous | ASTURES, a people of Hiſpania Tam» the 
Minotaur, According to ſome, Akerion | conenfts, who ſpend all their lives in digging bel: 
was ſon of Teutamus, one of the deſcend- | for mines of ore. Lucan. 4, v. 298.—-ltal, hin 
ants of olus, and they {ay that he was fir- | 1, v. 231. hi: 
named [upiter, becaufe he had carried away ASTYAGE, a daughter of Ipheus, who bac 
Europa, by whom he had Minos the 1ft. married Periphas, by whom ſhe had ſome Wit 
Diud. 4.— Apollod. 3.— Pauſ. 2, c. 31. children, among whom was Antion, the goC 
A ſon of Neleus and Chloris, e 1, father of Ixion. that 
C. 12. ASTYAGEs, ſon of Cyaxares, was the This 
ASTERODIA, the wife of Endymion. | laſt king of Media, He was father to Man- his 
Fa. , e. 1. dane, whom he gave in marriage to Camby- Cyl, 
STEROPE & ASTEROPEA, one of the | ſes, an ignoble perſon of Perſia, becauſe he Vows 
Pleiades, who were beloved by the gods and | was told by a dream, that his daughter's ſon ' th 
mot? iliuſtrious heroes, and made conſte lla- would diſpoſſeſs him of his crown. From Och 
tions aſter death. — A daughter of Pelias, | ſuch a marriage he hoped that none but Aty's 
king of Iolchos, who aſſiſted her fiſters to | mean and ignorant children could be raiſed; VaiS 1 
Kili her father, whom Medea promiſcd to | but he was diſappointed, and though be had that 
reſtore to life. Her grave was ſeen in Ar- | expoſed his daughter's ſon by the effects ct relate 
cadia, in the time of Pauſarias, 8, c. 11. a ſecond dream, he was deprived of hi tue ig 
A daughter of Deion by Diomede. . | crown by his grandſon, after a reign of 35 becan 
4. The wife of /Eſacus. Id. 3. years. Afffyages was very cruel and p- amo 
ASTEROPZEUS, a King of Pæonia, fon of | preſſive; and Harpagus, one of his officers, Patlay 
Pelegon. He aſſiſted Priam in the Trojan | whoſe fon he had wantonly murdered, en. dean 
war, and was killed by Achilles. Hemer. couraged Mandane's ſon, who was called god f. 
L. 17. Se. Cyrus, to take up arms againſt his grand- Produ 
ASTERUS1US,a mountain at the ſouth of | father, and he conquered him and took him With | 
Crete. A town of Arabia Felix. priſoner, 559 B. C. Xenophon, in his Cy* This! 
ASTINGME, the wife of Hipponous. ropzdia, relates a different fory, and allerts depri 
As ischs, a general of Lacedæmon, | that Cyrus and Aſtyages lived in the mol ali 
who conquered the Athenians near Cnidus, | undiſturbed friendſhip together. Juſtin. ly lated 
and took Phocæa and Cumæ, B. C. 411. [c. 4, &c.—Herodet. 1, c. 74, 759 &e. $70Un 
ASTRA&A, a daughter of Aſtræus, king A grammarian who wrote a comment» branch 
of Arcadia, or, according to others, of T1- | tary on Callimachu A man change and p. 
tan, Saturn's brother, by Aurora. Some make | into a ſtone by Medbfa's head. Ovid. Met. bore, 
her daughter of Jupiter and Themis. She 5, fab. 6. May 
was called Fuſtice, of which virtue ſhe was] A5sTYALvs, a Trojan killed by Neopto- The g 
the goddeſs. She lived upon the carth, as the | lemys, Hemer. I. 6, | and w 
| ASTXAN4)) Atys \ 


— — — — 


— 
— 


" Wor A V 


ge; but 

3 ATys, an ancient king of Lydia. Hero- | with the daughter of the king of Peſſinus, | 
and iron dot. 1, c. 7. A {on of Cretus king of | Agdiſtis, who was jealous of his rival, in- | 
conſtel- Lydia. He was forbidden the uſe of all] ſpired by his enchantments the king aud 

name of weapons by his father, who had dreamt that | is future ſon-in-la with ſuch an uncom- 

gin, with he had been killed. Some time after this, | mon fury, that they both attacked and mu- 


holding a Atys prevailed on his father to permit him | tilated one another in the ſtruggle, Ovid. 


(word in to go to hunt a wild boar, which laid waſte | ſays, Met. 1o, fab. 2, &c that Cybele | 

I. Met. 1. the country 0: Myſia, and he was killed | changed Atys into a pine- tree as he was | 

Had. in the attempt by Adrattus, whom Crceſus | going to lay violent hands upon himſelf, q 
had appointed guardian over his fon, and | and, ever after, that tree was tacred to the 

vho made thus the apprehenfions of the monarch were | mother of the gods. After his death, Atys 

Macedo- realized. Herodot. 1, c. 34, &c. Vid. | received divine honors, and temples were 

X Adraſtus.- A Trojan, who came to [taly | raiied to his memory, particularly at Dy- 1 

k with Aneas, and is ſuppoſed to be the pro- mz. Catull. de Aty. & Berec.—Ovid Faſt, | 

ſignifes genitor of the family of the Attii at Rome, | 4, v. 223, Sc. — Lucian. in Ded Syd. | 

iſtinction, Virg. An. 5, v. 568.——A youth to whom | Sylvius, ton of Albius Sylvius, was king | 

apital city Iimene the daughter of (Edipus was pro- of Alba. Liv. 1, c. 3. 

plied with miſed in marriage. He was Killed by Ty- AVARICUM, a ſtrong and fortified towu | 

to Rome, deus before his nuptials. Stat. Theb. 8, v. | of Gaul. Cæſ. bell. G. 7. | 

capital af 508. A fon of Limmace the daughter AVELLA, a town of Campania, abound- | 

| 


of the river Ganges, who aſtiſted Cepheus] ing in nuts, whence nuts have been called 


ted nes in preventing the marriage of Andromeda, | ave/line, Sil. 8, v. 45, &c.—Virg. An, 
180. and was killed by Perteus with a burning | 7, v. 740. n 
ium, when log of wood. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 47. A AvENnTINUS, a ſon of Hercules, by Rhea, 
head. celebrated ſhepherd of Phrygia, of whom | who aſſiſted Turnus againit Eucas. Virg. 


nia Tam⸗- the mother of the gods generally called Cy- [An. 7, v. 657. A king of Alba, bu - 
; in digging bele became enamoured, She entruſted | ried upon mount Aventine. . Ovid. Faſt. 4, 
298, —lta, him with the care of her temple, and made v. 51. One of the feven hills on which 


him promile he always would live in celi- | part of the city of Rome was built. It was 
bacy. He violated his vow by an amour | 13,300 feet in circumference, and was 
with the nymph Sangaris, for which the | given to the people to buiid houſes upong 
goddeſs made him fo inſane and delirious, | by King Ancus Martius It was not reck- 
that lle caſtrated himſelſ with a ſharp ſtone. | oned within the precincts of the city till the 
This was afterwards intentionally made by | reign of ihe emperor Claudius, becauſe the 
his ſacerdotal ſucceſſors in the ſervice of | ſoothſayers looked upon it as a place of ill 
Cybele, to prevent their breaking their | omen, as Remus had been buried there, 
ws of perpetual chaſtity. This account | whoſe blood had been criminally ſh2d. 


heus, who 
had ſome 
Antion, the 


s, was the 
jer to Man- 
to Camby- 
becauſe be 


ughter's ſon „the moſt general and moſt approved. | The word is derived, according to ſome, ab 
wn. From ers ſay, that the goddeſs became fond of | avibus, becauſe birds were fond of the place. 
r none but ys, becauſe he had introduced her feſti- Others ſuppoſe that it receives its name 


Id be raiſed; 
ough be had 
he effects ei 
ived of hs 


das in the greateſt part of Alia Minor, and | becauſe, Aventinus, one of the Alban kings, 
that the herſelf mutilateq; him. Pauſanias | was buried upon it. Juno, the Moon, 
iclates, in Achaic, c. 17, that Atys was | Diana, Bona Dea, Hercules, and the god- 
tue ton of the daughter of the Sangar, who | dels of Victory and Liberty, had magnifi- 


reign of 33 became pregnant by putting the bough of an | cent temples built upon it. Vue. de L. L. ö 
del and op- mond tree in her boſom. Jupiter, as the 4.—Firg. An, 8, v. 235.— Liv. 1, c. 33. 
his officer pallage mentions, once had an amorous AVERNUS or AVERNA, a lake of Cam- 


dream, and ſome of the impurity of the | panit«, near Baiæ, whoſe waters were ſo 
god tell upon the earth, which ſoon after | unwholeſome and putrid, that no birds 
produced a monſter of an human form, | were ſeen on its banks; hence its original 
With the characteriſtics of the two ſexes. | name was a, avious carens. The an- 
This monſter was called Agdiftis, and was | cieats made it the entrance of hell, as alſo 
deprived by the gods of thoſe parts which one of its rivers. Its circumference was 
C22guilh the male ſex. From the muti- | five ſtadia, and its depth could not be aſcer-. 
lated parts which were thrown on the | tained. The waters of the Avernus were 
ground, rote an almond tree, one of whole | indiſpenſably neceſſary in all inchantments 
branches a nymph of the Sangar gathered, | and magical proceſſes. It may be obſerved, 
MC placed in her boſora as mentioned a- that all lakes whoſe ſtagnated waters were 
ore. Atys, as ſoon as born, was expoſed | putrid and offenſive to the ſmell, were in- 
na wood, but preſerved by a the goat. diſcriminately called Averna. Vg. An. 4, 
ae genius Agdiſtis ſaw him in the wood, | v.5.—12, &c. I. 6,v. 201,&c.—Mela. 2, c. 4. 

aud was captivated with his beauty. As | —Strab. 5.—Diod. 4.—Ariftet. de Adm. 
Is Was going to celebrate his nuptials | AVvEST4, a book compoſed by Zoroaſter. 

| AUFEIA 


urdered, en- 
Was calle 

ſt his grand 
nd took him 
n, in his Cy: 
y. and allerts 
in the mo 
„ Juſtir. ly 
4, 757 Kc. 
e a commen- 
man change 


Ovid. Met. 


* 


d by Neopto* 


1 


— — — — 
— 


— 


r — —— — — 


—— 


— . 


* 2 


— _—_ << EE Rr — —— AC 6 
— 2 a * — 
* " * 


— — — oy nn 


K 0 


Avrrra AA, called afterwards Marcia, 
was the ſweeteſt and moſt wholeſome water 
in Rome, was firſt conveyed into the city 
by Ancus Martius. 

Auris, a city of Italy, whoſe in- 
habitants, called Aufidenates, were among 
the Sabines. Liv. 10, c. 12. 

Avrin1a tx, was enacted by the tri- 
bune Aufdius Lurco, A. U. C. 692. It 
ordamed, that it any candidate in canvaſ- 
fng for an office, promiſed money to the 
tr1bunes, and failed in the performance, he 
ſhould be excuſed; but if he actually paid 
it, he ſhould be compelled to pay every tri- 
bune 6000 ſeſterces. 

Avurrvits, ancffeminate perſon of Chios. 
Jur. 9, v. 25,——Baſſus, a famous hifto- 
rian in the age of Quintilian, who wrote an 
account of Germany, and of the civil wars. 
A Roman ſenator, famous for his 
blindneſs and abilities. Cic. Tuſc. 5.— 
Lurco, a man who enriched himſelf by 
fattening peacocks, and felling them for 
meat. Pliu. 10.-— Luſcus, a man ob- 
ſcurely born, and made a pretor of Fundi, 
in the age of Horace. 1 Sat. 5, v. 3 

Avripus, a river of Apulia falling into 
the Adriatic fea, and now called Ofanto. 
It was on its banks that the Romans were 
d-feated by Hannibal at Cannæ. Horat. 3, 
od. 30. I. 4, od. 9.—-Firg. An. 11, v. 405. 

Auca & Aug & AvGEa, daughter 
of Aleus king of Tegea, by Newra, was 
raviſhed by Hercules, and brought forth a 
fon, whom the expoſed in the woods to 
conceal her amours from her father. The 
child was preſerved, and called Telephus. 
Aleus was informed of his daughter's ſhame, 
and gave her to Nauplius to put to death. 
Navplius refuſed to perform the cruel of- 
face, and gave Auga to Teuthras, king of 
Myſia, who, being without iſſue, adopted 
her as his daughter. Some time after the 
eominions of Teuthras were invaded by an 
enemy, and the king promiſed his crown 
and daughter to him who could deliver 
him from the impending calamity. Tele- 
phus, who had been directed by the oracle 
to go to the court of Tenthras, if he wiſhed 
to find his parents, offered his ſervices to 
the king, and they were accepted. As he 
was going to unite himſelf to Auge, in con- 
ſequence of the victory he had obtained, 
Auge ruſhed from him with ſecret horror, 
and the gods ſent a ſerpent to ſeparate 
them. Auge implored the aid of Hercules, 
who made her ſon known to her, and the 
returned with him to Tegea. Pauſanias 
fays, that Auge was confined in a coffer 
with her infant ſon, and thrown into the 
ſea, where, after being preſerved and pro- 


tected hy Minerva, ſhe was found by king 


A U 


Teuthras. Apollod. 2 & 3.—Paſ. 8, e. i. 
Hygin. fab. 99 & 100. 

AuGARUSs, an Arabian, who, for 
his good offices, obtaine1 the favors of 
Pompey, whom he vilely deceived. Dis. 
A king of Ofroene, whom Caracalla 
impriſoned, after he had given him ſolemn 
promiſes of friendſhip and ſupport. Div. 78. 

AVUGEZ, a town of Laconia, Pau, z, 
. If: Another of Locris. 

Avcras & AvGcEtas, ſon of Eleus or 
Elius, was one of the Argonauts, and af- 
terwards aſcended the throne of Elis. He 
had an immenſe number of oxen and goats, 
and the ſtables in which they were kept had 
never been cleaned, ſo that the taſk ſeemed 
an impoſſibility to any man. Hercules un- 
dertook it on promiſe of receiving for a ſe- 
ward, the tenth part of the herds of Augias, 
or ſomething equivalent. The hero changed 
the courſe of the river Alpheus, or, accord- 
ing to others, of the Peneus, which imme- 
diately carried away the dung and filth 
from the ſtables. Augias refuſed rhe pro- 
miſed recompence, on pretence that Hercu- 
les had made uſe of artifice, and had not 
experienced any labor or trouble, & farther 
drove his own ſon Phyleus from his king- 
dum, becauſe he ſupported the claims of 
the hero. The refuſal was a declaration 
of war. Hercules conquered Elis, put 
to death Augias, and gave the crown to 
Phyleus. Pauſanias ſays, 5, c. 2 & 3, that 
Hercules ſpared the life of Augias for the 
ſake of his ſon, and that Phyleus went to 
ſettle in Dulichium ; and that at the death 
of Augias, his other ſon, Agaſthenes, ſuc- 
ceeded to the throne, Augias received, aſ- 
ter his death, the honors which were gene- 
rally paid to a hero. Augias has been 
called the ſon of Sol, becauſe Elius figni- 
fies the ſun. The proverb of Augean fable 
is now applied to an impoſſibility. Hygix. fab. 
14.—Plin. 17, c. 9.—Strab. 8. Apolled. 2. 

AvGiL@#, a people of Africa, who ſup- 
poſed that there were no gods except the 
manes of the dead, of whom they ſought 
oracles. Mela. 1. 

Avcinus, a mountain of Liguria. Liv. 
39, C. 2. 

Auctrts, certain officers at Rome who 
foretold future events ; whence their namey 
ab avium garritu, They were firſt created 
by Romulus, to the number of three. Ser- 
vius Tullius added a fourth, and the tn- 
bunes of the people A. U. C. 454, increaſed 
the number to nine; and Sylla added fix 
more, during his dictatorſnip. They had 
a particular college, and the chief amongſt 
them was called magifter collegii. Their 
office was honorable; and if any one 9 


them was convicted of any crime, he _ 


8, e.. 


o, for 
vors of 

Dis, 
aracalla 
ſo!emn 
Dio. 78. 
Pau, 37 


leus ot 
and af- 
is. He 
d goats, 
cept had 
\ ſeemed 
ules un- 
for a fe- 
 Augias, 
changed 
accord- 
h 1mme- 
nd filth 
rhe pro- 
t Hercu- 
had not 
& farther 
his king- 
claims of 
eclaration 
lis, put 
crown to 
& 3; that 
as for the 
s went do 
the death 
nes, ſuc- 
eived, af- 
vere gene- 
has been 
lius ſigni- 
gean fable 
Tygin. fab. 
Apollod. 2. 
who ſup- 
except the 
ney ſought 


uria. Liu. 


Rome who 
heir name, 
rſt created 
hree. Ser- 
d the tri- 
K increaſed 
added hx 

They had 
ef amonglt 
„. Their 


AU 


not be deprived of his privileges ; an in- 
dulgence granted to no other ſacerdotal bo- 
dy at Rome. The augur generally ſat on a 
high tower, to make his obſervations. His 
face was turned towards the eaſt, and he 
had the north at his left, and the ſouth at 
his right. With a crooked ſtaff he divided 
the face of the heavens into four different 
parts, and afterwards ſacrificed to the gods, 
covering his head with his veſtment. There 
were generally five things from which the 
augurs drew omens : the firſt conſiſted in 
obſerving the phænomena of the heavens, 
ſuch as thunder, lightening, comets, &c. 
The ſecond kind of omen was drawn from 
the chirping or flying of birds, The third 
was from the ſacred chickens, whoſe eager- 
neſs or indifference in cating the bread 
which was thrown to them, was looked 
upon as lucky or unlucxy. The fourth 
was from quadrupeds, from their crofling 
or appearing in ſome unaccuſtomed place, 
The fifth was from difierent caſualties, 
which were called Dira, ſuch as ſpilling ſalt 
on a table, or wine upon one's cloaths, hear- 
ing ſtrange noiſcs, flumbling or ſneezing, 
meeting a wolf, hare, fox, or pregnant bitch. 
From ſuch ſuperſtitious notions did the 
Romans draw their prophecies ; the fight 
of birds on the left hand was always deemed 
2 lucky object, and the words firifter S 
{rous, though generally ſuppoſed to be 
terms of ill luck, were always uſed by the 
augurs in an auſpicious ſenſe. Cic. de Div. 
—Liv. 1 5 & Cn Dic /. Hat. — Ovid. Faft. 


AucusTA, a name given to ſeventy ci- 


ties in the Roman provinces, in honor of | 


Auguſtus Cæſar. London, as capital 
of the country of the Trinohantes, was 
called Auguſta Trinobantina. Mecilalina, 
hmous for her debaucheries, was called 
Auguſta, as wife of the emperor Claudius. 
Juv, 6, v. 118. 

AuGusTAL1A,afeſtivalat Rome, in com- 
memoration of the day on which Auguſtus 
returned to Rome, after he had eſtabliſhed 
peace over the different parts of the empire. 

AvcusTINUSs, biſhop of Hippo, in A- 
frica, diſtinguiſhed himſelf by his writings, 
u well as by the auſterity of his life. In 
tis works, which are numerous, he diſ- 
played the powers of a great genius, and an 
extenſive acquaintance with the philoſophy 
« Plato, He died in the 76th year of his 
WR, A. D. 430. The beſt edition of his 
works is that of the Benedict. fol. Ant. 
I700to 1703, 12 vols. 

AuGusSTULUs, the laſt Roman emperor 
of the Weſt, A. D. 475, conquered by 
Od.acer, king of the Heruli. 

AuvGusTvus OcTaviinusCasaAR, ſe- 
cond emperor of Rome, was ſon of Octa- 
Vs a ſenator, and Accia daughter of Julius, 


— 


A U 


and ſiſter to Julius Cæſar. He was adopted 
by his uncle Cæſar, and inherited the great- 
eſt part of his fortune. He loſt his father 
at the age of four; and though only 18 
when his uncle was murdered, he haftened 
to Rome, where ke ingratiated himſelf with 
the ſenate and people, and received the 
honors of the conſulſhip two years after, as 
the reward of his hypocriſy. Though his 
youth and his inexperience were ridiculed 
by his enemies, who branded him with the 
appellation of boy, yet he role in conſequence 
by his prudence and valor, and made war 
againſt his opponents, on pretence of aveng- 
ing the death of his murdered uncle. But 
when he perceived that by making him 
hght againſt Antony, the ſenate wiſhed ro 
dehilitate both antagoniſts, he changed his 
views, and uniting himſelf with his enemy, 
ſoon formed the ſecond triumvirate, in 
which his cruel proſcriptions ſhed the inno- 
cent blood of 300 ſenators and 200 knights, 
and did not even ſpare the life of his friend 
Cicero. By the divihons which were made 
among the triumvirs, Auguſtus retained for 
himſelf the more important provinces of the 
weſt, and banithed, as if it were, his col- 
leagues, Lepidus and Antony, to more dit- 
tant territories. But as long as the mur- 
derers of Cæſar were alive, the reigning 


tyrants had reaſons for apprehenſion, and 


therefore the forces of the triumvirate were 
directed againſt the partizans of Brutus and 
the ſenate. The battle was decided at 
Philippi, where it is ſaid that tie valur 
and conduct of Antony alone preterved the 
combined armies, and effected the defeat of 
the republican forces. The head ot the un- 
fortunate Brutus was catized to Rome, and 
in infolent revenge thrown at the foot ot 
Cæſar's ſtatue. On his return to Italy, 
Auguſtus rewarded his ſoldiers with the lands 
of thoſe that had been proſcribed; but among 
the ſufferers were many who had never in- 
jured the conqueror of Philippi, eſpecially 
Virgil, whoſe modeſt application procured 
the reſtitution of his property. The friend- 
ſhip which ſubſiſted between Auguſtus and 
Antony was broken as ſoon as the fears of a 
third rival vaniihed away, and the aſpiring 
heir of Ceſar was caſily induced to ke up 
arms by the little jealouſies and reſentment 
of Fulvia, Her death, however, retarded 
hoſtilities; the two rivals were reconciled; 
their united forces were ſucceſsfully directed 
againſt the younger Pumpey : and to ſtrength- 
en their friendſhip, Autony agreed to marry 
Octavia, the ſiſter of Auguſtus, But as this ſtep 
was political, and not dictated by atfection, 
Octavia was lighted, and Antony reſigned 
himſelf to the pleaſures and company of the 
beautiful Cleopatra. Auguſtus was incenſed, 
and immediately took up arnis to avenge the 

wrongs 


. 


— — 


rr eK * — —ͤ— — . ¶ — 


4 20m - 2 


— 
—ͤ—Ü—ũ ——— 


—— 
— 


— 


A U 


Wrongs of his ſiſter, aut] perhaps mote 
eagerly to remove a man whoſe power and 
exiſtence kept him in continual alarms, and 
made him dependent. Both parties met at 
Actium, B. C. 31. to decide the fate of Rome. 
Antony was ſupported by all the power of 
the eaſt, and Auguſtus by Italy. Cleopatra 
fled from the battle with 60 ſhips, and her 
flight ruined the intereſt of Antony, who 
followed her into Egypt. The conqueror 
ſoon after paſſed into Egypt, beſieged A- 
Jexandria, and honored, with a magnificent 
funeral, the unfortunate Roman, and the ce- 
lebrated queen, whom the fear of being led 
in the victor's triumph at Rome had driven 
to commit ſuicide, After he had eſtabliſhed 
peace all over the world, Auguſtus ſhut up 
the gates of the temple of Janus, the year our 
Savior was born. It is ſaid he twice reſolved to 
lay down the ſupreme power, immediately 
after the victory obtained over Antony, and 
afterwards on account of his ill health; but 
his friend Mecanas diſſuaded him, and ob- 
ſerved, that he wonld leave it to be the prey 
of the moſt powerful, and expoſe himſelf 
to ingratitude and to danger, He died at 
Nola, in the 75th year of his age, A. D. 
14, after he had held the ſovereign power 
during 44 years. Auguſtus was an active 
emperor, and conſulted the good of the 
Romans with the moſt anxious care, He 
viſited all the provinces except Africa and 
Sardinia, and his conſummate prudence 
and experience gave rife to many ſalutary 
laws; but it may be ſaid that he finiſhed 
with a good grace, what he began with 
cruelty. While making himſelf abſolute, 
he took care to leave his countrymen the 
ſhadow of liberty; and if, under the charac- 
ter and office of perpetual tribune, of 
prieſt and imperator, he was inveſted with 
all the power of ſovereignty, he guarded 
againſt offending the jealous Romans, by 
not aſſuming the regal title, His refuſal to 
read the letters he found after Pompey's de- 
eat, aroſe more from fear than honor, and 
he dreaded the diſcovery of names which 
would have perhaps united to ſacrifice his 
ambition. His good qualities and many 
virtues he perhaps never poſſeſſed, have 
been tranſmitted to poſterity by the pen of 
adulation or gratitude, in the poems of Vir- 
gil, Horace, and Ovid. To diſtinguiſh 
himſelf from the obſcurity of the Octavii, 
and, if poſſible, to ſuppreſs the remember- 
ance of his uncle's violent fate, he aſpired 
after a new title; and the ſubmiſſive ſe- 
nate yielded to his ambition, by giving him 
the honorable appellation of Auguffus. He 
has been accuſed of licentiouſneſs and adul- 
tery, by his biographer; but the goodnefs of 
his heart, and the fidelity of his friendſhip, 


A U 

which in ſome inſtances he poſſeſſed, made 
ſome amends for his natural foibles. He 
was ambitious of being thought handſome; 
and as he was publicly reported to be the 
ſon of Apollo, according to his mother's 
declaration, he withed his flatterers to re. 
preſent him with the figure and attributes 
of that god. Like Apollo, his eyes were 
clear, and he affected to have it thought 
that they poſſeſſed ſome divine irradiation; 
and was well pleaſed, if, when he fixed his 
looks upon any body, they held down their 
eyes as if overcome by the glaring bright. 
neſs of the ſun. He diſtinguiſhed himſcif 
by his learning; he was a perfe& maſter of 
the Greek language, and wrote ſome tia— 
gedies, befides memoirs of his life, and other 
works, all now loit. He was married three 
times; to Claudia, to Scribonia, and Livia; 
but he was unhappy in his matrimonial con- 
nections, and his only daughter, Julia by 
Scribonia, diſgraced herſelf and her father 
by the debauchery and licentiouſneſs of her 
manners. He recommended, at his death, 
his adopted ſon Tiberius as his ſucceſſor, 
He lett his fortune partly to Tiberius, and 
to Drufus, and made donations to the 
army and Roman people. Virgil wrote 
his heroic poem at the deſire of Auguſtus, 
whom he repreſented under the amiable and 
perfect character of Aneas. Sneton. in vitd. 
— Horat.— Virgil. — Pa. Tucit.— Pater. 
cul.— Dio. Ca.. Ovid. The name ci 
Auguſtus was afterwards given to the ſucceſ- 
fors of Octavianus in the Roman empure as 

a perſonal, and the name of C ſar, as 2 fa- 

mily diſtinction. In a more diſtant period 

of the empire, the title of Auguſtus was 

given only to the emperor, while that of 
Cæſar was beſtowed on the ſecond perſon 

in the ſtate, who was conſidered as pre- 

ſumptive heir. 

AVIinIENVUS, arich and ſordid man whom 
Horat. ſtiles happy, 2 Ser. 2, v. 55. 

Aviprus Cassius, a man ſaluted empe- 
ror, A. D. 175. He reigned only three 
months, and was aſſaſſinated by a centurion. 
He was called a ſecond Catiline, from his 
exceſſive love of bloodſhed. Diod. 

* AVIENUS, a poet in the age of Theodo- 
ſius, who tranſlated the phænomena of At- 
atus, as. alſo all Livy, into Tambic verſes. 
The. beſt edition of what remains of him, 1s 
that of Cannegetier, $vo. 1731. 

Avitus, a governor of Britain under 
Nero. Tacit. An. 14. 

Av1um, a city between Tyre and Sidon. 
Strab. 16. 

AULESTES, a king of the Etrurians whe! 
Fneas came into Italy. Virg. An. 12, . 
290. 

AULETEs, a general who aſſiſted —_ 


, made 
*s. He 
idſome; 
be the 
nother's 
to re- 
ttributes 
es were 
thought 
Cation; 
fixed his 
wn their 
r bright- 
| himſclf 
maſter of 
ome da- 
and other 
ed three 
id Livia; 
Mal con- 
Julia by 
er father 
eſs of her 
nis death, 
ſucceſſor, 
Tius, and 
18 to the 
gil wrote 
Auguſtus, 
niable and 
n. in vita, 
f. Pater 
name 0 
the ſucceſ- 
Empue a5 
IT, as al- 
ant period 
zuſtus was 
ile that ot 
ond perſon 
2d as pre- 


only three 
| Centurion. 
„from his 
od. 

of Theodo- 
jena of At- 
abic verſes. 
8 of him, 18 


itain under 


and Sidon. 


urians when 


Eu. 127 Vs 
iſted ness 
mw 


A T 


flaves.. A tyrant of Athens, firnamed 
Ariſton. 

ATHYENGCLES, a general, &c. Polyæn. 
A turner of Mitylene. Pin. 34. 

ATHRENODOGRUS, a philoſopher of Tarſus, 
intimate with Auguſtus. The emperor often 
profited by his leſſons, and was adviſed by 
him always to repeat the 24 letters of the 
Greek alphabet, before he gave way to the 
impulſe of anger. Athenodorus died in his 
$:d year, much lamented by his country- 
men. Ser. A poet who wrote comedy, 
tragedy, and elegy, in the age of Alexan- 
der. Plat. in Alex. A ſtoic philoſopher 
of Cana, near Tarſus, in the age of Au- 
guſtus. He was intimate with Strabo. 
Strab, 14. A philoſopher, diſciple to 
Zeno, and keeper of the royal library at 
Pergamus. A marble ſculptor, —-— A 
man aſſaſſinated at Bactra for making him- 
ſelf abſolute. 

ATHEGS,' a firname of Diagoras and 


6. 


Theodorus, becauſe they denied the exiſt- 


ence of a deity. (ic. de Nat. D. t, c. 1. 

ATHESIS, a river of Cifalpine Gaul, 
near the Po, falling into the Adriatic ſea. 

Virg. An. g, V. 680. 

ATios, a mountain of Hacedonia, 1 50 
miles in circumference, projecting into the 
Agean fea like a promontory, It is fo 
high that it overſhadows the iſland of Lem- 
nos, though at the diſtance of $7 miles; or, 
according to modern calculation, only eight 
leagues, When Xerxes invaded Greece, he 
made a trench of a mile and a half in length 
at the foot of the mountain, into which he 
brought the ſea- water, and conveyed his 
fleet over it, fo that two ſhips could pais 
one another, thas defirous either to avoid 
the danger of failing round the promontory, 
or to ſhow his vanity and the extent of - his 
power.—A fculptor, called Denocrates, of- 
icred Alexander to cut mount Athos, and 
make with it a ſtatue of the king holding a 
town in his left hand, and in the right a 
ſpacious baſon, to receive all the waters 
wiich flowed from it. Alexander greatly 
acmired the plan, but objected to the place; 
and he obſerved, that the neighbouring 
country was not ſufficiently fruitful to pro- 
duce corn and proviſions for the inhabitants 
which were to dwell in the city, in the 
hand of the ſtatue. Athos is now called 
Monte Santo. Herodot. 6, c. 44, I. 7, c. 
1, &C,—Lucan. 2, v. 67 2.—-A¼lian. de 
Kan. 13, c. 20, &c.—Plin. 4. c. 10.— 
A ſchin, contra Ctefiph. 

ATHRULLA, a town of Arabia. Strab. 

ATHYMBRA, A City of Caria, afterwards 
called Nyſſa. Strab. 14. 

Arta, a city of Campania.— A law 
enacted A. U. C. 690, by T. Atius Labie- 
nus, the tribune of the people. It abolith- 
$9 the Cornelian law, and put in full force 


* 


the Lex Domitia, by transferring the right 
of electing prieſts from the college of prieſts 
to the people. The mother of Auguitus, 
Vid. Accia. 
Arti LEX gave the pretor and a ma- 
Jority of the tribunes, power of appointing 
guardians to thoſe minors who were not 
previouſly provided for by their parents, 
It was enacted about A. U. C. 560, 
Another A. U. C. 443, which gave the 
people power of electing 20 tribunes of the 
ſoldiers in four legions. Liv. 9, c. 30. 

ATILiUS, a freed man, who exhibited 
combats of gladiators at Fidenæ. The am- 
phitheatre, which contained the ſpectators, 
fell during the exhibition, and about 
50,000 perions were killed or mutilated. 
Tacit. 4, Ann. c. 62. 

ATILLA, the mother of the poet Lucan. 
She was accuſed of conſpiracy by her ſon, 
who expected to clear himſelf of the charge. 
Tacit. Ann. 15, c. 56. 

Ari va, an antient town of the Volſei, 
one of the firſt that began hoſtilities againſt 
Eneas. Virg. An. 7, v. 630. 

ATINAS, a friend of Turnus, &c. FVirg. 
u. 11, v. 869. 

ATiNIA LEX, was enacted by the tribune 
Atinius. It gave a tribune of the people 
the privileges of a ſenator, and the right of 
litting in the ſenate. 

ATLAYNTES, a people of -Africa in the 
neighbourhood of mount Atlas. They daily 
curſed the ſun at his rifing and at his ſett- 
ing, becauſe-his excethve heat ſcorched and 
tormented them. Herodot. % 
ATLANTIADES, a patronymic of Mer- 
cury, as grandion of Atlas. Ovid. Met. 
1, v. 639. . 

ATLANTIDES, a people of Africa, near 
mount Atlas. They boaſted of being in 
poſſclton of the country in which all.the 
gods ,of antiquity received their birth, 
Uranus was their fart king, whom, on ac- 
count of his knowledge of aſtranomy they 
rolled in the number of their gods. Died. 
3. The daughters of Atlas, ſeven in 
number, Maia, Electra, Taygeta, Afterope, 
Merope, Alcyone, and Cclæno. They 
married ſome of the gods, and moſt illuſtri- 
ous heroes, and their children were founders 
of many nations and cities. The Atlan- 
tides were called nymphs, and even god- 
deſſe on account of their great intelligence 
and knowledge. The name of Heſperides 
was alſo given them, on account of their 
mother Heſperis. They were made con- 
ſtellations after death. Vd. Pleiades. 
Aras, one of the Titans, fon of Jay 
petus and Clymene, one of the Oceanides. 
He was brother to Epimetheus, Prometne- 
us, and Menætius. His mother's name, ac- 
cording to Apollodorus, was Aha. He 


married Pleone, daughter of Oceanus or 
14 Heſperisg 


ä—U—U—U —ä 7 — — — 
— 2 


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— — — — 


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— 


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3 


Heſperis, according to others, by whom | 
he had ſeven daughters, called Atlantides. 
Vid. Atlantides.}) He was king of Mau- 
ritania, and maſter of a thouſand flocks 
of every kind, as alſo of beautiful gardens, 
abounding in every ſpecies of fruit, which 
he had entruſted to the care of a dragon. 
Perſeus, after the conqueſt of the Gorgons, 
paſſed by the palace of Atlas, and demand- 
ed hoſpitality. The king, who was in- 
formed by an oracle of Themis that he 
Mould be dethroned by one of the deſcen- 
dants of Jupiter, refuſed to receive him, 
and even offered him violence. Perſeus, 
who was unequal in ſtrength, ſhewed him 
Meduſa's head, and Atlas was inſtantly 
changed into a large mountain. This 
mountain, which runs acroſs the deſarts of 
Africa eaſt and weſt, is ſo high that the 
ancients have imagined that the heavens 
reſted on its top, and that Atlas ſupported 
the world on his ſhoulders. Hyginus ſays, 
that Atlas aſſiſted the giants in their wars 
againſt the gods, for which Jupiter com- 
pelled him to bear the heavens on his 
ſhoulders. The fable that Atlas ſupported 
the heavens on his back, ariſes from his 
fondneſs for aſtronomy, and his often fre- 
quenting elevated places and mountains, 
whence he might obſerve the heavenly bo- 
dies. The daughters of Atlas were carried 
away by Buſiris king of Egypt, but re- 
deemed by Hercules, who received as a re- 
ward from the father, the knowledge of 
aftronomy, and a celeftial globe, This 
knowledge Hercules communicated to the 
Greeks; whence the fable has further ſaid, 
that he cafed for ſome time the labors of 
Atlas, by taking upon his ſhoulders the 
weight of the heavens. According to ſome 
authors, there were two other perſons of 
that name, a king of Italy, father of Elec- 
tra, and a king of Arcadia, father of Maia 
the mother of Mercury. Firg. An. 4, v. 
481. 1. 8, v. 186. Ovid. Met. 4, fab. 17. 
Did. 3.—Lucan. 9. Val. Flacc. 5.— 
Jiygin. 83, 125, 155, 157, 192-—Aratus 
in Aſtron.—Apelled. 1.—Hefred. Theog. v. 
£08, &c. A river flowing from mount 
Hæmus into the Iſter. Herodot. 4, c. 49. 

ATossA, a daughter of Cyrus, who was 
one of the wives of Cambyſes, Smerdis, 
and afterwards of Darius, by whom ſhe 
had Xerxes. She was cured of a dangerous 
cancer by Democedes. She 1s ſuppoſed by 
ſome to he the Vaſthi of ſcripture, Hers- 
dot. 3, c. 68, &c. 

ATRACES, a people of Ætolia, who re- 
ceived their name from Atrax, ſon of /Eto- 
Jus. Their country was called Atracia. 

ATRAMYTTIUM, a town of Myſia. 

ATRAPEs, an officer of Alexander, who, 


at the general diviſion of the provinces, re- 
ceived Media. Died, 18, | 


* 


Ar Ax, a ſon of Ætolus, or, accordigy 
to others, of the river Peneus. He was 
king of Theſſaly, and built a town which 
he called Atrax or Atracia. This town 
became ſo famous that the word Atraciu; 
has been applied to any inhabitant of Theſ. 
ſaly. He was father to Hippodamia, who 
married Pirithous, and whom we muſt not 
confound with the wife of Pelops, who 
bore the fame name. Propert. 1, el. 8, „. 
25.— Stat. 1, Theb. v. 106.—Ovid. Me, 
12, v. 209. A city of Theſſaly, whence 
the epithet of Atracius. A river of A. 
tolia, which falls into the Ionian ſea. 

ATREBATA, a people of Britain, who 
were in poſſeſhon of the modern counties 
of Berks, Oxford, &c. 

ATREBATES, a people of Gaul, who, 
together with the Nervii, oppoſed J. Czfar 
with 15,000 men. They were conquered, 
and Commius a friend of the general was 
ſet over them as king. They were rein. 
ſtated in their former liberty and indepen- 
dence, on account of the ſervices of Com- 
mins. Cf, bell. Gall. 2, Sc. 

ATRENT1, a people of Armenia. 

ATREvus, ſon of Pelops by Hippodamia, 
daughter of Ginomaus king of Piſa, was 
king of Mycenz, and brother to Pittheus, 
Troczen, Thyeſtes, and Chryfippus. As 
Chryſippus was an illegitimate ſon, and at 
the ſame time a favorite of his father, 
Hippodamia reſolved to remove him. She 
perſuaded her ſons Thyeſtes and Atreus # 
murder him; but their refuſal exaſperated 
her more, and ſhe executed it herſelf. This 
murder was grievous to Pelops ; he ſuſpected 


his two ſons, who fled away from his pre- , 


ſence. Atreus retired to the court of Eu- 
ryſtheus king of Argos, his nephew, and 
upon his death he ſucceeded him on the 
throne. He married, as ſome report, X- 
rope, his predeceſſor's daughter, by whom 
he had Pliſthenes, Menelaus, and Agamem- 
non, Others affirm, that Arope was the 
wife of Pliſthenes, by whom ſhe had Aga» 
memnon and Menelaus, who are the te- 
puted ſons of Atreus, becauſe that prince 
took care of their education, and brought 
them up as his own. Vid. Plifthenes.) 
Thyeſtes had followed his brother to Ar- 
gos, where he lived with him, and de- 
bauched his wife, by whom he had ſome 
children. This inceſtuous commerce of- 
fended Atreus, and Thyeſtes was baniſhed 
from his court. He was however ſoon after 
recalled by his brother, who determined 
cruelly to revenge the violence offered to 
his bed. To effect this purpoſe, he invited 
his brother to a ſumptuous fealt, where 
Thyeſtes was ſerved up with the fleſh of 
the children he had had by his ſiſter-in-law 
the queen. After the repaſt was finiſhed, 


the arms and the head of the murdered 
children 


ing Att 
Arra 


A T A T 


ordigy cliildren were produced, to convince Thy- | Gauls"wh ; . 11 
le * eſtes of what he had feaſted upon. This tended 3 4 A ex- 
which action appeared ſo cruel and impious, that | and obtained the aſſiſtance of the 2 
e the ſun is ſaid to have ſhrunk back in his againſt Antiochus. The ebe 
* 3 courſe at the bloody fight. Thyeſtes im- warded his merit with great honors 
mediately fled to the court of Theſprotus, | died at Pergamus after a reign of ag 
4, Who and thence to Sicyon, where he raviſhed his B. C. 197. Liv. 26, 27 3 2 ++ 1 
3 own daughter Pelopea, in a grove ſacred to | $.—Strab, 13. BT on 
Gy ”_ Minerva, without knowing who ſhe was. | was ſent on an embaſly to Ro = — 3 wa 
* by v. This inceſt he committed intentionally, as | brother Eumenes the 2d, and at hi y tus 
jd. Met. {me report, to revenge himſelf on his | was appointed guar 8 his org wan 
whence brother Atreus, according to the word of | talus the 3d, who was the nephew At- 
r of . the oracle, which promiſed him ſatis faction Prufias made ſucceſsful war ; ee e 
in wh * — 2 — had ſuffered, only from and ſeized his capital; but — 
l , - 0 the hand of a ſon who ſhould be born of | ftopped by the interference of the Roman : | 
ounties timſelf and his own daughter. Pclopea | who reftored Attalus to his throne. A 5s ö 
TELE brought forth a ſon whom ſhe called Ægiſt- lus, who has received the name of Philadet.. ! 
, ' hus, and ſoon after ſhe married Atreus, who ! phus, from his fraternal love, was 1 þ 
J. Czar had loft his wife. Atreus adopted Egiſthus, | ficent patron of learning and the Grande | 
nquered, and ſent him to murder Thyeſtes, who had of ſeveral cities. He was iſon | by * | 
neral was been ſeized and impriſoned. Thyeſtes nephew in the 82d year of This _ B "x | 
_ rein knew his ſon, and made himſelf known to | 138. He had governed the fir S- | 
— — him; he made him eſpouſe his caufe, and | great prudence and moderation for 20 wag | 
OM» incad of becoming his father's murderer, | Strab. 13.—Polyb. 5 The 2d. ſ — [| 
he rather avenged his wrongs, and returned | t© the kingdom of 83 A , 2 
* A _— 3 he — Vid. | der of Attalus the 2d, and ade himſelf 
nenn 7, is wanton exerciſe of _ 
Pittheus, S 258. Euri pid. in Oreft. in Big Tur va. to eee 1 power. He vas ſon 
"WF" * . „and ſirnamed Philepa 
wo 2 ip i 2 _ as 9, c. 40.—Apelled. * leſt the cares of government to 8 | 
* bars LR mY Ng FW is garden, and to make experiments on the | 
55M She Y when: 7 4 — 3 Homer melting of metals. He lived in great amity | 
— r 0 — enelaus, as being the | with the Romans; and as he died without | 
dn — A —_ is is falſe, upon the au- iſſue by his wife Berenice; he left in his | 
* 1 ( 1 Lactantius, Dictys or will, the words P. R. mcorum heres eſto {| 
oy - * ey &c. who maintain that theſe princes | Which the Romans interpreted as ad 4 1 
— 4 - Ar = — of Atreus, but of Pliſ- ſelves, and therefore took poſſeſſion of his U 
＋ wh 13 Fe * a vp Sy ng brought up in | Kingdom, B. C. 133,and made of it a Roman [| 
phew, and hater 4 — the eye of their grand- province, which they governed by a pro- i 
im on the Arzowius friend f conſul. From this circumftance, whatever | 
— ok Tian h a — 24 2 killed . valuable acquiſition, or an ample ih 
"by when |: oem 55 $a 2 was always called by the epithet of 
1 Agamem- ATR thee + a. Strab, | Attalicus, Attalus as well as his predeceſ- 
— * . Mow _ 2 e 2 3 celebrated for the 
5 n i ing to the de- valuable libraries which they collected 
e had At: ation of her name (a non Toerw mut Pergamus, and for the f 1 
5 a inexorabie, and inflexible, and 4 merit and virtue always OE TID 
= & 96 5 pry Aga three ſiſters is to cut the Liv. 24, &c.—Plin. 7, 8, 33, &c.—Fuftin. 
Pie, Wir qualicy without any regard to ſex, 39.— erat. 1, od. 1,——An officerin Alex- | 
N py — _ * was repreſented by the ander's army. Curt. 4, C. 13. Another | 
5 a hw hae, mY with a pair of ſciſ- | very inimical to Alexander, He was put to | 
— had ſome 7. Q. ATTA, 2 — 3 death by Parmenio, and Alexander was 
mmerce of- Mulan age, wh ous of merit in the | accuſed of the murder. Curt. 6, c. 9, l. 
C 
i , « DCenec, : 5. 
155 8 . 5 compoſitions, dramatical — mer of Rhodes. * an aſtrono- 
1 * y _ _ * yo 3 ad- | 4 Logs gant 2 officer who ſeized thoſe | | 
znvi 1 Im th 1498 © £ ad contpire f ; | 1 
rr 7 N 
the fleſh of ATTaLicus wy Attal ATTErus CaeITo, a conſul in the age 1 
Gter-in-laW ATTALUs 18 ey moins 34. of Auguſtus, who wrote treatiſes on ſacer- 4 
vas finiſheds ded Ped = 8 1 ergamus, ſuc- | dotal laws, public courts of juſtice, and the 1 
he mu deres ' e deicated the | duty of a ſenator. | 


children 


ATTEs, 


* 5 


— 


42 * 
— 
— — 
* 


— — 
- —— 
* 


— x 


—— 
— 
— — ——— — 
—— — 
— 
— —— — — 


0 
| 
4 


© 
— 


M1 


ATTrs, a fon of Calaus of Phrygia, who 
was born impotent. He introduced the 
worſhip of Cybele among the Lydians, and 
became a great favorite of the goddeſs, 
Jupiter was jealous of his ſucceſs, and ſent 
a wild boar to lay walte the country and 
deſtroy Attes. Pan. 7, c. 17. 

ATTH1s, a daughter of Cranaus the 2d, 
king of Athens, who gave her name to 
Attica, according to Apllod. 3, c. 14. 

Ar ric, a country of Achaia or Hellas, 
at the ſouth of Bœotia, weit of the Ægean 
fea, north of the Saronicus Sinus, and eaſt 
of Megara. It teceived its name from At- 
this the daughter of Cranaus. It was ori- 

/pinally called Ionia, from the Lonians, who 
* 


fettled there; and alſo Acte, which figni- 


nes Here, and Cccropia, from Cecrops the | a nation in the ſouthern parts of Seythy, 
firſt of its kings. The moſt famous of its | 


cities is Called Athens, whole inhabitants 
ſometimes bear the name of A At- 
tica was famous for its gold and filver 
mines, which conſtituted the beſt part of 
the public revenues, The face of the coun- 
try was partly level, and partly mountainous, 
divided into the 13 tribes of Acamantis, 
Hantis, Antiochis, Attalis, /Egeis, Erech- 
thcis, Adrianis, Hippothoontis, Cecropis, 
Leontis, /Eneis, Ptolemais, and Pandionis ; 
whoſe inhabitants were numbered in the 116 
o!ympiad, at 31,009 citizens, and 400,000 
flaves, within 174 villages, ſome of which 
were conſiderable towns. Vid. Athene. 
ATTYCUs, one of Galba's ſervants who 
entered his palace with a bloody ſword, and 
declared he had killed Otho. Tacit. Hip. 
1. (T. Pomponius) a celebrated Ro- 
man knight to whem Cicero wrote a great 
number of letters, which contained the ge- 
neral hiſtory of the age. They are now 
extint, and divided into 17 books. In the 
time ot Marius and Sylla, Atticus retired 
to Athens, where he ſo endeared himiclf to 
the citizens, that after his departure, they 
eracted ſtatues to him in commemoration of 
bis munificence and liberality., He was 
tuch à perfect maſter of the Greek writers, 
and {poke their language ſo fluently, that he 
was firnamed Abicus, and as a proof of 
his leaming he favored the world with ſome 
of his compoſitions. He behaved in ſuch a 
diñntereſted manner, that he offended nei- 
ther of the inimical partics at Rome, and | 
both were equally anxious of courting his 
approbation, tic lived in the greateft inti- 
macy with the illuſtrious men of his age, 
and he was ſuch a lover of truth, that he 
not only abſtained from falſehood even in a 
joke, but treated with the greateſt contempt 
and indignation a lying tongue. It is faid 
that he refuſed to take aliments when un- 
able to get the better of a fever, and died 


28 his 773th year, B. C. 32, after bearing the | Lydian, 


* 


amiable character of peace - maker among hi; . 
friends. Cornelius Nepzs, one of his inti. ma 
mate friends, has written a minute account Gre 
of his life. Cic. ad Attic. Cc. Herodes, Was 
an Achenian in the age of the Antonine,, arm 
deſcended from Miltiades, and celebrated afra 
for his munificence. His fon of the {ame virtt 
name was honored with the conſulſhip, and rain 
he generouſly erected an aqueduct at Trozz, him 
of which he had been made governor by the Tro; 
emperor Adrian, and raiſed in other patty by 1 
of the empire, ſeveral public buildings x the | 
uſeful as they were magnificent. Phila, had ; 
in Vit. 2. p. 548.—4. Cell. no. Att. butt 
A conſul in the age of Nero, & c. Tach. as g1 
ann. 15. or th 
ATTILA, 2 cclebrated king of the Hung 22, 
(4 
who invaded the Roman empire in the Who 
reign of Valentinian, with an army d on m 
500,000 men, and laid waſte the provinces, ſon « 
He took the town of Aquileia, and marched write 
againſt Rome; but his ,etreat and pes As 
were purchaſed with a large ſum of mo- Home 
ney by the feeble emperor. Attila, wig Niob. 
boaſted in the appellation of te ſcourge 9 AS 
God, died A. D. 453, of an uncomma crate 
effuſion of blood the firſt night of his nu- only 
tials. He had expreffed his wiſh to extend Milet 
his conqueſts over, the whole world; ad He V 
he often feaſted bY barbarit by dragzy for hy 
captive Kings in hisèrain. TFornand. de vited 
Ge. he eat 
Arrius, a Roman conſul in the int ſons, 
Punic war. Vid. Regulus. Calatinus, bore tl 
a Roman conſul who fought the Ctiagiti- Ciple | 
an fleet. Marcus, a poet who tranſlated Athens 
the Electra of Sophocles into Latin verls, AST 
and wrote comedics whoſe unintelligibe King of 
language procured bim the appellation a catus, 
Ferreus. Regulus, a Roman cenſor wi Cos, 
built a temple to the goddeſs of concord fon of 
Liv. 23, c. 23. &c.—— The name of Att band's c 
lius was common among the Romans, 2d "7 her 
many of the public magiſtrates are cal Ng der 
Attilii ; their hfe however is not famous is Wite's ac 


late the ] 
gueſt wi 
ayorable 
entment 
Rity to 
lied to a 
mught be 
Ws mov 


any illuſtrious event. | 
ATTINAS, an officer ſet over Bactrint 
by Alexander. Curt. 8. ; 
Arrius PEL1GNUs, an officer of Czii 
Ce. bell. civ. 1. Tullius, the general & 
the Volſci, ta whom Coriolanus fled whe 
baniſhed from Rome. Liv. — Vu; 
ſeized Auxinum in Pompey's name, WI 


he was expelled. After this he fied t CC Vule 
Africa, which he aliengted from ]. CX * {et at 
Ce. I, bell. civ. A poet. Vid. Acct — þ 
The family of the Attii was detcen® Th ed 
from Atys, one of the companions of cn 1 Ia 
according to the opinion which Virg 3 
adopted, An. 5, v. 568. = _ 
ATtYADps, the deſcendants of A5 . 4 


Arn 


A 8 


A:TyYXxAx,a ſon of Hector and Andro- 
mache. He was very young when the 
Greeks beſieged Troy; and when the city 
was taken, his mother ſaved him in her 
arms from the flames. Ulyſſes, who was 
afraid left the young prince ſhould inherit the 
victues of his father, and one day avenge the 
rain of his country upon the Greeks, ſeized 
kim, and threw him down from the walls of 
Troy. According to Euripides, he was killed 
by Menelaus; and Seneca fays, that Pyrrhus 
the fon of Achilles put him to death. Hector 
hd given him the name of Scamandrius ; 
but the Trojans, who hoped he might prove 
25 great as his father, called him Aſtyanax, 
e the bulwark of the city, Homer. Il. 6 & 
Virg. Eu. 2, v. 457. |. 3, v. 459. 
nid. Met. 1 3, v. 41 5. An Arcadian, 
who had a ſtatue in the temple of Jupiter, 
on mount Lyceus. Pau. 8, c. 38. A 
ſon of Hercules. Apel/cd. 2, c. 7,—o——A 
rriter in the age of Gallienus. 

ASTYCRATIA, a daughter of HFolus. 


among hu 
his inti. 
te account 
-MHcrodes, 
\ ntonines, 
celebrated 
f the {ame 
\hip, and 
N at Tron, 
rnor by the 
other part 
uildings as 

Pkiljrat, 
. Att ,—— 
tc. Fact, 


97 
„ „ 


che Hung, 
of Scythn, 
pire in the 
n army d 
e Provinces, 
ind marched 


t and peace | 

um « mo- Homer. I. A daughter of Amphion and 

2 1 Niobe 

Attih, wie oe. : i 

the [counts ASTYDAMAS, an Athenian, pupil to Iſo- 
ne g crates, He wrote 240 tragedies, of which 

$4 LIP i . f 
of his nu only 15 obtained the poetical prize. A 


Mileftan, three times victorious at Olympia. 
He was famous for his ſtrength, as well as 
for his voracious appetite. He was once in- 
vited to a feaſt by King Ariobarzanes, and 
he eat what had been prepared for nine per- 
ſons. Athen, 10. Two tragic writers 
bore the ſame name, one of whom was diſ- 
eiple to Socrates. A comic poet of 
Athens, 

ASTYDAMIA, daughter of Amyntor, 
kng of Orchomenos in Bœotia, married A- 
Gus, ſon of Pelias, who was king of Tol- 
Cos, She became enamoured of Pelcus, 
lon of ZEacus, who had vifited her huf- 


ith to extent 
world; ad 
by dragzy 


rnand. 0: % 


i} in the bn 
— atm, 
je Cutagimi- 
vho tranſ)ated 
> Latin veils 
unintelſigibe 
zppellation a 
an centor . 
s of concoil 


name of Att» wh court; and becauſe he refuſed to gra- 
Romans, al wy ker paſſion, ſhe accuſed him of attempt- 
ates are Call ng her virtue. Acaſtus readily believed his 
not famous id Wite's accuſation ; and as he would not vio- 


late the laws of hoſpitality, by puniſhing his 
zueſt with inſtant death, he waited for. a 
favorable opportunity, and diſſembled his re- 
kntment, At laſt they went in a hunting 
Rty to mount Pelion, where Peleus was 
tied to a tree, by order of Acaſtus, that he 
Wnt be devoured by wild beaſts. Jupiter 
WW moved at the innocence of Pelcus, and 
ent Vulcan to deliver him. When Peleus 
Was ſet at liberty, he marched with an army 
Zanſt Acaſtus, whom he dethroned, and 
puniſhed with death the cruel and falſe Aſ- 
IyGmia, She is called by ſome Hippolyte, 
pala. 35 c. 13.—Pindar. Nem. 4. A 
Gughter of Ormenus, carried away by Her- 
wales, by whom the had Tlepolemus, Ovid. 
Had. 9. v. 50. 


over Bactriaa 


Acer of Cx. 
„ the general 
anus fled wil 
.- W 
6 Name, When 
iis he fied 2 
from J. CXA 
t. Vid. Accu 
i was defccn® 
nions of AC 
hich Virgil! 


ats of Aus 


Ar 


A T 


AsTYLvs, one of the centaurs, who had 
the knowledge of futurity. He adviſed his 
brothers not to make war againſt the Lapi- 
the. Ovid. Met. 12, v. 33 A man of 
Crotona, who was victorious three ſucceſ- 
five times at the Olympic games. Pauf. 

ASTYMEDUSA, a woman whom (Edipus 
married aſter he had divorced Jocaſta. 

ASTYNGmE, the daughter of Chryſes the 
prieft of Apollo, ſometimes called Chryſeis. 
She fell to the ſhare of Achilles, at the di- 
viſion of the ſpoils of Lyrnefſus.—A daugh- 
ter of Amphion,—of Talaus. Hygin. 

AsTYNOUs, a Trojan prince. Homer. I. 
55 v. 144. 

ASTYG6CHE & AsTYocHnTa, a daughter 
of Actor, who had by Mars, Aſcalaphus, 
and Ialmenus, who were at the Trojan war. 
Homer. Il. 2, v. 20. A daughter of Phy- 
las king of Ephyre, who hs! a fon called 
Tlepolemus, by Hercules. Hygin. fab. 97, 
162,-——A daughter of Laomedon, by 
Strymo. Apol/:d. 3. A daughterof Ame 
phion and Niobe. Id. 3, c. 4. A daugh- 
ter of the Simois, who married Erichtho- 
ms... L. Is. Tone wife of Stro- 
phius, ſiſter to Agamemnon. Hygix. 

ASTYPALZA, une of the Cyclades called 
after Aſtypalæa, the daughter of Phœnix, 
and mother of Anczus, by Neptune. Pauſ. 
7, e. 4. —Strab. 14. 

ASTYPHILUs, a ſoothſayer, well {killed in 
the knowledge of futurity. Put. in Cim. 

ASTYRON, a town built by the Argo- 
nauts on the coaſt of Illyricum. Szrab, 

ASYCH1s, a king of Egypt, who ſuc- 
ceeded Mycerinus, and made a law, that 
whoever borrowed money, muſt depoſit 
his father's body in the hand f his credi- 
tors, as a pledge of his promiſe of payment, 
He built a magnificent pyramid. Herodot. 2, 
c. 136. 

AsVLAs, a friend of E eas, ſkilled in 
auguries. Virg. An. 9, ». 571. I. 10, 
v. 175. 

As vLLus, a gladiator. . 6, v. 266. 

ATABULUS, a wind which was frequent 
in Apulia. Horat. 1, ſat. 5, v. 78. 

ATABYRIS, a mountain in Rhodes, 
where Jupiter had a temple,whence he was 
firnamed Atabyris. Strab. 14. 

ATACE, a town of Gaul, wlience the 
adjective Atacinus. 

ATALANTA, a daughter of Scheœneus 
King of Scyros. According to ſome, ſhe 
was the daughter of Jafus or Jaſius, by 
Clymene : but others ſay that Menalion was 
her father. This uncertainty of not rightly 
knowing the name of her father, has led 
the mythologiſts into error, and ſome have 
maintained that there were two perſons of 
that name, though their ſuppoſition is ground- 
leſs. Atalanta was born in Arcadia, and, 

12 according 


—— 5 — — 
— ͤ ꝓvꝛ—L„— — 


—— 


| 
| 
| 
| 


1 


7 1 
11 
1 
413 
Y 4 
44 
|! 
* 
1 
as if |; 
4 
1 | 
»+ q l 
141 
14 
161 
1 
om 
4 
\ 4 
T 


AT 


according to Ovid, the determined to live 
in perpetual celibacy ; but her beauty gain- 
ed her many admirers, and to free herſelt 
from their importunities, ſhe propoſed to 
run a race with them. They were to run 
without arms, and ſhe was to carry a dart 
in her hand. Her lovers were to ſtart firſt, 
ard whoever arrived at the goal before her, 
would he made her huſband; but all thoſe 
whom the overtook, were to be killed by 
the dart with which ſhe had armed herſelf, 
As ſhe was almoſt invincible in running, 
many of her ſuitors periſhed in the at- 
tempt, till Hippomenes the ſon of Macareus 
propoſed himſelf as her admirer. Venus 
had preſented him with three golden ap- 
ples trom the garden of the Heſperides, or 
according to others, from an orchard in 
Cyprus; and as ſoon as he had ftarted in the 
courſe, he artfully threw down the apples 
at ſome diſtance one from the other. 
While Atalanta, charmed at the fight, 
ſtopped to gather the apples, Hippomenes 
haſtened on his courſe, arrived firſt at the 
goal, and obtained Atalanta in marriage. 
Theſe two fond lovers, in the impatience of 
conſummating their nuptials, entered the 
temple of Cybele; and the goddeſs was ſo 
offended at their impiety, and at the profa- 
nation of her houſe, that ſhe changed them 
into two lions. Apollodorus ſays, that A- 
talanta's father was defirous of raiſing 
male iſſue, and that therefore ſhe was ex- 
poſed to wild beaſts as ſoon as born. She 
was however ſuckled by a ſhe-bear, and 
preſerved by ſhepherds. She dedicated her 
time to hunting, and reſolved to live in 
celibacy. She killed two centaurs who at- 
tempted her virtue. She was preſent at 
the hunting of the Calydonian boar, which 
ſhe firſt wounded, and ſhe received the 
head as a preſent from Mcleager, who was 
cnamoured of her. She was alſo at the 
games inſtituted in honor of Pelias, where 
ſhe conquered Peleus; and when her father, 
to whom the had been reſtored, wiſhed her 
to marry, ſhe conſented to give herſelf to 
him who could overcome her in running, 
as has been ſaid above. She had a fon 
called Parthenopæus, by Hippomenes. Hy- 
ginus ſays, that that ſon was the fruit of her 
love with Melcager; and Apollodorus ſays 
ſhe had him by Milanion, or, according to 
others, by the = Mars. [ Vid. Meleager.] 
Apolled. 1, c. 8. I. 3, c. 9, &c.—Pau. 1, 
c. 36, 45, &c.—Hygin. fab. 99, 174, 185, 
270.—/lian, V. H. 13.— Diod. 4.—Ovid. 
Met. 8, fab. 4. 1. fo, fab. 11. Euripid. in 
Pheniſ. An iſland near Eubœa and 
Locris. Pau. 

ATARANTES, a people of Africa, ten 
days' journey from the Garamantes. There 
was in their country a hill of ſalt with a 


| children of Nephele to the gods, — 


A T 


fountain of ſweet water upon it. Herodw, 4 
c. 184. 

ATaRrBECH1S, a town in one of tle 0-191 
iſlands of the Delta, where Venus had ; de Wa. 
temple. of Inc 

ATARNEA, a part of Myſia, oppoſiy "H__ 
Leſbos, with a ſmall town in the neigh, 2 
bourhood, of the ſame name. Pau, g = 
c. 35. Atham 

ATARGATIS, a divinity among the $y. baden 
rians, repreſented as a Siren. Strab. 16. pad he! 

ATaAs & ATHAS, a youth of wonderf P 81 
velocity, who is ſaid to have run 75 mila by 
between noon and the evening. Martial. — 
ep. 19.— /in. 7. 2 

ATaAx, a river of Gaul Narbonenſis, nie = 
in the Pyrenean mountains, and falling in 
to the Mediterranean Sea, Mela, 2. 

ATE, the goddeſs of all evil, and daugi. 
ter of Jupiter. She raiſed ſuch jealouly and 
{edition in heaven among the gods, that 
7 dragged her away by the hair, 2nd 
xaniſhed her for ever from heaven, and 


ſent her to dwell on earth, where ſhe incited 44 ] 
mankind to wickedneſs, and ſowed com- . 
motions among them. Homer. II. 19. Ste i >a 
the ſame as the Diſcord of the Latins, 3 
ATELLA, a town of Campania, famous = 
for a ſplendid amphitheatre, TJuv, 6, och 
ATENOMARUS, a chieftan of Gaul, wis * 
made war againſt the Romans, Pl, 5 3 
Parall. | "rd 
ATHAMANES, an ancient people of H. = 
rus, who exiſted long before the Trojan wit, piu 14 
and ſtill preſerved their name and cuſtom: * = 
in the age of Alexander, There was a Ip 
fountain in their territories, whoſe waters, TX 
about the laſt quarter of the moon, were (v u of 
ſulphurcous that they could ſet wood on hrs. TI F 
Ovid. Met. 15, v. 311.—Strab. 7.— I. 2 I * 
— Mela. 2, c. Tay 
Arn Aus, king of Thebes, in Beota 5 
was fon of Eolus. He married Themilty 1 3 
whom ſome call Nephele, and Pindat, De. A of 
motice, and by her he had Phryxus a: a 
Helle. Some time after, on pretence tai vol 10 
Nephele was ſubject to fits of madness, it 3 
married Ino, the daughter of Cadmus, ! Ficily, 
whom he had two ſons, Learchus and Me- = 
licerta. Ino became jealous of the child nd * 
of Nephele; becauſe they were to aſcend Rapainf 
their father's throne in preference to hei den * | 
own, therefore ſhe reſolved to deſtroy wem mY 
but they eſcaped from her fury to Colchs 2 
on a golden ram. [ Vid, Phryxus & 4. bc Greek: 
naut.] According to the Greek ſchollat Aruty 
of Lycophron, v. 22. Ino attempted 10 bunded al, 
deſtroy the corn of the country; and ® * an era, b 
it were the conſequence of divine vengeanes Was — 
the ſoothſayer, at her inſtigation, told Ale, Rerwargs 
mas, that before the earth would yield bd to had o 
uſual increaſe, he muſt ſacrifice one of ti ne in pr 


3 


Herodet, 4, 

dulous father led Phryxus to the altar, where 
one of the he was ſaved by N The proſperity 
enus had of Ino was diſpleaſing to Juno, and more 


particularly becauſe ſhe was deſcended from 
Venus. The goddeſs therefore ſent Tiſi- 
phone, one of the furies, tv the houſe of 
Athamas, who became inflamed with ſuch 
uaden fury, that he took Ino to be a lioneſs, 
and her two children to be whelps. In this 


ia, oppoſiy 
the neigh. 
. Pau, 0 


png the $y. 


rab. t6. & of madneſs he ſnatched Learchus from, 
f wonderfu der and killed him againſt a wall; upon 
un 75 mile mich, Ino fled with Melicerta, and, with 
Martial. lim in ber arms, ſhe threw herſelf into the 
E from a high rock, and was changed into 

nenſis, rig b ſea deity. After this, Athamas recovered 
Ne u. be uſe of his ſenſes; and as he was without 


hildren, he adopted Coronus and Aliartus, 
de ſons of Therſander his nephew. Hygir. 
1d. 1, 2, 5, 239.— polled. 1, c. 7 & 9.— 
kid. Met. 4, v. 467, Sc. Faſt. 6, v. 489. 
Pavſ. 9, c. 34. A ſervant of Atticus. 
ic. ad Attic. 12, ep. 10. A ſtage dan- 
er. Id. Pi. 36. A tragic poet, 14. 
iſ. 20.—One of the Greeks, concealed 
n the wooden horſe at the fiege of Troy. 
Ving. E=. 2, V. 263. 

ATHAMANTIADES, a patrony mic of Me- 
icerta, Paryxus, or Helle, children of 
Athamas, Orid. Met. 13, V. 319. 

ATHANASIUS, a biſhop of Alexandria, 
elebrated for his ſutferings, and the deter- 
nined oppoſition he maintained againſt 
uius and his doctrine. His writings, which 
Ze numerous, and ſome of which have 
rriſned, contain a defence of the myſtery 
| the Trinity, the divinity of the Word 
id of the Holy Ghoft, and an apology 
d Conſtantine, The creed which bears 
„tame, is ſuppoſed by ſome not to 
e le .umpoſition. Athanaſius di-d 2d 
If, 373 A. D. after filling the archiepiſ- 
bpu chair 47 years, and leading alternately 
lle of exile and of triumph. The lateſt 
Aion of his works, is that of Benedictin. 
ol. fol. Paris, 1698. 

ATHANIS, a man who wrote an account 
dicily, Athen, 3. 

ATHEAS, a King of Scythia, who im- 
d the aſſiſtance of Philip of Macedo- 
ayunſt the Iftrians, and laughed at him 
den he had furniſhed him with an army. 
An. 9, c. 2. 

Ava, the name of Minerva among 
de Greeks. 

Aix æ, a celebrated city of Attica, 
unded about 15 56 years before the Chriſ- 
"ea, by Cecrops and an Egyptian colony. 


, and daugh- 
jealouſy aud 
e gods, that 
the hair, and 
heaven, and 
re ſhe incited 
ſowed com- 
Il. 19. She 1s 
Latins. 
ania, famous 
uv, 6. 
20 Gaul, wie 
ns. Plut, i 


eople of H. 
e Trojan wit, 
and cuſtom: 
There was 2 
whoſe waters, 
noon, were | 
- wood on hire. 
5. 7, —Plin, 2. 


es, in Bœotu, 
ied Themilts 
d Pindar, De. 

Phryxus an 

pretence tha 
f madnels, it 
f Cadmus, U 
-chus and Me- 
of the childra 
ere to aſcend 
ference to bet 


try; and 3b ! 


ine vengeancy © apt . , 
= old Athis ee (.ecropia from its founder, and 
ould yield bd Harp Athenz in honor of Minerva, 
:ce one of tl. o bad obtained the right of giving it a 


d in preference to Neptune. [ Vid. Mi- 
bo. ] It was governed by 17 kings, in 
lowing order ;—After a reign of 50 


dds, Ing 


— 


* 
years, Cecrops was ſucceeded by Cranaue, 
who began to reign 1506 B. C. Amphic- 
tyon, 1497; Erichthonius, 1487; Pandion, 
1437; Erichtheus, 1397; Cecrops 2d, 1347; 
Pandion 2d, 1307; Ægeus, 1283; Theſeus, 
1235; Menettheus, 1205; Demophoon, 
1282; Oxyntes, 1149; Aphidas, 1137; 
Thymcetes, 1336; Melanthus, 1128; and 
Codrus, i091, who was killed after a reign 
of 21 years. The hiſtory of the twelve firſt 
of theſe monarchs, is moſtly fabulous. After 
the death of Codrus, the monarchical power 
was aboliſhed, and the ſtate was governed 
by 13 perpetual, and, 317 years after, by 7 
decennial, and laſtly, B. C. 684, after an 
anarchy of 3 years, by annual magiſtrates, 


called Archons. {Vid. Archontes.}) Under 


this democracy, the Athenians fignalized 
themſelves by their valor in the field, their 
munificence, and the cultivation of the fine 
arts, They were deemed ſo powerful by 
the Perſians, that Xerxes, when he invad- 
ed Greece, chiefly directed his arms againſt 
Athens, which he took and burnt. Their 
military character was chiefly diſplayed in 
the battles of Marathon, of Salamis, of 
Platza, and of Mycale. After theſe im- 
mortal victories, they roſe in conſequence 
and dignity, and they demanded the ſu- 
periority in the affairs of Greece. The 
town was r2-built and embelliſhed by The- 
miſtocles, and a new and magnificent har- 
bour erected. Their ſucceſs made them ar- 
rogant, and they raiſed contentions among 
the neighbouring ſtates, that they might 
aggrandize themſelves by their fall. The 
luxury and intemperance, which had been 
long excluded from the city by the ſalutary 
laws of their countrymen, Draco and Solon, 
creeped by degrees among all ranks of peo- 
ple,and ſoon atterall Greece united to deſtroy 
that city, which claimed a ſovereign power 
over all the reſt. The Peloponneſian war, 
though at firſt a private quatrel, was ſoon 
fomented into an univerſal war; and the 
arms of all the ſtates of Peloponneſus 
{Vid. Peloponnefiacum bellum were directed 
againſt Athens, which, after 28 years of 
misfortunes and bloodſhed, was totally 
ruined, the 24th April, 404 years before 
the Chriitian era, by Lyſander. After this, 
the Athenians were oppreſſed by 30 tyrants, 
and for a while labored under the weight 
of their own calamities. They recovered 
ſomething of their uſual ſpirit in the age of 
Philip, and boldly oppoſed his ambitious 
views; but their ſhort lived etforts were not 
of great ſervice to the intereſt of Greece, 
and they fell into the hands of the Romans, 
B. C. 86. The Athenians have been ad- 
mired in all ages, for their love of liberty, 
and for the great men that were born among 
them; but favor there, was attended with 

: I 3 danger; 


— — — — 


—— — 


| 
| 


— ů „ — —— ——2 


- _— 


33 


— RE -——— —_ ——__—_—_—_—_— 
— - 2 


— 


'\ 
! 


—— _————_ 


_ 


* 


danger; and there are very few inſtances in 
the hiſtory of Athens, that can prove that 
the jealouſy and frenzy of the people did 
not perſecute and diſturb the peace of the 
man who had fought their battles, and ex- 

oled his life in the defence of his country. 
8 not one fingle city in the world 
can boaſt in ſuch a ſhort ſpace of time, of 
ſuch a number of truly illuſtrious citizens, 
equally celebrated for tacir humanity, their 
learning, and their military abilities. The 
Romans, in the more polithed ages of their 
republic, ſent their youths to finiſh their 
education at Athens, and reſpected the 
learning, while they deipiſed the military 
character of the inhabitants. The reputa- 
tion tue Athenian ſchools had acquired un- 
der Socrates and Plato, was maintained by 
their degenerate and leſs learned ſucceſſors; 
and they floriſhed with diminiſhed luſtre, 
till an edict of the emperor Juſtinian ſup- 
preſſed, with the Roman conſulſhip, the 

hiloſophical meetings of the academy, Tt 
| been ſaid by Flutarch, that the good 
men whom Athens produced, were the 
moſt juſt and equitable in the world; but 
that its bad citizens could not be fſurpalied 
in any age or country, for their impiety, 
perfidiouſneſs, or cruelties. Their criminals 
were always put to death by drinking the 
Juice of hemlock. The ancients, to diſ- 
tinguiſh Athens in a more peculiar mannes, 
called it Aſtu, one of the eyes of Grecce, the 
Jearned city, the ſchool of the world, the 
common patroneſs of Greece. The Athe- 
nians thought themſelves the moſt ancient 
nation of Greece, and ſuppoſed themſelves 
the original inhabitants of Attica, for wich 
Teaſon they were called evrox0-185, pro- 
duced from the ſame earth which they in- 
habited, 21 U ſors of the earth, and 
Terl:yi; grahupprrs. They ſometimes wore 
golden graſhoppers in their hair as badges 
of honor, to diſtinguiſh thera from otier 
people of later origin and leſs noble exirac- 
tion, becauſe thoſe inſects are ſuppoſed te 
be ſprung from the ground. The number 
of men able to bear arms at Athens in thc 
reign of Cecrovs was computed at 20,000, 
and there appeared no conſiderable augmen- 
fatign in the more civilized age of Pericles; 
but in the time of Demetrius Fhalcreus there 
were found 21,000 citizens, 10,000 foreign- 
ers, and 40,000 ſlaves. Among the nu- 
merous temples and public edifices none 
Was more celchrated than that of Minerva, 
which after being burnt by the Perſiaus was 
re-built by Peiicles, with the fineſt marble, 
and itill exifis a venerable monument of 
the hero's patriotiſm and of the abilities of the 
architect. Cic. ad Attic. in Verr. &c,— 
Tihucyd 7 Sc. — Tuſtin. 2, Sc. Diodl. I 3, 


* 


Sc. Allan. V. H,—Plin. 7, c. 56.— 


8 


Xenoph, Memorab.—DPlut. in Vvitis, &. 
Strab. 9, &c.—Pauſ. 1, &c.—Val. Max, 
Li. 31, &c,—C., Nep. in Milt, Sc. 


ja Ita 
Ptolen 


Av 

Polyb.,—Patercul, — 
ATHEN@&A, ſeſtivals celebrated at Athem on the 

in honor of Minerva. One of them was call ſoired 
ed Panathenza, and the other Chalcea; ſu there | 
an account of which fee thoſe words, Diana, 
ATHENAUM, a place at Athens, ſacredto ed by 
Mincrva, where the poets, philoſophery ſertme 
and rhetoricians generally declaimed and was ol 
repeated their compoſitions. It was public Iohigey 
to all the profeſſors of the liberal arts, br ſub! 
The ſame thing was adopted at Rome by . 


Adrian, who made a public building forthe 


v. 2 
ſame laudable purpoſes. A promontay Au! 
of Italy. ſite Tat 
ATHEN@ZAVUS, aGreek coſmograpber.— cordi 
A peripatetic philoſopher of Cilicia in the jor t 
time of Auguſtus. Strab. A Spartan 9. 125 
tent by his countrymen to Athens, 10 ſettk Pauſ. 
the peace Curing the Peloponneſian war, Arr 
A grammarian of Naucratis, who com- Art 
poſed an elegant and miſcellaneous work, be Rot 
called Deiprnsfopnifte, replete with very u- Arn 
110us and intereſting remarks and anecdote he I. 
of the manners of the ancients, and lie- 18.0 
wiſe valuable ſor the ſcattered pieces of u- Aut 
cient poetry it preſerves. The work ca- 53, b 
fits of 15 books, of which the two fi, nvelt | 
part of the third, and almoſt the whos nd the 
the laſt, are loſt, Athenæus wrote, ba A 


this, an hiſtory of Syria, and other wor 
now loſt. He died A. D. 194. The belt 
edition of his works is that of Cauſaubony 
fol. 2 vols. Lugd. 1612, by far ſuperior to 
the editions of 1595 and 1657,——A lik 
torian, who Wote an account of Semim- 

ts. Dod. A brother of king Lumecne 
2d, famous for his paternalaffection—4 
Roman general, in the age of Galliem 
who is tuppoſed to have written a book d 
military engines. A phyſician of Ci 
in the age of Pliny, who made heat, coi 
wet, dry, and air, the elements, initeade 
the tour coramouly received. 


_ Clauſe 
de trib 
pirat io 
ArRI 


lavius C 
i the ext 
Ws ſoldi 
endered 
aracter 
bia, ti 


ATHENAGGRAS, a Greek in the times pined hi 
Darius, to whom Pharnabazus gave d me, v. 
government of Chios, &c. Curt. $, c. thor of 

A writer on agriculture. Varta Wy brav 
A Criſtian philoſopher, in the age o 3» in did, 
relius, who wrote a treatiſe on the keit MU his © 
rection, and an apology for the chr Witte to 
ſtillestant. He died A. D. 177. The bel ent natior 
edition of his works is that of Dec e Was th 
Bvo. Oxon, 1706.——The romance n Aft 
Theagenes and Charis is falle) aſcribed! be mar 
lim, 4 MDs, he v 

ATHENA1s, a Sibyl of Erythræa, u“ 9. 275 
age of Alexander. Strrab.— A caugs nom Mn 
of the philoſopher Leontius. 2 2 thy 

ATHENION, a pexripatetic Philolopßt been th 


z % _ 
108 B. Comm, Scherl of Ws yo 


A U 


iu Italy, with 100 ſhips. Firg. n. 10, 
fa, &e< „ 207. The firname of one of the 
Val. Mar. piolemean kings, father to Cleopatra. 
ilt, &c.— Auris, a daughter of Ogyges. Pauſ. 
A town of Bœotia near Chalcis 


Bxotic. 
1 at Athens on the ſea coaſt, where all the Greeks con- 
m was call wiced againſt Troy. They were detained 
I * 


there by contrary winds, by the anger of 
Diana, whoſe favorite ſtag had been kill- 
ed by Agamemnon, To appeaſe the re- 
ment of the goddeſs, Agamemnon 
was obliged to ſacrifice his own daughter 


;halcea; fi 
rds. 

As, ſacred i 
hiloſopben, 
laimed and 


was public Iptigenia, whom, however, Diana ſpared 
iberal arts, br ſubſtituting a ram. Virg. Ain. 4, v. 
at Rome by . Ovid. Met. 12, v. 9, &c.— Homer, I. 


v. 203. 
AULON, a mountain of Calabria, oppo- 
gte Tarentum, famous for its wine, which, 


ding for tte 
promontay 


rapher.— xording to Horat. 2, od. 6, v. 18, is ſu- 
ilicia in the berior to that of Falernum. Martial. 13, 
A Spartan 9. 125.—Srrab. 6. A place of Meſſenia. 


4149 
Avtoxtus, a firname of AÆſculapius. 
Arbus, a prænomen, common among 
be Romans. —Gellius. Vid. Gellius. 
Au nas, an European river, flowing into 
he Idler from mount Hæmus. Herodot. 
L, C. 40. 
AVRELIA LEX, Was enacted A. U. C. 
32, by the pretor L. Aurelius Cotta, to 
veſt the Senatorian and Equeſtrian orders, 
ad the Tribuni AErarii, with judicial power, 
Another, A. U. C. 678. It abrogated 


ens, 10 {ettk 
une ſian wat, 
is, who com- 
ncous wort, 
vich very cu⸗ 
nd aneccotry 
ts, and lie- 
pieces of u- 
e Work th 
the two kt 
the who d 
vrote, bat 
| other works 
4. The belt 
f Caulauveny 
ar ſuperior td 

Lt 


* 


he tribuncs to hold other offices after the 
pirat ion of the tribuneſhip. 

ArxELIA, a town of Hiſpania Bætica. 
The mother of J. Cæſar. Suct. in 
.. 74.——A fiſh woman. Fav. 4, v. 
* 

ArzeLiinus, emperor of Rome after 
arius Claudius, was auſtere, and even cruel 
a the execution of the laws, and puniſhed 
us ſoldiers with unuſual ſeverity. He 
endered himſelf famous for his military 
laracter; and his expedition againſt Ze- 
bia, the celebrated queen of Palmyra, 
ined him great honors, He beautibed 
me, was charitable to the poor, and the 
tor of many ſalutary laws. He was natu- 
KW brave; and in all the battles he fought, 
Is laid, he killed no leſs than $00 men 


ma nis own hand. In his triumph he ex- 
10 


87 
\t of Semin- 
King Lumcnd 
ect 100.,— \ 
of Gallic 
ten a book fl 
can of Cie 
ide heat, con 
-nts, inttead 


— 
* 


uy 


in the times 
ar us gave d 
Curt. 85 C. 
e. V arrs. 
the age oi 
> on the as | 
| «to the Romans, people of 15 diffe- 

ent nations, all of which he had conquered, 
* V4 the firſt emperor who wore a dia- 
dem. After a glorious reign of fix years, 
e marched againſt the northern barba- 
ans, he was aflaſlinated near Byzantium, 
D. 275, 29th January, by his ſoldiers, 
mm Mneftheus had incited to rebellion 
funſt their emperor, This Mneſtheus 
been threatened with death, for ſome ill 


the chr 
„ 

dat of Dec 
he romance * 
10 


- *? 
17 eri 
Lely Aer. 


Trythrxay int 
A daugu 


{ * 1 "Joſopht 
tic Parts 

Cicill 

of duc die x 

i 


en 


k clauſe of the Lex Cornelia, and permitted 


aA U 


behaviour to tue emperor, and therefore he 
meditated his death. The ſoldiers, however 
loon repented of their ingratitude and 
cruelty to Aurclian, and theew Mneſtheus 
to be devoured by wild beaſts. A phy- 
ſician of the fourth century. 

AVUREL1ius, emperor of Rome. Vid. 
Antoninus Ratſianus. A painter in the 
age of Auguſtus. Pin. 35, Victor, an 
hiſtorian in the age of Julian, two of whoſe 
compoſitions are extant; an account of 
illuſtrious men, and a biography of all the 
Czſars to Julian. The beſt editions of Au- 
relius are the 4to. of Artnzenius, Amſt. 
1733, and the gv. of Pitifcus, Utr. 1696. 
Antoninus, an emperor. Vid. Anto- 
ninus. 

AUREOL Us, a general who aflumed the 
purple in the age of Gallienus. 

AVURINITA, a prophetcis held in great 
veneration by the Germans, Tacit, Germ. 8. 

AURGRA, a goddeſs, daughter of Hype- 
rion and Thia or Thea. Some ſay that 
Pallas, fon of Crius, and brether to Perſes, 
vas her father; hence her ſirname of Pal- 
{lantias. She married Aſtræus, by whom 
ſhe had the winds, the ſtars, &c. Her 
amours with Tithonus and Cephalus are alſo 
famous; by the former ſhe had Mcmnom 
and Amathion, and Phaeton by the latter. 
(Fid. Ceplialus and Tithonus.) She had alſo 
an intrigue with Orion, whom the carried 
to the iſland of Delos, where he was killed 
by Diana's arrows. Aurora is generally re- 
preſented by the poets drawn in a role cos 
tored chariot, and opening with her roſy 
tingers the gates of the eaſt, pouring the 
dew upon the earth, and making the flowers 


grow. Her chariot is generally drawn by, 


white horſes, and the is covered with a veil. 
Nox and Somnus fly before her, and the 
conſtellations of heaven diſappear at her ap- 
proach. She always ſets out before the ſung 
and is the forerunner of his riſing. The 
Greeks call her Eos. Homer. II. 8, Od. 
10. Hymn. in Vener, —OQvid. Met. 3, 9g 
15. — Apellod. 1, 3.—Virg. An. 6, v. 535. 


. _—»# arro, de L. I. 55 &c.— Acc. 14e .— 


Hygin. pref. fab. 

AURUNCE, an ancient town of Latium, 
huilt by Auſon, the ſon of Ulyſſes by Ca- 
lypſo. Virg. An. 7, v. 727, &Cc: 

Auscuisæ, a people of Libya. Heradot. 
4. 0. 171. 

Avsc1, a people of Gaul. 

Auskk, AUSER1sS, and ANSER, a river of 

Italy. 
Auszs, 2 people of Africa, whoſe vir- 
gins . yearly fight with Ricks' in honbr of 
Minerva. She who behaves with tie 
greateſt valor, receives unuſual honor, &c. 
Herodot. 4, C. 180. f 

Absox, à ſon of Ulyſſes and Calypſo, 

tron 


l 
, 


— 


- 
. 


—— ——— — 


1 


— —— — 


their neighbours in running. 


A U 


from whom the Auſones, a people of Italy, 
are deſcended. 

AvsoNt1A, one of the ancient names of 
Italy, which it received from Auſon the 
ſon of Ulyſſes. If Virgil makes Aneas 
ſpeak of Auſonia, it is by anticipation. 
Virg, An. 3, v. 171. 

Avus6Nw1vus, a poet in the 4th century, 
preceptor to Gratian, ſon of the emperor 
Valentinian, and made.conſul by the means 
of his pupil. His compoſitions have been 
long admired, The thanks he returned the 
emperor Gratian is one of the beſt of his 
poems, which were too often hurried for 
publication, and conſequently not perfect. 
He wrote the conſular faſti of Rome, an 
uſeful performance, now loſt. His ſtyle 1s 
obſcene, and he has attempted upon the 
words of Virgil, what revolts every thing 
againſt his indelicacy. The beſt edition is 
that of Tollius, 8vo. L. Bat. 1671; or that 
of Jaubert, with a French tranſlation, 4 vols. 
12mo. Paris, 1769. 

Auspiers, a ſacerdotal order at Rome, 
nearly the ſame as the augurs. Vid. Au- 
gures, 

AUSTER, one of the winds blowing from 
the ſouth, whoſe breath was pernicious to 
towers as well as to health. He was parent 
of rain. Virg. Ecl. 2, v. 58. Vid. Venti. 

AusTEs10N, a Theban, ſon of Tiſame- 
nus. His ſon Theras led a colony into an 
ifland, which, from him, was called Thera. 
Herodot. 4.— Pau. 

AuToBULUsS, a painter. Plin. 35. 

AUTOCHTHGONES, the original inhabitants 
of a country who are the firſt poſſeſſors of it, 
and who never have ningled with other 
nations. The Athenians called themſelves 
Autochthones, and boaſted that they were 
as old as the country which they inhabited. 
Pau. 1, c. 14. —Tacit. de Germ, —Cic, de 
Orat. 3, c. 83. 

Au röcrzs, an Athenian, ſent by his 
gountrymen with a fleet to the aſſiſtance of 
Alexander of Pherz. 

AUTOCRATES, an hiſtorian mentioned by 
Athen. 9 & 11. 

Auro LE, a people of Mauritania, de- 
fcended from the Gztuli. They excelled all 
Lucan. 4, 


—_— 


v. 677. 

Au rörF cus, a ſon of Mercury by Chi- 
one, a daughter of Dædalion. He was one 
of the Argonauts. His craft as a thief has 
deen greatly celebrated. He ſtole the flocks 
of his neighbours, and mingled them with 
his own, after he had changed their marks. 
He did the ſame to Siſyphus, ſon of Æolus; 
but Siſyphus was as crafty as Autolycus, and 
he knew his own oxen by a mark which he 
had made under their feet. Autolycus was ſo 


he immediately formed an intimaey win 


Pleaſed with the artifice of Siſyphus, that | 


A 2 


him, and even permitted him freely to en- 


. - 4 
joy the company of his daughter Anticle, of ( 
who became pregnant of Ulyſſes, and wa 4 
ſoon after marricd to Laertes. Vid. Sify. / 
phus, Laertes. Hygin. fab. 200, & _ c. 1 
Ovid. Met. 1, fab. $.—Apolled. 1.—Hme 4 
Od. 14. A ſon of Phryxus and Chalcioye, bab 
Hygin. fab. 14. Ax( 
AvuToMATE, one of the Cyclades, called ; A 
alſo Hera. Plin. 2. c. 37. A daugluc * 
of Danaus. He 
AuTomFnon, a ſon of Dioreus, why A 
went to the Trojan war with 10 ſhips. He Ap 
was the chariotecr of Achilles, after who{ = 
death he ſerved Pyrrhus in the ſame cap Crb 
city. Homer. II. 9, 16, &c.—Virg. 4 dia, 
* vide! 
AuUToMEDUSA, a daughter of Alcathay, 
killed by Tydeus. polled. 2. | 3 
AuToMENEs, one of the Heraclidr, 
king of Corinth. At his death, B. C. 579, 
annual magiſtrates, called Prytanes, wer 
choſen at Corinth, and their power con- 
tinued 90 years, till Cyptelus and his fox B 
Periander made themſelves abſolute. - 4 
AuToMGL1, a nation of Ethiopia. He drin 
rodot. 2. 8 
AvToNor, a daughter of Cadmus, who whe 
married Ariſtzus, by whom ſhe had Ac- whi 
tæon, often called Autoneins heros, Ti the 
death of her ſon [ Vid. Actæen] was ſo pu- all t 
ful to her, that ſhe retired from Bœotu d advi 
Megara, where ſhe ſoon after died. Pai Mr. 
I, c. 44 —Hygin. fab. 179.—Ovid. Mz Ba 
J, v. 720. One of the. Danaides, Apol- poſe, 
lod. 2. One of the Nereides. Head. 3 
Theog. A female ſervant of Penelope. empir 
Homer. Od. 18. lo b 
AVUTOPHRADATES, a ſatrap of Lydia, emen 
who revolted from Artaxerxes. Died. lzged 
AuxtSiAa & DAMIA, two virgins wis Smir: 
came from Crete to Troezene, where tit ſerenc 
inhabitants ſtoned them to death in a fed height 
tion. The Epidaurians raiſed them frat 538, a 
by order of the oracle, when their count Euphr: 
was become barren. They were held ed his 
great veneration at Troezene. Herodes. throug] 
c. 82.—Pauſ. 2, c. 90. the fate 
AxkNus, the ancient name of the Euxi to the 
Sea. The word ſignifies inhoſpitable, which ae in 
was highly applicable to the manners of the wous | 
ancient inhabitants of the coat. Ovid. 4 de neu 
Trift. 4, v. 56. f lied 
Axiscuus, a philoſopher, to whom Plat Sia, 
dedicated a treatiſe concerning death, C:ding 
AxTon, brother of Alpheſibea, WF tons, t. 
dered Alcmzon, his fiſter's huſband, be Wildern 
cauſe he wiſhed to recover from her à 80 u food 
den necklace. Vid. Alcmzon & Alpheſibel habitant 
AxtorEA, a woman who regularly wes 3 
in a man's dreſs to hear the lectures Tuſtin, 
Plato, XC,—P 


Axl 


& fab, 


A 2 


naty with : : : 
ely to en- AxtoTHEA, the wife of Nicocles, king 
r Anticlea, of Cyprus. Polyen. 8. 
Sz and was Axts, a town of Umbria. Prop. 4. 

Vid. Siſy- Ax1vs, a river of Macedonia. Herodot. 7. 
oo, &c.— b. 123. : 
I.—Heomer, AxoNA, a river of Germany. The in- 


| Chalciope, tabitants of the neighbourhood are called 
Axones. 

Axur & ANXUR, a firname of Jupiter, 
who had a temple at Trachis in Theſſaly. 


He was repreſcnted as a beardleſs youth. 


ades, called 
A daughu 


ioreus, why Axvs, a town about the middle of Crete. 


) ſhips. He Apollod. 
after whoſe Ar: AN, a mountain of Arcadia, ſacred to 
{ame caps Cybele. A ſon of Arcas, king of Arca- 
irg. A dia, hy Erato, one of the Dryades. He di- 


vided his father's kingdom with his brothers 
f Alcathous, 


A 7 


Aphidas and Elatus, and called his ſhare 
Azania. There was in Azania a fountain 
called C/7torivs, whoſe waters gave a diſlike 
for wine to thoſe who drank them. Firm. 
8, c. 3.—Ovid, Met, 15, v. 322. Paul. 8, 
E. 4. 

Azi nis, a place in Libya, ſurrounded on 
both ſides by delightful hills covered with 
trees, and watered by a river where Battus 
built a town. Herodot. 4, c. 157. 

AzZoNax, a man who taught Zoroaſter 
the art of magic. Plin. zo. 

AzoRus, one of the Argonauts. 

AzdTus, a large town of Syria on the 
borders of the Mediterranean, Joſeph. Ant. 


Jud. 15. 


mm_— — 


2 4 
ABILIUS, a Roman, who, by the help 


of a certain herb, is ſaid to have paſſed 
u tix days from the Sicilian fea to Alexan- 
dria. Plin. pram. 19. 

Bauti vs, an aſtrologer in Nero's age, 
who told the emperor. to avert the danger 
which ſcemed to haug upon his head, from 
the appearance of a hairy comet, by putting 
all the leading men of Rome to death. His 
advice was faithfully followed. Sueton, in 
Ner. c. 36. 

BaBHLoN, a ſon of Belus, who, as ſome ſup- 
poſe, founded a city which bears his name.— 
A celebrated city, the capital of the Aſſyrian 
empire, on the banks of the Euphrates. It had 

ioo brazen gates; and its walls, which were 
cemented with bitumen, and greatly en- 
lrged and embelliſhed by the activity of 
*miramis, meaſured 480 ſtadia in circum- 
rence, 50 cubits in thickneſs, and 200 in 
eight. It was taken by Cyrus, B. C. 
$33, aſter he had drained the waters of the 
Euphrates into a new channel, and march- 
ed his troops by night into the town, 
trough the dried bed; and it is ſaid that 
the fate of the extenſive capital was unknown 
to the inhabitants of the diſtant ſuburbs till 
te in the evening. Babylon became fa- 
nous for the death of Alexander, and for 

* new empire which was afterwards eſta- 
Uhed there under the Seleucidæ. [ Vid. 

M.] Its greatneſs was ſo reduced in ſuc- 

Cling ages, according to Pliny's obſerva- 
dans, that in his time it was but a deſolate 
Wilderneſs, and at preſent the place where 
8 tod is unknown to travellers The in- 
plants were early acquainted with aſtro- 
. Plin. 6, c. 26,—Herodot. 1, 2, 3.— 
Fa. I, & c.— Died. 2.—Xenoph. Cy rep. , 
X.—Propert. 3, el. 11, v. 21.—Ovid. Met. 
9 tab. 2.— Maria“. 9, ep. 77.—khere 


Heraclidz, 
n B. C. 77 
ytanes, vor 

Power CO- 
3 and his on 
olute. 

thiopia, He 


*admus, who 
ſhe had Ac- 
3 heros, Tit 
| was ſo pu» 
m Bœotu u 
died. Pai 
Ovid, Met 
aides, Apot- 
des. Head. 
of Penelope. 


ap of Lydia, 
* Died. 

o virgins wht 
ne, where tie 
-ath in a ſed- 
d them ſtatis 
their count 
were held 
E. Herodat. * 


e of the Euxil 
ſpitable, which 
manners of the 


valt. Ovid. 4 


, to whom Plan 
ng death. 
heſibœa, N 
s huſband, be 
from her à 8% 
5 Alpheſibæs 
» regularly ei 
the lectures 


Axl 


14 


B A 


is alſo a town of the ſame name near the 
Nile, in Egypt. 

BABYLoN1a, a large province of Aſſytia, 
of which Babylon was the capital. The 


inhabitants ſhook off the Aſſyrian yoke, and + 


afterwards became very powerful. The 
hroame of Seleucia, which aroſe from the 
ruins of Babylon, under the ſucceſſors of 
Alexander. Plin. 6, c. 26. 

BABVYLGNII, the inhabitants of Babylon, 
famous for their knowledge of aſtrology, 
firſt divided the year into 12 months, and 
the zodiac into 12 figns. 

BABYRSA, a fortified caſtle near Artax- 
ata. Strab. 11. 

BaBYTACE, a city of Armenia, whoſe 
inhabitants deſpiſe gold. Plin. 6. c. 27. 

BAcABASls, betrayed the ſnares of Ar- 
tabanus, brother of Darius, againit Ar- 
taxerxes. Juſtin. 3, c. I. 

Bacchæ, the prieſteſſes of Bacchus. 
Pauſ. 2, c. 7. 

BAcchANxALIA, feſtivals in honor of 
Bacchus at Rome, the ſame as the Diony ſia 
of the Greeks. Vid. Diony ſia. 

BACCHANTES, prieſteſſes of Bacchus, 
who are repreſented at the celebration oi 
the orgies almoſt naked, with garlands of 
ivy, with a thyrſus and diſhevelled hair. 
Their looks are wild, and they utter dread- 
ful ſounds, and claſh different muſical inftru- 
ments together. They are alſo called Thy- 
ades and Menades, Ovid. Met. 6. v. 592. 
— Horat, 3, od. 25,—Propert. 3, el. 21,— 
Lucan, 1, v. 674. 

Baccnt, a mountain of Thrace, near 
Philippi. Appian. 

BACCHtTA D, a Corinthian family de- 
ſcended from Bacchia, daughter of Diony- 
ſius. In their nocturnal orgies, they, as 
fumes zeport, tore to pieces Actæon, ſon ot 

K Meliſſus, 


B A 


Meliſſus, which ſo enraged the father, that | 

before the altar he entreated the Corinthians 
to r venge the death of his fon, and imme- 
diately threw himſelf into the fea. Upon 
this the Bacchiadæ were baniſhed, and went 
to ſettle in Sicily, between Pachy num and 
Pelorus. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 407.—Strab. 8. 

Bacculpks, a gencral who betrayed the 
town of Sinope to Lucullus. Se 12. 

BAcegis or BaLvs, king of Corinth, 
ſucceeded Lis father Prumnides, His ſuc- 
ceſſors were always called Bacckidz, in ra- 
membrance of the equity and moderation 
of his reign, The Bacchidz increaſed ſo 
much, that they choſe one of their number to 
preſide among them with regal authority. 
Cypſelus overturned this inftitution, by 
making himfe!f abſolute. Strab. $.— Pau. 
2, c. 4.—PHeredet. 5, c. 92. 

Bacciium, a {mall iſland in the Hgean 
ſea, oppoſite Smyrna. Vin. 8, c. 3. 

Baccuius & Biruvs, two celebrated 
gladiators of equal age and ſtrength; whence 
the proverb to expreſs equality, Bithus cone 
tra Bacchium, —Sueton. in Aug. — Herat. 1. 
Lat. 7, v. 20. 

Baccuus, was fon of Jupiter and Se— 
mele, the daughter of Cadmus. After the 
had enjoyed the company of Jupiter, Se- 
mele was deceived, and perithed by the ar- 
tifice of Juno. This godCeſs, always jca- 
lous of her huſband's amours, atſumed the 
ape of Berbe, Semele's nurſe, and per- 
ſuaded Semcle that the lover whom the en- 
tertained was not Jupiter, but a falſe lover, 
and that to prove his divinity ſhe onght to 
beg of him, if he really were Jupiter, to 
come to her bed with the ſame majeſty as 
ke courted the embraces of Juno. The ar- 
tince tucceeded, and when Jupiter promiſed 
his miſtreſs whatever {he aſked, Semele re- 
quired him to viſit her with all the divinity 
ci a god. Jupiter was unable to vivlate his 
oath, and Semele, unwilling to retract it; 
there fore, as ſhe as a mortal, and unable 
to bear the majeſty of Jupiter, ſhe was con- 
ſumed, and reduced to aſhes. The child, of 
which ſhe had been pregnant for ſeven 
mo ths, was with difficulty ſaved from the 
flames, and put in his father's thigh, where 
he remainec the full time he naturally was to 
have been in his mother's womb. Frum this 
circumſtance Bacchus has been called Rimater, 
According to ſome, Dirce, x nymph of the 
Achelous, ſaved him from the flames. 
There are different traditions concerning 
the manner of his education. Ovid ſays, 
that, after his birth, he was brought up by 
his aunt Ino, and afterwards emruttcd to the 
care of ti nymphs of Nyſa. Lucian ſup- 
poſes, that Mercury carried kim, as ſoon as 
Lorn, to the nymphs of Nyſa; and Apallo- 
ni: ſays, that he was carried by Mercury 


B A 


to a nymph in the iſſand of Eubea,whencg an effe 
he was driven by the power of Juno, whe which 
was the chief deity of the place. Sem: times t 
ſupport, that Naxus can boaſt of the p ace wine ta 
of his education, under the nymphs Philia, conſum 
Coronis, and Clyda. Pauſanias relates a and chi 
tradition which prevailed in the town of keep ſe 
Braſiæ in Peloponneſus; and accordingly becauſe 
mentions, that Cadmus, as ſoon as he beard with the 
ot his daughter's amours, ſhut her up, with s alſo l 
her child lately born, in a coffer, and ex- people v 
poſed them on the ſea, The coffer was aud libe 
carried ſafe by the waves to the coaſt of ſented 11 
Braſiæ; but Scmele was found dead, and the cluſters 
child alive. Semele was honored with a appears 1 
magnificent funeral, and Bacchus properly of Pan, « 
educated, This diverſity of opinions ſhews his foſte 
that there were many of the ſame name. Di- tial glob 
odorus ſpeaks of three, and Cicero of a the tame 
greater number; but among them all, the feltivals 
lon of Jupiter and Semele ſeems to have Bacchan: 
obtained the merit of the reſt. Bacchus is uto Gre. 
the Okris of the Egyptians, and his hiſtory daughter 
is drawn from the Egyptian traditions con- which ar 
cerning that ancient king. Bacchus aſſiſted feſtivals 
the gods in their wars againſt the giants, The amo 
and was cut to pieces; but the ſun of Semele He marri 
was not then born: this tradition therefore ſaken by 
is taken from the hiſtory of Ofiris, wl was by her hy 
killed by his brother Typhon, and the wor were Cer; 
ſhip of Ofiris has been introduced by 0. &c. Acc 
pheus into Greece, under the name 0 of Hymer 
Bacchus, In his youth he was taken aſleep god of m 
in the iſſand of Naxos, and carried away by Pigs to hi, 
ſome mariners whom he changed into The fir-ti 
dolphins, except the pilot, who had expreſſed lte 1Vy, ar 
ſome concern at his misfortune. His ex- tte goat w 
pedition into the eaſt is celebrated. He wunt of t 
marched, at the head of an army compoſed udeſtroy 
of men, as well as of women, all inſpired - the h 
with divine fury, and armed with thyrſuſes, 2 180 
cymbals, and other muſical instruments. me him, 
The leader was drawn in a chariot by 2 NN flo; 
lion and a tyger, and was accompanied by id to pot 


Us horns, 
UVation of 
Jupiter, hi 
Celarts of 
ad ſuppli 
«Khus w 
Wther, wh 


Pan and Silenus, and all the Satyrs. His 
conqueſts were eaſy, and without bloodſhed; 
the people eaſily ſubmitted, and gratefully 
elevated to the rank of a god the hero who 
taught them the uſe of the vine, the cultiva* 
tion of the earth, and tho manner of making 
honey. Amidſt his benevolence to mankind 


he was relentleſs in puniſhing all want © 155 unde 
diſreſpect to his divinity; aud the puniſh- Nav 
ment he inſlicted on Pentheus, Agabe, « ous n 
Lycurgus, &c. is well known. He has te- — "a the 
ceived the name of Liber, Bromius, Lyæus 4 acchus 
Evan, Thyonzus, Pfilas, &c. which 24s - was r 
moſtly derived from the places where he re- tha of Jupi 
ceived adoration, or ſrom the ceremonies ob- $ of The 


Ae, 4 fon 9 
built Nyſa; 
in the Indie 
and 2 lon 01 


ſerved in his feſtivals. As he was the god o 
wine, and of drinkers, he is generally * 
ſented crowned with vine and vy leaves, Win 


| a'thyrſus in his hand, His figure is that 4 


B A 


an effeminate young man, to denote the joys 


— which commonly prevail at feaſts; and ſome- 
em: times that of an old man, to teach us that 
ace wine taken immoderately will enervate us, 
uilia, conſume our health, render us loquacious 
es 2 and childiſh like old men, and unable to 
n of keep ſecrets. The panther is ſacred to him, 
ingly becauſe he went in nis expedition covered 
card with the ſkin of that beaſt. The magpye 
with is alſo his favorite bird, becauſe in triumphs 
d ex- people were permitted to ſpeak with boldneſs 
- was aud liberty. Bacchus is ſometimes repre- 
at of ſented like an infant, holding a thyrſus and 
id the cluſters of grapes with a horn. He often 
ith 2 appears naked, and riding upon the ſhoulders 
yperly of Pan, or in the arms of Silenus, who was 
ſhe wi his foſter-father. He alſo fits upon a celeti- 
WH tial globe, beſpangled with ftars, and is then 
of i the fame as the Sun or Oſiris of Egypt. The 
1, che feſtivals of Bacchus, generally called Orgies, 
| have Bacchanalia, or Dionyha, were introduced 
chus is into Greece from Egypt by Danaus and his 
hiſtory daughters, The infamous debaucheries 
4. Cots which aroſe from the celebration of theſe 
aſſiſted feſtivals is well known. [ Vid. Dionyſia.] 
giants, The amours of Bacchus are not numerous. 
Comet He married Ariadne, after the had been for- 
ka faken by Theſeus in the iſland of Naxos; and 
lo wa by her he had many children, among whom 
© WO were Ceranus, Thoas, QEnopion, Tauropolis, 
by 0 &c. According to ſome, he was the father 
ame d of Hymenzus, whom the Athenians made the 
1 alleep god of marriage, The Egyptians ſacrificed 
way by pigs to him, before the doors of their houſes. 
4 into The fir-tree, the yew-tree, the fig-tree, and 
-prefſed Ihe ivy, and the vine, were ſacred to him; and 
lis ex- de goat was generallyſacrihced to him, on ac- 
d. He wunt of the great propenſity of that animal 
,mpoſed udeltroy the vine. According to Pliny, he 
inſpired Was the hrit who ever wore a crown. His 
vriuſcs beuty is compared to that of Apollo, and, 
aa lde him, he is repreſented with fine hair 
ot by 2 boſely flowing down his thoulders, and he is 
inied by lid to poſſeſs eternal youth. Sometimes he 
78. His Las horns, either becauſe he taught the cul- 
,odſhed; ation of the earth with oxen, or becauſe 


ratefully Jupiter, his father, appeared to him in the 
dero Who Gfarts of Libya under the ſhape of a ram, 
+ cultiva* ud ſupplied his thirſty army with water. 
making zechus went down to hell to recover his 
nan kind 


uther, mw jugiee willingly made a god- 
od, under t 


want 0 N ie name of Thyone. The 
> puniſh- perſons of the name of Bacchus, which 
„ Agave Worus mentions, are, the one who con- 
e has re- Juered the Indies, and is ſirnamed the beard- 
„Lyræus, au kechus; a ſon of Jupker and Proſerpine, 
hich 37s no was repreſented with - homs; and the 
ere he fe- ou of Jupiter and Semele, called'the Bac- 
,onies ob- cbus of Thebes, Thoſe mentioned by Cicero, 
he god 0 100 4 fon of Proſerpine; a ſon of Niſus, who 
ly repre” py Nyſa; a ſon of Caprius, wo reigned 
ves, wit ie Indies; a ſon of Jupiter and the Moon; 


is that 9 ad 2 fon of Th:vene and Niſus, Cic, d- Nat. 
22 


B AE 

D. 2 & 3.—Pauſ. 2, c. 22, 37. J. 3, c. 24. 
5y c. 19, &c.— Herodot. 1, c. 150. |. 2, c. 
42, 48, 49.—Plut. in Iſid. & Oſir.— Diod. t. 
3, &c. - Orplieus in Dionyſ.—Apollod. 1, 
C. 9, J. 3, c. 4, Sc. — Ovid. Met. 3, fab. 3, 
Sc. Amor. 3, |. z. Faſt. 3, v. IS. —Hy- 
* fab. 155, 167, &c.—Plin, 7, c. 56. 1. 
„ C. 2, |. 36, c. 5. — Homer. Il. 6. Lad. 
de falſ. Rel. 1, c. 22.— irg. G. 2, &c.— 
Euripid. in Bacch. Lucian, de Sacriſ. de Bac- 
cho. in dial. Deor.—Oppian, in Cyneg.— Pi- 
leſtrat. t, Icon. c. 50.—Senec. in Chor, Oedip- 
— Martial. 8, ep. 26. Il. 14, ep. 107. 

BACCHYLIDES, a Lyric poet of Cos, ne- 
phew to Simonides, who, like Pindar, wrote 
the praiſes of Hiero. Some of his verſes have 
been preſerved. Marcel. 

Backxis, a wood in Germany. Cz/. 
bell. Gall. 6, c. 10. 

Bacis, a ſoothſayer of Bœotia. Cic. t, 
de Div. c. 34. —A king of Corinth, call- 
ed alſo Bacchis. Vid. Bacchis. An 
athlete of Troezene. Par. 6. 

BAcTRA, the capital of Bactriana, on the 
river Bactros in Aha, Virg. G. 2, v. 138. 
——Strab. 2. 

BACTRI & BACTRIANYT, the inhabitants 
of Bactriana, who lived upon plunder, and 
were always under arms. They gave to their 
dogs thoſe that died through old age or diſeaſe, 
and ſuffered ſlaves and ſtrangers to take what- 
ever libertics they pleaſed with their wives. 
They were conquered by Alexander the 
Great. Curt. 4, c. 6. &c.—Plin. 6, c. 23.— 
Plut. in vitioſ. ad infel. ſalſj.— Herodot. 1 & 3. 

BacTRIANA, a country of Aſia, fruitful 
as well as extenſive. It formed once part of 
the Perſian empire, on the eaſtern parts of 
which it is ſituated. Zoroaſter was the moſt 
ancient king of this country, who taught his 
ſubjects the art of magic and aſtrology. 
Died. 2.—TFuflin. 1, c. I. 

BacTRos, a river on the borders of Aſi- 
atic Scythia, from which Bactriana receives 
its name. Lucan, 33 v. 207. 

BA DAA, a town of Media. Dred. 19. 

BA DIA, a town of Spain. Val. Max. 3. 
C. 7. . 

Bapiuvs, a Campanian, who challenged 
T. Q. Criſpinus, one of his friends, by whom 
he was killed. Liv. 35, c. 18. 

Ba DUHEN N, a place in the country of 
the Friſii, where goo Romans were Killed. 
Tacit..4, Ann. c. 73. 

BxB1A LExX was enacted for the election 
of 4 pretors every other year. Liv. 40.— 
Another law by M. Bzbius a tribune of 
the people, which forbade the diviſion of the 
lands, whilſt it ſubſtitated a yearly tax to 
be paid by the poſſeſſors, and to be divided 
among the people. Appian. I. 

M. Bklus, a Roman, in whoſe conſul- 
ſhip the tomb of Numa was diſcovered. Pur. 
| K 2 in 


B A 


it Num. Fal. Max. 1, c. 1. Lucius, a | 
Roman pretor, who being ſurprized by the 
Ligurians, fled to Marſeilles, where he died 
three days afier. Liv. 37, c. 57. 

BzrTrs, a river of Spain, from which a 
part of the country has received the name of 
Petica, It was formerly called Tarteſſus, 
and now bears the name of Guadalquiver. 
Martial. 12, ep. 109. 

B=Trov, a Greek hitftorian in the age of 
Alexander. 

BacisTAME, a delightful country of 
Media. Died. 17. 

B:acrsTANES, a friend of Beſſus, whom 
he abandoned wien he murdered Darius, 
Care. 3, e. 13. 

BaGcoas & = I cunuch 
in the court of Artaxerx@Ochus, fo power- 
ful that nothing could be done without his | 
confem. He led ſome troops againſt the 
Jews, and profaned their temple. He poi- 
ſoned Ochus, gave his fleſh to cats, and made 
knife-handles with his bones, becauſe he had 
killed the god Apis. He placed on the throne 
Arſes, the youngeſt of the flaughtered prince”s 
children, and atterwards put him to death. 
He was at laſt killed, B. C. 335, by Darius, 
whom, after raiſing t the crown, he had at- 
tempted to poiſon, Died, r6 & 17. 
Another greatly eſteemed by Alexander. 
He was the cauſe that one of the ſatraps was 
put to death by the moſt excruciating tor- 
ments. Curt. 10, c. 1.—Plut. in Alex. 
Tue name of Bagoas occurs very frequently 
in the Perſian hiſtory; and it ſeems that moſt 
ot the eunuchs of the monarchs of Perfia 
were generally known by that appellation. 

BAG DAR ES, a friend of Beſſus, whom 
he abandoned when he attempted the life of 
Darius. Died. 17. 

BAGOPHANES, a governor of Babylon, 
wh, when Alexander approached the city, 
ſtrewed all the ſtreets and burned incenſe on 
the altars, &c. Curt. 5, c. 1. 

BAGRADA, a river of Africa near Utica, 
where Regulus killed a ſerpent 120 feet long. 
Plin. 8, c. r4. 

Bar, a city of Campania near the ſea, 
founded by Bains, one of the companions of 
Ulyfles. It was famous for its delightful 
lituation and baths, where many of the 
Roman ſenators had country-houſes. Its 
antient grandeur, however, has now diſap- 
peared, and Baiz with its magnificent 
villas, has yielded to the tremendous earth- 
quakes which affſict and convulſe Italy, 
and it is no longer to be found. Martial. 
I4, CP. 81. —Horat. I, CP. I.—Strab, 5. 

BAL A, a ſirname of Alexander king of 
Syria. Fuftin. 35, c. 1. 

BALACRVUS, an officer in Alexander's 
army, who took Miletus. Curt. 4, C. 13. 


5 


1 


Another officer, who commanded ſome cena 
auxiliaries. Id. 4, c. 5. ing, 
BALANAGRA, a town of Cyrene. Payf, poor: 
2, C. 26. | baths 
BALANEA, a town hetween Syria ang peapl 
Phoenicia. Pin. 5, c. 20. had b 
BALAN Us, a prince of Gaul, who aſſiſted ſelres 
the Romans in their Macedonian war, and t 
A. U. C. 581. Liv. 44, c. . ſtone, 
BALARI, a people of Sardinia, Liv, gr, * 7 
8.8. . uilt 
C. BALBIL LVs, a learned and benevolent each 0 
man, governor of Egypt, of which he wrote ing. 
the hiſtory, under Nero. Tacit. Ann, 13 one 
C. 22. and w 
BALRTNUs, an admirer of Agna, men. the wo 
tioned erat. 1. Sat. 3, v. 40. A Roma, mitted 
who, after governing provinees with credi and he 
and honor, aſſaſſinated the Gordians, and mon pe 
ſeized the purple. He was ſome time atte thed pr 
murdered by his ſoldiers, A. P. 238. the edi. 
BALzbs, a mountain of Africa, famow for a w 
for the retreat of Maſiniſſa, after he had fougtt tom, u 
à battle againſt Syphax. ol the | 
L. BaLBus, a lawyer, &c. one amor ting, a 
the pupils of Scævola. A man killed by ten in 
thEaſſiſſins of the triumvirs. ment. 
BALT ARTS, three iſlands in the Mediter- : Bat. 
rancan, modernly called Majorca, Min, in Cxſa 
and Ywica, on the coaſt of Spain. J we, (a 
word is derived from AU ts throw, it- Bar 
cauſe the inhabitants were expert archers a! $ ©. 33 
ſlingers, beſides great pirates. We are tod AML 
by Florus, that the mothers never gave their V. 303. 
children breakfaſt before they had ſtruck Bax 
with an arrow a certain mark in a tree, Bantins, 
When a woman was married, ſhe was notad- L. Ba 
mitted to her huſband's bed before the had vhom A 
received the embraces of all her relations Lnnz, ; 
The inhabitants were naturally of a laſeivio law, H 
propenſity, and in their wars they require kunanity, 
nothing but females and wine, and off is countr 
changed four men for one woman. SY cellus the 
14.— Fler. 3, c. 8.— Diod. 5. | "Ing E 
BAU FTU, a ſon of Hippo, who firſt founs athful to 
ed Corinth. Patercul, 1, c. 3. 4 c. 15. 2 
Bal us, a horfe of Achilles. Homer. Bapuy: 
16, V. 146. ; | 41 . 
BAL Is TA, a mountain of Liguria. Le. 1 2 
8 
4, c. 41. * "ha la 
ALLONGT1, a people of European 1 H 
matia. Flace, 6, v. 160. "wit; and 
BALNE x {baths were very numerous! 28 0 
Rome, private as well as public. In the 2. 2 Cotyt 
cient times ſimplicity was obſerved, but int" "ity, 
age of the emperors they became expenſive r to 
they were uſed after walking, exercile, 8 es 
labor, and were deemed more necetlary tha * * \ 
luxurious. Under the emperors it became 8 men 
faſhionable to bathe, that without this u 4 With 
meaneſt of the people ſeemed to be dep proſt it. 
of. one of the neceſſaries of life, There ed, 
| cet burnt t 


B A 


certain hours of the day appointed for bath- 
ing, and a ſmall piece of money admitted the 
Pau pooreſt as well as the molt opulent. In the 

baths there were ſeparate apartments for the 
people to dreſs and to undreſs; and, after they 
had bathed, they commonly covered them- 
{clves, the hair was plucked out of the ſkin, 
and the body rubbed over with a pumice 
ſtone, and perfumed to render it ſmooth 
and fair. The Roman emperors generally 
built baths, and all endeavoured to eclipſe 
each other in the maguificence of the build- 
ing. It 1s ſaid, that Diocletian employed 
40,000 of his ſoldiers in building his baths; 
and when they were finiſhed, he deſtroyed all 
the workmen. Alexander Severus firſt per- 


ſome 


a and 


aſſiſted 
n war, 


av. 41, 
1evolent 


je wrote 


Inn. 17, 


A, Mc i 5 | 

* mitted the people to uſe them in the night, 

th ſony” and he himſelf often bathed with the com- 

ns, and mon people. For ſome time both ſexes ba- 
, 110 


thed promiſcuouſly and without ſhame, and 
the edicts of the emperors proved abortive 
for a while in aboliſhing that indecent cuſ- 
tom, which gradually deſtroyed the morals, 
ol the people. They generally read in ba- 
thing, and we find many compoſitions writ- 
ten in the midſt of this luxurious enjoy- 
ment. 

BALVENTIVUS, a centurion of great valor 
in Cæſar's army, killed by Ambiorix. Ce. 
hel, Gall, 5 C. 35. N 

Bar YRaAs, a river of Peloponneſus. Pauſ. 
4 C. 33. 


me atter 
38. 

, famous 
ad fought 


e amoiy 
killed by 


> Mediter- 

Mina, 
ain. It 
hrow, be- 
rchers a 


Ve are tod Baux, a people of Libya. 1ral. 3. 
gave then V. 303. | 
nad ſtruck BaxTIA, a town of Apulia, whence 


Bantinus, Horat. 3. od. 4, v. 15. 


in à Uee. 
e L. BanTivs, a gallant youth of Nola, 
ore ſhe bal viom Annibal found, after the battle of 
r relations Cannz, almoſt dead amongſt the heap of 


lin, He was ſent back home with great 


a laſeivios — 0 0 | 

ey requitet tunanity, upon which he reſolved to betray 

, R 
5 Often his country to ſo generous an enemy. Mar- 

? 


cellud the Roman general heard of it, and 
Riuked Bantius, who continued firm and 
faithful to the intereſt of Rome. Liv. 3571 
. 15. 

BapuhF Rus, a river of Macedonia. Liv. 
44, c. 6. 

Bay ræ, the prieſts of Cotytto, the god- 
ſs of laſciviouſneſs and debauchery at, 
Atbens, Her feſtivals were celebrated in the 
Wit; and ſo infamous and obſcene was — 


lan. Str 
o firſt foun* 

Homer. I 
guria. Le. 


uropean dar 


aviour of the prieſts, that they diſguſted 
"wn Cotytte hericlf, though the goddeſs of 
ved, but in in Oenity, The name is derived from 
ne expenſiv* rr to waſh, becauſe the prieſts bathed 
- exercile, emſelves in the moſt effeminate manner. 
neceſlary tha th by 9 A comedy of Eupolis, in 
sit became. 3 men are introduced dancing on the 
ithout this u "ud with all the indecent geſtures of com- 
to be dep!i\* 5 proſtitutes, : 
e. There We. 95 AREI, a people of Colchis and Iberia, 
be © cert e burnt the bodies of their friends who 


>, In the a 


B A 


died by diſeaſe, but gave to the fuwls of the 
air ſuch as fell in war. lian. de Anim, 
IO, C. 22. 

BARATHRUM, a deep and obſcure gulf at 
Athens, where criminals were thrown. 

BARR ARI, a name originally applied to 
thoſe who ſpoke inelegantly, or with harſh- 
neſs and difficulty. The Greeks and Romans 
generally called all nations, except their own, 
by the deſpicable name of Barbarians. 

BaRBXR1a, a river of Macedonia. Liv, 
44, c. 31. A name given to Phrygia and 
Troy. Horat. 1, ep. 2, v. 7. 

BarnBosTHENES, a mountain of Pelo- 
ponnetus, 10 miles from Sparta, LN. 35, 
b. 37. ; 

BaxnyTaict, a city of Perſia. Plin. 6, 
8. . 

BARCA, a friend of Cato the elder. Plat. 
in Cat. 

Bazc#1, or BAR CIT, a warlike na- 
tion of Africa, near Carthage. Virg. An. 
43 Y. 43. 

BAR CE, the nut ſe of Sichæus. Virg. M7. 
4, v. 632. A large country of Africa. 
Alſo a city about nine miles from the 
ſea, founded by the brothers of Arcefilaus 
king of Cyrene, 515 years before tne chriſ- 
tian era. Strabo ſays, that in his age it was 


called Ptolemais; but this ariſes becauſe 


moſt of the inhabitants retired to Ptolemais, 
which was on the ſea- coaſt, toenrich them- 
ſelves by commerce. Strab, 17.—Prel, 4, 
©. 4 A ſmall village of Bactriana, where 
the people who had been taken priſoners 
by Darius in Africa, were confined. Je- 
rodot. 4, c. 204. A city of Media. 
Juſlin. 1, c. 7. 

Bach, the ſirname of a noble family 
at Carthage, of which, Annibal and Amil- 
car were deſcended. By means of their 
bribes and influence, they excited a great 
faction, which is celebrated in the annals 
of Carthage by the name of the Barchinian 
factian, and at laſt raiſed themſelves to 
power, and to the independent diſpoſal of 
all the offices of truſt or emolument in the 
ſtate, Liv. 21, c. 2 & 9. 

BAR DEI, a people of Illyricum, con- 
cerned in the factions of Marius. Plat. in 
Mario. 

BAR DT, a celebrated ſacerdotal order 
among the ancient Gauls, who praiſed their 
heroes, and publiſhed their fame in their 
verſes, or on muſical inſtruments. They 
were ſo eſteemed and reſpected by the 
people, that at their ſight, two armies who 
were engaged. in battle, laid down their 
arms, and ſubmitted to their orders. They 
cenſured, as well as commended, the be- 
haviour of the people. Lucan. 1, v. 447.— 
Strab, 4. — Marcell. 15, c. 24. 

BarpYLL1S, an Illyrian prince, whoſe 


N K 3 daughter 


B A 


daughter Bircenna married king Pyrrhus. | 
Plut. in Pyrrh. 

BAREASs SORANUS, a youth killed by his 
tutor Egnatius, a ſtoic philoſopher, Juv. 
3, V. 116, 

Barts, a naval officer of Perſia, who 
wiſhed to deſtroy Cyrene, but was oppoſed 
by Amaſis. Herodot. 4, c. 203. 

BaRGUus11, a people of Spain. Liv. 21, 
e. 19. 

BARI NR, a proſtitute whom Horace ac- 
cuſes of perjury, 2 od. 8. 

BARISs ES, one of the ſeven eonſpirators 
againſt the uſurper Smerdis. Cteſias. 

Barium, a town of Apulia, on the A- 
driatic, now called Bari, and remarkable 
for its fine iſh. Heorat. 1 ſat. 5, v. 97. 

Barnvuvs, a town of Macedonia, near 
Heraclea, Strab. 7. | 

BarsINE & BARSENE, à daughter of 
Darins, who married Alexander, by whom 
ſhe had a ſon called Hercules. Caſſander 
ordered her and her child to be put to death. 
Jin: 13, c. 2. I. 15, c. 2.—Arrian, 

ARZAENTES, A ſatrap who revolted 
from Alexander, &c. Curt. 8, c. 13. 

BARZANES, a King of Armenia, tributary 
to Ninus. Died. 2. 

BasiLEA, a daughter of Calus and 
Terra, who was mother of all the gods. 
Diod. 3. An iſland at the north of 
Gaul, famous for its amber. Diod. 5.— 
An iſland in the Euxine ſea. Pin. 4, c. 
13 


BasiLiDz, European Sarmatians, de- 
ſcended from Hercules and Echidna. Mela. 
2, b. Is 

BAsfLUIpEs, the father of Herodotus, 
who, with others, attempted to deſtroy 
Strattes, tyrant of Chios. Hero lot. 8, c. 
132. A family who held an oligarchical 
power at Erythræ. Strab. 14. A pricit 
of mount Carmel, who foretold many mo- 
mentous events to Veſpaſian, when he of- 
fered ſacrifices. Tacit. 2 Hiſt. c. 87.—Sue- 
ton. in Veſp. 7. 

Basrttiy&TAMos, the ancient name of 
the Eurotas, Strab. 6. 

BasILrs, an hiſtorian who wrote con- 
cerning India, Athen. A city of Ar- 
cadia, built by Cypſelus, near the river Al- 
pheus. Pau. 8, c. 29. 

BasIL1vus, a river of Meſopotamia, fall- 
ing into the Eupliratecs, Straß. A ccle- 
brated biſhop of Africa, very animated 
againſt the Arians, whoſe tenets and douc- 
trines he refuted with warmth, but great 
ability. He was eloquent as well as ingeni- 
ous, and poſi fed of all thoſe qualities which 
eonſtitute the perſuaſive orator, and the ele- 
gant writer, Eraſmus has placed him in the 
number of the greateſt orators of antiquity, 


Me died in his 51ſt year, A. D. 379. The | 


9 


— 


B A 


lateſt edition of his works is that of the Be- 
nedictins, fol. Paris, 1721. 

Bas IL us, a general who aſſiſted Antony, 
Lucan. 4, v. 416. An inſignificant 
lawyer. Jm, 7, v. 146. A pretor who 
plundered the provinces. 1d. 10, v. 222, 

Bass #, a place of Arcadia, where Apollo 
had a temple. Pauſ. 8, c. 30 & 41. 

Bass8AN1A, à town of Macedonia near 
Ilyricum. Liv. 44, c. 30. 

BassAntvs, a firname of Bacchus, from 
the dreſs or long robe, called Baſfaris, which 
lis prieſts wore. Horat. 1, od. 18. 

BassAR1s, a name given to the votaries of 
Bacchus, and to Agave by Perſius, which 
ſeems derived from Baſſara, a town of Liby: 
ſacred to the god, or from a particular dreſj 
worn by his prieſteſſes of the ſame name. 
Perſius 1, v. 191. 


Bassus Autipius, an hiſtorian in the the eie 
age of Auguſtus, who wrote on the Ger. Ba 
manic war, until. o, c. 1. Cxſius, the to 
a lvric poet in Nero's age, to whom Perkus lony | 
addreiſed his 6th ſatyr. Some of his verſes ſon ol 
are extant. ulius, an orator in thereign reigne 
of Auguſtus, ſome of whoſe orations hare after 
been preſerved by Seneca. A man ſpok- Gifficu 
en of by Horace, 1, od. 36, v. 14, and te. cured. 
ſcribed as fond of wine and women. c. 155 

BAST ANA & BASTERNÆ, a peophi of tha 
European Sarmatia, deſtroyed by a ſud by Ar, 
ſtorm as they purſued the Tnracians. . the thi 
40, v. 58.—Ovid. Trift. 2, v. 198.—Frub. Felir, 

1 159, ( 

BasT1A, the wife of Metellus. Li, promiſ, 
epit. 89. ver his 

BATA, a ſea port of Aſia, on the Euxint, Waich , 
oppoſite Sinope. Strab. 6. mile, 2 

BAT Avi, a people of Germany, who it. Ovid. A 
habitcd that part of the continent Know" rinth a. 
under the modern name of Holland, and —A 
called by the antients, Bataterum inſua. Bar 
Lit. 4, c. 15.—Lucan. 1, v. 431. inhabit: 

BaTHos, a river near the Alpheus. Pay Virg. A 
8, C. 29. Bari 

BaTHYCLES, a celebrated artiſt of May from hi. 
neſia. Pau. 3, c. 19. Dem:jth 

BATHYLLUs, a beautiful youth of Sam Rar) 
greatly beloved by Polycrates the tyraliy Mitian's 
and by Anacreon. Herat. ep. 14, v. 9.7 Baur 
Mecænas was alſo fond of a youth of Alena: when th 
dria, of the ſame name. Juv. 6, v. 63—” world, : 
The poct who claimed as his own Virg ber thirf 
diſtich, Næche pluit totd, Se. bore allo the Bave 
ſane name, A fountain of Arcadu. da, wh 
Pau. 8, . dr. | lived in ; 

LtxT, BaTIATUs, a man of Campans ner, whe 
who kept a houſe full of gladiators, who fe- mn diſgu 
belled againſt him. Plut. in Craſ. the cotra 

Baria, a naiad who married bau things it 
Apollod. 3, c. 10. A daughter of Teucth Pleaſe; v 

' who married Dardanus. Id. RWorph 


[id, Bantia. 


BATINA & BANTINA, . 
BaTtly 


B A B E 


VIirrs, an eunuch, governor of Gaza, | ficent temple, of which Bauci: and het 
ne Be. who, upon being unwilling to yield, was | huſband were made priefts. After they 
dragged round the city tied by the heels to | had lived happy to an extreme old age, 
ntony, Alexander's chariot. Curt. 4, C. 6. they died both at the ſame hour, accord- 
ificant Baro, a Dardanian, who revolted ty | ing to their requeſt to Jupiter, that one 
or who Rome, from King Philip. Lev. 31, e. 28, | might not have the ſorrow of following the 
222. BaTon of Sinope, wrote commentaries | other to he grave. Their bodies were 
Apollo on the Perſian aftairs. Strab. 12. A | changed into trees before the doors of the 
J charioteer of Amphlioraus, - Pan. 5, c. 17. | temple, Ovit. t. 8, y.6z1, &c. 
ja near BATRACHOMYOMACiIA, Aa poem, de- Bavivs M zvaus, two ſtupid and 
ſcribing the fight between frogs and mice, | mal-volent ports in the age of Auguſtus, 
6, from writien by Hon, er, wich has been printed] w attacked the ſuperior talents of the 
„Which ſome times ſeparat-ly irom the Ilizd or | Contemporary writers. Virg. Fel. 3. 
Odyſſey. The eſt edition of it is Mait- Baut, a ſmall town of Latium near 
raries of taire's, Zvo. London. 1721. Baiæ. Ital. 12, v. 155. | 
„hid BaTTIADES, 2 patrony mie of Callima- BAZAE4TES, a fried of Beſſus, &c. 
Lin ehus. trom his tather Butus. Ovid. in Ibin. BaZzARIA, a country of Aſia. Curt. 8, 
lay dref v. 53. A name given to the pcople uf | c. 1. 
a Radu Cy rene from king Battus. Ital. 3, v. 253. Brus, a famous informer in Veſpaſian's 
: BATT1s, à girl celebrated by Philetas | reign. J. 1, v. 38. Vid. Bæbius. 
u in the the ejegiac poet. Ovid. Tri. 1, el. 5. BEERIACUM, a village between Cremona 
he Ger: BaTTvVus iſt, a Lacedz#monian who built | and Verona, where Vitellius overcame Otho. 
- Cxfus, the town of Cyrene, B. C. 639, with a co- Ju. 2, v. 106.—Tacit. 3. Hiſt. 1, e. 15. 
\ Perfus lony from the iſland of Thera. He was BenrYce, a daughter of Danaus, who 
his verſes fon of Polymneitus and Phronime, and | is ſaid to have fpared her huſband. Moft 
thereign reigned in the town ne had founded, and authors, however, attribute that character 
ons hare after deatu 1eceived divine honors. The | of humanity to Hypermneftra. Vid. Da- 
jan ſpok- difficulty with which he ſpoke, firſt pro- naides. | 
and de- cured lum the name of Battus, Herodot. 4, BF HRN VFS & BTIRFII, a nation of Aſia 
* c. 155, .- Pau. IO, c. 15. The 2d near Pontus, of Thracian origin, and accord- 
peopb i of that name, was grandſon to Battus 1ſt, ing to Arrian, deſcended from Bebryce. 
a ſud by Arceſilaus. He ſucceeded his father on | They were expert ia the battle of the ceſt- 
13 the throne of Cytene, and was firnamed | us. The Argonauts touched on their coaſts 
— Felix, and died 554 B. C. Her:det. 4, c. in their expedition to Colchis. Apollod. 1. 
159, &c. A ſhepherd of Pylos, who Strab. 7 & 12. 
us. Lin, promiſed Mercury that he would not diſco- BeBRYC1A, an antient name of Bithynia, 
ver his having ſtolen the flocks of Admetus, | from Ecbryce the daughter of Danaus. 
\e Euxint, wich Apollo tended. He violated his pro- rab. 1 3.—Virg. An. 5, v. 373. 
miſe, and was turned into a pumice one. BELEMINA, a town of Laconia, Pau, 
„ whoit- Quid. Met. 2. v. 792. A general of Co- 3, c. 21. | 
nt know! ruth againſt Athens. Thucyd. 4, C. 43. Ber xPHANTES, a Chaldean, who, from 
land, and — A buffoon of Cæſar's. Plut, Symp. 6. | his knowledge of aftronomy, told Alex- 
um inſult.  BaTtL uM, a town of Campania, whoſe | ander that his entering Babylon would be 
O inhabitants aſſiſted Turuus againſt Eucas. attended with fatal conſequences to him, 
eus. Pail Virg. An. Ty V. 739. Died. 17. 
Bard tus, a firname of Demoſthenes, BrLESsIs, a prieſt of Babylon, who told 
ſt of May from his effeminacy when young. Plut. in | Arbaces governor of Media, that he ſhould 
Demrjth. r*1gn one day in the place of Sardanapalus. 
1 of Samos BaTvyLLvs, a celebrated dancer in Do- His prophecy was verified, and ne was re- 
the tyralh mitian's reign, Juv. 6, v. 63. warded by the new king with the govern- 
v. 9.— RauBo, a woman who received Ceres] ment of Babylon, B. C. 826. Diod. 2. 
of Alexat- when the ſought her daughter all over the Bro, a warlike people of antient 
v. 63.— world, and gave her ſome water to quench | Gaul, ſeparated from the Celtæ by the ris 
yn Virgil“ ter thirſt, Owid. Met. 6, fab. 9. vers Matrona and Sequana. Their coun- 
we alſo tit Baveirs, an aged old woman of Phry- | try extended from the Rhine to the river 
F Arcadia a, who, with her huſband Philemon, | modernly called the Loire. C.zſar de bell, 
| lived in a {mall cuttage, in a penurious man- Ga. 1 & 2. | 
Campania ner, when Jupiter and Mercury travelled BELGICA, one of the four provinces of 
"rs, who fe- m diſguiſe over Aſig. The gods came tp | Gaul near the Rhine, | | 
af. the cottage, where they received the beſt BELG1UM, the capital of Gallia Belgica. 
d CEbalub things it afforded; and Jupiter was ſo | The word is often uſed to expreſs the whole | 
r of Teucth Pleaſe! with their hoſpitality, that he mace | country. CE, be/l, Gall. 5, c. 24. 
| *ao:phoſed their dwelling into  magni- [ BEL GIUs, a general of Gaul, who de- 
J. Bani. K 4 troyed 


BAT 


B E 


frroyed an army of Macedonians, Juin. 
25. c. 2.— Polyb. 2. 

BrLIprs, a firname given to the daugh- 
ters of Belus. Ovid. Met. 4, v. 463. 

BELI DES, a name applied to Palamedes, 
a5 deſcended from Belus. Vg. Au. 2, v. 
Saz. 

BxL1i5AMA, the name of Minerva among 
the Gauls, ſignifying queen of heaven. Caf. 
be.!. Gall. 6. 

Bxt.15aR1vs, a celebrated general, who, 
in a degenerate and effeminate age, in the 
reign of ſuſtinian emperor of Conſtantinople, 
renewed all the glorious victories, battles, 


and triumphs, which had rendered the firſt 
Romans ſo diſtinguiſhed in the time of 


their republic. He died, after a jife of miſi- 
tary glory, and the trial of royal ingratitude, 
in the 865th year of the Chriſtian era. 
Brt151iDA, a woman who obtained a 
prize at Olympia. Pau. 5, c. 8. 
BELI TE, a nation of Aſia. Curt, 4, c. 
1 2 


Ephyre, by Eury mede, was at firſt called 
Hipponous. The murder of his brother, 
whom ſome call Alcimenns & Beller, pro- 
Cured him the name of Bellerophon, or 
murderer of Beller. After this murder, Bel- 


Jcrophon fled to the court of Prœtus king of 


Argos. As he was of a handfome appear- 
ance, the king's wife, called Antæa or 
Stenobca, fell in love with him; and as he 
{lighted her paſſion, ſhe accuſed him before 
Her huſband, of attempts upon her virtue. 


Pretus, unwilling to violate the laws of 


hoſpitality, by puniſhing Bellerophon, ſent 
him away to his father-in-law Jobates king 
of Lycia, and gave him a letter, in which he 
begged the king to puniſh with death, a 
man who had ſo diſhonorably treated his 
daughter. From that circumſtance all let- 
ters which are of an unfavorable tendency to 
the bcarer, have been called /etters of Belle- 
rophon, Jobates, to ſatisfy his ſon-in-law, 
ſent Bellerophon to conquer a horrible mon- 
Ker called Chimera, in which dangerous 
expedition he hoped, and was even aſſured, 
he muſt periſh, [ Vid. Chimera.) But the 
providence of Minerva ſupported him, and, 
with the aid of the winged horſe Pegaſus, he 
conquered the monſter, and returned victo- 
rious. After this, Jobates ſent him againſt 
the Solymi, in hopes of ſeeing him deſtroyed; 
but he obtained another victory, and con- 
queredafterwards the Amazons, by the king's 
orders. At his return from this third ex- 
pedition, he was attacked by a party ſent 
zgainſt him by Jobates; but he deſtroyed al) 
his afſaſſins, and convinced the king that in- 
necence is always protected by the gods. 
Upon this, Jobates no longer ſought to de- 
ſtroy his life; but he gave him his daughter 


BrLLERGPHON, ſon of Glaucus king of 


2 


in marriage, and made him his ſucceſſor on 
the throne of Lycia, as he was without 
male iſſue. Some authors have ſupported, 
that he attempted to fly to heaven upon the 
horſe Pegaſus; but r ſent an in- 
ſect, which ſtung the horſe, and threw down 
the rider, who wandered upon the earth in 
the greateſt melancholy and dejectiion till the 
day of his death, one generation before the 
Trojan war. Bellerophon had two ſong, 
Iſander, who was killed in his war againſt 
the Solymi, and Hippolochus, who ſucceeded 
to the throne after his death, beſides one 
daughter called Hippodamia, who had Sar. 
pedon by Jupiter, Homer. II. 6, v. 156, &e. 
— Tuv. 10.—Apolled. 2, c. 3.1. 3, c. 1.— 
Hygin. fab. 157 & 243. P. A. 2, c. 18.— 
Heſiod. Therg. v. 325.— Hora. 4, od. 11, v. 
26, —Pauſ. q, c. 31. 


BzLLERrVvs & BELLER, a brother of Hip- 


ponous. Vid. Bellerophon. 

BEeLLItxnus, a Roman, whoſe houſe was 
ſet on flame at Cæſar's funeral, Cc, 2, 
DA. c. 36. . 

BELLGNA, the goddeſs of war, daughter 
to Phorcys and Ceto, was called by the 
Grecks Enyo, and often confounded with 
Minerva. She was antiently called Duell 
na, and was the ſiſter of Mars, or, accord- 
ing to others, his daughter, or his wife, 
She prepared the chariot of Mars when he 
was going to war; and ſhe appeared i 
battles armed with a whip to animate the 
combatants, with diſhevelled hair, and 2 
torch in her hand. The Romans paid great 
adoration to her; but ſhe was held in the 
greateſt veneration by the Cappadocians, 
and chiefly at Comana, where ſhe had above 
3000 prieſts. Her temple at Rome was 
near the Porta Carmentalis. In it the ſe- 
nators gave audience to foreign ambaſſadors, 
and to generals returned from war. At the 
gate was a ſmall column, called the column 
F war, againſt which they threw a ſpear 
whenever war was declared againſt an ene- 
my. The prieſts of this goddeſs conſecrated 
themſelves by great inciſions in their body, 
and particularly in the thigh, of which they 
received the blood in their hands to offer as 
a ſacrifice to the goddeſs. In their wild en- 
thuſiaſm they often predicted bloodſhed and 
wars, the defeat of enemies, or the beſieg- 
ing of towns. Juv, 4, v. 124.—Farro 
L. L. 5.—Hefiod Theog. v. 270. —Pai/. 4 
c. 30.—Virg. Ain. 8, v. 703.—Stat. heb, 
2, v. 718. J. 7, v. 73.—ltal. 5, v. 221. 

BELLONAR11, the prieſts of Bellona. 

BELLOVACI, a people of Gaul, conquere 
by J. Cæſar. Cf. bell. 2, c. 4. 

ELLOVESUS, a king of the Celtæ, who 
in the reign of Tarquin Priſcus was ſent at 
the head of a colony to Italy by his uncle 


Ambigatus, Liv. 5, c. 34. 
8 Iv. 5, C. 34 Brilon 


tians. 
antien! 
It was 
was co 
towers. 
ceeding 
who, at 
Greece 
mong t 
flatues 
feet hig 
a magn 
conduct 
honorec 
Toſeph. 
Ec,—y 
—— A 
Libya, 
fon of 
reigned 
where 


Thracian, 
aß. 9. 
vere intre 
Br xꝝ v 
built by L 
Its origin: 
to the mi 
When the 
It abound 
aboye any 
c. Tr. 
BTVTAI 
be nurſe © 
BeeoL1 
led by tk 
Vied not 
Vit) blood 
By BIC. 
relations 1 
Alan a 
Brea A, 
the ſea and 
called Alep 
ERECY} 
from mount 


B E 


Brrov, 2 general of Alexander's. Curt. 


or . op city and river of Hiſpania 
Ica. FStrab. 3. 
— * LUsS, one 1 the moſt antient kings of 
in- Babylon, about 1800 years before the age of 
wn Semiramis, was made a god after death, and 
1 in worſhipped with much ceremony by the 
the Aſyrians and Babylonians, He was ſup- 
the poſed to be the ſon of the Oſiris of the Egy p- 
ons, tans. The temple of Belus was the mot 
ink antient and moſt magnificent in the world, 
:ded It was originally the tower of Babel, which 
one was converted into a temple, It had lofty 
Sar- towers, and it was enriched by all the ſuc- 
Ke. ceeding monarchs till the age of Xerxes, 
1.— who, after his unfortunate expedition againſt 
3.— Greece, plundered and demulithed it. A- 
17 mong the riches It contained were many 
fatues of maſſy gold, one of which was 40 
Hip- feet high. In the higheſt of the towers was 
2 magnificent bed, where the prieſts daily 
e Was conducted a woman, who, as they ſaid, was 
ic. 2, honored with the company of the god. 
Joſeph. Ant, Jud. 10. — Herodot. I, e. 181, 
gbter S. Strab. 16.—Arrian. 7. — Diad. 1, Sc. 
y the —— A king of Egypt, ſon of Epaphus and 
with Libya, and father of Agenor. Another, 
Welli- ſon of Phoxnix the fon of Agenor, who 
:Cord- reigned in Phoenicia. A river of Syria, 
wiſe, where glaſs was firſt invented. Plin, 5, 
e C. 19, 
* Bexicus, a lake of Italy, from which 
te the the Mincius flows into the Pu. Firg.G. 2, 
and 2 „ 160. Au. 10, v. 205. | 
| great BexDipivm, a temple of Da Bendis. 
in the Lu. 38, c. 41. : 
ocians, BrvD1s, a name of Diana among the 
| above Thracians and their northern neighbours. 
je Was ab, 9. Her feſtivals, called Bendidia, 
the ſe- we introduced from Thrace into Athens. 
Tadors, BENEVENTUM, a town of the Hirpini, 
At the but by Diomedes, 28 miles from Capua. 
column Its original name was Maleventum, changed 
a ſpear mo the more auſpicious word of Beneventum, 
an ene- en the Romans had a colony there. 
ecrated It abounds in remains of antient ſculpture 
r body, above any other town in Italy. Pin. 3, 
ch they . It, 
offer as BiNTHESICYME, a daughter of Neptune, 
wild en- de nurſe of Eumolpus. polled. 3, c. 15. 
hed and BEPOLITANUS, a youth whoſe life was 
beſieg- med by the delay of the executioner, who 
Varro Viked not to ftagn the youth's fine clothes 
Pau/. 4, Wii blood. Plut. de Pt. Mut. 
t, Theb. BBI, a nation who deſtroyed their 
221. atlons when arrived at a certain age. 
lona. Klan V. H. 4, C. 1. 
,nquered Brea, a town of Syria, 9o miles from 
me ſea and 100 from the Euphrates, now 
ltz, who called Aleppo. 
s ſent at ERECYNTHIA, a firname of Cybelc, 
his uncle tam mount Berecynthus in Phrygia, where 


BEL ON 


3 E 


ſhe was particularly worſhipped. Diod. 5. 
Stat. Theb. 4, v. 782.—Virg. n. , v. 82. 
BPREN ICE & BrroNICT, a woman fa- 
mous for her beauty, mother of Ptolemy 
Philadelphus by Lagus. liun. V. H. 14, 
c. 43.—Theoerit.—Pauſ. 1, c. 7. A 
daughter of Philadelphus, who married An- 
tiochus king of Syria, after he had divorced 
Laodice, his former wife. After the death 
ot Philadelphus, Laodice was recalled, and, 
mindful of the treatment ſhe had received, 
the poiſoned her huſband, placed her ſon on 
the vacant throne, and murdered Berenice 
and her child at Antioch, where ſhe had 
fled, B. C. 248. A daughter of Ptolemy 
Auletes, who uſurped her father's throne 
for ſome time, ſtrangled her huſband Seleu- 
cus, and married Archelaus, a pricft of Bel- 
lona, Her father regained his power, and 
put her to death, B. C. 55. The wife 
of Mithridates who, when conquered by 
Lucullus, ordered all his wives to deſtroy 
themſelves, for fear the conqueror thould offer 
violence to them. She accordingly drank 
poiſon ; but this not operating ſoon enough, 
ſhe was ftrangled by an eunuch. The 
mother of Agrippa, who ſhines in the hiſto- 
ry of the Jews, as daughter-in-law of Herod 
the Great. A daughter of Agrippa, who 
married her uncle Herod, and atterwards 
Polemon king of Cilicia. She was accuſed 
by Juvenal of committing inceſt with her 
brother Agrippa. It is ſaid that ſhe was 
paſſionately loved by Titus, who would have 
made her empreſs but for fear of the people. 
-A wite of king Attalus. Another 
daughter of Pluladelphus and Arſinoe, who 
married her own brother Evergetes, whom 
ſhe loved with much tendernets. When he 
went on a dangerous expedition, ſhe vowed 
all the hair of her head to the goddeſs Ve- 
nus, if he returned. Some time after his 
victorious return, the locks which were in 
the templeof Venus diſappeared; and Conon, 
an aſtronomer, to make his court to the 
queen, publicly reported that Jupiter had 
carried them away, and had made them a 
conſtellation. She was put to death by her 
own ſon, B. C. 221. Carl. 67.—tygin, 
P. A. 2, c. 24.— Juſtin. 26, c. 3. This 
name is common to many of the queens and 
princeſſes in the Ptolemean family in Egypt. 
A city of Libya. Strab,— Mela. 3, c. 
8.——Two towns of Arabia. Srrab. 16. 
One in Egypt. Another near the 
Syrtes, &c. Id. 17. "7 
BERENICISs, a part of Africa, near the 
town of Berenice. Lucan. 9, v. 523. 
BERG10N & ALI ON, two giants, ſons 
of Neptune, who oppoſed Hercules as he at- 
tempted to croſs the Rhone, and were Killed 
with ſtones from heaven. Mea. 2, c. 5, 
BERGISTANT, 


B E 


Bructsr Aut, a people of Spain. 
34, c. 16. ; 

BERIs & Barts, a river of Cappadocia. 
A mountain of Armenia. 

BrrMIUs, a mountain of Macedonia. 
Herodst. 8, c. 138. 

BE RO, an old woman of Epidaurus, 
nurſe to Semele. Juno aſſumed her ſhape 
when ſhe perſuaded Semele not to grant her 
favors to Japon if he did not appear in the 
majeſty of a god. Ovid. Met. 3. v. 278. 
The wife of Doryclus, whoſe form was 
aſſumed by Iris at the inſtigation of Juno, 
when ſhe adviſed the Trojan women to burn 
the fleet of Aneas in Sicily. Firg. An. 8, 
v. 620.-——One of the Oceanides, atten- 
dant upon Cyrene. Vrg. G. 4, v. 341. 

Bz:aca, a town of Theſſaly. Cic. P.. 36. 

Brronice. Vid. Berenice. i 

BERGSUs, a native of Babylon, prieſt to 
Belus. He paſſed into Greece, and remained 
a long time at Athens. He compoſed an 
hiſtory of Chaldza, and ſignalized himſelf 
by bis aſtronomical predictions, and was re- 
warded for his learning with a ſtatue in the 
gymnaſium at Athens. The age in which 
he lived is not preciſely known, though 
ſome fix it in the reign of Alexander, or 268 
years B. C. Some fragments of his Chaldzan 
hiſtory are preſerved by Joſephus, contra 
Apptan. & in Antiq. Jud. 105. The book 
that is now extant under his name, anc 
ſpeaks of kings that rever exiſted, is a ſup- 
poſititious fabrication. 

BzrRkHEA, a town of Macedonia. Thu- 
eyd. 1, c. 61. 

BezxYTvus, an antient town of Pe icia, 
famous in the age of Juſtinian for the ſtudy 
of law. 

BESA, a fountain in Theſſaly, Serab. 8. 

BzstDIæ, a town of the Brutii. Ziv. 
JO, c. 19. 

Bes1ypo, a town of Hiſpania Bztica, 
where Mela was born. Mela. 2, c 6. 

Bessr, a people of Thrace, on the left 
fide of the Strymon, who live upon rapine. 
Ovid. Trift. 4, cl. 1, v. 67.—Heredet, 7, 
E. 111. 

Brssvs, a governor of Bactriana, who, 
after the. battle of Arbela, ſeized Darius, his 
ſovereign, and put him to death. After this 
murder, he aſſumed the title of king, and 
was {ome time after brought before Alexan- 
der, who gave him to Oxatres, the brother 
of Darius. The prince ordered his hands and 
ears to be cut off, and His body to be expoſed 
en a croſs, and ſhot at by the ſoldiers. 
Tuſtin. 12, c. 5.—Curt. 6 & 7. A par- 
ricide who di covered the murder he had 
committed, upon deſtroying a neſt of ſwal- 
lows, which, as he obſerved, reproached 
him of his crime. Plut. 

L. BesT14, a ſeditious Roman, who con- 


Liv. 


B 1 


ſpired with Catiline againſt his entry. 


Cic. 2, in Phil. 
Bis, a river in Spain, —— A governor tas 
of Gaza, who bravely defended himſelf Cz 
againſt Alexander, for which he was treated no 
with cruelty by the conqueror. this 
BETVURI1A, a country in Spain. 2 3 
BIA, a daughter of Pallas by Styx. Apel. N 
Ad. $5 0-3: fat 
BIANOR, a ſon of Tiberius and Manto * 
the daughter of Tireſias, who received the of th 
hrname of Ocnus, and reigned over Etruria, Fat. 
He built a town which he called Maptus, B 
after his mother's name. His tomb was Flac 
ſeen in the age of Virgil, on the road be- Br 
tween Mantua and Andes. Virg. Ecl. ;, nodo 
v. 60. A Trojan chief killed by Aga a coli 
memnon. Homer. I. 11, v. 92.—A cet- Curt. 
taur killed by Theſeus. Ovid. Met. 12, . Br 
342. Br 
Bras, fon of Amythaon and Idomene, the A 
was king of Argos, and brother to the f- Br 
mous ſoothſayer Melampus. He fell i Bace! 
love with Perone, daughter of Neleus, king becau 
of Py los; but the father refuſed to give his man, 
daughter in marriage be fore he received the or pe 
vxen of Iphiclus. Melampus, at his bv ſomet 
ther's requeſt, went to ſeize the oxen, and old u 
was caught in the fact. He, however, one Br 
year after received his liberty from Iphiclu, was r 
who preſented him with his oxen as 2 Rom 
ward for his great ſervices. Bias receit future 
the oxen from his brother, and obliged h. Brt 
leus to give him his daughter in marriage. Martin 
Jomer. Od. 11.—Pauſ. 2, c. 6 & 15, | 4, river o. 
c. 34.—Apoll:d. 1, c. 9,——A Grecian Bra 
prince, who went to the Trojan war. Hs ſigniſie 
mer. I 4, v. 13 & 20.— A river of Pelo- when h 
ponneſus, Pau. 4, c. 34. One of tie he was 
leven wiſe men of Greece, ſon to Teutami- piter. 
das, born at Priene, which be long fave! Br xc 
from ruin. He floriſhed B. C. 566, 3nd Wi. 4, 
died in the arms of his grandſon, wu beg: Biox 
ged a favor of him for one of his friends TRhene 
Diocg. 1.—Plut. in Symp.-Val. Max. 7, C famous 
Pauſ. 10, c. 24. N and phil 
BrzAcULvus, (M. Furius) a Latin pa, object o 
in the age of Cicero. He compoſed ann! Poſitions 
in Iambic verſes, and wrote epigtams ans hon, for 
other poems now loft. Horat. 2, ſat. 55 He died 
41.—Quintil, 10.—— A pretor, &c. J Greek pc 
Mas. 1, c. 1. man eley 
B18L14 &B1LL 1a, a Roman lady famous Uſciple, 
for her chaſtity. She married Duillius. te died | 
BrBL1s, a woman who became enamoure Hi, Idyll 
ed of her brother Caunus, and was change plicity 
into à fountain ncar Miletus. Ovid. Net With corr, 
9 v. 662. country rx 
BrBL1NA, a country of Thrace. editions o 
BisLus, a city of Phœnicia. Cut. 4. ed with th 
B1BRACTE, a large town of the du is thy of 
Gaul, where Czſar often wintered. A oldies 
bell. G. 73 C. 555 & c. 7 C. 13.— 


BrpiLlth 


-Atry. 


vernor 
imſelf 
treated 


Apel. 


Manto 
ved the 
Etruriz. 
Hantus, 
nb was 
oad be- 

Eel. 9 
y Aga» 
A cti - 
b. 12, % 


domene, 
o the a- 
e fell u 
us, king 
give bis 
eived tie 
his bio- 
xen, and 
ever, One 
Ipbicla, 
as 2 * 

recent 
liged N 


marriag* 
18, . 4 
Grecian 
var. He- 
er of Pelo- 
ne of tie 
Teutami 
ong (aved 
500, and 
| W 0 begs 
his friends. 
ſax. 7, 0 


Latin p% 
oſed ann: 
grams and 


7 ſat. $4 
xc. J 


lady famouꝭ 


Juillius: 


ne enamou'e 
Was change 


Ovid. Met. 


ace. 


Out. 4. 
the Adv! 


tered. 


Dx 


Bis us, a ſon of M. Calpurnius Bibu- | 


lus by Portia, Cato's daughter. He was 
Cæſar's colleague in the conſulſhip, but of 
no conſequence in the ſtate, according to 
this diſtich mentioned by Sueton, in Jul. 
c. 20. 

Non Bibuls quicquam nuper, ſed Ceſare 
aum eff : 

Nam Bibuls fieri conſule nil memini,—One 
of the friends of Horace bore that name. 1 
Sat. 10, v. 86. 

Brces, a marſh near the Palus Mcotis. 
Flace, 6, c. 68. 

Brcon, a Greek who aſſaſſinated Athe- 
nodorus, becauſe he made himſelf maſter of 
a colony which Alexander had left at Bactra. 
Curt. 9, c. 7. 

BIcoR NIGER, a ſirname of Bacchus. 

BIcoR vis, the name of Alexander among 
the Arabians. 

BiroxMIs, /two forms) a ſirname of 
Bacchus and of Janus. Bacchus received it 
becauſe he changed himſelf into an old wo- 
man, to fly from the perſecution wn hay 
or perhaps becauſe he was repreſented 
ſometimes as a young, and ſometimes as an 
old man, 

Birzovs, a firname of Janus, becauſe he 
was tepreſented with Ho faces among the 
Romans, as acquainted with the paſt and 
future. Virg. A. 7, v. 180. 

BrLBIL1s, a town of Celtiberia, where 
Martial was born. Afar. 1, ep. 50. A 
river of Spain. Ke 44, c. 3. 

BiMATER, a ſirname of Bacchus, which 
ſignifies that he had hee mothers, becauſe 
when he was taken from his mother's womb, 
he was placed in the thigh of his father Ju- 
piter. Ovid. Met. 4, v. 12. 

Bix Gt, a town of Germany, Tactt. 
Hift. 4, c. 70. 

Biox, a phitoſopher and ſophiſt of Bo- 
rſthenes in Scythia, who rendered himſelf 
fe mous for his knowledge of poctry, muſic, 
and philoſophy. He made every body the 
object of his ſatire, and rendered his com- 
poſitions diſtinguiſhed for clearneſs of expreſ- 
hon, for facetiouſneſs, wit, and pleaſantry. 
He died 24 B. C. Diog. in vitd. A 
Greek poet of Smyrna, who wrote paſtorals 
m an elegant ſtile. Moſchus, his friend and 
Uſciple, mentions in an elegiac poem, that 
te died by poiſon, about 300 years B. C. 


Mis Idyllia are written with elegance and 


fmplicity, purity, and eaſe, and they abound 
With correct images, ſuch as the view of the 
country may inſpire. There are many good 
editions of this poet's works, generally print- 
ed with thoſe of Moſchus, the beſt of which 
is that of Heſkin, 8vo. Oxon. 1748. 
A ſoldier in Alexander's army, &c. Curt. 
4 c. 13.— 4A native of Propontis. 


1 


A man of Syracuſe, who wrote on rheto- 
ric. A native of Abdera, diſciple to 
Democritus. He firſt found out that there 
were certain parts of the earth where there 
were fix months of perpetual light and dark- 
nels alternately. A man of Soli, who 
compoſed an hiſtory of Zthiopia.-—— Ano» 
ther who wrote nine books on rhetoric, 
which he called by the names of the muſes, 
and hence Bionei ſermones mentioned by He- 
rat, 2, ep. 2, v. 60.—Diog. 4. 

BIRRUH Us. Vid. Cœlius. 

Bis ALU r, a people of Scythia, or, ac+ 
cording to ſome, of Thrace, or Maccdonia. 
Their country is called Biſaltia, Liv, 45, 
c. 29.—-Plin, 4, c. 10. 

BisALTEs, a man of Abydos, &c. He- 
rodst. 6, c. 26. 

B1sALT15, a patronymic of Theophane, 
by whom Neptune, under the form of a ram, 
had the golden ram. Ovid, Met. 6, v. 117. 
—Hyzin. fab. 188. 

BisANTHE, a town on the Helleſpont. 
Herodet. 7, c. 137. 

Etsrov, ſon of Mars and Callirhoe, 
built Bifonia in Thrace, whence the Thra- 
cians are often called Bijioncs, Herodet. 9, 
c. 110.— P/ in. 4, c. 14.—Zucan, 7, v. 869. 

BIsT&S NIS, a lake of Thrace, near Ab- 
dera. Herodot. 7, c. 109. 

Birnvus. Via. Racchius. 

BTU, a certain race of women in 
Scythia, whoſe eyes, as 7*/?ny reports, 1. 7, 
c. 2, killed thoſe who gazed upon them for 
ſome time. 

BirHYNraA, a country of Aſia Minor, 
formerly called Bebrycia. It was bounded 
by the Euxine on the north, on the ſouth 
by Phrygia and Myfia, on the weſt by the 
Propontis, and the caſt by Paphlagonia. 
The country was firſt invaded by the Thra- 
cians, under Bithynus the ſon of jupiter, 
who gave it the name of Bithynia. It was 
once a powerful kingdom. Strab, 12. 
Herodot. 7, c. 75.—Mela. 1 & 2. Ac- 
cording to Parſ. 8, c. 9, the inhabitants 
were deſccnded from Mantinea in Pelopon- 
neſus. 

BITIASs, a Trojan, fon of Alcanor and 
Hiera, brought up in a wood facred to Ju- 
piter. He followed the fortune of Ancas, 
and, with his brother, was killed by the Ru- 
tuli in Italy. Firg. An. 9, v. 672, &Cc. 
One of Dido's lovers, preſent when 
Fancas and the Trojans were introduced te 
the queen. Virg. Ain. 1, v. 742. 

Briton. Vid. Cleobis. 

BiTviTvs, a king of the Allobroges, 
conquered by a ſmall number of Romans, 
&c. Val. Max. 9, c. 6.—Flor. 3, c. 2. 

Birux ron, a town of Spain, Mart. 4, 
ep. $5. 


BiTUaiGES, 


B QC 


5 ! 
BIT Lars, a people of Gaul, divided | 


from the Adui by the Ligeris. Cf. hell. 


GW, 7%, . A. 

BirukicuM, a town of Gaul, formerly 
the capital of the Belge. Strab. 4. 

B1z14a, a citadel near Rhodope belong- 
ing to the. kings of Thrace, Tereus was 
born there. 

BI. æ NA, a fruitful country of Pontus, 
where the general of Mithridates Eupator 

deſtroyed the forces of Nicomedes the Bi- 
thynian. Szrab. 12. 

BLSII, two Romans, who killed them- 
ſelves becauſe Tiberius deprived them of 
the pneſthead. Tacit. Ann. 6, c. 40. 

Jux. Bræsvs, a governor of Gaul. 
Tacit, 

BLAnDExNoNA, 2 place near Placentia. 
Cic. 2, ep. 15. ad (Quin. 

BiaxnCsia, a fountain on the borders 
of the country of the Sabines near Mandela, 
Horace's country feat. - Hurat. 3, 64. 13. 

Br aASTOPHUENICES, a people of Luſita- 
ma. Appian. 

BLEMMVYESs, a people of Africa, who, as 
is fabuloully reported, had no heads, but 
nad the eyes and mouth placed in the breaſt. 
Mela. 1, c. 4. 

BI. Lviv, a town of Arcadia, Pauſ. 8, 
. P 

BiurTrrs CaTur1nus, was baniſhed in- 
ro the Mmgvan tca after Piſu's conſpiracy, 
&c. Tacit. 15, Aun. c. 71. 

Brucivw, a caitle where king Dejota- 
rus kept his treaſures in Bithynia. Sera. 12. 

Eoapicta. Vid. Boudicea, 

Rox & BvtA, a town of Laconia, Pazyſ. 
2, C. 7. 

BoAGRI VS, a river of Locris. Frrab. 5 

Bocarlias, a river in the iſland of Salamis. 

Bo c cAR, a king of Mauritania, J. 
4, v. 90, applies the word in a gencral 
f.nſe to any native of Africa. 

Roccuökis, a wiſe King and legiſlator 
of Egypt. Dies. 1. 

Bocchvs, a king of Getulia, in alliance 
with Rome, who perſidiouſly delivered Ju- 

zurtha to Sylla, the lieutenant of Marius. 
vailuft, Tug. —Paterc, 2, Cc. 12. 

BoDpux1, a people of Britain who ſurten- 
dered to Claudius Car. Dio. Caff. bo. 

Bo DUAGNATUs, a leader of the Nervii, 
when Cæſar made wat againſt them. Caf. 
belt. G. 2, v. 23. 

Bora. Vid. Box. 

BoxBe, a towi of Theſſaly. Ovid Met. 
77 fab. . A lake of Crete. Strab. g. 

Boris, a lake of Theſſaly near mount 
Oſſa. Lucan. 7, v. 176. 

BBIA LEx was enacted to elect four 
pretors every year, Another to inſure 
proprietors in the poſſeſſion of their lands. 


DB VP 
Another, A. U. C. 571, againſt uſing 


bribes at elections. 

Bor DROMIA, an Athenian feſtival inſti. 
tated in commemoration of the aſſiſtance 
which the people of Athens received in the 
reign of Erechtheus, from Ton ton of Xu— 
thas, when their country was invaded by 
Eumolpus ſon of Neptune. The word 1; 
derived amo Tov BonIpoyur, coming ts help, 
Plutarch in Theſ. mentions it as in comme- 
moration of the victory which Theſeus oh. 
tained over the Amazons in a month, called 
at Athens Bocdrumion, 

BazoTARCHA, the chief magiſtrates in 
Bœotia. Liv. 42, c. 43. 

BO TIA, a country of Greece, hounded 
on the north by Phocis, ſouth by Attica, 
caſt by Eubaza, and welt by the bay of Co- 
rinth. It has been ſuccctively called Aonia, 
Meſapia, Hyantis, Ogygia, and Cadmeiz, 
and now forms a part of Lividia. It was 
calied Bœotia, from Bœotus fon of Itonus; 
or, according to others, a bove, from a cow, 
by which Cadmus was led into the countiy 
where he built Thebes. The inhabitants 
were reckoned rude and illiterate, tonder of 
bodily ſtrength than of mental excellence; 
yet their country produced many illuſtrious 
men, {ich as Pindar, Heſiod, Plutarch, &c, 
The mountains of Bœotia, particularly Hel 

con, were frequented by the Muſes, to whas 

allo many of their fountains and rivers wn. 

conſecrated. Herodot. 2, c. 49, |. 5, c. 57. 
— Ovid. Met. 3, v. 10.—Pauſ. 9, c. 1, &c. 
C. Nep. 7, c. 11,—Strab., g.— Juſtin, 3. 
c. 6, J. 8, c. 4. Horat. 2, ep. 1, v. 244. 
—Diad. 19. 5 

BxoTVs, a ſon of Itonus by Menalippa. 
Pau ſ. 9, c. 1. 

Ba oRoBISTAS, a man who made him- 
ſelf abſolute among the Getz, by the ſtrict- 
ncſs of his diſcipline, Strab. 7. 

BotTHI1US,acelebrated Roman, puniſhed 
with death, on ſuſpicion of a conſpiracy, by 

tzcodoric king of the Oftcogoths, A. D. 
525. It was during his impriſonment that 
he wrote his celebrated treatiſe de conſola- 
tione phileſophiz. The beſt edition of his 
works is that of Hagenau, qto. 1491, « 
that of L. Bat. 1671, with the notis warts 
rum. 

Bokrus, a fooliſh poet of Tarſus, who 
wrote a poem on the battle of Philipp. 
Strab. 14. A river of Spain, now called 
Guadalquiver, 

Bot us, one of the Heraclide. 

Bos & Bots, a Perſian, who de- 
ſtroyed himſelf and family when beſieged by 
the Athenians. Herodot. 7, c. 107,—Pa/. 
„ ©. . 

BoGunp, a king of Mauritania in the 11» 


tercſt of Cælar. Ceſar, Alex. 59. 
B96GUu5; 


eilen 
quncit 
Bo! 
led a þ 
Boy 
[hu Va 
Bom 
of Am 
hey wi 
rum, * 
64. 2 


enn, to 
Jugnrth 
jugurth 


Bow 


al the 4 
„ fivals 
lath of t 
and with 
victoriou 
7 

Pau. 3, 


ONA 


Cibele, 

Lins, t 
Was 0 cl 
law her A 
Maſon, he 
the night 
wuſes, 41 
Cretully 
remonics 
of th 


& re 


3 0 


- 


frng Bocr:, a king of the Mauruſii, preſent 
at the battle of Actium. Srrab. 8. 
nſti= Boll, a people of Celtic Gaul. Cæſ. bell. 
ance G. t, c. 25, I. 7, c. 17. A people ot 
1 the ktaly, near the Padus. Sil. 4, v. 1 58. 
Xu- BojocaLvs, a general of the Germans 
d by n the age of Tiberius, &c. Lacit, Ann. 
"rd 1s 1%, c. 55. a = 
help. BoLA, a town of the Aqui in Italy. 
nme- Virg. Ain. 6, v. 775. 
s ob- BON, a marſhencar Mygdonia. Thucyd. 
called u e. 58. 
BOL HIM II NUN, one of the mouths of the 
tes in Nile, with a town of the ſame name. Nau- 
cratis was built near it. Herodot. 2, e. 17. 
unded Botatus, a general of Gaul, in an ex- 
Attica, pedition againſt Ptolemy King of Macedo- 
of Co- nia, Pawf, 10, c. 19 
Aonia, BoLUTI vA, a virgin of Achaia, who re- 
dmeis, jected the addrefles of Apollo, and threw 
It was nerſelf into the ſea to avoid his importuni- 
tonus; nes. The god made her immortal. There 
a cow, is 4 city which bears her name in Achaia, 
county Pa. 7, e. 23. 
a bitants Bol ixus, a river near Bolina, Pau, 
nder of 75 . 23. 
ellence; . $, 4 town and iſland ncar Chios. 
uſtrious Taucyd. $, c. 24. 
ch, &e. BGN LAN us, a man whom Horace repre- 
Ay Hel ſents, 1 Sat. 9, v. vi, as of the molt iraſ- 
O Wha ele temper, and the moit inimical to lo- 
ets w. quacity. ; f 
55 c. 57. Bolus, a king of the Cimbri, who Kil- 
p. I, &c. led a Roman ambaſſador. Liv, ep. 67. 
fuſtin. 3. BomitnstEs, a people near ZEtolia, 
„ v. 244. lhucyd, 3, c. 96. : 
55 BOMILC AR, a Carthaginian general, ſon 
enalippa- of Amilcar, He was ſuſpeted of conſpi- 
ncy with Agathocles, and hung in the fo- 
ade him- tum, where he had received all his dignity. 
the ſtrict Dui. 26,—Tuftin. 22, c. 7. An Afri- 
em, for ſome time the inſtrument of all 
, puniſhed Jugurtha's cruelties. He conſpired againſt 
piracy, by Jugurtha, who put him to death. St. Fug, 
hs, A. D BOoMO CA, youths that were whipped 
ment that at the altar of Diana Orthia, during the 
fe con ula- „ tivals of the goudels, He who bore tlie 
on of his lach of the whip with the icateſt patience, 
1491, % and without uttering a groan, was declared 


101 wars victorious, and received n hon. rable prize, 
Pauſ. 3, c. 16.— lat. in Lyc. 

BoNA Dt a, a name given to Ops, Veſta, 
Cibele, Rhea, by the Greeks ; and by the 
Latins, to Fauna, or Fatua, This goddets 
Was % chaſte, that no man but ber huſband 
law her after her marriage; from which 
reaſon, her feſtivals were celebrated only in 
the night by the Roman mattons in their 
wules, and all the ſtatues of the men were 
eretully covered with a veil where the ce- 
monies were obſerved. In the latter ages 
of the republic, however, the ſanétuy vi 
U. cle miteries Was protaned by the in- 


arſus, who 
f Philippi. 
now called 


: who de- 
beſieged by 


07.,—Pau 


59 


B9o6Vvs5z 


B O 


| truſion of men, and by the introduction 
of laſcivionſneſs and debauchery, Juv. 6. 
v. 313.—Prepert. 4, el. 10, v. 25.— 07. 
de art. am. 3, v. 637. | | 

Bo NN IA, a town on the borders of the 
Rhine. Va. Max. 8, C. 1. Ital. 8. ”, 
599. 

Boxos1us, an officer of Probus, who 
aflumed the imperial purple in Gaul. 

Bonus ExxNfus, a Roman deity, whoſe 
worthip yas firit introduced by the peaſants. 
He was repreſented holding a cup. in lus 
right hand, and in his left, ears of corn. 
Varre, de R. K. 1.—-Plin. 34, c. 8. 

BoosURa, {bouts caudn a town of Cy- 
prus, where Venus had an ancient temple. 
Strab, 

Bob rs, a northern conſtellation near 
the Urſa Major, alſo called Bubulcus and 
Arctophylax. Some ſuppaſe it to be Icarus, 
the father of Erigone, who was killed by 
ſhepherds for inebriating them. Others 
maintain that it is Arcas, whom Jupiter 
placed in heaven. Ovid. Fafl. 3, v. 405.—- 
(ic. de Nat. D. 2, c. 42. 

Bo6Tus & BaoTvs, a ſon of Neptune 
and Menalippe, expoſed by his mother, 
but preterved by ſhepherds. Hyg:n. tab, 
186. * 

{ BoREaA,a town taken by Sext. Pompey, 
Cic. 16. ad Att. ep. 4. 

BorEXbes, the deſcendants of Boreas, 
who long poſſeſſed the ſupreme power, and 
the pricithood in the iſland of the Hyperbo- 
reans. Diod. 1 & 2. 

BoREASs, the name of the north wind 
blowing from the Hyperborean mountains. 
According to the poets, he was ſon of 
| Aflrzus and Aurora, but others make hira 
ſon of the Strymon. He was paſfionate y 
fond of Hyacinthus, | Fid. Hyacinthus] and 
carried away Orithya, who refuſed to re- 
ce:ve his addrefles, and by her he had Zetes 
and Calais, Cleopatra and Chione. He 
was worſhipped as a deity, and reprefſentef 
with wings and white hair. The Athenians 
dedicated aizars to him, and to the winds, 
when Xerxes invaded Eurupe. Boreas 
chauged himtelf into a herte, io unite him 
| ſelf with the mares of Dardanus, by which 
he had twelve mazes fo iwift that they ran, 
or rather tlew over the fea, without ſcarce 
wetting their teet. Homer. Il. 20, v. 222.— 
H. ſiad. Theog. V. 379.-—.pol'od, 35 C. 15.— 
Herodot. 7, c. 189.—0vid Met. 6, v. 200. 

Eokkas Mi, a feſtival at Athens in ho- 
nor ef Bureas, who, as the Athenians ſup- 
poſed, was related to them on account of 
his marriage with Orithyia, the daughter of 
one of their Kings, They attributed the 
overtirow oi the enemy's fleet to the reſpect 
which he paid to his wife's native country, 


There were allo acriftces at Megalopo is in 
> vc ada, 


—— — 


| 


— —— — — — — 


— — = 


—— 


ͤ8ͤ—— —— — — 


9 


| 


bats. Strab. 16. 


B O 


Arcadia, in honor of Boreas, Pauſ. Attic. | 
* Arca:!. 


Bonk os, a Perſian, &c. Pcu/yen. 7, c. 


49. | 

BorGEs, a Perſian who burnt himſelf 
rather than ſubmit to the enemy, &c. Po- 
Han. 7, c. 24. 

Borxos, a place of Thrace, C. Nep. in 
Aci b. c. 7. 

Boks Ir, a town of Babylonia, ſacred 
to Apollo and Diana. The inhabitants cat 


Borvs, a fon of Pericres, who married 
Polydora the daughter of Pcleus. ld. 
J, C. I z. — Inner. I. 16, v. 177. 

BoRYSTHENES, a large river of Scythia, 
falling into the Eux inc ſca, now called the: 
Dnieper, and interior to no oer European 
river but the Danube, according to !/-1945- 
us. 4, c. 45, &c. Tnere was à city of 
the ſame name on the borders of ihe river, 
built by a colony of Milettans, 645 years 
before the chrittian era, It wir allo called 
Otba Salvia, Mela. 2, c. 1 & 7. A 
horſe with which the emperor Adrian uſed 
to hunt. At his death, ne was honored 
with a monument. Dial. 

Bospnökxus & BospGRUS, two narrow 
ſtraits, ſituate at the confines of Europe and 
Aſia. One was called Cimmecerian, and 
joined the Palus Maotis to the Euxine, 
now known by the name of the ſtraits of 
Cafa; and the other, which was called the 
Thracian Boſporus, and by the moderns the 
ftrait of Conttantinople, made a commu— 
nication between tne Euxine ſea and the 
Propontis. Ir is fixtecn miles long, and 
one and a halt broad, and where narroweſt 
$00 paces or 4 ſtadia, according to Hero- 
dotus. The word is derived from ByS- 
Top . bovis meatus, becauſe, on account of 
its narrowneſs, an ox could eaſily croſs it. 
Cocks were heard to crow, and dogs to 
bark flom the oppofite banks, and in a 
calm day perſons could talk one to the 
other. Plin. 4, c. 12, l. 6, c. 1.—Ovid. 
Triſt. 3, el. 4, v. 49.— Mela. 1, c. 1.— 
—Strab. 12.—Ierodot. 4, c. 85. 

BorER, a freedman of Claudius. Suet. 
Clarnd. 

BoTTIA, a colony of Macedonians in 
Thrace. The people were called Bortiæi. 
Plin, 4, c. I.,—Heredot. 7, c. 185, &c.— 
Thucyd. 2, c. 99. 

BuTTI&Is, a country at the north of 
Macedonia, on the bay of Therma. Hero- 
dor. 7, c. 123, &c. 

Bou ocz, a queen in Britain, who re- 
belled upon being inſulted by the Romans. 
She poiſoned herſelf when conquered, 
Tacit. Ann. 14, c. 31. 

Boviinum, an ancient colony of the 
Samnites. L. 9, C. 28. 


B R 


Bovilt, a town of Latium near Rome. 
Ovid. Faſt. 3, v. 607. Another in Cam- 
pania. 

BraciyMAnrs, Indian philoſophers, who 
derive their name from Biahma, one of the 
three beings whom God, according to their 
theology, created, and with whoſe aſſiſtance 
he formed the world. They devoted them. 
ſclves totally to the worthip of the gods, and 
were accuſtomed from their youth to en- 
dure labors, and to live with frugality and 
ahſtinence. They never cat fleſh, and ab- 
Hained from the uſe of wine, and all carnal 
enjoyments. After they had ſpent 37 year; 
in the greateſt trials, they were permitted ty 
mairy, and indulge themſelves in a mor 
free and unhounded manner. According 
to modern authors, Brahma is the parent 
ot alt mankind, and he produced as many 
worlds as there are parts m the body, which 
they reckoned 14. They believed that 
there were teven ſeas, of water, milk, curds, 
butter, fait, {1zar, and wine, each bleſſed 
with its particular paradiſe, Strab. 15, 
Diod. 17. 

Br =5$1A, a daughter of Cinyras and Me- 
tharme. Apoliod. 3, c. 14. 

BRANCHIA DIS, a ſirname of Apollo, 

BRAN CHI, a people of Aſia near the 
river Oxus, put to the ſword by Alexander, 
They were originally of Miletus, near te 

emple ot Branchus, but had been remonl 
from thenes by Xerxes. Strab. 11.—Gvrrt. 7, 
. . The priens of Apollo Didymæus, 
who gave oracſes in Caria. Plin. 5, c. 29. 

BRANCHYLUIYDES, a chief of the Bœo- 
tians. Par. 9, c. 13. 

BRANCH Us, a vouth of Miletus, beloved 
by Apollo, who gave him the power of 
prophecy. He gave oracles at Didyme, 
which became interior to none of the Gie- 
ciam oracles, except Delphi, and which ex. 
changed the name of Didy mean for that d 
Branchidæ. The temple, according to Stre 
bo, was ſet on fire by Xerxes, who tod 
polſeſhon of the riches it contained, ant 
tranſported the people into Sogdiana, whet 
they built a city, which was afterwat6 
deftrryed by Alexander. Strab. 1 5. — Stil. 
Theb. 3, v. 479. Lucian. de Domo. 

Bu ASI, a town of Laconia, Pauſ- 3 
e. 24. 

BRASIL DAS, a famous general of Lace- 
dæmon, ſor of Tellis, who, after man} 
great victories over Athens and other Gree 
cian ſtates, died of a wound at Amphipolis 
which Cleon, the Athenian, had beſiegech 
B. C. 422. A ſuperb monument WP 
raiſed to his memory. Pauſ. 3, Cc. 24; 
Thuryd. 4 & 5. — Died. 5. — A man of 
Cos. Theocrit, Id. 7. : 

BRAS1¹ID FEI A, feftivals at Lacedzm0!) 1 


honor of Braſidas,. None but treemen born 


5 partans 


Spattan 
and tuct 
Bras 
Brat 
murder 
Thucyd. 
BAA t 
Diana h 
three feſ 
once eve! 
called 18, 
the godde 
the book 
remarkal 
gins in ye 
They wet 
under fiv 
5s Calle 
nd ſom 
hemſelve 
from this 
n one ot 
hat he at 
armleſsl) 
ated lon 
bnimcl tc 
he virgh 
de Countr 
teace. * 
Mazue ren 
he ſervice 
blerved, 
ver marri 
0 the g9c 
ris, v 
eece by 
own of B. 
den he in 
Itrab, 9. 
IENNI 
um. Hor 
BEN NU 
ges, Who e 
vans at thi 
ty withou 
A0 the cap 
J podeſno 
mocca the 
e Capitoh 1 
ſe Romans 
le which 
dately re 
23 Was in 
ler of his | 
e Cauls, t 
e news of 
„ &e.— P/ 
ho made a 
39,000 mer 
Woured to 
Delphi. 
, Tops, k 
Killed bj 


B R 
doattans were permitted to enter the liſts, 
zud ſuch as were abſent were aaed. 
Brasitas, a man of Cos. Theoer. 7. 
BANAURE, a woman who aſhited in the 
murder of Pittacus, king of the Edoni. 


Thucyd. 4, Cy 107. | 
BraURkon, a town of Attica, where 


Nome. 
Cam- 


8, who 

of the 
0 their 
iſtance 


them- Diana had a temple. The goddeſs had 
ds, and three feſtivals called Brauronia, celebrated 
to en- once every fifth year by ten men who were 
ity and called 182:7794%. They lacrificed a goat to 
nd ab- the goddeſs, and it was uſual to firg one of 
| carnal the books of Homer's Iliad. The moſt 
7 years remarkable that attended were young vir- 
itted u gins in yellow gowns, conlecrated to Diana. 
a more They were about ten years of age, and not 
cordiny under five, and therefore their conſecration 
parent was called tarts, from da, decem; 
s many nd ſometimes agxTtyiiy, as the virgins 
7, Which hemſcives bore the name of ayxTo:, bears, 
ed that from this circumſtance, There was a bear 
, Curds, n one of the villages of Attica, ſo tame, 
bleſſed hat he ate with the inhabitants, and played 
b, 15.— armleſsly with them. This familiarity 
iſted long, till a young virgin treated thc 
and Me- pnimcl too roughly, and was killed by it. 
he virgin's brothers killed the bear, and 
pollo. ke country was ſoon after viſited by a peſ- 
near the hence. The oracle was conſulted and the 
lexande, Mazue removed by countecrating virgins to 
neat de he ſervice of Diana. This was ſo faithfully 
remowl blerved, that no woman in Athens was 
Curt. 7 ver married before a previous conſecration 
dymæus, o the goddeſs. The ſtatue of Diana of 
55 c. 29. auris, which had been brought into 
he Bœo- ece by Iphigenia, was preſerved in the 
ova of Brauron. Xerxes carried it away 
„ beloved den he invaded Greece, Pau. 8, c. 46. 
power of itrab, 9. a 
Didyme, ENNIU & ERTU NI, a people of Nori- 
the Ge- um. Horat, 4, od. 14. 
which ex- Baexaus, a general of the Galli Seno- 
or that of es, who entered Italy, defeated the Ro- 
8 to Ste. dans at the river Allia, and entered their 
who tool y without oppoſition, The Romans fied 
ined, a to the capitol, and left the whole city in 
ma, whett e poilction v. cue enemies. The Gauls 
afterwaldh ved the Tarpeian rock in the night, and 
1 5,—dtat, * Capituk would have been taken had not 
20. Romans been awakened by the noiſe of 
Pauſ. 3 ft which were before the doors, and im- 
ately repelled the enemy. Camillus, 
1 of Lact do vas in baniſhment, marched to the 
frer man} if of his country, and ſo totally defeated 


other Gre* 
.mphipols 
d beſieged, 
ment Ws 
35 © * 
A man of 


* Gauls, that not one remained to carry 
e news of their deſtruction. Liv. 5, c. 
„ Ke. Plur. in Camill. Another Gaul, 
0 made an irruption into Greece with 
ooo men and 15,000 horſe, and en- 
*oured to plunder the temple of Apollo 
Delphi. He was deſtroyed, with all 


' Elles „ the god, or more properly 


edæ mou 1 
8 pattans 


himſelf in a fit of intoxication, 


B R 


B. C. 278, after being defeated by the 
Deiphians. Pauſ. to, c. 22 & 23.— Via. 
24, c 6, &Cc. 

BE ENTHE, a ruined city of Arcadia, 
Paz'ſ. 8, e. 28. 

BRESs CIA, a city of Italy, whe had gods 
peculiar to itſelf, 

BRI TTII, a people cf Italy. Stras. 6. 

BRTARNI Us, a famous giant, ſon of Cœ- 
lus and Terra, who had too hands and 50 
heads, and was called by men Ægeon, and 
only by the gods Biiarcus. When Juno, 
Neptune, and Minerva conſpired to de- 
throne Jupiter, Briareus aſcended the hea- 
vens, ana icatcd himſelf next to him, and 
ſo terrihed the conſpirators by his fierce 
and threatening looks, that they deſiſted. 
He aſſiſted the giants in their war againſt 
the gods, and was thrown under mount 
Etna, according to ſome accounts. Heſiod. 
Theog. v. 148.— Apellod, 1, c. 1.—Homer., 
II. 1, v. 403.—PFirg. An. 6, v. 237.1. 10, 
v. 56 5. A Cy clop, made judge between 
Apollo and Neptune, in their ditpute about 
the iſthmus and promontory of Corinth. 
He gave the formcr to Neptune, and the 
latter to Apollo. Far. 2, c. I. 

Bx1as, atown of Piſidia. 

Bz1GANTES, a people in the northern 
parts of Britain. Ju. 14, v. 196.—Parſ. 
8, e. 43. 

BRAIGANTIN Vs, alake of Rhætia between 
the Alps, with a tuwn called Brigantium. 
Plin. , c. 17. 

BRILEssus, a mountain of Attica. Thus 
cyd. 2, C. 23. 

BRI Mo, (rerrer) a name given to Proſer- 
pine and Hecate, Propert. 2, el. 2, v. 11. 

Bristis, a woman of Lyrneſſus, called 
alſo Hippucamia, When her country was 
taken by the Greeks, and her huſband and 
brother killed in the fight, ſhe fell to the 
ſhare of Achilles, in the divihon of the 
ſpoils. Agamemnon took her away ſome 
time after trom Achilles, who made a vow 
to abſent himſelf from the field of battle. 
Briſeis was very taithful to Achilles; and 
when Agimemnon reſtored her to him, he 
ſwore he had never ottended her chaſtiy. 
Homer. ll. 1, 2, &c.—Ovid. Heroid, z, de 
Art. Am. 2 & 3.—Propert. 2, el. 3, 20 & 
22.— Hau. 5, c. 24.—flarat. 2, od. 4. 

BRAISES, a man ef Lyrneſſus, bio her to 
the prieſt Chryſes. His daughter Hippoda- 
mia was called Hriſeis from him. 

BRiszgus, a lirname of Bacchus, from 
his nurſe of the ſame name, or his remple 
at Briſa, a promontory of Leſbos. Pes ſius. 
1% V. 76. 

BRITANNI, the inhabitants of Britain. 

Vid. Britannia.) A nation in Gallia 
elgica, Plin. 4, c. 17. 


BRITANNIA, an iſland in the northern 
ocean, 


| 
| 
| 


B R 


ocean, the greateſt in Europe, conquered 
by J. Czlar during his Gallic wars, B. C. 
55. and firſt known to be an iſland by Agri- 
cola, who ſailed round it. It was a Roman 
province from the time of its conqueſt till 
the 448th year of the chriſtian era. The 
inhabitants, in the age of Czſar, uſed to 
paint their bodies, to render themſelves 
more terrible in the eyes of their enemies. 
The name of Britain was unknown to the 
Romans before Cæſar conquered it. Ca. 
bell. C. 4.— Diod. 5.—Pauf. 1, c. 33.— 
Tucit. in eic. 10.—Plin. 34, c. 17. 

BRITAN NI us, a ſon of Claudius Czfar 
by Meſlalina. Nero was raiſed to the 
throne in preference to him, by means of 
Agrippina, and cauſed him to be poiſoned. 
His corpſe was buried in the night; but it 
is ſaic that a ſhower of rain waſhed away 
the white paint which the murderer had put 
over his face, ſo that it appeared quite black, 
and diſcovered the effects of poiſon, Tacit. 
Ann. —Sueton, in Nev. c. 33. 

BRITOMARTISs, a beautiful nymph of 
Crete, daughter of Jupiter and Charme. 
She was loved by Minos, who purſued ner 
ſo cloſely, that, to avoid his importunities, 
the threw herſelf into the ſea. Pauſ. 2, c. 
JO, I. 3, c. 14. A ſirname of Diana. 

BRITOMAR Us, a chief of the Galli In- 
ſubres, conquered by Æmilius. Flor. 2, 
Ay 

BrrT6Nwts, the inhabitants of Britain. 
Juv. 15, v. 124. 

BRIXELLUnu, a town in Italy near Man- 
tua. Tait. Hiſt. 2, c. 32. 

BRIX IA, a town of Italy beyond the Po. 
Jiſtin. 20, c. 5. 

BRNIZZ Oo, the goddeſs of dreams, wor- 
ſhipped in Delos. 

BrocuBELUs, a governor of Syria, who 
fled to Alexander, when Darius was mur- 
dered by Beſſus. Curt. 5, c. 13. 

Bromivs, a firname of Bacchus, from 
Bos u, frendere, alluding to the groans 
which Semele uttered when conſumed by 
Jupiter's fire. Ovid, Met. ꝗ, v. II. A 
ton of AÆgyptus. Apollod. 2, c. 1. 

BRO Ms, one of the Centurs. Ovid. Met. 
12, v. 459. 

BrowGus, a river falling into the Iſter. 
Herodot. 4, c. 49. 

BRONTESs, (thunder one of the Cyclops. 
Virg. An. 8, v. 425. 

BRONTINus, a Pythagorean philoſopher. 
The father of Theano, the wife of Py- 
thagoras. Dive. 

BaoTEAS & Ammon, two men famous 
for their (kill in the ceſtus. Ovid Met, 5. 
v. 107,—One of the Lapithæ. 

BroTHEUS, a ſun of Vulcan and Minerva, 
who burned himſelf to avoid the ridicule to 
which his deformity ſubjected him. Ovid. in 
16. v. 517. 


| vered, they were tried and condemucd " b 


3 


Braverttxr, a people of Germany. Ta, their 
Ann. 1. c. 51. i ExXECU 

BAUMAILIA, feſtivals celebrated at Rope wat | 
in honor of Bacchus, about the month g quins, 
December. They were firſt iuſtituted h. Acrce 
Romulus. anothe 

Brandis um, a city of Calabria, on the was by 
Adriatic Sea, where the Appian road wi — 
terminated, It was founded by Diumeds, Jt, anc 
after the Trojan war, or according to Strahg, grief b 
by Tneſeus, with a Cretan colony. Tix _— 
Romans generally embarked at Braidufun 505 . 
for Greece. It is famous for the birth g %, Nep 
the poet Pacuvius, and the death of Vir, Plat. i 
aud likewiſe for its harbour, which is can. father 
cious, and ſheltered by the land, and h books « 
ſmall iſland at the entrance, againſt the fur o! Mart 
of the winds and waves. Little remain Affter t 
of the ancient city, and even its harbar Mutina 
has now been choaked up by the negligene and by 


of the inhabitants. w_ 3z c. 4, L u. * =_ 
c. 2,—Strab. 5,—Cf. bell. Civ. 1, c. 4 * 


Cic. ad Attic, 4, ep. 1. 


e. 55.— 


BRU TIDtus, a man dragged to priſon * 1 
Juvenal's age, on ſuſpicion of his favor N 
Sejanus. Juv. 10, v. 82. the repul 


BRU TI, a people in the fartheſt part 
Italy, who were originally ſhepherds df 
Lucanians, but revolted, and went in qut 
of a ſettlement. They received the nad 


tor, and 
the ſide | 
bher's mi 


Brutii, from their ſtupidity and code abs 
in ſubmitting, without oppoſition, to bd | 1 the 
in the 2d Punic war. They were ever un * of hi 
held in the greateſt diſgrace, and emploꝶt forgot 
in every ſervile work. Tuſtin. 235 C. 9. ranny H 
$trab. 6,—Diod. 16. iludtio 
BavTtGLry 57 4 Samnite, who killed cm rant —_ 
ſelf, upon being delivered to the Roma * | 
violating a treaty. Liv. 8, c. 39. | great ; th 
BavuTvs, L. [univs, ſon of M. Jun and by 
and Tarquinia ſecond daughter of Tar! the KA 


Priſcus. The father, with his eldeſt fon 
murdered by Tarquin the Proud; and Luci 
unable to revenge their death, pretended 
be inſane. The artifice ſaved his life 


In the city 
tary to thy 
to leize, 


friend Cxf 


was called Brutus for his ſtupidity, whit obliged to | 
however ſoon after ſhewed to be feig TTeece, w 
When Lucretia killed herſelf, B. C. 59 friends b 

conſequence of the brutality of Tara fion, uy 
Brutus ſnatched the dagger from the wont, Antony 
and ſwore, upon the reeking blade, imme panied. A 
tal hatred to the royal family. His cx" v.14... wh 
animated the Romans, the Tarquins were the rep blic 
ſcribed by a decree of the ſenate, and the |, Caſſius 
authority veſted inthe hands of conſuls ch u, overpor 
from patrician families. Brutus, in his C uation of 
ſular office, made the people ſwear the) be ordered c 
ver would again ſubmit to kingly auth rough, B 


ty; but the firſt who violated their 
were in his own family. His ſons c 
ſpired with the Tuſcan ambaſſador | 
reſtore the Tarquins; and when di 


and in the ful 
aft of the R 
WilgwhichB 
Wy; but the 


B R 


their father, who himſelf attended at their 


« Tavit execution. Some time after, in a combat that 

was fought between the Romans and Tar— 
t Ron» quins, Brutus engaged with Aruns, and ſo 
onth « ficrce was the attack that they pierced one 
uted by another at the ſame time. The dead body 

was brought to Rome, and received as in 
2, on the triumph ; a funeral oration was ſpoken over 
ono = it, and the Roman matrons ſhowed their 
med; 


zrief by mourning a year for the father of 
the republic. Fler. 1, c. 9.— Liv. 1. c. 
sb |. 2, c. I, Sc. — Dionyſ. Hal. 4 & 5.— 
L. Nep. in Attic. 8.—Virg. An. 6, v. 818. 
Plat. in Brut. & Caf. Marcus Junius, 


o Strahg, 
V. The 
andufiun 
2 birth of 


of Vigil, father of Cæſar's murderer, wrote three 

1 15 Cats books on civil law. He followed the party 

= up of Marius, and was conquered by Pompey. 
the tur 


After the death of Sylla, he was beſieged in 
Mutina by Pompey, to whom he ſurrendered, 
and by whoſe orders he was put to death, He 
had married Servilia, Cato's ſiſter, by whom 
he had aſon and two daughters. Cic. de. Orat. 
e. 55,—Plut. in Brut. His fon of the 
fame name by Servilia, was lineally deſcend- 
ed from J. Brutus, who expelled the Tar- 
quins from Rome, He ſeemed to inherit 
therepublican principles of his great progeni- 
tor, and in the civil wars joincd himſelf to 
the ſide of Pompey, though he was his fa- 
der's murderer, only becauſe he looked upon 
tim as more juſt and patriotic in his claims, 


> remains 
s harbour 
negligence 
. 4 J. 1 
Ly c. 4 


o priſona 
is favoruy 


eſt parts ( 
erds ot tit 
ent in aut 
the nad 


| cor At the battle of Pharſalia, Cæſar not only 
„ to k {pared the life of Brutus, but he made him 
re ever A one of his moſt faithful friends. He however 


d emploſt 


forgot the favor becauſe Cæſar aſpired to ty- 
23z © 9 


ranny. He conſpired with many of the moſt 
Illuſtrious citizens of Rome againſt the ty- 
rant, and Rabbed him in Pompey's Baſilica, 
The tumult which this murder occaſionedwas 
great; the conſpirators fled to the capitol, 


and by proclaiming freedom and liberty to 


Romans! 


59. 
f M. Jun 


r of Tu. the populace, they re-eſtabliſhed tranquillity 
def fon, in the city. Antony, whom Brutus, con- 
M and Luci trary to the opinion of his aſſociates, refuſed 
pretended to ſeize, gained ground in behalf of his 


4 his life friend Cæſar, and the murderers were ſoon 


dity, hie obliged to leave Rome. Brutus 1etired into 
» be feigs Greece, where he gained himſelf many 
B. C. 50% friends by his arms, as well as by perſua- 

of 141" fion, and he was ſoon after purſued thither 
m the worn by Antony, whom young Octavius accom- 
blade, mu panied. A battle was fought at Philippi. 


His cx butus, who commanded the right wing of 


juins were "Bl ts republican army, defeated the enemy ; 
e, andthe but Caſſius, who had the care of the left, 
f conſuls chi was overpowered, and as he knew not the 


us, in his e 


— ſtuation of his friend, and grew deſperate, 
(wear the) 


be ordered one of his freed-men to run him 


kingly auth rough. Brutus deeply deplored his fall, 

ted ther "oh din the fullneſs of his grief, called him the 

His ſons © laſt of the Romans. In another battle, the 

; mbaſſado,. ingwhich Brutus commandedobtained avic- 
when I Wy; but the other was defeated, andhe found 
demued 1 


BU 


himſelf ſurrounded by the ſoldiers of Antony. 
He however made his eſcape, and ſoon after 
tell upon his ſword, B. C. 42. Antony ho- 
nored lim with a magnificent funeral. 
Brutus is not leſs celebrated for his literary 
talents, than his valor in the field. When he 
was in the camp, the greateſt part of his 
time was employed in reading and writing; 
and the day which preceded one of his moſt 
bloody battles, while the reſt of his army was 
under continual apprehenſions, Brutus calmly 
ſpent his hours till the evening, in writing an 
epitome of Polybius. He was fond of imi- 
tating the auſtere virtues of Cato, and in 
reading the hiſtories of nations he imbibed 
thoſe principles of freedom which were ſo 
eminently diſplayed in his political career, 
He was intimate with Cicero, to whom ke 
would have communicated his conſpiracy, 
had he not been apprehenſive of his great ti- 
midity. He ſeverely reprimanded him in his 
letters for joining the fide of Octavius, who 
meditated the ruin of tne republic. Plutarch 
mentions, that Cæſar's ghoſt made its appear- 
ance to Brutus in his tent, and told him that 
he would meet him at Philippi. Brutus mar- 
ried Porcia, the daughter of Cato, who kill- 
ed herſelf, by ſwallowing burning coals when 
the heard the fate of her huſband. C. Nep. 
in Attic. —Paterc, 2, c. 48.—Plut. in Brut. 
Sc. Cef. 1.—Flor. 4. D. Jun. Albinus, 
one of Cæſar's murderers, who, after the 
battle of Mutina, was deſerted by the legions, 
with which he wiſhed to march againſt An- 
tony. He was put to death by Antony's. 
orders, though conſul elect. Jun. one of 
the firſt tribunes of the people. Put. 
One of Carbo's generals. 

BR VAS, a general of the Argives againſt 
Sparta, put to death by a woman, to whom 
he had offered violence. Pau. 2, c. 20. 
A general in the army of Xerxes. He- 
rodot. 7, c. 72. 

Bzyaxis, a marble ſculptor, who aſſiſted 
in making the Mauſoleum. Pauſ. 1, c. 40. 

BR YCE, a daughter of Danaus by Polyxo. 
Apolled. 2, c. 1. 

BryYGEs, a people of Thrace, afterwards 
called Phryges. Strab. 7. 

BR VOI, a people of Macedonia, conquered 
by Mardonius. Herodot. 6, c. 45. 

BRTSEA, a town of Laconia, Par. 3, 
C. 20. 

BU BRACENE, a country of Afia, Curt. 5. 

BU nAcks, an cunuch of Darius, &c. 
Curt. 5, c. 11. 

BUEARIsC, a Perſian who married the 
daughter of Amyntas, againſt whom he had 
been ſent with an army. Juſtin. 7, c. 13. 

BuBASTIACUs, one of the mouths of the 
Nile. 

BuBasTr8,acity of Egypt, in the eaſtern 


parts of the Delta, where cats were held un 
23 L 


- * * 
; E Q 
* 
0 - 


B U 


great veneration, becauſe Diana Buhaſtis, who 


is the chief deity of the place, is ſaid to have 
transformed herſelf into a cat when the gods 
fed into Egypt. Herodot. 2, c. 59, 137, & 
I;54—Ovid. Met. 9, v. 690. 

Bus Asus, a country of Caria, whence 
Bubafides applied to the natives. Orid. 
Aſet. g, v. 643. 

BON, an inland city of Lycia. Plin. 5, 
c 27. 

BuceeHXLa, a city of India, near the 
Hydaſpes, built by Alexander, in honor of 
his favorite horſe Bucephalus. Curt. 9, Cc. 3. 
Iain. 12, c. 8.— Did, 17. 

BuctefALvus, a horſe of Alexander's, 


whole head reſembled that of a bull, whence | 


his name (Bov :, Lis caput). Alzx- 
ander was the only one who could mount on 
his back, and he always knelt down to take 
up his maſter. He was preſent in an engage- 
ment in Aſa, where he reccived a heavy 
wound, and haſtened immediately out of the 
battle, and dropped down dead as foon as he 
had ſet down the king in a fafe place. He 
was zo years old when he died, and Alex- 
ander built a city which he called after his 
name. Plut. in Alex, —Gurt.—Arrian. 5, 
c. 3.—Plin. 8, c. 42. 

BocilL IAN us, one of Cæſar's murderers, 
Cic. ad Attic. 14. 

BucoLIica, a ſort of poem which treats 
of the care of the flocks, and of the pleaſures 
and occupations of the rural life, with ſim- 
plicity and elegance. The mott famous pat- 
toral writers of antiquity are Moſchus, Bion, 
Theocritus, and Virgil. The invention of 
Bucolics, or paſtoral poetry, 1s attributed to 
a ſhepherd of Sicily. 

BucoLicux, one of the mouths of the 
Nile, fituate between the Sebennytican and 
Mendeſian mouths, and called by Strabo, 
Pratniticum. Heredot. 2, C. 17. 

BucoLion, a king of Arcadia, after 
Laias. Pau. 8, c. 5. A ſon of Laome- 
dun and the nymph Calybe. A ſon of 
Hercules and Praxithea. He was alſo 
called Bucolus. A ſon of Lycaon, king 
of Arcadia. Apollod. 2 & 3. 

BucGLus, a ſon of Hercules and Marſe. 
A ſon of Hippocoon. 
Bu Dit, a nation of Media. Herodot. 

Bit, a people of Scythia. Id. 

BuboruM, a promontory of Salamis. 
Thucyd. 2, C. 94. 

BuL 1s, a town of Phocis, built by a colo- 
ny from Doris. Pa]. 10, c. 37. A Spar- 
tan given up to Xerxes, to atone for the of- 
fence his countrymen had dune for putting 
the king's meſſengers to death. Herodot. 7, 
c. 134, &C. 

BULLATIUS, a friend of Horace, to 
whim the poet addreſſed, 1. ep. 11, in con- 
2 of his having travelled over part of 

ia, 


— 


Apolled. 2 & 3. 


— — — 


— 


B U 


BuLBnvus, a Roman ſenator, remarkable 
for his meanneſs. Cie, in Ver. 


BuMELLUs, a river of Aſſyria. Curt, 4, the cor 
6. cily, 
Bux t A, a ſirname of Juno. beautif 
Boxes, a ſun of Mercury and Alcidz. called. 
mea, who obtained the government of Co- beauty, 
rinth when AEetes went to Colchis, He often e⸗ 


6, v. 37 
4d 1, 
irg. A 
who bu 
Pandion 
and Nep 
ter of E 
— An 
Wards t 
Giape w 
encourag 
killed by 
I. 12, v. 


built a temple to Juno. Pau. 2,c. 3 & 4 

Bur AUus, a ſtatuary of Clazomenæ. Vid 
Anthermus. 

BueiAGUs, a ſon of Japetus and Thor. 
nax killed by Diana, whole virtue he had 
attempted. A river of Arcadia bears his 
name. Pau. 8, C. 24. A ſi name of 
Hercules, given him on account of his glut. 
tony. 

BuPKGNIA, a feſtival in honor of Jupiter 
at Athens, where an ox was immolated, 
Pau. 1, c. 24.—lian, V. Il. 8, c. 3. 

BU PRASLtUM, a city, country, and river 


of Elis. Homer. ſieged by 
BRA, a daughter of Jupiter, from whom Borg 
Bura or Buris, once a floriſhing city in the poſite C. 
bay of Corinth received its name. This 3 
city was deſtroyed by the ſea. Ovid. My, * 
1 5, v. 293.—Pauſ. 7, c. 25.—Strab. 1&8, Born 
—Diod. 15. Burn 
BU RkAICus, an epithet applied to Hercy- 0 Myrot 
les, from his temple near Bura.—A ri Bro. 
of Achaia, Pauſ. 7, c. 25. deu Cret 
BURRHUs AFRANIUS, a Chief of te Br ros 
prætorian guards, put to death by Nero. — enen 
A brother-in-law of the emperor Commo- 7 of ] 
dus. UTOR 
BuRsA, the capital city of Bithynia; ſup- voncerning 
poſed to have been called Pruſa, from its Borus 
founder, Pruſias. Strab. 12. . 35 e. 
Bus IA, a town of Babylonia. Fuſin. . 
. | "YG, 
BusAa, a woman of Apulia who enter- ad with ha 
tained 1000 Romans after the battle of pe the 4 
Cannæ. Val. Max. 4, c. 8. ad intruſt. 
Bos x, a nation of Media. Herodot. l. gen. 1, 
Busikis, a King of Egypt, ſon of Nep- Brues 
tunt and Libya, or Ly ſianaſſa, who ſacritice! * H. 
all foreigners to Jupiter with the greateſt ee 
cruelty. When Hercules viſited Egypt, Bu- ran 
firis, carried him to the altar bound hand and . 5 
foot. The hero ſoon diſentangled himſell, \ YBLIS, 
and offered the tyrant and the miniſters 0 * She 
his cruelty on the altar. Many Egyptian © = an 
princes have borne the ſame name. One 1 an, ſhe 
of them built a town called Bufiris, in the A bee 
us co¹ 


middle of the Delta, where Iſis had a famous 
temple. Herodot. 2, c. 59 & 61,—Strab. 
17.—Ovid. Met. 9, v. 132. Heroid. 9, V. 
69.—Plut. in Theſ.—Virg. G. 3, v. 5 
Apel ſod. 2, C. 5. 0 

BV rA, a town of Achaia. Diod. 20. 

Buro, a ſirname of M. Fabius. Liv. 
30, e. 26. A Roman orator. Seneca. 

Burrs, one of the deſcendants of Amy* 
cus, king of the Bebryces, very experi he 


port, that 
„utiles, whi 
ears 
z an 

he . q * 
bel. 9, v. 4 
J C, 3— 
Kean, 


rkable * 

urt. 4 the combat of the ceſtus. He came to Si- 
cily, where he was received by Lycaſte a 
beautiful harlot, by whom he had a ſon 

ei called Eryx. Lycaſte, on account of her 

of Co- beauty, was called Venus; hence Eryx is 

. often called the ſon of Venus. Virg. u. 

2 2 4 5 v. 372. One of the Argonauts. Apol- 


d 1, c. 9. A Trojan ſlain by Camilla. 
irg. En. II, v. 690, A ſon of Boreas 
who built Naxos. Died. 5. A ſon of 
Pandion and Zeuxippe, prieſt of Minerva 


x. Vid, 


| Thor« 


5 pe and Neptune. He married Chthonia, daugh- 
wed 0 ter of Erechtheus. Apollod. 3, c. 14, &c. 
* hay An arm-bearer to Anchiſes, and after- 


wards to Aſcanius. Apollo aſſumed his 
ſhape when he deſcended from heaven to 


Abe encourage Aſcanius to fight. Butes was 
CERN killed by Turnus. Firg. An. , v. 647. 
* FE J. 12, v. 632. A governor of Darius, be- 
ſieged by Conon the Athenian. 
BuTHRGTUM, a town of Epirus op- 
N poſite Corcyra, viſited hy ho. in bis 
P Thi way to Italy from Troy. FVirg. An. 3, 
| v. 293. 
Wy BuTHROTVUS, a river in Italy near Locri. 
8 Buruvzus, a noble ſtatuary, diſciple 
| tw Myron. Plin, 34, c. 8. 
A gu roa, an iſland in the Mediterranean, 
near Crete, P/in. 4, c. 12. 
e 46 BuTos, a town of Egypt, where there 
1 was a temple of Apollo and Diana, and an 
3 oracle of Latona. Herodot. 2, c. 59 & 63. 
BuToxipes, an hiſtorlan who wrote 
ia: fap- voncerning the pyramids. Pin. 36, c. 12, 
* BUTUNTUM, an inland town of Apulia. 
Plin, e. 11. 
f BvTvs, a ſon of Pandion. 
7 BuzYcts, an Athenian who firſt plough- 
1 ed with harnaſſed oxen, Demophoon gave 
battle of um the Palladium with which Diomedes 
dad intruſted him, to be carried to Athens. 
POR * 1 . . 
"of Ney: PYBLESIA & BYBASSIA, à country of 
 Cacrifice "at Herodot. 1, c. 174. 
« greak us, a name of Venus. 
gy pt, Bu. 1 11 people of Syria. Apollad. a, 
| hand and By _ ; 
3 himſelf 1s, a daughter of Miletus and Cya- 


A, She fell in love with her brother 


ainiſters 0 | Ir 
mus, and when he refuſed to gratify her 


Eg yptian 


e. One — wo deftroyed herſelf. Some ſay that 
ris, in the "a 1 ecame enamoured of her, and fled 
q a famous an. eg ont to avoid inceſt; and others 
1, —Strab. e mat he fled from his ſiſter's impor- 


unities. w , P : 
des, who ſought him all over Lycia and 


ara, and at laſt Cat down all bathed in 


ears - 
ho ? and was changed into a fountdin of 
zie lame name. Ovid, 


oid. 9, Ve 
37 V- LAY 


od, 20. N de Art. am. 1, v. 284. 
voy Liv. 5 9 v. 451.—Hygin. fab. 243.—Pauſ, 
Seneca. 12 {mall iſland in the Mediter- 
* Au. o : 
t i 
expe! * 


7 


| 


* 


BysBr.vs, a town of Syria, where Adonis 
had a temple. Strab. 16. 

ByLL1oNEs, a people of Illyricum, 

BykRHvs, a robber, famous for his diſ- 
ſipation. Herat. t, Sat. 4, v. 69. 

BVRSA, a citadel in the middle of Car- 
thage, on which was the temple of Æſcu- 
lapius. Aſdrubal's wife burnt it when the 
city was taken, When Dido came to Africa, 
ſhe bought of the inhabitants as much land 
as could be encompaſſed by a bull's hide. 
After the agreement, ſhe cut the hide in 
ſmall thongs, and incloſed a large piece of 
territory, on which ſhe kuilt a citadel which 
ſhe called Byrſa, (Pvu:oz, a hide.) Fire, 
Eu. 1, v. 371.—Strab. 17,—Fuſtin, 18, 
c. 6. Flor. 2, c. 15. 

Byzacium, a country of Africa. 

ByzAnNTIUM, a town fituate on the 
Thracian Boſphorus, founded by a colony of 
Megara, under the conduct of Byzas, 658 
years before tne Chriſtian era. Paterculus 
ſays it was founded by the Mileſians, and by” 
the Lacedzmonians according to Juſtin, and 
according to Ammianus by the Athenians, 
The plcaſantnefs and convenience of its ſitu- 
ation was obſerved by Conſtantine the Great, 
who made it the capital of the eaſtern Ro- 
man empire, A. D. 328, and called it Con- 
ſtantinopolis. A number of Greek writers, 
who have deſerved or uſurped the name of 
Byzantine hiſtorians, floriſhed at Byzantium, 
after the ſeat of the empire had been tranſ- 
lated thither from Rome. Their works, 
which more particularly relate to the time in 
which they floriſhed, and ate ſeldom read 
but by thoſe who with to form an acquamt- 
ance with the revolutions of the lower em- 
pire, were publiſhed in one large collection, 
in 36 vols. folio, 1648, &c. at Paris, and 
recommended themſelves by the notes and 
ſupplement of Du Freſne du Cange. They 
were likewiſe printed at Venice 1729, in 28 
vols. though perhaps this edition is not ſo 
valuable as that of the French. Strab., 1.— 
Paterc. 2, c. 15.—C. Nep. in Pauſ. Alcib. 
& Timath, —Fufiin. 9. C. 1.—7acit. 12. 
Ann. c. 62 & 63.—Mela. 2, c. 2.—Marcel, 
42, e. 8. 

Byzas, 2 king of Thrace, from whom 
it is ſaid Byzantium received its name. 
Diod,. 4. 

ByZzErEs, a people of Pontus, between 
Cappadocia and Colchis. Dienyſ. Perieg. 
—Flacc, 5, v. 153. 

Ryzes, a celebrated artiſt in the age of 
Aſtyages. Pau. 5, c. 10. 

Byzia, a town in the poſſeſſion of the 
kings of Thrace, hated by ſwallows, on ac- 
count of the horrible crimes of Texeus. 


Plin, 4, C. 11. 


L 2 


* 


2 


AANTHUS, a ſon of Oceanus and | 
Sþ Tethys. He was ordered by his fa- 
ther to ſeek his fiſter Malia, whom Apollo 
had carried away, and he burnt in revenge 
the raviſher's temple near the Iſthmus. He 
was killed for this impicty by the god, and a 
monument raiſed to his memory. Par. 9. 
e. 10 

CAAD ES, a king of Perſia, &c. 

_ CayAiLa, a place of Sicily where the 
Carthaginians were conquered by Dionyſus. 
Dio 1. 15. 

CABALEs, a people of Africa. Herodot. 

CaBaLir, a peopleof Aſia Minor. 1d. 

CABALINUS, a clear fountain on mount 
Hc<licon, ſacred to the mutes, and called al- 
ſo Ilippacrene as raiſed from the ground by 
the foot of Pegaſus. Per/. 

CABALLINUM, a town of the 7Edui. 
Caf. 7, Bell. G. c. 42. 

CAaBARNOS, a deity worſhipped at Paros. 
His prieſts were called Cabarni. 

CABAssus, a town of Cappadocia.—A 
village near Tarſus. 

CABALL1o, a town of Gaul. 

CABIRA, a wife of Vulcan by whom 
ſhe had three ſons. A town of Paphla- 
gona. 

CaBirn, certain deities held in the 
greateſt veneration at Thebes and Lemnos, 
but more particularly in the iſlands of Sa- 
moibrace and Imbros. The number of 
thele deitics is uncertain, Some ſay there 
were only two, Jupiter and Bacchus; 
others mention three, and ſome four, Aſ- 
chicros, Achiocherſa, Achiocherſus & Ca- 
millus. It is unknown where their worſhip 
was firſt eſtabliſhed; yet Phœnicia ſeems 
to be the place according to the authority 
ot Sanchoniathon, and from thence it was 
introduced into Greece by the Pelaſgi. 
The feſtivals or myſteries of the Cabiri, 
were celebrated with the greateſt ſolemnity 
at Samothrace, where all the ancient herocs 
and princes were gencrally initiated, as their 
power ſeemed to be great in protect ing per- 
ſons from ſhipwreck and ſtorms. The ob- 
ſcenities which prevailed in the celebration 
have obliged the authors of every country 
to paſs over them in filenec, and ſay that it 
was unlawful to reveal them. Theſe deities 
are often confounded with the Corybantes, 
Anaces, Dioſcuri, &c. and according to He- 
rodotus, Vulcan was thcir father. This 
author mentions the {ucrilege which Cam- 
byſes committed in entering their temple, 
and turning to ridicule their ſacred myſte- 
ries. They were ſuppoſed to preſide over 
metals. Herodot. 2, c. 51,—Strab, 10, 
- 9, c. 22, &C—Cic, de Nat. 

+ Is 


| 


; 


the dir 
to thar 
compa 
bourin! 
Mars a 
youred 
mus, t! 
the plac 
on theit 
and ove 
and ſow 
acmed 

ground, 
of them 
rms on 
except | 


E A 


Cab IEA, a firname of Ceres. —The fe, 
tivals of the Cabiri. Vid. Cabiri. 

CAuURA, a fountain of Meſopotaniz, 
where Juno bathed. 1% n. 31, c. 3 

CaBuRuUs, a chief of the Helvii. Cf 

Caca, a goddeſs among the Roman, 
ſiſter to Cacus, who is ſaid to have diſcg. 
vered to Hercules where her brother hz 
concealed his oxen. She preſided over the 
excrements of the body. The veſtals g. 
fered ſacrifices in her temple. Lada, x, 
e. 20. 

CACKALEs, a river of Phocis. Pai, i 
6. 38. 

Cacus, a famous robber, fon of Vun 
and Meduſa, repreſented as a three-head 
monſter, and as vomiting flames. Hem 
ſided in Italy, and the avenues of his cax 
were covered with human bones. He plus 
dered the neighbouring country; and win 
Hercules returned from the conqueſt of (+ 
ryon, Cacus ſtole ſome of his cows, af 


uren; 4 
0 dittra 


dragged them backwards into his che hey ret 
prevent diſcovery. Hercules departed wit griet an 
out perceiving the theft; but his oxen by ae god's 
ing — were anſwered by the cows u dunes of 
the cave of Cacus, and the hero becamezs unged 
quainted with the loſs he had fultad Egon's 
He ran to the place, attacked (a king of tl 
ſqueezed and ſtrangled him in his at by war; 
though vomiting fire and ſmoke, Hercut the held, 
erected an altar to Jupiter Servator, in con. brals, ace 
memoration of his victory; and an ann et a 
feſtival was inſtituted by the inhabitants he firſt v 
honor of the hero, who had delivered te Gree 
from ſuch a public calamity. Ovis.! alphabet \ 
Faſt. v. $51.—Fir . An. 8, v. 194.—P ug only « 
pert. 4, el. 10.—Juv. 5, v. 125.—Lv.1 21 an 
c. 7.—Dionyſ. Hal. 1, c. g. 2 Alphabet 
CaGcUTHIS, a river of India flowing wich P. 
the Ganges. Arrian. Indic, E Simor 
CACYPARIS, a river of Sicily. * worſh 
Can, a town of Phrygia. Strab.4 4 — 
Of Lydia. Propert. 4, el 6, v. 7 ; «mus, - 
CaDmMta, a citadel of Thebes, built - Greece 
Cadmus. It is generally taken for The 3 t 
itſelf, and the Thebans are often called C . ing to 
means. Stat. Theb. 8, v. 601.— Pau as built ; 
8 Cadmus b. 
CapmEts, an ancient name of Bœotn. alled Cad 
Capmus, ſon of Agenor king of Phe — Whit 
nicia, by Telephaſſa or Agriope, Wi © ok 0 
dered by his father to go in queſt of his "5 2 
ter Europa, whom Jupiter had cm * 7 
away, and he was never to return tor, 42 9, C 
nicia if he did not bring her back. A8 A 
ſearch proved fruitleſs, he conſulted | ed as 


oracle of Apollo, and was ordered wi 
a City where he ſhould ſee a young "5 
ſtop in the graſs, and to call the co 
Bœotia. He found the heifer according 


4 ' - 


— The 


lopotamiz, 
bY 
ui. Caf. 
Roman 
ave diſco- 
"other hat 
ed over the 
veſtals q. 
Lafant, 1, 


Pan. ij 


| of Vulca 
1ree-hcadd 
es. Herb 
of his cax 
He plu 
; and whit 
queſt of & 
Cow, ib 
his cavey 
parted With 
is oxen bus 
the cows Þ 
» became 
zd (ultazd 
»ked (hy 
in his my 
e Here 
ator, in colt 
nd an ann 
nhabitants 0 
elivered the 
7 Ovid. 
194.5 
25.— Len 


a flowing! 


ily. 

* 4 Strab. | 
el 6, V. th 
bes, built 
en for Ti 
en called 0 
o1.— Pau 


ae of Bœotis. 
king of Pi 
jope, was 3 
guet of his k 
r had cafe 
return do Pos 
back. 55) 

conſulted 
ordered to by 
a young 0 


all the cou 


fer accordine, 


C A 
the dire ct ions of the oracle; and as he wiſhed 
to thank the god by a ſacrifice, he ſent his 
companions to fetch water from a neigh- 
bouring grove. The waters were ſacred to 
Mars and guarded by a dragon, which de- 
youred all the Phœnician's attendants. Cad- 
mus, tired of their ſeeming delay, went to 
the place, and ſaw the monſter ſtill feeding 
on their fleſh, He attacked the dragon, 
and overcame it by the aſſiſtance of Minerva, 
and ſowed the teeth in a plain, upon which 
armed men ſuddenly roſe up from the 
ground, He threw a ſtone in the midſt 
of them, and they inſtantly turned their 
rms one againſt the other, till all periſhed 
except five, who aſſiſted him in building 
his city. Soon after he married Hermione 
the daughter of Venus, with whom he 
lived in the greateſt cordiality, and by 
whom he had a ſon, Polydorus, and 
ur daughters, Ino, Agave, Autonoc, 
pnd Semele, Juno perſecuted thoſe chil- 
dren; and their well-known misfortunes 
0 diffracted Cadmus and Hermione, that 
they retired to Illyricum, loaded with 
grict and inhrm with age. They intreated 
ae gods to remove them from the misfor- 
punes of life, and they were immediately 
hanged into ſerpents. Some explain the 
mgon's fable, by ſuppoſing that it was a 
king of the country that Cadmus conquered 
by war; and the armed men riſing from 
the held, is no more than men armed with 
brals, aceording to the ambiguous ſignifica- 
Lun of a Phaenician word. Cadmus was 
thc firſt who introduced the uſe of letters 
into Greece ; but ſome maintain, that the 
alphabet which he brought from Phcenicia, 
was only different from that which was uſed 
by the ancient inhabitants of Greece. This 
alphabet conſiſted only of 16 letters, to 
which Palamedes afterwards added four, 
and Simonides of Melos the ſame number. 
The worſhip of many of the Egyptian and 
enician deities was alſo introduced by 
Cadmus, who is ſuppoſed to have come in- 
to Greece 1493 years before the chriſtian 
era, and to have died 61 years after, Ac- 
cording to thoſe who belie ce tha: Thebes 
Was built at the ſound of Amphion's lyre, 
Cadmus built only a ſmall citadel which he 
alled Cadmea, and laid the foundations of 
Katy which was finiſhed by one of his ſuc- 
8 Ovid. Met. 3, fab. 1, 2, &c.— 
_ 8 C. 49, I. 4 C. 147.—Hygin. 
10 70, 155, Sc. - Diod. 1, &c.— 
% 9, C. 5, &. —Heſiad. Theog. v. 937, 
1 ſon of Pandion of Miletus, cc- 
* Sax an hiſtorian in the age of Crœſus, 
ter d * ene of an account of ſome ci- 
3 ola, in 4 books. He is called the 
un contradiſtinction from another 


C A 


of the ſame name and place who wrote an 
hiſtory of Attica, in 16 books. Died. 1.— 
Dionyſ. Hal. 2. Clement. Alexand, 3.— 
Straub. 1. —Plin. 5, c. 29. A Roman 
executioner, mentioned Horat. 1, Sat. 6, 
v. 39. 

CA DRA, ahill of Afia Minor. Tacit. 
CAbũ cus, a rod entwined at one end by 
two ſerpents, in the form of two equal ſe- 
micircles. It was the attribute of Mercury, 
and had been given him by Apollo in re- 
turn for the lyre. Various interpretations 
have been put upon the two ſerpenis round it. 
Some ſuppoſe them to be a ſymbol of Ju- 
piter's amours with Rhea, when theſe two 
deities transformed themſelves into ſnakes, 
Others ſay, that it originates from Mercu- 
ry's having appeaſed the fury of two ſcr- 
pents that were fighting, by touching them 
with his rod. Prudence is generally ſuppoſed 
to be repreſented by theſe two ſerpents, and 
the wings are the ſymbol of diligence ; both 
neceſſary in the purſuit of buſineſs and 
commerce, which Mercury patronized. 
With it Mercury conducted to the infernal 
regions the ſouls of the dead, and could lull 
to ſleep, and even raiſe to life a dead perſon. 
Virg. Ain. 4, v. 242.— erat. 1, od. 10. 

CADURC1, a people of Gaul. C/. 

CapusCt, a people near the Caſpian ſea. - 
Plat. 

Cabvris, a town of Syiia. 
2, c. 159. 

CA, an iſland of the /Egean ſea among 
the Cyclades, called alſo Ces and Cea, from 
Ceus the ſun of Titan. Ovid. 20, Heroid. 
ig. G. 1, v. 14. 

Cxcias,a wind blowing from the north, 

Cc, the wife of Sylla. Plut. in 
Syl. The mother of Lucullus. Id. in. 
Luc. A daughter of Atticus, 

Ceacilla Cala, or Tanaquil. 
Tanaquil. | 

Cecilia LEX, was propoſed A. U. C. 
693, by Cæcil. Metellus Nepos, to re- 
move taxes from all the Italian ſtates, and 
to give them free exportation. Another 
called alſo Didia, A. U. C. 654, by the 
conſul Q. Cæcilius Metellus, and T. Didius. 
It required that no more than one ſingle 
matter ſhould be propoſed to the people in 
one queſtion, leſt by one word they ſhould 
give their aſſent to a whole bill, which 
might contain clauſes worthy to be approved, 
and others unworthy. It required that every 
law, before it was preferred, ſhould be ex- 
poſed to public view on three market-days. 
Another, enacted by Cæcilius Metel- 
lus the cenſor, concerning fullers. Pin. 
. 25; Another, A. U. C. 70, to 
reſtore to the centors tneir original rights and 
privileges, which nad been leſſened by P. 
L 3 Cledius 


Herodot. 


Vid. 


* — — 


C A 


Elodius the tribune. Another called alſo 
Gabinia, A. U. C. 685, againſt uſury. 

Cxcitianvs, a Latin writer before the 
age of Cicero, | 

C.xciLir, a plebeian family at Rome, 
deſcended from Cæcas, one of the compa- 
nions of Anecas, or from Cæculus the fon 
of Vulcan, who built Præneſte. This fa- 
mily gave birth to many illuſtrious gene- 
rals and patriots. 

Ceclurus CLavprus Is1DoRUs, a 
man who left in his will to his heirs, 4116 
flaves, 3600 yokes of oxen, 257,000 ſmall 
cattle, 600,000 pounds of filver. Pin. 33, 
c. 10. Epirus, a freedman of Atticus, 
who opened a ſchool at Rome, and is ſaid 
to have firſt taught reading to Virgil and 
ſome other growing poets. A Sicilian 
orator in the age of Auguſtus, who wrote 
on the Servile wars, a compariton between 
Demoſthenes and Cicero, and an account 
of the orations of Demoſthenes. Me- 
tellus. Vid. Metellus, Statius, a co- 
mic poet, whom Cicero ad Attic. calls Ma- 
lum Latinitatis autdorem, Above zo of his 
comedies are mentioned by ancient hiſtori- 
ans, among which are his Nauclerus, Pho- 
eius, Epiclerus, Syracuſe, Fœncrator, Fal- 
lacia, Pauhmachus, &c. He was a na— 
tive of Gaul, and died at Rome 168 B. C. 
and was buried in the Janiculum. Horat. 
2, ep. 1. 

Cæci NA Tus cus, a ſon of Nero's nurſe, 
made governor of Egypt. Suet. in Ver. 
———-A Roman who wrote ſome phyſical 
treatiſes. A citizen of Volaterrz de- 
fended by Cicero. 

Cxacunum, a town of Campania in 
Italy, famous for the excellence and plenty 
of its wines. Strab, 5. —tlorat. I, od. 20. 
I. 2, ed. 14, Kc. 

CxcUuLvus, a ſon of Vulcan, conceived, 
as ſome ſay, by his mother, when a ſpark 
of fire fell into her boſom. He was called 
Cæculus, becauſe his eyes were ſmall. Af- 
tera life ſpent in plundering and rapine, he 
built Przncfte ; but being unable to find 
inkabitants, he implored Vulcan to ſhew 
whether he really was his father. Upon 
this a flame ſuddenly ſhune among a multi- 
tude who were aſſembled to ſee ſome ſpec- 
tacle, and they were immediately per- 
ſuaded to become the ſubjects of Cæculus. 
Virg. An. 7, v. 680, ſays, that he was 
found in fire by ſhepherds, and on that ac- 
enunt called ſon of Vulcan, who is the god 
of fire. 

Q.Cznicrvs, a conſul, A. U. C. 496. 
Another, A. U. C. 463. A mili- 
tary tribune in Sicily, who bravely de- 
voted himfelf to reſeue the Roman army 
from the Carthaginians, B. C. 254. He 
eſcaped with his life, ——A rich perſon, 


C 2 


| &c. Virg. Eu. 9, V. 362.— A friend of ealled 
Turnus. Vrg. An. 10, v. 747. again! 
C=zLt1ia Lex, was enacted A. U. ( and v 
635, by Czlius, a tribune. It ordained, tha wood, 
in judicial proceedings before the people, i 12, v. 
caſes of treaſon, the votes ſhould be given upon ſays, t 
tablets contrary to the exception of the form. 
Caſhan law. Q.5 
C#c.rvus, an orator, diſciple to Cicerg A. U. 
He died very young. Cicero defended hin plunde! 
when he was accnſed by Clodius of being was put 
acceſſary to Catiline's conſpiracy, and d ten. 32 
having murdered ſome ambaſſadors from _ 
er, 


Alexandria, and carried on an illicit amor 
with Clodia the wife of Metellus. 0% Cer 


pro M. Cel.—Quintil. 10, c. 1. A mn A river 
of Tarracina, found murdered in his be Cer 
His ſons were ſuſpected of the murder, hy Etruria, 
acquitted. Pal. Max. 8, c. t. aur. try. It 
anus, a writer about 300 years after Chr, When A 
the beſt edition of whoſe works is that of Al king o. 
melovcen, Amit. 1722 & 1755. L. u. Cærites; 
tipater, wrote an hiſtory of Rome, which afiſted 1 
M. Brutus epitomized, and which Adi received 
preferred to the hiſtories of Salluſt. Czliy mans wh 
foriſhed 120 years B. C. Val. Max. 1, the city 
7,—(ic. 13. ad Attic, ep. 8 Tubero, 1 this hun 
man who came to life after he had ba Rome, b 
carried to the burning pile. Plin. 7. c. whence ( 
Vibenus, a king of Etruria, who aſi who had 
Romulus againſt the Cæninenſes, &c— priated a 
Sabinus, a writer in the age of Veſpa, 8 & 10.— 
who compoſed a treatiſe on the edicts d Czre 
the curule ediles, One of the ſeven hili Cd! 
on which Rome was built. Romulus fur family at 
rounded it with a ditch and rampart, and it <4 an 4 
was incloſed by walls by the ſucceeding Wk e Pur 
kings. It received its name from Cælus with a thi 
who aſſiſted Romulus againſt the Sabines. — bee 
CAMARO, a Greek, who wrote an &. lar, an 
count of India. : 3 
Czxr, a [mall iſland in the Sicilian ſa of the Ro, 
A town on the coaſt of Laconia, when p oman en 
Jupiter is called Cænius. Plin. 4, c. 5 hs of 
Ovid. Met. 9, v. 136. wks, ord 
Czvtrs, one of the Argonauts. Ap rg C. 
lod. 1, c. 9. A Trojan killed by Turus rad 
Virg. — 
C £x1DEs, a patronymic of Fetion, as Ba ai 
ſcended from Cæneus. Herodot. 5, c. 92. of C: * 
Cevi, a town of Latium near Ron n * ſe 
The inhabitants, called Cæninenſen, mic the ode? 
war againſt the Romans when their virgin * a 
had been ſtolen away. Ovid. Faft. 2, v. 137 0. — W. 
Propert. 4, cl. 11, v. 9. Liv. 1, c. 9. an; acters, 
Cxn1s, a promontory of Italy, oppoſite 13 
to Pelorus in Sicily, a diſtance of about 0 the * ra 
mile and a halt. | r te 
Cxn1s, a Theſſalian woman, daught the f ng 1 
of Elatus, who, being forcibly raviſhed b bs © of 
Neptune, obtained from the god the pow wa poor h 
to change her ſex, and to become invulne be # K nga 
0 


rable, She allo changed her name, * 


id of 


47 
, that 
le, in 
upon 
| the 


1cerg, 
d hin 
being 
nd & 
; from 
Amour 

Orat 
A mn 
is bet. 
er, bit 
Aurel. 
Chrik, 
* of Al. 
L.. 

which 
Adria 
Czliu 
x. 15 0 
thero, 1 
ad ba 


. e. 
o aſifd 
& 0 
eſpanty 
edicts 8 
ven hill 
nus fur- 
t, and 
cceeding 
 Cxlw 
abines. 
de an & 


cilian ſa 
a, when 


by C. bs 


8. Ap 
y Turus 


ion, as & 
57 E. 92 
ear Rome. 
'ſes, m 
eir virgin 
25 V+ 137 


the powe 
ne invulne 
ne, and u. 

Calle 


C X 


ealled Cæneut. In the wars of the Lapithæ 
againſt the Centaurs, ſhe offended Jupiter, 
and was overwhelmed with a huge pile of 
wood, and changed into a bird. Ovid. Met. 
12, v. 172 K 479. Virg. An. 6, v. 448, 
ſays, that ſhe returned again to her priit ine 
form. 

Q. Servitivs Cr to, a Roman conſul, 
A. U. C. 646, in the Cimbrian war. He 
plundered a temple at Toloſſa, for which he 
was puniſhed by divine vengeance, &. Juſ- 
tin. 32, c. 3 —Paterc. 2, c. 12. A 
quæſtor who oppoicd Saturninus. Cic. ad 
Her. 

CHAT us, a town of Crete, Serab. 
A river. 

CRE, C=rEs, or AGYLLA, a city of 
Etruria, once the capital of the whole coun- 
try. It was in being in the age of Strabo. 
When ZEncas came to Italy, Mezentius was 
king over the inhabitants called Ceretes or 
Czrites; but they baniſhed their prince, and 
aſſiſted the Trojans. The people of Czre 
received with all poſhble hoſpitality the Ro- 
mans who fied with the fire of Veſta, when 
the city was beſieged by the Gauts, and for 
this humanity they were made citizens of 
Rome, but without the privilege of voting; 
whence Carites tabulæ was applied to thoſe 
who had no ſuffrage, and Cerites cera appro- 
priated as a mark of contempt. FVirg. An. 
8 & 10.—Liv. 1, c. 2,—Strab. 5. 

Cznes1, a peopie of Germany. Cz/. 

CxsaR, a ſitname given to the e 
family at Rome, either becauſe one of them 
kept an elephant, which bears the ſame name 
in the Punic tongue, or becauſe one was born 
with a thick head of hair. This name, after 
it had been dignified in the perſon of Julius 
Czſar, and of his ſucceſſors, was given to 
the apparent heir of the empire, in the age 
of the Roman emperors, The twelve firſt 
Roman emperors were diſtinguiſhed by the 
ſirname of Ceſar. They reigned in the fol- 
lowing order: 22 Cæſar, Auguſtus, Ti- 
berius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero, Galba, 

Otho, Vitellius, Veſpaſian, Titus, and Do- 
mitian, In Domitian, or rather in Nero, 
the family of Julius Czſar was extinguiſhed. 
But after ſuch a lapſe of time, the appellation 
of Cæſar ſeemed inſeparable from the impe- 
ral dignity, and therefore it was aſſumed by 
the ſucceſſors of the Julian family. Sueto- 
mus has written an account of theſe twelve 
characters, in an extenſive and impartial man- 
ner. C. Julius Cæſar, the firſt emperor of 
Rome, was ſon of L. Cæſar and Aurelia 
the daughter of Cotta. He was deſcended, 
according to ſome accounts, from Julus 
the ſon of Eneas. When he reached his 
I5tn year he loſt his father, and the year 
after he was made prieft of Jupiter. Sylla 
was aware of his ambition, and endeavoured 


| 


( 


E K 


to remove him; but Cæſar underſtood his in- 
tentions, and, to avoid diſcovery, changed 
every = his lodgings. He was received into 
Sylla's friendſhip ſome time after ; and the 
dictator told thoſe who ſolicited the advance- 
ment of young Cæſar, that they were warm 
in the intereſt of a man who would prove 
ſome day or other the ruin of their country 
and of their liberty, When Cæſar went ta 
finiſh his ſtudies at Rhodes, under Appollo- 
nius Molo, he was ſeized by pirates, who 
offered him his liberty for 3o talents. He 
gave them 40, and threatened to revenge 
their inſults; and he no ſooner was out 
of their power, than he armed a ſhip, purſued 
them, and crucified them all. His eloquence 
procured him friends at Rome; and the gene- 
rous manner in which he lived, equally ſerved 
to promote his intereſt, He obtained the of - 
fice of high prieſt at the death of Metellus; 
and after he had paſſed thro' the inferior em- 
ployments of the ſtate, he was appointed 
over Spain, where he ſignalized himſelf by 
his valor and intrigues. At his return ta 
Rome, he was made conſul, and ſoon after 
he effected a reconciliation between Craſſus 
and Pompey. He was appointed for the 
ſpace of five years over the Gauls, by the 
intereſt of Pompey, to whom he had given 
his daughter Julia in marriage. Here he 
enlarged the boundaries of the Roman em- 
pire by conqueſt, and invaded Britain, whicn 
was then unknown to the Roman people. 
He checked the Germans, and ſoon after 
had his government over Gaul prolonged to 
five other years, by means of his friends at 
Rome. The death of Julia and of Craſſus, the 
corrupted ſtate of the Roman ſenate, and 
the ambition of Cæſar and Pompey, ſoon be- 
came the cauſes of a civil war. Neither of 
theſe celebrated Romans would ſulfer a ſu- 
perior, and the ſmalleſt matters were ſuf- 
ficient ground for unſheathing the ſword. 
Czſar's petitions were received with cold- 
neſs or indifference by the Roman ſenate ; 
and, by the influence of Pompey, a decree 
was paſſed to ſtrip him of his power. An- 
tony, who oppoſed it as tribune, fled to 
Czſar's camp with the news; and the am- 
bitious general no ſooner heard this, than he 
made it a plea of reſiſtance. On pretence 
of avenging the violence which had been 
offered to the ſacred office of tribune in the 
perſon of Antony, he croſſed the Rubicon, 
which was the boundary of his province. 
The paſſage of the Rubicon was a declara- 
tion of war, and Cæſar entered Italy ſword 
in hand. Upon this, Pompey, with all the 
friends of liberty, left Rome, and retired to 
Dyrrachium; and Cæſar, after he had ſub» 
dued all Italy, in 60 days, entered Rome, and 
provided himſelf with money from the pub- 
lic treaſury, He went to Spain, where he 

L4 conquered 


- 


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— ” N — — 
i — x ceo 7 
— — 
— — — ww. F CW 
2 * — 
1 


— —— 
— 


— — — — 


C A 


conquered the partizans of Pompey, under 
Petreius, Afranius, and Varro; and, at his 
return to Rome, was declared dictator, and 
ſoon after conſul. When he left Rome, he 
went in queſt of Pompey, obſerving that 
he was marching againſt a general without 
troops, after having defeated troops with- 
out a general in Spain. In the plains of 
Pharſalia, B. C. 48, the two hoſtile gene- 
rals engaged. Pompey was conquered, and 
fled into Egypt, where he was murdered. 
Czſar, after he had made a noble uſe of 
victory, purſued his adverſary into Egypt, 
where he ſometimes forgot his fame and 
character in the arms of Cleopatra, by whom 
he had a ſon. His danger was great while 
at Alexandria; but he extricated himſelf 
with wonderful ſucceſs, and made Egypt 
tributary to his power. Afffter ſeveral] con- 
queſts in Africa, the defeat of Cato, Scipio, 
and ſuba, and that of Pompey's ſons in 
Spain, he entered Rome, and triumphed 
over five different nations, Gaul, Alexan- 
dria, Pontus, Africa, and Spain, and was 
created perpetual dictator, But now his glory 
was at an end, his uncommon ſucceſs created 
nim enemies, and the chiefeſt of the ſenators, 
among whom was Brutus his moſt intimate 
friend, conſpired againit him, and ſtabbed 
him in the ſenate-houſe on the ides of 
March. He died, pierced with 23 wounds, 
the 15th of March, B. C. 44, in the 56th 
year of his age. Caſca gave him the firſt 
blow, and immediately he attempted to 
make ſome reſiſtance; but when he ſaw 
Brutus among the conſpirators, he ſubmitted 
te his fate, and fell down at their feet, muffl- 
ing up his mantle, and exclaiming, Tu 
quoque Brute Cæſar might have eſcaped the 
ſword of the conſpirators, if he had liſten- 
ed to the advice of his wife, whoſe dreams, 
en the night previous to the day of his mur- 
der, were alarming. He alſo received, as he 
went to the ſenate-houſe, a paper from Ar- 
temidorus, which diſcovered the whole con- 
ſpiracy to him ; but he neglected the reading 
ot what might have ſaved his life, When 
he was in his firſt campaign in Spain, he 
was obſerved to gaze at a ſtatue of Alexander, 
and even he ſhed tears at the recollection that 
that hero had conquered the world at an age 
in which he himſelf had done nothing. The 
learning of Cæſar deſerves commendation, as 
well as his military character, He reformed 
the calendar. He wrote his commentaries on 
the Gallic wars, on the ſpot where he fought 
his battles; and the compoſition has been 
admired for the elegance as well as the cor- 
rectneſs of its ſtyle. This valuable Look was 
nearly loſt; and when Cæſar ſaved his life 
in the bay of Alexandria, he was obliged to 
ſwim from his ſhip, with his arms in one 
hand, and his commentaries in the other. 


E A 


Beſides the Gallic and Civil wars, he wrote 
other pieces, which are now loſt. The hif. 
tory of the war in Alexandria and Spain, is 
attributed to him by ſome, and by others to 
Hirtius. Cæſar has been blamed for his de- 
baucheries and expences; and the firſt year 
he had a public office, his debts were rated 
at $30 talents, which his friends diſcharged: 
yet, in his public character, he muſt he 
reckoned one of the few heroes that rarely 
make their appearance among mankind, 
His qualities were ſuch that in every battle 
he could not be but conqueror, and in every 
republic, maſter; and to his ſenſe of his ſu- 
periority over the reſt of the world, or to 
his ambition, we are to attribute his ſaying, 
that he wiſhed rather to be firſt in a little 
village, than ſecond at Rome. It was after 
his conqueſt over Pharnaces in one day, 
that he made uſe of theſe remarkable words, 
to expreſs the celerity of his operations; 
Veni, vidi, vici. Conſcious of the ſervices 
of a man who, in the intervals of peace, 
beautified and enriched the capital of ti 
country with public buildings, libraries, 
and porticos, the ſenate permitted the dicha- 
tor to wear a laurel crown on his bad 
head; and it is ſaid, that, to reward his te- 
nevolence, they were going to give him ge 
title or authority of king all over the Romy 
empire, except Italy, when he was murder, 
In his piivate character, Cæſar has been 
cuſed of ſeducing one of the veſtal virgins, 
and ſuſpected of being privy to Catiline's 
conſpiracy ; and it was his fondneſs for di- 
ſipate pleaſures which made his countrymen 
ſay, that he was the huſband of al! the wo- 
men at Rome, and the woman of all men. 
It is ſaid that he conquered 300 nations, took 
800 citics, and defeated three millions ot 
men, one of which fell in the field of batte. 
Plin, 7, c. 25. ſays, that he couid employ 
at the ſame time, his ears to liſten, his eyes 
to read, his hand to write, and his mind to 
diftate, His death was preceded, as many 
authors mention, by uncommon prodigies; 
and immediately after his death, a large 
comet made its appearance. The bel 
editions of Cæſar's commentaries, are the 
magnificent one by Dr. Clarke, fol. Lond. 
1712; that of Cambridge, with a Greek 
tranſlation, 4to. 1727; that of Ouden- 
dorp. 2 vols. 4to. L. Bat. 1737; and that 
of Elzevir, $vo. L. Bat. 1635. Sueton. 8 
Plut. in vitd.— Dio.— Appian.—Orofius— 
Died. 16 & ecl. 31 & 37.—Firg. G. I, . 
466.—Ovid. Met. 15, v. 782.— Marcell. 
Flor. 3 & 4. Lucius, was father to the 
dictator. He died ſuddenly, when putting 
on his ſhoes, Odctaviinus. Vid. Auguſt. 
Caius, a tragic poet and orator, * 
mended by Cic, in Brut, His brother 


Lucius was conſul, and followed, as well as 
himſelf, 


him ſe] 
both p 
Lucius 
lowed 
ſcribed 
ſcribed 
fon Lui 
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Cs. 
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CzsA 
Cleopati 
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ried Caligi 
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from Italy | 
ſip with £ 
71. 
Cer ür 
Cadãce 
3 Co 24. 
Caicix 
C. I02, 
Caicys, 
1. I, v. 
Myſia, falli 
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"A 243. 
Caitra, 
bour of Can 
rom Caieta 
uried there. 
Carus & 
Mon at Rom 
tural poſition 


When reverſe 


1 c. 7, 


C A 


himſelf, the party of Sylla. They were 
both put to death by order of Marius. 
Lucius, an uncle of M. Antony, who fol- 
lowed the intereſt of Pompey, and was pro- 
ſcribed by Auguſtus, for which Antony pro- 
{cribed Cicero, the friend of Auguſtus His 
ſon Lucius was put to death by J. Czfar, in 
his youth, Two ſons of Agrippa bore 
alſo the name of Czſars, Caius, and Lucius. 
Vid. Agrippa. Auguſta, a town of Spain, 
built by Auguſtus, on the Iberus. 

Cx$SAREA, a city of Cappadocia,—of 
Bithynia,—of Mauritania, —of Paleſtine. 
There are many ſmall inſignificant towns 
of that name, either built by the emperors, 
or called by their name, in compliment to 
them. 

CsSsARION, the ſon of J. Ceſar, by queen 
Cleopatra, was, at the age of 13, proclaimed 
by Antony and his mother, king of Cy- 
prus, Egypt, and Cœloſyria. He was put to 
death five years after by Auguſtus. Swet.' 
in Aug. 17, & Caf. 52. 

Czstnnius PaTus, a general ſent by 
Nero to Armenia, &c. Tacit. 15, Ann. G, 
& 25. 

CE&SETIUS, a Roman who protected his 
children againſt Ceſar. Val. Max. 5, c. 7. 

C&SIA, a firname of Minerva. A 
wood in Germany. Tacit. 1, lun. c. 50. 

Castus, a Latin poet, whole talents 
were not of uncommon brilliancy. Catul/. 14. 
——A Lyric and Heroic poet in the reign 
of Nero. Perfius. ; 

Cz50, a fon of Q. Cincinnnatus, who 
revoited to the Volſci. 

Czx50x1A, a laſcivious woman who mar- 
ned Caligula, and was murdered at the ſame 
time with her daughter Julia. Suet. in Ca- 
Ig. c. 59. 

Czsonrus Maximus, was baniſhed 
from Italy by Nero, on account of his ſriend- 
laip with Seneca, &c. Tacit. 15, Ann. c. 
7t. ' 

CrTtL uM, a town of Spain. 


mind do 


as many Strab. 2. 


odigies; Cacaco, a fountain of Laconia. Pau. 
, a large 3 e. 24. 
he beſt Caicixus, a river of Locris. Thucyd. 3, 
, are the e. 103. 
1. Lond. Caicus, a companion of Eneas. Virg. 
a Greek AZ". 1, v. 187. 1. 9, v. 35. A river of 
Ouden- Myſia, falliag into the Egean ſea, oppoſite 
and that Leſbos. V/ irg. G. 4, v. 370. — Cid. Met. 
vue ton. S * v. 243. 
Oroſius.— CAIETA, a town, promontory, and har- 
G. 1, *. bour of Campania, which received its name 
Marcell. from Caieta, the nurſe of Ancas, who was 
her to the uried there. Virg. An. 7, v. 1. 
en putting us & Cl, a præenemen very com- 
Auguſtus. I men at Rome to both ſexes. C, in its na- 
tor, com- tural poſition, denoted the man's name, and 
xrother When reverſed O it implied Cala. Quintt, 
as well 35 Wh c. 7. 
himſelf, 


C A 


Carus, a ſon of Agrippa by Julia. Vd. 
Agrippa. 

Q.CALABER, wrote a Greek poem in 14 
books, as a continuation of Homer's Iliad, 
about the beginning of the third century. 
The beſt editions of this elegant and well 
written book, are, that of Rhodoman, 
12mo. Hanover, 1604, with the notes of 
Dauſqueius, and that of Pauw, 8vo. L. Bat. 
1734. 

CALABRIA, a country of Italy in Magna 
Grecia. It has been called Meſſapia, Japy- 
gia, Salentinia, and Peucetia. The poet 
Ennius was born there. The country was 
tertile, and produced a variety of fruits, 
much cattle, and excellent honey. Pirg. 
G. 3, V.425.—Horat, 1, od. 31. Bod, I, v. 
27. I. 1, ep. 7, v. 14.—Strab. 6.— Mela. 2, 
c. 4 —Plin. 8, c. 48. 

CALABRUS, a river of Calabria. Pauſ. 6. 

CALAGURRITANI, a people of Spain, 
who ate their wives and children, rather 
than yield to Pompey. Val. Max. 7, c. 6: 

CALAls & ZETAais. Vid. Zethes. 

CALacUTls, a river of Spain. For. 3, 
E. . 

CALAmis, an excellent carver. Propert. 
3, el. 9, v. 10. 

CALAMISA, a place of Samos. 
dot. g. | 

CALAMos, a town of Aſia, near mount 
Libanus. Plin. 5, c. 20. A town of 
Phœnicia. Another of Babylonia. 

CALAMus, a lon of the river Meander, 
who was tenderly attached to Carpo, &c. 
Pauſ. Oy C. 35. 

CalANus, a celebrated Indian philoſo- 
pher, one of the gymnoſophiſts. He fol- 
lowed Alexander in his Indian expedition, 
and being ſick, in his 83d year, he ordered 
a pile to be raiſed, upon which he mounted, 
decked with flowers and garlands, to the 
altonithment of the King and of the army, 
When the pile was fired, Alexander aſked 
him whether he had any thing to ſay: “ No,“ 
ſaid he, “ I ſhall meet you again in a very 
ſhort time.” Alexander died three months 
after in Babylon. Strab. 15.—Gic. de Div. 
I, c. 23.—-Arrian & Plut. in Alex. lian. 
2, c. 41. |. 5, c. 6, —Pal. Max. 1, c. 8. 

CALAON, a river of Aſia, near Colo- 
phon. Pauſ. 7, c. 3. | | 

CALARIs, a city of Sardinia. Flor. 2, 
c. 6. | 

CALATHANA, a town of Macedonia. 
Liv. 32, c. 13. | 

CALATHION, a mountain of Lacaadia. 
Pauſ. 3, c. 26. 

CALATHUS, a ſon of Jupiter and An- 
tiope. 

CALATES, a town of Thrace near To- 
mus. 


Hers- 


— 


CALATIA, a town of Campia, on the 
| Appian 


- 
—  —  —_— 


— 
r — 


as 
©.  w — 


EN 


Appian way. It was made a Roman colony 
in the age of Julius Cæſar. SJ. 8, v. 543. 
CALATIX, a people of India, who eat 
the fleſh of their parents. Herodot. 3, Cc. 
8. 
8 CALAv1s, a people of Campania. Liv. 
26, c. 27. 

CaLavius, a magiſtrate of Capua, who 
reſcued ſome Roman ſenators from death, 
Se, Lit, 3%, C23% 2. 

CAaLaukta& CALAURIAzanifland near 
Troezene in the bay of Argos. Apollo, and 
afterwards Neptune, was the chief deity of 
the place The tomb of Demoſthenes was 
ſeen there, who puiſoned him ſelf to fly from 
the perſecutions of Antipater. Ovid, Met. 
7, v. 384.— auf. 75 C. 8, &c.—Strab. 8.— 
Mela. 2, c. 7. 

CALB1s, a river of Caria. Mela. 1, c. 
16. 

Car cr, a city of Campania. Strab. 5. 

CALCHaAs, a celebrated ſoothſayer, ſon of 
Theſtor. He accompanied the Grecks to 
Troy, in the office of high prieſt; and he 
informed them, that that city could not be 
taken without the aid of Achilles, that their 
fect could not fail from Aul's before Iphi- 
genia was facriticed to Diana, and that the 
plague could not be ſtopped in the Grecian 
army, before the reſtoration of Ciuyſeis to 
her father. He told them alſo, that Troy 
could not be taken before ten years ſiege. 
He had received the power of divination 
from Apolio. Calchas was informed, that 
as ſoon as he found a man more {killed than 
himlclf in divination, he mutt periſh; and 
this happened near Colophon, after the 
Trojan war. He was unable to tell how 
many hgs were in the branches of a certain 
fig-tree; and-when Mopſus mentioned the 
exact number, Calchas died through grief. 
[ Vid. Mopſus ] Homer. II. 1, &c.—A ſ- 
ehyl. in Agam,—Euripid. in Iphig.— Pa. 
1, c. 43. 

CalLcurponta. Vid. Chalcedon. 

CALCHINIA, a daughter of Leucippus. 
She had a ſon by Neptune, who inherited 
his grandfather's Kingdom of Sicyon. Pauſ 
6% C. 6. 

Calovs CaL1vs, a Roman who killed 
himſelf when detained by the Germans. 
Patere. 2, c. 120. 

CaLe, (es,) CALESs, (ium,) & CALt- 
NUM, a town of Campania. Morat. 4, od. 

12.— Ju. I, V. 69.— L,. 8, v. 41 3.—Pirg. 
nu. 7, v. 728. 

CALEDONIA, a country at the north of 
Yritain, now called Scotland. The reddiſh 
hair and lofty ſtature of its inhabitants 
ſeemed to denounce a German extraction, 
according to Tacit. in vita Agric. It was 
ſo little known to the Romans, and its in- 


E A 


it Britannia Bavbara, and they never pene. 
trated into the country either for curioſi 
or conqueſt. Martial. 10, ep. 44.—Sil, 3, 
v. 598. 
CALENTUM, a place of Spain, where 
it is ſaid they made bricks ſo light that th 
ſwam on the ſurface of the water. Plin, 35, 
c. 14. 
CaLEnvs, a famous ſoothſayer of Etru. 
ria, in the age of Tarquin. Plin. 28, c. 2. 
—— A heutenant of Cæſar's army. Affer 
Cæſar's murder, he concealed ſome that had 
been proſcribed by the triumvirs, and be. 
haved with great honor to them, Pt. 1 
Caf. 

CaLrs, Vid. Cale. A city of Eithy. 
nia on the Euxine. Arrian. 

Cattstus, a charioteer of Axylus, killed 
by Diomedes in the Trojan war. Home, 
Il. 16, v. 16. ? 

CALETAX, a people of Belgie Gaul. (|, 
bell. G. 2, c. 4. Their town is called C.. 
letum. 

CALETOR, a Trojan prince, ſlain by Ajar 
as he was going to ſet fire to the ſhip af 
Protefilaus. Homer. II. 15, v. 419. 

CALEx, a river of Aſia Minor, falling 
into the Euxine fea. Thucyd. 4, c. 75. 

CALI1ADNE, the wife of Ægyptus. Apalu 
2 C. 1. 

CaLrtrctnr, a people of Macedonia, 

M. CaLrnrvs, an orater' and prema 
who died in the civil wars, &c. Ce bel. 
(vhs © . L. Julius, a man remark- 
able for his riches, the excellency of his cha- 
racer, his learning and poetical abilities. He 
was proſcribed by Volumnius, but delivered 
by Atticus. C. Nep. in Attic. 12. 

C. CLI, the emperor, received this 
ſirname from his wearing in the camp, tht 
Caliga, a military covering for the leg. He 
was fon of Germanicus bv Agrippina, and 
grandſon to Tiberius. During the hr 3 
months of his reign, Rome expected univer: 
ſal proſperity, the exiles were recalled, tax 
were r-mitted, and profligates diſmiſſed; by 


ke n 
off. 
palac 
horle 
kept 
the n 
Rom: 
built: 
ſea; a 
more 
his ſer 
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cruelti 
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the Re 
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29th y 
ten mc 
that C: 
but his 
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Homer 
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Car) 
12 3 
CaL1 
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6, c. 11 
CALS 
Pilut. [nt 
CALL 
6, Faſt, 1 
CAL. 
17. — 0 


1d. 7 wu 


eCare, 


Gt. 7, c. 


Carr 
CaLlLt 
CaLLy 


4 27. 


Carte 


when Xer; 
C. 5 [ . 


Calis 


peace bety 


Caligula ſoon became proud, wanton, 2 1 
cruel, He built a temple to himſelf, ant dere his | 
ordered his head to be placed on the image brothers 

of the gods, while he wiſhed to imitate 1: WF poet, fn of 
thunders and power of Jupiter. The i. are lutt. JI 
tues of all great men were removed, 3! his ty iſt in 


Rome would ſooner forget her virtues in their ny. J 


abſence; and the emperor appeared in pub Sy racuſe 
lic places in the moſt indecent manner, ©” Sicilian wa 
couraged roguery, committed inceſt with fue Agathocles 

three ſiſters, and eſtabliſhed public pony in a favorat 
proſtitution, He often amuſed himſelf wn m—An At 
putting innocent people to death; he * Patriot iſm. 
tempted to famiſh Rome, by a monopoly ; Wer. A 
corn; and as he was pleaſed with the greate ficet againſt 


diſaſters which befeſl his ſubjects, 297 tr -A rich 


Habitauts ſo little civilized, that they called | 


d, that 


| withed the Romans had but one head, om priſon, 


unter- 
cd, tar 
ed; bi 
don, aſs 
ſelf, 3% 
ze image 
nitate ble 
The fla. 
ved, 3 it 
ies in (hell 
ed in pub 
inner, cn 
it with ms 
c places o 
mſelf with 
th; be 4 
.onoP0ly * 
the greadel 
6, he often 


5 head, tit 


E A ; 


ke might have the gratification to ſtrike it 
off. Wild beaſts were conſtantly fed in his 
palace with human victims, and a favorite 
horſe was made high-prieft and conſul, and 
kept in marble apartments, and adorned with 
the moſt va'uable trappings and pearls the 
Roman empire could turniſh. Caligula 
built a bridge upwards of three miles in rhe 
ſea ; and would perhaps have ſhuwn himſcl! 
more tyrannical, had not Chereas, one ot 
his ſervants, formed a con. piracy againſt m. 
life, with others equally tired with rhe 
eruclties and the inſults that were offered 
with impunity to the perſons and teclings of 
the Romans. In conſequence of this, the 
tyrant was murder d Januaiy 24th, in his 
29th year, after a ieign of three years and 
ten months, A. D. 41. It has been ſaid, 
that Caligula wrote a treatiie on rhetoric ; 
but his love of learning is better underſtood 
from his attempts to deftroy the Writing of 
Homer and of Virgil. Dis.—Swto invite. 
— Tarit. un. 

CaLtevs, a mathematician of Cyzicus, 
B. C. 330. 

Calis, a man in Alexander's arme, tor- 
tured tor conſpiring againſt the King. Cure. 
„ e. Ir. 

CalLLASCHRUS, the father of Critias. 
Plut. in Alcib, 

CALLaAici, a people of Luſitania. Ovid. 
6, Faſt, V. 451. 

CAaLras, a general of Alexander. Dicd. 

7. — Of Caſſander againſt Polyperchon. 
1d. 19 A river of Eubeœsa. 

CALLATEBUS, a town of Cari. 
dot. 7, c. 32. 

CALLETERIA, a town of Campania, 

CaLLEvt, a people of Campania. 

CALL1A, a town of Arcadia. Pau. 8, 
e. 27. 

CAaLLIAprs, a magiſtrate of Athens 
when Xerxes invaded Greece. Herodet. 8, 
e. 51. : 

CaLL1as,an Athenian appointed to make 
peace between Artaxerxes and his country. 
Died, 12. A ſon of Temenus, who mur- 
dered his father, with the aſſiſtance of his 
brothers. polled. 2, c. 6. A Greek 
poet, ſun of Lyſimachus. His compoſitions 
are loſt. He was ſirnamed Schœnion, from 
his twiſting ropes, (@x«wv>-,) through po- 
verty. Athen. 10. A partial hiſtorian 
o Syracuſe, He wrote an account of the 
vicilian wars, and was well rewarded by 
Agathocles, becauſe he had ſhown him 
in a favorable view. Athen. I2.—Dionyſ. 
— 3 greatly revered for his 
patriotiſm, Herodot. 6, c. 121. A ſooth- 
layer ——An Athenian, commander of a 
fleet againſt Philip, whoſe ſhips he took, 

©—A rich Athenian, who liberated Cimon 
rom priſon, on condition of marrying his 


Hero- 


C A 
ſiſter and wife Elpinice. C. Nep. & Put. 


in Cim. A niſtorian, who wrote an ex- 
planation of the poems of Alcæus and Sap- 
pho. 

CALL1B1vUs, a general in the war be- 
tween- Mantinca and Sparta, Nenoph. Hiſt. 
G. 

CaLLIctRUs, a Greck poet, ſome of 
whoſe epigrams are preſerved in the Antho- 
la. 

CALLICHSRUS, a place of Phocis, where 
the orgies of Bacchus were yeaily celebrated. 

CALLICLEs, an Athenian, whoſe houſe 
was not icarched on account of his recent 
marriage, when an enquiry was made after 
the money given by Harpalus, &c. Plut. in- 
Dem:/th. A ttatuarv of Megara. 

CALL1CcoLodNA, a place of Troy, near 
the Simois. 

Car.t1CRATES, an Athenian, who ſeized 
upon the ſovereignty of Syracuſe, by im- 
poling upon Dion when he had loft his po- 
pularity. He was expelled by the ſons of 
Dionyſus, after reigning 13 months. He 
1s called Callippus by ſome authors. C. Nep. 
in Dion. An officer entruſtedwith the care 
of the treaſures of Suſa by Alexander, Curt. 
„ An artiſt, wo made, with 
wory, ants and other inſects, fo ſmall that 
they could ſcarcely be feen. It is ſaid thut 
ne engraved ſome of Homer's verſes upon a 
grain of millet. Pin. 7, c. 21.—@lan. 
. H. e. 19 An Achæan, who, by 
his perhdy, conſtrained the Athenians to 
ſubmit to Rome. Parſ. 7, c. 10. A 
Syrian, who wrote an account of Aurelian's 
life. A brave Athenian killed at the 
battle of Platæa. Hero let. 9, c. 72. 

CALLICRATIDAS, a Spartan, who ſuc- 
ceeded Lyfander in the command of the 
fleet. He took Methymna, and routed the 
Athenian fleet under Conon. He was de- 
feated and killed near the Arginuſæ, in a 
naval battle, B. C. 406. Dir. 13.— e- 
no p. Hiſt. G. One of the four ambaſſa- 
dors ſent by the Lacedæmonians to Darius, 
upon the rupture of their alliance with Alex- 
ander. Curt. 3, c. 13. A Pythagorcan 
writer, 

CALL1D1USsS, a celebrated Roman orator, 
contemporary with Cicero. Cic. in Brut. 
274.—Paterc. 2, c. 36. | 

CALLIDRGMUYS, a place near Thermo- 
pylæ. Thucy.:. 8, c. 6. 

CALLIGETUS, a man of Megara, re- 
ceived in his baniſhment by Pharnubazus. 
Dhucyd. 8, c. 6. 

CALLIMACHUS, an hiſtorian and poet of 
Cyrene, ſon of Battus and Meſatma. He 
had, in the age of Ptolemy Philadelpnus, 
kept a ſchool at Alexandria, and had Apol- 
lonius of Rhodes among hls pupils, whoſe 
ingratitude obliged Callimachus to laſh him 

leverely 


— — — — —— — — 


E A 


feverely in a ſatyrical poem, under the name 
of This. The Ibis of Ovid is an imitation 
of this piece. He wrote a work in 120 
books on famous men, beſides treatiſes on 
birds ; but of all his numerous compoſitions, 
only a few epigrams, an clegy, and ſome 
hymns, are extant; the beſt editions of | 
which, are that of Erneſtus, 2 vols. $vo. 
L. Bat. 1761. and that of Vulcanius, 12mo. 
Antwerp, 1584. Propertius ſtiled himſelt 
the Roman Callimachus, Propert. 4, el. 1, 


v. 65. — Lic. Tuſc. 1, c. 84.—Horat. 2, ep 
3, v. 109. —(Quintil, 10, c. 1. An Athce- 


nian general, killed in the battle of Mara- 
thon. His body was found in an crect , 
| menos. Pauf. 6, c. 29. 


poſture, all covered with wounds. ut. 
A Colophonian, who wrote the lite of 
Homer. Plut. 

CALLIMEDoON, a partizan of Phocion, at 
Athens, condemned by the populace. 


CALLIMELFS, a youth ordered to be 


ter, who had Epaminondas among his pu- 
pils. C. Nep. in Epam. 

CAU, a people of Scythia. He. 
rodot. 4, C. 17. 

CALL1PGL1s, a city of Thrace on the 
Helleſpont, S/“. 14, v. 250. A town 
of Sicily near Etna. A city of Calabria on 
the coaſt of Tarentum, on a rocky iſland, 
joined by a bridge to the continent. It 
is now called Gallips!;, and contains 600g 
inhabitants, who trade in oil and cotton, 

CarLteus or CAL1PPus, an Athenian, 
diſciple to Plato. He deftroyed Dion, &c. 
Vid. Callicrates. C. Nep. in Dion, — 4 
Corinthian, who wrote an hiſtory of Orcho- 
A philoſopler, 
Diog. tn Zen. A general of the Athe. 
nians when the Gauls invaded Greece by 
Thermopylæ. Pauſ. 1, c. 3. | 

CALLIPYGES, a firname of Venus, 

CALLIRHOE, a daughter of the Scaman- 


* 


killed and ſerved up as mcat by Apollodorus | der, who married Tros, by whom the ad 


of Caſſandrea. Peſyæu. 6, c. 7. 


Calis, an orator, who is ſaid to 
have firſt invented elegiac poctry, B. C. | ſelf. 
776. Some of his verſes are to be found in 


Stuhzus. Aen. —trab. 13. 

CaLLiGPpE, one of the Muſcs, daughter 
of Jupiter and Mnemoſyne, who preiided 
over eloquence and heroic poetry. She 15 
ſaid to be the mother of Orpheus by Apollo, 
and Horace ſuppoſes her able to play on any 
muſical inſtrument. She was repreſented 
with books in her hand, which ſignified that 
her oftice was to take notice of the famous 
actions of herocs, as Clio was employed in 
celebrating them; and the held the three 
moſt famous epic poems of antiquity, and 
appeared generally crowned with laufel. She 
fettled the diſpute between Venus and Pro- 
ferpine, concerning Adonis, whoſe company 
theſe two goddeites wiſhed both perpetually 
to enjoy. Heſied. Theog.—Apslled. 1, c. 3. 
—f{crat. od. 

CAaLLIPATIRA, daughter of Diagoras, 
znd wife of Callianax the athlete, went diſ- 
raiſcd in man's cloaths with her ſon Piſido- 
rus, ty the Olympic games. When Piſi- 
dorus was declared victor, ſhe diſcovercd 
her ſex through the exceſs of joy, and was 
arreſted, as women were not permitted to 
appear there, The victory of her ſon ob- 
tained her releaſe; and a law was inſtantly 
made, which forbade any »-rreſtlers to ap- 
pear but naked. Parſ. 5, c. 6,1. 6, c. 7. 

CALLIPHKON, a painter of Samos, famous 
for his hiſtorical pieces. Plin. 10, c. 26. 
A philoſopher who made the ſummum 
bonum conſiſt in pleaſure joined to the love 
of honeſty, This ſyſiem was oppoſed by 
Cicero, C. acad. 4, c. 131 & 139. de 
Offic. 3, c. 119. 

CALLiyn ko, a celebrated dancing maſ- 


5 


[lus, Ganymede, and Afaracus. A toun- 
tain of Attica, where Callirhoe killed bei 
[id Coreſus. Pauſ. 7, c. 21.— Sat. 
12. Theb. v. 629. A daughter of Ocez- 
nus and Tethys mother of Echidna, Oithos, 
and Cerberus, by Chryſaor. Heftod.—A 
daughter of Lycus tyrant of Libyn, who 
kindly received Diomedes at his return fron 

Troy. He abandoned her, upon which ke 

killed hericlf. A daughter of the Act 

lous, who married Alcmzon. Vid. Alcmæ- 
on. Pauſ. 8, c. 24. A daughter of Pho- 
cus the Bœotian, whoſe beauty procured her 
many admirers. Her father behaved with 
ſuch coldneſs to her lovers that they mur- 
dered him. Callirhoe avenged his death 
with the aſſiſtance of the Bœotians. Plut. 
Amat. Narr. A daughter of Piras and 
Niobe. Hygin. fab. 145. 

CALlL1sTE, an iſland of the Ægean Sea 
called afterwards Tera. Plin. 4. c. 12.— 
1. Its chief town was found- 
ed 1150 years before the Chriſtian era, by 
Theras. | 

CALLI5TEITA, a feſtival at Leſbos, dur- 
ing which, all the women preſented them- 
ſelves in the temple of Juno, and the fairck 
was rewarded in a public manner. There 
was alſo an inſtitution of the ſame kind 
among the Parrhaſians, firſt made by Cypſelus, 
whoſe wife was honored with the firſt prize. 
The Eleans had one alſo, in which the faireſt 
man reccived as a prize a complete ſuit ot 
armour, which he dedicated to Minerva. 

CALLISTHENES, a Greek who wrote an 
hiſtory of his own country in 10 books, be- 
ginning from the peace between Artaxerx® 
and Greece, down to the plundering of the 
temple of Delphi by Philomclus. Died. 14- 
A man who with others attempted te 


expel the garriſon of Demetrius from Athens 
Palyan. 


Pely. 
thus, 
gomp 
capac 
been 
Ariſt. 
to the 
conſpi 
beaſts, 
machi 
gether 
None 

c. 6.— 
12, c. 
A free 
he ga. 
Lucull, 
Cal 
lice, w 
dia, an 
{aw her 
the ſha 
diſcove 
the frui 
Arcas, 
Juna, 
Caliſto 
ſive of 
made ht 
fon Arc 
Ovid, I 
hei 
Cart 
at Theb 
CALI 
ed gene 

againſt I 

tor of A 

the moſt 

nian ora 
an intim 
him plea 

praiſed b 

rival of Z 

34, C. 8 

Plaz, in 

made the 


2% letters 
treatiſe 01 
CALL} 
wos cot 
requeſted 
was attri; 
cauſes 1] 
prince's a 
CALL1 
by famin 
for paſſin 
Priſoners, 
CaLun 
In. 
CALoR 
tum. Lin 


"MX 
Pho- 
d her 
with 
mur- 
death 
Plut. 
as and 


an Sea 

12.— 
found- 
1a, by 


5, dur- 
them- 
» fairck 
There 
e kind 
ypſelus, 
ſt pre. 
e faireſt 
e ſuit ol 
erva. 
vrote alt 
Oks; be- 
taxerxes 
of the 
ied. 14. 
apted to 
Athens. 
Poly. 


E A 

Pelyæ n. 5, e. 17.— A philoſopher of Olyn- 
thus, intimate with Alexander, whom he ac- 
eompanied in his oriental expedition in the 
capacity ef a preceptor, and to whom he had 
been recommended by his friend and maſter 
Ariſtotle. He refuſed to pay divine honors 
to the king, for which he was accuſed of 
conſpiracy, mutilated, and expoſed to wild 
beaſts, dragged about in chains, till Lyh- 
machus gave him poiſon, which ended to- 
gether his tortures and his life, B. C. 328. 
None of his compoſitions are extant. Ct. 8, 
c. b —Plut. in Alex. Arrian. 4.— Tuſtin. 
12; e. 6 & 7: A writer of Sybaris.— 
A freed-man of Lucullus. It is ſaid that 
he gave poiſon to his maſter. Pl/ut in 
Lucull, 

CaLLisTo & CAL1sTo, called alſo He- 
lice, was daughter of Lycaon king of Arca- 
dia, and one of Diana's attendants. Jupiter 
ſa her, and ſeduced her after he had aſſumed 
the ſhape of Diana. Her pregnancy was 
diſcovered as ſhe bathed with Diana ; and 
the fruit of her amour with Jupiter, called 
Arcas, was hid in the woods, and preſerved. 
Juna, who was jealous of Jupiter, changed 
Caliſto into a bear; but the god, apprehen- 
five of her being hurt by the huntſmen, 
made her a conſtellation of heaven, with her 
fon Arcas, under the name of the hear. 
Ovid. Met. 2, fab. 4, &c.—Apolled. 3, c. 8. 
— Hygin. fab. 176 C 177.—Parſ. 8, c. z. 

CALLISTONICUS, a celebrated ſtatuary 
at Thebes. Par. 9, c. 16. 

CALLISTRATUs, an Athenian, appoint- 
ed general with Timotheus and Chabrias 
againſt Lacedemon. Died. 1 ö. An ora- 
tor of Aphidna, in the time of Epaminondas, 
the moſt cloquent of his age. An Athe- 
nian orator, with whom Demoſthenes made 
an intimate acquaintance after he had heard 
him plead. Xenouphon. A Greek hiſtorian 
praiſed by Dionvſ. Hul. A comic port, 
rival of Ariſtophanes,——-A ſtatuary. %. 
34, c. 8. A ſecretary of Mithridates. 
Plat. in Lucull. A grammarian, who 
made the alphabet of the Samians conſiſt of 
24 letters. Some ſuppoſe that he wrote a 
trcatiſe on COUNteLAnS. 

CALLIXENA, a Cuurtezan of Theſſaly, 
wivle company Alexander refuſed, though 
requeſted by his mother Olympias. This 
was attributed by the Athenians to other 
cauſes than chaſtity, and therefore the 
prince's ambition was ridiculed. 

CALLIxXFnus, a general who periſhed 
by famine, An Athenian, impritoned 
for paſſing ſentence of death upon ſome 
priloners. Diod. 13. 

CALON, a ſtatuary. Quintil. 12, c. 10. 
in. 34, c. 8. 

Calo, a river of Italy near Bencven- 
tum. Liv. 24, C. 14. 


— 


— 


C A 


CAL, a loſty mountain in the moſt 
ſouthern parts of Spain, oppoſite to mount 
Abyla on the African coaſt, Theſe two 
mountains were called the pillars of Her- 
cules, Calpe is now called Gibraltar. 

CALPHUKRNIA, a Gaughter of L. Piſo, 
who was Julius Czlar's fourth wie. The 
night previous to her huſband's murder, ſhe 
dreamed that theroof of her houſe had fallen, 
and that he had been ſtabbed in her arms; 
and on that account ſhe attempted, but in 
vain, to detain him at home. After Cæſar's 
murder, ſhe placed herſelf under the patron- 
age of M. Antony Sueton. in Jul. 

CaLPHURNIUS BEST1A, a noble Roman 
bribed by Jugurtha. It is ſaid that he mur- 
dered his wives when aflzep. %u. 27, c. 2. 
Craſſus, a patrician, who went with 
Regulus againſt the Maſiyli. He was ſeized 
by the enemy as he attempted to plunder one 
of their towns, and he was ordered to be 
ſacrihced to Neptune. Biſaltia, the King's 
daughter, fell in love with him, and gave 
him an opportunity of eſcaping and of con- 
quering her father. Calphurnius returned 
victorious, and Biſaltiadeſtroyed herſelf. —A- 
man who conſpired againſt the emperor Ner- 
Va. Galeriinus, ſon of Piſo, put to death, 
&c. Tacii. Hift. 4, C. II. Piſo, CON. 
demned for uhng ſeditious words againft 
Tiberius. Tacit. Hiſt. 4, c. 21. Another 
iamous for his abſtinence. Val. Max. 4, 
3 Titus, a Latin poet, born in Si- 
cily in the age of Diocletian : ſeven of his 
eclogues are extant, and generally found with 
the works of the puets who have written on 
hunting. They are greatly inferior to the 
elegance and famplicity of Virgil's. The 
beit edition is that ot Kempher, 4to. L. Bat. 
1728. A man firnamed Frugi, who 
compoſed annals, B. C. 130. 

CALPURNIA or CALPHURNIA, a noble 
family in Rome, deſcended from Calpus ſon 
of Numa. Put. in Num, 

CALPURNIA & CALPHURNIA LEX,was 
enacted A. U. C. 604, izverely to puniſh 
ſuch as were guilty of uſing bribes, &c. (Ac. 
de Off. 2. A daughter of Marius, ia» 
crificed to the gods by her father, Who was 
adviſed to Go it, in a drgam, if he withed to 
conquer the Cimbri. P/zt, in Parall. 
A woman who killed herſelf when the heard 
that her huſband was murdered in the civil 
wars of Marius. Pater. 2, c. 26. The 
wife of . Czſar. Vi. i. Calghur nia. A 
favorite of the emperor Claudius, & c. Tucit. 
Ann. A women ruined by Agrippina 
on account of her beauty, & c. Tacit. 

CALvia, a female miniſter of Nero's 
luſts. Tacit. Hi. 1, c. 3. 

CALvINA, a proſtitute in Juvenal's age, 
37 v. 133. ; 

CaLvisiCts, a friend of Auguſtus, Pur. 

in 


— 
— = 
— 


—— ———— — — 
— — — — 


C A 


in Anton. An officer whoſe wife proſti- 
tuted herſelf in his camp by night, &c. 
Tacit. 1, Hift. e. 48. 

CALUMN IA & IMPUDENTIA, two de- 
ities worſhipped at Athens. Calumny was 
ingeniouſly repreſented in a painting by 
Apelles. 

CALustptrus, a ſoldier in the army of 
Germanicus. When this general wiſhed to 
ſtab hin.{elf with his own ſword, Caluſidius 
offered him his own, obſerving that it was 
ſharper. Tacit. 1. An. c. 35. 

Cartvsium, a town of Etruria. 


C A 


time at Rome, Dne of them was about 


half an ell long, and the other was broken, 
id. Meleager and Atalanta. 
c. 8.—Pauſ. 8, c. 45.—Strab. $.-- Homer, 
I. 9. v. 577. —Hygir. fab. 174.-Ovid. Met, 
8, fab. 4, &c. A ſon of AÆtolus and 
Pronoe daughter of Phorbas. He gave his 
name to a town of /Etolia. 

CalYnonwis, a name of Deianira, as liy. 
ing in Calydon. Ovid. Met. 9, fab. 4. 

CarVpovrvs, a firmame of Bacchus. 

CALYMNE, an iſland near Lebynthog, 
Ovid, Art. Am. 2, v. 81. 


CaLvus Corn. Licinivs, a famous | CaLyNDa, a town of Caria. Prol. 55 
orator, equally known for writing 1ambics. | c. 3. 


As he was both factious and ſatyrical, he 
did not fail to excite attention by his ani- 
madverſions upon Cæſar and Pompey, and, 
from his eloquence, to diſpute the palm of 
eloquenc: with Cicero. Ci. ep,—tHoret, 1. 
Sat. 10, V. 19. 

CALYBE, a town of Thrace. Serab. 17. 
The mother of Bucolion by Laomedon. 
Apoellod. 3, c. 12. An old woman prieſt- 
eſs in the temple which Juno had at Ardea. 
Virg. An. 9, v. 419. 

CALYCADNUs, a river of Cilicia. 

CAIF ex, a daughter of Aolus, ſon of 
Helenus and Enaretta daughter of Deima- | 
chus. She had Endymion, king of Elis, by | 
Ethlius the ſon of Jupiter. Apolled. 1, 
c. 7.—Pauf. 5, c. 1. A Grecian girl, 
who fell in love with a youth. As ſhe was 
unable to gain the object of her love, ſhe 
threw herſelf from a precipice. This tra- 
gical ſtory was made into a ſong by Steſi- 
chorus, and was ſtill extant in the age of 
Atlienæus, 14. 

CAaLYDivum, a town on the Appian way. 

CALYDNA, an iſland in the Myrtoan fea. 
Some ſuppoſe it to be near Rhodes, others 
near Tencdos. Ovid, Met. 8, v. 205. 

Cat F box, a city of Atolia, where 
CEneus the father of Melcager reigned. 
The Evenus flows through it, and it receives 
its name from Calydon the fon of Atolus. 
During the reign of Qineus, Dizga ſent a 
wild boar to ravage the country, on account 
of the neglect which had been ſhown to her 
divinity by the King. All the princes of the 
age aſſembled to hunt this boar, which is 
greatly celebrated by the pocts, under the 
name of the chace of Calydon, or the Calydo- 
nian boar. Mcleager killed the animal with 
his own hand, and gave the head to Atalan- 


CarYpso, one of the Occanides, or one 


| of the daughters of Atlas, according to ſome, 


was goddeſs ot filence, and reigned in the 
ifland of Ogygia, whoſe ſituation and even 
exiſtence is doubted, When Ulyſſes was 
ſhipwrecked on her coafts, ſhe received him 
with great hoſpitality, and offered him im- 
mortality if he would remain with her as 7 
huſband. The hero refuſed, and after ſeven 
years' delay, he was permiited to depart 
from the iſland by order of Mercury, the 
meſſenger of Jupiter. During his fy, 
Ulyfſes had two ſons by Calypſo, Nauſithous 


and Nauſinous. Calypſo was inconfſolable z 


the departure of Ulyſſes. Homer, Od. 7 K 
15.—Heſfiod. Theog. v. 360.—Ovid de En 
4, ep. 18. Amor. 2, el. 17.,—Propert. u 
el. 25. 

CAMAN r tu, a town of Afia Minor. 

CAMARINA, a town of Italy.—A lake 
of Sicily, with a town of the ſame name, 
built B. C. 552. It was deſtroyed by the 
Syracuſans, and rebuilt by a certain Hip- 
ponous. The lake was drained contrary to 
the advice of Apollo, as the antients ſup- 
poſed, and a peſtilence was the conſequence; 
but the lowneſs of the lake below the level 
of the ſea prevents its being drained. The 
words Camarinam movere are become pro- 
rerbial to expreſs an unſucceſsful and dan- 
gerous attempt. Firg. En. 3, v. 70l 
Strab, 6.— Herodot. 7, c. 154. 

CaMBAULES, a general of ſome Gauls 
who invaded Greece. Parſ. 10, c. 19- 

CamMBes, a prince of Lydia, of ſuch vo- 
racious appetite that he ate his own Wie, 
Se. Miller. 1; . HH, © . 

CAMBRE, a place near Puteoli. Ji. 7, 
v. 154. 

3 mountains of Macedonia. 


ta, of whom he was enamoured. The ſkin | Liv. 42, c. 53. 


of the boar was preſerved, and was ſtill ſeen 
in the age of Pauſunias, in the temple of 


Minerva Alea. The tuſks were alſo preferv- 
ed by the Arcadians in Tegea, and Auguſtus 
carried them away to Rome, becauſe the 
people of Tegea had followed the party of | 
Antony. Theſe tuſks were ſhewa for a long | 


CampFsrs, king of Perſia, was fon of 
Cyrus the Great. He conquered Egypt, and 
was ſo offended at the ſuperſtition of the 


' Egyptians, that he killed their gud Apis, 
and plundered their temples. When he 


wiſhed to take Peluſium, he placed at the 


head of his amy, a number of cats and 
dogs 3 


Apolled, 1 . 


dogs; 2 
attempt 
mals whi 
came an 
byſes aft 
men to 
and reſolv 
Ethiopiat 
from mer: 
tial judge, 
ment ſeat, 
him, tellin 
He died of 
ſelf with h 
back; and 
was the f 
wounded t 
he was viſi 
death happe 
left no iſtue 
was uſurpe 
by Darius 
in. I 
A Per 
ing Affya; 
n marriage. 
dreams 
town by tt 
ad taken tl 
ren of ſo ig 
d obſcurity, 
lancane's C 
0 manhood, 
Tuſtin, I, 
low from n 
Mela. 3 e. 5 
CAMELAN 
Cametit 


CaMprin: 
poem on the 
id. 4, * Pe 
e family of t 
for ti eir ze 
Ar abilities ; 
picius, com 
* to go to 
on" $ laws. 
Care RIU 
en by Rom 
caukRTrs, 
eas, Vir 
Merinum, 
AMILLA, 
lighter of Me 
ated in the 
Wnting, and 
tather dey 


28 


t dogs; and the Egyptians refuſing, in an 
l. attempt to defend themſelves, to kill ani- 
I mals which they reverenced as divinities, be- 
. came an eaſy prey to the enemy. Cam- 
t. byſes afterwards ſent an army of 50,000 
14 men to deſtroy Jupiter Ammon's temple, 
Is and reſolved to attack the Carthaginians and 
Ethiopians. He killed his brother Smerdis 

Ve from mere ſuſpicion, and flead alive a par- 
tial judge, whoſe ſkin he nailed on the judg- 

ment ſeat, and appointed his fon to ſucceed 

of, him, telling him to remember where he ſat. 
He died of a ſmall wound he had given him- 

* ſelf with his ſword as he mounted on horſe- 
back; and the Egyptians obſerved, that it 

one was the ſame place on which he had 
me, wounded their god Apis, and that therefore 
the he was viſited by the hand of the gods. His 
ven death happened 521 years before Chriſt. He 
was left no iflue to ſucceed him, and his throne 
him was uſurped by the magi, and aſcended 

im- by Darius ſoon after. Heredsr. 2, 3, &c. 
4s 2 —Tuftin, I, c. 9. Val. Max, 6, c. 3. 
even A Perhan of obſcure origin, to whom 
part ing Affyages gave his daughter Mandane 
the n marriage. The king, who had been terrifed 
ſtay, dreams which threatened the loſs of his 
out zown by the hand of his daughter's ſon, 
Me 2 ad taken this ſtep in hopes that the chil- 
7k ren of ſo ignoble a bed would ever remain 
Pre, n obſcurity, He was diſappointed. Cyrus, 
4. lancane's ſon, dethroned him when grown 

þ manhood, Herodot. 1, c. 46, 107, &c. 
or, Juſtin, 1, c. 4. A river of Afia, which 
lake lows from mount Caucaſus into the Cyrus. 
names Mela, 35 C. 5. 

y the CAMELANT, a people of Italy. 

Hip- CavieLITa, a people of Meſopotamia. 
ary to CaukxA, a field of Calabria, Ovid. 
; fup- Fs: 5, v. 582. 
wence; CAMEKINUM & CAMERTIUM, a town 
e level Umbria, very faithful to Rome. The in- 
. The vitants were called Camertes. Liv. 9. 
e pro- 56. 5 
1 dan- CAMERINUS, a Latin poet, who wrote 
701. poem on the taking of Troy by Hercules. 

14. 4, ex Pont. el. 16, v. 19. Some of 
» Gauls e family of the Camerini were diſtinguiſh- 

19. for ti eit zeal as citizens, as well as for 
ich vo- Ar abilities as ſcholars, among whom was 
n wit, \pictus, commiſſioned by the Roman ſe- 

* to go to Athens, to collect the beſt of 
Fur. Ty m's laws. Fuv. 7, v. o. 

COMERIUM, a town of Italy near Rome, 
cedonia. len by Romulus. Plut. in Rom 

CamtaTes, a friend of Turnus, killed by 
is ſon of Ness. Virg. Eu. 10, v. 562.—id. 
ypt, and Merinum, | 
1 of the Canitta, queen of the Volſci, was 
xd Apis, "ghter of Metabus and Caſmilla. She was 
Then he ated in the woods, inured to the labors 
ed ar the Nag, and fed upon the milk of mares. 
cats and ther devoted her, when young, to 


dogs 3 


E A 


the ſervice of Diana. When ſhe was de- 
clared queen, ſhe marched to aſſiſt Turnus 
againſt Eneas, where ſhe ſignalized herſelf 
by the numbers that periſhed by her hand. 
She was ſo ſwift that ſhe could run, or rather 
fly over a field of corn without bending the 
blades, and make her way over the ſea with- 
out wetting her feet. She died by a wound 
ihe received from Aruns. Pirg. An, 7, 
v. 803, |. I1, v. 435. 

CamiLtit & CANMILLE, the prieſts in- 
ſtituted by Romulus for the ſervice of the 
gods. 

CAMILLUs, (L. Furius) a celebrated Ro- 
man, called a ſecond Romulus, from his ſer- 
vices to his country. He was baniſhed by 
the people for diſtributing, contrary to his 
vow, the ſpoils he had obtained at Veii. 
During his exile, Rome was beſieged by the 
Gauls under Brennus. In the midſt of their 
misfortunes, the beſieged Romans elected 
him dictator, and he forgot their ingratitude, 
and marched to the relief of his country, 
which he delivered, after it had been ſor 
ſome time in the poſſeſſion of the enemy. He 
died in the Soth year of his age, B. C. 36 5, 
aſter he had been five times dictator, once 
cenſor, three times interrex, twice à mili- 
tary tribune, and obtained four triumphs. 
He conquered the Hernici, Volſci, Latini, & 
Etrurians, and diſſuaded his countrymen 
from their intentions of leaving Rome to 
reſide at Veii. When he beſieged Faliſci, he 
rejected with proper indignation, the offers 
of a ſchoolmaſter, who had betrayed into 
his hands the {ons of the moſt worthy citi- 
zens. Plut in Vita. Liv. 5.— Fier. 1, 
c, I3.—Died. 14.—PFirg. An. 6, v. 825. 
A name of Mercury. An intimate 
triend of Cicero. 

CAMI RO & CLyYTIA, two daughters of 
Pandarus of Crete. When their parents 
were dead, they were left to the care of Ve- 
nus ; who, with the other goddeſſes, brought 
them up with tenderneſs, and aſked Jupiter 
to grant them Kind huſbands. Jupiter, to 
puniſh upon them the crime of their father, 
who was acceſſary to the impiety of Tanta- 
lus, ordered the harpies to carry them away 
and deliver them to the furies. Pauſ. 10. 
c. 30.— Hemer. Cd. 20, v. 66. 

Camizxus & Camira,atown of Rhodes, 
which reccived its name from Camirus, a 
ſon of Hercules and Jole. Homer. II. 2, 
v. 163. 

CAMISSARES, a governor of part of Ci- 
licia, father to Datames. C. Nep. in Dat. 

CaMMa, a woman of Galatia, who a- 
venged the death of her huſband Sinetus 
upon his murderer Sinorix, by making him 
drink in a cup, of which the liquor was poi- 
ſoned, on pretence of marrying him, ac- 
cording to the cuſtoms of their country, 
which 


C A 


which required that the bridegroom and his 
bride ſhould drink out of the ſame veſſel. 
She eſcaped by refuſing to drink on pretence 
of illneſs. Polyæn. 8. 

Cauæ N, a name given to the muſes, 
from the ſweetneſs and melody of their ſongs 
a cantu amano, or, according to Varro, from 
carmen. Varro de L. L. 5, c. 7. 

CAM ANAL Ex, or Julian agrarian law, 
was enacted by J. Cæſar, A. U. C. 691, to 
divide ſome lands among the people. 

CAM ANIA, a country of Italy, of which 
Capua was the capital, bounded by Latium, 
Samnium, Picenum, and part of the Medi- 
terranean Sea. It is celebrated for its de- 
lightful views, and for its fertility. Capua 
is often called Campana urbs. Strab. 5. —Cic. 
de leg. Ag. c. 35.— Fuftin. 20, c. 1, J. 22, 
c. 1. lin. 3, c. 5. — Mela. 2, c. 4.— Hor. 
1, c. 16. 

CamPe, kept the 100 handed monſters 
confined in Tartarus. Jupiter killed her, 
becauſe ſhe refuſed to give them their liberty 
to come to his aſſiſtance againſt the Titans. 
Heſiod. Theog. 500.-—Apolled. 1, c. 2. 

CampAsPE & PANCASTE, a beautiful 
concubine of Alexander, whom the king 
gave to Apelles, who had fallen in love with 
ker, as he drew her picture in her naked 
charms. Plin. 35, c. 10. 

CAMEI DromtD1is, a plain ſituate in 


Apulia. Mart. 13, ep. 93. 
CAMs, a town near Pallene. Herodot. 


75 c. 123. 

Campus MarTivs, a large plain at 
Rome, without the walls of the city, where 
the Roman youths performed their exerciſes, 
and learnt to wreſtle and box, to throw the 
diſcus, hurl the javelin, ride a horſe, drive 
a chariot, &c. The public afſemblies were 
held there, and the officers of ſtate choſen, 
and audience given to foreign ambaſſadors. 
It was adorned with ſtatues, columns, arches, 
and porticoes, and its pleaſant fituation 
made it very frequented. It was called 
Martius, becauſe dedicated to Mars. It was 
ſometimes called Tiberinus, from its cloſe- 
nel: to the Tiber. It was given to the Ro- 
man people by a veſtal virgin; but they were 
deprived of it by Tarquin the Proud, who 
made it a private ficld, and ſowed corn in it. 
When Tarquin was driven from Rome, the 
people recovered it, and threw away into the 
Tiber, the corn which had grown there, 
deeming it unlawful for any man to eat of 
the produce. of that land. The ſheaves 
which were thrown into the river topped in 
a ſhallow ford, and by the accumulated col- 
lection of mud became firm ground, and 
formed an iſland, which was called the 
Holy Ifland, or the ifland of Aſculapius. 
Dead carcaſes were generally burnt in the 
Campus Martius. Strab, 5, — Liv. 2, c. 5, 
I. 6, c. 20. 


honor of Bacchus, or, according to“ 


E A 


CAamvLocinus, a Gaul, raiſed to grey of Diar 
honors by Cæſar, for his military abilities offered 
Cœſ. bell. G. 7, c. 57. ccivedt 

CANA, a city and promontory of Zgliz repreſer 
Mela. 1, c. 18. galled | 

CAxAcx, a daughter of olus and Enz. Verr. 4. 
retta, who became enamoured of her brother Can: 
Macareus, by whom ſhe had a child, whom mountai 
ſhe expoſed. The crics of the child diſcover. CAI 
ed the mother's inceſt; and /Eolus ſent his ſummer, 
daughter a ſword, and obliged her to kij WF influence 
herſelf, Macareus fled, and became a prief more wat 
of Apollo, at Delphi. Some ſay that Ca. Cant 
nace was raviſhed by Neptune, by whom ſbe againſt y 
had many children, among whom were Epo- ereſs, 
peus, Triops, and Alous. Apellad. 1- Cant: 
Hygin. fab. 238 & 242.— Ovid. Hereid. 11, law to e 
Trift. 2, v. 384. two lifto 

CAN ACE, one of Actæon's dogs, Alexandr 

CanACHus, a ſtatuary of Sicyon, "Pal, Canin 
6, c. 9. | 3 | Tacit, Hij 

Canz, a city of Locris——of Zoliz. C. Ca: 

CanAs1ni, a people near mount Atlas iq J. Cæſar, 
Africa, who received this name becauſe was conſu 
they fed in common with their dogs, Tie predecefſo1 
iſlands which they inhabited were calle he was cho 
Fortunate by the ancients, and are noy the day ; 
known by the name of the Canaries, Pl _ was 
E. $+ vigilance, 

CanXTHnvs, a fountain of Nauplia, vie whole time 
E yearly waſhed herſelf to receive li Fan, ep. 3 

ant purity. Pan. 2, c. 38. lieutenant « 

CANDACE, a queen of /Etkiopia, in de bell. G. 7, 
age of Auguſtus, ſo prudent and meritoris Pliny the y. 
that her ſucceſſors always bore her nant. lus, an inti 
She was blind of one eye. Pin. b, c. 29— Cantsr 
Dio 54.—Strab. 17. Who ran 1: 

CAN DRA, a mountain of Epirus, vice. 20. 
ſeparates Illyria from Macedonia. Lucat He "bes 
6, v. 331. ith Martia 

Ca 8 or Myrſilus, ſon of Mu ut he alw 
ſus, was the laſt of the Heraclidz wiv WBB-—A Ron 
on the throne of Lydia. He. ſhewed tus for his amuſ 
wife naked to Gyges, one of his miniſten well togked 
and the queen was ſo incenſed, that ſhe be morrow, 
dered Gyges to murder her huſband, "i Cannxz, 
years before the Chriſtian era. After ® the Aufidus, 
murder, Gyges married the queen, and WW Roman conf, 
cended the throne. Jin. I, C. © aro, and ſ 
Heredet. 1, c. 7, &c.—Plut. Symp. tbe 21ſt of 

Canvit, a people of Arabia who fed dere this fa, 
ſerpents. —_ =_ by the 

Canptorr, a daughter of Oenopion, f eld of bloo 
viſhed by her brother. e. be —Plut, 

CanpYBA, a town of Lycia. _. ANGpic1 

CAxENSs, a nymph, wife to Picus * the Nile 
of the Laurentes. When Circe had _ af. 5, c. 2 
ber huſband into a bird, fhe lamented J Axöpus, 
fo much, that ſhe pined away, and " Alexandria, c 
changed into a voice. She was rec kon als, It rec, 
as a dcity by the inhabitants. Ovid, Mel. lays wk 
fab. 9. | wied in this 

9 feſtivals at Atbens! lute in tl 


ther 


8 4 


of Diana, in which all marriageable women 
oFered ſmall baſkets to the deity, and re- 
ecived the name of Canephoreaywhence ſtatues 
repreſenting women in that attitude were 
called by the ſame appellation. Cic. in 
Verr. 4. 

CAnETHUM, a place of Eubcea. 
mountain of Bœotia. 


gest 
ilittes, 


Eolia, 


d Ena- 
brother 


A 


dan. CAn1CULARES Dixs, certain days in the 
ent " ſummer, in which the ſtar Canis is ſaid to 
to kin influence the ſeaſon, and to make the days 


a prief more warm during its appearance. Manilius, 
ao Cinfpia, a certain woman of Neapolis, 
10m ſbe againſt whom Horace inveighed as a ſor- 
re Epo- ereſs, Horat. epod. 

4 Cantpivs, a tribune, who propoſed a 
law to empower Pompey to go only with 


=y two lictors, to reconcile Ptolemy and the 

8. Alexandrians. Plut. in Pomp. 

. Pa CANINEFATES, a people near the Batavi. 
; Tacit, Hift. 4, C. 15. 

Polls. C. CANIN Ius ReB1Lvs, a conſul with 


Atlas in J. Cæſar, after the death of Trebonius. He 
was conſul only for ſeven hours, becauſe his 


bs _ predeceſſor died the laſt day of the year, and 
e called he was choſen only for the remaining part of 
are nor the day; whence Cicero obſerved, that 
„ Plin.g Rome was greatly indebted to him for his 

: vigilance, as he had not ſlept during the 
ia, ver whole time of his conſulſhip. Cic. 7, ad 
e ri Fam. ep. 33.—Plut. in Cæſ. Lucius, a 


lieutenant of Cæſar's army in Gaul. Cz/. 
a, in de bell, G. 7, c. 83. Rufus, a friend of 
ritor dds Pliny the younger. Plin. 1, ep. 3.—Gal- 
r name, lus, an intimate friend of Cicero. 
c. 29— Caxtsrrius, a Lacedæmonian courier, 
who ran 1200 ſtadia in one day. Plin. 7, 
us, which c. 20. 
Lucan. Cantvs, a poet-of Gades, contemporary 
with Martial, He was ſo naturally merry 
of Myr- that he always laughed. Mart. 1, ep. 62. 
x who Wn ——A Roman knight, who went to Sicily 
cwed u bor his amuſernent, where he bought gardens 
miniſters; well togked with fiſh, which diſappeared on 
at ſhe de morrow. Cic. 3, de Offic. 14. 
band, 8 Cannz, a ſmall village of Apulia near 
After che Aufidus, where Hannibal conquered the 
1, and Roman conſuls, P. Æmylius and Terentius 
c. Vac, and ſlaughtered 40,000 Romans, on 
the 21ſt of May, B. C. 216. The ſpot 
cho fed 0 Where this famous battle was fought is now 
hewn by the natives, and denominated the 
10pion, E fcld of blood. Liv. 22, c. 44.—Fler. 2, 
c. b —Plut. in Aunib. 
| Candeicum 0ST1UM, one of the mouths 
Picus K the Nile, 12 miles from Alexandria. 


ad changdl 4 57 c. 21. 

jented bil indÞvus, a city of Egypt, 12 miles from 
„ and Alexandria, celebrated for the temple of Se- 
dreck pis. It receives its name from Canopus 


d. Met.! 
Athens | 


the pilot of the veſſel of Menelaus, who was 
uried in this place. The inhabitants are 
lute in their manners. Vugil beſtows 


C A 


upon it the epithet of Pel/2us, becauſe 
Alexander, who was born at Pella, built 
Alexandria in the neighbourhood. Tral. 1 1, 
v. 433.— Mela. 1, c. 9.—Strab. 19.—Plin. 
5, c. 31.—-Virg. G. 4, v. 2387.——The pi- 
lot of the ſhip of Menelaus, who died in his 
youth on the coaſt of Egypt, by the bite of 
a ſerpent. Mela. 2, c. 7. 

CAN TA ARA, a river falling into the In- 
dus. Plin. 6, c. 20. 

CanTABR1, a ferocious people of Spain, 
who rebelled againſt Auguſtus, by whom 
they were conquered: their country is now 
called Biſcays. Liv. 3. v. 329.—Horat. 2, 
od. 6 & 1x. 

CANTABRIZA LACUS, a lake in Spain, 
where a thunder-bolt fell, and in which 12 
axes were found. Suet. in Galb, 8. 

CANTHARus, a famous ſculptor of Sicy- 
oh. Pauſ. 6, c. 17. A comic poet of 
Athens. 

CANTHUS, a ſon of Abas, one of the Ar- 
gonauts, 

CANTIUM, a country in the eaſtern parts 
of Britain, now called Kent. Cz. bell. G. 5. 

CANULE1A, one of the four firſt veſtals 
choſen by Numa. Plut. A law. Vid. 
Canuleius. 

C. CANULETvs, a tribune of the people 
of Rome, A. U. C. 310, who made a law 
to render it conſtitutional for the patricians 
and plebeians to intermarry. It ordained 
alſo, that one of the conſuls ſhould be yearly 
choſen from the plebeians. Liv. 4, C. 3, 
Sc. Flor. 1, c. 17. 


came pregnant by her brother, and killed 
herſelf by order of her father. Put. in 
Parall. 

CanUtsrum, a town of Apulia, whither 
the Romans fled after the battle of Cannæ. 
It was built by Diomedes, and its inhabi- 
tants have been called bilingues, becauſe they 
retained the language of their founder, and 
likewiſe adopted that of their neighbours, 
Horace complained of the grittineſs of their 
bread. Horat. f, Sat. 10, v. 30.—Mela. 2, 
c. 4.—Plin. 8, c. 11. 

CANüstus, a Greek hiſtorian under 
Ptolemy Auletes. Flut. 

CanuTius TiBERINUS, a tribune of 
the people, who, like Cicero, furiouſly at- 
tacked Antony when declared an enemy to 
the ſtate, His ſatyr coſt him his life. Pa- 
tercul. 2, c. 64.—A Roman actor, Plur. 
in Brut. 

CAPANEUS, a noble Argive, ſon of Hip- 
ponous andAſtingrae, and huſband toEvadne. 
He was ſo impious, that when he went to 


the Theban war, he declared that he would 


take Thebes even in ſpite of Jupiter. Such 
contempt provaked the god, who ſtruck him 
dead with a thunderbolt, His body was 


8 ro otheſ 


| M buras 


> 2 —— — ———ö—ͤ—ẽ—— — 
2 = 
— — — 
* 


CANULIA, a Roman virgin, who be- 


— 


— — 


— —y —— 


had - 
— - 2 — — » 
=> ==. Aadays —- 4 FR 
» 
2 _ 


— — — — — 
— 


—— — — 
— —_— 
— 
— 


7 
— — öÜww̃— DDD2:2— 
P — 


_— = —-—-— 
2 * — _ KY wo 


—_— 


rock, which he had ſo nobly defended. 


.morals, conſul with Marcellus. 


life of Verus, Antoninus Pius, the Gordians, 


” 4 
—— — — . — 8 
— - — — — 


EA 


burnt ſeparately from the others, and bis 
wife threw herſelf on the burning pile to 
mingle her aſhes with his. It is ſaid that 
Aſculapius reſtored him to life. Ovid. Met. 
9, v. 404.— rat. Theb. 3, I fab. 
63 & 70, —Furipid. in Phenif}. & Suppl. — 
A ſchyl. Sept. Ante Theb. 

CAPELLA, an elegiac poet in the age of 
J. Cæſar. Ovid. de Pont. 4, el. 16, v. 36. 
— Martjanus, a Carthaginian, A. D. 490, 
who wrote on the marriage of Mercury, and 
philology. The beſt edition is that of Wal- 
thardus, 8vo. Bernæ, 1763.—A gladiator. 
Juv. 4, v. 158. 

Car ENA, a gate of Rome. Orid, Faf?. 5, 
v. 192. 

Carytxas, a ſmall river of Italy. 
Tab. 1 3, v. $5. 

Cap, a people of Etruria, in whoſe 
territory Feronia had a grove and a temple. 
Virg. Au. 7, v. 697.— Liv. 5, 22, Se. 

CAPER, a river of Aha Minor. 

Capfrus, 4 king of Alba, who reigned 
26 years. Diony/. A ſuitor ot Hippo- 
damia. Pau. 6, c. 21. 

CarpHArtvs, a lofty mountain and pro- 
montory of Eubœa, Where Nauplius King 
of the country, to revenge the death of his 
ſon Palamedes, ſlain by Ulyfles, ſet a burn- 
ing torch in the darkneſs of night, which 
cauſed the Greeks to be ſhipwrecked on the 
coaſt. Virg. Ain. 11, v. 260.— vid. 
Alet. 14, v. 481.—Prepert. 4, el. 1, v. 115. 

CAH VNA a town of Arcadia. Pauſ. S. 
e. 23. 

arte a Roman, famous for his friend- 
ſhip with Cato. Put. de Patr. Am. 

Cayriro, the uncle of Paterculus, who 
joined Agrippa againtt Caſſius. Patercul. 2, 
c. 69, —Fontcius, a man ſent by Antony tv 
ſettle his diſputes with Auguſtus. Heorat. 1, 


Stat. 


— — 


— 


— 


Sat. 5, v. 32.—A man accuſed of extortion | 


in Cilicia, and ſeverely puniſhed by the 
ſenate. 
Alexandria, whowroate va love. —Anhifttorian 
of Lycia, who wrote an account of Iſauria 
13 8 books.—A poet who wrote on illuſ- 
trious men. 

Cariro!.i1xn1 LUDI, games yearly cele- 
brated at Rome in honor of Jupiter, who 
preſerved the capitol from the Gauls. 

Captrolixus, a ſirname of Jupiter, 


from his temple on Mount Capitulinus.-— | 


A firname of M. Manlius, who, for his am- 
bition, was thrown down from the Tarpeian 


A mountain t Rome, called alſo Mons 
Tarpeius, and Mons Saturni. The capitol 
was built upon it. A man of Jaſcivious 
Plut. in 
Alarcell. Julius, an author in Diocle- 
kiin's reign, who wrote an account of the 


Fr, 8, v. 93. —An epic poet of | 


&c.—-moſt of which is gow leit. 


CA 


CarTToLtum, a celebrated temple any 


citadel at Rome on the Tarpeian rock, e nary 
plan ot which was made by Tarquin Priſcus butes 4 
It was begun by Servius Tullius, finiſhes ower, f 
by Tarquin Superbus, and conlecrated jy 85 padc 
the conſul Horatius after the expulfion 9 44 
the Tarquins from Rome. It was hyit . 3—0 
upon four acres of ground ; the front vn Heradet. 
adorned with three rows of pillars, and the 6 L 
other fides with two. The aſcent to | N 
from the ground, was by an hundred fee. 3. 
The magnificence and richnels of this tem- Caen; 
ple are almoſt incredible. All the conſul coaſt of I 
fucceſively made donations to the cat. 6. 

and Auguſtus beſtowed upon it at one time CArRE 
2,000 pounds weight of gold. Its threſholgg pania, abe 
were made of braſs, and its roof was gold. che * pot 
It was adorned with veſſels and ſhields d Tiberius, 
folid filver, with golden chariots, &. I The inan 
was burnt during the civil wars of Manus are dug vj 
and Sy la rebuilt it, but died before te nls of th 
dedication, which was performed hy Q in circumf, 
Catulus, It was again deſtroyed in the rocks. 0 
troubles under Vitellius; and Veſpaſian, abe Tib.— Stat 
endeavoured to repair it, ſaw it again in Carne, 
ruins at his death. Domitian raiſed it agin, where Ron 
tor the laſt time, and made it more grand "nid. F. 
and magnihcent than any of his precceefary Carre 
and ſpent 12,000 talents in gilding it which ap 
When they firſt dug for the foundations, ſuppoſed b 
they found a man's head called Tolius, found Amalthza 
and entire in the ground, and fron: thence Some main 


drew an omen of the future greatnets df the 
Roman empire. The hill was from that 
circumſtance called Capitolium, a cat 


himſelf intc 
approach of 
this ſign, i 


Toli, The conſuls and magiſtrates offered longeſt nigh 
ſacrifices there, when they firſt entered uc erat. 2, 01 
their offices, and the proceſſion in triumph P. 4 6 af 
was always conducted to the capitol, Fn CaPRIFI 
An, 6, v. 136, l. 8, v. 347.— Lacit. en which th 
Hf. c. 72.—Plut. in Poplic.-Liv. 1, 10 lin, 11, c. 
Ec. —Plin, 33, ©c.—Snurton. in Aug. c. 3 Carrin, 
CAPPADGCIA, a country of Aſia Mina Capniſptk 
between the Halys, the Euphrates, and % Fauni and 
Euxine. It reccives its name from the H oozes feet. 
Cappadox, which ſeparates it from Galt Cartes 
The inhabitants were called Syrians ant age. IIcra- 
Leuco-Syrians by the Greeks. They ve CarROTI 


of a dull and ſubmiſſive diſpoſition, 4 


þ | 
: : nn honor of 
addicted to every vice, according to 


efficiated, | 


ancients, who wrote this virulent epi- Car Rus 
againſt them : 4 Carsa, < 
"ipera Cappadscem nocitura momorait ; al ll raft deſerts fi 
Cute periit ſanguine ( Aude 15. Jal. bell. Fre 
When they were offered their freecom at CarsikGs 
independence by the Romans, the) refuls Car uva, t 
it, and begyed of them a king, and 1 Italy, ſuppl 
received Ariobarzanes. It was ſome tt Capys, the f 
after governed by a Roman proce of Anchiſes. 


Though the ancients have ridiculed ti 
counry for the unfruitfulneſs of its 1d 
and the manners of its inhabitants, Je of 
can buaſt of the birth of the geog!2% 
Strabo, among ether illuſtrious a 


and to opuler 
ad was call 
nnibal, a 
cuervate d by t 


le and 
ek, the 
Prifeus, 
\niſhed 
ted by 
fion * 
is built 
ont way 
and the 
t to f 
d leg 
11s tems 
* Conſul 
capitol, 
one ume 
\rcſholds 
AS gold. 
1iclds & 
&c. | 
| Mary 
fore the 
| by Q, 
1 1n the 
han,who 
again 1 
| it agany 
Te grand 
@ccekars 
ing l.— 
indations, 
41s, ſound 
m thence 
icts of the 
rom that 
a capitt 
es offered 
ered upa 
\ triumpas 
tol, Jug 
Tecit.; 
iv. 1, 1 
Arg. C. 30. 
fra Mind 
1 
u the md 
m Galatia 


vrians and 


They we 
ition, an 
ing to l 
at epryſe: 


3 
ralit; al iu 


Ci. 
c dom a 


Lal 
. 


cy refuls 
and the 
{ome til 
rocoliu 
Iiculed 03 


bl 


of its da 
ints, 7 
geogray® 


charatf 


* 


and tit 


83 


The horſes of this country were in general 
Jeſteem, and with theſe they paid their tri- 


dutes to the king of Perſia, while under his 
power, for want of money.—The kings of 
Cappadocia moſtly bore the name of Aria- 
rathes. Horat. 1, ep. 6, v. 39.—Plin. 6, 
c. 3.—Curt, 3 & 4.—Strab. 11 & 16,— 
Herodot. 1, c. 73, J. 5, c. 49.— Mela. 1. 


c. a, I. 3, c. ; ; 
CareADox,ariverof Cappadocia. Pin. 6, 


| CapnARIA, 2 mountainous iſland on the 
coaſt of Italy, famous for its goats. Plin. 3, 
c. 6. 

CARE, an iſland on the coaſt of Cam- 
pania, abounding in quails, and famous for 


the reſidence and debaucheries of the emperor 


Tiberius, during the 7 laſt years of his life. 
The ifland, in which now ſeveral medals 
are dug vp expreſſive of the licentious mo- 
rals of the emperor, was about 40 miles 
in circumference, and ſurrounded by ſteep 
rocks. Ovid. Met. 15, v. 709.—Suet, in 
Tib. Stat. Sylv. 3, v. 5. 

Cayxez PALus, a place near Rome, 
where Romulus diſapppeared. Plut in Rom. 
Ovid. Faſt. 2, v. 491. 

CAPRICORNUS, a ſign of the Zodiac, in 
which appear 28 ſtars in the form of a goat, 
ſuppoled by the ancients to be the goat 
Amalthza, which fed Jupiter with her milk. 
Some maintain that it is Pan, who changed 
himſelf into a goat when frightened at the 
approach of Typhon. When the ſun enters 
this ſign, it is the winter ſolſtice, or the 
longeſt night in the year. Manil. 2 & 4.— 
Herat. 2, od. 17, v. 19.—Hygin. fab. 196. 
48 as. 

CAPRIFICIAL1S, a day ſacred to Vulcan, 
en which the Athenians offered him money, 
Hin. 11, c. 15. 

CArRi uA, a town of Catia. 

CarnipEpes, a ſirname of Pan, the 
Fauni and the Satyrs, from their having 
goats feet, 

Carius, a great informer in Horace's 
age. erat. 1, ſat. 4, v. 66. 

Car Ro vA, a feſtival celebrated at Rome 


in honor of Juno, at which women only 
efticiated, Varro. de L. L. 5. 


Carekvs, a harbour near mount Athos. 


Carsa, a town of Libya, ſurrounded by 
vaſt deſerts full of ſnakes. Flor. 3, c. 16— 
Sall. bell. Jug. 

Cars KoR, A town of Syria. Curt. 10. 

Cieva, the chief city of Campania in 
Italy, ſuppoſed to have been founded by 

PYs, the father, or rather the companion 
ot Anchiſes. This city was very ancient, 
ad ſo opulent that it even rivalled Rome, 
and was called a/tera Roma, The ſoldiers 
ef Annibal, after the battle of Cannæ, were 


Wrvated by the pleaſures and luxuries which | thage. 


C 4 


powerfully prevailed in this voluptuous city 
and under a ſoft climate. Virg. An. 10, 
v. 145.—Liv. 4, 7, 8, &c.—Paterc. 1, 
c. 7, I. 2, c. 44.— Flor. 1, c. 16.—Cic. in 
Philip. ta, c. 3.— Plat. in Ann. 

Cay vs, a Trojan who came with Eneas 
into Italy, and founded Capua. He was one 
of thofe who, againſt the advice of Thymœ - 
tes, withed to deſtroy the wooden horſe, 
which P agony the dettruction of Troy. 
Virg. An. to, v. 145. A ſon of Aſſara- 
cus by a daughter of the Simois. He was 
father of Anchiſes by Themis. Ovid. Faſt. 
4, V- 33+ 

CAS SYLvivs, a king of Alba, who 
reigned 28 years. Dionyſ. Hal.—Virg. 
Eu. 6, v. 768. 

CAR, a ſon of Phoroneus, king of Me- 
gara, Pau. 1, c. 39 & 40. A ſon of 
Manes, who married Callirhoe, daughter of 
the Mzander. Caria received its name 
from him. Herodot. 1, c. 171. 

CARABAC TNA, a place in India. 

CARABISs, a town of Spain. 

CAR IAcALLA. Vid Antoninus. 

CARACATES, a people of Germany. 

CaracTtXcus, a king of the Britons, 
conquered by an officer of Claudius Cæſar, 
A. D. 47. Tacit. Ann. 12, c. 33 & 37. 

CAR, eertain places between Suſa and the 
Tigris, where Alexander pitched his camp. 

CAR £Us,a firname of Jupiter in Bœotia, 
—in Caria. 

CARAL1s, the chief city of Sardinia. 
Pauſ. 10, c. 17. 

CARAMBIS, a promontory of Paphla- 
gonia, Mela. 1, c. 19. 

CarAnus, one of the Heraclidz, the 
firſt who laid the foundation of the Mace» 
donian empire, B. C. 514. He took Edeſſa, 
and reigned 28 years, which he ſpent in 
eſtabliſhing and ſtrengthening the go- 
vernment of his newly founded kingdom. 
He was ſucceeded by Perdiccas. Tuſtin, 7, 
e. I.—-Paterc. 1, c. 6. A general of 
Alexander. Curt. 7.——An harbour of 
Phonicia. 

Caravs1Us, a tyrant of Britain for 7 
years, A. D. 293. 

CARBO, a Roman orator who killed him- 
ſelf becauſe he could nut curb the licen- 
tious manners of his countrymen. Cic. ir 
Brut. Cneus, a ſon of the orator Carbo, 
who embraced the party of Marius, and af- 
ter the death of Cinna ſucceeded to the go- 
vernment. He was killed in Spain, in his 
third conſulſhip, by order of Pompey. Va. 
Max. 9, c. 13. An orator, ſun of Car- 
bo the orator, killed by the army when 
defirous of re- eſtabliſhing the ancient military 
diſcipline. Cie, in Brut. __ 

CAarcatDboN, the Greek name of Car- 


Mz 


CAN 


A 


Cancinus, atragic poet of Agrigentum, 
in the age of Philip of Macedon. He wrote 
on the rape of Proſerpine. Diod. 5. 
Another of Athens — Another of Nau- 

actum. A man of Rhegium, who ex- 
poſed his ſon Agathocles on account of ſome 
uncommon dreams during his wife's preg- 
nancy. Agathocles was preſerved. Died. 
19. An Athenian general, who laid 
waſte Peloponneſus in the time of Pevicles, 


id. 12. 


Carcitxrs, a conſtellation, the ſame as . 


the Cancer. Lucan. 9, v. 536. 

Caknacts, a people of Aſia Minor. 
Ft rab. 1 LP 

CARrnDAmYLz, a town of Argos. 

CARD, a town in the Thracian Cher- 
ſoneſus. Plin. 4, c. 11. 

CaRpöücht, a warlike nation of Media, 
Died. 14. 

CES, a nation which inhabited Caria, 
and thought themſelves the original poſſeſ- 
fors of the country. They became ſo power- 
ful that their country was not ſufficiently 
extenſive to contain them all, upon which 
they ſcized the neighbouring iflands of the 
Aigean ſea, Theſe iflands were conquered 
by Minos king of Crete. Nileus ſon of 
Codrus, invaded their country, and flaugh- 
tered many of the inhabitants. In this ca- 
lamity, the Carians, ſurrounded on every 
fide by enemies, fortified themſelves in the 
mountainous parts of the country, and, 
Hon after, made themſelves terrible by fea. 
They were antiently called Leleges. Here- 
Ai. 1, c. 146 & 171,—Pauf. 1, c. 40.— 
Ntrab, 13. Curt. 6, c. 3.—Juſtin. 13, c. 
4.—Iirg. An. 8, v. 725. 

CARE5A, an ifland of the Ægean ſea, op- 
poſite Attica. 

Cakkssus, a river of Troas. 

CaRrrinia, an immodeſt weman men- 
tioned Fur), 2, v. 69. 

CARIA, a country of Aſia Minor, whoſe 
boundaries have been different in different 
ages. Generally ſpeaking, it was at the 
ſouth of Lonia, at the eaſt and north of the 
Tcarian ſca, and at the weſt of Phrygia Major 
and Lycia, It has been called Phceniclia, 
becauſe a Phoenician colony firſt ſettled 
there; and afterwards it reccived the name 
of Caria, from Car, a king who firſt invent- 
ed the auguries of birds. The chief town 
was called Halicarnafſus, where Jupiter was 
the chief deity. { Vid, Cares. A port of 
Thrace. Mela. 2, C. 2. 

Caklas, a tuwn of Peloponneſus,— 
A general. Vid. Laches. 

CAR1ATE, a town of Bactriana, where 
Alexander impriſoned Calliſthenes. 

CARILLA, a town of the Piceni, de- 
Hrayed by Annibal, for its great attach» 
ment to Rome, Si, Ital. 8. 


ginally a nymph called Grane, whom Ja" 


power of preſiding over houſes, 


e A 


Canina,a virgin of Caria, &c. P:hert. The 15 
Carine, certain edifices at Rome, bulk hon 1 
in the manner of ſhips, which were in th, . 
temple of Tellus. Some ſuppoſe that | ; N 
was a ſtreet in which Pompey's houſe wy pel n 
built. Virg. Xn. 8, v. 361.—Horat. 1, ep. r 
CARIiNx, a town near the Caicus in Afz Africa | 
Minor. Herodot. 7, c. 42. OW 2 
CAR Ixus, (M. 1 a Roman whg with Di. 
attempted to ſucceed his father Carus x eripatet 
emperor. He was famous for his debauch. | 4 "5g The 
eries and cruelties, Diocktian defeated hin of ha 0 
in Dalmatia, and he was killed by a oldie; hers: at 
whoſe wife he had debauched, A. D. 268, 2 3 
CARISSANUM, a place of Italy gen A ( 
which Milo was killed. Plin. 2, c 56, il g 
CARISTUM, a town of Liguria. and appa 
CARMANIA, a country of Afa between virtue he 
Perſia and India. Arrian.—Plin. 6, c. 23 port preva 
CARMANOR, a Cretan who purified cian was « 
Apollo of flaughter. Par. 2, e. 30. words the 
CARME, a nymph, daughter of Eubulu their uſual 
and mother of Britomartis by Jupiter. She philoſophy 
was one of Diana'sattendants. Pauſ.2, c. 3c. Cato the c 
CARMELUS, 2 god among the inhabj- ence to the 
tants of mount Carmel, fituate between nate, and « 
Syria and Judza. Tacit, Hift, 2, e. - ing his app 
Sueton. Veſp. 5. opinions 01 
CARMENTA & CARMENTIS, a prophet- profeſſion 
eſs of Arcadia, mother of Evande;, vim end war. 
whom ſhe came to Italy, and was received could be | 
by king Faunus, about 60 years befor: th: BF world, and 
Trojan war. Her name was Nicofrats, an univerſa 
and the received that of Carmentis from tz WF in the goth 
wildneſs of her looks when giving oracies, WF a7 Artig. 1. 
as if carens mentis, She was the oracle a 7, c. 30.—. 
the people of Italy during her life, and after „c. 8. 
death ſhe received divine honors. She had Canner, 
a temple at Rome, and the Greeks offered the Grecian 
her ſacrifices under the name of Then, Sparta, whe 
Ovid. Faſt. 1, v. 467, |. 6, v. 530-—Pit 8M 675 B. C. in 
in Remul,— Virg. An. 8, v. 339.—L£.5 ns. It lag 


ation of thi 
among the at 


c. 47. 8 | 
CARMENTALES, feſtivals at Rome i 
honor of Carmenta, celebrated the 11th & 


ARNIO 

January near the Porta Carmentalis, below WF ver of 2 
the capitol, This goddeſs was entreated to Cannus 
render the Roman matrons prolikc, ard Whom Apoll 
their labors eaſy. Liv. 1, c. 7. c. 13, 

CARMENTAL1s PoRTA, one of the gifts Canndre 
of Rome in the neighbourhood of the . C/ 4,1 G 
pitol. It was afterwards called Scelerath, CARPAs14 
becauſe the Fahii paſſed through it in Cyprus. 
ing to that fatal expedition where tber Cup; 


periſhed, Virg. Anu. 8, v. 338. 
CARMIDESs, a Greek of an uncommes 
memory. Plin, 7, c. 24. 
CARNA & CARD1NEAga goddeſsatRon 
who preſided over hinges, as alſo ove! u 
entrails of the human body. She was dt. 


nean between 
Scapanto, It 
of the nejghbo 
pathian ſea, | 
Capathus w: 
Cretan ſoldier 
MCrcumfere 


Tetrapo li Sz fro 


raviſhed, and, for the injury, he gave bet 
and of re 
mov 


that it 
le was 


ep.). 
in Aſu 


an why 
arus u 
bauch- 
ted hin 
| ſoldier 
). 268, 
ly neu 
c. <6, 


between 
6, c. 23, 
purißet 


0. 
Eubulus 
er. She 
25 c. Jo. 

inbabi- 
between 
c. 13 


prophet- 
Jer, with 
received 
efore ths 
rcoſtrats, 
from tht 
4 oracles, 
oracle 0 
and after 
She had 
cs offered 
F Themis, 


9. . 
Lu. 5, 


Rome i 


» 11th & 
is, below 
treated to 
lific, and 


f the gafes 
f the @* 
Scelerats, 
it in gor 


zere thef 


ncommun 


s at Rome 
| over un 
» Was or 
om Jau 
ve her the 
nd of re 


mori 


E A 


moving all noxious birds from the doors. 
The Romans offered her beans, bacon, and 
vegetables, to repreſent the ſimplicity of 
their anceſtors. Ovid. Faß. 6, v, 101, &c. 
CARNAswv; us, 2 village of Meſſenia in 
Peloponnefus. Par. 4, c. 33. 

CarnekDes, a philoſopher of Cyrene in 
Africa, founder of a ſect called the third or 
new academy. The Athenians ſent him 
with Diogenes the ſtoic and Critolaus the 
peripatetic, as ambaſlador to Rome, B. C. 
155. The Roman youth were extremely fond 
of the company of theſe learned philoſo- 
phers; and when Carneades, in a ſpeech, 
had given an accurate and judicious diſſer- 
tation upon juſtice, and in another ſpeech 
confuted all the arguments he had advanced, 
and apparently given no exiſtence to the 
virtue he had ſo much commended; a re- 
port prevailed all over Rome, that a Gre- 
cian was come, who had ſo captivated by his 
words the riſing generation, that they forgot 
their uſual amuſements, and ran med after 
philoſophy. When this reached the ears of 
Cato the cenſor, he gave immediate audi- 
ence to the Athenian ambaſſadors in the ſe- 
nate, and diſmiſſed them in haſte, expreſs- 
ing his apprehenſion of their corrupting the 
opinions of the Roman people, whole only 
profeſſion, he ſternly obſerved, was arms 
nd war. Carneades denied that any thing 
could be perceived or underſtood in the 
world, and he was the firſt who introduced 
an univerſal ſuſpenſion of aſſent. He died 
in the goth year of his age, B. C. 128. Cic. 
ad Attic. 12 ep. 23. de Orat, 1 & 2.—Plin, 
7, e. 30. Lactantids 5, c. 14.—Val. Max. 
85 e. 8. 

CARNEITA, a feſtival obſerved in moſt of 
the Grecian cities, but more particularly at 
Sparta, where it was firſt inſtituted, about 
675 B. C. in honor of Apollo ſirnamed Car- 
neut. It laſted nine days, and was an imi- 
tation of the manner of living in camps 
among the antients, 

Carni1on, a town of Laconia. A ri- 
ver of Arcadia, Pauſ. 8, c. 34- 

Carnvs, a prophet of Acarnania, from 
whom Apollo was called Carneus. Pauſ. 3, 
c. 13, 

CarnUTEs, a. people of Celtic Gaul. 
Ce. bell. G. 6, c. 4. 

CarPaASia & CARPASIUM, a town of 
Cyprus. , 

CArPATHUS, an iſland in the Mediterra- 
nean between Rhodes and Crete, now called 
Scapanto, It has given its name to a part 
of the neighbouring ſea, then called the Car- 
pathian ſea, between Rhodes and Crete. 
Capathus was at firſt inhabited by ſome 
Cretan ſoldiers of Minos. It was 20 miles 
i eircumference, and was ſometimes called 


| 


Tetrapolis, from its four capital cities, Plin, | 


Cc A 


4z E. 12.— Herodot. 37 C. 45.— Diod. 5.— 
Strab. 10. 

CA RIA; an ancient name of Tarteſſus, 
Pauf. 6, c. 19. 

ARPIS, a river of Myſia. Herodot. 

Caro, a daughter of Zephyrus, and one 
of the Seaſons. She was loved by Calamus 
the ſon of Mæander, whom ſhe equally ad- 
mired. She was drowned in the Mzander, 
and was changed by Jupiter into all ſorts of 


fruit. Pan. 9, c. 35. 
CARoPHSRA, a name of Ceres and Pro- 
ſerpine in Tegea. Pau. 8, c. 53. 


CAR OH Rus, an actor greatly eſteemed 
by Domitian. Martial. Ju. 6, v. 198. 

Carrz & CARRMÆ, 2 town of Meſo- 
ae near which Craſſus was killed, 

can, I, v. 105.-Plin. 5, e. 14. a 

CARRINATES SECUNDUS, a poor but 
ingenious rhetorician, who came from Athens 
to Rome, where the boldneſs of his expreſ- 
ons, eſpecially againſt tyrannical power, 
expoſed him to Caligula's reſentment, who 
baniſhed him. Tuv. 7, v. 205. 

CARRUCA, a town of Spain. Hirt. Hiſp. 
27. 

CaRsSEGSLt, a town of the Aqui, Ovid, 
Fat. 4, v. 683. | 

CARTALIAS, a town of Spain, 

CARTEIA, a town of Spain, near the ſea 
of Gades. 

CARTHAEA, a town in the iſland of Cea, 
whence the epithet of Cartheius, Ovid. Mer. 
7, V. 368. 

CarTHAGINIENSES, the inhabitants of 
Carthage, a rich and commercial nation. 
Vid. Carthago. 

CARTHAGO, a celebrated city of Africa, 
the rival of Rome, and long the capital of 
the country, and miſtreſs of Spain, Sicily, 
and Sardinia. The preciſe time of its foun- 
dation is unknown, yet writers ſeem to agree 
that it was firſt built by Dido, about 86g 
years before the Chriſtian era, or, accord- 
ing to others 72, or 93 years before the 
foundation of Rome, This city and repub- 
lic floriſhed for 737 years, and the time of 
its greateſt glory was under Annibal and 
Amilcar. During the firſt Punic war, it 
contained no leſs than 700,000 inhabitants, 
It maintained three famous wars againſt 
Rome, called the Punic wars, [ Vid. Punicum 
Bellum. ] in the 3d of which Carthage was 
totally deſtroyed by Scipio the ſecond Africa- 
nus, B. C. 147, and only 5000 perſons were 
found within the walls, It was 23 miles in 
circumference; and when it was ſet on fire 
by the Romans, it burned inceſſantly during 
17 days, After the deſtruction of Carthage, 
Utica became powerful, and the Romans 
thought themſelves ſecure ; and as they had 
no rival to diſpute with them in the field, 
they fell into indolence and inactiviiy. Cę- 


M 3 far 


* 


the ſcat of the Vandal empire in Africa, and 


tacked Cæſar's naval ſtation by order of Caſ- 


=”. 


far planted a ſmall colony on the ruins of | 
Carthage. Auguſtus ſent there 3000 men; 
and Adrian, after the example of his imperial 
predeceſſors, rebuilt part of it, which he call- 
ed Adrianopolis. Carthage was conquered 
from the Romans by the arms of Genſeric, 
A.D.439; and it was for more than a century 


fell into the hands of the Saracens in the 7th 
century. The Carthaginians were govern- 
ed as a republic, and had two perſons yearly 
choſen among them with regal authority. 
They were very ſuperſtitious, and generally 
otfered human victims to their gods; an un- 
natural cuſtom, which their allies wiſhed 
them to aboliſh, but in vain. They bore 
the character of a faithleſs and treacherous 
people, and the proverb Punica fides is well 
33 Strab. 17.—Virg. An. 1, &c.— 
Mela. 1, &c.—Ptol. 4. —Juftin. —Liv. 4, 


&c.—Paterc. 1 & 2.—Plut. in Annib. &c. | 


—Cic, N6va, a town built in Spain, on 
the coaſts of the Mediterranean, by Afdru- 
bal the Carthaginian general. It was taken 
by Scipio when Hanno ſurrendered himſelf 
after a heavy loſs. It now bears the name 
of Carthagena, Polyb. 10.—Liv. 26, c. 43, 
&c.— Sil. 15, v. 220, &c. A daughter 
of Hercules. 

CAKkTHAS1S, a Scythian, &c. Curt. 7, 
t. 7. 
CARTHEA, a town of Cos. Ovid, Met. 
7, fab. . 

CArviLi1vs, a king of Britain, who at- 


fivelaunus, &c. Cæſ. bell. G. 8, c. 22. 
Spurius, a Roman who made a large image 
of the breaſt plates taken from the Samnites, 
and placed it in the capitol, Pin. 34, c. 7. 
The fiſt Roman who divorced his wife, 
during the ſpace of above 600 years. This 
was for barrenneſs, B. C. 231. Dienyſ. Hal, 
2.—Pal. Max. 2, c. 1. 

Carvs, a Roman emperor who ſucceeded 
Probus. He was a prudent and active gene- 
ral, he conquered the Sarmatians, and con- 
tinued the Perſian war which his pre deceſſor 
had commenced. He reigned two years, 
and died on the banks of the Tigris, as he 
was going in an expedition,againſt Perſia, 
A. D. 283. He made his two ſons, Carinus 
and Numerianus, Cæſars; and as his many 
virtues had promiſed the Romans happineſs, 
he was made a god after death. Eutrep. 
One of thoſe who attempted to ſcale the 
* Aornus, by order of Alexander. Curt. 

pg + 

CARYA,a country of Arcadia. A city 
ef Laconia. Pau. 3, c. 19.—Herc a feſtival 
was obſerved in honor of Diana Caryatis, It 
was then uſual for virgins to meet at the ce- 
lebration, and join in a certain dance, ſaid 


8 Xx 


Pollux. When Greece was invaded 
Xerxes, the Laconians did not appear before 
the enemy, for fear of diſpleaſing the goddeſs, 
by not celebrating her feſtival. At that 
time the peaſants aſſembled at the uſual 
place, and ſang paſtorals called Bouneh.guy, 
from Bruzoke;, a neatherd. From this cir. 
cumſtance ſome ſuppoſe that Bucolics origi. 
nated. 

CAR VAT, a pcople of Arcadia. 

CanrvsTivs ANTIGONUS, an hiſtoriar 
Kc. B. C. 248. / 
CARxvsrus, a maritime town on the 
ſouth of Eubaa, famous for its maible, 
Stat. 2, v. 93. - Martial. 9, ep. 76. 
CAR vun, a place of Laconia, where 
Ariſtomenes preſerved ſome virgins, &c. 
Par. 4, C. I6. 

Casca, one of Cæſar's aſſaſſins, why 
gave him the firſt blow. Plut. in Cxſ. 

CAsSCELLIvs Aulus, a lawyer of gert 
merit in the Auguſtan age. Hort. An. 
Poet. 371. 

CAstLi Nux, a townof Campania. When 
it was beſieged by Hannibal a mouſe ſold 
for 200 denarii. The place was defended 
by 540 or 570 natives of Præneſte, who, 
when half their number had periſhed either 
by war or famine, ſurrendered to the con- 
queror. Liv. 23, c. 19.—Strab. 5,—ic,d& 
Inv. 2, c. 57.—Plin. 3, e. 5. 

Casi xA & Casi Nun, a town of Can» 
pania. Sil. 4, v. 227. 

Castus, 2 mountain near the Euphntes, 
Another beyond Peluſium, where Pom- 
pey's tomb was raiſed by Adrian. Jupiter 
firnamed Caſius, had a temple there. Lucan, 
8, v. 858. Another in Syria, from 
whoſe top the fun can be ſeen riſing, tho 
it be ſtill the darkneſs of night at, the bot. 
tom of the mountain. Pix. 5, c. 22 
Mela. 1 & 3. 

CASMEN-Z, a town built by the Syratu 
ſans in Sicily.  Thucyd. 6, c. 5. 

CasSMILLA, the mother of Camilla 
Virg. An 11, v. 543- 

Caspthia, wife of Rhœtus king of the 
Marrubii, committed adultery with her fol- 
in-law. Virg. An. 10, v. 388,-—A town 
of the Sabines. Virg. An. 7, v. 714 _ 

CasPERUL A, a town of the Sabines. & 
8, v. 416. - 

Car PRT, certain paſſes of Ali 
which ſome place about Caucaſus and in 
Caſpian ſea, and others between Perſia ant 
the Caſpian ſea, or near mount Taurus 4 
Armenia, or Cilicia. Died. 1.—P!in. 5 
27, I. 6, c. 13. ; 

CaASP1ANA, a country of Armenia. 

CasP11, a Scythian nation near the (3 
pian ſea, Such as had lived beyond the 
70th year were ſtarved to death. I 


do have been firſt inſtituted by Caſtor and 


0 ir berceneh 
ogs were remarkable for their Hera 


Teroa 
Firg. . 
Ca: 
large f 
no Con 
bhetwes 
tains, 
its Can: 
rivers. 
proctict 
ferent 1 
other u 
particu! 
the well 
the fea 
about 6 
than 26. 
it, and 
is navig 
ten jt 
like inla 
Some n: 
order of 
0¹ mee n 
lithed. | 
and not 
the wide 
Curt. 2, 
11.— 447. 
e. 13. 
Cass 
by Cyrus 
CassA 
ſelf maſte 
death, w 
married T 
to ſtrengt 
pias, tlie 
keep the 
der's vou 
ſtroyed th 
ſieged her 
to death. 
and Barſe 
wives of A 
pias witn 
had been 
with Caff 
and Caſſat 
his adverf. 
Chus and 
rable victo 
three years 
His ſon A 
for this u 
death by 
ſtrengthen 
{un of Ar 
wok adva 
to death A} 
vt Mae dor 
Alia. 1 
Cassay 


orig 


rin, 


m the 


nai ble, 


te, who, 
ed either 
the con- 
Lic. de 


of Cam» 


uphrates, 
ere Pom» 

Jupiter 
e. Lucan, 
ria, from 
fing, tho 
t the bot- 
c. 22. 


de Syratu 
f Camilla 


ing of the 
th ner ſot- 
— A ton 


714 


bines. Si! 


Tes of Ali 
ſus and ine 
\ Perſia and 
Taurus, & 
»Plin. 57 


enia. 
— the Cal 
beyond the 
ath, Ti 
r fiercenth 
Hero 


C A 


Hlerodot. 3, c. 92, &G. l. 7, c. 67, Sc.— 
„. An. 6, v. 798. 5 ; 
CagpiruM MARE, or HYRCANUM, a 
Jarve fea in the form of a lake, which has 
no communication with other ſeas, and lies 
between the Caſpian and Hyrcanian moun- 
tains, at the north of Parthia, receiving in 
irs cavacious bed the tribute of ſeveral large 
rivers. Ancient authors afure us, that it 
produce enorraous ſerpents and fiſhes, dif- 
ferent in color and kind from thoſe of all 
other waters. The eaſtern parts are more 
particularly called the Hyrcanian ſea, and 
the weltern the Caſpran, It is now called 
the fea of Sala or Bar. The Caſpian is 
about 629 miles long, and in no part more 
than 260 in breadth. There are no tides in 
it, and on account of 'ts numerous ſhoals it 
is navigable to veſſels drawing only nine or 
ten fect water. It has ſtrong currents, and, 
like inland ſeas, is liable to violent ſtorms. 
Some navigators examined it in 1708, by 
order of the Czar Peter, and after the labor 
of thiec years, a map of its extent was pub- 
lithed. Its waters are deſcribed as brackith, 
and not impregnated with ialr ſo much as 
the wide ocean. Herodet. 1, c. 202, Sc. 
Curt. 3, c. 2. l. 6, c. 4. I. 7, c. 3.—Strab. 
11.— ela. 1, c. 2. Il. 3, c. 5 & 6.—Plin. 6, 
c. 13 Dionyſ. Perieg. v. 50. 
CaSSANDANE, the mother of Camby ſes 
by Cyrus. Herodot. 2, c. 1. l. 3, c. 2. 
Cass AN DER, ſon of Antipater, made him- 
ſelf maſter of Macedonia after his father's 
death, where he reigned for 18 years. He 
married Theſſalonica, the ſiſter of Alexander, 
to ſtrengthen himſelf on his throne. Olym- 
pias, the mother of Alexander, wiſhed to 
keep the kingdom of Macedonia for Alexan- 
der's young children; and therefore the de- 
ſtroyed the relations of Caſſander, who be- 
ſieged her in the town of Pydna, and put her 
to death. Roxane, with her ſon Alexander, 
and Barſena tke mother of Hercules, both 
wives of Alexander, ſhared the fate of Oly m- 
pias with their children. Antigonus, who 
had been for ſome time upon friendly terms 
with Caffander, declared war againſt him ; 
and Caſſander, to make himſelf equal with 
his adverſary, made a league with Lyſima- 
chus and Scleucus, and obtained a memo- 
rable victory at Ipſus, B. C. 301. He died 
three years after this victory, of a dropſy. 
His ſon Antipater killed his mother; and 
for this unnatural murder, he was put to 
ceath by his brother Alexander, who, to 
ſtrengthen himſelf, invited Demetrius, the 
lun of Antigonus, from Aſia. Demetrius 
took advantage of the invitation, and put 
to death Alexander, and aſcended the throne 
ot Macedonia. Pauf. 1, c. 25.—Dicd. 19. 
— 7uftin. 12, 13, &c. | 
CASSAYDRA, daughter of Priam and 


b——— —— 


Hecuba, was paſſionately loved by Apollo, 
who promiſed to grant her whatever ſhe 
might require, if ſhe would gratify his paſ- 
hon. She aſked the power of knowing fu- 
turity; and as ſoon as ſhe had received it, 
ſhe refuſed to perform her promiſe, and 
flighted Apollo. The god, in his diſappoint- 
ment, wytted her lips with his tongue, and 
by this action effected that no credit or re- 
tance ſhould ever be put upon her predic- 
tions, however true or faithful they might 
be. Some maintain that ſhe received the 
gift of prophecy with her brother Helenus, 
by being placed when young one night in 
tne temple of Apollo, where ſerpents were 
found wreathed round their bodies, and 
licking their ears, which circumſtance gave 
them the knowledge .of futurity. She was 
looked upon by the Trojans as inſane, and 
ſhe was even confined, and her predictions 
were diſregarded, She was courted by 
many princes during the Trojan war. When 
Troy was taken, the fled for ſhelter to rhe 
temple of Minerva, where Ajax found her, 
and offered her violence, with the greateſt 
cruelty, at the foot of Minerva's ſtatue, In 
the diviſion of the ſpoils of Troy, Agamem- 
non, who was enamoured of her, took her 
as his wife, and returned with her to Greece. 
She repeatedly foretold ro him the ſudden 
calamities that awaited his return; but he 
gave no credit to her, and was aſſaſſinated 
by his wife Clytemneſtra. Caſſandra ſhared 
his fate, and ſaw all her prophecies but too 
truly fulfilled. [ Vid. Agamemnon.] Aſchyl. 
in Agam.—ltlomer, II. 13, v. 363. Od. 4. — 
Hygin. fab. 117.—Pirg. An. 2, v. 246, &c. 
. Calab. 13, v. 421.—Eurip. in Tread, 
— Pauf. 1, e. 16. 1. 3, c. 19. 

CaASSANDRIA, a town of the peninſula 
of Pallene in Macedonia, called alſo Peti- 
dd. Par. 5, c. 23. 

Cassia LEx was enacted by Caſſius 
Longinus, A. U. C. 649. By it no man 
condemned or deprived of military power 
was permitted to enter the ſenate-houſe. 
Another enacted by C. Caſſius, the pretor, 
to chuſe ſome of the plebeians to be ad- 
mitted among the patricians. Another 
A U. C. 616, to make the ſuffrages of the 
Roman people free and independent. It 
ordained that they ſhould be received upon 
tablets. Cic. in Lal. Another, A. U. C. 
267, to make a diviſion of the territories 
taken from the Hernici, half ta the Roman 
people, and halt to the Latins. Another, 
enacted A. U. C. 596, to grant a conſular 
power to P. Anicius and Octavius the 
day they triumphed over Macedonia, Liv. 

Cass10DoRVUS, a great ſtateſman and 
writer in the ſixth century. He died A. D. 
562, at the age of 100. His works were 
edited by Chandler, $vo. London, 1722. 


M4 Cass 


— 


— 
— — 8 — — 
— ———— ꝛ !:! „„! — — = - 
— x — . 


1 1 
2 a 


EE es 2 * — —— — 
— - e — CY a * i 


_ 


— — — 


C A 


Cassr1Spr & Cass1VyEa, married Ce- 
pheus, king of Ethiopia, by whom ſhe had 
Andromeda. She boaſted herſelf to be fairer 
than the Nereides ; upon which Neptune, at 
the requeſt of theſe deſpiſed nymphs, pu- 
niſhed the inſolence of Caſſiope, and ſent a 
huge ſea monſter to ravage Æthiopia. The 
wrath of Neptune could be appeaſed only by 
expoſing Andromeda, whom Caſſiope ten- 
derly loved, to the fury of a ſea monſter ; 
and juſt as ſhe was going to be devoured, 
Perſeus delivered her. [Vid. Andromeda.) 
Caſſiope was made a ſouthern conſtellation, 
conſiſting of 13 ſtars called Caſſiope. Cic. 
de Nat. D. 2, c. 43.—Apolled. 2, c. 4.— 
Ovid. Met. 4, v. 738.—Hygin. fab. 64.— 
Propert. 1, el. 17, v. 3.—Manilius, 1. 
A city of Epirus near Theſprotia.— An- 
other in the iſland of Corcyra. Plin. 4, c. 
12 The wife of Epaphus. Stat. Sy/w. 

CassITERTDEs, iſlands in the weſtern 
ocean, where tin was found, ſuppoſed to be 
the Scilly iſlands of the moderns. Plin. 4, 
C. 22, 

CasSIVELAUNUS, a Briton inveſted with 
ſovereign authority when J. Cæſar made a 
deſcent upon Britain. Cæſ. bell. G. 5, c. 
19, &c. 

C. Cass tus, a celebrated Roman, who 
made himſelf known by being firſt quæſtor 
to Crafſus in his expedition againſt Parthia, 
from which he extricated himſelf with un- 
common addreſs. He followed the intereſt 
of Pompey ; and when Cæſar had obtained 
the victory in the plains of Pharſalia, Caſſius 
was one of thoſe who owed their life to the 
mercy of the conqueror. He married Junia 
the fifier of Brutus, and with him he reſolved 
to murder the man to whom he was indebt- 
ed for his life, on account of his oppreſſive 
ambition; and before he ſtabbed Cæſar, he 
addreſſed himſelf to the ſlatue of Pompey, 
who had fallen by the avarice of him he 
was going to affaſſinate. When the provinces 
were divided among Cziar's murderers, 
Caſſius received Africa; and when lis party 
had loſt ground at Rome, by the ſuperior in- 
fluence of Auguſtus and M Antony, he re- 
tired to Philippi, with his friend Brutus and 
their adherents. In the battle that was 
fought there the wing which Caſſius com- 
manded was deteated, and his camp was 
1238 In this unſucceſsful moment 

e ſuddenly gave up all hopes of recovering 
his loſſes, and concluded that Brutus was 
eonquered and ruined as well as himſelf, 
Fearful to fall into the enemy's hands, he 
ordered one of his freed-men to run him 
through, and he periſhed by that very ſword 
which had given wounds to Ceſar. His 
body was honored with a magnificent fune- 
ral by his friend Brutus, who declared over 
him that he deferved to be called the laſt of 


E A 


the Romans. 
equally learned. Some of his letters are 
ſtil] extant among Cicero's epiſtles, He 
was a ſtrict follower of the docttine of Epi- 
curus. He was often too raſh and too vio. 
lent, and many of the wrong ſteps which 
Brutus took are to be aſcribed to the pre- 
vailing advice of Caſſius. He is allowed 
by Paterculus to have been a better com- 
mander than Brutus, though a leſs fincere 
friend. The day after Cæſar's murder he 
dined at the houſe of Antony, who aſked 
him whether he nad then a dagger concealed 
in his boſom ; yes, replied he, if you aſpire 
to tyranny. Suet. in Cæſ. & Aug. — Plit. 
in Brut, & Caf, —Patercul. 2, c. 46.— Du. 
40. A Roman citizen, who condemn- 
ed his ſon to death, on pretence of his 
raiſing commotions in the ſtate, J. 
Max. 5, c. 8. A tribune of the people, 
who made many laws tending to diminih 
the influence of the Roman nobility. He 
was competitor with Cicero for the conſul. 
ſhip.— One of Pompey's officers, who, 
during the civil wars, revolted to Cæſar with 
10 ſhips. A poet of Parma, of great 
genius. He was killed by Varus, by order 
of Auguſtus, whom he had offended by his 
ſatirical writings. His fragments of Or- 
pheus were found and edited ſome time 
after by the poet Statius. Horat. 1, fat. 10, 
v. 62. Spurius, a Roman, put to death 
on ſuſpicion of his aſpiring to tyranny, after 
he had been three times conſul, B. C. 483. 
Died. 11.—Val. Max. 6, c. 3. Brutus, 
a Roman who betrayed his country to the 
Latins, and fied to the temple of Pallas, 
where his father confined him, and he was 
ſtarved to death. Longinus, an officer 
of Cæſar in Spain, much diſliked. Ca/. 
Alex. c. 48. A conſul to whom Tibe- 
rius married Druſilla, daughter of Germa- 
nicus. Swet. in Cal. c. 5$7.—A lawyer 
whom Nero put to death becauſe he bore 
the name of J. Czſar's murderer, Sut. is 
Ner. 37. L. Hemina, the moſt- ancient 
writer of annals at Rome. He lived A. U. C. 
608. Lucius, a Roman lawyer, whoſe 
ſeverity in the execution of the law has ten- 
dered the words Caſſiani judices applicable 
to rigid judges. Cic. pro Roſe. e. 30.— 
Longinus, a critic. Vid. Longinus—— 
Lucius, a conſul with C. Marius, flain with 
his army by the Gauls Senones. Appia. 
in Celt. M. Scæva, a ſoldier of uncom- 
mon valor in Cæſar's army. Val. Mas. } 
c. 2.——An officer under Aurelius, made 
emperor by his ſoldiers, and murdered three 
months after. ——Felix, a phy ſician in the 
age of Tiberius, who wrote on animals 
Severus, an orator who wrote a ſevere 


treatiſe on illuſtrious men and women. Ht 
died in exile, in his 25th year, Vid. Severe 
q Cas50T1H5 


If he was brave, he wag 


Cas: 
cis. P 
Cas1 
inhabita 
8, c. 40 
CasT 
CasT 
daughter 
CAST. 
fountain 

# The wate 
excellent, 
ing thoſe 
hre of po 
the ſirnam 
Pirg. G. ö 
12, ep. 3. 

CASTA 
whence th 
name. ., 

CAS TEL 

Belgium o 
Morinorum 

m——  Cattor 

CasTHE 
zantium, 
CASTIA? 

Friam, and 

L. 8. 

Cas rox 
ons of Japit 
Jarus, king 
th is unco 
moured of 
autiful ſw; 
amorphole h 
ans for matio 
th apparent 
fupe into th 
bs in the Eu. 

his Couati 
da, who W 
th two egg 
lux and H 
tor and Ch 
re the offsp! 
le believed t 
me ſuppoſe 
© egg, from 
ung. Merc 

th, carried 1 

fre they wet 
had arrived 
barked with 
\ fleece. 
ed with ſu 
ted and ew 
ceſtus, and \ 


and patron 


Yr diſtinguiſl 
It of horſes, 

elpont, and | 
% after thei, 


ag 
are 
He 
pi- 
o- 
wich 
pre- 
wed 
om- 
cere 
r he 
{ked 
caled 
ſpire 
Plut. 
Dio. 
emn- 
f his 
Val. 
eople, 
niniſh 
= 
onſul- 
who, 
r with 
great 
order 
by his 
of Or- 
e time 
ſat. 10. 
o death 
y, after 
C. 485. 
Brutus, 
y to the 
Pallas, 
| he was 
| officer 
1. Caſ. 
m Tibe- 
Germa- 
lawyer 
he bote 
Fust. in 
ancient 
A. U. C. 
Ty whoſe 
nas ten- 
pplicable 
MW 
nus— 
ſlain wit 
Appias. 
zf uncom- 
I. Max. 3 
ius, made 
lered thite 
an in 
1 animals. 
te a ſevere 
men. e 
4. Severus. 
8 458001195 


S The waters of this fountain were cool and 


C A 


Cass5T15, a nymph and fountain of Pho- 


cis. Pauſ. 10, c. 24. 3 
CasSTABALA, à city of Cilicia, whoſe 
inhabitants made war with their dogs. Pin, 
8, c. 40. 
Cas rA us, a town of Cherſoneſus. 
CasTALI1A, a town near Phocis. 
daughter of the Achelous. 
CasTXALIUs Fons, or CASTALIA, a 
fountain of Parnaſſus ſacred to the muſes. 


A 


excellent, and they had the power of inſpir- 
ing thoſe that drank of them with the true 
fire of poetry. The mules have received 
the firname of Caſfalides from this fountain. 

Virg. G. 3, v. 293.— Martial. 7, ep. 11.1 
12, ep. 3. 

CASTANEA, a town near the Peneus, 
whence the nuces Caſtaneæ received their 
name. Plin. 4, c. 9. 

CASTELLUM MENAPIORUM, a town of 
Belgium on the Maeſe, now Keſſel. 
Morinorum, now mount Caſſel, in Flanders, 
——  Cattorum, now Heſſe Caſſel. 
CasTHENEs, a bay of Thrace, near By- 
antium. 

CasrrAxiRA, a Thracian miſtreſs of 
Priam, and mother of Gorgythion. Homer. 
Wl. 8. 

CasToR & Pot Lux, were twin brothers, 
ns of Jupiter, by Leda, the wife of Tyn- 
Jarus, king of Sparta. The manner of their 
irth is uncommon. Jupiter, who was en- 
moured of Leda, changed himſelf into a 

autiful ſwan, and defired Venus to me- 
pmorphoſe herſelf into an eagle. After this 
ansformation the goddeſs purſued the god 
nth apparent ferocity, and Jupiter fled for 
fuge into the arms of Leda, who was bath- 
bg in the Eurotas, Jupiter took advantage 

his Fcuation, and nine months after, 
da, who was already pregnant, brought 
th two eggs, from one of which came 
lux and Helena; and from the other, 
tor and Clytemneſtra. The two former 
re the offspring of Jupiter, and the latter 
ſe believed to be the children of Tyndarus. 
me ſuppoſe that Leda brought forth only 
te ego, from which Caſtor and Pollux 
ung. Mercury, immediately after their 
th, carried the two brothers to Pallena, 
Kre they were educated; and as ſoon as 
bad arrived to years of maturity, they 
barked with Jaſon to go in queſt of the 
den fleece. In this expedition both be- 
ed with ſuperior courage: Pollux con- 
ed and flew Amycus, in the combat of 
ceſtus, and was ever after reckoned the 
} and patron of boxing and wreſtling. 
tor diſtinguiſhed himſelf in the manage- 
It of horſes. The brothers cleared the 
*pont, and the neighbouring ſeas, from 
% after their return from Colchis, from 


E . 


which circumſtance they have been alwa 
deemed the friends of navigation. During t 
Argonautic expedition, in a violent ſtorm 
two flames of fire were ſeen to play around 
the heads of the ſons of Leda, and immedi- 
ately the tempeſt ceaſed, and the ſea wag 
calmed. From this occurrence their power to 
protect ſailors has been more firmly credited, 
and the two mentioned fires, which are very 
common in ſtorms, have ſince been known by 
the name of Caſtor and Pollux ; and when 
they both appeared, it was a ſign of fair wea- 
cher; but if only one was ſeen, it prognoſti- 
cated ſtorms, and the aid of Caſtor and Pollux 
was conſequently ſolicited. Caſtor and Pollux 
made war againſt the Athenians to recover 
their ſiſter Helen, whom Theſeus had carried 
away; and from their clemency to the con- 
quered, they acquired the ſirname of Anaces, 
or benefactors. They were initiated in the 
ſacred myſteries of the Cabiri, and in thoſe 
of Ceres of Eleuſis. They were invited to 
a feaſt when Lynceus and Idas were going 
to celebrate their marriage with Phoebe and 
Talaira, the daughters of Leucippus, who 
was brother to Tyndarus. , Their behaviour 
after this invitation was cruel. They be- 
came enamoured of the two women whoſe 
nuptials they were to celebrate, and reſolv- 
ed to carry them away and marry them. 
This violent ſtep provoked Lynceus and 
Idas: a battle enſued, and Caſtor killed 
Lynceus, and was killed by Idas. Pollux re- 
venged the death of his brother, by killing 
Idas; and as he was immortal, and tenderly 
attached to his brother, he entreated Jupiter 
to reſtore him to life, or to be deprived 
himſelf of immortality, Jupiter permitted 
Caſtor to ſhare the immortality of his bro- 
ther; and conſequently, as long as the one 
was upon earth, ſo long was the other de- 
tained in the infernal regions, and they al- 
ternately lived and died every day; or, ac- 
cording to others, every fix months. This 
act of fraternal love Jupiter rewarded 
making the two brothers conſtellations in 
heaven, under the name of Gemini, which 
never appears together, but when one riſcs 
the other ſets, and ſo on alternately. Caſtor 
made Talaira mother of Anogon, and 
Phoebe had Mncfileus by Pollux. They re- 
ceived divine honors after death, and were 
generally called Dioſcuri, ſons of Jupiter. 
White lambs were more particularly offered 
on their altars, and the ancients were fond 
of ſwearing by the divinity of the Dioſcuri, 
by the expreſſions of Ædepol and /Zcaftor. 
Among the Romans there prevailed * 
public reports, at different times, that Caſ- 
tor and Pollux had made their appearance 
to the Roman armies; and, mounted on 
white ſteeds, had marched at the head of 


9 


their troops, and furiouſly attacked the ene · 
f my. 


CA 


my. Their ſirnames were many, and they 
were generally repreſented mounted on two 
white horſes, armed with ſpears, and rid- 
ing ſide by ſide, with their head covered 
with a bonnet, on whoſe top glittered a 
ſtar. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 109. Faſt. 5, v. 
701. Am. 3, el. 2, v. 5$4.—Hygin. fab. 
77 & 78.— Hemer. Hymn. in. Tov. puer. — 
Eurip. in Helen. — Plut. in Theſ.—Firg. 
Ex. 6, v. 121.—Manil. Arg. 2.— Liv. 2.— 
Dionyſ. Hal. 6.— Juſtin. 20, c. 3.—Horat. 
2, Sat. 1, v. 27.— Flor. 2, c. 12.— ic. de 
Nat. D. 2, c. 2.— Apollon. 1.—. pad. 1, 
e. 8, 9. I. 2, c. 4. I. 3, c. 11.—Pauſ. 3, 
e. 4. l. 4, e. 3 &@ 47. An ancient phy- 
ſician. A ſwift runner. A friend of 
FEneas. Firg. An. 10, v. 124. An 
orator of Rhodes, related to king De1ota- 
rus. He wrote two books on Babylon, and 
one on the Nile. A gladiator. Heorar. 
1, ep. 18, v. 19. 

CASsTRAALEXAN DRI, a place of Egypt 
about Peluſium. Curt. 4, c. 7. Cor- 
relia a maritime town of Africa, between 
Carthage and Utica, Mela. 1, c. 7.—— An- 
nibalis, a town of the Frutii, now Roccella. 
—— — Cyr1i, a country of Cilicia, where Cyrus 
encamped when he marched againſt Crœſus. 
Curt. 3, c. 4.-——Julia, a town of Spain. 
—  Pofthumiana, a place of Spain. Hit. 
Hiſp. 8. 

CASTRATIVUS, a governor of Placentia 
during the civil wars of Marius. Val. Max. 
„ . . 

Casrxvn No vun, a place on the coaſt 
of Etruria. Liv. 36, c. 3. Truentinum, 
2 town of Picenum. Cic. de Atric. 8, ep. 
12. Inui, a town on the ſhores of the 
Tyrrhene ſea. Firg. An. 6, v. 775. 

CasTULo, a town of Spain, where An- 
nibal married one of the natives. Put. in 
Sert. Liv. 24, c. 41.—ltal. 3, v. 99, & 
391. 

CATABATHMoOs, a great dechvity near 
Cyrene, fixed by Salluſt as the boundary of 
Africa. Salluft, Fug. 17 & 19, —Plin. 5, 
3 . | 

CaTADTrPA, the name of the large cata- 
rats of the Nile, whoſe 'immente noiſe 
tuns the ear of travellers for a ſhort ſpace of 
time, and totally deprives the neighbouring 
inhabitants of the power of hearing. Cic. 
de Somn. Scip. 5. 

CATAMENTELES, a king of the Sequani, 
in alliance with Rome, &c. Cz. bell. G. 
. 

CATANA, a town of Sicily, at the foot of 
mount AÆtna, founded by a colony from 
Chalcis, 753 years before the chriſtian era. 
Ceres had there a temple, in which none but 
women were permitted to appear, It was 

large and opulent, and it is rendered re- 
markable for the dreadful overtl. rows to 


C A 


which it has been ſubjected from its vicinity 
to Etna, which has diſcharged, in ſome 
of its eruptions, a fiream of lava 4 miles 
broad and 50 feet deep, advancing at the 
rate o- 7 miles in a day. Catana contains 
now about 30,000 inhabitants. Cic. in 
Verr. 4, c. 53.— Diod. 11 & 14.—Stra, 
6.—Thuryd. 6, c. 3. 

CATAONIA, a country above Cilicia, 
near Cappadocia, C. Nep. in Dat. 4. 
CATARACTA, a city of the Samnites, 
CATARACTES, a river of Pamphylia, 
now Dodenſori, 

CATE NES, a Perſian by whoſe means 
Beſſus was ſeized. Curt. 7, c. 43. 
CaTHEa, a country of India. 
CATHART, certain gods of the Arcadians, 
An Indian nation, where the wires 
accompany their huſhands to the burning 
pile, and are burnt with them. Dad. 17 
CATIA, an immodeſt woman, mention- 
ed Horat. 1, Sat. 2, v.95. 

CaTIiENA, a courtezan in Juvenal's age, 
Jud. 3, v. 133. 

Carius, an actor at Rome in Horace's 
age, 2, Sat. 3, v. 61. 

L. SexGIiuvs CATYLINA, a celctrated 
Roman, deſcended of a noble family, 
When he had ſquandered away his fortune 
by his debaucheries and extravagance, and 
been refuſed the conſulſhip, he ſecretly me- 
ditated the ruin of his country, and con- 
ſpired with many of the moſt IH 
of the Romans, as diſſolute as himlelt, to 
extirpate the ſenate, plunder the treaſury, 
and ſet Rome on fire. This conſpiracy wa 
timely diſcovered by the conſul Cicero, 
whom he had reſolved to murder ; and Ca- 
tiline, after he had declared his intentions 
in the full ſenate, and attempted to vind. 
cate himſelf, on ſeeing tive of his accom- 
plices arreſted, retired to Gaul, dete n 
partizans were aſſembling an army ; whi 
Cicero at Rome puniſhed the condemned 
conſpirators, Peticius, the other conſul 
lieutenant, attacked Catiline's ill ciſcipline 
troops, and routed them. Catiline wi 
killed in the engagement, bravely fighting 
about the middle of December, B. C. 6; 
His character has been deſerved!ly brand 
with the fouleſt infamy ; and to the violene 
he offered to a veſtal, he added the moi 
atrocious murder of his own brother, 
which he would have ſuffered death, 1 
not friends and bribes prevailed over Juſt 
It has been reported that Catiline and 
other conſpirators drank human blood, | 
mske their oaths more firm and invioli 
Salluft has written an account of the © 
| ſpiracy. Cic. in Catil.—Firg. An. h 
668. : 

CATILE1, a people near the river Al 


| Sil. 4, v. 225. _ 


M. ( 
Inſubri 
on the 
bonum, 
tenets « 
ſound o 
philoſor 
2, Sat. 
a milit: 
Cc. div, 

CAT. 
ſuppoſed 
country | 

CaTo 
rendered 
celebrate: 
us, fron 

cenſor, 
ſtate, anc 
againſt A 
Where he 
In his quz 
Carthage, 


againſt the 
diſplayed 
prudence, 
of tempera 
and was 
meats were 
vants, Who 
angry word 
he obtained 
clarations « 
olhce, he 
and impatti 
to all juxui 
cuſed his co 
lic money. 
oppoſition w 
uction of th 
and his tre; 
nown, TI 
prehen ſion t 
Athens wou 
plicity of the 
Obſerved to 
certain] 
be infected u 
= that 
made hirſe 
ledge of Grec 
Ml age, He 


e A 


Earrt19s, 2 pirate of Dalmatia. Cc. 
10. $, c. 10. 
1 or CArtLU us, a fon of Am- 
phiaraus, wo came to Italy with his bro- 
thers Coras and Tiburtus, where he built 
Tibur, and aſſiſted Turnus againſt Æneas. 
Virg. An. 7, v. 672.—Horat. 1, od. 18, 
v. 2. 
Cari vA, a town of Sicily, called alſo 
Catana. [ Vid. Cat and.] Another of Ar- 


me 
Iles 
the 
ains 
. in 
rab. 


licia, 


un, tadia. 
ha, M. CaT1vs, an epicurean philoſopher of 
Inſubria, who wrote a treatiſe m four hooks, 
nean; on the nature of things, and the ſummun 
bonum, and an account of the doctrine and 
tenets of Epicurus. But as he was not a 
Gians, ſound or faithful follower of the Epicurean 
wires philoſophy, he has been ridiculed by Horat. 
urnng 2, Sat. 4,— (Quintil. I, ©. 1. Veſtinus 
9d, 17 a military tribune in M. Antony's army. 
enuon⸗ ic. diu. 10, c. 23. 
CaT1zr, a people of the Pygmæans, 
M's age, ſuppoſed to have been driven ſrom their 
country by cranes. Pin. 4, c. 11. 
loract's Caro, a firname of the Porcian family, 
rendered illuſtrious by M. Porcius Cato, a 
lebrated celebrated Roman, afterwards called Cenſo- 
family, rivs, from his having exerciſed the office of 
s fortune cenſor. He roſe to all the honors of the 
nee, and ſtate, and the firſt battle he ever ſaw was 
retly me- againſt Annibal, at the age of ſeventeen, 
and con- where he behaved with uncommon valor. 
;iftrious In his quæſtorſhip, under Atricanus againſt 
imſelt, 10 Carthage, and in bis expedition in Spain, 
treaſury, againſt the Celtiberians, and in Greece, he 
DIFacy Wis diſplayed equal proofs of his courage and 
| Ciceid, prudence. He was remarkable for his love 
; and Ct of temperance ; he never drank but water, 
ien and was always ſatisfied with whatever 
I to vind- meats were laid upon his table by his ſer- 
11s accom vants, whom he never reproved with an 
ele 1 angry word, During his cenſorſhip, which 
my; wii he obtained, though he had made many de- 
condemned clarations of his future ſeverity if ever in 
act conſuls once, he bchaved with the greateſt rigor 
| Ciſciphne and impaitiality, thewed himſelf an enemy 
atiline VOOR to all luxury and diſſipation, and even ac- 
ely wy cuſed his colleague of embezzling the pub- 
„ B. C 1 lic money. He is famous for the great 
eddy bau oppoſition which he made againſt the intro- 
the vio duction of the finer arts of Greece into Italy, 
ed the wo and his treatment of Carneades is well 
72 bon. This prejudice aroſe from an ap- 
d CEA © 


prehenſion that the learning and luxury of 
Athens would deſtroy the valor and fim- 
plicity of the Roman people; and he often 


d over juſtice 
itiline and u 


nan bi all obſerved to his ſon, that the Romans would 
nd indie ec <xrtainly ruined whenever they began to 
nt of * be infected with Greek, It appears, how- 
"gs fn: * ever, that he changed his opinion, and 


made himſelf remarkable for the know- 
edge of Greek, which he acquired in his 
did age. He himſelf educated his ſon, and 


the river Al 


catun 


— — 2— — — — f — 


C A 


inſtructed him ia writing and grammar. 


He taught him dexterouſly to throw the 


Javelin, and inured him to the labors of the 
held, and to bear cold and heat with the 
ſame indifference, and to ſwim acroſs the 
moſt rapid rivers with eaſe and boldneſs. 
He was univerſally deemed ſo ſtrict in his 
morals, that Virgil makes him one of the 
judges of hell He repented only of three 
things during his life; to have gone by ſez 
when he could go by land, to have paſſed 
a day inactive, and to have told a ſecret to 
his wife. A ſtatue was raiſed to his memo- 


ry, and he diſtinguiſhed himſelf as much 


tor his knowledge of agriculture as kis po- 
lirical life. In Cicero's age there were 150 
orations of his, beſides letters, and a cele- 
brated work called Origines, of which the 
firſt book gave an hiſtory of the Ro- 
man monarchy ; the ſecond and third an 
account of the neighbouring cities of Italy; 
the fourth a detail of the firſt, and the fiſth 
of the ſecond Punic war; and in the others 
the Roman hiſtory was brought down to 
the war of the Luſitanians, carried on by 
Ser. Galba. Some fragments of the Ori- 
ginzs remain, ſuppoſed by ſome to be ſup- 
polititious. Cato's treatiſe, De re ruſticd, 
was edited by Auſon. Pompna, 8vo. Ant. 
Plant. 1590; but the beſt editon of Cato, 
& c. ſeems to be Geſner's, 2 vols. 4to. Lipſ. 
1735. Cato died in an extreme old age, 
about 150 B. C.; and Cicero, to ſhew his 
reſpect for him, has introduced him in his 
treatiſe on old age, as the principal cha- 
rater. Plin, 7, c. 14. Plutarch & C. 
Ne pos have written an account of his life. 
Cic. Acad. & de Senect. Sc. Marcus, 
the ſon of the cenſor, married the daughter 
of P. Amylius. He loſt his ſword in 2 
battle, and though wounded and tired, he 
went to his friends, and, with their aſſiſtance, 
renewed the battle, and recovered. his (word. 
Plut. in Cat. A courageous Roman, 
grandfather to Cato the cenſor. He had 
tive horſes killed under him in battles. Plur. 
in Cat. Valcrius, a grammarian in the 
time of Sylla, who inſtructed at Rome 
many nobie pupils, and wrote ſome poems. 
Ovid. 2, Trijt. 1, v. 436. Marcus, fir- 
named Uticenjrs, from his death at Utica, 


was great grandſun to the cenſor of the 


ſame name. The early virtues that ap- 
peared in his childhood, ſeemed to promiſe 
a great man; and at the age of fourteen, he 
earneſtly aſked his preceptor for a ſword, 
to ſtab the tyrant Sylla, He was auſtere 
in his morals, and a ſtrict follower of the 
tenets of the Stoics : he was careleſs of his 
dreſs, often appeared barefooted in public, 
and never travelled but on foot. He was 
ſuch a lover of, diſcipline, that in whatever 
office he was employed, he always reformed 

its 


— — — 


. AR" 2 


— 


— ww 


— — 
2 —— 


- — — —_— 
Dn OD Ee - 
my 


« — 


E 


Jes abufes, and reſtored the ancient regula- 
tions. When he was ſet over the troops, 
in the capacity of a commander, his remo- 
val was univerſally lamented, and deemed 
almoſt a public loſs by his affect ionate ſoldi- 
ers. His fondneſs for candor was ſo great, 
that the veracity of Cato became proverbial. 
In his vifits to his friends, he wiſhed to 
give as little moleſtation as poſhble ; and 
the importuning civilities of king Dejota- 
rus ſo diſpleaſed him, when he was at his 
court, that he haſtened away from his pre- 
ſence, He was very jealous of the ſafety 
and liberty of the republic, and watched 
carefully over the conduct of Pompey, 
whoſe power and influence were great. 
He often expreſſed his diſlike to ſerve the 
office of a tribune ; but when he ſaw a 
man of corrupted principles apply for it, 
he offered himſelf a candidate to oppoſe 
bim, and obtained the tribuneſhip. In the 
conſpiracy of Catiline, he ſupported Cicero, 
and was the chief cauſe that the conſpira- 
tors were capitally puniſhed. When the 
provinces of Gaul were decreed for five 
years to Cæſar, Cato obſerved to the ſc- 
nators, that they had introduced a tyrant 
into the eapitol, He was ſent to Cyprus 
againſt Ptolemy, who had rebelled, by his 
enemies, who hoped that the difficulty of 
the expedition would injure his reputation. 
But his prudence extricated him from evcry 
danger. Ptolemy ſubmitted, and aſter a 
ſucceſsful campaign, Cato was received at 
Rome with the moft diſtinguiſhing honors, 
which he, however, modeſtly declined. 
When the firſt triumvirate was formed be- 
tween Cæſar, Pompey, and Craſſus, Cato 
oppoſed them with all his might, and with 
an independent ſpirit foretold to the Roman 
people all the misfortunes which ſoon after 
followed. After repcated applications he 
was made pretor, but he ſeemed rather to 
diſgrace than ſupport the dignity of that 
office, by the meanneſs of his dreſs. He 
applied for the conſulſhip, but could never 


obtain it. When Cæſar had paſſed the | 


Rubicon, Cato adviſed the Roman ſenate 
to deliver the care of the republic into the 
hands of Pompey ; and when his advice 
had been complied with, he followed him 
with bis fon to Dyrrachium, where, after 
a {mall victory there, he was entruſted with 
the care of the ammunitions, and of 15 
cohorts. After the battle of Pharſalia, 
Cato took the command of the Corcyrcan 
fleet; and when he heard of Pompey's 
death, on the coaſt of Africa, he traverſed 
the deſerts of Libya, to join himſelf to 
Scipio. He refuſed to take the command 
df the army in Africa, a circumſtance of 
Which he afterwards repented. When Scipio 


[ 


2 : 
had been defeated, partly for not paying 


regard to Cato's advice, Cato fortified him. 1754. 
ſelf in Utica, but, however, not with the 2, V. 4 
intentions of ſupporting a ſiege. When Was 2} 
Cxfar approached near the city, Cato dif. Q. 1 
dained to fly, and rather than fall alive inte zoo ſhi 
the conqueror's hands, he ſtabbed himſelf, the Ca 
after he had read Plato's treatiſe on the im- their ſhi 


mortality of the ſoul, B. C. 46, in the 59th This ce 
year of his age. He had firſt married At, War.—— 


tilia, a woman whoſe licentious conduct ob. He was 
liged him to divorce her. Afterwards he in a roo! 
united himſelf to Martia, daughter of Phi. goals, . 
lip. Hortenſius, his friend, wiſhed to rai —A | 
children by Martia, and therefore obtained carry a 
her from Cato. After the death of Hor. the ſpoil: 


tenſius, Cato took her again. This con- Cart 
duct was ridiculed by the Romans, who Chorges, 
obſcrred that Martia had entered the houſe Ceſ. B. 
of Hortenſius very poor, but returned to Cava 
the bed of Cato loaded with treaſures. It dabited 
was obſerved that Cato always appeared in Provence 


mourning, and never laid himſelf down at Cava 
bis meals ſince the defeat of Pompey, bus troops of 
always ſat down, contrary to the cuſtom of bell. G. 7, 
the 1 as if depreſſed with the recol- Cavas 
lection that the ſupporters of republican l- Senones b 
berty were decaying. Plutarch has written jects. Ca 
an account of his life. Lucan. 1, v. 128, Carc5 
&c.—Val. Max. 2, c. 10.—Horat. 3, od. tween the 
21.—Virg. An. 6, v. 841. l. 8, v. 679, may be ce 
A ſon of Cato of Utica, who was the ridge 
killed in a battle, after he had acquited mmeuſe, 
much honor. Put. in Cat. Min. Various lay 
CATREA, a town of Crete, Par/, wild fruits 
CATREUs, a king of Crete, kijled by With ſuow 
his ſon at Rhodes, unknowingly. D/od. 5. “ Varies 
CATTA, a woman who had the gift d Plantations. 
prophecy, Suct. in Vitel. 14. uppoſed to 
CATTTq, a people of Gaul and Germany. their rivule 
Tacit. Ann. 13, v. 57. live withou 
CaTuL1iAna, a firname of Miner metneus Wa 
from L. Catulus, who dedicated a ſtandaud Jupiter, an. 
to her. Plin. 34, c. 8. res, accot 
paſſes near 


CaTuLLus, C. or Q. VALERIVS 8 
poet of Verona, whoſe compoſitions, ele» 
gant and fimple, are the offspring of a Juxt- 


portz, bear 
it is ſuppoſ: 


riant imagination. He was acquainted with 3 cal 
the moſt diſtinguiſhed people of his 3g * they it 
and directed his ſatyr againſt Cæſar, who BN * ©": 3 6. 1 
only revenge was to invite the poet to 23 $93, Oc. 
ſupper. Catullus was the firſt Roman oy 366.— 
who imitated with ſucceſs the Greek writer b © vg, 
and introduced thcir numbers among 1 r = 
: : | poct 2 Fa. 
Latins. Though the pages of the poc == 


occationally disfigured with licentious e. 


preſſions, the whole is written with great lginally inh 


thia, accordi: 


. | *=F 6th 
purity of ſtile. Catullus died in the 4 
year of his age, B. C. 40. The beſt ech, A. mad 
tions of his works, which conſiſt — "Wham = 
1 . N - Pata 
epigrams, are that of Vulpius, 40 Pai Sanites, ne; 


1737, and that of Barbou, A adine Fur. 


paying 
d him- 
th the 
When 
ato diſ. 
've into 
nimſelf, 
the im» 
he 59th 
1ed At. 
luct ob- 
ards he 
of Phi- 
to raiſe 
obtained 
of Hor. 
his con- 
ns, Who 
ie houſe 
irned to 
wes. It 
xeared in 
down at 
pey, bub 
uſtom of 
he recol- 
blican l- 
S written 
v. 128, 
t. 3, od. 
v. 670. 
who was 
acquired 


41. 

kijled by 
Died. «, 
he gift al 


zermany 


Minerva, 
ſtandud 


ERIVUS, 4 
ons, ele 
of a luxu- 
nted with 
f his age, 
ar, whole 
to 48 

t Roman 
k writer} 
mong ide 


e poet ae 


tious © 


troops of the AZdui in Cæſar's army, Cæ /. 


| C A 
1554. Martial. 1, ep. 62.— Ovid. Trift. 


2, V. 427.— man firnamed{rbicarius, 


was 2 mimographer. Fuv. T3, v. 111. 
' LuctaTivs CATUL us, went with 


200 ſhips during the firſt Punic war againſt 
the Carthaginians, and deſtroyed 600 of 
their ſhips under Hamilcar, near the Ægates. 
This celebrated victory put an end to the 
war. An orator, conſul with Marius 4. 
He was, by his colleague's order, ſuffocated 
in 2 room filled with the ſmoke of burning 
goals, Lucan. 2, v. 174. —Plut. in Mario. 
—— A Roman ſent. by his countrymen tv 
carry a preſent to the god of Delphi, from 
the ſpoils taken from Aſdrubal. Ziv. 27. 
CaTurIGEs, a people of Gaul, now 
Chorges, near the ſource of the Durance. 
Ceſ. B. G. 1, c. 10.—Plin. 3, c. 20. 
CAVARES, a people of Gaul, who in- 
labited the preſent province of Comtat in 


Provence, 
CavarititLUs, a commander of ſome 


bell. G. 7, c. 67. 

CavaRinus, a Gaul, made king of the 
Senones by Cæſar, and baniſhed by his ſub- 
jets. Cæſ. bell. G. 5, c. 54. 

Carvcisvs, a celebrated mountain he- 
tween the Euxine and Caſpian feas, which 
may be confidered as the continuation of 
the ridge of mount Taurus. Its height 1s 
mmenſe. It was inhabited anciently by 
various ſavage nations who lived upon the 
wild fruits of the earth. It was covered 
with ſnow in ſome parts, and in others it 
was variegated with fruitful orchards and 
plantations. The inhabitants formerly were 
ſuppoſed to gather gold on the ſhores of 
thetr rivulets in ſheep ſkins, but now they 
live without making uſe of money. Pro- 
metheus was tied on the top of Caucaſus by 
Jupiter, and continually devoured by vul- 
tures, according to ancient authors. The 
paſſes near this mountain, called Caucaſiæ 
pirtz, bear now the name of Derbent, and 
it is ſuppoſed that through them the Sar- 
matlans called Huns, made their way, 
when they invaded the provinces of Rome. 
Plin. 6, c. 11,—Strab, 11 — Herodet. 47 ©. 
223, Go.—Virg. Ecl. 6, G. 2, v. 449. £1, 
5 v. 366.—Flace, 5, v. 155. 

Cavcoxn, a ſon of Clinus, who firſt in- 
troduced the O-gics into Meſſenia from 
Eleuſis. Pau, 4 ©. 1. 

Cavcones, a people of Paphlagonia, 
oginally inhabitants of Arcadia, or of Scy- 
thia, according to ſome' accounts. Some 
of them made a ſettlement near Dymz in 
Elis. Herodot. I, &c,—Strab. 8, Cc. 

Cavpi & CaupiuM, a town of the 
Samnites, near which, in a place called 

dine Furculz, the Roman army under 
T. Veturius Calyinus and Sp. Poſthumius 


C E 


| was obliged to ſurrender to the Samnit 
and paſs under the yoke with the treates 
diſgrace. 
138. 
Cavir, a people of Illyricum. Liw, 
44z c. 30. a 
CavuLoNnt1a or Caulon, a town of Italy 
near the country of the Brutii, founded by 
a colony of Achzans, and deſtroyed in the 
wars between Pyrrhus and the Romans. 
Pauf. 6, c. 3.—Virg. An. 3, v. 553. 
Cavunrtus, a man raiſed to affluence from 
poverty by Artaxerxes. Plut. in Artav. 
CauNnus, a ſon of Miletus and Cyane, 
He was paſſionately fond of, or according to 
others, he was tenderly loved by, his ſiſter 
By blis, and to avoid an inceſtuous commerce, 
he retired to Caria, where he built a city 
called by bis own name. [ Vid. Byblis.] 
Ovid. Met. , fab. 11.——A city of Caria, 
oppoſite Rhodes, where Protogenes was 
born, The climate was confidered as un- 
wholeſome, eſpecially in ſummer, ſo that 
Cicero mentions the cry of a perſon who 
fold Caunian figs, which were very famous, 
{qui Cauneas clamitabat, J at Brunduſium, as 
a bad omen /cave ne eas} againſt Craſſus 
going to attack the Parthians. Cic. de Div. 
2, c. 4.—Strab, 14.—Herodet, 1, c. 176. 
Cavros, an iſland with a ſmall town 
formerly called Andros, in the Ægean ſea. 
Pliu. 4, c. 12. 
CauRxus, a wind blowing from the weſt. 
Virg. G. 3, v. 356. 
Cavs, a village of Arcadia, Pau, 8, 
6.34; 
CAF en or CHAuc1, a nation of Germa- 
ny, now the people of Frieſland and Gro- 
ningen. Lucan. 1, v. 463. 
Caycuvs, a river of Myſia. 
CAYSTER or CAYSTRUS, now A7tcheck- 
Minder, a rapid river of Aſia, riſing in 
Lydia, and after a meandring courſe, fall- 
ing into the Egean fea near Epheſus. Ac- 
cording to the pocts, the banks and neigh- 
bourhood of this river were generally fre- 
quented by ſwans. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 253. 
1. 5, v. 356.-—Mart. 1, ep. 54.—Homer, 
It. 2, v. 461.—Pirg. G. 1, v. 384. 
Cra or Cos, au iſland near Eubœa, 
called alſo Cos. 
Craps, a Thracian, whoſe ſon Euphe- 
mus was concerned in the Trojan war. 
Homer. Il. 2. 
CEBA now Ceva, a town of modern 
Piedmont, famous for cheeſe. Pin. 11, 
. 4. 
1 2 man who gave infor- 
mation of the ſnares laid againſt Alexan- 
der. Died. 17.— Curt. 6, c. 7. 
CEBARENSES, a people of Gaul. Pauf. 
I, c. 36. | 
CEBENNA mauntains, now the Ce- 


Liv. 9, c. I, &c,—Lu 


can. 2, v. 


Lenne 7 


e 


tennet, ſeparating the Arverni from the 
Helvii, extending from the Garonne to the 
Rhone. Caeſar. B. G. 7, c. 8.—Mela, 2, 
e. 5. 

Crars, a Theban philofopher, one of 
the diſciples of Socrates, B. C. 405. He 
attended his learned preceptor in his laſt 
moments, and diſtinguiſhed himſelf by three 
dialogues that he wrote; but more particu- 
larly by his tables, which contain a beauti- 
ful and affecting picture of human life, de- 
lineated with accuracy of judgment, and 
great ſplendor of ſentiment. The beſt edi- 
tions of Cebes, are thoſe of Gronovius, 8vo. 
1689 ; and Glaſgow, 12mo. 1747. 

CEBREN, the father of Aſterope. Apo/- 
ted. 3, c. 12. 

CEBRENIA, a country of Troas with a 
town of the ſame name, called atter the ri- 
ver Cebrenus, which is in the neighbourhood, 
CEnone, the daughter of the Cebrenus, 
xeccives the patronymic of Cebrenis. Ovid, 
Met. 11. v. 769.— Stat. 1, /e. 5, v. 21. 

CeBrIGNes, one of the giants conquer- 
ed by Venus. An illegitimate ſon of 
Priam, killed with a ſtone by Patroclus. 
Hemer. Il. 

CRBRUSs now ZEBRIS, a river falling in 
a ſouthern direction into the Danube, and 
dividing Lower from Upper Ma fra. 

Cribs, an ancient dithyrambic poet, 

CEtcitivs. Vid. Cæcilius. 

Cx ci NA, a river near Volaterra, in Etru- 
ria. Mela. 2, c. 4. 

A. CxcINNA, a Roman knight in the 
mtereſt of Pompey, who uſed to breed up 
young ſwallows, and ſend them to carry 
news to his friends as meſſengers. He was 
a particular friend of Cicero, with whom he 
correſponded, Some of his letters are ſtill 
extant in Cicero. I/. 10, c. 24 —Cic. 15. 
ep. 66. Urat. 29. A {ſcribe of Oc- 
tavius Cæſar. Cir. 16. ad Attic. ep. 8. 
A conſular man ſuſpected of confpira- 
cv, and murdercd by Titus, after an in- 
vitation to ſupper. Suet, in Tit. c. 6. 

CEcxGe14, the original name of Athens, 
in honor of Cecrops, its firſt founder. The 
ancients often uſe this word for Attica, and 
the Athenians are often called Cecropide. 
Virg. Ain. 6, v. 21.—Ovid, Met. 7, v. 
671.—Lucan. 3, v. 306.—Plin. 7, c. 56.— 
Catull. 62, 79. —Juv. 6, v. 186. 

CrxcRxörloę, an ancient name of the 
Athenians, more particularly applied to 
thoſe who were defcended from Cecrops the 
founder of Athens. The hunorable name 
of Cecropidæ was often conferred as a re- 
ward for ſome virtuous action in the ficld 
of battle. Virg. Ax. 6, v. 21.— id. 7. 
Met. ET. 

CEcaoes, a native of Sais in Egypt, who 

o 


| 


CE 


led a colony to Attica about t 5 56 years be 
fore the chriſtian era, and reigned over par 
of the country which was called from hin 
Cecropia. He ſoftened and poliſhed the rude 
and uncultivated manners of the inhabitant, 
and drew them from the country to inhabit 
12 ſmall villages which he had founded. 
He gave them laws and regulations, and in. 


troduced among them the worſhip of thoſe 


Egypt. He married the daughter of Actæu 
a Grecian prince, and was deemed the firf 
founder of Athens. He taught his ſubject 
to cultivate the olive, and inſtructed then 
to look upon Minerva as the watchful 
troneſs of their city, It is ſaid that he wy 
the firſt who raiſed an altar to Jupiter ig 
Greece, and offered him ſacrifices. Afffera 
reign of 50 years, ſpent in regulating his 
newly formed kingdom, and in polithing the 
minds of his ſubjects, Cecrops died, leaving 
three daughters, Aglauros, Herſe, and Pan- 
droſos. He was ſucceeded by Cranaus, a 
native of the country. Some time after, 
Theſcus, one of his ſucceſſors on the 
throne, formed the. twelve villages which 
he had eſtabliſhed, into one city, to which 
the name of Athens was given. [J 
Atlenæ. ] Some authors have deſcribed Ce. 
| crops as a monſter, half a man and half 
| ſerpent; and this fable is explained by the 
recollection that he was maſter of two lan- 
guages, the Greek and Egyptian; or that be 
had the command over two countries, Egypt 
and Greece, Others explain it by an allu- 
ſion to the regulations whick Cecrops made 
amongſt the inhabitants concerning marriage 
and the union of the two ſexes. Pau. 1, 
c. 5,—Strab. 9.—Tuſtin 2, c. b. -Herd, 
8, c. 44 —Apoled. 3, c. 14.— vid. Ma. 
11, v. $61.—Hygin. tab. 166. — be fe. 
cond of that name, was the ſeventh king df 
Athens, and the ſon and ſucceſſor of Erict- 
theus. He marjied Metiaduſa the filter d 
Dzdalus, by whom he had Pandion. He 
reigned 40 years, and died 1307 B. C 
AApallod. 3, c. 18.— Pau. 1, c. 5. 
CERCYPHAL-, a place of Greece, ver 
the Athenians defeated the fleet of the Peb- 
ponneſians. Thucyd. 1, c. 105. 
CEDREAT1s, the name of Diana amo 
the Orchomenjans, becauſe her images wer 
hung on lofty cedars. | 
Cx po, an Athenian general, killed in a 
engagement againſt the Spartans. Diad. 15. 
Crust, an Indian nation. Cut. þ 
9% | : 
CEGLUsA, the mother of Aſopus by Nep 
tune. Pauſ. 2, c. 12. 
Cui, the inhabitants of the iſland Ca 
CELADoN, a man killed by Perſeus oh 


Ovid: Met. * v. 144.— 4 neerof © t 


deities which were held in adoration in | 


fowing 
mer. I. 
CEL A 
c. 38.— 
Mela. 3, 
CEL & 
of which 
the youny 
filled wit 
himſelf it 
this park. 
there afte 
habitants 
chus Sote 
founded, 
Kenoph, 4+ 
contended 
Apollo. 
v. 206. 
CEL F 
raviſhed | 
One 
tune and 
One of *h- 


LEIA 
Plin, 3z Ee. 
CELEL 4 
32, c. 29. 
CELENPD 
DERIS, 4 C 
with a har 
mouth of t 
CeLeng 
taught how 
de expiated, 
CeLENN 
pania, wher 
Ex. Ty Te: 
CELEx, ; 
took to reha 
ing of Rom. 
man called { 
he leaped or 
of Romulus, 
In Romul. 
whom Statit 
ELERFS, 
youths at Rc 
1 body gua 
went, and to 
a captain 
4.7, 15 ICT 
CELETR v 
I, c, 40. 
CELEUs, 
Upo.emus 


tion to 
vation of 


23 


8 ber fowing into the Alpheus. Straub. 8.— Ho- 
ET, v. 133. 
* e S, 1 of Arcadia. Pauf. 8, 
e rude c. 38.——An iſland of the Adriatic ſea, 
t; ſela. 3, c. 1. - 
— 4 ARS or CELENE, a city of Phrygia, 
inded. of which it was once the capital, Cyrus 
nd in- the younger had a palace there, with a park 
those filled with wild beaſts, where he exerciſed 
jon 1 bimſelf in hunting. The M-cander aroſe in 
\ & 21; this park. Xerxes built a famous citadel 
he firf there after his defeat in Greece. The in- 
ubjetu habitants of Celznz were carried by Antio- 
d them chus Soter to people Apamea when newly 
ful pa- founded. Strab. 12.— Liv. 38, c. 13.— 
he un Xemoph, Anab. 1. —Marſyas is ſaid to have 
pitet i contended in its neighbourhood againſt 
After: Apollo. Herodot. 5, c. 26.— Lacan. 37 
ting his v. 206, ds 
hing the CEL. oh A wy _— of Atlas, 
\ leaving raviſhed by Neptune. Gd. 4, Faft. v. 173. 


| — One of the harpies, laughter of Nep- 
OY PHY. ee ad — 


on the ergea, Hygin. 
es which mus, mother of 
to which Cauſ. 10, C. 6. 
il a of Peloponneſus. Pauſ. 
1 £14 & CELA, a town of Noricum. 
the in, 35 C. 24. 
„ CelEeLATES, a people of Liguria, Liv. 
t he 325 C. 29. 
* CeLENDR®, CELENDRIS, & CELEN= 
v an au- WY E215, a colony of the Samians in Cilicia, 
rops made with a harbour of the ſame name at the 
marriage mouth of the Selinus. Lucan, 8, v. 259. 
Pau. 1 CELENEUS, A Cimmerian, who hiſt 
— Heradet, taught how perſons guilty of murder might 
id, Ma. de expiated. Flacc. 3, v. 406. 
The ſe- CELENNA oT CEL ANA, a town of Cam- 
th king d Panta, where Juno was worſhipped. Firg. 
r of Erich⸗ En. 7, v. 739. : 
he ſiſler af C xls, a man who with Severus under- 
\dion, Rook to rebuild Nero's palace after the burn- 
4 B. C. ag of Rome. Tacir. Ann. 15; c. 42. A 
oY man called Fabius, who killed Remus when 
* where de leaped over the walls of Rome, by order 
of the Pele Romulus. Ovid. Faſt. 4, v. 8 37.—Plut. 


in Romul, Metius, a noble youth to 
whom Statius dedicated a poem. 

CiLERgrs, zoo of the nobleſt and ſtrongeſt 
youths at Rome, choſen by Romulus to be 
15 body guards, to attend him wherever he 
went, and to protect his perſon. The chief 
or captain was called Tribunus Celerum. 
Lv. 1, C. 15. 


CELETRUM, a town of Macedonia. Liv. 
31, e. 40. 


ana amo 
images were 


, killed inal 


ik Piad. 15˙ 
n. Ct. 9 


pus by Ne 


ifNand Ca CELEUS, a king of Elcuſis, father to 
Perſeus "pio.cmus by Metanira, He gave a kind 
ver of Greeiſee*Ption to Ceres, who taught his ſon the 
vation of the caith. His ruſtic dreſs 


| Senones. Plut. 


C E 


became a proverb, Vrg. G. t, v. 16 5.— 
Apallod. t, c. 5. — Pauſ. 1, c. 14.——A 
king of Cephallenia. 

CELMUs, a man who nurſed Jupiter, by 
whom he was greatly eſteemed. He was 
changed into a magnet ſtone for ſaying that 
Jupiter was mortal. Ovid. Met. 4, v. 281. 

CELoN &, a place of Meſopotamia. Died. 
17. 

CELSUs, an epicurean philoſopher in the 
ſecond century, to whom Lucian dedicated 
one of his compoſitions, He wrote a trea- 
tife againſt the Chriſtians, to which an an- 
{wer was returned by Origen. Corn. a 
phyſician, in the age of Tiberius, who wrote 
eight books on medicine, beſides treatiſes 
on agriculture, rhetoric, and military affairs. 
The beſt editions of Celſus de medicind, are 
the 8vo, L. Bat. 1746, and that of Vallart. 
[2mo, Paris apud Didot, 1772. Albi- 
novanus, a ſriend of Horace, warned againſt 
plagiz.1\m, 1 ep. 3, v. 15, and pleaſantly 
ridiculed in the Sth epiſtle, for his foibles. 
Some of his elegies have been preſerved. 
Juventus, a lawyer who conſpired 
againſt Domitian. Titus, a man pro- 
claimed emperor, A. D. 265, againſt his 
will, and murdered ſeven days after. 

CxLræ, a name given to the nation that 
inhabited the country between the Ocean 
and the Palus Mzotis, according to ſome 
authors mentioned by Plat. in Mario, This 
name, though anciently applied to the in- 
habitants of Gaul, as well as of Germany 
and Spain, was more particularly given to a 
part of the Gauls, whoſe country, called Gal- 
lia Celtica, was fituate between the rivers 
Sequana and Garumna, modernly called / 
Seine and la Garonne. The Celtz ſcemed 
to receive their name from Celtus, a ſon of 
Hercules or of Polyphemus. The promon- 
tory which bore the name of Ce/ticum, is 
now called Cape Finiſterre. Cæſ. bell. G. 1, 
c. I, Se. —Afela. 3, e. 2.—Herodet. 4, c. 49. 

CELTITBER1, a people of Spain, deſcend- 
ed from the Celtæ. They ſettled near the 
Iberus, and added the name of the river to 
that of their nation, and were afterwards 
called Celtiberi. They made ſtrong head 
againſt the Romans and Carthaginians when 
they invaded their country. Their country, 
called, Celtiberia, is now known by the name 
of Arragon. Diod. 6. — Fler. 2, c. 17.—Strab. 
4.— Lucan. 4, v. 10,—Sil. It. 3, v. 339. 

CELTICA, a well populated part of Gaul, 
inhabited by the Celtz. 

CELTic1, a people, of Spain. The pro- 
montory which bore their name, is now 
Cape Finiſterre. 

CELTILLUS, the father of Vercingetorix 
among the Arverni. Caf. bell. G. 7, c. 4. 

CEeLTORI1!, a people of Gaul, near the 


CEl T0SCY TH £, 


* — — 
— 


* —— 
— ——— ——ü—ÿ 
— * —_ e 
- — -- — 4 N 


— — . -!. — — Der Cr II 


us 4 
E . 

Ert roscFrux, a northern nation of 
Scythians. Strab. 10. 

Crmmtnus, a lofty mountain of Gaul, 
Strab. 

Cxurst, a people of Spain at the bottom 
of the Pyrenean mountains. Dionyſ. Perig. 
v. 358. 

Gannon or GEN IA RU. Vid. @enibum, 

Cx Nx Au, a promontory of Eubcea, 
where Jupiter Cæneus had an altar raiſed 
„ Ovid. Met. 9, v. 136.— 

cyd. 3, c. 93. 3 

CEencurtz, now Kenkri, a town of 
Peloponneſus on the Iſthmus of Corinth. 
A harbour of Corinth. Ovid. Trip. 1, 
el. 9, v. 9.—Plin. 4, c. 4. 

| *, DoS. en the wike of Cinyras king of 
. or as others ſay, of Aſſyria. Hygin. 

b. 58. 

— a ſon of Neptune and Sa- 
lamis, or as ſome ſay of Pyrene. He killed 
a large ſerpent at Salamis. Pauſ. 2, c. 2. 
— Diod. 4. 

CxxCHRTVUs, a river of Tonia near Ephe- 
ſus, where ſome ſuppoſe that Latona was 
waſhed after ſhe had brought forth. Tacrz, 
Arn. 3, c. 61. 

CENnEsSPBLI1s, a town of Spain, the ſame 
as Carthago Nova. Pvulyb. 

CEN TIUx, a town of Peloponneſus, 
Ser ab. 

Cenetus. Vid. Cænis. 

CENIMAXdNI, a people on the weſtern 
parts of Britain. 

CENINA. Vid. Cænina. 

Cx NON, a town of Italy. Liv. 2, c. 63. 

'CensoRes, two magiſtrates of great au- 
thority at Rome, firſt created, B. C. 443. 
Their office was to number the people, eſti- 
mate the poſſeſſions of every citizen, re- 
form and watch over the manners of the 
people, and regulate the taxes. Their 
power was alſo extended over private fa- 
milies; they puniſhed irregularity, and in- 
ſpeed the management and education of 
the Roman youth. They could inquire 
into the expences of every citizen, and even 
degrade a ſenator from all his privileges 
and honors, if guilty of any extravagance, 
This puniſhment was generally executed in 
22 over the offender's name in calling 
the liſt of the ſenators. The office of pub- 
lic cenſor was originally exerciſed by the 
kings. Servius Tullius, the fixth king of 
Rome, firſt eſtabliſhed a cenſus, by which 
Every man was obliged to come to be re- 
giſtered, and give in writing the place of 
bis reſidence, his name, his quality, the 
number of his children, of his tenants, eſtates, 
and domeſtics, & c. The ends of the cenſus 
were very ſalutary to the Roman republic. 
They knew their own ſtrength, their abili- 
ty to ſupport a war, or to make a levy of 


S E 


trovps, or raiſe 2 tribute. It was required 
that every knight ſhould be poſſefled of 
400,060 ſeſterees, to enjoy the rights and 
privileges of his order ; and a ſenator wy 
entitled to fit in the ſenate; if he was really 
worth $800,000 ſefterces.* This laborious 
taſk of numbering and reviewing the people, 
was, after the expulſion of the Tarquins, 
one of the duties and privileges of the con. 
ſuls. But when the republic was become 
more powerful, and when the number d 
its citizens was increaſed, the conſuls were 
found unable to make the cenſus, on ac: 
count of the multiplicity of buſineſs. Affer 
it had been neglected for 16 years, tyy 
new magiſtrates called cenſors were elected 
They remained in office for five years, an 
every fifth year they made à cenſus of aj 
the Citizens in the co-1pus martius, and of. 
fered a ſolemn ſacrifice, and made a luſtra, 
tion in the name of all the Roman people, 
This fee of tim Was called a luftrum, and 
ten were commonly ex- 
pr. A e. the 
office vi 110 

time unaltered, 

their power, abridgs 

office, and a law was m 

by Mamercus Æmilius, to 

of the cenſorſhip to 18 months. 
ſecond Punic war, they were always cholc 
from ſuch perſons as had been conſuls; 
their office was more honorable, though lels 
powerful, than that of the conſuls; the 
badges of their office were the ſame, but 
the cenſors were not allowed to have lictots 
to walk before them as the conſuls, When 
one of the cenſors died, no one was elected 
in his room till the five years were expired, 
and his colleague immediately reſigned 
This circumſtance originated from the deati 
of a cenſor before the ſack of Rome by 
Brennus, and was ever after deemed at 
unfortunate event to the republic. The 
emperors aboliſhed the cenſors, and took 
upon themſelves to execute their office. 

Censorinus, Ap. Cl. was compelled, 
after many ſervices to the ſtate, to aſſume 
the imperial purple by the ſoldiers, If 
whom he was murdered ſome days aſter, 
A. D. 270. Martius, a conſul, to whom, 
as a particular friend, Horace addreſſed his 
4 od. 8. A grammarian of the third cet 
tury, whoſe book, De die natali, is extalil 
beſt edited in 8vo, by Haverkam „L. Bat 
1767. It treats of the birth of many 
years, months, and days. 

Cxxxsus, the numbering of the people at 
Rome, performed by the cenſors 4 cenſen 
to value. Vid. Cenſores. A god wat” 
| * at Rome, the ſame as Gow 2 

ENTARETUS, a Galatian, W 


Antiochus was killed, mounted his bare 


the gr 
conſci⸗ 
down 
his rid 
Ce 
men Al 
ſpring 
Stilbia, 
ing to | 
Ixion'r 
ſhape © 
union 0 
neſia. 
Centaur 
legs of: 
ple of 
having 7 
ed on ho 
that tim 
ſeems on 
creature, 
MEVTEV 7 
went on 
had ſtra 
bulls wit 
have mai 
taurs can 
of things 
one ſeen 
and Pliny 
embalme. 
brought t 
of Claudi 
with the 
Ovid has 
allo emple 
Flaccus, & 
it was rep 
at Olympi 
and Parrh: 
The origi, 
the marria; 


Where the 
behaved u 
violence t. 
Such an in 
and the ref 
the womer 
Centaurs, 2 
country, ar 
inſolence u 


ercules, 


hunt the 
entertained 
8ave him y 
of the Cen 
on conditio 
With it, w 
territocy. 

Hercules to 
ed him wit 
defended hit 
ated his a, 


C E 
the greateſt exultation. The horſe, as if 
conſcious of diſgrace, immediately leaped 


ts and down a precipice, and killed himſelf and 
or Was his rider. Plin. 8, C. 4z. 

's really CexnTAURI, a people of Theſſaly, half 
\borious men and half horſes. They were the off- 


people, ſpring of Centaurus, fon of Apollo, by 
arquins; Stilbia, daughter of the Peneus Accord- 
the cons ing to ſome, the Centaurs were the fruit of 
become Ixion's* adventure with the cloud in the 
nber & ſhape of Juno, or, as others aſſert, of the 
uls were union of Centaurus with the mares of Mag- 
on . neſia. This fable of the exiſtence of the 
5. Affer Centaurs, monſters ſupported upon the four 
ars, twy legs of a horſe, ariſes from the ancicnt peo- 
elected. ple of Theſſaly having tamed horſes, and 
ars, and having appeared to their neighbours mount- 
is of al ed on horſeback, a ſight very uncommon at 
and of- that time, and which, when at a diſtance, | 
a luſtra« ſeems only one body, and conſequently one 
1 people, creature. Some derive the name ar Tow 
rum, and MEVTEY Taupdu;, goadin bulls, becauſe they 
only er- went on horſcback after their bulls which 
rer the had ſtrayed, or becauſe they hunted wild 
bulls with horſes. Some of the ancients 
have maintained, that monſters like the Cen- 
taurs can have exifted in the natural courſe 
of things. Plutarch i» Symp. mentions 
one ſeen by Periander tyrant of Corinth; 
. and Pliny 7, c. 3, ſays, that he ſaw one 
ys chole, embalmed in honey, which had been 
conſuls; brought to Rome from Egypt in the reign 
zough lels of Claudius. The battle of the Centaurs 
ſuls ; the with the Lapitbæ is famous in nittory. 
ame, but Ovid has elegantly deſcribed it, and it has 
ve liftors alſo employed the pen of Heſiod, Valerius 
Is, When Flaccus, &c: and Pauſanias in Eliac. ſays, 
as elected it was repreſented in the temple of Jupiter 
e expired, at Olympia, and alſo at Athens by Phidias 
oy 1 and Parrhatius according to Pliny 36, c.5. 
the death The origia of this battle was a quarrel at 
Rome by the marriage of Hippodamia with Pirithous, 
ecmed at where the Centaurs, intoxicated with wine, 
ic, The behaved with rudeaeſs, and even offered 
and took violence to the women that were pieſent. 
office. Such an inſult irritated Hercules, Theſeus, 
ompelled, and the reſt of the Lapithæ, whu defended 
to aſſume the women, wounded and defeated the 
Idiers, by Centaurs, and obliged them to leave their 
lays after country, and retire to Arcadia. Here their 
to whom, inſolence was a ſecond time puniſhed by 
dreſſed his Hercules, who, when he was going to 
third cen* WH hunt the boar Erymanthus, was kindly 
is extanty entertained by the Centaur Pholus, who 
„L. Bat dave him wine whicn belonged to the reſt 
72 of of the Centaurs, but had been given them 
on condition of their treating Hercules 
e people with it, whenever he paſſed through their 
g a conſt territocy, They reſented the liberty which 
god Wor- Hercules took with their wine, and aitack- 
'onſus. ed him with uncommon fury. The hero 
who Wbes defended himſelf with his arrows, and de- 
his borſe in {cated his adverſaries, who fied for fafety to 


C. E 


the Centaur Chiron. Chiron had been the 
preceptor of Hercules, and therefore they 
hoped that he would deſiſt in his preſence, 
Hercules, though awed at the fight of Chi- 
ron, did not deſiſt, but, in the midſt of the 
engagement, he wounded his preceptor in 
the knee, who, in the exceſſive ꝓain he ſuf- 
fered, exchanged immortality for death. 
The death of Chiron irritated Hercules the 
more, and the Centaurs that were preſent, 
were all extirpated by his hand, and indeed 
few eſcaped the common deſtruction. The 
moit celebrated of the Centaurs were Chi- 
ron, Eurytus, Amycus, Gryneus, Caumas, 
Lycidas, Arneus, Medon, Rhetus, Piſenor, 
Mermeros, Pholus, &c. Dio. 4. — eiu. 
in Scut. Hercul.— Homer. Il. & Od. —Owvid. 
Met. 12.--Strab.g.—Pauſ. 5, c. 10, &c.— 
lian. V. H. 11, c. 2.—Apellod. 2, c. 8, 
J. 3.—Pirg. An. 6, v. 286.—Hygin. fab. 33 
& 62.— Pinadar. Pyth. 2. 

CEenTAUuRTVS, a thip in the fleet of ineas, 
which had the figure of a Centaur, Vg. 
En. 5, v. 122. 

CENTOBRICA, a 
Val. Max. 5, c. f. 

CENTGREs, a people of Scythia. Flacc. 

CENTO RITA or CENTURIyYA. Vid. Cen- 
turipa. 

CENTRITES, a river between Armenia 


town of Ccltiberia. 


and Media. 


CENTRONES, a people of Gaul, ſeverely 
beaten by J. Czfar when they attempted 
to obſtruct his paſſage. They inhabited the 
modern country of Tarantaiſe in Savoy. 
There was a horde of Gauls of the {ſame 
name ſubje& to the Nervii, now ſuppaied 
to be near Courtray in Flanders. Caf. 
G. B. 1, c. 10. I. 5, c. 38.—Plin. 3, 
c. 20. 

CENTRONIUS, a man who {quandered 
his immenſe riches on uſeleſs and whimfical 
buildings. Fav. 14, v. 36. 

CenTUMVIRI, the members of a court 
of juſtice at Rome. They were originally 
chuſen, three from the 35 tribes of the peo- 
ple, and though 105 they were always cal- 
led Centumvirs. They wereafterwards en- 
creaſed to the number of 180, and ſtill kept 
their original name. The pretor ſent to 
their tribunal cautes of the greateſt impor- 
tance, as their Knowledge of the law was 
extenſive. They were generally ſummoned 
by the Decemviri, who ſeemed to be the 
chiefeſt among them; and they aſſembled 
in the Banca, or public court, and had 
theic tribunal diſtinguiihed by a ſpear with 
an iron head, whence a decrec of their 
court was called Haſlæ judicium : their ſen- 
tences were very impartial, and without 
appeal. Cic. de orat. 1, c. 33.—Quintil, 4, 
5, & 11.,—-Plin. 6, ep. 33. 

CENTUM CELL UM, a ſea-port town of 

N Eu utia 


S 
Etruria built by Trajan, who had there a 


villa. It is now Givita Nella, and be- 
longs to the rope. Plin. 6, ep. 31. 

CENTU RA, a diviſion of the people 
among the Romans, conſiſting of a hundred. 
The Roman people wert originally dividec 
into three tribes, and each tribe into 10 
Curiæ. Servius Tullius made a cenſus; and 
when he had the place of habitation, name, 
and profeſſion of every citizen, whieh a- 
mounted to 80,000 men, ail able to bear 
arms; he divided them into ſis clatles, and 
each claſs into ſeveral centuries or compa- 
nies of a hundred men. The tit clafs 
conſiſted of 8o centuries, 40 of which were 
compoſed of men from the age of 45 and 
upwards, appointed to guard the city. The 
40 others were young men from 17 to 45 
years of age, appointed to go to wat, and 
fight the enemies of Rome. Their arms 
were all the ſame, that is, a buckler, a cut- 
raſs, a helmet, cuithes of braſs, with a 
{word, a lance, and a javelin; and as they 
were of the moſt illuſtrious citizens, they 
were called by way of eminence, Ce, 
and their inferiors infra clufſem. I hey 
were to be worth 1,100,000 aſſes, a tum 
equivalent to 1300 pounds Engliſh money. 
The ſecond, third, and fourth clatics, con- 
liſted each of 20 centuries, ten of which 
were compoſed of the more aged, and the 
others of the younger ſort of people. Then 
arms were a large ſhield, a ſpear, and a 
Javelin; they were to be worth in the ſe— 

cond clats, 7 5,000 aſſes, or about 1211. In 
the third, 50,000, or about Sol.; and in 
the fourth, 2 5,009, or about 4ol. The fifth 
claſs conſiſted of 30 centuries, three of 
which were carpenters by trade, and the 
others of different profeſſions, ſuch as were 
neceilaty in a camp. They were all armed 
with ſlings and ſtones. They were to be 
worth 11,000 afſcs, or about 181. The 
ſixth claſs contained only one centuria, 
compriſing the whole body of the pooreſt 
Citizens, who where called Prolctarit, as their 
only ſervice to the ſtate was procreating 
children. They were alſo called capite conſe, 
as the cenſor took notice of tneir perfon, 
not of their eſtate, In the public aſlemblies 
in the Campus Martius, at the election 
of public magitirates, or at. the trial of 
capital crimes, the people gave their vote 
by centuries, whence the aſſembly was call- 
cd comitia canturiata, In theic publié af- 
ſemblies, which were never convencd only 
by the conſuls at the perraifiion of the ſe- 
nate, or by the dictator, in the abſence of 
the conſuls, ſome of the pcople appeared 
under arms, tor fear of an attack ſrom ſome 
foreign enemy. When a law was propoſed 
in the public aſſemblies, its neceſſity was 
explained, and the advantages it would pro- 


983 


duce to the ſtate were enlarged upon in 4 
harangue ; after which it was expoſed in 
the moſt conſpicuous parts of the city thiet 
market days, that the people might {ce and 
conſider, Expoſing it to public view, way 
called proponere legem, and explaining it 
promulgare legem. He who merely propoſed 
t, was called /ator /egis; and he who dwelt 
upom its importance and utility, and withed 
it to be enforced, was called autor legi, 
When the aſſembly was to be held, the au- 
guries were conſulted by the conſul, who, 
after haranguing the people, and remind. 
ing them to have in view the good of the 
republic, diſmiſſed them to their reſpetive 
centuries, that their votes might be gather- 
ed. They gave their votes viva voce, til 
the year of Rome A. U. C. 615, whe 
they changed the cuſtom, and gave their 
approbation or diſapprobation by ballot. 
thrown into an urn. If the firſt claſs wa: 
unanimous, the others were not conſulted, 
as the firſt was ſuperior to all the others in 
number; but if they were not unanimous, 
they proceeded to conſult the reſt, and the 
majority decided the queſtion. This ad- 
vantage of the fuſt claſs gave offence to the 
reſt; and it was afterwards ſettled, that one 
claſs of the ſix ſhould be drawn by lot, to 
give its votes firſt, without regard to rank 
or priority. After all the votes had been 
gathered, the conſul declared aloud, ttat 
the law which had been propoſed was duly 
and conſtitutionally approved. The {ame 
ceremonies were obſerved in the election a 
conſuls, pretors, &c, The word Centuris 
is alſo applied to a ſubdiviſion of one of the 
Roman legions which conſiſted of an hun- 
dred men, and was the half of a manipulus, 
the ſixth part of a cohort, and the fixtieth 
part of a legion. The commander ef 2 
centuria was called centurion, and he was 
diſtinguiſhed from the reſt by the branch of 
a vine which he carried in his hand. 

CENTURIYPA, (#5, or æ, arum) now Cen. 
torlu, a town of Sicily at the foot of Mount 
Etna. Cic. in Ver. 4, c. 23.—ltal. 14, 
v. 205.—Plin. 3, c. 8. 

Cros & CEA, an iſland. Vid. Co. 

CerHALAS, a lofty promontory of Aff. 
ca, near the Syrtis Major. Strub. 

CEPHALEDION, a town of Sicily, ner 
the river Himera, Plin, 3, c. 8.—Cic. 1 
Ferr. 2, e. $3. 

CEPHALLEN, a noble muſician, fon of 
Lampus. Parſ. 10, c. 7. N 

CEPHALENA & CEPHALLENIA an iſſand 
in the Tonian ſea, below Corcyra, whoſe in- 
habitants went with Ulyſſes to the Trop 
war. It abounds in oil and excellent es. 
It was anciently divided into four different 
diſtricts. Hamer. Il, 2, Thucyd. 2, c. 3% 
-a 6, c. 15, 


Ninus 
nine b 
nine m 
place 
diſpute 
reign © 
CEP 
Theſſal 
marriec 
king ot 
him, a! 
to liſte1 
to retur 
back; : 
made h 
arrived 
of a me 
fer; bu 
the gol, 
himſelf 
yielded 
ſo aſhar 
huſband 
the ifla 
mitted : 
preſente 
his prey 
am, an 
Its miſtr 
that the 
cauſe Pr 
this, Pre 
lus, wh 
by ſome 
dog and 
covered 
lus ſheu 
ciliation 
They lon 
neſs tha 
from his 
he was 
every me 
and after 
ſelf dow! 
called ſo 
This am. 
name of 
ported te 
daily Pali 
Was Aur; 
Informati 
band int 
daily cuff 
4nd calle 


- 


Cxpialy 


in 2 
d in 
three 
* and 
, Was 
ng It 
poſed 
awelt 
vithed 
 legis, 
de au- 
Who, 
mind- 
of the 
dectize 
zather⸗ 
ce, till 
when 
e their 
ballots 
ifs Was 
1{ulted, 
hers in 
11mous, 
and the 
his ad- 
e to the 
that one 
lot, to 
to rank 
ad been 
ud, that 
vas duly 
he ſame 
cction of 
Centuris 
ne of the 
an hun- 
anipulus, 
e ſixtieth 
der of 2 
id he was 
branch of 
d. 
now Cen- 
of Mount 
Ital. 14 


Co. 
y of Aft 
ö. 


icily, new 
Lic. 10 


in, ſon af 


a, an iſland 
whole in- 
the Trojal 
lent wines. 
Ty different 
1, 2, 0. 30. 


Cxpualy 


Ms 1 

rn o, an officer of Eumenes, Diod. 
29. 
CrEyHALOEDIS & CEPHALUDIUM, now 
Cephaln, à town at the north of Sicily. 
Sil. 14, v. 253.—Cic. 2, in Ferr, 51. 

Crraiton, a Greek of Ionia, who 
wrote an hiſtory of Troy, beſides an epi- 
tome of univerſal hiſtory from the age of 
Ninus to Alexander, which he divided into 
nine books, inſcribed with the name of thc 
nine muſes. He affected not to know the 
place of his birth, expecting it would be 
diſputed like Homer's. He lived in the 
reign of Adrian. 

CEeHALUs, ſon of Deioneus, king of 
Theſſaly, by Diomede, daughter of Xutius, 
married Procris, daughter of Erechtheus, 
king of Athens. Aurora fell in love with 
him, and carried him away; but he refuſed 
to liſten to her addreſſes, and was impatient 
to return to Procris. The goddeſs {ent him 
back; and to try the fidelity of his wife, ſhe 
made him put on a difterent form, and he 
arrived at the houſe of Procris in the habit 
of a merchant. Proctis was deaf to every of- 
fer; but ſhe ſuffered herſelf to be ſeduced by 
the gold of this firanger, who diſcovered 
himſelf the very moment that Procris had 
yielded up her virtue. This circumſtance 
ſo aſhamed Procris, that ſhe fled from her 
huſband, and devoted herſelf to hunting in 
the iſland of Eubœa, where ſhe was ad- 
mitted among the attendants of Diana, who 
preſented her with a dog always ſure 01 
his prey, and a dart which never miſſed its 
aim, and always returned to the hands of 
its miſtreſs of its own accord. Some ſay 
that the dog was a preſent from Minos, be— 
cauſe Procris had cured his wounds. After 
this, Procris returned in diſguiſe to Cepha- 
lus, who was willing to diſyrace himfei! 
by ſome unnatural conceſſions to obtain the 
dog and the dart of Procris. Pr 
covered herſelf at the moment that Cepha- 
lus ſhewed himſelf faithlets, and a reccn- 
ciliation was eaſily made between them. 
They loved one another with more tender- 
neſs than before, and Cephalus receivec 
from his wife the preſents of Diana, A 
he was particularly fond of hunting, he 
every morning early repaired to the woods, 
and after much toil and ſatigue, laid him- 
felf down in the cool ſhade, and earnaſtly 
called for Aura, or the refreſhing breeze, 


%4* 4 * 
GCCTiS d- 


This ambiguous word was mist ken for the | 


name of a miftrets; and ſome into mer re- 


ported to the jealous Procris, that Cephalus 


daily paid a viſit to a miſtreſs, whoſe name 
Was Aura, Proeris too readily believed the 
information, and ſecretly followed her huſ- 
band into the woods. According to his 
daily cuſtom, Cephalus reticed to the cool, 
and called atter Aura. At the name of 


CE 
Aura, Procris eagerly lifted up her head to 
lee her expected rival. Her motion occa- 
honed a ruſtling among the leaves of the 
buſh that concealed her; and as Cepkalus 
I:ſtened, he thought it to be a wild beaſt 
and he let fly his unerring dart. Procris 
was ſtruck to the heart, and inſtantly ex- 
plred in the arms of her huſband, confeſſing 
that ill- grounded jealouſy was the cauſe of 
her death. According to Apollodorus, 
there were two perſons of the name of Ce- 
phalus ; one, ſon of Mercury and Herſe, 
carried away by Aurora, with whom he 
dwelt in Syria, and by whom he had a ſen 
called Tithonus. The other married Procris, 
and was the cauſe of the tragical events 
mentioned above. Ovid. Met. 7, fab.-26. 
— Hygin. fab. 189.—Apollod. 3, c. 15. 
A Corinthian lawyer, who aſſiſted Timo- 
leon in regulating the republic of Syracuſe. 
Diod. 16.—Plut. in Tim. A king of 
Epirus. Liv. 43, c. 18. An orator 
frequently mentioned by Demoſthenes. 

CEPHE1s, a name given to Andromeda 
as daughter of Cepheus. Ovid. A. A. 1, 
v. 193. 

Cru xxs, an ancient name of the Per- 
tans. Herodot. 7, c. 61. A name of 
the Æthiopians, from Cepheus, one of 
their kings. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 1. 

CErHEUS, a king of Ethiopia, ſather 
of Andromeda, by Caffiope, He was one 
of the Argonauts, and was changed into a 
conſtellation aftei his death. Ovid. Mer. 4, 
v. 669. J. 5, v. 12.—Pauſ. 4, c. 35. I. 8, 
c. 4.—-Apelod. 1, c. 9. l. 2, c. I, 4, & 7, 
I. 3, c. 9, mentions one, ſon of Aleus, and 
another, fon of Belus. The ſormer he makes 
King of Tegea, and father of Sthope; and 
tays, that he, with his twelve ſons, aſüſted 
Hercules in a war againſt Hippocoon,whiere 
they were killed. The r he calls king 
of Æthiopia, and father of Andromeda. 
A fon of Lycurgus preſent at the chage of 
the Calydonian boar. Fp4/lo4. 1, c. 8. 

CEPil51A, a part of Attica, through 
which the e ephiſus flows. Pin. „ 

CEPHISLADES, a patronymic of Eteocles, 
fon of Andreus and Evippe, from the ſup— 
poſition of his being the fon of the Cephi- 


8 wo”. . 
lus. - Pauſ. 9, c. 34- 


CErHisS1D0RvVs, a tragic poet of Athens, 
in the age of Aſchylus.- Au hiſtorian 
who wrote an account of the Phocian war. 

Cerxlcion, the commander of ſome 
troops ſent by the Thebans to athſt Megalo- 
polis, &c. Died. 16. 

CernulsoboTUs, a diſciple of Iſocrates, 
a great reviler of Ariftotle, who wrote a 
book of proverbs, Athen. 2. 

Crtpnursus & CePalssvs, a celebrated 
river of Greece, that riſes at Lilza in Pho. 
cis, and after paſling at the north of Delphi 

N 2 and 


E E 


and mount Parnaſſus, enters Bœotia, where 
it flows into the lake Copais. The Graces 
were particularly fnd of this river, whence 
they are called the goddeſſes of the Cephiſus, 
There was a river of the ſame name in At- 
tica, and another in Argolis. Strab. 9.— 
Plin, 4, c. 7.—Lucan. 3, v. 175,—0vid. 
Met. 1, v. 369. |. 3, v. 19. A man 
changed into a ſea monfter, by Apollo, when 
lamenting the death of his grandſon. Ovid. 
Met. 7, v. 388. 

CEePHREN, a king of Egypt, who built one 
of the pyramids. Died. 1. 

Cxyro or CxP10, a man who by a quar- 
rel with Druſus cauſed a civil war at Rome, 
&C. Servilins, a Roman conſul, who 
put an end to the war in Spain, He took 
gold from a temple, and for that facrilege 
the reſt of his life was always unfortunate. 
He was conquered by the Cimbrians, his 
goods were publicly confiſcated, and he 
died at laſt in priſon. 

Cey1on, a muſician. Plut de Muf. 

CERACA, à town of Macedonia. Polyb, 5. 

CERACATES, 2a people of Germany. 
Tacit. 4, Hift. c. 70. 

CrRAMRus, a man changed into a beetle, 
er, according to others, into a bird, on mount 
Parnaſſus, by the nymphs, before the deluge. 
Ovid. Met. 7, fab. 9. 

Ceramicus, now Keramo, a bay of 
Caria near Halicarnaſſus, oppoſite Cos, re- 
eeiving its name from Ceramus. Plin, 5, 
c. 29.— ela. 1, c. 16. A public walk, 
and a place to bury thoſe that were killed 
in defence of their country, at Athens, 
(ic. ad Att. 1, ep. 10. 

CEeximium, a place of Rome, where 
Cicero's houſe was built. Cic. ad Attic. 

Cerimvs, a town at the weſt of Aſia 
Minor. 

CtrAs, a people of Cyprus metamor- 
phoſed into bulls. 

Ctr Asvs, ſuntit) now Kereſoun, a ma- 
ritime city of Cappadocia, from which 
cherries were firſt brought to Rome by Lu- 
cullus. Marcell. 22, c. 13.—Plin. 15, c. 
2 5. I. 16, c. 18. J. 17, c. 14.— Mela. 1. 
c. 19. Another built by a Greek colony 
from Sinope. Diod. 14. 

CERATA, a place near Megara. 

CERATVUs, a river of Crete. 

CERAUNIA, a town of Achaia, 

CERAUNIA & CERAUNI!, large moun- 
tains of Epirus, extending far into the ſea 
and forming a protaontory which divides 
the Ionian and Adriatic ſeas. They are 
the ſame as the Acroceraunia, Vid. Acro- 
ceraunium. Mount Taurus is alſo called 
Ceraunius. Fin. 5, c. 27. 

CERAUNII, mountains of Aſia, oppoſite 
the Caſpian ſea, Mel. 1, c. 19, 


5 


, 


C B 
Cr Avus, a river of Cappadocia... 
A firname of Ptolemy the 2d, from his 
boldneſs, C. Nep. Reg. c. 3. 

Ceravsivs, a mountain of Arcadiz, 
Pauſ. 8, c. 41. 

Crx BAL us, a tiver of Apulia, Pia. 3, 
. 1 £ 

CERBERION, a town of the Cimmerias 
Boſphorus. Plin. 6, c. 6. 

CerBERUS, a dog of Pluto, the fruit of 
Echidna's union with Typhon. He had 59 
heads according to Heſiod, and three accord. 
ing to other mythologiſts. He was ſtationed 
at the entrance of hell, as a watchful 
keeper, to prevent the living from entering 
the infernal regions, and the dead from 
eſcaping from their confinement. It way 
uſual for thoſe heroes, who in their life- 
time viſited Pluto's kingdom to appeaſe the 
barking mouths of Cerberus with a cake, 
Orpheus lulled him to fleep with his lyre; 
and Hercules dragged him from hell when 
he went to redeem Alceſte. Firg. An, z, 
v. 134. |. 6, v. 417.—Homer. Od. 11, „. 
622.—Pauſ. 2, c. 31. l. 3, c. 25.— Head 
Theog. 3 12.— Tibull. x el. 10, v. 35. 

Cx RCA RUS, a ſon of Aolus. A ſen 
of Sol, of great power at Rhodes. Died. 5. 

CERCASORUM, a town of Ægypt, where 
the Nile divides itſelf into the Peluſian aud 
Canopic mouths. Herodot. 2, c. 15. 

Cxxckts, one of the Oceanides. Head 
Theog. v. 355. 

CERCENE, a country of Africa. Diad.; 

CERCcESTES, a ſon of Ægyptus and 
Phoeniſſa. Apollod. 2, c. 1. 

CERC1DES, a native of Megalopolis, whe 
wrote Iambics. Athen. 10.—@lian,}, H. 
13. 

Cexcrt, a people of Italy. 

CERCINA & CERCINNA, a ſmall iſland 
of the Mediterranean, near the Smaller 
Syrtis, on the coaſt of Africa. Tacit. 1 
Ann. 53.—Strab. 17.— Liu. 33, c. 45.— 
Pin. 3, e. 7. A mountain of Thrace, 
towards Macedonia, Thucyd. 2, c. 98. 

CERCINIUM, a townof Macedonia. Liv. 
31, c. 41. 

Cerxcivs & RutTivs, charioteers of 
Caſtor and Pollux. 

CeRrcoPrs a people of Epheſus, made 
priſoners by Hercules. Apollod. 2, c. 6.— 
The inhabitants of the iſland Pithecula 
changed into monkeys, on account of tueit 
diſhoneſty. Ovid. Met. 14, v. 91. 

Crxcors, a Mileſian, author of a fa. 
bulous hiſtory.— A Pythagorean philoſo- 
pher. 
CERNcVYVoN & CRC VNESs, a king of 
Eleuſis, ſon of Neptune, or, according de 
others, of Vulcan. He obliged all ſtranger 


to wreſtle with him; and as he was 2 muy 


b 


is w 
put t. 
challe 
conqu 
niſt. 
Neptu 
cyon ei 
but he 
grandf; 
Met. 7, 
in Theſ. 
CFR 
lonian 
Cercyra 
CERI 
7 hucyd. 
CFERE 
firſt inſt 
edile, an 
Perſons 
appear a 
were not 
T hey are 
the Greek 
Ceres 
veſts, wa 
She had 
called Phe 
wards Pro 
nedaway | 
ers in the 
Proſerpine 
her all ov. 
he lightee 
mount At 
Night all or 
ber veil n. 
itelligence 
oi her con 
Arethuſa i1 
had been ca 
bad Ceres h. 
ith her c 
nd demand 
er daughte 
FU ſoften h 
Powerful g0 
roved fruit 
anted, pr 
ten any th 
des upon t 
Pine had ez 
ach the ha 
e Elyſian ti 
de Who had 
court to 
de upon eat 
©; but Aſc; 
mation, Wa 
ſcalaphus. 
(s of her ( 
bier grant 


hs with h 


©. 


eus wreſtler, they were eaſily conquered and 

ut to death. After many cruelties, he 
challenged Theſeus in wreſtling, and he was 
conquered and put to death by his antago- 


* niſt. His daughter, Alope, was loved by 
Neptune, by whom ſhe had a child, Cer- 
rian cyon expoſed the child, called Hippothoon ; 
but he was preſerved, and placed upon his 
t of grandfather's throne by Theſeus. Ovid. 
d 50 Met. 7, v. 439.—Hygin, fab. 187.—Plut. 
ord- in Theſ,—Pauf. 1, c. 5 & 39. 
Dned CrRCRA& CorRcyYRA, an ifland in the 
:hful lonian ſea, which receives its name from 
ering Cercyra, daughter of the Aſopus. Diod. 4. 
from CERDYLIUM, a place near Amphipolis, 
Was Thucyd. 5, c. 6. 
* life- CrRrEALIA, feſtivals in honor of Ceres; 
ſe the firſt inſtituted at Rome by Memmius the 
cake, edile, and celebrated on the 19th of April. 
lyre; Perſons in mourning were not permitted to 
when appear at the celebration ; therefore they 
En, 5 were not obſerved after the battle of Cannz, 
11, ». They are the ſame as the Theſmophoria of 
Hefind, the Greeks. Vid. Theſmophoria. 
Ceres, the goddeſs of corn and of har- 
A ſen veſts, was daughter of Saturn and Veſta. 
Jied. 5 She had a daughter by Jupiter, whom the 
, where called Pherephata, fruit bearing, and after- 
an aud wards Proferpine, This daughter was car- 
b nedaway by Pluto, as ſhe was gathering flow- 
Hefied, ers in the plains near Enna. The rape of 
| Proſerpine was grievous to Ceres, who fought 
Died. 3. her all over Sicily; and when night came, 
us and ſhe lighted two torches in the flames of 
mount Etna, to continue her ſearch by 
lis, who night all over the world. She at laſt found 
in. V. H. ker veil near the fountain Cyane; but no 
intelligence could be received of the place 
of her concealment, till at laſt the nymph 
all iſland Arethuſa informed her that her daughter 
Smaller had been carried away by Pluto, No ſooner 
Tacit. 1 bad Ceres heard this, than ſhe flew to heaven 
c. 8.— it her chariot drawn by two dragons, 
" Thrace nd demanded of Jupiter the reſtoration of 
c. 98. ter daughter. The endeavours of Jupiter 
mia. b ſoften her by repreſenting Pluto as a 
powerful god, to become her ſon-in-law, 
zoteers ol roved fruitleſs, and the reſtoration was 
ranted, provided Proſerpine had not 
ſus, made ten any thing in the kingdom of Pluto. 
c. 6.— Ms upon this repaired to Pluto, but Pro- 
Pithecula pine had eaten the grains of a pomegranate 
nt of their ach ſhe had gathered as the walked over 
1. e Elyſian fields, and Aſcalaphus, the only 
- of afa* de who had ſeen her, diſcovered it to make 
n phil court to Pluto, The return of Proſer- 
de upon earth, was therefore impractica- 
a king of t; but Aſcalaphus, for his unſolicited in- 
cording | mation, was changed into an owl. [ Vid. 
11 range ſalaphus,) The grief of Ceres for the 
de b of her daughter was ſo great, that 


Pter granted Proſerpine to paſs fix 
ths with her mother, and the reſt of the 


E E 


year with Pluto. During the inquiries of 
Ceres for her daughter, the cultivation of 
the earth was neglected, and the ground 
became barren; therefore, to repair the loſs 
which mankind had ſuffered by her abſence, 
the goddeſs went to Attica, which was 
become the moſt deſolate country in the 
world, and inſtructed Triptolemus of Eleuſis 
in every thing which concerned agriculture. 
She taught him how to-plough the ground, 
to ſow and reap the corn, to make bread, 
and to take particular care of fruit trees. 
After theſe inſtructions, ſhe gave him her 
chariot, and commanded him to travel all 
over the world, and communicate his know- 
ledge of agriculture to the rude inhabitants, 
who hitherto lived upon acorns and the roots 
of the earth, [YV:4. Triptolemus.] Her 
beneficence to mankind made Ceres reſpect- 
ed, Sicily was ſuppoſed to be the favorite 
retreat of the goddeſs, and Diodorus ſays, 
that ſhe and her daughter made their firſt 
appearance to mankind in Sicily, which 
Pluto received as a nuptial dowry from Ju- 
piter when he married Proſerpine. The 
Sicilians made a yearly ſacrifice to Ceres, 
every man according to his abilities; and 
the fountain of Cyane, through which Pluts 
opened himſelf a paſſage with his trident, 
when carrying away Proſerpine, was pub- 
licly honored with an offering of bulls, and 
the blood of the victims was ſhed in the 
waters of the fountain. Beſides theſe, other 
ceremonies were obſerved in honor of the 
goddeſſes who had ſo peculiarly favored the 
iland. The commemoration of the rape 
was celebrated about the beginning of the 
harveſt, and the ſcarch of Ceres at the time 
that corn is ſuwn in the earth. The latter 
feſtival continued fix ſucceſſive days; and 
during the celebration, the votaries of Ceres 
made uſe of ſome free and wanton expreſ- 
hons, as that language had made the god- 
deſs ſmile while melancholy for the loſs of 
her daughter. Attica, which had been ſo 
eminently diſtinguiſhed by the goddeſs, 
gratefully remembered her favors in the 
celebration of the Eleuſinian myſteries. 
[ Vid. Eleiſinia.] Ceres alſo performed the 
duties of a legiſlator, and the Sicilians found 
the advantages of her ſalutary laws; hence, 
her ſirname of Theſmophora. She is the 
ſame as the Iſis of the Egyptians, and her 
worſhip, it is ſaid, was firſt brought into 
Greece by Erechtheus. She met with dif- 
terent adventures when ſhe travelled over 
the earth, and the impudence of Stellio was 
ſeverely puniſhed, To avoid the importu- 
nities of Neptune, ſhe changed herſelf into 
a mare; but the god took advantage of 
her metamorphoſis, and from their union 
aroſe the horſe Arion. [ Vid. Arion.] The 
birth of this monſter ſo effended Cercs, that 

N 3 ſhe 


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me withdrew herſelf from the ſight of man- 
kind; and the earth would have periſhed for 
want of her aſſiſtance, had not Pan diſco- | 
vered her in Arcadia, and given information | 


G2; 


Cy R MAN vs, 2 place where Romulus was 


expoſed by one of the ſervants of Amulius. 


"wt in Romul. 
CIE, an iſland without the pillars of 


of it to Jupiter. The Parcz were lent by | Hercules, on the African coaſt. Strab. 1, 


the god to comfort her, and at their per- 


ſua ſion ſhe returned to Sicily, where her ita- 
tues repreſented her veiled in black, with 
the head of a horſe, and holding a dove in 
one hand, and in the other a dolphin. In | 
their ſacrifices, the ancients offered Ceres a | 
pregnant ſow, as that animal often injures 
and deftroys the productions of the earth. 
While the corn was yet in graſs, they offered 
her a ram, after the victim had been led 
three times round the field. Ceres was re- 
reſented with a garland of cars of corn on 
w head, holding in one hand a highted 
torch, and in the other a poppy, which was | 
ſacred to her. She appears as a country- 
woman mounted on the back of an or, aud 
carrying a baſket on her left arm, and hold- 
ing a hoe; and ſometimes ſhe rides in a cha- 
riot drawn by winged dragons. She was 
ſuppoſed to be the ſame as Rhea, Tellus, 
Cybele, Bona Dea, Berecynthia, &c. The 
Romans paid her great adoration, and her 
feſtivals were yearly celebrated by the Ro- 
man matrons on the month of April, during 
eight days. Theſe matrons abſtained during 
everal days from the uſe of wine and every 
carnal enjoyment, Tacy always bore 
lighted torches in commemoration of the 
goddeſs ; and whoever came to theſe feiiivals 
without a previous initiation, was punithed 
with death. Ceres is metaphorically cailed 
Bread and corn, as the word Bacchns is ſome- 
times uſed to ſignify wine, Apeol/n/, 1, c. 5. 
I. a, e. 1. I. 3, e. 12 ©. 14-— Parſe 1, e. 
— . 
Sc. Diod. 1, Sc. — H. Theo. —C vid, 
Faſt. 4. v. 417. Met. fab. 7, 8, Cc. 
Claudian. de Rapt, Pr. Lic. in Virr.— 
Callimach. in Cer. —Liv. 29 C 31.— 47. 
Tieb. 12.—Dicnyſ. Hal. 1, c. 33.—. u. 
. . . 
CLuRESSUS, a place of Bæotia. 
c. 14. 
Crx ETA, a people of Crete. 
CErrALISAvrcivs, a conſul elect, who 
wilhed a temple to be raifed to Nero, as to 


Pau f. G3 


a god, after tne diſcovery of the Piſonian 


conſpiracy, &c, Tucit. Ann. 15, c. 74. 

CEAII, a people of Etruria. 

CEKILLI or CAKiLLA&, now Ce, a 
town of the Brutii near the Laus, rab. 6. 

CztRrILLUM, aplace of Lucauia. S$tradb.6, 
Sil. Ital. 8, v. 580. 

CzrxinNTHUS, now Zr», a town of Eu- 
boea. Strab. 10, AA beautiful youth, 
long the favorite of the Roman ladies, and 
eſpecially of Sulpitia, &c. Horat. 1, Sat. 2, 
v. 81. One of the early heretics from 
chriſtianity, 


7: - 
— 1 1 57 


& 6. 
CrxNISs, a prieft of Cybele. 
CtroN, a fountain of Hiſtiæotis, whoſe 


waters rendered black all the ſheep that 


drank of them. Pn. 3, c. 2. 

CEroPASANES, a ſon of Phraates king of 
Perſia, given as an hoſtage to Auguſtus, 

CErossUs, a place of the Tonian fea, 

CERPHERES, a king of Egypt, who is 
ſuppoſed to have built the ſmalleſt pyra- 
mid. 

CrRPHn, a people of Greece, who 
profaned the temple of Delphi. Plat. ir 
Sal. 

CERRETANI, a people of Spain that in- 
nabited the modern diſtrict of Cerdan in 
Catalonia. /in. 3, e. 3. 

CrksoulLzrrrs, a king of Thrace, con- 
quered by Philip king of Macedonia. 
Pelyæn. 7, c. 31. 

CErTI> A, a town of Celtiberia, Liv, 
40, c. 47. 

CerToNnIUM, a town of Afia Minor. 

CxRvARIUs, a Roman Knight who con- 
ſpired with Piſo againit Nero. Tacit. 21, 
nn 

P. CR vs, an officer under Verres. (is. 
in Ferr. 5, c. 44. 

CERYCES, a ſacerdotal family at Athens. 
Thucyd. 5 Co 5 3. 

Ckxvcirs, a mountain of Edtia. Pas. 


IT) Co 26. 


Cravnica, a town of Cyrus. Dia. 

CERYSE 1 za TO Vn of Achala, and moun . 
| tain of Arcadia, Pay. 7, c. 25. 
| CERVYNITESs, a river of Arcadia. Pa. 
7, c. 25. 
| CesELLIvs BAL5SUs, a turbulent Cath. 
ginian, Who dreamt of money, and pr 

tuade Nero that immenſe treaſures had 
| been depofited by Dido in a certain place 
which he e&cſcribed. Enquiry was made, 
and when no moncy was found, Ceſellus 
denicyed himſelf. 7 actt, Ann. 16, c. 1 
&c. ; 
Crormwer l, an infamous proſtitute, bon 
of an illuzious family at Rome. Jub. b 
V. 1258. 

Cusitus, an epicurean of Smyma wh, 

at Rnodes, in the age 0 
(1 748 


W 50 
taught rhetoric 
Cicero. A governor of Syria. 4 
N. . Severus, an informer under Nerv. 
Tacit. H. 4. Proculus, a man acquirer 
of an accuſation of embezzling the pubit 
Id. An. 30. —— A bridge 4 


Money. 
Rome. 

CesTRINA, part of Epirus Paul. * 
6,23. 


Czs5TRINUS, ſon of Helenus and Ant | 
MAC 


of th 
Catili 
and u 
He w 
put to 
in Ci 
nus. 
a pow 
ty of 
had ob 
that ſh 
lus wa: 
when 
againſt 
death f 
CPI 
CET 
tain w! 
nonia. 
CET. 
who m 
the thr 
v. 237.- 
Cevs 
ra, who 
Latona 
—Pirg. 
Trezen, 
Cty x 
cifer, an 
drowned 
of Claro: 
misfortui 
bady Wa 
both ch; 
Vid. Alc 
Pau. 5 
c. 7, l, 2, 
the King 
Perſons. 
Curt A, 
Cram 
Did. I, 
CHArs 
CHARnn 
Plloſoph 
When he: 
baus. I. 
dered his 
ound, aj 
1 e other, 
fluclds, b 
emy, ar 
ai that ſan 
mMehus, K 
whole la 


- 


4 rifice 
* 


waz 
lius. 


Wy 2 
wes © 
ry 


y hoſe 
that 


ing of 

18. 

A, 

ho is 
pyra- 


„ who 
ut. in 


hat in- 
dana in 


e, con 
edoniz. 


ls Liv, 


nor. 
rho con- 
cit, As. 


res. Cc, 
q Athens. 
la. Paik 


Did. 
nd mouſts 


A. Pauſ. 


at Carth4- 
and pei- 
ſures had 
tain place 
vas made, 
: Ceſellus 
16, C 1 


jtute, bo 


. Jud. 05 


ayrna, wie 
the age dl 
ria, Tak 
under Nets. 
an acquitte 
; the puvus 
| bridge al 


. Pau. * 


and Andie: 
MA 


C IN 


mache; after his father's death, he ſettled in 
Epirus, above the river Thyamis, and called 
the country Ceſtrina. Pauſ. 1, c. 11. 

Ceres, a king of Egypt, the ſame as 
Proteus. Diod. 1. 

CeruEGus, a conſul in the ſecond Punic 
war, Cc. in Brut, A tribune at Rome, 
of the maſt corrupted morals, who joined 
Catiline in his conſpiracy againſt the ſtate, 
and was commiſhoned to murder Cicero. 
He was apprehended, and, with Lentulus, 
put to death by the Roman ſenate, Plut. 
in Cic. Sc. A Trojan, killed by Tur- 
nus. Virg. En. 12, v. 513. P. Corn. 
a powerful Roman, who embraced the par- 
ty of Marius againſt Sylla, His miſtreſs 
had obtained ſuch an aſcendancy over him, 
that ſhe diſtributed his favors, and Lucul- 
lus was not aſhamed to court her ſmiles, 
when he wiſhed to be appointed general 
againſt Mithridates. A ſenator put to 
death for adultery, under Valentinian. 

CeT11, a people of Cilicia. 

Crus, a river of Myſia. A moun- 
tain which ſeparates Noricum from Pan- 
nonia, 

CzTo, a daughter of Pontus and Terra, 
who married Phorcys, by whom ſhe had 
the three Gorgons, &c. Heſiod. Theeg. 
v. 237, Lucan. q, v. 646. 

tus & Cæus, a ſon of Ce&lus and Ter- 
ra, who married Phœbe, by whom he had 

atona and Aſteria. Hefiod. Theog. v. 135. 
Hrg. An. 4, v. 179. — The father of 
Trezen. Homer. I. 2. 

Crx, a king of Trachinia, ſon of Lu- 
cifer, and huſband of Alcyone. He was 
drowned as he went to conſult the oracle 
of Claros. His wife was appriſed of his 
misfortune in a dream, and found his dead 
body waſhed on the ſea ſhore. They were 
both changed into birds called Alcyons. 
Vid. Alcyone. Ovid. Met. 11, v. 587.— 
Pauſ. 1, c. 32. According to Apollod. 1, 
c. 7, J. 2, c. 7, the huſband of Alcyone and 
the king of Trachinia were two different 
perſons. 

Cura, a town of Peloponneſus. 

© N ABINUS, a mountain of Arabia Felix. 
Diod. 3. 

CHABRIA, a village of Egypt. 

Cuanklas, an Athenian general and 
puiloſopher, who chiefly fignalized himſelf 
wien he aſſiſted the Bœotians againſt Age- 
aus. In this celebrated campaign, he or- 
Cered his ſoldiers to put one knee on the 
und, and firmly to reſt their ſpears upon 
the other, and cover themſelves with their 
tuclls, by which means he daunted the 
emy, and had a ſtatue raiſed to his honor 
that ſame poſtare. He aſſiſted alſo Nec- 
tchus, King of Egypt, and conquered the 

Fole ifland of Cyprus; but he at laſt fell 


a Verihge ty bs egeœeſſiye courage, and de- 1 87 ria. 


E 


| fpiſed to fly from his ſhip, when he had it in 


his power to ſave his life like his com- 
panions, B. C. 376. C. Nep. in vitd,—e 
Died. 16.— Put. in Phoc. 

CHABRY1S, a king of Egypt. Diod. r. 


Cα ANITA, a people at the foot of 
Caucaſus. 


CHAREAS, an Athenian, who wrote on 


agriculture. An officer who murdered 
Caligula. An Athenian, &c. Thucyd.$, 
e. 74, &e. 


CHAREDEMUS, a brother of Epicurus, 
&c. Diog. 

CuæREMox, a comic poet, and diſciple 
of Socrates. A ſtoic, who wrote on the 
Egyptian prieſts, 

CHEREPHON, a tragic poet of Athens, 
in the age of Philip of Macedonia, 

CHAKESTRATA, the mother of Epicu- 
rus, deſcended of a noble family. 

CHERIiNTHUS, a beautiful youth, &c, 
Hoerat. 1. Serm. 2, v. 81. 

CH .ERIPPUS, an extortionef, &c. Ju. 8, 
v. 99. 

Cnzxko, the founder of Chæronea. Plut. 
in Syll, 

CHARONIA, CHARONEA, & CHERRo- 
NEA, a City of Baotia, on the Cephiſus, 
celebrated for a defeat of the Athenians, by 
the Bœotians, B. C. 447, and for the vie- 
tory which Philip of Macedonia obtained 
there with 32,000 men, over the confede- 
rate army ot the Thebans and the Athenians, 
confiſting of 30,000 men, the 2d of Auguſt, 
B. C. 338. Plutarch was born there. The 
town was anciently called Arne. Pau. 9, 
c. 40.—Plut. in Pelop. Sc. —Strab. g. 

CHAarzoN, a city of Locris. A port 
of Bœotia. 

CHALFS, a herald of Bufiris, put to 
death by Hercules. polled. 2, c. 5. 

CHALCAA, a town of Caria of Phœ - 
nicia. 

CHALCEA, an iſland with a town near 
Rhodes. Plin. 5, c. 3. A feſtival at 
Athens. Vid. Panathenæa. 

CHALCEDON & CHALCEDSNIA, now 
Kadi-Keni, an ancient city of Bithynia, 
oppoſite Byzantium, built by a colony from 
Megara. Its fituation was ſo improperly 
choſen, that it was called the city of blind 
men, intimating the inconſiderate plan of 
the founders, Strab, 7.—Plin. 5, c. 32.— 
Mela. 1, c. 19. 

CALCID ENR, a part of Syria, very 
fruitful. Pin. 5, c. 23. 

CHALCIDENSES, the inhabitants of the 
Iſthmus between Teos and Erythre. A 
people near the Phaſis. 

CuALciDevs, a commander of the La- 
cedæmonian fleet, killed by the Athenians, 
&c. Thucyd. 8, c. 8. 

CuALciplca, a country of Thrace—of 


4 


Suat. 


* — 
— 
* 5 P. . 
2 . . 2 * 
— % 
s 


- 
— 


— - 
— 


— 


— —— e 
. 


E 


CuAtetpicvs, (of Chalcis), an epithet 
applied to Cumæ in Italy, as built by a 
colony from Chelcis. Vfg. An. 6, v. 17. 

CHAlcia®vus, a ſirname of Minerva, be- 
cauſe the had a temple at Chalcis in Eu- 
bæn. She was alſo called Chalciotis and 
Chalcidica. 

Cualciserx, a daughter of Aetes king 
of Colchis, Who married Phryxus ſon of 
Athamas, who had fled to her father's 
court for protection. She had ſome chil- 
dren by Phryxus, and ſhe preſerved her 
life from the avarice and cruelty of her fa- 
ther, who had murdered her huſband to 
obtain the golden fleece. [ Vid. PH. 
Ovid. Hercid. 17, v. 232.—- Hygin. fab. 14, 

&c. Ihe mother of Theſſaſus by Her- 
cules. Apollod. 2, c. 7. The daughter 
of Rhexenor who married Ayeus. 44. 3, 
E. 5; 

CruaLlcis, now Egripo, the chief city of 
Eubcea, in that part which is neareſt to. 
Bceotia, It was founded by an Athenian 
colony. The iſland was ſaid to have been 
anciently joined to the continent in the 
neighbourhood of Chalcis. There were 
three other towns of the ſame name, in 
Thrace, Acarnania, and Sicily, all belong- 
ing to the Corinthians. Plin. 4, c. 12.— 
Strab. 10.—Pauſ. 5, c. 23.—Gic. N. D. 3, 
C. IO. 

CHALCIT15, a country of Ionia, Pauſ 
75 4 

898 a ſon of /Egyptus, by 
Arabia. Apellod. 2, c. 1. A man of 
Cos, who wounded Hercules. 14. 2, c. 7. 
The father of Elephenor, one of the 
Grecian chiefs in the Trojan war. Pau. 8, 
g. 1. A man who aſſiſted Hercules in 
his war againſt Augias. Pauſ. 8, c. 15. 

CHALCon, a Meſſenian, wi:o reminded 
Antilochus, ſon of Neſtor, tv bewaie of the 
Athiopians, by whom he was to periſh, _ 

CHALCUS, a man made governor of 
Cyzicus by Alexander. Poly@n, 

CAL DAA, a country of Aſia, between 
the Euphrates and Tigris, Its capital is Ba- 
bylon, whole inhabitants were famous for 
their knowledge of aſtrology. Cir. de Div. 
1, c. I—Diod. 2.—Strab, 2.—Plin 6, 
g. 28. 

CHALDE#t1, the inhabitants of Chaldza, 

Cu ALESI FA, atuwn of Macedonia, He- 
rodot. 7, c. 123 

CHALONITIS, a country of Media. 

CHALYBES & CalVsts, a People of 
Aſia Minor, near Pow us, once very puwer- 
jul, and polſeſſed of a great extent of country, 
abounding in iron mincs, where the mhabi- 
tants worked naked, The Calyb:s attacked 
the ten thouſand in their retreat, and be- 
haved with mach fpirit and courage. They 
were partly conquered by Crœſus, king of 


& H ( 


lybes are a nation of Spain. Vg. Ar, 
v. 421,—Strab. 12, &c.—Apollor, 2, y, 
37 5.—MXenoph, Anab. 4, &c.—-Herodet, 1, 
c. 28.—Tuftin. 44, c. 3. 

CHALYBON, now ſuppoſed to be Aleppy, 
a town of Syria, which gave the name of 
Clalybonitis to the neighbouring country, 
CHAL VW ON IIS, a country of Syria, ſo 
famous for its wines that the kings of Per. 
ſia drank no other. 

CHALYBS, a river of Spain, where Jin 
44, c. 3, places the people called Calybes, 
CHAMANI & CHAMAVIRI, a people of 
Germany, Tacit. in Germ. 

CHANE, a river between Armenia and 
Albania, falling into the Caſpian ſen. 
CHaAoN, a mountain of Peloponneſus. 
Cu Ns, a people of Epirus, 
Caalnia, a mountainous part of Epirus, 
which reccives its name from Chaon, a ſon 
of Priam, inadvertently killed by his brother 
Helenus. There was a wood near, where 
daves ¶ Chaeniæ aue were ſaid to deliver 
oracles. The words Chaonins viftus are by 
ancient authors applicd to acorns, the food 
of the fuſt inhabitants. Lucan, 6, v. 426, 
Claudian. de Prof. rapt. 3, v. 47.—Pirg, En. 
h, v. 335.—Propert. 1, el. 9 —Ovid, AA, 
CHAoNITI1S, a country of Aſſyria. 

Cu os, a rude and ſhapeleſs maſs of 
matter, and confuſed aſſemblage of inaQtive 
elements, which, as the poets ſuppole, pre- 
exifted the formation of the world, and from 
which the univerſe was formed by the hand 
and power of a ſuperior being. This doc- 
trine was firſt eſtabliſhed by Heſiod, from 
whom the ſucceeding poets have copied it. 
Chaos was deemed, by ſome, as one of the 
oldeſt of the gods, and invoked as one of 
the infernal deities. Virg. Ax. 4, v. 510. 
— Ovid. Met. 1, fab. 1. 

CHARADRA, a town of Phocis. Herodit, 
3. © 35 

CHARADROS, a river of Phocis, falling 
into the Cephiſus. Stat. Theb. 4, v. 46. 

CHARADRUS, a place of Argos, where 
military cauſes were tried. Thucyd, 5, c. 50. 

CAR ATA DAS, an Athenian general, ſent 
with 20 ſhips to Sicily during the Pelopon- 
nefian war. He died 426 B. C. &c. Lu. 
cyd. 3, c. 86. 8 

CuARAN DI, a people near Pontus. 

CHARAX,a town of Armenia. — A phi 
loſopher uf Pergamus, who wrote an hiſtory 
of Greece in 40 books. 

CHARAxXES & CHARAXUS, a Mityleneaty 
brother to Sappho, who became patſonately 
fond of the courtezan Rhodope, upon whom 
he ſquandered all his poſſeſſions, and reduced 
himſelf to poverty, and the neceſſity of pints 
tical excurſions. Ovid. Heroid, 15, v 
— Heradet 2, c 135, &c. F 

CHARAXUS, one of the centaurs, Oria, 


Ly, Some authors imagine that che Ca- 


Met. 12, v. 272. 
| . CHARES) 


Cx. 
ſtatuar 
ing the 
34, . 
when f 


over At! 
Memo. 
mous ph 
6, c. 50 
CAR 
younger, 
the tyran 
CAR 
greatly f 
6.— A 
the centa 
Cuar 
beaſts. 
nian, ban 
Datius, & 
Char) 
nine year 
origin to 
mine the } 
plied to t 
He accord 
hac amor! 
girl, Calle. 
more ti 
with his 4 
bis treatme 
The famir 
the king, 
atone for t! 
a feſtival w 
The king } 
diſtribute 
Charila's ir 
who ſtruck 
Was Carried 
put 2 halte. 
Where Char 
ec. 
CuAkRIL. 
Þ olydectes 


Protected by 


Mr againſt 
Wa taken 
ling that | 


gement b. 


C H 


. 8, CnAxEs, an Athenian general. — A 
v. ſtatuary who was 12 years employed in mak - 
„ ing the famous Coloſſus at Rhodes. Pin. 
24, e. 7,—o A man who wounded Cyrus 
epo when fighting againſt his brother Artaxerxes. 
ne of — An hiſtorian of Mitylene, who wrote 
. the life of Alexander. An Athenian who 
a, ſo fought with Darius againſt Alexander. 
Per- Curt. 4, c. 5. A river of Peloponneſus. 
Plut. in Arat. 
Tuſtin CuarIicLEes, one of the 3o tyrants ſet 
ybes, over Athens by the Lacedæmonians. Xenoph. 


ple of Memor, 1.— Ariſt. 5.—Polit.c. 6. A fa- 
mous phyſician under Tiberius. Tacit. Ann. 

a and 6, c. 50. 
CRARICLIDES, an officer of Dionyfius the 


ſus. younger, whom Dion gained to dethrone 
the tyrant. Dio l. 16. 
Epirus, CuAxlcro, the mother of Tireſias, 


1, a ſon greatly favored by Minerva. Apellod. 3, c. 
brother 6.—A daughter of Apollo, who married 
, where the centaur Chiron. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 635 
deliver CrarrtbEMUs, a Roman expoſed to wild 


are by beaſts. Martial. 1, ep. 44. An Athe- 
he food nian, baniſhed by Alexander, and killed by 
v. 426, Datius, &c. 

irg Es. CuARILUA, a feſtival obſerved once in 
A. A. i. nine ycars by the Delphians. It owes its 
ia. origin to this circumſtance : In a great fa- 
maſs of mine the people of Delphi afſembled and ap- 
inactive plied to their king to relieve their wants. 


ole, pie · He accordingly diſtributed the little corn he 
and from had among the nobleſt ; but as a poor little 
the hand girl, called Charila, begged the King with 
bis doc- mote tin common earneftneſs, he beat her 
od, from with his ſhoe, and the girl, unable to bear 
copied It, dis treatment, hanged herſclt in her girdle. 
"ne of the The famine increaſed; and the oracle told 
as one of de king, that to relieve his people, he mult 
„ v. $10. atone for the murder of Charila. Upon this 
afeſtival was inſtituted, with expſatory rites. 

Herodet, The king preſided over this inſtitution, and 
Gſtributed pulſe and corn to ſuch as attended. 

is, falling Charila's image was brought before the king, 
„v. 46. who ſtruck it with his thue; after which it 
os, where was Carried to a deſolate place, where they 
{. 5, c. b0. Put 2 halter round its neck, and buried it 


eneral, ſent where Charila was buried. Pt. in Queſt. 
e Pelopon- Orc. 


c. Tu- CHakiLivs & CHARILLUS, a ſon of 
, Polydeftes king of Sparta, educated and 
Pontus. protected by his uncle Lycurgus. He made 


—A phle ar againſt Argos, and attacked Tegea. He 
e an hiſtory n taken priſoner, and releaſed on pro- 
ling that he would ceaſe from war, an en- 


Mityleneam ( ement he ſoon broke. He died in the 
pathonately bath year of his age. Pau. 2, 36, l. 6, c. 
upon who BP-——A Spartan, who changed the mo- 
and reduce achical power into an ariſtocracy. Ariflot. 
uty of pira⸗ Mt. 5, c. 12. 
15, » 81h HARILLUS, one of the anceſtors of 
aue, Heroder, 8, c. 131, 

urs. Out 4 

Cuakth 


E H 


CANIN & CARixt, a people of Ger- 
many. Plin. 4, c. 14. 

CHARIS, a goddeſs among the Greeks, 
ſurrounded with pleaſures, graces, and de- 
light. She was the wife of Vulcan. He- 
mer. Il. 18. 

CHARISIA, a town of Arcadia. Pau. 
hs i - A fettival in honor of the 
Graces, with dances which continued all 
night. He who continued awake the 
longeſt, was rewarded with a cake. 

CHARISI1S, an orator at Athens. Cic. 
in B. 83. 

CHARISTIA, feſtivals at Rome, celebrated 
by the diſtribution of mutual preſents. Jul. 
Max, 2, c. 1.—Ovid. Faſt. 1. 

CHAKITES & GRaATlz, the Graces, 
daughters of Venus by Jupiter or Bacchus, 
are three in number, Aglaia, Thalia, and 
Euphroſyne. They were the conſtant at- 
tendants of Venus, and they were repreſent- 
ed as three young, beautiful, and modeſt 
virgins, all holding one another by the hand. 
They prefided over kindneſs and all good 
offices, and their worſhip was the ſame as 
that of the nine Mules, with whom they 
had a temple in common. They were ge- 
ne1ally repreſented naked, becauſe kindneiſes 


ought to be done with fhncerity and candor. - 


The moderns explain the alicgory of their 
holding their hands joined, hy obſerving, 
that there ought to be a perpetual and never 
ceaſing intercourſe of kindneſs and benevo- 
lence among friends, Their youth denotes 
the conſtant remembrance that we ought 
ever to have of kindnelſles received; and 
their virgin purity and innocence teaches 
us, that acts of benevolence ought to be 
done without any expectations of reſtora- 
tion, and that we ought never to {utter others 
or ourſelves to be guilty of baſe or impure 
favors, 

CHARITON, a writer of Aphrodiſium, at 
the latter end of the 4th century. He com- 
poſed a Greek romance, called Ie Loves of 
Chereas and Callir hoe, which has been much 
admired fot its elegance, and tte originality 
of the characters it deſcribes, There is 4 
very learned edition of Chariton, by Reiſke, 
with D'Orville's notes, 2 vols. 4to. Amil. 
1750. | | 

CHARMADAS, a philoſopher of uncom- 
mon memory. Pin. 7, c. 24. 

CHARME & CARME, 'the mother of Bri» 
tomartis by Jupiter, 

CHARMIDES, a Lacedæmonian, ſent by 
his King to quell ſeditions in Crete. Par, 
35 E. 3. A boxer, Id. 6, c. 7— 4 
philuſopher of the third academy, B. C. 95. 

CHARMINUS, an Athenian general, who 
defeated the Peloponueſians. Thaucyd, 8, 
C. 42. 


* 
CHARMIONE, 


rs — .. rr 


— —— —— — — — Om — — — 
m — m_ - 
- * — 8 7 6 - 
_ _ » - 
= A — = 
= * « * 0 a 


1 


E. I 


CHARMIONE, a ſervant maid of Cleopa- 
tra, who ſtabbed herfelt after the example 
of her miſtreſs. P/ut. in Anton, 

CuAR Mis, a phyſician of Marſeilles, in 
Nero's age, who uſed cold baths for his pa- 
tients, and preſcribed medicines contrary to 
thoſe of his contemporanes, Plin. 21, 
C. I. 

CHARM@SYNA, a feſtival in Egypt. Pur. 
de Lid. 

CHARMOTAS, a part of Arabia, 

CHARMUs, a poct of Syracuſe. 

CMARON, a Theban, who received into 
his houſe Pelopidas and his fiiends, when 
they delivered Thebes from tyranny, &c. 
Plut. in Pelop. An hiftorian of Lampſa- 
eus, who wrote two books on Perſig, beſictes 
other treatiſes, B. C. 470. — Au hiſtorian 
of Naucratis, who wrote an hiſtury of bis 
country, and of Egypt.— A Cuthaginian 
Writer, &c. \ god of hell, fon of Erebus 
and Nox, who conducted the ſouls of the 
dead in a boat o er tie river Styx and Ache- 
ron, to the infernal regions, for an obolus. 
Such as had not been honored with a funeral 
were not permitted to enter his boat, with- 
Cut previouſly wandering on the ihore for 
one hundred years. It any living perſon 
preſcrnted himiclf to croſs the Stygian lake, 
he could not be admitted before he thewed 
Charon a golden bough, which he received 
From the Sibyl, and Charon was impriſon- 
ed for one year, becauſe he had ferried over, 
againſt his own will, Hercules, without 
this paſſport, Charon is repreſented as an 
old robuſt man, with a bideous countenance, 1 
fong white beard, and picicing eyes, His! 
garment is ragged and filthy, and his fore- 

read is covered with wrinkles. As all the 
dead were obliged to pay a {mail piece of 
money for their admithon, it was always! 
uſual, among the ancients, to place under 
the tongue of the deceaſed! a piece of mo- 
ney for Charon. This fable of Charon ang 
Lis boat is borrowed from the Egyptians, 
whoſe dead were carried acroſs a lake, where 
ſentence was paſſed over them, and accord- 
ing to their good o bad actions, they wer: 
honored with a ſplendid burial, or left un- 
uaticed in the open air. Vid. Acherufta 
Dio. 1.— Fencc. in tice, Fur. act. 3, v. 76. 
irg. An. 6, v. 29%, &c. 

CHARONDAS, a man of Catana, wh: 
gave laws to the people of Thutium, an 
made a la that ere man ſhould be permit— 
ted to come arm d into the aſſembly. UI. 
madvertertiy broke this law, and when told 
of it, he fell upon his ſword, B. C. 445. 
Val. Max. 6, c. 5. 

CARoNrA, a place of Afin, &c. 

CHARONIA SCRCOES, a place of Ital. 
emitting deadly vapours. Plin, 2, c. 23. 

Cua konvex, a cave near Nyſa, wier 


7 


Q- N 


the ſick were ſuppoſed to be delivered from 


their diſorders by certain ſuperſtitious 6. Taur 
lemnitics, ſea. 
CHARoPs & CHaRGPEs, a Trojan, kill. Cn 
ed by Ulyſſes. Homer, II. ——A powerful toife | 
Epirot who aſſiſted Flaminius when making the ni 
war againſt Philip the king of Macedonia, dem 
Plut. in Flam. The firſt decennial arclug culed 
at Athens. Paterc. 1, c. 8. CA. 
CHARYBD1s, 2 dangerous whirlpool on king 0 
the coaſt of Sicily, oppoſite another whirl. She ac; 
pool called Scylla, on the coaſt of Italy. It band h 
was very dangerous to ſailors, and it proved baniſh 
fatal to part of the fleet of Ulyſſes. The his tur! 
exact ſituation of the Charybdis is not dil. in Agia 
covered by the moderns, as no whirlpool CHE 
ſufficiently tremendous is now found to cor- who fe 
reſpond to the deſcription of the ancicnts, bitatior 
The words : Cuz 
Incidit in Scyllam qui wult vitare Clarybain, Cuk; 
became 2 proverb, to ſhew that in our eager- Egypt. 
neſs to avoid an evil, we fall into a greater, Cie) 
The name of Charyb4is was properly be. Cur 
ſtowed on miſtreſſes who repay affection ard 10, c. 2 
tenderneſs with ingratitude. It is ſuppoied Cie x 
that Charybdis was an avaricious woman, from wh; 
who ſtole the oxen of Hercules, for which ſea, D. 
theft the was ſtruck with thunder by Jupiter, Carty 
and changed into a whirlpool. Lyczphr. in Cato 


Cal. — Homer. Od. 12.—Propert. 3. el. 11. after Rin: 


ral. 14.— Ovid. in Thin, de Pente, 4, cl. mids, ur 
10. Amor. 2, el. 16.—Firg. An. 3, v. 420. pended o 
CAU & CAU, a people of Gets leeks, pa; 


many, ſuppoſed to inhabit the country now Hero cut. 
called Fricfland and Bremen. Carrh 
CnavLa, a village of Egypt. alſo built 
CHavRus. Fid, Caurus. retcrately 
CHELz, a Greek word, (yn>n,) figniy- [nat they 
ing c/aws, which is applied to the Scorpion, mids hi. 
one of the ſigns of the zodiac, and hes, 4 Py a thep! 


cording to the ancients, contiguous to Virgo, CHERE 
Virg. G. t, v. 33. Diana's te 
CHELES, a ſatrap of Seleucus, &c. Cara rs: 
CuxLIpox, a miſtreſs of Verres. Ci, Spartans, | 
in Very. t, c. 40. | dertook a 
Cur Lip viA, a feſtival at Rhodes, 12 Died. 14. 
which it was cuſtomary for boys to go beg: Citro: 
ging from door to door, and finging cem Carry: 
ſongs, &c. Athen. The wind Favonis in the age 
was called alſo Chelidopia, from the 6th d CukRR0 
the ides of February to the 7th of the as Cnensr 


to Periand. 


1 P E Wu 
ends of March, the time when {wala 
ſome of His 


firſt made their appearance. Plin. 2, e. 4 


CEnxLliboxviæ, now Kelideni, MP „Cuxgsrt 
iſlands oppoſite the promontory of Tau UlyTes int 
oft the fame name, very dangerous to (116 v. 259, 
Dionyſ. Perieg. v. $06.—Plin. 5, c. 27 & CHERSIP 
Liv. 33, c. 41. ; c. 14. 

CurlLlbswis, a daughter of king Lech Curxkso! 
chides, who married Clconymus, aud oy by the Latir 
mitted adultery with Acrotatus. Had. ot thele an 
Pyrr, "ele five 7 

CUELTDGNIUM, 2 promontory of rat Called Pelop 

Ja « the ſout 


E k 


Taurus, projecting into the Pamphylian | 
(ea. | | 
Cnzr.owr, a nymph changed into a tor- 


| from 
18 ſos 


„Kul- 


werful toiſe by Mercury, for not being preſent at 
aaking the nuptials of Jupiter and Juno, and con- 
edonia, demned to N fikence for having ridi- 
| culed thele deities, 
88 " Cuntonts, a daughter of Leonidas 
pool on king of Sparta, who married Cleombrotus. 
whit She accompanied her father, hom her hut- 
taly. It band had expelled, and ſoon atter went into 
proved baniſhment with her huſband, who had in 
. The his turn been expelled by Leonidas. Put. 
not dil. in Agid. & Cleom. | 
hirlpool CHELoNOPHAGI, a people of Carmania, 
d to cor- who fed upon turtle, and covered their ha- 
Ancients, bitations with the ſhells. Pin. 6, c. 24. 
CHELYDOREA, a mountain of Arcadia, 
.arybdim, Cyemmis, an ifland in a deep lake of 
ur eager« Egypt. Herodot. 2, c. 156. 


Cu Na, a town of Laconia. 

Cuk NA, a village on mount Eta. Pas /. 
10, c. 24. 

CukNfox, a mountain in Aſia Minor, 
from which the 10,000 Greeks trit ſaw the 


a greater, 
Yeriy he 
Aion and 


( wppoied 


5 woman, 

Cor which ſea, Diod. 14. ; | 

y Jupite, CHENIUS, * mountain near Colchis. 

yeophr, in Carors & CUEOSPES, a king of Egypt, 
2. el. 11. after Rhampſinitus, who built famous pyra- 
as, 4 t. mids, upon which 1060 talents were ex- 
3 1. 420. pended only in ſupplying the workmen with 

e of Gets ſeeks, parſley, garhck, and other vegetables. 

uuntry no Herg 0 . 27 C. 1 24. 


CaerHREN, a brother of Cheops, who 
allo built a pyramid. The Egyptians ſo in- 
vetcrately hated theſe two royal brothers, 


„ ſienihy⸗ jaat they publicly reported, that the pyra- 
e Scorpion, mids which they had built, had been erected 
ad lies, - D A ſhepherd. Herodot. 2, C. 127. : 
is to Virgo CHEREMOCR iTES, an artiſt who built 
Diana's temple at Epheſus, &c. Strab. 14. 
Kc. CHrrISGPHUS, A commander of $00 
os. Spartans, in the expedition which Cyrus un- 
dertook againit his brother Artaxerxes. 
Rhodes, a P. 14. | 
5 to go beg CaRRONXA. Vid. Chwronea, 


CHERGPHON, a tragic writer of Athens, 
in the age of Philip. Philoftr, in vitis. 

CuterRRoNESUS. Vid. Cherſoneſus. 

Cnkkstas, an Orchomenian, reconciled 
to Periander by Chilo. Pauſanias praiſes 
lome of his poetry, 95 c. 38. 


ging certalt 
nd FavoniÞ 
n the 6th d 
h of the c. 
en (wallet 


Min, 2, c. 4 . Et 

idoni, im- CHERSIDAMAS, a Trojan, killed by 
y of Taum Viyfſes in the Trojan war. Ovid. Met. 13, 
zus fo al v. 289. : 

> 64 BY CHERSIPHO, an architect, &c. Pin. 36, 
3 4 14. 

King Lea CHeRSONESUS, a Greek word, rendered 

18 0 
us, and com by the Latins Peninſula, There were many 
7 


Plat. of theſe among the ancients, of which 
ele five are the moſt celebrated: one 
called Peloponneſies ; one called 7 zracian, 


« the ſouth of Thrace, and weit of the 


tus. 


tory of l 
4 1 un 


* 
* 


1 


& i 


Helleſpont, where Miltiades led a colony of 
Athenians, and built a wall acroſs the Iſth- 
mus. From its Iſthmus to its further 
ſhores, it meaſured 420 ſtadia, extendin 

between the bay of Melas and the Helle- 
ſpont. ne third, called Taurica, now 
Crim Tartary, was ſituate near the Palus 


| Mzotis. Tue fourth, called Cimbrica, now 


Futland, is in the northern parts of Ger- 
many; and the fifth, ſirnamed Aurea, lies 
in India, beyond the Ganges. Herodot. 6, 
c. 33. 1.7, c. 58.— Lv. 31, c. 16.—Cic, ad 
Br. 2. Alſo a peninſula ncar Alexandria 
in Egypt. Hirt. Alex. 10. 

CHERUSCI, a people of Germany, who 
long maintained a war againſt Rome, They 
inhabited the country between the Weſerand 
the Elbe. Tacit,—Czf. B. G. 6, c. g. 

CrNi, a people near Pontus. 

CHipoRus, a river of Macedonia near 
Theffalonica, not ſufficiently large to ſupply 
the army of Xerxcs with water, Herodor, 
77 E. 19 

CHILIARCHUS, a great officer of ſtate at 
the court of Perſia, C. Nep. in Conon. 

Cultus & CHILEUS, an Arcadian who 
adviſed the Lacedzmonians, when Xerxes 
was in Greece, not to deſert the common 
cauſe of their country. Herodot. g, c. 9. 

CHiLo, a Spartan philoſopher, who has 
been called one of the ſeven wiſe men of 
Greece. He died through exceſs of joy, in 
the arms of his ſon, who had obtained a 
victory at Olympia, B. C. 597. Plin, 7, 
e. 33.—Laert. One of the Ephori at 
Sparta, B. C. 556. 

CHILONIS, the wife of Theopompus 
king of Sparta. Pelyæn. 8 

CHIMARA, a celebrated monſter, ſprung 
from Echidna and Typhon, which had three 
neads, that of a lion, of a goat, and a dra- 
gon, and continually vomited flames. The 
toreparts of its body were thoſe of a lion, 
the middle was that of a goat, and the 
hinder parts were thoſe of a dragon. It 
generally lived in Lycia, about the reign of 
Jobates, by whoſe orders Bellerophon, 
mounted on the horſe Pegaſus, overcame 
it, This fabulous tradition is explained by 
the recollection that there was a burning 
mountain in Lycia, whoſe rop was the re- 
fort of lions, on account of its deſolate wil- 
derneſs; the middle, which was fruitſul, 
was covered with goats; and at the bottom 
the marihy ground abounded with ſerpents. 
Bellerophon is ſaid tv have conquered the 
Chimæra, beœeauſe he firſt made his habita- 
tion on that mountain. Plutarch ſays, that 


it is the captain of ſome pirates, who 
adorned their ſhip with the images of a lion, 
a goat, and a dragon. Hefrod. Theog. v. 322. 
——Apollod. 1, c. 9. |. 2, c. 3.—Lucret. 8, 
v. 903. —O0wid. 9 Met. v. 646,—VFirg. A 

©, 


—_— 
— 


1 


* — Y 


— 


r 


—_— EOS} }__TKCF ²]ͤ =» 
12223 — 
— — 
- W - . 
23 
_— a 
3 * * — 


— 2 - — — 3 — ů 2 — — — ——————— — AS > A . _ _— — 
ws. i Hd — — 


—— —- — 


— 
— - — —— — > 
— a  _ CC =. Bs 
- — - 
> X 
= 
Jade _ 
— „ > A — 


———— — — 


* 


8 . 


6, v. 228,——One of the ſhips in the fleet 
©: Xneas. Virg. nu. 5, v. 118. 

CurMARUsS, a river of Argolis. Pauſ. 
25 e. 36. 

Cn MERIUM, a mountain of Phthiotis, 
in Theſſaly. Plin. 4, c. 8. 

CHioMARA, a woman who cut off the 
head of a Roman tribune when ſhe had 
deen taken priſoner, & e. Plut. de Virt. Mul. 

Cutox, a Greek writer, whoſe epiſtles 
were edited cum noris, Cobergi, 8vo. Lipſ. 
1765. 

8 a daughter of Dædalion, of 
whom Apollo and Mercury became ena- 
moured. To enjoy her company, Mercury 
lulled her to ſleep with his Caduceus, and 
Apollo, in the night, under the form of an 
old woman, obtained the ſame favors as 
Mercury. From this embrace Chione be- 
came mother of Philammon and Autolycus, 
the former of whom, as being fon of A- 
pollo, became an excellent muſician; and 
the latter was equally notorious for his rob- 
beries, of which his father Mercury was the 
patron. Chione grew ſo proud of her com- 
merce with the gods, that ſhe even preferred 
her beauty to that of Juno, for which impiety 
the was killed by the goddeſs, and changed 
into a hawk. Ovid. Met. 11, fab. 8.-— 
A daughter of Boreas and Orithyia, who 
had Eumolpus by Neptune. She threw her 
fon into the ſea, but he was preſerved by 
his father. Apollod,. 3, c. 15.— Pauſ. 1, c. 
38. A famous proſtitute. Martial. 3, 
ep. 34. 

CurowtDes, an Athenian poet, ſuppoſed 
by ſome to be the inventor of comedy. 

Ciiowis, a victor at Olympia. Parſ. 
6, ©. 13. 

Caros, now Scto, an iſland in the /Egean 
ſea, between Leſhos and Samos, on the 
coaſt of Afia Minor, which receives its 
name, as ſome ſuppoſe, from Chione, 
or from xtr, ſnow, which was very 
frequent there. It was well inhabited, and 
could once equip a hundred ſhips; and its 
chief town, called Chios, had a beautiful 
harbour which could contain 80 ſhips. The 
wine of this iſland, ſo much celebrated by 
the ancients, is till in general eſteem. 
Chios was anciently called Æthalia, Macris, 
and Pityaſa. There was no adultery com- 
mitted there for the ſpace of 700 years. 
Plut. de Virt. Mul.—Horat. 3, od. 19, v. 5. 
I, ſat. 10, v. 24.—Pauf. 7, c. 4.— Mela. 
2, V. 2, —Strab, 2. 

CHikon, a centaur, half a man and half 
a horſe, ſon of Philyra and Saturn, who 
had changed himſelf into a horſe, to eſcape 
the enquiries of his wife Rhea, Chiron was 
famous for his knowledge of muſic, medi- 
cine, and ſhooting. He taught mankind the 


uſe of plants and medicinal herbs; and he 


83 


inſtrudted, in all the polite arts, the greats 
heroes of his age; ſuch as Achilles, ſe. 
lapius, Hercules, &c. He was wounded in 
the knee by a poiſoned arrew, by Hercule: 
in his purſuit of the centaurs. Hercules 
flew to his aſſiſtance z but as the wound wz; 
incurable, and the cauſe of the moſt excry. 
ciating pains, Chiron begged Jupiter to de. 
prive him of immortality. His prayer, 


were heard, and he was placed by the gd 


among the conſtellations, under the name of 
Sagittarius. Heſfiod. in Scuto,— Homer, J. 
11.—Pauſ. 3, c. 18. 1.5, c. 19. I. 9, c. zi. 
— Ovid, Met. 2, v. 676. —Apollod. 2, c. $, 
I. 3, e. 13.—Horat. epod. 13. 

CHLoEx, a firname of Ceres at Athens 
Her yearly feſtivals, called Chloeia, were 
celebrated with much mirth and rejoicing, 
and a ram was always ſacrificed to her, The 
name of Chloe is ſuppoſed to bear the ſame 
ſignification as Flava, ſo often applied to 
the goddeſs of corn. The name, from its 
ſignification, (xden herba wirens) has gene- 
rally been applied to women poſſeſſed of 
beauty, and of ſimplicity. | 

CHLOREUS, a prieſt of Cybele, who came 
with Encas into Italy, and was killed by 
Turnus. Virg. An. 11, v. 768.— 


Another, &c. 


CHLoRis, the goddeſs of flowers, who 
married Zephyrus. She is the ſame as 
Flora, Ovid. Faſt. 5. A daughter of 
Amphion, fon of Jaſus and Perſephone, who 
married Neleus king of Pylos, by whom 
ſhe had one daughter and twelve ſons, whe 
all, except Neſtor, were killed by Hercules, 
Homer, Od. 11.—Pauf. 2, c. 21. I. 9, e. 
36. A proſtitute, & c. Horat. 3, Od. 1%, 

CHLoRUSs, a river of Cilicia, Pia. 5, 
e. 7. Conſtantine, one of the Cæſat ia 
Diocletian's age, who reigned two years at- 
ter the emperor's abdication, and died July 
25, A D. 306. 

CHOARINA, a country near India, te- 
duced by Craterus, &c. 

CHoAsPES, a ſon of Phaſis, &c. Flace, 
5, v. 585. An Indian river. Curt. 5 
c. 2.-— A river of Media, flowing into the 
Tigris, and now called Aarwn. Its waters are 
ſo ſweet that the kings of Perſia drank 10 
other, and in their expeditions they always 
had ſome with them, which had been pre- 
viouſly boiled. Herodot. 1, c. 188.—/ia 
V. II. 12, c. 40.— Tibull. 4, el. 1, v. 14 
—Plin. 6, c. 27. 

Cuno us, a river of Colchis. Arrian. 

Cu RA DES & PuA Ros, two iflands op- 
poſite Alexandria in Egypt. Thucyd. 7, v. 33. 
Others in the Euxine ſea,——An iſſn 
in the Ionian ſea, or near the Helleſpo"l: 
Theocrit. Id. 13. 

Cna®RILUs, a tragic poet of Athens, who 
wrote 159 tragedies, of which 13 me 


the priz 
Two ot! 
timate v 
on the v 
tained o 
excellence 
piece of 
nians, an 
as a poet 
der's flat 
prince pre 
as there (| 
and as m: 
were bad; 
ſix of his 
to gold, u 
he caſtig: 
k 1, v. 2 
CHERE 
CON 
Theſeus, b 
df Trœze. 
acrifices tc 
bad inculca 
CHonur 
Socrat. p 
CHoRas 
us. Hes 
CnoRI& 
M War. ; 
er. Id. 1 
Eneas. 14 
Crore n 
ned a pr 
orcebus,— 
4 enamou 
. 341. 
Cuo ROM. 
Ss. Dod. 
Cuosxok! 
n's reign, 
CHREMEs, 
Terence's , 
CyREMET 
CakeSIby 
Iple in Ep! 
Cintspys 
d. Ariſtode 
Cuxksrus 
ns, &c. ( 


| 1ROMIA, 


2. 1. 


8 


the prize, —An hiſtorian of Samos. 


eateſ Two other poets, one of whom was very in- 
Eſeu· timate with Herodotus. He wrote a poem 
led in on the victory which the Athenians had ob- 
cules, tained over Xerxes, and on account of the 
rules excelience of the compoſition, he received a 
d was piece of gold for each verſe from the Athe- 
xcru- nians, and was publicly ranked with Homer 


as a poet. The other was one of Alexan- 
der's flatterers and friends. It is ſaid the 
prince promiſed him as many pieces of gold 
25 there ſhould be good verſes in his poetry, 


to de- 
ayers 
he god | 


ame of 
er, J. and as many flaps on the forehead as there 
e. zi. were bad; and in conſequence of this, ſcarce 


ſix of his verſes in each poem were entitled 


» Gb 
1 to gold, while the reſt were rewarded with 
Athene. he caſtigation. Plut. in Alex, —[orat. 2, 
* Were p. I, V. 232. f 
joicing, Cu REA, a place of Bœotia. 
er. The CuoNvNI DAB, a man made preceptor to 
he ſame Theſeus, by his grandfather Pittheus king 
plied to f Trezenc. The Athenians inſtituted 
from its acrifices to him for the good precepts he 
is gene» kad inculcated in his pupil. Plut. in Te. 
efſed of CaonurHts, an Egyptian prophet. Plus. 
Socrat. gen. 
ho came CuoRASMt, a people of Aſia near the 
cilled by us. Herodot. 3, c. 93. 
FP" + CxoRtNEvs, a man killed in the Rutu- 
m war. Virg. An. 9, v. 571. Ano- |} 

ers, who er, Id. 12, v. 298. A prieſt with 
ſame as Eneas, 1d. 
ghter of Croke BUS, a man of Elis, who ob- 
one, who ned a prize the firſt olympiad. %. 
by whom orœbus. A youth of Mygdonia, who 
ons, Wh c enamoured of Cafſandra, Virg. n. 
Hercules, v. 341. 
. |. 9, e. CHoROMN £1, a people ſubdued by Ni- 
3, 0d. 15. . Diod. 1. 

Plin. 5, Cuosxoks, a King of Perſia, in ſuſti- 
Cæſats ia n's reign, 
years abs CHREMEs, 2 ſordid old man, mentioned 
died Jul Terence's Andria. Horat. in Art. v. 94- 

ChREMETEs, a river of Libya. 
India, te · Cuxkstruog, an architect of Diana's 
ple in Epheſus. Plin. 36, c. 14. 
c. Hlact. Cuxksruox r Es, a ſon of Ariſtomachus. 
Cu. 5 d. Ariſtodemus. 
ng into the enatsrus, an approved writer of A- 
waters alt ns, & c. Colum. 1 de R. R. c. 1. 
a drank 10 MHROMIA, a daughter of Itonus. Pau. 
hey always C I, 
been pre- aROMIOsS, a ſon of Neleus and Chlo- 
3. Alia. who, with 10 brothers, was killed in 
15 v. 14. ttle by Hercules. A ſon of Priam, 
td by Diomedes. Apollod. 3, e. 12. 
Arrian. *ROMIS, a Captain in the Trojan war. 
iſlands op- ir, 2.—A young ſhepherd. Virg. 
yd. 77 v. 33 6—4 Phrygian, killed by Camilla. 
— An iſland En, It, v. 675. A ſon of Hercules. 
Helleſpont. . 6, 346. 
uontus, a ſon of Pterilaus. Apollod. 

Athens, who 


obtaine 
13 the 


FE 4 


C.. Is 


An Argive, who, alone with 
Alcenor, ſurvived a battle between 300 of 
his + 706 ens and 300 Spartans. Herodot. 
„ e. 32. 

. CirRonivs, a man who built a temple 

of Diana Orchomenos. Par. 8, c. 48. 

CHRoNOS, the Greek name of Saturn, 
or time, 

CHRYASUSs, a king of Argus, deſcended 
from Inachus. 

CHRYSA & CHRYSE, a town of Cilicia, 
famous for a temple of Apollo Smintheus. 
Homer, Il. 1, v. 37.—Strab. 13.—0vid. 
Met. 13, v. 174. A daughter of Hal- 
mus, mother of Phlegias by Mars. Par. 
9, C. 36. 

CHRYSAME, a Theſſalian, prieſteſs of 
Diana Trivia. She fed a bull with poiſon, 
which the (ent to the enemies of her country, 
who eat the fleſh and became delirious, and 
were an eaſy conqueſt. Payæn. 

CHRYSANTAS, a man who refrained 
from killing another, by hearing a dog bark. 
Plut. Queſt. Rom. 

CHRYSANTHIVS, a philoſopher in the 
age of Julian, known for the great number 
of volumes he wrote. 

CHRYSANT1S, a nymph who told Ceres 
that her daughter had been carried away. 
Pauſ. 1. 

CuRYSsAOR, a ſon of Meduſa by Neptune. 
Some report, that he ſprung from the blood 
of Meduſa, armed with a go/den ſword, 
whence his name xruo0; ap. He married 


| Callirhoe, one of the Oceanides, by whom 


he had Geryon, Echidna, and the Chimera. 
Hefrod. Theog. v. 295. A rich king of 
Iberia, Diod. 4. A ſon of Glaucus. 
Pauf. 5, c. 21. 

CuxvsaonREUus, a firname of Jupiter, 
from his temple at Stratonice, where all the 
Carians aſſembled upon any public emer» 
gency. Strab. 4. 

CHAaYSAGR1S, a town of Cilicia. Pauf. 
„ 38 

CHRYSAS, a river of Sicily, falling into 
the Simæthus and worſhipped as a deity, 
Cic. in Ver. 4, c. 44 

CuRvskis, the 
Vid. Chryſes. 

CHRYSERMUS, a Corinthian, who wrote 
an hiſtory of Peloponneſus, and of India, 
beſides a treatiſe on rivers. P/ut. in Parall. 

CauryYSEs, the prieſt of Apollo, father of 
Aſtynome, called from him Chry/ſeis. When 
Lyrueſſus was taken, and the ſpoils divided 
among the conquerors, Chryſeis fell to the 
ſhare of Agamemnon. Chryſes, upon this, 


: daughter of Chryſes. 


went to the Grecian camp to ſolicit his 
daughter's reſtoration z and when his pray» 
ers were fruitleſs, he implored the aid of 
Apollo, who viſited the 


rteks with a 
Plague, 


8 
plague, and obliged them to reſtore Chryſeis. 
Homer. II. 1, v. 11, &c. A daughter of 
Minos. Apollo. 3, c. f. 

CurysSIPPE, a daughter of Danaus. 
Apollod. 2, c. 1. 

CurysipPvus, a natural ſon of Pclops, 
highly favored by his father, for which 
Hippodamia, his ſtep-mother, ordered her 
own ſons, Atreus and Thyeſtes, to Kill 
him, on account of which they were ba- 
niſned. Some ſay that H:ippodamia's ſons 
refuſed to murder Chryſippus, and that ſhe 
did it herſelf. They farther ſay, that Chry- 
ſippus had been carried away by Laius, 
king of Thebes, to gratify his unnatural 
luſts, and that he was in his arms when 
Hippodamia killed him. Hygin. fab. 35, 
— Plato de Leg. 6. — Apollod. 3, c. 5.—Pauſ. 
6, c. 20. A ſtoic philoſopher of Tarſus, 
who wrote about 311 treatiſes. Among 
his curious opinions was his approbation of 
2a parent's marriage with his child, and his 
wiſh that dead bodies ſhould be eaten ra- 
ther than buried. He died through exceſs 
of wine, or as others ſay, trom laughing 
too much on ſeeing an aſs eating figs on a 

ſilver plate, 207 B. C. in the Soth year of 
his age. Val. Max. 8, c. 7.— Dig. — Hsrat. 
2. Sat. 3, v. 40. There were alſo others 
of the ſame name. Laert. A freedman 
of Cicero. 

Carvs1s, a miſtreſs of Demetrius. Put. 
in Demet. A prieſtets of Juno at My- 
cenæ. The temple of the goddeſs was burnt 
by the negligence of Chryſhs, who fled to 
Tegea, to the altar of Minerva. Pauſ. 2, c. 
17. 

CuxvsOoASs PID Es, ſoldiers in the armies 
of -Perſia, whoſe arms were all covered 
with filver, to diſplay the opulence of the 
prince whom they ſerved. Juin. 12, c. 7. 

CnRVSOGGNUSs, a freedman of Sylla. 
Cic. pro Ref. A celebrated finger in 
Domitian's reign. Ju. 6, v. 74. 

CnRVSOLAUs, a tyiant of Methymna, 
c. Curt. 4, c. 8. 

CHRYSONDIUM, a town of Macedonia, 
Polyb. 5. 

EE as, a promontory and port 
of Aſia, oppoſite Byzantium, now Scu- 
tar7. 

CHRYSORRNOX, a people in whoſe coun- 
try are golden ſtreams. 

Cn ORHOAS, a river of Peloponne- 
ſus. Paruſ. 2, c. 31. 

CitRVYSOSH OM, a biſhop of Conſtantino- 
ple, who died A. D. 407, in his 53d year. He 
was a great diſciplinarian, and by ſeverely 
laſhing the vices of his age, he procured 
himſelf many enemies. He was baniſhed 
for vppoling the raiſing a ſtatue to the em- 
preſs, after having diſplayed his abilities as 
an elegant preacher, a found thcologician, 


8 1 
and a faithful interpreter of ſcripture, Chix; 
ſoſtom's works were nobly, and corre&j 
ecited, without a Latin verſion, by Sayilk 
8 \ob. toi. Etonz, 1613. They have 1 
peared, with a tranſlation at Paris, ech. 
Benedict. Montfaucon, 13 vols. fol. 1714, 

CHRYSOTHEMIS, a daughter of An- 
memnon and Clytemneftra. A Creta, 
who firſt obtained the poetical prize at th 
Pythian games. Pau. 10, c. 7. 

CHRYXUS, a leader of the Boii, grandſa 
to Brennus, who took Rome. &. 4, x, 


war, 1 
divided 
ſophic 

a weak 
viſited 

though, 
ſence f 
to his fc: 
well acc 
were an 


Jait he 0 


I himſelf v 
145. and was 

CaTHoNIA, a daughter of Ercchthey, Bakers 
who married Butes. 4p9//od. 3, c. 1 n u. 


A firname of Ceres, trom a terhple bulk 
to her by -Chthonia, at Hermione, $k 
had a feſtival there called by the ſame nag 


aved wi 
aid the 8 


and celebrated every fummer, During the * 2 
celebration, the prieſts of the goddeh 1 4 
marched in proceſſion, accompanied by a . 
magiſtrates, and a crowd of women u ay a 
boys in white apparel, with garland Mg ? 
flowers on their heads. Behind was dragzel 00 * - 
an untamed heifer, juſt taken from . ** 
herd. When they came to the tenpll * HIRE 
the victim was let looſe, and four vidy cite 
men armed with ſcythes, ſacrificed th MM G 
heifer, and killed her by cutting her thus 1 | 
A ſecond, a third, and a fourth victim, vali. 5 
in a like manner diſpatched by the old w 1 
men; and it was oblervable, that they! late, - accu 


fell on the ſame fide. Pau/. Corinth. 

CyTHoxivs, a centaur, killed by NG 
ror in a battle at the nuptials of Piritbos 
Ovid. Met. 12, v. 441.-——One of thei 


be ſtate; . 


is efforts 1 


tood upon 


Iu] of nis 


diers who {prang from the dragon's tern uia, his 
wwn by Cadmus. Hygin. fab. 178.— M Marcius 
fon of Afgyptus and Calliadne, ed ent +, 


. | 

CHItTz1UM, a name given to part ofl 
town of Clazomenæ. 

C124i = now SwILE1, a town of 
nonia where Licinius was defeated by Ct 
ſtantine. It was the birth place of 0 
tian. Eutrop. 10, c. 4.— Marcell. 30 


24. 


cero com 
o leave tlie 
Kor march 
0,000 men 
8 cauſe. 

be other cc 
nd Cicero,; 
onſpirators 


CIE ARITIs, a country of Aſa iament, 
the Mzander. Czar as 
CiBYkKA now BURUN, a town of Pf e opinion o 
gia of which the inhabitants were dexter q confirme 


hunters. Horat. 1, cp. 6, v. 3351 s Menior, 
Ver. 4, c. 13. Attic. 5, ep. 2. aved the ti 
Caria. w ſtiled 7 


M. T. Cictno, born at Arpinum, # 
ſon of a Roman knight, and lineal) q 
ſcended from the ancient kings of he | 
bines. His mother's name Was * 
After diſplaying many promiſing 4 j 
at ſchool, he was taught philoſopt? 
Philo, and law by Mutius Serre. 
acquired and pertected a taſte for 0” 


"nd founde 
which . 
Jurious to h 
lace tribune 
Me, thou 
Porters of 


| 


Knowledge under Sylla, in the "ny 


83 
war, and retired from Rome, which was 
divided into factions, to indulge his philo- 


E. Cher 
correct 


Sari WW (ophic propenfities. He was naturally of 
have ap a weak and delicate conſtitution, and he 
15, edit vifited Greece on account of his health ; 
1. 1718, though, perhaps, the true cauſe of his ab- 
of App ſence from Rome might be attributed 
X Creta, to his ſear of Sylla. His friends, who were 
ze at tht well acquainted with his ſuperior abilities, 


were anxious for his return ; and when at 
 grand{ia lit he obeyed their ſolicitations, he applied 
Sil. 4, . himſelf with uncommon diligence to oratory, 
and was ſoon diſtinguiſhed above all the 
ſpeakers of his age iin the Roman forum. 


rechtheus, 


. 15, — EV cn he went to Sicily as quzſtor, he be- 
hple bulk aved with great juſtice and moderation ; 
one, Sid the Sicilians remembered with gratitude 
ame nam, he eloquence of Cicero, their common 
During the patron, who had delivered them from the 


je goddel 
nied by the 
omen 1 
parlands d 
vas draggel 
n from u 
the templl 


yranny and avarice of Verres. After he 
ad paTed through the offices of edile and 
prætor, he ſtood a candidate for the con- 
lulſhir, A. U. C. £89; and the patricians 
ad the plebeians were equally anxious to 


ad bribery of Catiline. His new fhtuation 
: 


zur 0:08 as critical, and required circumſpection. 
crificed t atiline, with many diſſolute and deſperate 
g her tarod omans, had conſpired againtt their coun- 
victim, ia y, and combined to murder Cicero him- 


the old v elf, In this dilemma, Cicero, in full ſe- 
that they 1 ate, accuſed Catiline of treaſon againft 
wrinth, be fate ; but as his evidence was not clear, 
led by Ne s efforts were unavailing. He, however, 
of Pirithou tovd upon his guard, and by the informa- 
ne of the on of his friends, and the difcovery of 
agon's derm ulvia, lus life was faved from the dagger 
. 178.— Marcius and Ccthegus, whom Catitine 
ne. Al! ad ſent to affatiinzte him. After this, 

icero commanded Catiline, in the ſenate, 
to part oft d leave tue city; and this deſperate conſpi- 

or marched out in triumph to meet the 
town of N 0,000 men who were aſſembhled to ſupport 
eated by Wh b cauſe. The lieutenant of C. Antony, 
place of 6 ne other conſul, defeated them in Gaul; 
larcell. 0 Wd Cicero, at Rome, puniſhed the reſt of the 

anſpirators with death. This capital pu- 
of Aſia n ſhment, though inveighed againit by 

,Czſar as too ſevere, was ſupported by 
town of Pu e opinion of Lutatius Catulus, and Cato, 


were dexten 


v. 33— 


d confirmed by the whole ſenate. After 
as meniorable deliverancs, Cicero re- 
wed the thanks of all the people, and 
as ſtiled The father of his country, and a 
and founder of Rame. The vehemence 
u which he had attacked Clodius, proved 
Jarious to him; and when his enemy was 
de tribune, Cicero was baniſhed from 
miſing re, though 20,000 young men were 

hiloſophf! eporters of his innocence. He was not, 
_ deſertedin his baniſhment. Where- 
ute went, he was received with the 


in the * FS: marks of approbation and reve- 


raiſe him to that dignity, againſt the efforts | 


— ——— — ͤwö—ö — tl — 


E 4 


rence; and when the faction had ſubſided 
at Rome, the whole ſenate and people were 
unanimous for his return. After fixteen 
months abſence, he entered Rome with 
untverſal Tatisfactionz and when he was 
ſent, with the power of proconſul, to Cilicia, 
his integrity and prudence made him ſuc- 
ceſsful againft the enemy, and at his return, 
he was honored with a triumph which the 
factions prevented him to enjoy. After 
much heſitation, during the civil commo- 
tions between Cæſar and Pompey, he 
Joined kimfelf to the latter, and followed 
nim to Greece. When victory had declared 
in favor of Cæfar, at the battle of Pharſalia, 
Cicero went to Brunduftum, and was re- 
conciled to the conqueror, who treated him 
with great humanity. From this time 
Cicero retired into the country, and ſeldom 
viſtted Rome. When Cæſar had been 
ſtat bed in the ſenate, Cicero recommended 
a gene.al amneſty, and was the moſt ear- 
neft to decree the provinces to Brutus and 
Caſfhius, But when he ſaw the intereſt of 
Cz#ſar's murderers decreaſe, and Antony 
come into pewer, he retwed to Athens. 
He ſoon after returned, but lived in per pe- 
tual tear of aſſaſſination. Auguſtus courted 
the approbation of Cicero, and expreſſed 
tis with to be his colleague in the conſul- 
hip. But his wiſh was not fincere ; he 
toon forgot his former profeſſions of friend- 
ſhip; and when the two conſuls had been 
Killed at Mutina, Auguſtus joined his in- 
tereſt to that of Antony, and the triumvi- 
rate was ſoon after formed. The great en- 
mity wi.ich Cicero bore to Antony was fa- 
tal to lam; and Avguſtus, Antony, and 
Lepidus, the triumvùs, to deſtroy all cauſe 
of quarrel, and each to diſpatch his enemies, 
produced their lift of proſcription. About 
two hundred were doomed tu death, and 
Cicero waz among the number upon the liſt 
of Antony. Auguſtus yielded a man to 
whom he partly owed his greatnets, and 
Cicero was purſued by the emiſlaries of 
Antony, among whom was Popilius whom 
he had defended upon an accuſation of par- 
ricide. He had fled in a litter towards the 
ſea of Caieta; and when the afſathins came 
up to him, he put bis head out of .the litter, 
and it was ſevered from the body by He- 
refinius. This memorable event happened 
in D-cember, 43 B. C. after the ene ment 
of lite tor 63 years, 11 months, and five 
days. The bead and right hand of the ora- 
tor we'e carried to Rome, and hung up in 
the Roman forum; and ſo inveterate was 
Antony's hatred againſt the unfortunate 
man, that even Fulvia the triumvir's wife, 
wreaked her vengeance upon his head, and 
drew the tongue out of the mouth, and 
bod it through repeatedly with a gold 
bodKkin, 


F 
: 
181 
159% 
7 
Wb 
Wl 
100 
1 10 
Ws 
1% 5 


C I 


bodkin, verifying in this act of inhumanity, 
what Cicero had once obſerved, that mo 
animal is more revengefu/ than a woman, 


Cicero has acquired more real fame by his | 


literary compoſitions, than by his ſpirited 
exertions as a Roman ſenator. The learn- 
ing and the abilities which he poſſeſſed, 
have been the admiration of every age and 
country, and his ſtyle has always been ac- 
counted as the true ſtandard of pure latini- 
ty. The words naſcitur preta have been 
verified in his attempts to write poetry ; 
and the ſatyr of Martial, Carmina quod ſcri- 
bit muſis et Apolline nullo, though ſevere, is 
true. He once formed a defign to write 
the hiſtory of his country, but he was diſ- 
appointed. He tranſlated many of the 
Greek writers, poets as well as hiſtorians, 
for his own improvement. When he tra- 
velled into Aſia, he was attended by moſt 
of the learned men of his age; and his ſtay 
at Rhodes, in the ſchool of the famous 
Malo, conduced not 2 little to perfect his 
judgment. Like his countrymen, he was 
not deſtitute of ambition, and the arrogant 
expectations with which he returned from 
his queſtorſhip in Sivily are well known. 
He was of a timid diſpoſition; and he who 
ſhone as the father of Roman eloquence, 
never aſcended the pulpit to harangue, 
without feeling a ſecret emotion of dread, 
His conduct, during the civil wars, is far 
from that of a patriot; and when we view 
him, dubious and irrefolute, ſorry not to 
follow Pompey, and yet afraid to oppoſe 
Czſar, the judgment would almoſt brand 
him with the name of coward. In his pri- 
vate character, however, Cicero was of an 
amiable diſpoſition; and though he was 
too elated with proſperity, and debaſed by 
adverſity, the affability of the friend conct- 
lated the good graces of all. He married 
Terentia, whom he afterwards divorced, 
and by whom he had a fon and a daughter. 
He afterwards married 2 young woman, to 
whom he was guardian; and becauſe ſhe 
ſeemed elated at the death of his daughter 
Tullia, he repudiated her. The works of 
this celebrated man, of which, according 
to ſome, the tenth part is ſcarce ex- 
tant, have been edited by the beſt ſcholars 
in every country. The moſt valuable edi- 
tions of the works complete, are that of 
Verburgius, 2 vols. fol. Amſt. 1724.—that 
of Olivet, 9 vols. 4to. Geneva, 1758.—the 
Oxford edition in 10 vols. 4to, 1782,—and 
that of Lallemand, 12 mo. 14 vols. Paris 
apud Barbou, 1768. Plutarch. in tut. 
Guincil.— Dis. Caſſ.— Appian.— Florus. —C 
Nep. in Attice.— Eutrap.—Cic. G. 
Marcus, the ſon of Cicero, was taken by 
Auguſtus as his colleague in the conſulſhip. 
He reyenged his father's death, by throw- 


E I 


ing public diſhonor upon the memory v 
Antony. He diſgraced his father's virtue 
and was ſo fond of drinking, that Pliny 
obſerves, he wiſhed to deprive Antony if 
the honor of being the greateſt drunkat 
in the Roman empire. Plut. in Cic.— 
Quintus, the brother of the orator, vn 


unabl. 
what 
Cilo's 
his got 
emper 
years | 
Tacit. 


Cæſar's lieutenant in Gaul, and proconly Sing 
of Aſia, for three years. He was pr while x 
ſcribed with his ſon at the ſame time # Plat. in 


his brother Tully. Plut. in Cic.— Appia Cru. 
CicgRöNISs VILLA, a place near Pur. Cim 
oli in Campania. Plin. 31, c. 2. 


i invaded 
CicuvRis, a town of Epirus. my. ane 
Crcones, a people of Thrace near the * 3 


Hebrus. Ulyſſes, at his return from Troy, Ciun 
conquered them, and plundered their chi Me C;m! 
city Iſmarus. They tore to pieces, Orpheys, 


; 

for his obſcene indulgences. Ovid. Mz, 3 

ro, v. 83. 1. 15, v. 313.—Pirg. G. 5 deſperate 

520, & c.— Mela. 2, C. 2. each tot 
Cieũ rA, an old avaricious uſurer. Hin battle the 


25 Ser, Jz V. 69. 

CiLIcrA, a country of Aſia Minor, a 
the fea coaſt, at the uorth of Cyprus, th 
ſouth of mount Taurus, and the weſt « 
the Euphrates. The inhabitants enriche 
themſelves by piratical excurſions, till they 
were conquered by Pompey. The county 
was opulent, and was governed by king 
under ſome of the Roman emperors; bit 
reduced into a province by Veſpaſian. C- 
cero preſided over it as proconſul, It u 
ceives its name from Cilix, the ſon of Age. 
nor. Apollod. 3, c. 1. —-Varro. R. R. ut 
11.—Sueton. in Veſp. 8.— Herodot. 2, c. I) 


der the co 
But when 
vas Choſe: 
eutones 
loody er 
eld of b 
priſoners, 
had forme 
netrated in 
the river 
league Cat 
ment enſu 
Main, Thi 


re - 

34.—Tuftin. 11, c. 11.-Curt. 3, c. 4_ * 
Plin. 5, c. 27 —Part of the country E 22. | 
tween Zolia and Troas, is alſo called , . 7 7 
licia, Strab, 13, calls it Trojan, to a Cintay 
tinguiſh it from the other Cilici:. nountain of 
C1L1ssA, a town of Phrygia. v. 9, c 
CiL1x, a ſon of Phœnix, or acemi of n 


to Herodotus, of Agenor, who gave l 
name to Cilicia, Apelled. 3, c. 1. 
dot. 7, c. 91. lo: 
CiLLAa, a town of Africa Propria. Di 
20 A town of #olia. Herodet. l, 
149.— f Troas, which received its nal 
according to Theopompus, from a cenZ 
Cillus, who was one of Hippodamia A 
tors, and killed by CEnamaus. Hom: 
I, v. 38.—0vid. Met. 13, v. 174- 
C1LLes, ageneral of Ptolemy, conqgr 
by Demetrius. Diod. 19. 2 
Citrus, a charioteer of Pelops,! 
whoſe honor a city was built. Strab, 1 
Cirrus, the firname of Mozoends. | 
Ciro, Jun. an oppreſſive govern” 
Bithynia and Pontus. The province* 


eotis, wil 
elzed upon 1 
dey had be 
ears, they 
ing of Lyd 
I, 16 
valt of Italy 
wed in cave 
ana, and th 
om the lig 
lr retreat t 
1 conſequen 
de count 

uppoſed * b 
great obſe; 
Han day hne 


0 
ried their complaints againſt him to _ $ — 
but ſuch was the noiſe of the flatterer3 my ang 


attended the emperor Claudius, 4 


2 


amable to hear them; and when he aſked 
what they had ſaid, he was told by one of 
Cilo's friends, that they returned thanks for 


mory [1 
Virtues, 


at Pliny his good adminiſtration ; upon which the 
ntony f emperor ſaid, Let Cilo be continued two 
Irunkad years longer in his province. Dio. 60,— 
Cie Tacit. Ann, 12, C. 21. 

tor, Wa CivBreR, TULL., one of Cæſar's mur- 
Yroconal derers. He laid hold of the dictator's robe, 
vas pro- which was a ſignal for the reſt to ſtrike. 
time u Pl. in Cæſ. 

Appia. C1MBERIVS, a chief of the Suevi. 

rar Pute- CiusRI, a people of Germany, who 


invaded the Roman empire with a large ar- 
my, and were conquered by Marius. Flor. 
3 C. 3. 

Ciuunlcun BELLUM, was begun by 
the Cimbri and Teutones, by an invaſion of 
the Roman territories, B. C. 109. Theſe 
barbarians were ſo courageous, and even 
deſperate, that they faſtened their firſt ranks 
each to the other, with cords. In the firſt 
battle they deſtroyed 80, ooo Romans, un- 
der the conſuls Manlius and Servilius Cæpio. 
But when Marius, in his ſecond conſulſhip, 


near the 
om Troy, 
their chil 
, Orphenz, 
wid, Me, 
G. hv. 


rer. Herd, 


Minor, n 


yprus, the was choſen to carry on the war he met the 
ie welt d eutones at Aquæ Sextiæ, where, after a 
ts enriched loody engagement, he left dead on the 
15, till they eld of battle 20,000, and took 90,000 


The count l@briſoners, B. C. 102. The Cimbri, who 
d by king had formed another army, had already pe- 
perors ; du etrated into Italy, where they were met at 
aſian. CB: river Athefis, by Marius and his col- 
ful, It 0 e:ove Catulus, a year after. An engage- 
ſon of Avent enſued, and 140,000 of them were 
R. RT n. This laſt battle put an end to this 
dot. 2, c M adful war, and the two conſuls entered 


. 3» c. eme in triumph. For. 3, c. 3.—Plin. 7, 
22. I. 17, c. 1. Mela. 3, c. 3.—Paterc, 
„ c. 12.— Plat. in Mario. 

Cimixus, now PFiterbe, a lake and 
nountain of Etruria. Virg. Xn. 7. v. 697. 
Liv. 9, c. 36. 

CimmERITt, a people near the Palus 
edtis, who invaded Aſia Minor, and 
ezed upon the kingdom of Cyaxares. After 
dey had been maſters of the country for 28 


ropria- ears, they were driven back by Alyattes 
Herodet. l, ing of Lydia. Herodot. 1, c. 6, &c. l. 4, 
1 N tber nation on the weſtern 
rom © c oalt of Italy, generally imagined to have 
odamia 1 wed in 3 — * vore of Cam- 
. Bow nia, and there, in concealing themſelves 
1. Gong n the light of the fun, to have made 
ny, 


heir retreat the receptacle of their 8 


\ conſequence of this manner of living, 


f ron de country which they inhabited, was 
t ar Wppoſed to be ſo gloomy, that, to mention 
— Seat obſcurity, the expreſſion of Cim- 
e mor f ian darkneſs has proverbially been uſed; 
py" Homer, according to Plutarch, drew 
him to * images of hell aud Pluto from the 


pmy and diſmal country where they 


CI 


dwelt. Homer. Od. 13.—Pirg. Fn. 6.— 
Ovid. Met. 11, v. 592, &c.—Strab. 5. 

CimmFRris, a town of Troas, formerly 
called Edonis. P/in. 5, c. zo. 

CimmER1iumM, now Crim, a town of Tau- 
rica Cherſoneſus, whoſe inhabitants are 
called Cimmerii. Mela. f, c. 19. 

CTMöLIs & CinoLts, a town of Paph- 
lagonia. 

CimoLvus, now Argentiera, an iſland in 
the Cretan ſea, producing chalk and ful- 
ler's earth. Ovid. Met. 7, v. 463.—Plin., 
35, c. 16. 

Crmon, an Athenian, ſon of Miltiades 
and Hegiſipyle, famous for his debaucheries 
in his youth, and the reformation of his 
morals when arrived to years of diſcretion. 
When his father died, he was impriſoned, 
becauſe unable to pay the fine laid upon him 
by the Athenians; but he was releaſed from. 
confinement by his ſiſter and wife Elpinice. 
(Vid. Elpinice.) He behaved with great 
courage at the battle of Salamis, and ren- 
dered himſelf ,popular by his munificence 
and valor, He defeated the Perſian fleet, 
and took 200 ſhips, and totally routed their 
land army, the very ſame day. The money 
that he obtained by his victories, was not 
applied to his own private ule; but with it 
he fortified and embelliſhed the city. He 
ſome time after loſt all his popularity, and 
was baniſhed by the Athenians, who de- 
clared war ag: inſt the Lacedzmonians. He 
was recalled from his exile, and at his re- 
turn, he made a reconciliation between La- 
cedæmon and his countrymen. He was 
afterwards appointed to carry on the war 
againſt Perſia in Egypt, and Cyprus, with a 
fleet of 200 ſhips; and on the coaſt of Aſia, 
he gave battle to the enemy, and totally 
ruined their fleet. He died as he was be- 
ſieging the town of Citium in Cyprus, B. C. 
449, in the 51ſt year of his age. He may 
be called the laſt of the Greeks, whoſe 
ſpirit and boldneſs defeated the armies of the 
barbarians. He was ſuch an inveterate ene- 
my to the Perſian power, that he formed a 
plan of totally deſtroying it; and in his wars, 
he had ſo reduced the Perſians, that they 
promiſed in a treaty, not to paſs the Che- 
lidonian iſlands with their fleet, or to ap- 
proach withig a day's journey of the Gre- 
cian ſeas. The munificence of Cimon has 
been highly extolled by his biographers, and 
he has been deſervedly praiſed for leaving 
his gardens open to the public. Thucyd. 1, 
c. oo and 112.—Fuftin. 2, c. 15.—Died. 
I11.—-Plut, & C. Nep. in vita. An 
Athenian, father of Miltiades. Hero. 6, 
c. 34. A Roman, ſupported in priſon 
by the milk df his*daughter, An Athe- 


nian, who wrote an account of the war of 
the Amazons againſt his country. 
0 


CI Næ⁊ - 


G4 


Ct rn, an ancient poet of Lacedæ- 
mon, &c. Vid. Cinethon. 

Ci NARA DAs, one of the deſcendants of 
Cinyras, who preſided over the ceremonics 
of Venus at Paphos. Tacit. 2. Hift. c. 3. 

CNet Lex, was enacted by M. Cin- 
cius, tribune of the people, A. U. C. 549. 
By it no man was permitted to take any 
money as a giſt or a fee in judging a cauſe. 
Liv. 34. ©. 4 

L. G. CrxcrnnATHs, a celebrated Ro- 
man, who was informed, as he ploughed 
his field, that the fenate had choſen him 
dictator. Upon this he left his ploughed 
land with regret, and repaired to the field of 
battle, where his countrymen were cloſely 
befieged by the Volſei and Aqui. He con- 
quered the enemy, and returned to Rome 
in triumph; and 16 days after his appoint- 
ment, he laid down his office, and retired 
back to plough his fields. In his Soth year, 
ke was again ſummoncd againſt Præneſte as 
dictator; and after a ſucceſsful campaign, he 
teſigned the abſolute power he had enjoyed 
only 21 days, nobly diſregarding the re- 
ward; that were offered him by the ſenate. 
He floriſhed about 460 years before Chriſt, 
Liv. z, c. 26.— Fer. 1, c. 11.—Gic. de Fi- 
wb, 4. ; 

L. Civcrvs ALIMENTEUS, a pretor of 
Sicily in the ſecond Punic war, who wrote 
annals in Greek. Dionyſ. Hal. t. 
Marcus, a tribune of the people, A. U. C. 
NS a Theſſalian, minifier and friend 
to Pyrrhus king of Epirus. He was ſent 
to Rome by his maſter to ſue for a peace, 
which he, however, could not obtain. He 
told Pyrrhus, that the Roman ſenate were a 
venerable aſſembly of kings; and obſerved, 
that to fight with them, was to fight againſt 
another Hydra. He was of ſuch a retentive 
memory, that the day after his arrival at 
Rome, he could ſalute every ſenator and 
knight by his name. Plin: 7, c. 24.—Cic. 
ad Fam.” 9, ep. 25. A king of Theſſaly. 
Herodot. 5, c. 63,—An Athenian, &c. 
Polyæn. 2, c. 32. 

CINESsIASs, a Greek poet of Thebes in 
Bœotia, who compoſed ſome dithyrambic 
verſes, Athen. 

Ci x RTO, a Spartan, who wrote ge- 
ncalogical poems, in one of which he aſſert- 
ed that Medea had a fon, by Jaſon, called 
Medus, anda daughter called Eriopis. Pau/. 
2, C. 18. 

CinGA, now Cinea, a river of Spam, flow- 
ing from the Pyrenean mountains into the 
Iberus, Lucan. 4, v. 21.—Cef. B. C. 1, 
c. 48. 

C1inGETSRIX, a prince of Gaul, in al- 
nance with Rome. Caf. bell. G. 5, c. 3. 
＋A prince of Britain, who attacked Cæ- 

3 


% 


E 


| ry camp, by order of Caſhvelaunus, {4 
ib. e. 22. 

CincuLvmM, now Cingoli, a town of Pi. 
cenum, whoſe inhabitants are called Cingy, 
lani, Pin. 3, c. 13.—Cf. bell. Cw. 1, 
C. 15.— Sl. It. 10, v. 34.—Cic. Att.), 
ep. IT. 

Ci Nf ATA, a place of Galatia, 

CINITUIt, a people of Africa. 

L. Corn. CI x NA, a Roman who oy. 
preſſed the republic with his cruelties, and 
was baniſhed by Octavius, for attempting ty 
make the fugitive ſlaves free, He joined 


himſelf to Marius; and with him at the 


head of zo legions, he filled Kome with 
blood, defeated his enemies, and made him- 
ſelf conſul even to a fourth time. He ma- 
facred ſo many citizens at Rome, thot his 
name became odious ; and one of his officers 
aſſaſſinated him at Ancona, as he was pre- 


aring war againſt Sylla. Plat. in Mar, 
Nee, & Syll.-[ucan. 4, v. 822.—4 
plan. bell. Cit, .- Fler. 3, c. 21.— Pata. 
2, c. 20, &C.-—Plut, in C. ne & 
Cæſar's murderers. C. Helvius Cinna, 
a poet intimate with Cæſar He went ts 
attend the obſequies of Cæſar, and being 
miſtaken by the populace for the other Cins 
na, he was torn to pieces. He had been 
s years in compoſing an obſcure poem called 
Smyrna, in which he made mention of the 
inceſt of Cinyras. Plut. in Caf.——A 
grandfon of Pompey. He conſpiredagani 
Auguſtus, who pardoned him, and made 
him one of his moſt intimate friends. He 
was conſul, and made Auguſius his beit, 
Dio. Seneca de Clem. c. 9. — A town d 
Italy taken by the Romans from the Sam- 
nites. 

Ci Nx NA DO, a Lacedzmonian youth, be 
reſolved to put to death the Ephori, and 
ſeize upon the ſovereign power. His cots 
ſpiracy was diſcovered, and he was put © 
death 1 Ar et. a 

CinNAMvUs, a hair-dreſſer at Rome, f. 
diculed by Martial. 7, ep. 62. | 

CiNNIANA, a town of Lufhtann, th 
mous for the valor of its citizens. Val. Mas 
6, C. 4. 

C1Nnx1A, a firname of Juno, who für. 
ſided over marriages, and was ſuppoſed! 
untie the girdle of new brides. _ | 

Ciny?s & CiNnyPHUs, 2 wre, 
country of Africa near the Garaman® 
whence Cinyphius. Vg. G. 3, * 
Herodot. 4, c. 198.— P/ in. 5, c. 4—* 
tial. 7, ep. 94.— vid. Met. 7 . 2 
I. 25, v. 75 5. - Lucan. 9, v. 787. 

CinYras, a king of Cyptus, 4 f 
Paphus, who married Cenchreis, by no” 
he had a daughter called Myrrha. My 
fell in love with her father; and, in e 
ſence of her mother, the introduced heme 


yi 


| 


to his bed 
had by 
hen he kne 
attemptec 
ped his pul 
ter ſhe had 
No A tree, 
inyras, acce 
le was ſo ri 
Croſus, be 
d, fab. 9.— 
(2, 248, &c 
3 c. 9.— 
ny from Syr 
A Liguri 
urnus. Fir, 
Cros, arivi 
A comm: 
ec name of t 
Cippos, a! 
med home v 
tered the cit 
ling to enfl:; 
e ſenate with 
mſelf for eve 
live upon a | 
f.15,v. 56 
Ci cxux, 
Latium, nea} 
the ſouth of 
ople were cal 
v. 248.— 
v. 6, c. 17.— 
Cigex, a d- 
ebrated for h 
nomous herbs 
bg of Colchis 
nos. She m. 
Achis, whom 
kingdom. 
jects, and e. 
coaſts of Ita] 
viſes, at his ri 
ted the place 


| Companions, 


alure and vol. 
Circe's potion 
uno was for 
ts by an hert 
eived from M 
anded, ſword 
companions t 


aplied, and lo 
8 DOnOrS, 
Flies had by e 
or two acc 
us & Latinu 
Mes forgot his 


In 


is departure, t 


dend to hell,: 
els, concernj 


Ice ſhow 


wah, and to P 


Ovid. Met 


S 1 


11 to his bed by means of her nurſe. Ciny- 
; had by her a fon called Adonis; and 
pi. hen he knew the inceſt he had committed, 
Pts attempted to ſtab his daughter, who eſ- 
* ped his purſuit and fled to Arabia, where, 
t 4 ter ſhe had brought forth, ſhe was changed 
* Mo a tree, which ſtill bears her name. 
;nyras, according to ſome, ſtabbed himſelf. 
le was ſo rich, that his opulence, like that 
op Cro:ſus, became proverbial. Ovid. Mer. 
od o, fab. 9, —Plut. in Parall.— Hygin. fab. 
** 42, 248, &c A ſon of Laodice. Apel- 
coined % . 9. A man who brought a co- 
t the ny from Syria to Cyprus. Id. 3, c. 14. 
with A Ligurian, who aſſiſted Æneas againſt 
him urnus. Virg. An. 10, v. 186. 
 maſ- Cros, a river of Thrace, Piu. 5, c. 32. | 
bot bis A commercial place of Phrygia. 
cen e name of three cities in Bithynia. 
s pre Cieevs, a noble Roman, who, as he re- 
\ Mar. med home victorious, was told that if he 
a tered the city he muſt reign there. Un- 
* ling to enſlave his country, he aſſembled 
Yoo of e ſenate without the walls, and baniſhed 
Cinna, reel for ever from the city, and retired 
rent i live upon a fingle acre of ground, Ovid. 
being et. 15, v. 565. 
er Cins Cixcaum, now Circello, a promontory 
4 been Latium, near a ſmall town called Circeii, 
\ called the ſouth of the Pontine marſhes. The 
\ of the pple were called Circeienſes, Ovid. Met. 
— v. 248.— rg. Au. 7, v. 799.— 
gent . 6, c. 1)7.—Cic. N. D. 3, c. 19. 
4 made (ick, a daughter of Sol and Perſeis, 
is, He ebrated for her knowledge of magic and 
is heir, eemous herbs. She was fiſter to /Eetes 
town of As of Colchis, and Paſiphac the wife of 
ge Sam- s. She married a Sarmatian prince of 
pichis, whom ſhe murdered to obtain 
uth,who kingdom. She was expelled by her 
ori, ad jects, and carried by her father upon 
lis con- coalts of Italy, in an iſland called Axa. 
; put 10 es, at his return from the Trojan war, 
ited the place of her reſidence; and all 
ome, f- } companions, who ran headlong into 
alure and voluptuouſneſs, were changed 
nin, fo Circe's potions into filthy ſwine. Ulyſ- 
4. Max, » Why was fortified againſt all enchant- 
ats by an herb called , which he had 
who pe- aved from Mercury, went to Circe, and 
poſed u ded, {word in hand, the reſtoration of 
companions to their former ſtate. She 
ver, 2nd bplicd, and loaded the hero with pleaſures 
ramantes * nonors. In this voluptuous retreat, 
v. 312 Js had by Circe one ſon called Telego- 
4 » or two according to Heſiod, called 
v. e & Latinus. For one whole year, 
Files forgot his glory in Circe's arms, and 
, fon 0 us departure, the nymph adviſed him to 
by who tend to hell, and contult the manes of 
Myr ellas, concerning the fates that attended 
in the 39 * Circe thowed herſelf cruel to Scylla 
ed ber h and to Picus. [jd Scylla & Pi- 


Vid, Met, 14, fab. 1 & 5.— Hera. 


| 


4 


IP + 


r, ep. 2, J. r, od. 17.—Pirg. Fel. 8, v. 50. 
En. 7, v. 10, &c.—Hygin. fab. 125.— 
Apollon. 4, Arg. — Homer. Od. 10, v. 136, 
&c.—Apolled. 1, c. . 

CixcENsEs Lu, games performed in 
the cireus at Rome. They were dedicated to 
the god Conſus, and were firſt eſtabliſhed by 
Romulus at the rape of the Sabines. They 
were in imitation of the Olympian games 


among the Greeks, and, by way of eminence, 


were often called the great games. Their ori- 
ginal name was Confualia, and they were 
firſt called Circenſians by Tarquin the elder 
after he had built the Circus. They were 
not appropriated to one particular exhibi- 
tion; but were equally celebrated for Icap- 
ing, wreſtling, throwing the quoit and javelin, 
races on foot as well as in chariots, and box- 
ing. Like the Greeks, the Romans gave 
the name of Pentathlum or Quinquertium to 
theſe five exerciſes. The celebration con- 
tinued tive days, beginning on the 15th of 
September. All games in general that wers 
exhibited in the Circus, were ſoon after 
called Circenſian games. Some ſea-fights 
and ſkirmiſhes, called by the Romans Nau- 
machiæ, were afterwards exhibited in the 
Circus. Virg. An. 8, v. 636. 

Circivs,a part of mount Taurus. Pin. 
5, C. 27, A rapid and tempeltuous wind 
trequent in Gallia Narbonenſis, and un- 
known in any other country. Lacan. 1, 
v. 408. wy 

CIRCUM PADANI AGRI, the country 
around the river Po. Liv. 21. c. 35. 

CIRCUS, a large and elegant building at 
Rome, where plays and ſhows were exhibit- 
ed. There were about eight at Rome ; the 
firſt, called Maximus Circus, was the grande 
eſt, raiſed and embelliſhed by Tarquin Pri- 
cus. Its figure was oblong, and it was filled 
all round with benches, and could contain, as 
ſome report, about 300,000 ſpectators. It 
was about 2187 feet long, and g5o broad. 
All the emperors vied in beautifying it, and 
J. Cæſar introduced in it large canals of 
water, which, on a ſudden, could be covered 
with an infinite number of veſſels, and re- 
preſent a ſea- fight 

Cirrs, the name of Scylla daughter of 
Niſus, who was changed into a bird of the 
ſame name. Ovid, Met. 8, v. 151. 

CixkR&ATUM, a place near Arpinum, 
where C. Marius lived when young. Plat. 
in Mar, 

CIRRHA & CYRRHA, a town of Phocis, 
at the foot of Parnaſſus, where Apollo was 
worſhipped. Lucan. 3, v 172. 

CI RTA & CIRTA, a town of Numidia. 
Strab. 7. 

C1SALPINA GALLIA, a part of Gaul, 
called alſo Citerior and Togata, Its fartheſt 


- 


boundary was near the Rubicon, and it 


touched the Alps on the Italian ſide. 
Q 2 Cis- 


. 
- 
OO > — * . 22 
2 £ — — 
3 — - 
1 . * 2 _ 
_ _ — 1 GH . — 
. = —, ww * 
3 _— _ —— 
* _ - * 
A n 
7 2 
3 La — _— — — 
* 9 = 
— 7 — 


C L 

CisrADRNYA GALLIA, a part of ancient 
Ga11, ſouth of the Po. 

Cr5RHENANT, part of the Germans who 
lived neareſt Rome, on the welt of the 
Rhine. Cæſ. B. G. 6, c. 2. 

CtssA, a river of Pontus. 
near Iſtria. 

Cisstis, a patronymic given to Hecuba 
as daughter of Ciſſeus. 

Cisskus, a king of Thrace, father to 
Hecuba. Virg. An. 7, v. 320. A ſon 
of Melampus, killed by Ancas. Id. A». 
10, v. 317. A ſon of Ægyptus. Apel- 
Fed. $ e. 1. 

C1$514, a country of Suſiana, of which 
Suſa was the capital. Herodot. 5. c. 49. 

C1$$1 *, ſome gates in Babylon. Id. 3, 
c. 155. 

C1ss1DEs, a general of Dionyſus ſent 
with nine gallies to aſſiſt the Spartans, &c. 
Dfod. 1 F : 

CissokssA, a fountain of Bœotia. Put. 

CEissus, a mountain of Macedonia. 
A city of Thrace. A man who acquaint- 
ed Alexander with the flight of Harpalus. 
Plut. in Alex. 

C1$5vusaA, a fountain where Bacchus was 
washed when young. Plut. in Ly/. 

C1STEN&, a town of ZEolia. 
of Lycia, Mela. 1, c. 18. 

CiTH=&RON, a king, who gave his name 
to a mountain of Bœotia, ſituate at the ſouth 
of the river Aſopus, and ſacred to Jupiter 
and the Muſes. * Actæon was torn to pieces 
by his own dogs on this mountain, and 
Hercules killed there an immenſe lion. 
Virg. Ain. 4, v. 303. —Apollad. 2, c. 4.— 
Mela. 2, c. 3.—Strab. 9.—Pauſ. 9, c. 1, 
&c.—Plin. 4, c. 7. 

CITUARISTA, a promontory of Gaul. 

CiTivm, now Chiti, a town of Cyprus, 
where Cimon died in his expedition againſt 
Egypt. Plut. in Cim.—T hucyd. 1, c. 112. 

Crus, a town of Myſna. Apollod. 1, c.g. 

J. CrviLt is, a powerful Batavian, who 
railed a ſedition againſt Galba, &c. Tacir. 
Hi. 1, c. 59. 

Cizycum, a city of Aſia in the Propon- 
tis, the ſame as Cyzicus. Vid. Cyzicus. 

C.. Abt us, a river of Elis. Pauſ. 5, c. 7. 

CLANES, a river falling into the Iſter. 

CLAYNTS, a centaur Killed by Theſeus. 
Orwid. Met. 12, v. 379. 

CLantus or CLANTs, a river of Cam- 


An iſland 


A town 


pania. Firg.,G. 2, v. 225. Of Etru- 
ria, now Chiana. Sil. 8, v. 454.—Tacit. 
s. An. 79. 


CLarvus, or Cares, a town of Ionia, fa- 
mous for an oracle of Apollo, It was built 
by Manto daughter of Tireſias, who fled from 
Thebes, after it had been deftroyed by the 
Epigoni. She was ſo afflicted with her miſ- 
fortunes, that a lake was formed with her 
tears, where the firtt {ſounded the oracle, 


— 


| cyd. 3, c. 33. 


| couſin of Agrippina, accuſed of adultery A 


8 5 


Apollo was from thence firnamed Cu 
Strab. 14.—Pauf. 7, c. 3.— Mela. 1, C., 
— Ovid. Met. 1, v. 516. An iſland of th 
Agean, between Tenedos and Scios, Th, 
One of the companion; a 
ZEneas. Pirg. Anu. 10, v. 126. 
CLASTIDISUM, now Schiatezzo, 1 tun 
of Liguria. Strab. 5,—Liv. 32, c. 29, 
A village of Gaul. Plut. in Marcel, 
CLAUDIA, a patrician family at Rome 
deſcended from Clauſus a king of the & 


by M. Cl. 
ordained, th 
trates, no no 
of ſuch as 
wſurs, whicl 
o minors C 
the deceaſe o 
wegotiatione, 


\.U.C.535. 


bines. It gave birth to many illuſtrious ber ſof a fer 
triots in the republic ; and it is particulaWining abov 
recorded that there were not leſs than er engagit 
that family who were inveſted with the h cbemes. TI 
ſulſhip, 5 with the office of dictator, dme thing to 
with that of cenſor, beſides the honor of hf the queſtor 
triumphs. Sueton. in Tib. 1. hat people w 


CLAUDIA, a veſtal virgin accuſed of i 
continence, To ſhew her innocence, ſhe offer 
ed to remove a ſhip which had brought t 
image of Veſta to Rome, and bad ſtuck i 
one of the ſhallow places of the river 
This had already baffled the efforts of 
number of men; and Claudia, after addref 
ing her prayers to the goddeſs, untied | 


ections, coul 
or promote 

nother, A. 1 
es fo return t 
eir names w. 
Another, 
e city of Rox 
#'ar had carr 


girdle, and with it cafily dragged after he Jul. 28. 
the ſhip to ſhore, and by this action CCD 
honorably acquitted. Pal. Mar. 5, c. 4 Rome by n 
Propert, 4, el. 12, v. $2.—ltal. 17, . Mee, erected 
— Ovid. Faſt. 4, v. 315, ex Ponto. 1, ep., A. U. C 
v. 144. A ſtep- daughter of M. Anta. 9, c. 29. 
whom Auguſtus married. He diſmiſſed CLAUDIA Nt 
undefiled, immediately after the contrad oF of Honorius 
marriage, on account of a ſudden qu et all the 


ng a flave tc 
wailed in his N 
has ſupplied 

the purity of 


with her mother Fulvia, Sucten. in Aug 
62. The wife of the poet Statius. Stat. 
Sylv. 5. A daughter of Appius Chu 
dius, betrothed to Tib. Gracchus.— I 


wife of Metellus Celer, ſiſter to P. Coda his exprefhor 
and to Appius Claudius. An incog bers. As h 
ſiderable town of Noricum. Plin. be removec 


c. 14. A Roman road, which led frot 
the Milvian bridge to the Flaminian va 
Ovid. 1, ex Pont. cl. 8, v. 44. — A 1 
which received its name from Appius Clu 


on was diſgr 
lfe in retiren 
Ms on Rufin 
the beſt of hi 


dius, who came to ſettle at Rome with nons of his u 
large body of attendants. Liv. 2, c. 16- 2 vols, Amfi 
Halic. 5. Quinta, a daughter of App vis ro. Lipf. 
| Cxcus, whoſe ſtatue in the veſtibulum « LAUDIOPGTL 
Cybele's temple was unhurt when ca 5, c. 24. 
edifice was reduced to aſhes. Val. Mar. LAUDIUS 7 


c. 8.—Tacit., 4. Ann. c. 64.— Pulcn, 


criminal deſigns againſt Tiberius. She V 


condemned. Tacit. Ann. 4, C. 32— lilate. He n 
tonia, a daughter of the emperor Claud®  bytaking x 
married Cn, Pompey, whom Mey Y adornin 
cauſcd to be put to death. Her ſecond „ | He pa 
band, Sylla Fauſtus, by whom ſhe 1 F wh trium 
ſon, was killed hy Nero, and ſhe ſhared » US had won 


fate, when the refuſed to mairy his WY 


derer. 


. o — e 
CLAUDIA LEX, de /i, Wab end 


C L 


by M. Cl. Marcellus, A. U. C. 702. It 
ordained, that at public elections of magiſ- 
trates, no notice ſhould be taken of the votes 
of ſuch as were abſent. -Another, de 
wſurs, which forbade people to lend money 
to minors on condition of payment after 
the deceaſe of their parents. Another, de 
wootiatione, by Q. Claudius the tribune, 
. U. C. 538. It forbade any ſenator, or fa- 


Nome 


\e N 
uber of a ſenator, to have any veſſel con- 
dun ning above 300 amphoræ, for fear of 


heir engaging themſelves in commercial 


. chernes. The ſame law alſo forbade the 


Ie cots | 
and ne thing to the ſcribes and the attendants 
ot of WS the queſtors, as it was naturally ſuppoſed 


hat people who had any commercial con- 


1 of eaions, could not be faithful to their truſt, 
ic offer Wor promote the intereſt of the ſtate, 
1h tht nother, A. U. C. 576, to permit the al- 


es to return to their reſpective cities, after 
eit names were inrolled. Liv. 4r, c. 9. 
Another, to take away the freedom of 
e city of Rome from the coloniſts, which 
zar had carried to Novicomum. Sucton, 
Jul. 28. 
CLauvni® Aa R, the firſt water brought 
Rome by means of an aqueduct of 11 
les, erected by the cenſor Appius Clau- 
w, A. U. C. 441. Eutrop. 2, c. 4.— 
v. 9, c. 29. 5 
CLAUDIA N Vs, a celebrated poet in the 
tof Honorius and Arcadius, who ſeems to 
Mels all the majeſty of Virgil, without 
ng a flave to the corrupted ſtyle which 
walled in his age. Scaliger obſerves, that 
has ſupplied the poverty of his matter, 
the purity of his language, the happineſs 
his expteffions, and the melody of his 
mbers. As he was the favorite of Stili- 
he removed from the court, when his 
on was diſgraced, and paſſed the reſt of 
le in retirement, and learned eaſe. His 
ms on Rufinus and Eutropius, ſeem. to 
the beſt of his compoſitions. The beſt 
ions of his works are that of Burman, 
A vols. Amſt. 1760, and that of Geſner, 
vs 810, LipC. 1758. 
LAUDIOPGLIS, a town of Cappadocia. 
* 5 Cc. 24. 
raubpius r. (Tiber. Druſus Nero) ſon 
Vruſus, Þivia's ſecond ſon, ſucceeded as 
erer of Rome, after the murder of Ca- 
55 whoſe memory he endeavoured to 
late. He made himſelf popular for a 
by taking particular care of the city, 
by adorning and beautifying it with 
ings. He paſſed over into Britain, and 
md a triumph for victories which his 
Us had won, and ſuffered himſelf to 
Werned by favorites, whoſe licenti- 
and avarice plundered the ſtate, and 
Ked the provinces, He married four 


{tuck i 
e river 
ts of 
addreſ 
tied | 
after he 
tion Wa 
504 
77 N. 
1 ep.1 
0 Antony 
miſſed he 
ontract 0 
n quart 
in Aug 
8. Stat.] 
ius Ch 
— 
p. Clodi 
An incoh 
Plin. ? 


Pulcray 
dultety 
5. She V 
— 
6a Claudius 

Meſſaill 


one of whom, called Meſlalina, he 


| the name of Tiberius. 


E L 


put to death on account of her luſt and dew 
bauchery. He was at lai poiſoned by ano- 
ther called Agrippina, who wiſhed to raiſe 
her ſon Nero to the throne. The poiſon 
was conveyed in muſhrooms; but as it did 
not operate faſt enough, his phy ſician, by 
order of the empreſs, made him ſwallow a 
poiſoned feather. He died in the 63d year 
of his age, 13 October, A. D. 54, after a 
reign of 13 years; diſtinguiſhed neither by» 
humanity nor courage, but debaſed by 
weakneſs and irreſolution. He was ſucceed- 
ed by Nero. Tacit. Ann. 11, &c,—Dis. 60. 
Yu. 6, v. 619.—Suet. in vitd, The 
ſecond emperor of that name, was a Dalma- 
tian, who ſuccecded Gallienus. He conquered 
the Goths, Scythians, and Heruli, and killed 
no leſs than 300,000 in a battle; and after 
a reign of about two years, died of the 
plague in Pannonia, The excellence of his 
churafter, marked with bravery, and tem- 
pered with juſtice and benevolence, is well 
known by theſe words of the ſenate, addreſi- 
ed to him: Claudi Auguſte, tu frater, tu ha- 
ter, tu amicus, tu bonus ſenator, tu vere prin= 
ceps. Nero a conſul, with Liv. Salinator, 
who defeated and killed Aſdrubal, near the 
river Metaurum, as he was paſſing from 
Spain into Italy, to go to the aſſiſtance of 
his brother Annibal. Liv. 27, &c.—Herat. 
4, od. 4, v. 37.—Sueton. in IIb. The 
father of the emperor Tiberius, quæſlor to 
Ceſar in the wars of Alexandria. Pollos, 
an hiſtorian, Pin. 7, ep. 51. Pontius, 
a general of the Samnites, who conquered 
the Romans at Furcæ Caudinæ, and made 
them paſs under the yoke. Liv. 9, c. 1, 
Ec. Petilius, a dictator, A. U. C. 442. 
Appius, an orator. Cic. in Brut. Vid. 
Appius. App. Cæcus, a Roman cenſor, 
who built an aqueduct A. U. C. 441, which 
brought water to Rome from Tuſculum, at 
the diſtance of ſeven or eight miles. The 
water was called Appia, and it was the firſt 
that was brought to the city from the coun- 
try. Before his age, the Romans were ſa- 
tisfied with the waters of the Tiber, or of 


the fountains and wells in the city. [ Via. 
Appius.] A prætor of Sicily. Pub- 
lius, a great enemy to Cicero. Vd. Clo- 


dius. Marcellus. Vid. Marcellus. 
Pulcher, a conſul, who, when conſulting 
the ſacred chickens, ordered them to be 
dipped in water, becauſe they would not cat. 
Liv. ep. 19. He was unſucceſsful in his ex- 
pedition againſt the Carthaginians in Sicily, 
and diſgraced on his return to Rome.— 
Tiberius Nero, was elder brother of Druſus, 
and ſon of Livia Drufilla, who married Au- 
guſtus, after his divorce of Scribonia, He 
married Livia, the emperor's daughter by 
Scribonia, and ſucceeded in the empire by 
Vid. Tiberius. He- 
O3 rat. 


8 Ss 


rat. 1, ep. 3, v. 2. The name of Clau- 
dius is common to many Roman conſuls, 
and other officers of ſtate ; but nothing is 
recorded of them, and their name 1s but 
barely mentioned. Lv. 

CLAVvIENUS, an obſcure poet in Juve- 
nal's age. 1, v. 8. 

CLavicer, a firname of Janus, from 
his being repreſented with a key. Hercules 
received alſo that firname, as he was armed 
with a club. Owvid, Met. 15, v. 284. 

CLAausvus or CLAuD1vs, a king of the 
Sabines, who aſſiſted Turnus againſt /Eneas. 
He was the progenitor of that Ap. Claudius, 
who migrated to Rome, and became the 
founder of the Claudian family. Pirg. 
En. 7, v. 707. I. 10, v. 345. 

CLAZZUMENE & CLAZUMENA, now 
Vourla, a city of Tonia, on the coaſts of the 
Egean ſea, between Smyrna and Chios. It 
was founded A. U. C. 98, by the Ionians, 
and gave birth to Anaxagoras and other 1]- 
luſtrious men. Mela. 1, c. 17.—Plin. 5, 
c. 29.—Strab. 14.—Liv. 38, c. 39. 

CLEADAS, a man of Platza, who raiſed 
tombs over thoſe who had been killed in 
the battle againſt Mardonius. Herodot. , 
c. 85, | 

CLEANDER, one of Alexander's officers, 
who killed Parmenio by the King's com- 
mand, He was puniſhed with death, for 
offering violence to a noble virgin, and giv- 
ing her as a proſtitute to his ſervants. Curt 
„ . . , tO, 0 . The firſt tyrant of 
Gela. Ariſtat. 5, Polit. c. 12. A ſooth- 
ſayer of Acadia. Herodot. 6, c. 83. A 
favorite of the emperor Commodus, who 
was put to death, A. D. 190, after abuſing 
public juſtice, and his maſter's confidence. 

CLEANDRIDAS, a Spartan general, &c. 
A man puniſhed with death for brib- 
ing two of the Fphori. 

CLEAN TES, a ſtoic philoſopher, ſuc- 
eeſſor of Zeno. He was ſo poor, that to 
maintain himſelf, he uſed to draw out water 
for a gardener in the night, and ſtudy in 
the day time. Cicero calls him the father 
of the ſtoics ; and out of reſpect for his vir- 
tues, the Roman ſenate raiſed a ſtatue to 
him in Affos. It is ſaid that he ſtarved 
himſelf in his goth year, B. C 240. Strab. 
13.—Cic. de finib. 2, C. 69. 1. 4, c. 7. 

CLEARCHUSs, a tyrant of Heraclea inPon- 
tus, who was killed by Chion and Leonidas, 
Plato's pupils, during the celebration of the 
feſtivals x vera after the enjoyment of 
the ſovereign power during twelve years, 
353 B. C. Tuſtin. 16, c. 4 —Did. 15, 
The ſecond tyrant of Heraclea of that 
name, died B. C. 288. A Lacedzmo- 
nian ſent to quiet the Byzantiries, He was 
xecalled, but refuſed to obey, and fled to 
Cyrus the younger, who made him captain 


C.-L 


of 13,000 Greek ſoldiers. He obtaigeg hs oh 
victory Over Artaxerxes, who was {0 en cover t 
raged at the defeat, that when Cleary and tha 
fell into his hands, by the treachery of Ti, and of 
ſaphernes, he put him to immediate dex, Cr. 
Diod. 14. A diſciple of Ariſtotle, wi of Ove 
wrote a treatiſe on tactics, &c, \Kengg), mous fc 
CLEARIDES, a ſon of Cleonymus gr WS 
vernor of Amphipolis, Thucyd. 4, e. I% -oth ye: 
J. 5, e. 10. . wits, —] 
CilEmens RoMANVUS, one of the fate Plin. 5 
of the church, ſaid to be contemporary vt RT” 
St. Paul. Several ſpurious compoſitions x CLto 
aſcribed to him, but the only thing extan to dema 
his epiſtle tothe Corinthians, written toqu c. 12. 
the diſturbances that had ariſen there. Ith 4. 
been much admired. The beſt edition; Lelex. 
that of Wotton, 8vo. Cantab. 1718. CLeor 
Another of Alexandria, called from then c. 52. 1. 
Alexandrinus, who floriſhed 206 A. D. H deav ourec 
works are various, elegant, and full of en kather's d 
dition; the beſt edition of which is Potter Crop 
2 vols. folio, Oxon. 1715. — 4A ſe Gallienus. 
who favored the party of Niger again; Cr.top 
verus. Crop 
CLEo, a Sicilian among Alexander's naſſus. 1 
terers. Curt. 8, c. 5. naides. 
Cd EIs & Biro, two youths, | CLton! 
of Cydippe, the prieſteſs of Juno at Ag Amphion 
When oxen could not be procured to d ment " Wt 
their mother's chariot tothe temple of ſu 11 
they put themſelves under the yoke, CLroct 
drew it 45 ſtadia to the temple, amiditl 6, e. 1. 
acclamations of the multitude, who cong CLeor 3 
tulated the mother on account of the | ſervant mai 
atlection of her ſons. Cydippe entre CLEO 
tne goddeſs to reward the piety of her | CLrom a 
with the beſt gift that could be granted layer. P/ 
mortal. They went to reſt, and awoke Erno 


more; and by this the goddeſs ſhewed, 
death is the only true happy event tlal 
happen to man. The Argives raiſed 
ſtatues at Dclphi. (ic. Iuſe. I, C4) 
Val. Max. 5, c. 4.—Herodot. 1, C. 
Plut de conf. ad Apol, 


of Sparta, a 
He made wa 
he ſhould be 
Munication 1 
general batt, 
ageous plac 


CLEoBULA, the wife of Amyntor ment, and } 
whom ſhe had Phenix. —A daugit wd, 15. 
Boreas and Orithya, called alſo Cleo A ſon· in- lau 
She married Phineus ſon of Ag:00l who, for a 
whom ſhe had Plexippus and Pando after the ex) 
neus repudiated her to marry 4 daugh ben Leoni 
Dardanus. Apollod. 3, c. 15,—A" vas banithed 
mother of a ſon called Euripides, by A ad accompay 

Another who bore Cepheus 2 WW tied er huf 
phidamus to /Egeus. The mot . b—Pluz. 
Pithus, Hygin. fab. 14, 97, 8c of Ambracia 

CrronULINA, a daughter of Cleod lg Plato's tre 
remarkable for her genius, learn, me foul. Ci. 
ment, and courage. She compoted, in Ih, 403 
mas, ſome of which have been Piet Crronkpr 


One of them runs thus : © A fathe! 


children, and theſe 12 children bad! 


| white ſons and 30 black daughters * 


e L 


immortal, though they die every day.“ In 


ained 3 this there is no need of an CEdipus, to diſ- 
{0 ets cover that there are 12 months in the year, 
learchy and that every month conſiſts of 30 days, 
of Tl. and of the ſame number of nights. Laert. 
te cent CrL.roBULUS, one of the ſeven wiſe men 
tle, wi of Greece, ſon of Evagoras of Lindos, fa- 
(engph, mous for the beautiful ſhape of his body. 
mus gh He wrote ſome few verſes, and died in the 


-oth year of his age, B. C. 564. Dieg. in 


e. i 


; with, Put. in Symp. An hiſtorian, 
he fathe Pin. 5, c. 31. One of the Ephori. 
JTrary vt Thucyd. 
ſations u CLrcocnARES, a man ſent by Alexander 
g extant to demand Porus to ſurrender. Cart. 8, 
en do qu c. I;. 


re. Ith CLrocHAR1A, the mother of Eurotas, by 


edition} Lelex. Apollod. 3, c. 10. 
1715. Crop us, a ſon of Hyllus. Herodot. 6. 


e. $2. I. 7, c. 204. I. 8, c. 131. He en- 
deavoured to recover Peloponneſus after his 
kather's death, but to no purpoſe. 

CLeoDaMus, a Roman general under 
Gallienus. | 

Cr.ropEmus, a phyſician. Plut. de Symp. 

CiconoRa, a nymph, mother of Par- 
naſſus. Pauſ. 2, c. 6. One ot the Da- 
naides. Apollad. 2, c. 1. 

CLeopoxA, a daughter of Niobe and 
Amphion, changed into a ſtone as a punith- 


"Om then 
A. D. f 
full of en 
is Potter 
A (end 
agailt d 


ander sf 


-ouths, 6 
10 at Art 


red to & ment for her mother's pride. Apullod. 3, 
ple of ju 8. 

e poke, d CLroGENEs, a ſon of Silenus, &c. Pauſ. 
2, amidit| G, e. 1. 


who cong 


| CiLroLAvus, a fon of Hercules, by the 
of the | 


ſervant maid of Jardanus. 


pe entred CLeEomAcavs, a boxer of Magneſia. 
7 of bet! CLEOMANTES, a Lacedæmonian tooth- 
granted layer. Plut. in Alex. 
nd awoke CLEOMBRGUTUS, {on of Pauſanias, a king 
; ſhewed, of Sparta, after his brother Ageſipolis it. 
vent ta He made war againſt the Bœotians, and leſt 
s railed he ſhould be ſuſpected of treacherous com- 
. 1 £4 munication with Epaminondas, he gave that 
t. 1, G3 general battle at Leuctra, in a very diſadvan- 
lageous place. He was killed in the engage- 
Amyntor ment, and his army deſtroyed, B. C. 371. 
A daugite Did. 1 $,—Pauf. 9, c. 13.—Xenoph, 
uo Ce A ſon-in-law of Leonidas king of Sparta, 
f Ag" Who, for a while, uſurped the kingdom, 
| Pandiob- ater the expulſion of his father-in-law. 
4 daugh ten Leonidas was recalled, Cleombrotus 
———Av vas baniſhed ; and his wife, Chelonis, who 
des, by A ad accompanied her father, now accompa- 
eus at died her huſband in his exile. Pauſe 3, 
he mon c. 6.— Plat. in Ap. © (leom. A youth 
„e. of Ambracia, who killed himſelf after read- 
of Cleo ng Plato's treatiſe upon the immortality of 
learninh the ſoul. Cic. in Tuſc. 1, c. 34.—0vid. 
ompoe 10 17 Ib, 493. 
been PF Crroukbrs, a famous athlete of Aſty- 
A * 2, above Crete. In a combat at Olym- 
ren ha ha, de killed one of his antagonidts by a 


ughters, wi 


C L 


blow with his fiſt. On account of this acci« 
dental murder, he was deprived of the vie- 
torv, and he became delirious. In his return 
to Altypalza, he entered a ſchool, and pulled 
down the pillars which ſupported the roof, 
and cruſhed to death 60 boys. He was pur- 
ſued with ſtones, and he fied for ſhelter into 
a tomb, whoſe doors he fo ſtrongly ſecured, 
that his purſuers were obliged to break them 
for, acceſs, When the tomb was opened, 
Cleomedes could not be found either dead 
or alive, The oracle of Delphi was con- 
ſulted, and gave this anſwer, Ultimus heroum 
Clrgmedes Aſtypalaus, Upon this they of- 
fered ſacrifices to him as a god. Pauf.-6, 
c, 9.—Plut. in Rom. 

CLEeoOMENEs 1ſt, king of Sparta, con- 
quered the Argives, and burnt 5000 of thera 
by ſetting fire to a grove where they had fled. 
and freed Athens from the tyranny of the- 
Piſiſtratidæ. By bribing the oracle, he pro- 
nounced Demaratus, his colleague on the 
throne, illegitimate, becauſe he refuſed to 
puniſh the people of ZEgina, who had de- 
ſerted the Greeks, He killed himſelf in a 
fit of madnets, 491 B. C. Herodot. 5, 6, & 7. 
—- Pauf. 8, c. 3, Sc. The 2d, ſucceeded 
his brother Ageſipolis 2d. He reigned 61 
years iu the greateſt tranquillity, and was fa» 
ther to Acrotatus and Cleonymus, and was 
ſucceeded by Areus iſt, fon of Acrotatus, 
Pauf. 3, c. 6. Tune 29, ſucceeded his fa- 
ther Leonidas. He was of an enterprizing 
{pirit, and reſolved toteſtore the ancient dit . 
cipline of Lycurgus in its full force, by ba- 
niſhing luxury and intemperance. He killed 
the Ephori, and removed by poiſon his royal 
colleague Eurvdamides, and made his own 
brother, Euclidas, King, againſt the laws of 
the fate, which forbade more than one of 
the ſame family to fit on the throne, He 
made war againſt the Achæans, and attempt + 
ed to deftroy their league. Aratus, the ge- 
neral of the Achzans, who ſuppoſed himſelf 
inferior to his enemy, called Antigonus to 
his aſſiſtance; and Cleomenes, when he had 
fougMEthe unfortunate battle of Sellaha,B.C. 
222, retired into Egypt, ro the court of 
Ptolemy Evergetes, where his wife and 
children had fled before lym. Ptolemy re- 
ceived him with great cordiality; but his 
ſucceſſor, weak and ſuſpicious, ſoon expreſ- 
ſed his jealouſy of this noble ſtranger, and 
impriſoned him. Cleomenes killed himſelf, 
and his body was lead, and expoſcd on a croſs, 
B. C. 219. Polyb. 6.—Plut. in vita —Tuſftin, 
28, c. 4. A man appointed by Alexander 
to receive the tributes of Egypt and Africa, 
Curt. 4, c. 8.— A man placed as athi- 
trator between the Athenians and the 
people of Megara. An hiftorian,--— A 
dithyrambic poet of Rhegium. A diei- 
lian, contemporary with Vertes, whoſe li- 

04 a KCN OBI 


— — — 
* — — * — - — 


— 
— 


” 
— — — 


* =o. 
— a — jus 
8 
. ——.— —·¹ 
-- 
RR N — 


—— — 


e L 


eentiouſneſs and avarice he was fond of grati- 
fying. Cic. in FVerr. 4, c. 12. A Lacedæ- 
monian general, 

CLEovn, an Athenian, who, though ori- 
ginally a tanner, hecame general of the ar- 
mies of the ſtate, by his intrigues and e 0- 
quence. He took Thoron in Thrace, and 
was killed at Amphipolis, in a battle with 
Braſidas the Spartan general, 422 B. C. 
Thucyd. 3, 4, Sc.— Died. 12. A general 
of Meſſenia, who diſputed with Ariftodemus 
for the ſovereignty A flatuary. Pau. 2, 
| oy A poet who wrote a poem on 
the Argonauts. An orator of Halicar- 
naſſus, who compoſed an oration for Ly ſan- 
der, in which he intimated the propriety of 
making the kingdom of Sparta elective. C. 
Nep. & Plut. in Lyſ. A Miugnefian, who 
wrote ſome commentaries, in which he 
ſpeaks of portentous events, &c. Pauſ. 10, 
c. 4. A Sicilian, one of Alexander's 
flatterers. Curt. 8, c. 5. A tyrant of 
Sicyon. A friend of Phocion. 

CLröNÆ & CLEONA, a village of Pelo- 
ponneſus, between Corinth and Argos. 
Hercules killed the lion of Nemæa in its 
neighbourhood, and thence it is called Cle— 
onæus. It was made a conſtellation. Szar. 4. 
Silv. 4, v. 28.—Ovid. Met. 6, v. 417.— 
Sil. 3, v. 32.—Pauſ. 2, C. 15. A town 
of Phocis. 

CLEoxx, a daughter of Aſopus. Died. 4. 

CLEonica, ayoung virginof Byzantium, 
whom Pauſanias, king of Sparta, invited to 
his bed. She was introduced into his room 
when he was aflcep, and unluckily over- 
turned a burning lamp which was by the 
ſide of the bed. Pauſanias was awakened 
at the ſudden noiſe, and thinking it to be 
ſome aſſaſſin, he ſeized his ſword, and killed 
Cleonica before he knew who it was. Cleo- 
mica often appeared to him, and he was 
anxious to make a proper expiation to her 
manes. Pau. 7, c. 17. —Plut. in Cim. Sc. 

CLEeonicus, a freedman of Seneca, &c. 
Tacit. 15, Ann. c. 45. 

CurN Nis, a Mefienian, who diſputcd 
with Ariftodemus for the ſovercign power 
of his country. Pauſ. 4, c. 10. 

CLzo dus, a fon of Cleomenes 2d, 
who called Pyrrhus to his athitance, be- 
cauſe Arcus, his brother's ſon, had been 
preferred to him in the ſucceſſion; but the 
meaſure was unpopular, and even the women 
united to repel the foreign prince. His 
wife was unta;.hful to his bed; and com- 
mitted adultery with Acrotatus, Plat. in 
Pyrrh — Pau. 1, c. 3. — A general who 
aſſiſted the Tarentines, aud was conquered 
by A:mylius the Roman conſu', Strub. 6. 

CLEGPATER, an officer of Aratus. 

CLEGPATRA,'the grand-daughter of At- 


talus, betrothed to Philip of Macedonia, | 


E 


after he had divorced Olympias. When 
Philip was murdered by Pauſanias, Cleo- 
patra was ſeized by order of Olympias, and 
put to death. Diod. 16. —Tuftin. 9, c. 7.— 
Plut. in Pyr ri. A ſiſter of Alexander 
the Great, who married Perdiccas, and 
was killed by Antigonus, as ſhe attempted 
to fly to Ptolemy in Egypt. Diod. 16 & 


20.— Juſbin. , c. 6.1. 13, c. 6. A har- 
lot of Claudius Cæſar. A daughter of 
Boreas. [| Vid. Cleobula.] A daughter of 


Idas and Marpeſſa, daughter of Evenus, 
king of Ztolia, She married Meleager, 
ſon of king CEneus. Homer. II. q, v. 552. 
— Pauſ. 4, c. 2. One of the Danaides. 
Apollod. 2, c. f. A daughter of Amyn- 
tas of Epheſus. Pauſ. 1, c. 44. A wife 
of Tigranes king of Armenia, fiſter of Mi- 
thridates. Juſtin. 38, v. 3. A daughter 
of Tros and Callirnoe. Apollad. 3, c. 12, 
A daughter of Ptolemy Philometor, 
who married Alexander Bala, and after- 
wards Nicanor. She killed Seleucus, Nica- 
nor's ſon, becauſe he aſcended the throne 
without her conſent. She was ſuſpected of 
preparing poiſon for Antiochus her ſon, and 
compelled to drink it herſelf, B. C. 120, 
A wife and filter of Ptolemy Ever- 
getes, who raiſed her ſon Alexander, a mi- 
nor, to the throne of Egypt, in preference 
to his elder brother, Ptolemy Lathurus, 
whoſe intereſt the people favored. As Alex- 
ander was odious, Cleopatra ſuffered Lathu- 
rus to aſcend the throne, on condition, how- 
ever, that he ſhould repudiate his ſiſter and 
wife, called Cleopatra, and marry Seleuca, 
his younger ſiſter. She afterwards raiſed her 
favorite, Alexander, to the throne ; but her 
cruelties were ſo odious, that he fied to avoid 
her tyranny. Cleopatra laid ſnares for him: 
and when Alexander heard it, he put her to 
death. Juſtin. 39, c. 3 & 4. A queen 
of Egypt, daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, and 
filter and wife to Ptolemy Dionyſius, cele- 
brated for her beauty and her cunning. She 
admitted Cæſar to her arms, to influence 
him to give her the kingdom, in preference 
to her brother, who had expelled her, and had 
a ſon by him, called Cæſarion. As the had 
ſupported Brutus, Antony, in his expedition 
to Parthia, ſummoned her to appear before 
him. She arrayed herſelf in the moſt mag- 
aificent apparel, and appeared before her 
judge in the moſt captivating attire. Her 
artitice ſucceeded ; Antony became enamuur- 
ed of her, and publicly married her, forget- 
ful of his connections with Octavia, the 
ſiſter of Auguſtus. He gave her the greateſt 
part of the eaſtern provinces of the Roman 
empire. This behaviour was the cauſe of 4 
rupture between Auguſtus and Antony; a 

theſe two celebrated Romans met at Actium, 


where Cleopatra, by flying with ky of 


ruined 
defeate 
where 
Anton) 
mation 
wound 
the que 
from or 
ment, \ 
herſelf. 
wounds 
ceived | 
and ever 
ſtroyed 
to fall in 
previouſ 
had once 
ſelf. Cle 
vagant u 
gave to 
pearls in 
tainment 
She was 
goddeſs 
make w: 
ſupport þ 


been gre 


* perfection 


has been 
audience 
ferent na 
ous langt 
Antony's 
lic library 
of that o 
medicamin 
morbis mu, 
to her. 
reizn of 2 
province 
App ian. 5 
—t{rat. 
[7 mms A 
who marr 
Phyſcon 0 
CLxop. 
town of E; 
Crop 
CLFEopx 
famous for 
CLEGpy 
mitted do 
luppoſe, {+ 
CLEeopH 
count of 
CLESpHy 
CLEopPH 
ſaved the pc 
CLROPO 
hronium, 
&c, PThuc 
man who 
by whom 


luence 
erence 
1d had 
ze had 
edition 
before 
mag- 
re her 
>, Her 
1Mmuur- 
forget- 
a, the 
rreateft 
Roman 
iſe of 4 
1 ; and 
ctium, 
497 (ail 
ruincd 


C- L 


ruined the intereſt of Antony, and he was 
defeated, Cleopatra had retired to Egypt, 
where ſoon after Anrony followed her. 
Antony killed himſelf upon the falſe infor- 
mation that Cleopatra was dead ; and as his 
wound was not mortal, he was carried to 
the queen, who drew him up by a cord 
from one of the windows of the” monu- 
ment, where ſhe had retired and concealed 
herſelf. Antony ſoon after. died of his 
wounds; and Cleopatra, after ſhe had re- 
ceived preſſing invitations from Auguſtus, 
and even pretended declarations of love, de- 
ſtroyed herſelf by the bite of an aſp, not 
to fall into the conqueror's hands. She had 
previouſly attempted to ſtab herſelf, and 
had once made a reſolution to ſtarve her- 
ſelf. Cleopatra was a voluptuous and extra- 
vagant woman, and in one of the feaſts ſhe 
gave to Antony at Alexandria, ſhe melted 
pearls into her drink to render her enter- 
cainment more ſumptuous and expenſive, 
She was fond of appearing dreſſed as the 
goddeſs Iſis; and ſhe adviſed Antony to 
make war againſt the richeſt nations, to 
{upport her debaucheries. Her beauty has 
been greatly commended, and her mental 


perfections ſo highly celebrated, that the 


has been deſcribed as capable of giving 
audience to- the ambaſſadors of ſeven dif- 
terent nations, and of ſpeaking their vari- 
ous languages as fluently as her own. In 
Antony's abſence, ſhe improved the pub- 
lic library of Alexandria, with the addition 
of that of Pergamus. Two treatiſes, de 
medicamine faciei epiſtolæ erotica, and de 
morbis mulierum, have been falſely attributed 
to her. She died B. C. 3o years, after a 
reizn of 24 years. Egypt became a Roman 
province at her death. Flr. 4, c. 11.— 
Appian. 5, bell, civ.—Plut. in Pomp. & nt. 
—f{irat. 1, od. 37, v. 21, &r.—Strab. 
17. A daughter of Ptolemy Epiphanes, 
who married Philometor, and afterwards 
Pnyſcon of Cyrene. 

CLEoPATRIS or ARSINOF, a fortified 
town of Egypt on the Arabian gulf. 

CLEOPHANES, an orator. 

CLEOPHANTHUS, a fon of Themiſtocles, 
famous for his ſkill in riding. 

CLEGPHEs, a queen of India, who ſub- 
mitted to Alexander, by whom, as ſome 
ſuppoſe, the had a fon. Curt. 8, c. 10. 

CLEOPHBL US, a Samian, who wrote an 
«count of Hercules. 

CLEGPHON, a tragic poet of Athens. 

CLEOPHYLUS, a man whoſe poſterity 
faved the poems of Homer. Plut. 

CLEoPOMPUS, an Athenian, who took 

aronium, and conquered the Locrians, 
&. Thucyd. 2, e. 26 & 58. A 
man who married the nymph Cleodora, 


by whom he had Parnaſſus. As Cleodora 


—_ 


| 


C L 


was beloved by Neptune, ſome have ſup- 
poſed that ſhe had two huſbands. Pauſ. 
IO, C. 6. 

CLEoPTOLEMUS, a man of Chalcis, 
whoſe daughter was given in marriage to 
Antiochus. Liv. 36, c. 11. 

CLeSrPus, a ſon of Codrus. Pau. 7, 
C. 3. 

CLFORA, the wife of Age ilaus. 
in Ageſ. 

CLEOSTRATUS, a youth devoted to be 
ſacrificed to a ſerpent, among the Theſpi- 
ans, &c. Pau. 9, c. 26. An ancient 
philoſopher and aftronomer of Tenedos, 
about 536 years before Chriſt, He firſt 
found the conſtellations of the zodiac, and 
reformed the Greek calendar. 

CLEroxFEwus, wrote an hiſtory of Perſia. 

CLEPSYDRA, a fountain of Meſſenia. 
Pau. 4, c. 31. 

CLER1, a people of Attica. 

CLESIDES, a Greek painter, about 296 
years before Chriſt, who revenged the in- 
juries he had received from queen Strato- 
nice, by repreſenting her in the arms of a 
hſherman. However indecent the painter 
might repreſent the queen, ſhe was drawn 
with ſuch perſonal beauty, that ſhe pre- 


Plut. 


| ſerved the piece, and liberally rewarded 


the arriſt. 

CLETA & PHAENNA, two of the Graces, 
according to ſome. Pau. 3, c. 18. 

CLivEMUs, a Greek, who wrote the 
hiſtory of Attica, 

CLIMAx, a paſs of mount Taurus, form- 
ed by the projection of a brow into the 
Mediterranean ſea. Strab. 14. 

CLimEtnus, a ſon of Arcas deſcended 
from Hercules, 

CLINIAs, a Pythagorean philoſopher 
and muſician, 520 years before the Chriſ- 
tian era. Plut. Symp.— lian. V. H. 14, 
e. $3. A ſon of Alcibiades, the bra- 
veſt man in the Grecian fleet that fought 
againſt Xerxes. Herodot. 8, c. 17. The 
father of Alcibiades, killed at the battle of 
Coronea. Plut. in Ale. The father of 
Aratus, killed by Abantidas, B. C. 263. 
Plut. in Arat. A friend of Solon. 1d. 
in Sol. 

CLiniePtots, an Athenian general in 
Leſbos. Died. 12. 

Crinus of Cos, was general of 7000 
Greeks, in the pay of king Nectanebus. 
He was killed with ſome of his troops, by 
Nicoftratus and the Argives, as he paſſed 
the Nile. Died. 16. 

Ciro, the firſt of the Muſes, daughter 
of Jupiter and Mnemeſyne. She pre- 
ſided over hiſtory. She is repreſented 
crowned with laurels, holding in one hand a 
trumpet, and a hook in the other. Some- 
times ſhe holds a piectrum or quill mm 


3 


Tate. 
tation, (xa: ©», gloria}; and it was her 
office faithfully to record the. actions of 
brave and illuſtrious heroes. She had Hy- 
acintha by Pierus ſon of Magnes, Heſiod. 
Theog v. 75. —-Apollod. 1, c. 3.—Strab. 
14. One of Cyrene's nymphs. Virg. 
G. 4, v. 341. 

CL1StTHERA, a daughter of Idomeneus, 
promiſed in marriage to Leucus, by whom 
the was murdered. 

CirsTHENES, the laſt tyrant of Sicyon. 
Ariftot. An Athenian of the family of 
Alemæon. It is ſaid, that he firſt eſtab- 
liſhed oftraciſmm, and that he was the firſt 
who was baniſhed by that inſtitution. He 
baniſhed Iſagoras, and was himſelf ſoon 
after reſtored. Plut. in Ariſt.,—Herodet. 8, 
e. 66, &c. A perſon cenſured as effemi- 
nate and incontinent, Ariſtot. An ora» 
tor. Cic. in Brut. c. 7. 

Cr, a people of Cilicia, Tacit. 
Ann. 12, c. 55. A place near mount 
Athos. Liv. 44, c. 11. 

CLiTARCHUsS, a man who made him- 
ſelf abſolute at Eretria, by means of Philip 
of Macedonia, He was ejected by Phoci- 
on. An hiſtorian, who accompanied 
Alexander the Great, of whoſe lie he 
wrote the hiſtory, Curt. 9, c. 5. 
Crx, the wife of Cyzicus, who hung 
herſelf when ſhe faw her huſband dead. 
Apollon. 1.—Orpheus. 

CL1iTERNIA, a town of Italy. Mela. 
2, c. 4. | 

CLiToptmus, an ancient writer. Pau. 
TO, c. 15. 

CLiToMAChvus, a Carthaginian philo- 
ſophcr of the third academy, who was 

upil and ſucceſſor to Carneadcs at Athens, 
B. C. 128. Diag. in vita. An athlete 
of a modeſt countenance and behaviour. 
IE lian. J. H. 3, e. 30. 

CLIroN VMS, wrote a treatiſe on Sy ba- 
ris and Italy. 

CLiTtG6pHoN, a man of Rhodes, who 
wrote an hiſtory of India, &c. 

CL1ToR, a fon of Lycaon. A ſon of 
Azan, who founded a city in Arcadia, called 
after his name, Pauſ. 8, c. 4.—Apolled. 
3, c. 8. Ceres, Aſculapius, and other 
deities, had temples in that city. There 
was allo in the town a fountain, called CI- 
forium, whole waters gave a diſlike for 
wine. Ovid, Met. 15, v. 322. Plin. 32. 
t. 2. A river of Arcadia. Pauſ. c. 12. 

CL1ToR1A, the wife of Cimon the Athe- 
nian. | 
CiLiTumnus, 2 river of Campania, 
whoſe waters, when drunk, made oxen 
white, Propert. 2, el. 10, v. 25.—Firg. 
G. 2, v. 146.—Plin. 2, c. 103. 

CLiTvs, a familiar friend and foſter- 


Her name ſignifies honor and repu- brother ef Alexander. 


CD 


He had faved the 
king's life in a bloody battle. Alexander 
killed him with a javelin, in a fit of anger, 
becauſe, at a'feaſt, he preferred the actions 
of Philip to thoſe of his fon. Alexander 
was inconſulable for the loſs of a friend, 
whom he had ſacrificed in the hour of 
drunkenneſs and diſſipation. Juſtin. 12, c. 
6.—Plut. in Alex. Curt. 4, &c. A 
commander of Polyperchon's ſhips, de- 
feated by Antigonus. Diod. 18. — 4A. 
officer ſent by Antipater, with 240 ſhips 
againſt the Athenians, whom he conquered 
near the Echinades. Died. 18. A Tro- 
jan prince, killed by Teucer. A diſci- 
ple of Ariftotle, who wrote a book on 
Miletus. 

CLoACINA, a goddeſs at Rome, whe 
preſided over the Cloace. Some ſuppoſe 
her to be Venus. The Cloacz were large 
recepmcles for the filth and dung of the 
whole city, begun by Tarquin the Elder, 
and finiſhed by Tarquin the Proud. They 
were built all under the city; fo that, ac- 
cording to an expreſſion of Pliny, Rome 
ſeemed to be ſuſpended between heaven 
and earth. The building was ſo firong 
and the ſtones ſo large, that though they 
were cohtinually waſhed by impetuous tor- 
rents, they remaincd unhurt during above 
700 years. There were public officers cho- 
ſen to take care of the Cloacz, called Cu- 
ratores Cloacarum urbis, 

CLoANTHUs, one of the companions of 
Aneas, from whom the family of tic 
Cluentii at Rome were deſcended. Pig, 
u. 5, v. 122. f 

CLo bia, the wife of Lucullus, repu- 
diated for her laſciviouſneſs. Plut. in Lu 
cull, An opulent matron at Rome, mo- 
ther of D. Brutus. Cic. ad Attic. ——A 
veſtal virgin. Vid, Claudia. Another of 
the ſame family who ſucceſsfully repreſſed 
the rudeneſs of a tribune that attempted 
to ſtop the proceſſion of her father in Is 
triumph through the ſtreets of Rome. Ci, 
pro M. Cl. A woman who married 
Q. Metellus, and aſterwards diſgraced bei- 
ſelf by her amours with Calius, and ket 
inceft with her brother Publius, for Which 
he is ſeverely and eloquently arraigned Hf 
Cicero. Thid. 

CLoDIA LEx de Cypro, was enacted by 
the tribune Clodius, A. U. C. 695, to 
duce Cyprus into a Roman province, and 
expoſe Ptolemy king of Egypt to ſale i 
his regal ornaments. It empowered Cato 
to go with the prætorian power, and ſee in 
auction of the king's goods, and comm” 
ſioned him to return the money to Roms. 
Another, de Magiſtratibus, A. U. 5 
695, by Clodius the tribune, It forbade 


the cenſors to put a ſtigma or mark of in. 
F 50 


] 


famy 
ac tun 
the c 
the {1 


_ 
is © 
Broti, 
Prov. 
the pr 
to the 
ſaly, 

Piſo, 
ered t 
march 
ther, 
ſame « 
gratis, 


aſſes 7 


no atte 
vens, 
pe— 
tribune 
laws.— 
panies 
by Nur 
CLo 
35 . 
PB. ( 
an illu 
his lic. 
He com 
and int. 
into the 
Cæſar's 
Was ce 
where n 
He was 
man anc 
Judges, 
from Juſ 
Clan int. 
bune. 
that he x 
in an ex 
Cyprus, 
Paign, | 
deſtroy h 
ſence. ( 
ſucceſs, 
He was 
ro; and 
him fron 
had puni 
the adhe 
vengean 
durnt, a 
however 
offered ty 


Tro- 
iſci- 
OA 


whe 
pole 
large 
{ the 
Ader, 
They 
„ ac- 
Rome 
caven 
trong 

they 
$ dol- 
above 
s cho- 


d Cu- 


ons of 
F the 
J irg. 


, repu* 
in Lu- 
e, mo- 
ther of 
preſſed 
empted 
in bis 
1e. Cic. 
married 
ed hers 
and het 
' which 
gned bf 


Red bY 
yz; wo 
ICC) and 
| {ale i 
ed Cato 
d ſee the 
commit 
o Rome. 
. G 
t forbade 
rk of in. 

fam) 


e L 

famy upon any perſon who had not been 
actually accuſed and condemned by both 
the cenſors. Another, de Religione, by 
the ſame, A. U. C. 696, to deprive the 

rieft of Cybele, a native of Peſcinum, of 
bis office, and confer the prieſthood upon 
Brotigonus, a GzNogrecian. Another, d 
Provinciis, A. U. C. 695, which nominated 
the provinces of Syria, Babylon, and Perha, 
to the conſul Gabinus ; and Achaia, Theſ- 
ſaly, Macedon, and Greece, to his colleague 
Piſo, with proconſular power. It empow- 
ered them to defray the expences of their 
march from the public treaſury. Ano- 
ther, A U. C. 695, which required the 
ſame diſtribution of corn among the people 
gratis, as had been given them before at fx 
aſſes and a triens the buſhel. Another, 
A. U. C. 695, by the ſame, de Judiciis. 
It called to an account, ſuch as had exe- 
cuted a Roman citizen without a judgment 
of the people, and all the formalities of a 
trial. Another, by the ſame, to pay 
no attention to the appearances of the hea- 
vens, while any affair was before the peo- 
pe Another, to make the power of the 
tribunes free, in making and propoſing 
laws. Another, to re-eſtabliſh the com- 
panies of artiſts, which had been inſtituted 
by Numa; but ſince his time aboliſhed, 

CLop11 FoRUM, a town of Italy. Piu. 
37 E. 13. 

PB. CLop1vs, a Roman deſcended from 
an illuſtrious family, and remarkable for 
his licentiouſneſs, avarice, and ambition. 
He committed inceſt with his three ſiſters, 
and introduced himſelf in women's cloaths 
into the houſe of J. Cæſar, whilſt Pompeia, 
Cæſar's wife, of whom he was enamoured, 
was celebrating the myſteries of Ceres, 
where no man was permitted to appear 
He was accuſed for this violation of hu- 
man and divine laws ; but he corrupted his 
Judges, and by that means ſcreened himſelf 
from juſtice. He deſcended from a patii- 
cian into a plebeian family to become a tri- 
bune. He was ſuch an enemy to Cato, 
that he made him go with prætorian power, 
in an expedition againſt Ptolemy King of 
Cyprus, that, by the difficulty of the cam- 
paign, he might ruin his reputation, and 


deſtroy his intereſt at Rome during his ab- 


ſence. Cato, however, by his uncommon 
ſucceſs, fruſtrated the views of Clodius. 
He was alſo an inveterate enemy to Cice- 
ro; and, by his influence, he baniſhed 
him from Rome, partly, on pretence that he 
had punithed with death, and without trial, 
the adherents of Catiline, He wreaked his 
vengeance upon Ciceio's huuſe, which he 
burnt, and ſet all his goods to ſale ; which, 
however, to his great mortification, vo one 
offered to buy, In ſpite of Clodius, Cicero 


E 


was recalled, and all his goods reſtored to 
him. Clodius was ſome time after mur- 
dered by Milo, whoſe defence Cicero took 
upon himſelf, Plut. in Cic,—-Appian. de 
in. 2.—Cic. pro Milon. & pro demo. — Dio. 
A certain author, quoted by Pt.. 
Licinius, wrote an hiſtory of Rome. Liv. 29, 
c. 22. Quirinalis, a rhetorician in Nero's 
age. Tacit. 1, Hi. e. 7.-—Sextus, a rheto- 
rician of Sicily, intimate with M. Antony, 
whoſe preceptor he was. Suet. de Clar, 
Orat.—Cic. in Philip. 

CLE&LIA, a Roman virgin, given with 
other maidens, as hoſtages to Porſenna king 
of Etruria. She eſcaped from her confine- 
ment, and ſwam acroſs the Tiber to Rome. 
Her unprecedented virtue was rewarded by 
her countrymen, with an equeſtrian ſtatue 
in the Via ſacra. Liv. 2, c. 13.—Pirg. 
An: 8, v. 651.—Dtionyſ. Hal. 5.—Frwv. 8, 
v. 265. A Patrician family deſcended 
from Clœlius one of the companions of 
Aneas. Dionyſ. 

CLa&L1z rossæ, a place near Rome. 
Plut. in Coriol. 

CLalivs GRACCcnvs, a general of the 
Volſci and Sabines againſt Rome, conquered 
by Q. Cincinnatus the dictator. 

CLoxas, a muſician, Plut, de Muſic. 

CLoN1a, the mother of Nycteus. Ap- 
pollod. 3, c. 10. | 

CLowivs, a Bœotian, who went with 50 
thips to the Trojan war. Homer. II. 2.—— 
A Trojan Killed by Meſſapus in Italy. Ving. 
An. 10, v. 749. Another, killed by 
Turnus. Id. 9, v. 574. 

Cron ho, the youngeſt of the three Parcz, 
daughters of Jupiter and Themis, was ſup- 
poled to piehde over the moment that we 
are born, She held the diſtatf in her hand, 
and ſpun the thread of life, whence her 
name (i , to ſpin.) She was repre- 
ſented wear ing a crown with {even ſtars, and 
covered with a varicgated robe Vid. Parcæ. 
Hefiod. Theeg. v. 218. — polled. 1, c. 3. 

CLUACINA, a name of Venus, whoſe 
ſtatue was erected in that place where peace 
was made between the Romans and Sabines, 
after the rape of the virgins. 

CLutxTIuUs, a Roman citizen, accuſed 
by his mother of having murdered tis fa- 
t er, 54 years before Chriſt, He was ably 
defended by Cicero, in an oration ſtill ex- 
tant. The family of the Cluentii was de- 
ſcended from Cloanthus, one of the com- 
panions of AEneas. Virg. En. 5, v. 122. 
ic. pro Cluent. . 

CLUILIA Fos$SA, a place 5 miles diſ- 
tant from Rome, Liv. 1, c. 23. |. 2, c. 


CLUPEA & CLYPrA, now Aklibia, a 
town of Africa Propria, 22 miles eaſt of 
Carthage, which receives its name from 

its 


— 1 


— — 
22 ĩͤ —— — 


e L 


its exact reſemblance of a ſhield, c/ypers. 
Lucan. 4, v. 586.—Strab. 17.— Liu. 27. 
c. 29.—Cæſ. Civ. 2, c. 23. f 

CL vs14, a daughter of an Etrurian king, 
of whom V. Torquatus the Roman general 
became enamoured. He aſked her of her 
father, who lighted his addrefles ; upon 
which he beſieged and deſtroyed his town. 
Clufia threw herſelf down from a high 
tower, and came to the ground unhurt. 
Plut. in Parall. 

CLusinz FoNTES, baths in Etruria. 
Herat. 1, ep. 15, v. 9. 

Crustun, now Curvsr, a town of 
Etruria, taken by the Gauls under Brennus. 
Porſenna was buried there At the north 
of Cluſium there was a lake called Cluſina 
latus, which extended northward as far as 
Arretium, and had a communication with 
the Arnus which falls into the ſea at Piſæ. 
Diod. 14.—Virg. n. 10, v. 167. & 655. 

CLusiuvs, a river of Ciſalpine Gaul. 
Poly5. 2. The firname of Janus, when 
his temple was ſhut. Ovid. Faft. 1, v. 
x 30. | 
CLuvia, a noted debauchee, &c. Juv. 
2, V. 49. 

CLuvivs RueFvs, aqueſtor, A. U. C. 
693.—CGir. ad fam. 13, ep. 56. A man 
of Puteoli appointed by Cæſar to divide the 
lands of Gaul, &c. Cic. Div. 13, c. 7. 

CLyMENE, a daughter of Oceanus and 
Tethys, who married Japetus, by whom 
ſhe had Atlas, Prometheus, Menetius, and 
Epimetheus. Heſfud. Theog. One of 
the Nereides, mother of Mnemoſyne by 
Jupiter. Hygin. The mother of The- 
fimenus by Parthenopzus. Id. fab. 71. 
A daughter of Mynias, mother of 
Atalanta by Jaſus. Apollod. 3. A 
daughter of Crateus, who married Nau- 
plius. Id. 2. The mother of Phac- 
ton by Apollo. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 756. 
A Trojan woman. Par. 10, c. 26. 
The mother of Homer. Id. 10, c. 
24. A female ſervant of Helen, who 
accompanied her miſtreſs to Troy, when ſhe 


eloped with Paris. Ovid. Heroid. 17, v. 


267.—tHomer. Il. 3, v. 144. 

CLYMENETDES, a patronymic given to 
Phaeton's ſiſters, who were daughters of 
Cly mene. 

CLymfnus, a King of Orchomenos, 
ſon of Preſbon. He received a wound frum 
a ſtone thrown by a Theban, of which he 
died. His ſon Erginus, who ſucceeded 
him, made war againſt the Thehans, to re- 
venge his death. Pau. 9, c. 37. One 
of the deſcendants of Hercules, who built 
a temple to Minerva of Cydonia. 1d. 6, c. 
21. A ſon of Phoroneus. Id. 2, c 35. 
—— A king of Elis. 1l-A ſon of 
CEncus, king of Caly don. 


6 


| 


e L 


CLysonYmus, a ſon of Amphidamas, 
killed by Patroclus. Apollod. 3, c. 13. 

CLYTEMNESTRA, a daughter of Tyn- 
darus king of Sparta, by Leda. She was 
born, together with her brother Caſtor, 
from one of the eggs which her mother 
brought forth after her amour with Jupiter, 
under tne form of a ſwan. Clytemneſtra 
married Agamemnon king of Argos. She 
had before married Tantalus, ſon of Thy- 
eſtes, according to ſome authors. When 
Agamemnon went to the Trojan war, he 
left his couſin Ægyſthus to take care of his 
wife, of his family, and all his domeſtic 
affairs. Beſides this, a certain favorite 
muſician was appointed by Agamemnon, 
to watch over the conduct of the guardian, 
as well as that of Clytemneſtra. In the 
abſence of Agamemnon, Agyſthus made 
his court to Clytemneſtra, and publicly 
lived with her. Her infidelity reached the 
ears of Agamemnon before the walls of 
Troy, and he reſolved to take full revenge 
upon the adulterers at his return, He was 
prevented from putting his ſchemes into 
execution; Clytemneſtra, with her adulterer, 
murdered him at his arrival, as he came 
out of the bath, or, according to other ac- 
counts, as he ſat down at a feaſt prepared 
to celebrate his happy return. Caſſandra, 
whom Agamemnon had brought from Troy, 
ſhared his fate; and Oreſtes would alſo have 
been deprived of his life, like his father, 
had not his ſiſter Electra removed him from 
the reach of Clytemneſtra. After this mur- 
der, Clytemneſtra publicly married Ægyſ- 
thus, and he aſcended the throne of Argos. 
Orettes, after an abſcnce of ſeven years, 
returned to Mycenz, reſolved to avenge 
his father's murder. He conbealed himſelf 
in the houſe of his ſiſter Electra, who had 
been married by the adulterers to a perſon 
of mean extraction and indigent circum- 
fiances His death was publicly announced; 
and when MÆgyſthus and Clvtemneſtra re- 
paired to the temple of Apollo, to return 
thanks to the god, for the death of the ſure 
viving fon of Agamemnon, Oreſtes, who 
with his faithful friend Pylades, had con- 
cealed himſelf in the temple, ruſhed upon 
the adulterers, and killed them with his 
own hand. They were buried without the 
walls of the city, as their remains were 
deemed unworthy to be las. in the ſepulchre 
of Agamemnon, Vid. Agyſthus, Aga- 
memnon, Oreſtes, Ele&ra,—Diod. 4.— 
Hemer. Od. 11.—Apellod. 3; c. 10,—Pai|. 
2, c. 18 & 22.—Furipid. Iphig. in Aul. 
-ein. fab. 117. & 140.—Propert. 3, 
el. 19.—Virg. An. 4, v. 471.— 77 1. 
Icon. 2, c. . 

CLyTia or CLyT1x, a daughter 0 


Oceanus and Tethys, beloved by * 
e 


She wa: 
his addr: 
tated he 
trigue to 
her the x 
and was 
called a 
head tou 
pledge of 
Se. 
ther of J 
bine of. 
daughter 
CLyT 
— 
beloved b 
A g. 
3, C. 6. 
faithfully 
15, v.25 
lowed A 
by Turnu 
fon of Al, 
Pau. 6, 0 
CLyTvu 
killed by 
Cxnaca 
Par. 3, « 
CNAc 
where feſt; 
Diana, 1, 
Cyxacr, 
Cv uu 
eeſsful in 
nanians. 
&c. 
Cvxvs 
mon to mai 
Cyxrpin 
ment near! 
Cvinvus 
montory of 
chief deity 
famous ſtati 
I, od, 30.— 
Cxopus, 
drus, Who 
Fah en. 8. 
CxoSSGů 
kd. YC I 
Cncsus 
about 25 ſta 
by Minos, 
"auf. I, c. 
Co, Coo: 
Cyclades, 6 
about 15 n 
chief town 
ore the nam 
o Hippocra 
mous for its 
Worms whicl 
dulatture of 


c THT 


> @ 


0 


She was deſerted by her lover, who paid 
his addreſſes to Leucothoe ; and this ſo irri- 
tated her, that ſhe Ciſcovered the whole in- 
trigue to her rival's father. Apollo deſpiſed 
her the more for this, and the pined away 
and was changed into a flower, commonly 
called a ſun-flower, which ſtill turns its 
head towards the ſun in his courſe, as in 
pledge of her love. Ovid. Met. 4, fab. 3, 
Sc. A daughter of Amphidamas, mo- 
ther of Pelops, by Tantalus. A concu- 
bine of Amyntor, ſon of Phraſtor. A 
daughter of Pandarus. 

CLYT1vUs, a ſon of Laomedon. Homer. 
J. 10.——A youth in the army of Turnus, 
beloved by Cydon. Pirg. An. 10, v. 325. 
A giant, killed by Vulcan. Apo/lod. 
„ . The father of Pireus, who 
faithfully attended Telemachus. Homer. Od. 
15, v. 251. A ſon of Aolus, who fol- 
lowed Æneas in Italy, where he was killed 
by Turnus. Virg. An. 9, v. 774- A 
ſon of Alcmzon, the ſon of Amphiaraus. 
Pauſ. 6, c. 17. 

CLyTUus, a Greek in the Trojan war, 
killed by Hector. Homer. II. x1, v. 302. 

CnAacADIUM, a mountain of Laconia. 
Pauſ. 3, c. 24. 

CNACALIs, a mountain of Arcadia, 
where feſtivals were celebrated in honor of 
Diana. Id. 8, c. 23. 

CN AGA, a firname of Diana, 

Cv uus, a Macedonian general, unſuc- 
ceſsful in an expedition againſt the Acar- 
aanians, Died. 12,—Thucyd. 2, c. 66, 
&c. 

Cyxxvs or CN Aus, 2 prænomen com- 
mon to many Romans. 

CxrDINIUM, a name given to a monu- 
ment near Epheſus, 

Cnirus & GniDpvls, a town and pro- 
montory of Doris in Caria. Venus was the 
chief deity of the place, and had there a 
famous ſtatue made by Praxiteles. Horat. 
I, od. 30.—Plin. 36, c. 15. 

C vos, one of the deſcendants of Co- 
drus, who went to ſettle a colony, &c. 
Pehæn. 8. 

CxosS1A, a miſtreſs of Menclaus. Apol- 
kd. 3, © 11. 

CN sus or GNossus, a tuwn of Crete, 
about 25 fladia from the ſea. It was built 
by Minos, and had a famous labyrinth. 
Pauſ. 1, c. 27. 

Co, Coos & Cos, now Z 1A, one of the 
Cyclades, ſituate near the coaſts of Aſia, 
about 15 miles from Halicarnaſſus. Its 
chief town is called Cos, and anciently 
bore the name of Aſtypalæa. It gave birth 
% Hippocrates and Apelles, and was fa- 

mous for its fertility, for the wine and filk 
worms which it produced, and for the ma- 
dulacture of filk and coiton of a beautiſul 


C: 0 


and delicate texture. The women of the 
iſland always dreſſed in white ; and their 
garments were ſo clear and thin, that 
their bodies could be ſeen through, ac- 
carding to Ovid. Met. 7, fab. 9. The wo- 
men of Cos were changed into cows by Ve- 
nus or juno; whom they reproached for 
ſuffering Hercules to lead Geryon's flocks 
through their territories. TI. 2, el. 4, 
v. 29.—Hoget. 1, Sat. 2, v. 101.—Strab. 
I4.—Plin. 11, c. 23.—Propert. 1, el. 2, v. 
2, J. 2, el. r, v. 5, J. 4, el. 2, V. 23.— Ovid. 
A. A. 2, v. 298. 

CoAMaAN1, a people of Aſia. 
e. . 

CoasTrR#® & CoacrRRÆ, a people of 
Aſia near the Palus Mæotis. Lucan. 3, v. 
246. 

CoBARES, a celebrated magician of Me- 
dia, in the age of Alexander. Curt. 7, c. 

CocALus, a king of Sicily, who hoſpi- 
tably received Dædalus, when he fled be- 
fore Minos. When Minos arrived in Sicily, 
the daughters of Cocalus deftroyed him. 
Ovid. Met. 8, v. 261.—Died. 4. 

Cocckius NERVA, a friend of Horace 
and Mecznas, and grandfather to the em- 
peror Nerva. He was one of thoſe who 
ſettled the diſputes between Auguſtus and 
Antony. He afterwards accompanied Ti- 
berius in his retreat in Campania, and ſtarved 
himſelf to death. Tacit. Ann. 4, c. 58, & 
6, c. 26.— Horat. 1, Sat. 5, v. 27. An 
architect of Rome, one of whoſe buildings 
is ſtill in being, the preſent cathedral of 
Naples. A nephew of Otho. Tut. 
A man to whom Nero granted a triumph, 
after the diſcovery of the Piſonian conſpi- 
racy. Tacit. x5, Ann. c. 72. 

CoccyGrivs, a mountain of Peloponne- 
ſus. Pauſ. 2, c. 36. 

CocinTUM, a promontory of the Brutii, 
now Cape Sils. 

CocLes, Pus. HoRrAT. a celebrated 
Roman, who, alone, oppoſed the whole 
army of Porſenna at the head of a bridge, 
while his companions behind him were cut- 
ting off the communication with the other 
ſhore. When the bridge was deſtroyed, Co- 
cles, though wounded by the darts of the 
enemy, / leapt into the Tiber, and ſwam 
acroſs with his arms. A brazen ſtatue was 
raiſed to him in the temple of Vulcan, by 
the conſul Publicola, for his eminent ſer- 
vices. He only bad the uſe of one eye, as 
Cocles ſignifies, Liv. 2, e. 10.—Val. Max. 
3, c. 2.—Virg. An. 8, v. 650. 

Cocriæx, & CoTT1z, certain parts of 
the Alps, called after Coctius, the conquerot 
of the Gauls, who was in alliance with 
Auguſtus. Tacit. Hiſt. 

CocFfTus, a river of Epirus. The ward 


Mela. I, 


| is derived fiom uwnuer, te weeprand to la- 


meat, 


C Q> 


neſs of its water, and above all, its vicinity 
to the Acheron, have made the poets call it 
one of the rivers of hell, hence Cocytia virgo, 
applied to Alecto one of the furies. Firg. 
G. 3, v. 38. I. 4, v. 479. An. 6, v. 297, 323. 
J. 7, v. 479. — Pau,. 1, c. 17. A river of 
Campania, flowing into the Lucrine lake, 

Copanvs siNus, one of the ancient 
names of the Baltic. Pl/in. 4, c. 13. 

CovomAinvs, a firname of Darius the 
third, king of Perha, 

Copxipe, the deſcendants of Codrus, 
who went from Athens at the head of ſe- 
veral colonies. Par. 7, c. 2. 

CoDroyPBLis, a town of Illyricum. _ 

Coprus, the 17th, and laſt king of 
Athens, ſon of Melanthus. When the He- 
raclidz made wat againtt Athens, the oracle 
declared that the victory would be granted 
to that nation whoſe King was killed in, 
battle. The Heraclidæ upon this gave ſtrict 
orders to ſpare the life of Codrus; but the 
patriotic king diſguiſed himſelf, and attack- 
ed one of the enemy, by whom he was 
Killed. The Athenians obtained the victory, 
and Codrus was deſervedly called the father 
of his country, He reigned 22 years, and 
was killed 1070 years before the Chriſtian 
era. To pay greater honor to his memory, 
the Athenians made a reſolution, that no 
man after Codrus ſhould reign in Athens 
under the name of king, and therefore the 
government was put into the hands of per- 
petual archons. Paterc. 1, c. 2.— Tuſtin. 2, 
c. 6 & 7.—Par. 1, c. 19, l. 7, c. 25.—Pal. 
Max. 5, c. 6. A man who, with his 
brothers, killed Hegeſias, tyrant of Epheſus, 
&c. Polyen. 6, c. 49. A Latin poet, 
contemporary withVirgil. Firg.Ecl. 7. 
Another, in the reign of Domitian, whoſe 
poverty became a proverb. uv. 3, v. 203. 

Cecilivs, a centurion. Cef. Cir. bell, 

CaLa, a place in the bay of Eubaa. 
Liv. 31, c. 47.——A part of Attica. Strab. 

10. 

CœLALT TE, a people of Thrace. 

CalLESsSY Y IA& CGLoSsYRIA, a country 
of Syria, between mount Libanus and Anti- 
tibanus, where the Orontes takes its riſe. 
Its capital was Damaſcus. Antiochus 

Cyzicenus gave this name to that part of 
Syria which he obtained as his ſhare, when 
he divided his father's dominions with Gry- 
pus, B. C. 112. Dionyſ. Perieg. 

C1, the wife of Sylla. /t. in Syll. 
The Cœlian family, which was plebeian, but 
honored with the conſulſhip, was deſcended 
fromVibenna Cœles, an Etrurian uo came 
to ſettle at Rome in the age of Romulus. 

CeL1us, a Roman, defended by Cicero. 
—— Two brothers of Tarracina, accuſed of 


having murdered their father in his bed. 


0 


ment. Its etymology, the unwholeſome- They were acquitted, when it was proved 


that they were both aſleep at the time of 
the murder. Pal. Max. 8, c. 1.—Plut., in 
Cic. A general of Carbo. An orator. 
Id. in Pomp. A lieutenant of Antony's. 
Curſor, a Roman knight, in the age of 
Tiberius. A man who, after ſpending 
his all in diſſipation and luxury, became a 
public robber with his friend Birrhus. Ho- 
rat. 1. Sat, 4, v. 69,——A Roman hifto- 
rian, who floriſhed B. C. 121. A hill of 
Rome Vid. Czhus. 

Ca&Lvs, or UR AN us, an ancient deity, 
ſuppoſed to be the father of Saturn, Oceanus, 
Hyperion, & c. He was ſon of Terra, whom 
he afterwards married. The number of his 
children, according to ſome, amounted to 
forty-five. They were called Titans, and 
were ſo cloſely confined by their father, that 
they conſpired againſt him, and were ſup- 
ported by their mother, who provided them 
with a ſcythe. Saturn armed himſelf with 
this ſcythe, and deprived his father of the 
organs of generation, as he was going to 
unite himſelf to Terra. From the blood 
which iſſued from the wound, ſprang the 
giants, furies, and nymphs. The mutilated 
parts were thrown into the fea, and from 
them, and the foam which they occaſioned, 
aroſe Venus the goddeſs of beauty. Heficd, 
&c. 
Cœa us, an officer of Alexander, ſon-in- 
law to Parmenio. He died of a diſtemper, 
in his return from India. Curt. 9, c. 3.— 
Diod. 17 

CAN us, a ſtoic philoſopher. Tacit. 
Ann, 14, c. 52 A perſon flain by Ulyſ- 
ſes. Ovid. Met. 13, v. 157- A Greek 
charioteer to Merion. He was Killed by 
Hector. Homer. II. 17, v. 610. : 

Coks, a man of Mitylene, made ſove- 
reign maſter of his country by Darius. His 
countrymen ſtoned him to death. Herodot. 
6. e. 11 & 38. 

Cœus, a ſon of Cœlus and Terra. He 
was father of Latona, Aſteria, &c. by 
Phœbe. Virg. G. 1, v. 279. A river of 
Meſſenia flowing by Electra. Pau. 4 
6. 33 

CoGcamvs, a river of Lydia. Plin. 5. 
c. 29. 

Cocipũxus, a king of Britain, faithful 
to Rome. Tacit. Agric. c. 14. 

Con1Bus, a river of Aſia, near Pontus. 

Cooks, a diviſion in the Roman armies, 
conſiſting of about 600 men. It was the 
ſixth part of a legion, and conſequently its 
number was under the ſame fluctuation 48 
that of the legions, being ſumetimes moe, 
and ſumetimes leſs, 

Col æxus, a king of Attica, before the 
age of Cecrops, accaxding to ſome accounts. 
Pau. I, C. 31. * 


CoLAxESy 


CoLax 
Place. 6, v 
CoLAXx. 
of the Scyt 
Corcui 
CoLcni 
Aſia, at th 
of the Eux 
welt of Ibe 
famous for 
and the birt 
ful in poiſo 
lent flax. 
Egyptians, 
king of Eg; 
north. Fro 
bolt ſus, Co 
receives the 
Face. 5, 
rab. 11. 
2, el. 14, v. 
Col END. 
CoLtas, 
of Attica, ii 
where Venu 
6. 96. 
CoLLAT!1 
by the peop 
dent. Tarqu 
tia, Liv. I 
. 6, v. 7. 
L. Tx R. 
phew of Tar 
Lucretia, tb 
violence. H 
quins from R 
fuls; As he 
much abomir 
de laid dow 
ured to Alba 
1 e. 57, l. 2, 
of the ſeven 1 
Col Liv, 
mount Quirin 
A goddeſs a 
ulls.—— One 
died by Ro 
Col Lucia 
Iv. 6, v. 30 
Jon. Cove 
brought Mith; 
Aus. Tacit. 


Colonia F 
many on the R 
iy, a town or 
4 n. M. 
now lerroven, 
Wwn of Spain 


* 2 wry * ed 


e U ; 


CoLaxes, a fon of Jupiter and Ora, 

act. b, V. 48. 

Col Ax AIs, one of the remote anceſtors 
of the Scythians. Herodot. 4, c. 5, &c. 

Cor.car, the inhabitants of Colchis. 

Coleuis & CoLcnos, a country of 
Afia, at the ſouth of Afiatic Sarmatia, eaff 
of the Fuxine ſea, north of Armenia, and 
welt of Iberia, now called Mingrelia. It is 
famous for the expedition of the Argonauts, 
and the birth place of Medea. It was fruit- 
ful in poiſonous herbs, and produced excel- 
lent lax. The inhabitants were originally 
Egyptians, who ſettled there when Seloftris 
king of Egypt extended his conqueſts in the 
north. From the country ariſe the epithets 
CC, Colchicus, Colchiacus, and Medea 
receives the name of Col/chis, Ju. b, v, 640. 
—Flacr, 5, v. 418.— Horat. 2, od. 13, v. 8. 
—Strab, 1 1. Oi. Met. 1 3, v. 24. Amor. 
2, el. 14, v. 28. Mela. 1, c. 19, 1. 2, c. 3. 

Col EN DA, a town of Spain. a 

CoLias, now Agio nicolo, a promonto 
of Attica, in the form of a man's foor, 
where Venus had a temple. Herodot. 8, 
6. 96. 

CoLLATIA, a town on the Anio, built 
by the people of Alba. It was there that 
dent. Tarquin offered violence to Lucre- 
ta, Liv. 1, 37, &c,—Strab. 3.—Virg. 
&n.6, v. 774. 

L. TaxqQuinius CoLLATINUS, a ne- 
phew of Tarquin the Proud, who married 
Lucretia, to whom Sext. Tarquin offered 
violence. He, with Brutus, drove the Tar- 
quins from Rome, and were made firſt con- 
fuls: As he was one of the Tarquins, fo 
much abominated by all the Roman people, 
de laid down his office of conſul, and re 
tired to Alba in voluntary baniſhment. Liw. 
1 c. 57, l. 2, c. 2.— For. 1, c. 9. One 
ui the {even hills of Rome. 

Col Ui A, one of the gates of Rome, on 
mount Quirinalis. Ovid. 4, Faft. v. 871. 
A goddeſs at Rome, who preſided over 
ulls——One of the original tribes eſta- 
died by Romulus. | 

CoLLUCtA, a laſcivious woman, &c. 
Juv. 6, v. 306. 

Joux. CoLo, a governor of Pontus, who 
brought Mithridztes to the emperor Clau- 
dus. Tacit. 12, Aun. c. 21. 

Coro xæ, a place of Troas. Neprs. 4, 
v2, 

Loro xx, a city of Phocis——of Ery- 
aof Theſſaly of Meſſenia 
A rock if Aſia, on;the Thracian Boſphorus. 

Colonia AGRIPPINA, a City of Ger- 
many on the Rhine, now Co/ogne. Equeſ- 
is, a town on the Lake of Geneva, now 
%. Morinorum, a town of Gaul, 
ww Terrauen, in Artois. Norbenſis, a 
un of Spain, now Alcantara, ——Traja- 


C O 


na, or Ulpia, a town of Germany, now 
Kellen, near Cleves. Valentia, a town 
of Spain, which now bears the ſame name. 

CoLoros, an eminence near Athens, 
where CEdipus retired during his baniſh- 
ment, from which circumſtance Sophocles 
has given the title of CEdipus Celoneus to one 
of his tragedies, 

CorGoyuon, a town of Tonia, at a ſmall 
diſtance from the ſea, firſt built by Mopſus 
the ſon of Manto, and colonized by the 
ſons of Codrus. It was the native country 
of Mimnermus, Nicander, and Xenophanes, 
and one of the cities which diſputed for the 
honor of having given birth to Homer. 
Apollo had a temple there, Strab. 14.— 
Panſ. 7, c. 3.—Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 54.— Cre. 
pro Arch, Poet. 8. Oui. Met. 6, v. 8. 

Colossk & CoLossrs, a large town of 
Phrygia, near Laodicca, of which the go- 
vernment was democratical, and the firſt 
ruler called archon. One of the firſt chriſ- 
tian churches was eſtabliſhed there, and one 
of St. Paul's epiſtles was addreſſed to it. 
Plin. 21, c. q. 

Colossus, a celebrated brazen image at 
Rhodes, which paſſed for one of the ſeven 
wonders of the world. Its feet were upon 
the two moles, which formed the entrance 
of the harbour, and ſhips paſſed full fail 
between its legs. It was 70 cubits, or 105 
feet high, and every thing in equal pro- 
portion, and few could claſp round its 
thumb. It was the work of Chares, the 
diſciple of Lyſippus, and the artiſt was 12 
years in making it, It was begun 300 
years before Chriſt ; and after it had re- 
mained unhurt during 56 or 88 years, it 
was partly demoliſhed by an earthquake, 
224 B. C. A winding ſtaircaſe ran to the 
top, from which could eafily be diſccrned 
the thores of Syria, and the ſhips that failed 
on the coaſt of Egypt, by the help of 
gluſſes, which were hung on the neck of the 
ſtatue. It remained in ruins for the ſpace 
of 894 years; and the Rhodians, who Lad 
received ſeveral large contributions to te- 
pair it, divided the money among them- 
ſelves, and fruſtrated the expectations of 
the donors, by ſaying that the oracle of 
Delphi forbade them to raiſe it up again 
from its ruins. In the year 672 of the 
Chriſtian era, it was ſold by the Saracens, 
who were maſters of the iſland, to a Jewiſh 
merchant of Edeſſa, who loaded goo ca- 
mels with the braſs, whoſe value has been 
eſtimated at 36,000 pounds Engliſh money. 

CoLoTEs, a Teian painter, diſciple of 
Phidias. Plin. 35, c. 8. A diſciple of 
Epictetus. A follower of Epicurus, ac- 
cuſed of ignorance by Plut. A ſculptor, 
who made a ſtatue of Æſculapius. Strab.8, 

Corp, a city of Ionia, Pin. 5, c. 29. 

CoLlLUMBa, 


— — 7˖— mm ̃˙-‚‚ꝛ. ²ͤ!ÄLͥ . — e 
\ 


C Q@E 


ment. Its etymology, the unwholeſome- 
neſs of its water, and above all, its vicinity 
to the Acheron, have made the poets call it 
one of the rivers of hell, hence Cocytia virgo, 
applied to Alecto one of the furies. Firg. 
G. 3, v. 38. l.4zv. 479. An. 6, v. 297, 323. 
J. 7, v. 479.— Pau,. 1, c. 17. A river of 
Campania, flowing into the Lucrine lake, 

Copanus siNus, one of the ancient 
names of the Baltic. Plin. 4, C. 13. 

CovomAnvs, a firname of Darius the 
third, king of Perha, 

Copsipe, the deſcendants of Codrus, 
who went from Athens at the head of ſe- 
veral colonies. Pau. 7, c. 2. 

CoproPGVLis, a town of Illyricum. h 

Coprus, the 17th, and laſt king of 
Athens, ſon of Melanthus. When the He- 
raclidz made wat againſt Athens, the oracle 
declared that the victory would be granted 
to that nation whoſe King was killed in 


C O 
They were acquitted, when it was proved 
that they were both aſleep at the time of 
the murder. Pal. Max. 8, c. 1.—Plut. in 
Cic. A general of Carbo. An orator. 
Id. in Pomp. A lieutenant of Antony's. 
Curſor, a Roman knight, in the age of 
Tiberius. A man who, after ſpending 
his all in diſſipation and luxury, became a 
public robber with his friend Birrhus. Ho- 
rat. 1. Sat, 4, v. 69. — A Roman hifto- 
rian, who floriſhed B. C. 121. A hill of 
Rome. Vid. Cælius. 

Cœ bus, or UR AN us, an ancient deity, 
ſuppoſed to be the father of Saturn, Oceanus, 
Hyperion, &c. He was ſon of Terra, whom 
he afterwards married. The number of his 
children, according to ſome, amounted to 
forty-five. They were called Titans, and 
were ſo cloſely confined by their father, that 
they conſpired againſt him, and were ſup- 
ported by their mother, who provided them 


battle. The Heraclidze upon this gave tric] with a ſcythe. Saturn armed himſelf with 


orders to ſpare the life of Codrus; but the 
patriotic king diſguiſed himſelf, and attack- 
ed one of the enemy, by whom he was 
Killed. The Athenians obtained the victory, 
and Codrus was deſervedly called the father 
of his country, He reigned 22 years, and 
was killed 1070 years before the Chriitian 
era. To pay greater honor to his memory, 
the Athenians made a reſolution, that no 
man after Codrus ſhould reign in Athens 
under the name of king, and therefore the 
government was put into the hands of per- 
petual archons. Paterc. 1, c. 2.— Tuſtin. 2, 
c. 6 & 7.—Panrf. 1, c. 19, l. 7, c. 25.—Val. 
Max. 5, c. 6. A man who, with his 
brothers, killed Hegeſias, tyrant of Epheſus, 
&c. Polyen. 6, c. 49. A Latin poet, 
contemporary with Virgil. Firg.Ecl. 7. 
Another, in the reign of Domitian, whoſe 
poverty became a proverb. J. 3, v. 203. 

Ceciitivs, a centurion. Ce. (in. Sell. 

CaLa, a place in the bay of Eubaa. 
Liv. 31, c. 47.——A part of Attica. Strab. 
10. 

Ca&LALFTE, a people of Thrace. 

Ca:LEsYria & CE&LOSYRIA, a country 
of Syria, between mount Libanus and Anti- 
tibanus, where the Orontes takes its riſe, 
Its capital was Damaſcus. Antiochus 
Cyzicenus gave this name to that part of 
Syria which he obtained as his ſhare, when 
he divided his father's dominions with Gry- 
pus, B. C. 112. Dienyſ. Perieg. 

Cœ iA, the wife of Sylla. Pl. in Syll. 
The Cœlian family, which was plebeian, but 
honored with the conſulſhip, was deſcended 
fromVibenna Cœles, an Etrurian to came 
to ſettle at Rome in the age of Romulus. 

Cœltus, a Roman, defended by Cicero. 
——— Two brothers of Tarracina, accuſed of 


this ſcythe, and deprived his father of the 
organs of generation, as he was going to 
unite himſelf to Terra. From the blood 
which iſſued from the wound, ſprang the 
giants, furies, and nymphs. The mutilated 
parts were thrown into the ſea, and from 
them, and the foam which they occaſioned, 
aroſe Venus the goddeſs of beauty. Hejied, 
&c. 

Canvs, an officer of Alexander, ſon- in- 
law to Parmenio. He died of a diſtemper, 
in his return from India. Curt. 9, c. 3.— 
Diod. 17 

CœRAðus, a ſtoic philoſopher. Tacit. 
Ann, 14, c. 52 A perſon ſlain by Ulyſ- 
ſes. Ovid. Met. 13, v. 157. A Greek 
charioteer to Merion. He was killed by 
Hector. Homer. II. 17, v. 610. 

Cos, a man of Mitylene, made ſove- 
reign maſter of his country by Darius. His 
countrymen ſtoned him to death. Herodot. 
5, c. 11 & 38. 

Catrs, a ſon of Cœlus and Terra, He 
was father of Latona, Aſteria, &c. by 
Phœbe. Virg. G. 1, v. 279. A river of 
Meſſenia flowing by Electra. Pauſ. 4 
"8 | 

CoGcamvs, a river of Lydia, Plin. 5. 
c. 29. , 

Cocrpinus, a king of Britain, faithful 
to Rome. Tacit. Agric. c. 14. 

Con1Bus, a river of Aſia, near Pontus. 

Conors, a diviſion in the Roman armies, 
confiſting of about 600 men, It was the 
ſixth part of a legion, and conſequently its 
number was under the ſame fluctuation 48 
that of the legions, being ſumetimes more, 
and ſometimes leſs. 

CoL anus, a king of Attica, before the 
age of Cecrops, according to ſome accounts. 


having murdered their father in his bed. 


| Pau. I, C. 31. 


CoLAxEs, 


Cor ax 
Place. 6, 
CoLAx 
of the Scy 
CoL cn 
CoLlcn 
Aſia, at tl 
of the Eu: 
welt of Ib 
famous fo! 
and the bir 
ful in poi 
lent flax. 
Egyptians, 
King of Eg 
north Fr 
Cc, C 
receives the 
Flac, 5, 
—\trab_ 11 
2, el. 14, v 

Col ENG 

Cot rAs 
of Attica, 
where Ven 
c. 96. 

Col LAT 
ty the peo 
Sext. Tarq| 
tia, Liv. 
x. 6, v. 

L. TARO 
phew of T. 
Lucretia, tt 
violence, I] 
quins from! 
fuls; As hi 
much abom 
de laid dow 
tired to Alb: 
5 e. 57, I.: 
of the ſeven 

Col Ui x- 
mount Quiri 
A goddeſs 
dill, Or 
blilhed by R 

CoLLucy 
fury, 6, V. J 

Jux, Co1 
brought Mit 
dius. Tacit 


OLONIA 
many on the! 
te, a town 

9%. 


now Perrouer 


S ; 


CoLaxss, a fon of Jupiter and Ora, 
lace. 6, . 48. 

Col Ax AIs, one of the remote anceſtors 
of the Scythians. Herodot. 4, c. 5, &c. 

Cor cht, the inhabitants of Colchis. 

Coleuis & CoLcnos, a country of 
Aſia, at the ſouth of Afiatic Sarmatia, eaff 
of the Euxine ſea, north of Armenia, and 
welt of Iberia, now called Mingrelia. It is 
famous for the expedition of the Argonauts, 
and the birth place of Medea. It was fruit - 
ful in poiſonous herbs, and produced excel- 
lent flax. The inhabitants were originally 
Egyptians, who ſettled there when Seloftris 
king of Egypt extended his conqueſts in the 
north From the country ariic the epithets 
Cole's, Colchicus, Colchiacus, and Medea 
receives the name of Colchis. Fun. 6, v, 640. 
Flacr. 5, v. 418.— Horat. 2, od. 13, v. 8 
—Strab, 11. Ovid. Met. 13, v. 24. Amor. 
2, el. 14, v. 28.—Mel/a. 1, c. 19, l. 2, c. 3. 

Col EN DA, a town of Spain. ; 

Cot tas, now gie nicolo, a promonto 
of Attica, in the form of a man's foor, 
where Venus had a temple. Herodot. 8, 
6. 96. 

8 a town on the Anio, built 
by the people of Alba. It was there that 
Sext, Tarquin offered violence to Lucre- 
tia, Liv. 1, 37, &c,—Strab. 3.—Virg. 
&n.6, v. 774. 

L. TKRaUIN US CoLLATINUS, a ne- 
phew of Tarquin the Proud, who married 
Lucretia, tv whom Sext. Tarquin offered 
violence, He, with Brutus, drove the Tar- + 
quins from Rome, and were made firſt con- 
fuls: As he was one of the Tarquins, fo 
much abominated by all the Roman people, 
de laid down his office of conſul, and re 
tired to Alba in voluntary baniſhment. Liw, 
1, c. 57, |. 2, c. 2.— For. 1, c. 9. One 
of the ſeven hills of Rome. 

Col Ui x A, one of the gates of Rome, on 
mount Quirinalis, Ovid. 4, Faft. v. $71. 
A goddeſs at Rome, who preſided over 
bills ——One of the original tribes eſta- 
bliſned by Romulus. 

CoLLUC1a, a laſcivious woman, &c, 
Jud. 6, V, 306. 

Jo. Coro, a governor of Pontus, who 
brought Mithridztes to the emperor Clau- 
dus. Tacit. 12, Ann, c. 21, 

Cor dx, a place of Troas. Nepss. 4, 
1. z. 

Coldwg, a city of Phocis——of Ery- 
tirzea——of Theſſaly of Meſſenia 
A rock of Aſia, on;the Thracian Boſphorus. 

Colonia AGRIPPINA, a City of Ger- 
many on the Rhine, now Co/ogne. Equeſ- 
ils, a town on the Lake of Geneva, now 
%,. Morinorum, a town of Gaul, 
ww Terrauen, in Artois. Norbenſis, a 
tun of Spain, now Alcantara, ——Traja- 


S O 


na, or Ulpia, a town of Germany, now 
Kellen, near Cleves. Valentia, a town 
of Spain, which now bears the ſame name. 

CoLoros, an eminence near Athens, 
where CEdipus retired during his baniſh- 
ment, from which circumfiance Sophocles 
has given the title of CEdipus Co/oneus to one 
of his tragedies, 

CorCTPpuonN, a town of Tonia, at a ſmall 
diſtance from the ſea, firit built by Mopſus 
the ſon of Manto, and colonized by the 
ſons of Codrus. It was the native country 
of Mimnermus, Nicander, and Xenophanes, 
and one of the cities which diſputed for the 
honor of having given birth to Homer. 
Apollo had a temple there. Strab. 14.— 
Pau. 14 . 3.—T act, Ann. 2, C. 54.— Cie. 
pro Arch, Poet, 8. — Ormid. Met. 6, v. 8. 

Corosst & Col ossis, a large town of 
Phrygia, near Laodicca, of which the go- 
vernment was democratical, and the firſt 
ruler called archon. One of the firſt chriſ- 
tian churches was eſtabliſhed there, and one 
of St. Paul's epiſtles was addreſſed to it. 
Plin. 21, c. q. 

CoLossvs, a celebrated brazen image at 
Rhodes, which paſſed for one of the ſeven 
wonders of the world. Its feet were upon 
the two moles, which formed the entrance 
of the harbour, and ſhips paſſed full fail 
between its legs. It was 70 cubits, or 105 
feet high, and every thing in equal pro- 
portion, and few could claſp round its 
thumb. It was the work of Chares, the 
diſciple of Lyſippus, and the artiſt was 12 
years in making it. It was begun 300 
years before Chriſt ; and after it had re- 
mained unhurt during 56 or 88 years, it 
was partly demoliſhed by an earthquake, 
224 B. C. A winding ſtaircaſe ran to the 
top, from which could eaſily be diſccrned 
the thores of Syria, and the ſhips that failed 
on the coaſt of Egypt, by the help of 
glafſes, which were hung on the neck of the 
ſtatue. It remained in ruins for the ſpace 
of 894 years; and the Rhodians, who tad 
received ſeveral large contributions to te- 
pair it, divided the money among them- 
ſelves, and fruſtrated the expectations of 
the donors, by ſaying that the oracle of 
Delphi forbade them to raiſe it up again 
from its ruins. In the year 672 of the 
Chriſtian era, it was fold by the Saracens, 
who were maſters of the ifland, to a Jewiſh 
merchant of Edeſſa, who loaded goo ca- 
mels with the braſs, whoſe value has been 
eſtimated at 36,000 pounds Engliſh money. 

CoLorTEs, a Teian painter, diſciple of 
Phidias. Plin. 35, c. 8. A diſciple of 
Epictetus. A follower of Epicurus, ac» 
cuſed of ignorance by Plut. A ſculptor, 
who made a ſtatue of Æſculapius. Strab. 8. 

CoLPs, a city of Ionia, Plin. 5, c. 29. 

CoLUMBa, 


r 


C 0 

Col uu A, a dove, the ſymbol of Venus 
among the poets. This bird was ſacred to 
Venus, and received divine honors in Syria. 
Doves diſappeared once every year at Eryx, 


where Venus had a temple, and they were 
ſaid to accompany the goddeſs to Libya, 


whither ſhe went to paſs nine days, after 


which they returned. Doves were ſuppoſed 
to give oracles in the oaks of the foreſt of 
Dodona. Ti. 1, el. 7, v. 17.—-A lian. 
. hc it 

CoLuBRARIA, now Monte Colubre, a 
ſmall ifland at the eaſt of Spain, ſuppoſed 
to be the ſame as Ophiuſa. P/in. 3, c. 5. 

CoLUMELLA, (L. Jun. Moderatus), a 
native of Gades, who wrote twelve books 
on agriculture, of which, the tenth, on 
gardening, is in verſe. The ſtyle is clegant, 
and the work diſplays the genius of a na- 
turaliſt, and the labors of an accurate ob- 
ferver. The beſt edition of Columella is 
that of Geſner, 2 vols. 4to. Lipſ. 1735, and 
reprinted there 1772. 

CoLumnz HEeRrcUL1s, a name given to 
two mountains on the extremeſt parts of 
Spain and Africa, at the entrance into the 
Mediterranean. They were called Calpe 
and Alyla, the former on the coaſt of 
Spain, and the latter on the ſide of Africa, 
at the diſtance of only 18 miles. They are 
reckoned the boundaries of the labors of 
Hercules, and they were ſuppoſed to have 
teen joined, till the hero ſeparated them, 
and opened a communication between the 
Mediterranean and Atlantic ſeas. Protei, 
the boundaries of Egypt, or the extent of 


the kingdom of Proteus. Alexandria was 


ſuppoſed to be built near them, though 
Homer places them in the iſland Pharos. 
Odyſ. 4, v. 351.—Pirg. An. 11, v. 262. 

CoLUTHUs, a native of Lycepolis in 
Egypt, who wrote a poem on the rape of 
Helen, in imitation of Homer. The com- 
poſition remained long unknown, till it was 
diſcovered at Lycopolis in the 15th century, 
by the learned cardinal Beſſarion. Coluthus 
was, as ſome ſuppoſe, a contemporary of 
Tryphiodorus. 

CoLyTTvs, a tribe in Athens. 

CoMAGENA, a part of Syria above Cili- 
cia, extending, on the eaſt, as far as the Eu- 
phrates. Its chief town was called Samoſata. 
Serab. 11 & 17. 

CoMANna (æ, Scrum), a town of Pontus. 
Hifi. Alex. 34. Another in Cappadocia, 
famous for a temple of Bellona, where there 
were above 6000 miniſters of both ſexes. 
The chief prieſt among them was very 

owerful, and knew no ſuperior but the 
kiog of the country. This high office was 
generally conferred upon one of the royal 
family. Hirt. Alex. 66.—Flacc. 7, v. 636. 
—Strahb. 12. 


- 


S O 


Cominra, a country of Aſia. 

CoMaAReEa, the ancient name of Cape 
Comorin in India. 

CouARI, a people of Aſia, Mela, 1, 
ES; 

ComXxrvs, a port in the bay of Ambra- 
cia near Nicopolis. 

ComasTvus, a place of Perſia. 

CoMBARUs, a favorite of Stratonice, wife 
of Antiochus. | | 

Comse, a daughter of the Ophius, who 
firſt invented a brazen ſuit of armour. She 
was changed into a bird, and eſcaped from 
her children, who had conſpired to murder 
her. Ovid. Met. 7. v. 382. 

Con ur Ou, a city of Egypt on the 
Nile, Fur. 15, v. 35. 

CoMBREA, a town ncar Pallene. Here. 
dot. 7, c. 123. 

CommurT1s, a general under Brennuz, 
Par. 10, c. 22. ; 

ComETEs, the father of Afterion, and 
one of the Argonauts. Flace. 1, v. 356.— 
One of the Centaurs, killed at the nuptials 
of Pirithous. Ovid. Met. 12, v. 2%4.— 
A man killed at the chace of the Calydo- 
nian boar. Pau. 8, c. 45. One of the 
Magi, intimate with Cambyſes king af 
Perſia, Tuftin. 1, c. 9. An adulterer 
of Ægiale. A ſon of Oreſtes. 

ComeTHo, a daughter of Pterilaus, who 
deprived her father of a golden hair in his 
head, upon which depended his fate. She 
was put to death by Amphitryon for her 
perfdy. Apollod. 2, c. 4. ä 

. Cominivs, a Roman knight, who 
wrote ſome illiberal verſes againſt Tiberius. 
Tacit. 4, Ann. c. 31. 

CortTra, {orum), an aſſembly of the 
Roman people. The word is derived from 
Comitium, the place where they were con- 
vened, quaſi a cum eundo. The Comitium 
was a large hall, which was left uncovered 
at the top, in the firſt ages of the republic; 
ſo that the aſſembly was often diſſolved in 
rainy weather, The Comitia were called, 
ſome conſularia, for the elect ion of the con- 
ſuls; others prætoria, for the clection of 
prætors, &c. Theſe aſſemblies were more 
generally known by the name of Cami 
Curiata, Centuriata, and Tributa, The Cu- 
riata was when the people gave their votes 
by curiæ. The Centuriata were not con- 
vened in later times. (Vid. Centuria,) Ano- 
ther aſſembly was called Com! tributa, 
where the votes were received from tle 
whole tribes together. At firſt the Roman 
people were divided only into three tribes; 
but as their numbers increaſed, the tribes 
were at laſt ſwelled to 35. The object of 
theſe aſſemblies was the electing of ma- 
giſtrates and all the public officers of fate. 


They could be diſſolved by one ot ihe tt 
| bulczy 


bunes, it 
reſt of h 
people w 
the who! 
ſolved, v 
bus com t. 
their vote 
every one 
of a law 
on one of 
is ut! rog 
other was 
the ſame 
it, the ole 
number < 
rior to the 
ſtitutional. 
the chief 
pontifices, 
theſe aſſet 
eight of 
power of 
dictator, t 
cemvirs, t 
and the tri 
Jores magi/ 
res mag. 
people. 
Comrv:' 
the Attret 
vices. Cz 
Conm 4 
Comme 
ſon of M. 
in the Ro 
cruel, and 
propenſitie: 
tions of pl 
of nature, 
kept 300 w 
illicit pleaſ 
cules, like 
ders with a 
with a kn 
naked in pi 
ators, and | 
the wild b. 
required di 
they were 
ſuch an im 
his hair, th; 
in the ſunſt 
rounded wi 
is concubi 
pared, poiſe 
not quickh) 
Wreſtler, |] 
We, and th 
t has been 
himſelf to a 
ard, in in 
erodian. 
Co ! 
Fan, 155 ep 


Hero. 
nnus, 


, and 
56.— 
ptials 
lydo- 
f the 
ig of 


terer 


y who 
in his 

She 
or her 


, who 
)cr1us. 


of the 
from 
Con- 
aitium 
overed 
ublic; 
ved in 
called, 
& con- 
ion of 
more 
gmitia, 
he Cu- 
votes 
t con- 
An- 
ributay 
m the 
Roman 
teibes; 
e tribes 
ect of 
of ma- 
f ate. 
he tri- 
bulczy 


C 0 


bunes, if he differed in opinion from the 
reſt of his colleagues. If one among the 
people was taken with the falling ſickneſs, 
mne whole aſſembly was immediately diſ- 
ſolved, whence that diſeaſe is called mor- 
bus comitalis. After the cuſtom of giving 
their votes viva voce had been aboliſhed, 
every one of the aſſembly, in the enacting 
of a law, was preſented with two ballots, 
on one of which were the letters U. R. that 
is uti rogas, he it as it is required ; on the 
other was an A. that is antiquo, which bears 
the ſame meaning as antiquam volo, I forbid 
it, the old law is more preferable. If the 
number of ballots' with U. R. was ſupe- 
rior to the A's, the law was approved con- 
ſtitutionally; if not, it was rejected. Only 
the chief magiſtrates, and ſomerimes the 
pontifices, had the privilege of convening 
theſe aſſemblies. There were only theſe 
eight of the magiſtrates who had the 
power of propoſing a law, the conſuls, the 
dictator, the prætor, the interrex, the de- 
cemvirs, the military tribunes, the kings, 
and the triumvirs. Theſe were called ma- 
jores magiſtratus; to whom one of the miny- 
res magi/iratus was added, the tribune of the 
people. 

Comrus, a man appointed king over 
the Attrebates, by J. Cæſar, for his ſer- 
vices. Caf. bell. G. 4, c. 21. 

Commactne, Vid. Comagena. 

Couud bus, (L. Aurelius Antoninus) 
ſon of M. Antoninus, ſucceeded his father 
in the Roman empire, He was naturally 
cruel, and fond of indulging his licentious 
propenſities; and regardleſs of the inſtruc- 
tions of philoſophers, and of the decencies 
of nature, he corrupted his own ſiſters, and 
kept 300 women, and as many boys, for his 
Wicit pleaſures. Defirous to be called Her- 
cules, like that hero, he adorned his ſhoul- 
ders with a lion's ſkin, and armed his hand 
with a knotted club. He ſhowed himſelf 
naked in public, and fought with the gladi- 
ators, and boaſted of his dexterity in killing 
the wild beaſts in the amphitheatre. He 
required divine honars from the ſenate, and 
they were granted. He was wont to put 
ſuch an immenſe quantity of gold duſt in 
his hair, that when he appeared bare-headed 
in the ſunſhine, his head glittered as if ſur- 
rounded with ſyn-beams. Moartia, one of 
his concubines, whoſe death he had pre- 
pared, poiſoned him; but as the poiſon did 
not quickly operatc, he was ſtrangled by a 
wreſtler. 
We, and the 13th of his reign, A. D. 198. 
It has been obſerved, that he never truſted 
himſelf to a barber, but always byrnt tris 


ad, in imitation of the tyrant Diony ſius. 
erodian, 


He died in the 31ſt year of his 


EC 0 


c. 26, 


ComPITAL1A, feſtivals celebrated by the 
Romans the 12th of January and the 6th 
of March, in the croſs ways, in honor of the 
houſehold gods called Lares. Tarquin the 
Proud firſt inſtituted them, on account of an 
oracle which ordered him to offer heads to 
the Lares, He ſacrificed to them human 
victims; but J. Brutus, after the expulſion 
of the Tarquins, thought it ſufficient to of- 
fer them only poppy heads, and men of 
ſtraw. The flaves were generally the mi 
niſters, and, during the celebration, they 
enjoyed their freedom. Varro. de L. L. 5 
C. 3.—Ovid. Faß. 5, v. 140,-Dienyf, 
Hal. 4. 

Cours, now Conſa, a town of the 
Hirpini in Italy, at the eaſt of Veſuvius. 

CoMpSATUsS, a river of Thrace, falling 
into the lake Biſtonis. Herodot. 7, C. 109, 

Cour us, a town of Bithynia 

Couux, now Como, a town at the north 
of Inſubria, at the bottom of the lake Como, 
in the modern duchy of Milan. It was af- 
terwards called Nowe C num by J. Caeſar, 
who tranſplanted a colo iy there, though it 
reſumed its ancient name. It was the birth 
place of ti e younger Pliny. Plin. 3, c. 18. 
Liv. 33, c. 36 & 37.—Suet. in Jul, 28.— 
Plin, 1, ep. 3.—Cic. Fam, 13, ep. 35. 

Comuvs, the god of revelry, feaſting, and 
nocturnal entertainments. During his feſ- 
tivals, men and women exchanged each 
er's dreſs, He was repreſented as a young 
and drunken man, with a garland of flowers 
on his head, and a torch in his hand, which 
ſeemed falling. He is mors generally ſeen 
ſleeping upon his legs, and turning himſelf 
when the heat of the falling torch ſcorched 
his ade, Philoftrat, 2, Icon, —Plut, Queſt, 
Nom. 

Co No AN t, a people of Spain, who lived 
chiefly on milk mixed with horſe's blood. 
Their chief town, Concana, is now called 
Santilana, or Cangas de onis. Virg. G. 3, 
v. 463, —S1. 3, v. 361.—Herat. 3, od. 4, 
V. 34. 

Co N ER DIA, a town belonging to Venice 
in Italy. 

CoNcoR DIA, the goddeſs of peace and 
concord at Rome, to whom Camillus firſt 
raiſed a temple in the capitol, where tho 
magiſtrates often aſſembled for the tranſ- 
action of public buſineſs. She had, beſides 
this, other temples and ſtatues, and was ads 
dreſſed to promote the peace and union of 
families and citizens, Put. in Cami. 
Plin, 33, e. 1.—Cic. pro Domo. 

ConDaATE, a town of Gaul, now Rennes 
{Rhedonum wrbs} in Britany. 

ConDALUsS, an avaricious officer, &. 


Coumpals, a village of Cilicia. Cie. Ariftet. Pelit. 


Fan, 15, ep. 4. 


| 


5 Cen- 


Comon, a general of Meſſenia, Pau 4, 


— —— = 
6 OM or Oe Ge, te es 


— ” 
2 
p - * 
— a et j 43 - 
_— — — 


| 
| 
Þ 
1. 


| 
1 
it 


— Dui en In. no er _— 
— 


y _ + — 
7 —— — te ws — 
— — — = 
ee ———_— — — — 
A . 2 
» * * E 
MY a > * 
— = - 


= * 
— Ss —— 


— 
—— 


into the Ganges. 


pin of Pliny 4, c. 12.—Lucan. 3, v. 200. 


— — —  c__”+_—__—©_— — — —— * 


E 


Conpbivte nun, a town of Gaul, now 


Nantes in Britany. 
ConDocHATes, a river of India, flowing 


Conprts1, a pcople of Belgium, now 
Condrotz in Liege. Cſ. bell. G. 4, c. 6. 

Cox DVLIA, a town of Arcadia, Pau. 8, 
c. 23. 

Cont, a ſmall iſland at the mouth of the 
Iſter, ſuppoſed the ſame as the inſula Cono- 


 Contropunus & CoTuaTus, two 
deſperate Gauls, who raiſed their country- 
men againſt Rome, &c. Caf. bell. G. 7, 


3 

. VENTES, a town at the confluence 
of the Moſelle and Rhine, now Coblentx. 

Conrucius, a Chineſe philoſopher, as 
much honored among his countrymen as a 
monarch. He died about 479 years B. C. 

ConGctDus, a river of Spain. Martial. 
1, ep. 50, v. 9. 

Contact, a people of Spain, at the head 
of the Iberus. Strahb. 3. 

Cox IMA, a town of Spain, now Co- 
imbra, of Portugal. 

CownrSALTUs, a god worſhipped at A- 
thens, with the fame cereraonies as Priapus 
at Lampſacus. Srrab. 2. 

Coxisct, a people of Spain. 

ConxIipas, the preceptor of Theſeus, in 
whoſe honor the Athenians inſtituted a feſti- 
val called Connideia, It was then ulual to 
ſacrifice to him a ram. Pat. in The, 

Co No, a famous general of Athens, ſon 
of Timotheus. He was made governor of 
all the iſlands of the Athenians, and was de- 
feated in a naval battle by Lyſander, near 
the Ægoſpotamos. He retired in voluntary 
baniſhment to Evagoras king of Cyprus, and 
afterwards to Artaxerxcs king of Perſia, by 
whole aſſiſtance he freed his country from 
fiavery. He defeated the Spartans near 
Cnidos, in an engagement where Pifander, 
the enemy's admiral, was killed. By his 
means the Athenians fortified their city with 
a ſtrong wall, and attempted to recover 
Ionia and olia. He was perhdioufly be- 
tra ed by a Perſian, and died in priſon, B. C. 

393- C. Nep. in vita. —Plut. in Lyſ. & 
LO tax. —fTfecrates. A Greek aftronomer 
of Samos, who, to gain the favor of Ptolemy 
Evergetes, publicly declared that the queen's 
locks, which had been dedicated in the tem- 
ple of Venus, and had fince diſappeared, 
were become a conficllation, He was inti- 
mate with Archimedes, and floriſhed 247 
B. C. Catull. 657.—FVirg. Ecl. 3, v. 40. 
A Grecian mythologitt, in the age of Julius 
Ceſar, who wrote a book which contained 
40 fables, ſtill extant. There was a trea- 
tiſe written on Italy by a man of the ſame 
Daus. 


E 0 


Coxsxxrrs, the name which the Ro. 
mans gave to the twelve ſuperior gods, the 
Dii majorum gentium. The word ſignifies 2 
much as conſentientes, that is, who conſented 
to the deliberations of Jupiter's council, 


They were twelve in number, whoſe names 


Ennius has briefly expreſſed in theſe lines: 


Juno, Vefta, Minerva, Ceres, Diana, Ven, 
Mars, 


| Mercurius, Jovi, Neptunus, Fulcanus, Apoll. 


Farro. de R. R. 


ConsENTIA, now Coſenxa, a town in the 
country of the Brutii. Liv. 8, c. 24. |. 28, 
c. 11.—Cic. Fin. 1, c. 3. 

Consipius Raus, a Roman knight, 
& c. Tacit. Caius, one of Pompey's ad- 
herents, &c. Cæſ. Bell. Civ. 2, c. 23. 

CoxsiLIx UM, a town of Italy. Mela, 
25 C. 4. N 

ConsTANS, a ſon of Conſtantine, Vid 
Conſtantinus. 

Cos TAN TIA, a grand- daughter of the 
great Conſtantine, who married the emperor 
Gratian. 

ConsTANTINA, a princefs, wife of the 
emperor Gallus. Another. 

ConsTANTINOPGLIS, (Stambou!) for- 
| merly Byzantium, the capital of Thrace, z 
noble and magnificent city, built by Con- 
ſtantine the Great, and ſolemnly dedicated 
A. D. 330. It was the capital of the eaſtem 
Roman empire, and was called, after its 
foundation, Roma not, on account of its 
greatneſs, which ſeemed to rival Rome. The 
beauty of its fituation, with all its conve- 
niences, have been the admiration of every 
age. Conſtantinople became long the aly- 
lum of ſcience and of learned men, but upon 
its conqueſt by Mahomet the II, 28th of 
May 1453, the profeſſors retired from tl 
barbarity of their victors, and found in Italf 
the protection which their learning deſerved. 
This migration was highly favorable to the 
cauſe of ſcience, and whilſt the Pope, the 
head of the houſe of Medicis, and the em- 
peror, munificently ſupported the fugitives 
other prinees imitated their example, and 
equally contributed to the revival of litera 
ture m Europe. 

ConsTANnTINUS, ſirnamed the Greats 
from the greatneſs of his exploits, was ſol 
of Conſtantius. As ſoon as he became inde- 
pendent, he aſfumed the title of Auguſtus, 
and made war againſt Licinius, his brother- 
in-law, and colleague on the throne, becauſe 
he was cruel and ambitious He conquered 
him, and obliged him to lay aſide the impe- 
rial power. It is ſaid, that as he was going ® 
fight againſt Maxentius, one of his rivals, be 
ſaw a croſs in the ſky, with this inſcriptio 


| er TowTw vixa in hoc vince, From t 


his cut 


enfnſtan 
nity, an 
adopting 
Aiter th 
Maxenti 
had teig 
manner, 
and bega 

a city in 
Byzantiu 
his own 1 
tranſport. 
by kec pi. 
rival! of 4 
cence. E 
cities beg 
eye of en 
ſtantine, a 
empires, 
the weſter 
the capita 
Rome. J 
ed for perſ 
protection 
Me at firſt 
wards incl 
der of his 

cenſured. 
from the g 
an eafy pat 
dered his | 
199,000 G 
tories 300, 
banithed by 
land to cult 
and preac 
many term: 
wed A. D. 
tic greateſt 
lons, Cont 
tantius, an 
pre. The 
Britain for | 
the armies 
Killed in the 
340. Mag: 
Vinces of R 
bed, after a 
Africa, anc 
the only ſur: 
ſole emperor 
ther's murde 
andopprefſio 
Cilplayed at 
ant ſulia 
dependent er 
name of Co 
the emperors 
S—A priva 
decount of hi 
A gene: 
CovsTAN 


Pius, and fat 


of the 
1peror 


of the 
) for- 


ace, 2 
Con- 
licated 
eaſtern 
ter its 
oſ ity 
e. The 
conve- 
f every 
he aly- 
at upon 
8th of 
om tlie 
in Italy 
ſerved. 
e to the 
pes the 
the em- 
gitives, 
and 


| * - 


Great, 
was (of 
ne inde» 
uguſtus, 
brother- 
| becauſe 
,nquere 
1e impe- 
going ty 
vals, be 
cription, 
this cu 


umſtangt 


C Oo 


enfnſtance he became a convert to chriſtia- 


nity, and obtained an eaſy victory, ever after ed, by his victories in Britain and Germany. 


adopting a croſs or /abarwm as his ſtandard, 


e © 


merited the title of Cæſar, which he obtain- 


He became the colleague of Galerius, on the 


Aſter the death of Diocletian, Maximian, | abdication of Diocletian; and after bearin 

* 9 * ” * [4 
Maxentius, Maximinus, and Lucinius, who | the character of a humane and benevolent 
had teigned together, though ina ſubordinate | prince, he died at York, and made his ſon 


manner, Conſtantine became ſole emperor, | his ſucceſſor, A. D. 306. 
He founded | fon of Conflantine the Great. Vid. Conſtan- 


and began to reform the ſtate. 


a city in a moſt cligible fituation, where old | in. 


The ſecond 


The father of Julian and Gallus, 


Byzantium formerly ſtobd, and called it by | was fon of Conſtantius by Theodora, and 


his own name, Conflantinop"lis. 


by keeping his court there, he made it the 
riva! of Rome, in population and magnifi— 
cence. From that time the two imperial 
cities began to look upon each other with an 
eye of envy ; and ſoon after the age of Con- 


ſtantine, a ſeparation was made of the two 
empires, and Rome was called the capital of 


Thither he | died A. D. 337.— A Roman general of 
tranſported part of the Roman ſenai2; and | Nyſſa, who married Placidia, the ſiſter of 


Honorius, and was proclaimed emperor, an 
honor he enjoyed ouly ſeven months. He 
died univerſally regretted, 421 A. D. and 
was ſucceeded by his fon Valentinianin tie 
weſt, One of the ſervants of Attila. 
CoNnSUALES Lunior ConsUAL1A, feſ- 
tivals at Rome in honor of Conſus, the god 


the weſtern, and Conſtantinopolis was called | of counſel, whoſe altar Romulus diſcovered 
the capital! of the eaſtern, dominions of | under the ground. This altar was always co- 


Rome. The emperor has been diſtinguith- 
ed for perſonal courage, and praiſed for the 
protection he extended to the chriſtians. 
Ke at firſt perſecuted the Arians, but atter- 
wards inclined to their opinions. His mur- 
der of his ſun Criſpus has been deſervedly 
cenſured. By removing the Roman legions 
from the garriſons on the rivers, he opened 
an eafy paſſage to the barbarians, and ren- 
dered his ſoldiers unwarlike. He defeated 
199,000 Goths, and received into his terri- 
tories 300,000 Sarmatians, who had been 
baniſhed by their ſlaves, and allowed them 
land to cultivate. Conſtantine was learned, 
and preached, as well as compoſed, 
many ſermons, one of which remains. He 
died A. D. 337, after a reign of 31 years of 
tic greateſt glory and ſucceſs. He left three 
ons, Conttantinus, Conſtans, and Con- 
fantius, among whom he divided his em- 
pire. The firſt, who had Gaul, Spain, and 
Britain for his portion, was conquered by 
the armies of his brother Conſtans, and 
Killed in the 25th year of his age, A. D. 
349. Magnentius, the governor of the pro- 
rinces of Rhætia, mardered Conſtans in his 
bed, after a reign of 13 years, over Italy, 
Africa, and Illyricum; and Conftantius, 
the only ſurviving brother, now become the 
ole emperor, A. D. 353, puniſhed his bro- 
ther's murderer, and gave way to cruelty 
andoppreſſion. He viſited Rome, where he 
diſplayed a triumph, and died in his march 
ant ſulian, who had been proclaimed in- 
dependent emperor by his ſoldiers. The 
name of Conſtantine was very common to 


the emperors of the eaſt, in a later period. 
& private ſoldier in Britain, raiſed on 
count of his name to the imperial dignity. 
>—A general of Beliſarius. 
ConsranTIys CHLORVS, ſom of Eutro- 


pius, and father of. the great Conſtant ine, 


| 


vered except at the feſtival, when a mule 


was ſacrificed, and games and horſe- races ex- 
hibited in honor of Neptune. It was during 
theſe feſtivals that Romulus carried away the 
Sabine women who had aſſembled to be {pec- 
tators of the games. They were firſt inſtitut- 
ed by Romulus. Some ſay that Romulus 
only regulated and re-inſtituted them after 
they had been before eſtabliſhed by Evander. 
During the celebration, which happened 
about the middle of Auguſt, the horſes were 
exempted from all laburs, and were led 
through the ſtreets adorned with garlands 
and flowers, 

ConsvuL, a magiſtrate at Rome, with re- 
gal authority for the ſpace of one year. 
There were two conſuls, a conſulende, an- 
nually choſen in the Campus Martius. The 
two firſt conſuls were L. Jun. Brutus, nd 
L. Tarquinius Collatinus, choſen A. U. C. 
244, after the expulſion of the Tarquins. 
Ia the firſt ages of the republic, the two 
conſuls were always choien from Patrician fa- 
milies, or noblemen; but the people obtain- 
ed the privilege A. U. C. 388, of electing 
one of the conſuls from their own body; and 
ſometimes both were plebeians. The firſt 
conſul among the plebcians was L. Sextius. 
It was required that every candidate for the 
conſulſhip ſhould be 43 years of age, called 
legitimum tempus. He was always to appear 
at the election as a private man, without a 
retinue ; and it was requiſite, before he can- 
vaſſed for the office, to have diſcharged the 
inferior functions of quzſtor, edile, and pra- 
tor. Sometimes theſe qualifications were diſ- 
regarded. Val. Corvinus was made a con- 
ſul in his 23d year, aud Scipio in his 24th. 
Young Marius, Pompey, and Auguſtus, 
were alſo under the proper age when they 
were inveſted with the office, and Pumpey 
had never been quæſtor or prætor. The 

Þ 2 power 


— . — — — GS 


822 


PRs A ag 
— — —— — — 
ä 9 
Fa >» 
— - l 


* — — — — 


e VV 


r of the conſuls was unhounded, and 
t'ey knew no ſuperior but tte gods and the 
laws ; but after the expiration of their of- 
fice, their conduct was minutely ſcrutinized 
by rhe people, and miſbehaviour was often 
puniſhed by tic laws. The badge of their 
office was the prateata, a robe fringed with 
purple, afterwarc's exchanged for tie Yoga 
picta or palnatn. They were preceded by 
T2 lictors, c-rryirg the faſces or bundle of 
Nicks, in the micicle of which appeared an 
ax, The ax, as being the characteriſtie 
rather of tyranny than of freedom, was taken 
away from the faſces by Valerius Popticoia, 
but it was 1cftored by his ſuccefſor, Tice 
conſuls took it by turns, monthly, to be 
preceded by the ictors while at Rome, left 
the appearance of two perſons with the badges 
of royal authority, ſhould raife apprehenftons 
in the multitude, While one appeared pub- 
licly in Qate, only a erier walked before the 
other, anc the ligtots followed behind with- 
out the forces. Their authority was cqual ; 
vet the Vatciian law gave the right of pri- 
ority to the older, and the julian law to 
him who had the moſt children, and be 
was generally called conſel major or prior. 
As their power was abſolute, they preſided 
over the tenatc, and could convene and diſ- 
miſs it at pleaſure, The ſenators were tl eir 
counſellors; and among the Romans, the 
manner of reckoning their years was by the 
name of the conſuls, and by M. Tull, Ci- 
cerone & I. cintonio Conſulibus, for inſtance, 
the year of Rome 689 waz always underſtood. 
This cuſtom |. ſed from the year of Rome 
244 till the year 1294, or 54 1ſt year of the 
Chriſtian era, when the conſular office was 
totally ſuppreſſed by ſuſtinian. In public 
aſſemblies the conſuls {at in ivory chairs, and 
held in their hands an ivory wand, called 
ſcipie eburneus, which had an eagle on its top, 
as a ſign of digrity and power. When they 
had drawn by lot the provinces over which 
they were to prefide during their conſulſhip, 
they went to the capitol to offer their prayers 
to the gods, and entreat them to protect the 
republic: after this they departed from the 
city, arrayed in their military dreſs, anc 
preceded by the liftors. Sometimes the 
provinces were aſſigned them, without draw- 
ing by lot, by the will and appointment of 
the ſenators. At their departure, they were 
provided by the ſtate with whatever was re- 
quiſite during their expedition. In their 
provinces they were both attended by the 12 
liftors, and equally inveſted with legal autho- 
rity. Trey were not permitted to return to 
Rome without the ſpecial command of the 
ſenate, and they always remained in the pro- 
vince till the arrival of their ſucceſſor. At 
their retian they harangued the people, and 
ſolemnly protcited that they had dune nothing 


CT: O 


againſt the laws or intereſt of their country, 
but bad faitk;u,ly and diligently endeavoured 
to promote the greatneſs and welfaie of the 
ſtate, No man could he conſul two tollow. 
ing years ; yet this inſtitution was ſometimes 
broken, and we find Marius re-elected con- 
ſui, atter the expiration of his office, during 
the Cimbrian war. The office of conſul, ſo 
Cignihed during the times of the common. 
wealth, became a mere title under the em- 
perors, and retained nothing of its authority 
but the utcleſs enfigns of original dignity, 
Even the office of conſul, which was origi- 
nally annual, was reduced to two or thee 
months by J. Cxſar ; but they who were ad- 
mitted on the firſt of ,January denominated 
the year, and were called ordinarii, Ther 
tuccefſors, during the year, were diſtinguiſh- 
el by the name of ſffefi, Tiberius and 
Claudius abridged the time of the conſulſhip, 
and the emperor Commodus made no ies 
than 25 conſuls in one year. Conſtantine 
the Great renewed the original inititution, 
and permitted them to be a whole year i 
office. Here is annexed a liſt of the 
conſuls from the cflabliſhment of the conſular 
power to the battle of Attium, in which it 
may be ſaid that the authority of the conſuls 
was totally extinguiſhed. 

The two firſt conſuls, choſen about the 
middle of June, A. U. C. 244, were L. Jun, 
Brutus, and L. Tarq. Callatinus. Cullatinus 
retired from Rome as being of the family 
of the Tarquins, and Pub. Valerius was 
choſen in his room. When Brutus was 
killed in battle, Sp. Lucretius was elected 
to ſucceed him ; and after the death of Lu- 
cretius, Marcus Horatius was choſen tor tie 
reſt of the year with Valerius Publicola, 
The firſt conſulſhip laſted about 16 months, 
during which the Romans fought againki tit 
Tarquins, and the capitol was dedicated. 

A. U. C. 246. Pus, VALErIUs PuB- 
LicCoLA 2, Tit. LucReTius Porten- 
na ſupported the claims of Tarquia The 
noble actions of Cocles, Scævola, and 
Clœlia. 


247. P. LucreTrvs, or M. 
HoraTius; P. VALER. PUBLICOLA þ 
The vain efforts of Porſenna continued, 
248. Sy. LaxTIvs; 
HERMINIUs. Victories obtained over tt 
Sabines. 

— 240. M. VALIEA Ius; Þ 
PosTuUmius. Wars with the Sabines con- 
tinued. 

——— 250. P. VaIEII Vs 4; | 
LucRETiIVs 2. 
| 251. AcrIPPA MENENIUS! 
P. PosTUMIUs 2. The death of Publ 
cola, 


252, OpiTzn VIIOI NIC 


SP. Cassius. Sabine war, Abe 


A. 
. 
Rome 


NIUS 
NUS; 


Cra. 


— — 


TRAT 


T1. 


SERVI 
VETU 
Mons 
US 2; 
betwee 
tion ot 


Mrixu 
Avr. 
haviour 


RINUS 
riolanu: 


Ius. 
Furiv: 
Rome, 

mother 
AquiL 
CULUS 
ranny. 

Q. Fas 


thrown | 


Fukivs 
and Ve, 
— —— 
Maxun 
Virxcry 
the river 
— 
SERVIL1 
the neigh 
M. NENI 
760 Fabi 


ry, 
ured 
the 
OW -æ 
imes 
con- 
ring 
al, ſo 
non- 
em- 
ority 
nity, 
rigi- 
three 
re ad- 
nated 
Ther 
zuiſh- 
$ and 
hip, 
10 les 
antine 
ution, 
cat in 
of the 
nſular 
hich it 
onſuls 


ut the 
L. Jun, 
latinus 
family 
S Was 
is Was 
elected 
of Lu- 
for the 
licola, 
nonths, 
ink the 
ated. 

s Pus- 
Por (ens 
| The 
ay and 


„ or M. 
OLA Þ 
ed, 

5; 
over lle 


vs; P. 
nes con- 


4 T. 


LENLUS? 
1 Publi- 


ot Nies 


A. U. C. 


E Oo 


A. U. C. 253. Pos ruutus Commwrt's; 
T. LARTIUSs. A conſpiracy of ſlaves at 
Rome. 


254. SERV. SULPICIUS; Ma- 
nrus TULL1UsS. | 
255. P. VETvurIvs GeM- 
dus; T. /EBuTrvus ELva. l 
— 256. T. LaxT1vs 2; L. 
CLativs. War with the Latins. 
— 257. A. SEMPRONIUS A- 
TRATINUS; M. MinvCcivus. 
258. AvLvs Posruutus; 
Tit. Vikcinivus. The battle of Regillz. 
259. Ar. CLavupivs;. P. 
War with the Volſci. 
260. A. Vircinivs; T. 
VETUR1vs, The diſſatis fied people retire to 
Mons Sacer. 


SERVILIUS. 


26t. Posruutus Comini- 
vs 2; Sp. Casstus, 2. A reconcilation 
between the ſenate and people, and the elce- 
tion of the tribunes. 
- 262. 
Mixucivs. 


— — —_——— 


T. GxcœANIUs; P. 
A famine at Rome. 
263. M. Minvucivs 2d; 
Abr. SEMPRONIUS 2. The haughty be- 
haviour of Coriolanus to the populace, 
264. Q. SUuLyITiUs CAME- 
RINUS; SP. LarTius FLavus 2. Co- 
nolanus retires to the Volſci. 
265, C.jJvLivs; P.Prina- 
11s. The Volſci make declarations of war. 
266. Sr. NAuTIUS; Sex. 
Fuxius. Coriolanus forms the ſiege of 
Rome, He retires at the entreaties ot his 
mother and wife, and dies. 
46%. T. Stcrwrus;.. C. 
The Volſci defeated. 
268. Sp. Cassius 3; PRo- 
cUuLUs VikGINIus. Caſſius aſpires to ty- 
tanny. 


AquiLivs. 


— — 


269. Serv. CorvnELivs; 
Q. Fass. Caſſius is condemned, and 
thrown down the Tarpeian rock. 

270. L. EMUs; Cx5$0 
FaB1uUs. The /Equi and Volſci defeated. 


7— 


271. M. Favivs; L. VA- 
LERIUS. 

272. Q. Faprvs 2; C. Ju- 
Livs, War with the qui. 


273. Cas FABIUs 2; SP. 
Fuxivs, War continued with the Aqui 
and Veientes. 


274. M. FasBrvs, 2; CN. 
Victory overthe Hernici. 
275. Cx$0 Fanivs, 3; A. 
Virxctnius., The march of the Fabii to 
the river Cremera, 

276. L. Amilivs, 2; C. 
SEKVILIUS. The wars continued againſt 
the neighbouring ſtates. 

277. C Henares; T. 
Mtnexntus, The defeat and death of the 
360 Fabii, 


ManLivs. 


CC. MS 


e 0 


A. U. C. 278. Sr. Sexvitivs; Abr. 
VirGintus, Menenius brought to his trial 
for the defeat of the armies under him. 

279. C. NAurius; P. Vas» 


LERIUS, 


280. L. Furivs; C. Man- 


LiUs, A truce of 40 years granted to the 
Veientes. 


281. L. Amitivs 3; Vire 
GINIUs or Voerscus jours. The tri- 
bune Genutius murdered in his bed for his 
ſeditions. 


—— 282. L. PIN ARIUs H; P. Fu- 


RIUSs. 


283. Ay. CLavpivs; T. 
QuiNnT1Vs. The Roman army ſuffer them- 
ſelves to be defeated by the Volſci, on ac» 
count of their hatred to Appius, while his 
colleague is boldly and chearfully obeyed 
againſt the Aqui, 
284. L. VALERIVs, 2; TIB. 
AMiLivs, Appius is cited to take his 
trial before the people, and dies beto:e the 
aay of trial. 

— 285, T. Numicivs PRIS“E 
cus; A. VIRGINIUS, 
236. T. QvinTivs, 2; Q. 


SERVILIUS. 
— 287. 
Q. Fates. 


Tis. EulLivs, 2; 


288. Q. SERvVILIUS, 2; Sr. 
Pos runs. 

= 289. Q. Fanrvs, 2; FT. 
Qu1:T1vs, 3. In the Centus made this 
year, which was the ninth, there were found 
124,214 C: zens in Rome, 

—— 290. AUL.PoSTUMIUsS; SP, 

Furi1vs, 


291. L. ABuTivs;P. SkR- 
A plague at Rome. 

292. T. LucketTivs TRI· 
CIPITINUS; T. VETURIUS GEMINUS., 

298. P. Vor uuNius; SERv. 
SULPICIUS. Dreadful prodigies at Rome, 
and editions. 

_ 294. C. CLavpivs; P. Va- 
LERIUS, 2, A Sabine ſeizes the Capitol, 
and is defeated and killed. Valet ius is killed 
in an engagement, and Cincinnatus is taken 
from the plough, and made dictator; he 
quelled the diſſent ions at Rome, and returned 
to his farm. 


VILIUS, 


295.Q. Fanivs, 3; L. Core 
NELIUS. The Cenſus made the Romans 
amount to 132,049. 

296. L. Minvceivs; C. 
NauTIUs, 2. Minucius is beliSed in his 
camp by the Equi; and Cincinnatus being 
elected dictator, delivers him, obtainsa vie- 
tory, and lays down his power 16 days after 
his election. 
— 297. Q. Mrvvucivs; C. 
HoraTius, War with the Aqui and 
Sabines. Ten tribunes elected inſtead of hve, 


P 3 A. U C. 


— 


J 
— 


=D 
— —— ee — = A 


* 


AW 
* 
—— 


CT 'U 


A. U. C. 298. M. Varrgius; Sy. 


Vrirkorxivs. 
— 9. T.Rn.v; C.:- 


TURIUS, 


300. Sr. TarPevs; A. 
Arrius. 


301. P. CuRIATIUS ; SEX, 
Qv1xTILIUS. 
=— 302. C. MEenenivs; P. Cxs- 
Tivs CAPTTOLIN Us. The Decemvirs re- 
duce the laws into twelve tables. 
30 3. Ap. CLauprivs;T GR- 
NUTIus; P. Cksries, &c. The Decem- 
virs aſſume the reins of government, and 
vreſide with conſular power. 
304 & 305. Ay. CLAupius; 
. Fazrus Virul anus; M. CoRNELIUS, 
&c. The Decemvirs continued. They act 
with violence. Appius endeavours to take 
poſſeſſion of Virginia, who is killed by her 
father. The Decemvirs aboliſhed. 
306. VaLerIvs PoTITUS; 
M. HoxArius BarktaTus. Appius is 
ſummoned to take his trial. He dies in 
priſon, and the reſt of the Decernvirs are ba- 
niſhed. 

— 307. LART. HERMINTIUs; 
T. VIX GINIVUs. 
303, M. Grcavius Ma- 
crRIN Us; C. JuLivs. Domeſtic troubles, 
309. T. QuinT1Uus Capi- 
TOoLINUS 4; Ad RI PA FURICS. The 
qui and Volſci come near to the gates of 
Rome, 2nd are defeated. 
310. M. Gsenvcivs;. C. 
CurerTrivs. A law paſſed to permit the 
patrician and plebeian families to intermarry. 
311. Military tribunes arc 
choſen inſtead of conſuls. The plebeians ad- 
mitted among them, The frſt were A. 
SEMPRONIUS; L. ATILIUsS; T. CLa:Li- 
Us, They abdicared three months after their 
election, and conſuls were again choſen, L. 


Papintus MUGILANUS; L. SEMPRONI- | 


Us ATRATINUS. 

312. M. Gecanrus Ma- 
CERINUS 2; T. QuinTIuUs CAPITOLI- 
NUS 5. The cenſorſhip inſtituted. 

313. M. Faprivus ViBuLaA- 
„dus; PosTUmius /ErBUuTius CokNt- 
CEN, 


314. C. Furivs PACILvus; 
M. PaPixius CRaAS>Us, 
315. P. Gecanius MACE- 
RINUs; L. Minunivs LANATus. A fa- 
mine at Rome, Malius attempts to make 
hi mſeli king, 

— 316. T. QuiwTivs CaAPi- 
Tolinus 6; ARPA MENEN TUS LA- 
FAT us. 


37. MauENcus /EMILI- 


vs; T. QrixTivs; L. Jorius, Military 


tribaner, 


tg © 
A.U.C. 318. M. Grcanits Ma. 


CERINUS; SeRGIvus FipEnNAS. Tolum. 
nius, king of the Veientes, killed by Coſſus, 
who takes the ſecond royal ſpoils called 
Opima, 

— 319. M. CoxNxELIus Ma. 
LUGINENS1sS; L. PApIR TUS CRAssus. 


320. C. JuLivs; L. Vir. 


GINIUS, 

— 321. C. JuLivs 2; L. VII- 
GINIVUS 2, The duration of the cenſorſhip 
limited to 18 months. 

— 222, M. FABtUs VIEVI4A- 
Fus; M. Fossius; L. SkROIUs Frpr- 
NAS, military tribunes. 5 
323. L. PIN ERIUSs Mau- 
cus; L. Fukivs MEDULLINUS; Sr. Pos. 
TUmMius ALzus. Military tribunes. 

324. T. QuinTius Cin. 
CINNATUS; C. JuLivs MENTo; conſuls. 
A vittory over the Veientes and Fidenates 
by the dictator Poſthumius, 

325. C. Payirivs CRassvs; 


L. Juuius. 


326. L. Sexcrvus Frnexas 
2; Hos r. LucRET. TRICIPITINUS. 
327. A. Cox NELIVSs Cossus; 
T. QuinTius PENNUs 2. 

328. SERVILIUS AKRALA; 
L. Payikius MUGILANUS 2. 

329. T. QuinT1uUs Prxxus; 
C. Fukxivs; M. PosTHUMIUS; A. Cokx. 
Cossus. Military Tribunes, all of Patrician 
families. Victory over the Veientes. 
330. A. SEMPRONIUS A- 
TRATINUS,L.QUINTIUS CINCINNATUS; 
L. Fuxius MpulLINus, L. Hot. 
BARBATUS. 


331. A. CLAUupius CRAs- 
SUS, &c, Military tribunes. 

332. C. SEMPpRoONIUs A- 
TRATINU5; Q. FaBius VIBULANUS. 
Conſuls who gave much diſſatis faction to the 


people. 


333. L. MAxLius Cari- 
TOLINUS, &c. Military tribunes. 
324. NCMrRIUVSs Fairs 
ViBuLanus; T. O. CariroLinus. 
335. L. Q. Ci Sci xx ATrus, 
3; L. Funes Mrpurtrixus, 2; M. 
MaANLI CGS; A. SEMPRONIUS ATAATINUS. 
Military trihunes. 

36. A. MENENMIVSs LANA- 
ros, &c. Military tribunes. 
337. L. SERGIUSs FIDENAY, 
M. PAPIR Ius MUGILLANUS, C. SERV1- 
LI us. 


338. AMENXENIUS LANA 
108, 2, &c. 


339. A. SEMPRONIUS A- 
TRATINUS, 33 &c. 
340. P. CokxELIius Cos- 


sus, &C, 


A. U. G 


& %Y 
Kc. O 
to deatl 


Fugitv: 
{edition 


Tus; C 


TINUS; 


C. VAL 


L. Fur] 
for the fi 


litary tri 


NUs, &c 


Coss1, & 
the Rom 


TOLINU: 


ſiege of v 


rus, &c. 


MAMERC 
begin to 1 


&c. A -4 
quarrel b 
bunes. 


TUS, 4; 
A military 
plebeians, 


millus dec! 
taken by en 
tains a triu 


| 


The people 


— —ʒ—ͤ 


SERvius s 
ſuls after } 
litary tribui 
millus ſtro 
eli, and it 


Tus; M.! 


dies. 


Military tri 


0 


A. U. C. 341. Cn. Conn. Coss us, 
Kc. One of the military tribunes ſtoned 
to death by the army. 

342. M. Corn. Cossvs; L. 
Furxtvs MEDULLINnus, Conſuls. Domeſtic 
ſeditions. 


343. Q. FanBrvs AMBus- 
Tus; C. Furxivs PAciLus, 

——— 344. M. PArIRtus ATRA- 
TINUs; C. NavTiusRuTILUs. 

———— 34. MaAMrRCUs /AEMILIUS; 
C. VALErivs Porirus. 

346. CN. Corn. Coss vs; 

L. Fuxivs MEepuLLINUus, 2. Plebeians 
for the firſt time quæſtors. 

—— 347. C. JuLlivs, &c. Mi- 
litary tribunes. 

348. L. Fuxtus MebuLL1- 
Military tribunes. 

349. P. & Cn. CoRNEL1I 
Cossi, &c. Military tribunes. This year 
the Roman ſoldiers firſt received pay. 
350. T. QuinTius CaP1- 
TOLINUS, &c. Military tribunes. The 
fiege of Veii begun. 
351. C. VALERIUs Pori- 
Military tribunes. 

352. Mancivs /EmiLivs 
The Roman cavalry 


nus, &c. 


rus, &c. 


MAMERCINUS, &c. 
begin to receive pay. 
353. C. Servitivs An ALA, 
&c. A defeat at Veii, occaſioned by a 
quarrel between two of the military tri- 
bunes. 


354. L. VaLezius Port- 
Tus, 4; M. Furivs CAMILLUS, 2, &c. 
A military tribune choſen from among the 
plebeians. 


&c. 


355. P. LicinivsCaLvus, 


356. M. Vrru nis, &c. 
— 357. L. VALERIUSs Port- 
Tus, 5; M. FURIUs CAMILL US, 3, &c. 
358. L. Juries jorus, &c. 
P. LiciN ius, &c. Ca- 
millus declared dictator. The city of Veii 
taken by means of a mine. Camillus ob- 
tains a triumph. 
360. P Corn. Cossvs, &c. 
The people wiſhed to remove to Veii. 
361, M. Fuxivs CAMIL- 
LUs, &c. Faliſci ſurrendered to the Romans. 
362. L. LuckxtTt. FLACcus; 
SERVIUS SULPICIUS CAMERINUS, Con- 
ſuls after Rome had been governed by mi- 
litary tribunes for 1 5 ſucceſſive years. Ca- 
millus ſtrongly oppoſes the removing to 
Veit, and it is rejected. 
363. I.. VALEN Us Port- 


el M. MaxnLivs. One of the cenſors 
ICS, 


— 


L. LuvcxtTivs, &c. 


S O 


| which foretold the approach of the Gauls. 
Camillus goes to banithment to Ardea. The 
Gauls behege Cluſium, and ſoon after march 
towards Rome. 

A. U. C. 365. Three FABII military 
tribunes. The Romans Gdefeated at Allia, 
by the Gauls, The Gauls enter Rome, and 
ſet jt on fire, Camillus declared dictator 
by the ſenate, who had retired into the capi- 
tol. The geeſe ſave the capitol, and Camil- 
lus ſuddenly comes and deteats the Gauls. 

— 366. L. VALERIVS PoPLi- 
coLA, 3; L. VigciNivs, &c. Camillus 
declared dictator, defeats the Volſci, Aqui, 
and Tuſcans. 


367. T. Q. CincinnaTvusy 
Q. SeRvILiusFipenas; L. JuLlivs Ju- 
LUS. 

— 368. L. Paris; Cx. 
SERGIUS; L. AMILivs, &c. 
369. M. Fu Rus CAMILLUS, 


&c. 

370. A ManLtivs; P. Cor- 
NELIUVS, &c. The *'/oligi defeated. Mau- 
lius aims at royalty. 

371. SkR. Corn, MAL Vi- 
NENSIS; P. VALTIRIUS PoTiITUsS; M. Fo- 
RIUS CAMILLUs. Manulius is condemned 
and thrown down the Tarpeian rock. 

372. L. VALERITUSs; A. Max- 
LIUS; SER, SULPICIUS, &c. 

— 373. Sp. & L. Par IT rr, &c. 
374. M. Fuxivs CAMIL- 
Lus; L. FuRlus, &c. 

. Vat. 
376. C. ManLivs, &c. 
377. SP. Funktus, &c. 

378. L. AnmiLivs, &c. 
379. L. Papixlus; L. Max- 
RENIUS; SER. SULPICIVUS, &Cc, 

380. For four years anar- 
38 t. {city at Rome. No con- 
382. (ſuls or military tribunes 
333. Jelected, but only for 
that time. L. SEXTIN US; C. Liciniuts 
CaLvus SToLo, Tribunes of the people. 
384. L. Fukivs, &e. 

385. Q.Sexvitivs; C. V- 
TURIVsS, &c. Ten magiſtrates are choſen 
to take care of the Sibylline books. 

386. M. Favs, &c. 

387. T. QuixTIvs; Ser. 
CoRNnNELIUsS, &c. 

—— 388. A. & M. CoxxgLII, 
&c. The Gauls defeated by Camilius. One 
of the conſuls for the future to be elected 
from among the plebeians. 

389. M.Amilivs; L. Sex- 
ius; conſuls, The offices of pretar and 
Curule Adile, granted to the ſenate by the 
people. A | 

———— 390. L. Gznucivs; Q. 
SzZRVILIUS, Camillus died. | 


| — 364. 
Military tribunes. A ſtrange voice heard, | 


P 4 N. . 


CO 


A. V. c. 391. Surrrivs Prricvs; 
C. Licinrvs Sroro. | 
392, CN. GenvuTivs; L. 


JEMILIUS. 
393. Q. Serv. AHALA 2; 
L. Gzenvcivs 2. Curtius devotes himſelf 
to the Di! mages. 

———— 394. C. Suteicivs 2; C. 
Lrcinrus 2. Manlius conquers a Gaul in 
ſingle battle. 


395. C. PRTILIVSs BAL Bus; 
M. FasiUs AMBUSTUS. 
396. M. Porirrus LæNAs; 
C. MAanLivs 2. 
397. C.Faprvs; C. PLav- 
tus. Gauls defeated. 
— 398. C. Maxcivs; C. 
ManL1vs 2. 

——— 399. M. FABTUs AMBUs- 
1 us 2; M. PopiLius LNAS 2. A dic- 
tator elected from the plebeians for the firſt 
time. 


400. C. SuLyicivus Pæri- 
cus 3; M. VALERTUSs PopLICOLA 2, 
both of patrician families. 
401. M. FAS AMBUSTUS 
3; T. GQuiNrrus. 

—— - 402. C. Suorrrrius PI- 
c us 4; M. VAIERIVUS PoPLICOLA 3. 
| — 403. M. VALERIUSs Poli- 
cot A A; C. MARCUS RuTILUS. 
404. Q. Surricius P&T1- 
cvs 5; T. G. PENN Vs. A cenfor clected 
ſor the firſt time from the plebeians. 

- 405. M. PoriLivus Læ- 

NAS 3; L. Corn, Scipro. 
406. L. Furrvs Camirt- 
us; Ar. CLavpivs CRASSUus. Valcrius 
ſtrnamed Corvinus, after conquering a 


Gaul. 


— 


407. M. VAIER. Coxvus; 
M. PoriLivs L NAS 4. Corvus was 
ele ted at 23 years of age, againſt the ſtand- 
ing law. A treaty of amity concluded with 
Carthage. 


408. T. ManLivs TorqQua- 
us; C. PLlAurius. 
409. M. VALERIVSs Con- 
vus 2; C. Prius. 
410. M. FAIUs Dokso; 
SER. SULPICIUS CAMERINUS. 

— — 411. C. Mac Rur. 
Lus; T. Maxnttus TokqQUATUS. 
412. M VALERIUVSs Corvus 
3; A. Corn. Cossus. The Romans be- 
gin to make war againſt the Samnites, at the 
requeſt of the Campanians, They obtain a 
victory. 

— 413. C. MAkcius Rur - 
Lus 4; . SER Virtus. 

— 414. C. PlAurtus; L. A- 

MIL Ius MAMEFRCINUS, 
415. T. ManLtivs Ton- 
auArus 3; P. Decivs Mus, The vic- 


— — 


Eo 


tories of Alexander the Great in Aſa. . 
lius put his ſon to death for fighting again 
his order. Decius devotes himſclt for the 
army, which obtains a great victory over 
the Latins. 
A. U. C. 416. T. Emitivus Manes 
ixus; Q. PuntiLitvs Putto. 
—— = 417. L.FuxivsCamiLLvs; 
C. Mxnivs. The Latins conquered. 
418. C. SuLe1civs Loxocvs; 
| P. ELius PxTvs. The prætorſhip grant. 


| ed to a plebeian. 


419. L. Parrrivs CRrassvs; 
Cxso Dv1Li1vs. 

420. M. VALERrIVUs Corvus; 
M. AT1iL1vs REGULUS. 

421. T. VETURIUS; Se. 
PosTHUMIUS. 

422. A. CoRNEL1vus 2; Cx. 


DomiT1Us. 


423. M..CLavpivs Mar- 
CELLUS; C. VALERIVSs PoTITUS. 
424. L. ParIRIUS Cuson; 
C.PzT1ILivus LI Bo. 
— 425. L. Par IRTUs CRAssvs; 
C. PLAuTivs VENNo. 
426. L. EMIL IUs Mau- 
sidus 2; C. PLAUu riss. 
427. P. PLavTivs PRocr- 
cus; P. CoRN. SCAPULA. 
428. L. Corn. LENnTULts; 
Q. PuRLILivs Puro 2, 
429. C. PxTiLIvs; L. Pa- 
PIRIUS MUGILLANUS. 
430. L. Furxivs CAMittes 
2; D. Jux. Bur us ScæraA. The dicta- 
tor Papirius Curſor is for putting to death 
Fabius his mafter of horſe, becauſe de 
fought in his abſence, and obtained a tamous 
victory. He pardons him. 
— 4. C. SvLycvs Loxor; 
I; . AULIus CERRETANUS. 


432. L. Fanivs; L. Fri: 


VIUS. 
— 433. T. Vĩirusivs Caxvt- 

NUS 2; Sr. PosTUMIUS ALBINUS 2. C. 
Pontius, the Samnite, takes the Roman 
conſuls in an ambuſcade at Caud:um. 
424. L. PaPtrivus CURSOR 
2; C. PuBLiLivs Pn1Lo, 
435. L. Pair is CURSOR 
3; Q. AuLivs CERRETANUS 2. 

— 436. M. Foss1us FLAcci- 
NATOR; L. PLauTtius VENNo. 
427. C. Jun. BUBULCES; 
L. EMuILIUSs BARBUTLA. 
438. Sr. Naurtus; M. Po- 


— — 


PILIUS, 

— 439. L. Parrinivs 4; 2 
PuBLI1L1iUs 4. 
440. M. Prius; C. Sur 


PICIUS, 


441. L. Payitrius Conse 


A. U. C. 


5; C. Jun, BuBuLcus 2. 
| a 


U 


Pn Wa 
the Poti 


Q. Ami 


11vs Ri 


CIUS 2, 


L. VoLt 


Q. Mak 


Mriwvuci 


RIO; SE 
conquered 


CoRNEL 


LIVS, 


Mus; Q 


made com 


T. MANI 


— nl “lůA— 


Cv. FuL\ 


4; P. Dx. 
Samnites. 


CLavnir 
ans and $; 


—— ʒ—⏑—Ü—Ü—Ü— 
cus 4. 
againſt the 
Romans 0 
—  — — 
Luz: M.. 


— wot. 


dr. Caxy 
nites, 
—ů— UaU— ä 
D. Jux. B 
the Samnit 
— 
1 BRU 
ome in t 
daurus, 
—— 


M. Cuziy 


— 


res; nc A 


C O 


V. C. 442. M. VALZRIVSs; P. DE- 
The cenſor Appius makes the Ap- 
bn way and aqueduets. The family of 
the Potitii extinct. 


y 443. C. Jux. Bußurcds 3; 

* Q. KEMurrrus BARBULA 2. 

444. Q. FABIUs z; C. Max- 
iT 11s RUTILUS. f 

445. Q. FasBrvs 3; P. DE- 
Us; CIUS 2, 
nt. 446. Arrius CLAvpivs; 

L. VoLumN1vs. 

vs; — 447. P. Corn. AR VIVA; 
Q. Marcius TREMULUS. 

vs; 448. L. Pos rumius; T. 
Misvetus. 

Sy, 449. P. SuLpicivus SAvER- 
Rio; SEMPRONIVUS SoPHUs. The Aqui 
conquered, 

85 450. L. Genvucivs; SER. 

Har- CokxELIus. 

451. M. Livivs; M. EM- 
on; LIVS, 

——  — 4 2. M. VALIERIUSs Maxl- 
sus; mus; Q. Arurzius. The prieſthood 
made common to the plebeians. 

Ak- 453. M. FuLviusPæTINus; 
T. ManLivs ToxQUATUS. 

ocr— * 454. L. CoRNELIUS SI PIo; 
Cv. FuLvivs. 

Les: 455. Q. FABZIUs Maximus 
4; P. Dzecivs Mus 3, Wars againſt the 

- Pa Samnites. 

456. L. VoLumnivs2; Ap. 
urs Cravptus 2. Conqueſt over the Etruri- 
dicta- ans and Samnites. 
death — 457. Q. FABIVS 5; P. DE- 
iſe he civs 4. Decius devotes himſelf in a battle 
arnous againſt the Samnites and the Gauls, and the 

Romans obtain a victory. 

vers 458. L. PosTUmius MEGEL= 
Loe; M. ATiLius REGULUS. 

Fri 459. L. PAIRIUVS CURSOR; 
by. CAKvil tus. Victories over the Sam- 

"aA LvVIs nites, 

1 'Ge —— 460. Q. Faspivs Guns; 

Roman D. Jux. BRV TUS SCEva. Victory over 

3 the Samnites. 

'U RSOR 461. L. PosTumivs 3; C. 

x Wh BxuUTus. AÆſculapius brought to 

u soR ome in the form of a ſerpent from Epi- 
daurus. 

LAcci- 462. P. Corn. RuFinus; 
M. Cuxivs DEN IArus. 

ULCUS; ——-- 463. M.VaLERiUusCoRvi- 
NUs; C. Cæbicius NocTUVA. 

M. Po- —— 464. Q. Macius TREMU- 
LUS; P. Cokn. ARvINA. 

4; Q — —-46;. M. CLavpivs MAx- 
CELLUS; C. NAurius. 

c. Sri - 466. M. VaAIZIAIVSs Pori- 
vos; C. ALivs Pærus. 

Cunrs0R 


As U. C. 


CO 


A. U. C. 467. C.CLavupivsCaninas 
M. EuiLivs Leeivpvs. 
2468. C.SzxvitlivsTuccaz 


Cxcilivs METELLuUs. War with the 
Senones. 


469. P. Cokx. Dol ATELILAI 


C. DomrTivs CALvinus, The Senones 


defeated. 


470. Q. Awmiiivs; C. Fa- 
War with Tarentum. 
471. L. Amitivs BAR RB U- 
LA; Q. Mazcivs. Pyrrhus comes to 
aſſiſt Tarentum. 
472. P. VALeprvs LEVI- 
NUs; TIB. CORUNCIANUS. Pyrrhus con- 
quer the conſul Lævinus, and, though vice 
torious, ſues" for peace, which is refuſed by 
the Roman ſenate, The cenſus was made, 
and 272,222 citizens were found. 
—— 473. P. SULPICIUs SAvER- 
RIO; P. Decrus Mus, A battle with 
Pyrrhus. 


BRICIUS, 


474. C. FaBRicius Lusci- 
s, 2; Q. AmiLivs Paros, 2. Pyr- 
rhus goes to Sicily, The treaty between 
Rome and Carthage renewed. 
475. P. Corn. Ruxrinvus; 


C. Jux. B Rufus. Crotona and Locri 
taken. 


476. Q. Fasius Maximus 
Guns, 2; C. GEenvucivs CeEPPSINA. 
Pyrrhus returns from Sicily to Italy. 

477. M. CuniusDENTATus, 
2; L. Corn. LENTULUs. Pyrrhus finally 
defeated by Curius. 
478. M.CuriusDEnTATUS, 
3; SER. Corn. MERENDA. 

479. C.Fazpivs Dokso; C. 
CLAUrusC NINA, 2. An emhaſſy from 
Philadelphus, to conclude an alliance with 
the Romans. 


480. L. Pa PI RTUs Cursor, 
2; Sp. CARVILIUS, 2. Tarentum furs 


renders. 
481. L. Genvcivs; C. 
QUINTIUS. > 
——— 432. C. Gzxnucivs; Cx. 
CoRNEL1US. 
483. Q. Ocurtinus GaLs 


Lus; C. Faßgtus PicToR. Silver money 
coined at Rome for the firſt time. 

434. P. SEMPRONIUS S0- 
PHUS; Ap. CLAUDLUS CRASSUS. 

4%5. M. ATiLiusREGULvs; 
L. furious LIBOo. Italy enjoys peace uni- 
verlally. 
436. Numernvs Fapivs; 


D. Junx1vs. 


487. Q.Fas1VsGURGES, 3; 

L. MamiLivs ViTULUs. The number of 

the quæſtors doubled to eight, 

4383, Ar. CLaupivs CAu- 
DEX ; 


* 


So 


DEx; M. Furvivs FLaccys. The Ro- 
mans aid the Mamertines, which occaſions 
the firſt Punic war. Appius defeats the 
Carthaginians in Sicily. The combats of 
gladiators firſt inſtituted. 

A. U. C. 489. M. VALZRTtUSs Max- 
Mus; M. OTacitiusCRrassvs. Alliance 
between Rome and Hiero king of Syracuſe. 
A ſun dial ſirſt put up at Rome, brought 
from Catana. 


490. L. Pos r uutusGEMEL- 
Los; Q. MamiLivs ViTuLus. The 
ſiege and taking of Agrigentum. The to- 
tal defeat of the Carthaginians. 

491. L. VaLterivs FLAC» 
eus; T. OTaciLt1vs CRASSUS. 
492. CN. Cokxx. Scir io Asi- 
NA; C. Duits. In two months the 
Romans build and equip a fleet of 120 gal- 
lies. The naval victory and triumph of 
Duilius. : 


L. Corn. Scipio; C. 
Expedition againſt 


493. 
AqQuiLius FLORUS. 


Sardinia and Corhca. 

494. A. ATILivs CALATI- 
Nus; C. SuLpicrius PATERCULUS.. The 
Carthaginians defeated in a naval battle. 
495. C. ATTiLIus REGu- 
Lus; CN. Corn. BLas10, 

496. L. ManLivs VuLs0; 
Q. Czn1icivs. At the death of Cædicius, 
Matilius Regulus 2, was elected for the reſt 
of the year. The famous battle of Ec- 
noma. The victorious conſuls land in 
Africa. 


497. Serv. FuLviusPATI- 
Nus NoB1Liok; M. Awmilivs PavuLus, 
Regulus, after many victories in Africa, is 
defeated, and taken priſoner by Xanthip- 
pus. Agrigentum retaken by the Cartha- 
ginians. 


498. Cx. Cnun.Scirto As- 
NA 2; A. ATTILIUSCALATINUS 2. Pa- 
normus taken by the Romans. 

499. CN. SeRvitivsC#zero; 
C. SEmprRONIUs BLEASUs. The Romans, 
diſcouraged by ſhipwrecks, renounce the 
ſovereignty of the ſeas. | 

500. C.AurELIUSCOTTA ; 
P. SeRvitivs GrminNus. Citizens capa- 
ble ro bear arms, amounted to 297,797. 
501. L.Ce#citivs METEL- 
Lus, 2; C. Furrvs PAciLus. The Ro- 
mans begin to recover their power by ſea. 
502. C.ATTILIUsREGULUsS 
2; L. Maxtivs Vorso 2. The Cartha- 
ginians defeated near Panormus in Sicily. 
One hundied and forty-two elephants taken 
and ſent to Rome. Regulus adviſes the 
Romans not to exchange priſoners. He is 
put to death in the moſt excruciating tor- 
ments, 


| 


C0 © 
A. U. C. 503. P.CroprvsPuLcyey; 


L. Jux. PurLus. The Romans defeated IN 
in a naval battle. The Roman fleet loſt in The t 
a ſtorm. | A. 
504. C.AvreLivs Cora, NUS 
2; P. ServiLtus GEMINUS, 2. —_ 
50 5. L. CæciL ius Meri. M. A. 
Lus, 3; Num. FABIUs Burzo. The tors ad 
number of the citizens 252,222. 8 
506. M.OTaciL1vs Cras- SALA; 
sus; M. Fanrvs LiciNus. vaced ] 
507. M. Fazrvs Burr; now les 
C. AT1iLius BALZBus. men, 
508. A. Manuiivs Torque 14-06 
1s 2; C. SEmpRoNnITVs BLAsus. C. ATI 
sog. C. Fu N DAN TUS Fuxpr- teat the 
Lus; C. SuLeicivs GalLus. A fleet mans ob 
built by individuals at Rome. 3 
510. C. Lurartus Carr- gd, 
Lus; A. PosrTumivs ALBINUS. The Car- Boil, par 
thaginian fleet defeated near the iſlands | 
Agates. Peace made between Rome and Fu aius 
Carthage, The Carthaginians evacuate 
Sicily. LLUS; 
511, Q.LuTaTrvsCxrco; er- a 
A. ManLivs ATT1CUs. Sicily is made 2 e {polls | 
Roman province. The 39th Cenſus taken, WED 
The citizens amount to 260,000. INUCIL 
512. C. CLavupivs Crxe —— 
THO; M. SeEMPRONIUS TUDITANUS. — 
513. C. MAmiLi1vs Treu 13 
NUS; Q. VALERIUSs FALTO, I. 
514. T. SEMPRONIUS GRAC» MM 
cuus; P. VALErIVUs FALToO. The Ca- neu A 


thaginians give up Sardinia to Rome, 
515. L. Corn. LexTuLvs 
Cavpinus; Q. FuLvivs FLaccus. The 
Romans offer Ptolemy Evergetes aſſiſtance 
againſt Antiochus Theos. 
516. P. Corn. LEenTULC 
Caunpinus; Licinius VARus. Revol: 
of Corſica and Sardinia. 

517. C. AriLius Burst; 
2; T. ManLivs ToRQUATvs. The tem- 


and croſſes 

met defeated 
ated near T 
— 


Frautxtus 


15 * N 
re 4Braſyr 


ple of Janus ſhut for the firſt time ſince likator, 8 
the reign of Numa about 440 years. Al +. 
33 

univerſal peace at Rome. ho; L. 
7 . 
518. L. Posruutus Al- ins datt MI 
BINUS; Sp. CARviILius MAxiMus. Caus * 
519. Q. FaBTUs Maut, as 25 * 
VEtrRUCOsUS; M. Pourodius MATHO: aly, — Fr) 
Differences and jealouſy between Rome a1 Vide Kor. L 
Carthage. eipios. 
11 
520. M. ZAmitivs Li'l ir " * 
. » 0 
Dus; M. Puuricitvus MALLEOLUS: Maced 1 
521. M. Poroxlus Ma. bat een 
THO 2; C. Paritzius Maso. The bit 0 8 
divorce known at Rome. | den in Spa; 
522. M. RMuirius BARI. pain 
La; M. Junius PrxA. War with ue, M. C. $4 
7 f 
Illyrians, * lus Dr 
23. L. Pos runs = e 
523 Bare 
1. Srpke 


E 0 


aixus 2; CN. FuLvivs CENTUMALUS, 


d The building of new Carthage. 
i A. U. C. 524. Sr. Carvitivs Max- 
uus 2 Q Fanrvs Maximus. 
ay 25. P. VATLERIVSs FLACcus; 
M. ATiLius REGULUs, Two new prez- 
* tors added to the other prætors. 
he 3 526. M. VaLEeRtus Mxs- 
sauA; L. APULLIUS FULLo. Italy in- 
Woe vaded by the Gauls. The Romans could 
now lead into the field of battle 770,000 
£03 men. 
— 527. L. Amnilivs Papus; 
A* C. Artus REGULts, The Gauls de- 
feat the Romans near Cluhum. The Ro- 
dad mans obtain a victory near Telamon. 
fleet 528. T. ManLivs TorqQUaA- 
TVs 2; Q. FuLvivs FLaccus 2. The 
r- Boii, part of the Gauls, ſurrender, 
Car- 529. C. FLaminivs; P. 
lands Fu ius PHILUS, 
e and 530. M. CLAuptus Max- 
cuate cxLLUs; Cx. Corn. Scipio CALvus. A 
new war with the Gauls. Marcellus gains 
Eco; the ſpoils called 9pima, 
ade 2 531. P. CorntLivs; M. 
taken. Mixucius Rurus. Annibal takes the 
command of the Carthaginian armies in 
Cxx- Spain, 
US, 532, L. VeTURIUs; C. Lu- 
Tem- TaTivs, The Via Flaminia built. 
— 533. M. Livivs SALINA- 
JRAC* Tor; L. EMILius PAULUS, War with 
ie Cate aliyricum. | 
| — — 534. P. Corn. Scie1o; T. 
TULUS SEMPRONIUS LoNnGUs. Siege of Sagun- 
s. The tum, by Annibal, the cauſe of the ſecond 
ſitancs Punic war. Annibal marches towards Italy, 
and croiſes the Alps. The Carthaginian 
TELE fect defeated near Sicily. Sempronius de- 
Revot ſeated near Trebia, by Annibal. 
IH — 535, CN. SRRVILIUs; C. 
gurt; Frantxtus 2, A famous battle near the 
he tem- Ee Thraſymenus. Fabius is appointed 
me fince ator. Succeſs of Cn. Scipio in Spain. 
us. An 536. C. TEREATIUS VAR- 
o; L. EMittvs PAULUS 2. The fa- 
vs Als ous battle of Cannz. Annibal marches 
vs. Capua. Marcellus beats Annibal near 
[ a xIMT va. Aſdrubal begins his march towards 
Mare lv, and his army is totally defeared 
Rome a! the Scipios. 

; 537. Tr. SEMPRONIUSGRAC» 
os Len Ws; Q. Fazrvs MAxIMUs 2. Philip 
LUS- 1 Macedonia enters into alliance with An- 
nus * wal. Sardinia revolts, and is reconquered 

The J Manlius. The Carthaginians twice 
* den in Spain by Scipio. 

s BAR the —— $538, Q. Fanrvs Maximus 
win M. CrAubius MARCELLUS 3. Mar- 
s Als lus beſioges Syracuſe by ſea and land. 
11s — — 339. Q. Fanrus Maximus 


f 
f ©» DEMPRONIUS GRACCHUS'2, The 
Nel Syracuſe continued, 


E 0 


A. U. C. 540. Q. Furvivs Ft Accus: 
Ar. CLAuvius PULCHKER. Syracuſe taken 
and plundered. Sicily made a Roman pro- 
vince, Tarentum treacheroufly delivered 
to Annibal, The two Scipios conquered 
in Spain. 


541. CN. FuLvivs CenTu«- 
MALUS; P. SULP1civs GALBA. Capua 
beſieged and taken by the Romans. P. 
Scipio ſent to Spain with proconſular 
power. 


— 542, M. CLavnivus Mas- 
' CELLUS 4; M. VaLERIivs Levinus 2. 
| The Carthaginians driven from Sicily. Car- 
thagena taken by young Scipio. 
543 Q FaBprus Maximus 
5; Q. FurLvivs FLaccus 4. Annibal 
defeated by Marcellus. Fabius takes Ta- 
rentum. Aſdrubal defeated by Scipio. 
—— —— $544, M. CLavprius Mar. 
CELLUS 5; T QuiNnTIUus CRISPINUS. 
Marcellus killed in an ambuſcade by An- 
nibal. The Carthaginian fleet defeated. 
—— 545. M CLavvivs Nero; 
M. Livius 2. Aſdrubal paſſes the Alps. 
Nero obtains ſome advantage over Annibal. 
The two conſuls defeat Aſdrubal, who is 
killed, and his head thrown into Annibal's 
camp. The Romans make war agaiaſt 
Philip, 


546. L. VeTvRIVUs; . Cx. 
CILIUs. Scipio obtains a victory over Aſ- 
drubal, the ſon of Giſgo, in Spain. Ma- 
ſiniſſa tides with the Romans. 
547. P.CoRNELIUSSC1PIO; 
P. Licinrvs CRASSsUSs. Scipio is impow- 
ered to invade Africa. 

548. M CokvrLIUus CE“ 
THEGUS; P. SEMPRONIVS TUDITANUS, 
Scipio lands in Africa, The cenſus takena 
and 215,000 heads of families found in- 
Rome. 


549. CN. SERVILIUsS C- 

p10; C. SERvitLivs GEMINUs, Scipio. 
(preads general conſternation in Africa. 
Annibal is recalled from Italy by the Car- 
thaginian Senate, 
50. M. ServiLivs; TI. 
CLaupiuvs. Annibal and Scipio come to 
a parley; they prepare for battle. Annibal 
is defeated at Zama. Scipio prepares ts 
beſiege Carthage. 

551, CN. Corn. LEenTU= 
Lus; P. ELIUs P&xTus. Peace granted: 
to the Carthaginians. Scipio tr.umphs, 

552, P.SuLpicius GALBA 
2; C. AvxELius Corr. War with the 
Macedonians, : 


553. L. Corn. LENTUL us; 
The Macedoniag 


P. VILLIUSs TAPULUS. 
war conrinucd. 
554. Sex. RLlus PE&TUSz 


T. QuinTIUS FLAMININUS. 
| feated by Quintius. 


Philip de- 


A. U, C 


So 


A. U. C. $55. C. Conn. Cx Tur us; 
Q MinvcivsRuFvs. Philip is defeated, 
Quintius grants bim peace, 

556. L. Fuxivus PUrRPUREO; 
M. CLavupivs MARCELLUs. The imde- 
pendence of Greece proclaimed by Flami- 
ninus, at the Iſthmian games. 

557. L. VaLExFivs FLAc- 
cus; M. Porxcivs CaTo, Quintius re- 
gulates the affairs of Greece. Cato's vic- 
tories in Spain, and triumph. The Ro- 
mans demand Annibal trum the Cartha- 
ginians. 


— 558 P Corn.ScirioAFRI- 
CANUS 2; T. SEmPRONIUsS LonGus, An- 
nibal flies to Antiochus 
$59, L. CoxNrLus M- 
RULA; Q. Minucrvs Tuk kits. An- 
tiochus prepares to make war againſt Rome, 
and Annibal endeavours in vain to ſtir up 
the Caiti:aginians to take up arms. 
560. Q. QUvixnTIUS FLAMI- 
NiNuUs; CN. Domitivs. The Greeks 
call Antiochus to deliver them. 
561. P. Corn. Scirro Na- 
sIcA; Manivus Aciiivs GLA BRIO. The 
ſucceſs of Acilius in Greece againſt Antio- 
chus. 


£62. L. Corn. Scipio; C. 
The fleet of Antiochus under 
Antio- 


L=zL1vs. 
Annibal defeated by the Romans. 
chus defeatcd by Scipio. 

563. M. FuLvivs NoBiLi- 
ok; CN. ManLivs VuLso. War with 
the Gallogrecians. 

564. M. VaLtEtrivs MrssA- 
LA; C. Liviuvs SALINATOR. Antiochus 


dics. 

— 565, M. Amitivs Levi- 
Dus; C. FLaminius. Tic Ligurians ic 
duced. 

— — 566. Sr. Posruuius Al- 


Dix us; G Marcivs PHILIpPPUs, The 
Bacchanalia aboliſhed at Rome 

— — 67 Ar. CLaupivs PuL- 
Chen; M SMR NIUs TUDITANUS. 
Victories in Spain and Liguria. 
| 568, P CLavpivs Por- 
our; L. Porcius Licinitvs, Philip of 
M-cedon ſends his ſon Demetrius to Rome. 
—- 56g. M. CLavupivs MaAaR- 
CELLUsS; Q. Fazrvus LABZO. Death of 
Auntal, Scipio, and Philopemen. Gauls 
invade Italy. 


— — 570. 


M BaBrius Tamrul- 
LUS; L. AmMILivs Paulus. Death of 
Philip. 

— 571. P. CorntELius CETHE= 
Sus; M. BxBivs Tampriilus, Expedi— 
tions againſt Ligu ia. The firſt gilt ſtatue 
raiſed at Rome. 
— 572. A. PosTuUmivs AL BI- 
NUs Luscus; C. CALFURxNnivs Piso. 


C 0 


A. U. C. 573. Q. FVrvivsFrAcevs 
L. MaxLivs Acininus. Alliance re. 
newed with Perſeus the {on of Philip. 


— 574. M. Junivs Bxvry;; 1 
A. MaxLrvs Vurso. 2 
575. CCLavpivsPuLcarg; EE? 
T. SEMPRONIUS GRACCHUS, The Iſtn. _—_— 
ans defcated. 
576. For. ScIP10O Hig eee 
PALUS; . PETiLLIVs SPURINUS, e 
$77 P. Mucius; M. Ent. r 
Lius Lepinus 2. —_— 
— $73, Sy. PosTUMIVUs At. — : 
Bivus; Q. Mucivs SCAVOLA, ME” 
— 579. L. Pos runs At- vos: 1 
BiNuUs; M. PoriLius LaNnas. 3 d 
— 80. C. PoyiL1ys LVAs; 2 
P. EL Ius Lid uR. War declared ab zin L eee 
Perſeus. e 
581. P. Licixius Crarns; 3 
C. Cassius Loxoix us. Perſeus gains $2 was 
ſome advantage over the Romans. PER : 
582, A. HosTiLivs Mays and mn 
CINUS; A. ATILIUS SERRANUS, | 
— 583. Q. Maxcrvs Pail. — 
pus 2; CN. SERVILIVs Cerio, Tic RE 
campaign in Macedonia. 54 L. / 
584. L. EurLius Pauls: Sing 
C. Licinivs CRaAssvs. Perſeus is defeated CHER: ( 
and taken priſoner by Paulus. 8 
—— $35. Q. Ar ius Pærrs ö 
Juxrvs PENNVs. vus; Q. F 
— 586. M. CLavpirs Ma- OI Fe 
CELLUS; C. SULPICIUsS GALBA. vIiLivs C 
| 587. CN. OcTAvivus NePos; e 
T. ManLivs ToR@QUuaTuUs. SERVILI(C 
$88, AUuLus MANL1vs Tots SRI 
QUATUS; Q. Casstus Loos. Cx. Cal 
589. Ti.SEMPRONIUSGRAC» pt 
Caus; M. Juvencivus THALNA. ca; D 


590. P. Corn. Scipio Na 


conſuls im 
SICA; C. Maxcivs FicuLvs. Dent } 


trius flies from Rome, and is made king d c. Host: 
Syria, umanti 

591. M. VaLerivs Mes cee 

LA; C. Fannivs STRABO. Sex. Ar II. 

592. L. Anicivs GALL 5 

M. CoxN. CETHEGUS. ers; C. C 

593. C. CorneLivs Dor“ e Wes 

BELLA; M. FuLvius NoBiL10R. C.Fuiviy 

. 594. M. AniLlivs Lil 1 

pus; C PoriLivs LANAs. L. Carpo 

598. Skx. JUL. CSA 1. tia 'urender 

AURELIUs OkEgSTEs, War againſt 8 lied. Tie ſe 

Dalmatians. 8 

— 596. L. Coxx. LxVrvrt P. Rupii us 

Lurus; C. Maxcius Ficurus 2. e ee 

— — 597. P.Coxx. Scirie Ng Ly 

A2; M. CLaubpius MARCELLUS# — 

598. Q. Oriuius MO CHER; M. | 

L. PosTUMIiuUs Alix us. end 313,82 

599. Q. FuLvivs Nen —— 

T. AzNivs Luscws. The falle Pt ditAnus; 2 


. Celuberians delcated, 


Wars in Spaig, 


A. VL 


C O 


A. U. C. 600. M.CLavprus MARCEL- 


L ros 3; L. Var ERILVUSs FLaccus. 

c · — 601. L. Licinivs Lucur- 
Lus; A. PosTHUMIUS ALBINUS. 

Is; boz. T. QvinTi1os FLavum- 
xinus; M. ActL1IUs BaLBus, War be- 

Rs tween the Carthaginians and Maſiniſſa. 

tris — 603. L. Makros Ck&Nso- 
ixus; M. Manitivs Neyos. The 

[13+ Romans declare war againſt Carthage. 
The Carthaginians wiſh to accept the hard 

Me conditions which are impoſed upon them; 
but the Romans ſay that Carthage muſt be 

Als deſtroy ed. 

604. Sp. Pos runius ALBI- 

Al- xus; L CaLtruRNivs Piso. Carthage 
beſicged. 

NAS; — 605. P. Corn. Scipio; C. 
zun Livius DRUsUs. The fiege of Carchage 
continued with vigor by Scipio. 
ssvs; 606. CN. CorneLivs Lev- 
Sang TVLUs: L. Mummivs, Carthage ſurten— 

ders, and is deftroyed. Mummius takes 
Max- and burns Corinth. 
607. Q. FaBrius KEMILIA“ 
un- uus; L. HosTiLIus Maxcidtos. 
Tte 603. SER. Sulpicius GAL= 
Ba; L. AUKELIUSCOTTA. 
LUS2; 609. Ay. CLavpivs PuL- 
efeated cxeR; Q. C=xcilivs METELLUS Ma- 
cevonticus, War againit the Celtiberians. 
vs; M, Gro. L. MeTELLUus Car- 
vus; C. FaBius MAXIMU5SERVILIANUS, 
Maze 611. Q.PuMPELvs; C. SER- 
viLivs CezPp1o. 
Nepos; — - 612. C. LLIUSs SAPIE&NS; Q. 
StRxvILI s Cr to. The wars with V iciatus, 
vs Torr — 613. M. PoriliusLeawxas; 
Cv. CALPURNIUS PIs0. 
GRac- 614. P. Corn. Sciprto Na- 
; Sica; D. Junivs BauTus. The two 
p10 Na conſuls impriſoned by the trrbunes. 
Deme- — 615. M. XmiLius Lipos; 
e king af C. Hosribius Max cixus. Wars againſt 
Numantia. 
s Messs- 616. P. Furxrus PuliLus; 
SEX. ATILIUS SERRANUS. | 
G ALLY) — 617. SER. FULvVIUs FLAC- 
cvs; Q. CALPURNIUS P1s0. 
Us Dor 618. P. Corn. Scipio 2; 
JR. C. Furvius FLaccus. : 
vs Lin ———- 619. P. Muctus Sc xvoLa; 
L. CaLeurNItus Piso FRS. Numan- 
sI. tia 'urienders to Scipio, and is entirely demo- 


againſt de liſhed. Tue ſeditions of Ti. Gracchus at Rome. 


620. P. PopiLItus LAÆNAs; 


— 


P. RupiLus. 


LrEVr url 


us 2. — — 621. P.LicixniusCRaAssUs; 

1710 N L. Vatertus FLacceus. 

LLUS & — 622 C. CLavpivs PuL- 

us NG CHER; M. PERPENNA. In the cenſus are 
HT found 313,323 citizens. | 

Novi! - 623. C. SEmPRAENIUS Tu- 

fallc Fat PirAxus; M. AQUiiivs Naros. 


10 


A. U 


C O 


A. U. C. 624. CN. Oc ravrus Nrros: 
T. ANN IUs Loscus. 
625. L. Cassius Loxovs; 
L. CoxnteLivs CI VNA. A revolt of ſlaves 
in Sicily. 


626. L. Amitivs LEI- 
DUS; L. Au RELIUS ORESTEs, 
627. M. PLavTtivs Hvr- 
sus; M. FuLvivs FLaccus. 

—— 628. C. CaAsstus Lo Nor- 

us; L. SexTivs CALvi us. 

629. Q. Cactus METELs 
Lus; T. QuinTIus FLAMININUS, | 
630. C.Fanxivs STRABan; 
CN. DomriTius AHENOBARBUs. The ſe- 
ditions of Caius Gracchus. 
631. Lucivs Ortmivs; (. 
FaBivs Maximvs. The unfortunate end 
of Caius Gracchus, The Allobroges defeated. 


— 632. P. MaNL1vus Nxros; 
C. Parikivs CARBo, 
— 633. L.CeciLivs METEL» 


Lus CaLvus; L. AvrELivs CoTTA. 
634. M. PorTivs Caro; 
Q. Marcivs Rex. 

635. L. CeciLivs METEL- 
Lus; G. MuTivs SC&voLaA. 

636. C. Licinivs GeTa; 
Q. FaBrus Maximus EBZuxNus. 


637. M. Cæcilius Mrrr- 
L us; M. RulLrus SCAURUS. 


638. M. AciLivs BALBus; 
C. PoxTivs CAxro. 
639. C.Cecirtivs METEL - 


Lus; CN. Parrtrius CaRBo, 
640. M. Livius DRusvs; 

L. CALPURNIUs Prso. The Romans de- 
clare war againſt Jugurtha. 
641. P. Scipio Nasrca; 
L. CaLpURNIUs BESsTIA. Calpurnius 
bribed and defeated by Jugurtha. 
| 642. M. MixnucriusRuexvus; 
Sp. PosSTUMIUS ALBINUS. 

— 643. Q. CxciLivs METEL« 
Lus; M. Tunivs SILANUs. Succeſs of 
Metellus againſt Jugurtha. 
644. SERVIUS Sutricivus 
GALBA; M. AuRtLivs SCAURUs. Me- 


{| tellus continues the war. 


645. C. MARTUS; L. Cas- 
tus. The war againſt Jugurtha continued 
with vigor by Marius. 
646. C. ATILIius SERRA- 
NUS;. Q. SERvILIus Co. Jugurtha 
betrayed by Bocchus into the hands of Sy lla, 
the lieutenant of Marius, J 

— 647. P. RuTiLiusRuevs; 
Corn. MaLLius Maximus. Marius 
triumphs over Jugurtha, Two Roman ar- 
mies defeated by the Cimbri and Teutones. 
648. C.Marivs 2; C. FLA- 
vius FiMBRIA. The Cimbri march to- 
wards Spain. 


649. C.Makrivs 3; L. Au- 
LELLIUS 


C 0 


nrELIVsS Orzs rs. The Cimbri defeated 


in Spain. 

A. U. C. 650. 
TATIU* CATULUS, 
defeaten by Marius. 
— 651. C. Manus 5; M. 
Aguftrros. The Cimbri enter Italy, and 
arc defeated by Marius and Catulus. 


C. Maz1vs 4; Q Lv- 
The Teutones totally 


_ — 652, C.Marivs6; L.Va- 
Lies FLAaccus, Factions againſt Me- 
tel; us. 

653. M. AN rovius; A. 


Pore ruutus ALBIN Us. Metellus is glo- 
riouſly recalled. 
654. L. CæciLIius METEL- 
LUs Ntros; T. Driolss. 
655, Cn, Corn. LENTU- 
LUs; P. Licrtxnius CRASSUS. 

——— 656. Cx. DomITIUs AHEN- 
OBARBUS; C Cassius LoxnGinus. The 
kingdom of Cyrene left by will to the Ro- 


man people. 


657, L. Lucixrus CRAssus; 
Q. Mucivs ScavoLa. Seditions of Nor- 
banus. 

— 658. C. C&Livs CAaLDus; 
L. Douirius AHENOBARBUS. 
659. C. VALIERIVSs FLAC- 
cus; M. HERENNIUSs. Sylla exhibited a 
combat of an 100 lions with men in the 
Circus. 


660. C. Cravpivs Por- 
CHER; M. PERPENNA. The allies wiſh 
to be admitted citizens of Rome. 

661. L. Makrcivus PHiLIp- 
us; Sex. [UuLIivs Cz$AaR, The allies 
prepare to revolt. 


662. L. JvLivs CæSsAR; 
P. RuriLius RuFrvs. Wars with the 
Marſi. 

663. Cn. Pour ETUs STR A» 


Bo; L. Poxcivs Caro. The great valor 
of Sylla, firnamed the Fortunate. 

664. L. CoRNELIUSSYLLA; 
Q. Pomeerivs Rurus. Sylla appointed to 
conduct the Mithridatic war. Marius is 
empowered to ſuperſede him; upon which 
Sylla returns to Rome with his army, and 
ta kes it, and has Marius and his adherents 
judged as enemies. 

665, CN,. Ocr Avius; L. 
CorntLits CIS NA. Cinna endeavours to 
recall Marius, and 1s expelled. Marius re- 
turns, and, with Cinna, marches againſt 
Rome. Civil wars and ſlaughter. 

——— 666, C.Makrivs 7; L.Cor- 
NELIUS CINN A2. Marius died, and L. 
VaLEezivs FLaccus was choſen in his 
room. The Mithridatic war. 

667. L. CoRNELIUS CINNA 
3; CNV. Pa PIEIUS C ARBO. The Mithri- 
datic war continued by Sy lla. 


668, L. CokNELI US CIN NA | 


| 


e 0 


4; Cx. Paprxrvs CAR BO 2. Peice with 
Mithridates. 

A. U. C. 669. L. Cox N. Scipio A514. 
Ticus; C. Nox ANS. The capitol burn;, 
Pompey joins Sylla 

— 670. 
preiUs CaRrBo 3. Civil wars at Rome 
between Marius and Sylla. Murder of the 
citizens by order of Syila, Who makes him. 
ſelf dictator. 


671. M.TuLL1us Decula; 
Cn. CoRNFLIUSs DoLABELLA. Sylla 
weakens and circumſcribes the power of the 
tribunes. Pompey triumphs over Africa, 
672. L. Conn. SyLLaTr. 
LIX 2; O. Cxc1iti1vs METELLvs Piry, 
War againſt Mithridates. 

673. P. SrRVILIVS Vari; 
Ap. CLavnrius PULCHER. Sylia abdi 
cates the dictatorſhip. 

674. M. Eures Lees 
pus; . LuTatiiuvs CaTtULUs. Syn 
dies, | 


675. D. Junrvs Brvrre; 
Mamrercus /AEMILivs Leeipus Lot. 
ANUS. A civil war between Lepidus and 
Catulus. Pompey goes againit Sertorius in 
Spain. 

676. Cn. OcTavirs; M. 
SCRIBONilUs CUR1o. Sertorimus defeated, 
677. . Gerais; C 
AuRELIus CoTTA. Mithridates and 
Sertorius make a treaty of alhance togetier, 
Sertorius murdered by Perpenna. 
678. L. Licixrus Lucri- 
Lus; M. AuRELIius Corr. Lucullus 
conducts the Mithridatic war. 
— 679. M. TrRTNTI Ws Va- 

Ro LucuLLus; C. CAssiUusVARVUsSPHAR- 
TACUs. Tue gladiators make head againſt 
the Romans with much ſucceſs. 
680. L. GaLLivs Pop. 
coLA; Cx. Corn, LENTUL us CLoD14- 
dus. Victories of Spartacus over three 
Roman generals. 
681. CN. Auris Oxts- 
ES; P. CoRN. LENTULUS Su RA. Craſ- 
ſus defeats and kills Spartacus near Apuila, 
682. M. L1cinivus Crav 
sus; CN. Pometrtvs MaGnus. Succelles 
of Lucullus againſt Mithridates. The ceu- 
{us amounts to above 900,000. 

- 683, Q. HoRTENSIUS 25 
Q. Cæcirius METELLUs. Lucullus de- 
feats Tigranes king of Armenia, and me- 
ditates the invaſion of Parthia. 
684. Q. Cæcirirs RES: 
L. Cæciltus METELLUs. Lucullus ce. 
feats the united forces of Mithridates and 
Tigranes. 


M. AciLiuvs GL” 


Lucullus 


68 5. 


n RIO; C. CALPURNIiUS P150. 


falls under the diſpleaſure of his 
party 


C. Marius; Cx. PI. 


partly de 
the pirat. 

. 
pus; L. 
ſucceeds | 
war, and 
L. Man 
Pompey 1 
C. MAR1 
Syria, E 
C. AvTo 
ſelf. Cat 
Cicero diſ. 
the adhere 
L. Licix! 
over the p 
Ariſtobulu 


M. VALE 
Merkl U 
tween Cra 
CAL p URN 
the faſces « 
ful. He o 
for five ye: 


A. Gazin 
by means 
Ptolemy k 
Czſar in C 


SPINTHER 
Nepos. C 
and victori. 
MaRrcCELL 
pus. The 
and Craſſus 
NUS 2; M. 
toes ag ainſt 
hve years 
Gaul. His 
— ——_— 
BARBUS; 
Great victor 
— — 
ixus; M. 
lus defeated 
Kills Clodiu 
—— —äT1 
NUS 3; the 
tok for col 
us PivsS 
eruſhed by 6 
— 


„ Pa. 
Nome 
of the 

him» 


ULA; 
Sylh 
of the 
rica, 
A Fre 
Pirs, 


TIA; 
4 bdi- 


Lept. 
Sul 


4 
1 


: ' 
LIvI. 
1s and 


rius in 


+ M. 
feated. 
1 8 
and 
zetner. 


7 CU Lo 
icullus 


Va- 
PAR» 
azainſt 


op- 
obia- 
three 


On e£5- 

Craſ- 
\ pulla, 
CRAS- 
cceſles 
je cen; 


vs 23 
jus de- 
d me- 


Rex: 
us de- 
es and 


GLA- 
ucullus 
pos, bo 


paitly 


C O 


partly deſert him, Pompey goes againſt ' 


the pirates. 


A. U. C. 686. M. A@Amitivs LreI- 
pus; L. Vol carus Tutlus. Pompey 
ſucceeds Lucullus to finiſh the Mithridatic 
war, and defeats the enemy. 


687. L. AvxeLivsCoTTa; 
L. Mantivs TorRQUATus, Succeſs of 
Pompey in Aſia. 


688. L. Jurrus CæsAR; 
C. MarTivs FiGULUs. Pompey goes to 
Syria, His conqueſts, there. 

———— - 689. M. TUuLL1vs Cicero; 

C. Awrontus, Mithridates poiſons him- 
ſelf. Catiline conſpires againſt the ſtate, 
Cicero diſcovers the conſpiracy, and puniſhes 
the adherents. 
690. D. Junrvs SILAwvs; 
L.Licintus MUR NA. Pompey triumphs 
over the pirates, Mithridates, Tigranes, and 
Ariſtobulus. 


— — 


691. M. Purrius Piso; 
M. VALERTUSs MeSSALA NIGER, 
692. L. AFRantus; Q. 
Merzltus CELER. A reconciliation be- 
tween Craſſus, Pompey, and Cæſar. 
——— 693, C. jur. CzsaR; M. 
Carpunntus BiBuLUs. Cæſar breaks 
the faſces of his colleague, and is fole con- 
ſul. He obtains the government of Gaul 
for five years. 
694. C. CaLPURNIUS Prso; 
A. Gazinivs PavLus. Cicero baniſhed 
by means of Clodius. Cato goes againſt 
Ptolemy King of Cyprus. Succeſſes of 
Czar in Gaul. 
695. P. Corn. Lx N TVLus 
SPINTHER; Q. CexciLitus METELLUS 
Neros. Cicero recalled. Cæſar's ſucceſs 
and victories. 


— — 


696. Cx. Cox. LEnTULUus 
MaRCELLINUS; L. Macros PaILIP- 
os. The triumvirate of Cæſar, Pompey, 
and Craſſus. 

— — 697, Cx. Pomyeivus Mag- 
NUS 2; M.Licinitus CRASSUS 2. Craſſus 
goes againſt Parthia. Cæſar continued for 
five years more in the adminiſtration of 
Gaul, His conqueſt of Britain. 

—— 698. L. Douirtus AHENO- 

BARBUS; Ap, Ctaubius PULCHER. 
Great victories of Cæſar. 
699. Cn. DomiTrvs CAL- 
„ixus; M. VALERIus MESSALA. Craſ- 
lus defeated and ſlain in Parthia. Milo 
kills Clodius. 


700. Cn, Pomyervs MAG- 
ves 3; the only conſul. He afterwards 
took tor colleague, Q. Cecitius METEL= 
Pros Sctrio. Revolts of the Gauls 
Culhed by Czefar. 

— 


Sek, SULPtCLUS Ro- 


| rus; M.Ctavpivs MARCELL Us. 


P. Sravitivs Is8AURICUS. 


GW 

| Rifs 
of the jealouſy between Cæſar and Poms 
pey. 

A. U. C. 702. L. AmrinrvsPavivs; 
P. CLAuptus MARCELLUus. Cicero pro - 
conſul of Cilicia, Encreaſe of the differ- 
ences between Cæſar and Porapey. 

703. C. CLavupivs Mare 
CELLUS; L. CorntLtivs LenTuLvs. 
Czſar begins the civil war. Pompey flies 
from Rome. Cæſar made dictator. 

704. C. JvLiivs Cxsar 2; 
Cæſar de- 
Pompey mur- 
The wars of Cæſar in 


feats Pompey at Pharſalia. 
dered in Egypt. 


Egypt. 


Q. Fusrvs Carenvts; 

Power and influcnce of 
Czſar at Rome. He reduces Pontus. 
706. C. JuLrvs Cx8ar 3; 
M. AmiLivs LEPIpus. Czſar defeats 
Pompey's partizans in Africa, and takes 
Utica. 


705. 
P. VaTin1vs. 


707. C. Jurrus Casar 4 
Conſul alone. He conquered the partizans 
of Pompey in Spain, and was declared per- 
petual Dictator and Imperator, &c. | 
708. C.JuLius CeasAR 53 
M. AnTonius, Cæſar meditates a war 
againſt Parthia, Above 60 Romans con- 
ſpire againſt Cæſar, and murder him in the 
ſenate-houſe. Antony raiſes himſelf to 
power. The riſe of Octavius. 

709. C.Visivs Pansa; A. 
HizTius. Antony judged a public enemy. 
He is oppoſed by the conſuls, and Auguſ- 
tas. He joins Auguſtus. Triumvirate of 
Antony, Auguſtus, and Lepidus. 

————-- 70, L. Mixvurius PLAN- 
cus; M. AmiLivs Libs 2. Great 
honors paid to the memory of J. Cæſar. 
Brutus and Caſſius join their forces againſt 
Auguſtus and Antony. - 

711. L.AnTonrvus; P.SEre 
vVILIUs ISAURICUS 2. Battle of Philippi, 
and the defeat of Brutus and Caſſius. 

712. Cn. Douirius CAL- 
vinus; C. Asinrus PoLLio. Antony 
joins the ſon of Pompey againſt Auguſtus. 
The alliance of ſhort duration. 

713. L. Marcrivs CENSORI- 
Nus; C. CaLvisivs SABINUS. Antony 
marries Octavia. the ſiſter of Auguſtus, to 
ſtrengthen their mutual alliance. 

a 714. Ar. CLavuprvs PuL- 
CHER; C. NoRBANUSFLAccus; towhom 
were ſubſtituted C. OcTAvIianus, and . 
Prpius. Sext. Pompey, the ſon of Pom- 
pey the Great, makes himſelf powerful by 


ſea, to oppoſe Auguſtus, 
715. M. Acrieea; L. Ca- 


VINIuSs GALLus. Agrippa is 2 


E O 


by Auguſtus to oppoſe Sext. Pompey with 
a fleet. He builds the famous harbour of 
Miſenum. 

A. U. C. 716. L. Ger trvs PorpLico- 
LA; M.Coccervs NERVA. Agrippa ob- 
Lains a naval victory over Pompey, who de- 
livers himſelf to Antony, by whom he is 
put to death. 

717, L. Conniricus Ne- 
Pos; Sex. Pourzrus Nepos. Lentulus 
removed from power by Auguſtus. 

718. L.ScrrBontusLiBo; 
M. AwTonivs2, Auguttus and Antony 
being ſole maſters of the Roman empire, 
make another diviſion of the provinces. 
Cæſar obtains the weſt, and Antony the 
caft, 

719. C. CESAR OcTAviIA- 
N Us 2; L. Vo.caTivs TuLLus. Octa- 
via divorced by Antony, who marries Cleo- 


patra. 
720. 


NoOBARBUS; C. Sosrtvs. Diilknhons be- 
tween Aug uſtus and Antony. 

721. C. CA AR OCTAVIA“ 
Nus 3; M. VALER. MissALA Cokvi- 
vus. The battle of Actium, which, ac- 
cording to ſame authors, happened not til! 
the year of Rome 724.—The end of the 
commonwealth. 

Co xs us, a deity at Rome, who prefic«c 
over counſels. His temple was covered i: 
the Maximus Circus, to ſhow taat counſels 
ought to be ſectet and inviolable. Some 
ſuppoſe that it is the ſame as Neptunus 
Equeſtris. Romulus inſtituted feſtivals to 
his honor, called Conſualia, during the ce- 
lebration of which the Romans carried 
away the Sabine women. Dionyſ. Hal. 1. 
— Luv. 1, Cc. 9. 

ConsyGNa, the wife of Nicomedes 
king of Bithynia, torn in pieces by dogs 
for her laſcivious deportment. FPlin. 8, 
t. 40. 

ConTADESDUS, a river of Thrace. Hero- 
dot. 4, c. 90. 

Cox TuBIA, a town in Spain. 
6. 29. 

Coo, the eldeſt ſon of Antenor, killed 
by Agamemnon. Homer. II. 

Coos, Cos, CEA, & Co, an iſland of the 
Egean Sea. Vid. Co. 

Cop x, a place of Greece, near the Ce- 
phiſus. Plin. 4, c. 7. 

Cor Als LACUs, now Limnr, a lake of 
Bceotia, . into which the Cephiſus and other 
rivers empty themſelves. It is famous for 
its excellent eels. Parſ.g, c. 24. 

CorHas, a ſon of Artabazus. Curt. 7, 
E. 1. A river of India. Dionyſ. Perieg. 

CoymoNnTIs, a burning mountain of 
Bactriana. Plin, 2, c. 106. 

Cor iA, the goddeſs of plenty, among the 


Fler. 2, 


Cv, DowmirTivs Au- | 


C 0 


Romans repreſented as bearing a horn "4 
with grapes, truits, &c. 

CorPILLvus, a general of the TeQofage, 
taken by the Romans. Plut. in Syll. 

C. Copontvs, a commander of the fleet 
of Rhodes, at Dyracchium, in the interef 
of Pumpey. Cir. 1, de Div. c. 38.—Pater, 
2, c. 83. \ 

Cor RATES, a river of Aſia, falling into 
the Tigris. Diod 19. 

CoPRrEUs, a fon of Pelops, who fled ta 
Mycenu atthe death of Iphitus. Apoulled, , 
e. 5. 

Corus & Cor ros, now Kyp!t, a town 
of Egypt, about 100 cagues from Alexan. 
dria, on a canal which cummumicates with 
the Nile. Pin. 5, c 9, l. 6, c. 2 3.—Strab, 16. 
— Juv. 15, v. 28. 

Co kA, a town of Latium, on the con- 
fincs of the Votici, built by a colony of 
Dara#aians before the foundation oi Rome. 
Lucan, 7, v. 392.—bVirg. An. b, v. 775. 

CORACESIUM & CORACENSIUM, am- 
ritime town of Pamphylia. Liv, 33, c. 20. 

CoRACONASUS,a town of Arcadia, were 
the Ladon falls into tne Alpheus. Pai, $, 
c. 25. 

cet, a people of Scythia. Flace, 
6, v. 81. 

CoRALLI1, a ſavage people of Pontus 
wid. ex Pont. 4, el. 2, v. 37. 

CorkaNnus, a miſcr. Vid. Naſica. 

Cokas, a brother of Catillus and Ty- 
burtus, who fought againſt Aneas. Pirg, 
En. 7, v. 672. 

Cokax, an ancient rhetorician of Sicily 
who firſt demanded falary of his pupil, 
Cic, in Brut, —(Quintil, 3, c. 1. —A kitg 
of Sicyon.——A mountain of ZEtolia. Liv, 
36, c. 30. | 

Co Axt, a people of Colchis, Plin. b, c. f 

CorBEus, a Gaul, & c. Ce. bell. 6, 
6, E. 6. 

CorBrs & Oxsva, two brothers, wit 
fuught for the dominion of a city, in the 
pretence of Scipio, in Spain, Liv. 2b, U 
21.— al. Max. 9, c. 11. 

CorBULo, (Domitius) a prefect of hel, 
gium, who, wien governor of Syria, routed 
the Parthians, deſtroyed Artaxatay and mac 
Tigranes king of Armenia. Nero, jealous 
of his virtues, ordered him to be murdere6; 
and Corbulo hearing this, fell upon bit 
ſword, exclaiming, I have well Ceſerved 

this! A. D. 66. His name was given ie 
a place { Menumentum} in Germany, which 
ſome ſuppoſe to be modern Cen, 
Tacit. Ann. 11, c. 18. 

CorxcYRA, an ifland in the Ionian ſeq, 
about 12 miles from Buthrotum, on the 
coaſt of Epirus; famous for the thipwiet 
of Ulyfles, and the gardens of Alco, 


0 ceſſively called Drep®* 
lt has been ſucceſſively callc Schertaq 


T-heria 
name 
Cherſic 
there, 
703 ye: 
lony of 
before ( 
on by 1 
ans, an 
a prepa 
The pe« 
by the 
on the 1 
death. 
Luca! 
4, c. 12 
Corn 
city of 
of buth 1 
tial. 1. 
Alex. 57. 
Corn 
to give it 
caught tl 
Martial. 
Core, 
Proſerpin 
loſtituted 
Cores: 
5,5 Cc. 100 
Corts 
lydon in 
moured of 
him with 
chus, whe 
tilence. 
by the orac 
ing Callir 
was led to 
to ſacrifice 
ſtabbed h 
r ingrati 


Killed herſ 
Which after 
c. 21. 


Contra 


at Delphi. 


Corprin 


capital of 
Aternus wt 
Uu. I, A 1 
v. 522. 


the Arcadia 


ORINN/ 


Gilciple to] 
Archelodoru 


Vas her coz 
knowledged 
tributed to & 
er Verſes rex 
„e. 32.— 


— — 


9 03 
F:heria, and Pheacia, and now bears the 


name of Corfu. Some Corinthians, with 
Cherficrates at their head, came to ſettle 


r, there, when baniſhed from their country, 

703 years before the chriſtian era, A co- 
_ lony of Colchis had ſettled there 1349 year 
ere 


before Chriſt. The war which was carrie 
on by the Athenians, againſt the Corcyre 
ans, and was called Corcyrean, became bu 
a preparation for the Peloponne ian war, 


The people of Corcyra were once ſo hated 


ed to by the Cretans, that ſuch as were found 
4 2 on the iſland of Crete were always put to 

death. Ovid. Ib. 512.-—Heomer. Od. 5, Fc. 
way —Lucan. 9, v. 32.—Meta. 2, c. 7,—Plin, 
exam. 


4 c. 12.—Strab. 6. 

Cox DU EA, now Cordova, a famous 
city of Hiſpania Bætica, the native place 
of buth the Senecas, and of Lucan. Mar- 


with 
6. 16, 


_ tial. 1. ep. 62.—Mela. 2, c. 6.—C2/. bell, 

ny of Alex. 57.—Plin. 3, c. 1. 

Kune, CorDYLA, a port of Pontus ſuppoſed 

75. to give its name to a peculiar ſort of fiihes 

A caught there / Cordylæ /. Plin. 9, c. 15. 

8 Martial. 13 ep. 1. 

where Coxk, a daughter of Ceres, the ſame as 

44. Proſerpine. Feſtivals called Corea, were 
inſtituted to her honor in Greece. 

Flas Coxkss us, a hill near Epheſus. Herodot. 
55 c. 100. 

Pontus, Cokksus, a prieſt of Bacchus at Ca- 
lydon in Bœotia, who was deeply ena- 

L. moured of the nymph Callirhoe, who treated 

nd Ty. him with diſdain. He complained to Bac- 

ig. chus, who viſited the country with a peſ- 


tilence. The Calydonians were directed 


Sicily. by the oracle, to appeaſe the god by ſacrific- 
pupils ing Callirhoe on his altar. The nymph 
A big was led to the altar, and Coreſus, who was 
a. Liv, to ſacrifice her, forgot his reſentment, and 

ſtabbed himſelf. Callirhoe, conſcious of 
oy her ingratitude to the love of Coreſus, 
ell. C. 


killed herſelf on the brink of a fountain, 
which afterwards bore her name. Pau. 7, 


[Sy who c. 21. 

, in the ContTas, a man who firſt gave oracles 

. 287 & a Delphi. Plut. de orac. def. 
Coxrinium, now San Ferino, the 


t of Bel. capital of the Peligni, 3 miles from the 


a, routed Aternus which falls into the Adriatic. Ce/. 

nd — Uv. 1, c. 16.—Lyucan, 2, v. 478.—Sil. 5, 

% Jed v. 522. 

urdered; Cora, a firname of Minerva, among 

upon bi the Arcadians. Cic. de Nat, D. 3, c. 23. 
Ceſerved  Corinna,acelebrated woman of The bes, 
given 10 Giciple to Myrtis, Her father's name was 

yy which Archelodorus. It is ſaid, that ſhe obtained 


3 roningen dre times a poetical prize, in which Pindar 


Vas her competitor ; but it muſt be ac- 


onian 7 knowledged, that her beauty greatly con- 
1, on * buted to defeat her rivals. Some few of 
ſhipwlec er verſes remain. Propert. 2, el. 3.—Pau. 
Alcinous. 


7 c. 3. — A woman of Theſpis, cele- 
7 
Schertay 


E O 


brated for her beauty, —Ovid's miſtreſs was 
alſo called Corinua. Amor, 2, el. 6. 
Corinnus, an ancient poet in the time 
of the Trojan war, on which he wrote a 
poem. Homer, as ſome ſuppoſe, took his 
ſubje& from the poem of Corinnus, 
ORINTHIACUS SINUS, is now called 
Iph of Lepanto. 
RINTHUS, an ancient city of Greece, 
called Corito, ſituated on the middle 
the Iſthmus of Corinth, at the diſtance 
of about 60 ſtadia on either fide from the 
ſea, It was firſt founded by Siſyphus ſon 
of Holus, A. M. 2616, and received its 
name from Corinthus the ſon of Pelops. 
Its original name was Ephyre; and it is 
called Bima, becauſe ſituate between the 
Saronicus Sinus and Criſſeus Sinus. The 
inhabitants were once very powerful, and 
had great influence among the Grecian 
ſtates. They colonized Syracuſe in Sicily, 
and delivered it from the tyranny of its op- 
preſſors, by the means of Timoleon. Co- 
rinth was totally deſtroyed by L. Mum- 
mus, the Roman conſul, and burnt to the 
ground, 146 B. C. Tue riches which the 
Romans found there, were immenſe. Dur- 
ing the conflagration, all the metals which 
were in the city melted and mixed together, 
and formed that valuable compoſition of 
metais, which has fince been known by the 
name of Ceorinthium As. This however, 
appears improbable, eſpecially when it is 
remembered that the artiſts of Corinth 
made a mixture of copper with ſmall quan- 
tities of gold and filver, and fo brilliant 
was the compoſition, that the appellation 
of Corinthian braſs afterwards ſtamped an 
extraordinary value on pieces of inferior 
worth. There was there a famous temple 
of Venus, where laſcivious women re- 
ſorted, and ſold their pleaſures ſo dear, that 
many of their lovers were reduced to po- 
verty ; whence the proverb of 
Non cuivis homini contingit adire Corinthum, 
to ſhew that all voluptuous indulgences are 
attended with much expence. IJ. Cæſar 
planted a colony at Corinth, and endea- 
voured to raiſe it from its ruins, and reftore 
it to its former grandeur. The covernment. 
of Corinth was monarchical, till 779 yeary 
B. C. when officers called Prytanes were in- 
ſtituted. The war which has received the 
name of Corinthian war, becauſe the battles 
were fonght in the neighbourhood of Co- 
rinth, was begun B. C. 395, by the com- 
bination of the Athenians, Thebans, Co- 
rinthians, and Argives, againſt Lacedzmon, 
Piſander and Ageſilaus diſtinguiſhed them- 
ſelves in that war; the former, on the firſt 
year of hoſtilities, was defeated with the 
Lacedzmonian fleet, by Conon, near Cni- 
dus; While à few days after, Ageſilaus 


Q laugbtered, 


—— K — 


8 


Aaughtered to, ooo of the enemy The 
moſt famous battles were fought at Corunea 
and Leuctra; but Ageſilaus refuſed to be- 
fiege Corinth, lamenting that the Greeks, 
inſtead of deſtroying one another, did not 
turn their arms againſt the Perflan power. 
Martial. 9, ep. 58, —Sueton. Aug. 70.— 
Liv. 45, c. 28.— Far. 2, c. 16.—0vid. 
Met. 2, v. 240.—Horat. 1, ep. 17, v. 36. 
—Plin. 34, c. 2.— Stat. Theb. 7, v. 106, 
Pauſ. 2, c. 1, &c.—Strab. 8, &c.— Homer. 
Tl. 15.— ic. Tufc. 4, c. 14. in Verr. 4, c. 
44. An actor at Rome. Ju. 8, v. 
197. 

Cont6LAwvus, the firname of C. Mar- 
tius, from his victory over Corioli, where, 
from a private ſoldier, he gained the am- 
plett honors. When maſter of the place, 
he accepted as the only reward, the firname 
of Coriolanus, a horſe, and priſoners, and 
his ancient hoſt, to whom he immediately 
gave his liberry. After a number of mili- 
tary exploits, and many ſervices to his 
country, he was refuſed the conſulſhip by 
the people, when his ſcars had for a while 
influenced them in his favor. This raiſed 
his reſentment ; and when the Romans had 
received a preſent of corn from Gelo king 
of Sicily, Coriolanus inſiſted that it ſhould 
be ſold for money, and not be given gratis. 
Upon this, the tribunes raiſed the people 
azainſt him for his imprudent advice, and 
even wiſhed him to be put to death. This 
rigorous ſentence was ſtopped by the influ- 
ence of the ſenators, and Corivlanus ſub- 
mitted to a trial, He was baniſhed by a 
majority of three tribes, and he immediate- 
ly retired among the Volſci, to Tullus Au- 
hdius, his greateſt enemy, from whom he 
met a moſt friendly reception. He adviſed 
him to make war againſt Rome, and he 
marched at the head of the Volſci as gene- 
ral. The approach of Coriolanus greatly 
alarmed the Romans, who ſent him ſeveral 
embaſhes to reconcile him to his country, 
and to ſolicit his return, He was deaf to 
all propofals, and bade them prepare tor 
war. He vitched his camp only at the diſ- 
tance of five miles from the city; and his 
enmity againſt his country would have been 
fatal, had not his mother Volumnia, and 
his wife Vergilia been prevailed upon by 
the Roman matrons, to go and appeaſe his 
reſentment. The mecting of Coriolanus 
with his family was tender and affecting. 
He remained long inexorable ; but at laſt 
the tears and entreaties of a mother and a 
wife prevailed over the ſtern and obſtinate re- 
ſolutious of an enemy, and Coriolanus march- 
ed the Volſci from the neighbourhood of 
Rome. To ſhew their ſenſe of Volumnia's 


merit and patriotiſm, the Romans dedicated 
a temple to Female Fortune, The behaviour 


9 


© 0 


of Coriolanus, however, diſpleaſed the Volfe, 


He was ſummoned to appear before the Maj 
people of Antium ; but the clamors Which mad 
his enemies raiſed, were ſo prevalent, that provi 
he was murdered on the place appointed for to int 
his trial, B. C. 488. His body was bo- capti 
nored with a magnificent funeral ty leadei 
the Volſci, and the Roman matrom ſence 
put on mourning for his loſs. Song court, 
hiftorians ſay that he died in exile, i ment 
an advanced old age. Plut. in vita, —fly, Anoth 
2, C. 24. to a 
CoriGrt1 & CoRIOLLA, a town of Lz poiſon, 
tium on the borders of the Volſci, take the ſet! 
by the Romans under Coriolanus. Pia; ther th 
c. 5,—Plut.—Liv. 2, c. 33. their ve 
Corrssvs, a town of Ionia. ballets.. 
CoriTus. Fd. Corytus. made it 
Cormus, a river near Aſſyria. Tat were g. 
12. Ann. c. 14. tering 
CorMasA, a town of Pamphylia. Ly, ons, an- 
38, e. 15. N the publ 
CornEL1tA LExX, de Civitate, was . to this 
acted A. U. C. 670, by L. Corn. $jll the offen 
It confirmed the Sulpician law, and require petundis, 
that the citizens of the eight newly elecht culation 
tribes, ſhould be divided among the 3 5 ancien condemn 
tribes, Another, de Fudicits, A. U. ( lerdictio.- 
673, by the ſame. It ordained that tle gave the 
pretor ſhould always obſerve the ſame in- the provi 
variable method in judicial proceeding, taining tl 
and that the proceſs ſhould not depend - without 3 
on his will. Another, de Sumptibu,, by was be foi 
the ſame. It limited the expences which ſame, wi 
generally attended funerals. Another, d proſcribed 
R-ligione, by the fame, A. U. C. 677. Þ cially thoſ, 
reftored to the college of prieſts, the pm. truria, w 
lege of chuſing the prieſts, which, by the lers. 
Doritian law, had been lodged in the hand of the pe, 
of the people. Another, de Municipi's dained hat 
by the ſame; which revoked all the priv from any, 
leges which had been ſome time befor cuſtom, un 
granted to the ſeveral towns that had aſi in the ſena 
ed Marius and Cinna in the civil wars. — ed, could } 
Another, de Magiſtratibus, by the ſame; from being « 
which gave the power of bearing bono turrence.— 
and being promoted before the legal 2. 52, to ma 
to thoſe who had followed the intereſt d *hilip, king 
Sylla, while the ſons and partizans of h 8've prope. 
enemies, who had. been proſcribed, ver People, 
deprived of the privilege of ſtanding for Conn: 
any office in the ſtate. Another, d Me vas the fir. 
giſtratibus, by the ſame, A. U. C. 673. 1 tame mother 
ordained that no perſon ſhould exerciſe the vas ſo affe 4: 


that, at her d 
daughter of 


ſame office within ten years diſtance, or be 
inveſted with two ditferent magiſtracies In 
Another, de Magiſtratibu, bf 


one year, 
the ſame, A. U. C. 673. It diveſtcd the ane afte 
tribunes of the privilege of making las allus, She 


Vitues, Wh: 


interfering, holding aſſemblies, and receiv 


ing appeals. All ſuch as had been tribune 


were incapable of holding any other “e, _ ſhe ſaw 
in the ſtate by that law, An d his dyi 
M i of aidin, 


C O 
 Majeftate, by the ſame, A. U. C. 670. It 


made it treaſon to ſend an army out of a 


that province, or engage in a war without orders, 
| for to influence the ſoldiers to ſpare or ranſom a 
ho. captive general of the enemy, to pardon the 
by leaders of robbers or pirates, or for the ah- 
Tos ſence of a Roman citizen, to a foreign 
* court, without previous leave. The puniſh- 
We” ment was, agu & ignis interdictis. 
Flo Another by the ſame, which gave the power 
— to a man accuſed of murder, either by 
U. poiſon, weapons, or falſe accuſations, and 
taken the ſetting fire to buildings, to chuſe whe- 


ther the jury that tried him ſhould give 


lin, ? 0 . . A 
4 their verdict clam or palam, Did Doge, or by 


ballets. Another by the ſame, which 

made it agu & ignis interdictio to ſuch as 

Tait were guilty of forgery, concealing and al- 
3 tering of wills, corruption, falſe accuſati- 
Is ons, and the debaſing or counterfeiting of 

_ the public coin; all ſuch as were acceſſary 
ne ah to this offence, were deemed as guilty as 
yl the offender.— Another, de pecuniis re- 
equir petundis, by which a man convicted of pe- 


culation or extortion in the provinces, was 
condemned to ſuffer the aquz ignis in- 
terdictio. Another by the ſame, which 


elected 
ancien 


* gave the power to ſuch as were ſent into 
ame | the provinces with any government, of re- 
eeding, taining their command and appointment, 
end u without a renewal of it by the ſcnate, as 
bun of was before obſerved, Another by the 
8 which ſame, which ordained that the lands of 
other, d proſcribed perſons ſhould be common, eſpe- 
— cially thoſe about Volaterræ and Feſulæ in 
'S. pril Etruria, which Sy lla divided among his ſol- 
' by the diers. Another by C. Cornelius, tribune 
e ens ef the people, A. U. C. 686; which or- 
Aunicipi dained that no perſon ſhould be exempted 
the piu from any, law, according to the general 
ge befor cuſtom, unleſs 200 ſenators were preſent 
had aſhſt in the ſenate ; and no perſon thus exempt- 
ears; ed, could hinder the bill of his exemption 
the (amt; from being carried to the people for their con- 
ng bonon turrence. Another by Naſica, A. U. C. 
— agty $52, to make war againſt Perſeus, fon of 
intereſt Philip, king of Macedonia, if he did not 
ans of d zwe proper ſatisfaction to the Roman 
ibed, Wes people. N : 
anding fot ConnDLiia, a daughter of Cinna, who 
er, d: MR Ns the firſt wife of J. Cæſar. She be- 
0 673 ume mother of Julia, Pompey's wife, and 
exercile we vas ſo affectionately loved by her huſband, 
ance; or that, at her death, he pronounced a funeral 


iſtracies i ration over her body. Put. in Cœſ. -A 
5 atibus, Vf daughter of Metellus Scipio, who married 
3 we Pompey, after the death of her huſband P. 
ak ing ls Craſſus, She has been praiſed for her great 

and rech ues. When her huſband left her in the 
een tribune bay of Alexandria, to go tu ſhore in a ſmall 

"ther off boat, ſhe ſaw him ſtabbed by Achillas, and 


Ano“ — his dying groans without the poſh- 
Pty of aiding him, She attributed all his 


10% 


IS > 


| misfortunes to his connection with her. 
Plut. in Pomp. A daughter of Scipio 
Africanus, who was the mother of Tiberius 
and Caius Gracchus, She was courted by 
a king; but ſhe preferred being the wife of 
a Roman citizen, to that of a monarch. 
Her virtues have been deſervedly commend- 
ed, as well as the wholeſome principles ſhe 
inculcated in her two ſons. When a Cam- 
panian lady made once a ſhew of her jew- 
els at Cornelia's houſe, and entreated her 
to favor her with a fight of her own, Cor- 
nelia produced her two ſons, ſaying, Theſe 
are the only jewels of which I can boaft. 
In her life time, a ſtatue Was raiſed to her, 
with this inſcription, Cornelia mater Grac- 
chorum. Some of her epiſtles are preſerved. 
Plut, in Gracch —Juv. 6, v. 167. —Pal. 
Max. 4, c. 4.—Cic in Brut, 58. A 
veſtal virgin, buried alive in Doraitian's 
age, as guilty of incontinence, Sueton. in 
om, 

CoRNnELTT, an illuſtrious family at Rome, 
of whom the moſt diſtinguiſhed were, 
Caius Cornelius, a ſoothſayer of Padun, 
who foretold the beginning and ifſue of the 
battle of Pharſalia. Dolabella, a friend 
and admirer of Cleopatra. He told her 
that Auguſtus intended to remove her frum 
the monument, where ſhe had retired. —— 
An officer of Sylla, whom J. Czfar bribed 
to eſcape the proſcription which threatened 
his life, Cethegus, a prieſt, degraded 
from his office for want of attention. 
Cn. a man choſen by Marcellus to be his 
cqlleague in the conſulſhip. Balbus, a 
man who hindered J. Czſar from riſing 
up at the arrival of the ſenators, Coſſus, 
a military tribune during the time that 
there were no conſuls in the republic. He 
offered to Jupiter, the ſpoils called opima, 
Balbus, a man of Gades, intimate 
with Cicero, by whom he was ably defend- 
ed when accuſed. A freed man of Sylla 
the dictator. Scipio, a man appointed 
maſter of the horſe, by Camillus, when 
dictator. Gallus, an elegiac poet. Vid. 
Gallus. Merula, was made conſul by 
Auguſtus, in the room of Cinna. Mar- 
cellus, a man killed in Spain, by Galba, 
C. Nepos, an hiſtorian. Vid. Nepes, 
Merula, a conſul, ſent againſt the 
Boii in Gaul. He killed 1400 of them. 
His grandſon followed the intereſt of Sylla; 
and when Marius entered the city, he kill- 
ed himſelf, by opening his veins.— Gallus, 
a man who died in the act of copulation 
Val. Max. 9, c. 13.— Severus an epig 
poet in the age of Auguſtus, of great ge- 
nius. He wrote a poem on mount Etna, 
and on the death of Cicero.. —Thuſcus, a 
miſchievous per ſon. Lentulus Cethegus, 
a Conſul, ——Aur, Celſus, wrote eight books 
22 va 


c o 


2.0 


on medicine, till extant. Cn. and Publ. | ſentment; and they farther mention, that 
Scipio. Vid. Scipio. Lentulus, a high | Apollo had ſet a crow to watch her beta. dumb 
prieſt, & c. Liv. It. Val. Max. — Ta- viour, The child was preſerved, and called the ſe 
41. — Fuct.— Poly. — C. Nep. &c. Eiculapius; and the mother, after death, tic. « 
CorniculLuMatowat Latium. Dionyſ. | received divine honors, and had « ſtatue at Co: 
Hal. {| Sicyon, in her ſon's temple, which was ne- the Re 
Corniricivs, a poct and general in the | ver expoicd to public view. Pau. 2, c. 26, Coz 
age of Auguſtus, employed to accuſe Bru- The daughter of Coronæus, king of ealled 
tus, &c. His faſter Cornificia, was alſo | Phocis, changed into a crow by Minerva, feſtiva] 
bleſſed with 4 poetical genius. Plat. in | when flying before Neptune. Ovid. Met, 2, haved ; 
Brut. A lieutenant of J. Cæſar. Id. in| v. 543. One of the daughters of Atlay mount 
Ce/. A friend of Cicero, aud lis col- | and Plcione, F Crete, 
league in the office of augur. CokoN ra, a town of Acarnania. Thucyd. Some 
Cop xen, a ſirname of Bacchus. $, e. 102; from C. 
CoxN d tus, a ſtoic philoſopher, of Afri- Conoxus, a ſon of Apollo. Pauſ. 1, firſt int 
n, preceptor to Perſius the ſatyriſt. He] c. 5.—— A ſon of Phoroneus king of the Phrygia 
wrote ſome treatiſes on philoſophy and rhe- | Lapithæ. Dried. 4. Crete, « 
toric. Perf. 5, v. 36. A prætor of CorrHAGIiUM, a town of Macedonia, tion of t 
Rome, in the age of Cicero. Cic. lo, ep. 12 | Liv. 31, c. 27. Jupiter. 
A Roman, ſaved from the proiciip- | Const, a people of Sardinia, deſcended 1. od. 1 
tion of Marius, by his ſervants, who hung from the Corficans. v. 250. 
up a dead man in his room, and faid it CoRsS1A, a town of Bœotia. Pau, g, CorF 
was their maſter. Plat. in Mario. e. 84. Diad. 5. 
Coknus, a Phrygian, ſon of Mygdon Corsica, a mountainous iſland in the chus. 7 
and Anaximena. He aſſiſted Priara in the | Mediterrancan, on the coatt of Italy. Its Cory 
Trojan war, with the hopes of being re- inhabitants were ſavage, and bore the cha- Cory 
warded with the hand of Caſſandra tor ins | rafter of robbers, liars, and atheifts, accurd- Cory, 
fervices. Caſſandra adviſed him in vain to | ing to Seneca, who was exiled among them, dy Apoll, 
yetire from the war. He was Killed by | They lived to a great age, and fed of ConFe 
Pencleus. Pauſ 10, c. 27.—Virg. An. 2, | honey, which was produced in great abund- the foot o 
v. 341, &c. A courier of Elis, killed by } ance, though bitter in taſte, from the gum- applied tc 
Neoptolemus. He obtained a prize at | ber of yew trees and hemlock which gr Cor vc 
Olympia, B. C. 776, in the 28th olymipiad | there, Corſica was in the poſſeſſion of the whoſe tim 
from the inftitution of Iphitus; but this | Carthaginians, and conquered by the Ro- care of his 
year has generally been called the frſt | mans, B. C. 23r. The Greeks called t 6. 4, v. 1 
olympiad. Pauſ. 5, c. 5. A hero of | Cytnus. Sab. — Martial. g, ep. 27.— Fla. Whoſe aſſi 
Argolis, who Killed the ſerpent ſent by | 3, c. 6.1. 7, c. 2.—Ovid. 1, Amor. el. ts Some ſup 
Apollo to avenge Argos. His country was | v. 10.—/irg. Hel. g, v. 30. plies not a 
atHicted with a plague, and he conſulted the | CorsoTE, a town of Armenia, of Corycus 
oracle of Delphi, which commanded im to] CorsUtRA, an iſland in the bay of Cav Corte: 
build a temple, where a tripod whic . was | thage. of Cilicia, 
given him, ſhould fall from his hand.] CogTowa, an ancient town of Etruriy and alſo a 
Hauſ. 1, v. 43. called Corytum by Virgil. It was at tis duced excel 
Corona, a town of Meſſenia. Plin. 4, | mouth of the Thraſymene Lake. Dinyſ. v. 68... L, 
t. 5. | IT. 1, c. 20 & 26.—Liv. 9, c. 37. l 2 ic, ad E 
CoroNnta, a town of Bœotia, where, in | c. 4. Another of 
e firit year of the Corinthian war, Ageſi- | Convinvs, a name given to M. Valerius of robbers... 
kus defcated the allied forces of Athens, | from a crow, whiei aſſiſted him when he w4 Raſſus, ſacre 
Tuebes, Corinth, and Argos, B. C. 394 | fighting againſt a Gaul. An orator, Cort po 
C. Nep. in Ageſ.— Died. 12. A town of | Paterc. 2, c. 36. Meſſala, an eloquent herd, often 
Peiop nne ſus of Corinth—of Cyprus—of | orator, in the Augutitan age, diſtinguilbed heocritus 3 
Am wracia—of Phthiotis. fur integrity and patriotiſm, yet ridiculed Coryta 
Copox1s, a daughter of Phlegias, love | for his frequent quotations of Greek in U Phlagonia 
by Apollo. She became pregnant by her | actions. In his old age, he became ſo for- CoxF vA 
lover, who killed her on account ot he: | getful as not eveu to remember his ow9 e. 17. 
criminal partiality to Iſchys the Theſſalian | name. One of this family became io Cornymyy 
According to ſome, Diana killed her, for | voor, that he was obliged, to maintain him- rom his wea 
her infidelity to her brother; and Mercury | (elf, to be a mercenary ſhepherd. Fuv, ly nes that 8 
ſaved the child from her womb, as ſhe wa: | v. 108. * 393. 
en the burning pile. Others ſay, that thc T. CouuncANnus, the firſt plebeian who Coxyy T 
drought forth her ſon, and -expoſed him | was mage high-priett at Rome, —Th4 oder, ſon « 
AN FE pIGAWL bg ty ayvid her tather's ice- ui oi the Coruncant Was famous for the lut. in Th 
Number Cotypuas 


239 


number of great men which it ſuppliod, for 
the ſervice and honor of the Roman repub- 
lic. Cic. pro domo. | 

Corus, a river of Arabia, falling into 
the Red fea. IIcrodot. 3, c. 9. 

Cox YBAN TES, the prieſts of Cybele, 
called alſo Galli. In the celebration of their 
feſtivals, they beat their cymbals, and be- 
haved as if delirious. They firſt inhabited on 
mount Ida, and from thence paſſed into 
Crete, and ſecretly brought up Jupiter. 
Some ſuppoſe that they receive their name 
from Cory bas ſon of Jaius and Cybele, who 
firſt introduced the rites of his mother into 
Phrygia. There was a feſtival at Cnoſſus in 
Crete, called Corybantica, in commemora- 
tion of the Corybantes, who there educated 
Jupiter. Pauſ. 8, . 37.—Diod. 5.—Heorat. 
1. od. 16.-Virg. An. 9, v. 617, l. 10, 
v. 250. 

CorVBaAs, a ſon of Jaſus and Cybele. 
Diad. 5. A painter, diſciple to Nicoma- 
chus. Plin. 35, c. 11. 

CorvBASSA, a city of Myſia. 

CorVBus, a promontory of Crete. 

Cox YA, anymph, mother of Lycorus, 
dy Apollo. Pauſ. 10, c. 6. 

CöxFelprs, the nymphs who inhabited 
the foot of Parnaſſus. This name is often 
applied to the muſes. Ovid. Met. v. 320. 

Corxycivs, an old man of Tarentum, 
whoſe time was happily employed in taking 
care of his bees. He is repreſented by Vigil. 
G. 4, v. 127, &c. as a contented old man, 
whoſe aſſiduity and diligence are exemplary. 
Some ſuppoſe that the word Corycius, im- 
plies not a perſon of that name, but a native 
of Corycus, who had ſettled in Italy. 

CoxYcus, now Curco, a lofty mountain 
of Cilicia, with a town of the ſame name, 


f Car 


1ruri and allo a cave, with a grove which pro- 
at U Cuced excellent ſaffron. Horat. 2, Sat. 4, 
Dion. v. 68.— Lucan. , v. 809.—Plin. 5, c. 27. 
1.25 ic. ad Fam. 12. ep. 13.—Strab. 14. 


Another of Ionia, long the famous retreat 


alerius, of robbers. Another at the foot of Par- 
| he wah raſſus, ſacred to the muſes. 
orator CoxVpon, a fictitious name of a ſhep- 
Joquent herd, often occurring in the paſtorals of 
\guilbed Theocritus and Virgil. 
idiculed CoxyLa & CoRYLEUM, a village of 
K in his Paphlagonia. 
e ſo for- CoxFxva, a town of Ionia. Mela. 1, 
his OWN e. 17. 
came ſo CoRvuslrrx, a ſirname of Bacchus, 
ain him- ſom his wearing a crown of corymbi, certain 
Fuv. ly berries that grow on the ivy. Ovid. 1. Faft. 


V. 393. 


eian wh Cokyneta & CoRYNETEsS, a famous 
. robber, ſon of Vulcan, killed by Theſcus. 
© for tht Plat. in Tü. ö 

nume Conxvruastun, a Fromontory of Pelo- 


Paneſus. Pauſe 45 C. 36. 


E O 


Coxvrur, a daughter of Oceanus. Cic. 
de Nat. D. 3, c. 23. : 

Cory THENSEs, a place of Tegea. Pau, 
8, c. 45. 

CoxyTHVUS, a king of Corinth. Dod. 4. 

Cox vrus, a king of Etruria, father te 
Jaſius, whom Dardanus is ſaid to have put 
to death, to obtain the kingdom, It is alſo 
a town and mountain of Etruria, now Cor- 
tona, near which Dardanus was born. FVirg. 
En. 3, v. 170. l. 7, v. 209.—Sil, 5. v. 123. 
I. 4, v. 721. | 

Cos, an iſland. Vid. Co. 

Cosa & Cossa, or Cos, a town of 
Etruria. Virg. An. 10, v. 168,—Liv. 22, 
c. 11.—Cic. 9. Att. 6, -Cef. B. C. 1, c. 34. 

Coscod ius, a Latin writer. Varro de L. 
L. 5. A wretched epigram writer. Mar- 
tial. 2, ep. 77. 

Cos ix As, a Thracian prieſt of Juno, 
&c. Pelyæn. 7, c. 22. 

Cos is, a brother to the king of Albania, 
killed by Pompey. Plut. in Pomp. 

Cosmus, an effeminate Roman. Fuv. 8. 

CossEA, a part of Perſia, Diod. 17. 

Cossvs, a ſirname given to the family of 
the Cornelii. A Roman, who killed 
Volumnius, king of Veii, and obtained the 
3 Opima, A. U. C. 318. Virg. An. 6, 
v. 841. 

Cossurit, a family at Rome, of which 
Coſſutia, Czſar's wife, was deſcended, Suet, 
in Cef. 1. 

Cos rost, robbers in Galatia, Par. 
TO, c. 34. 

CosYRA, a barren iſland in the African 
ſea, near Melita. Ovid. Faft. 3, v. 567. 

Corres & CoTTEs, a4 promontory of 
Mauritania, 

CoTHoN, a ſmall iſland near the citadel 
of Carthage, with a convenient bay, which 
ſerved for a dock-yard. Seruius in Virg, 
Eu. 1, v. 431,—Diecd, 3, 

CoTHONEA, the mother of Triptolemus. 
Hygin. fab. 147, 

CS rIso, a king of the Daci, whoſe army 
invaded Pannonia, and was defeated by 
Corn. Lentulus, the lieutenant of Auguſtus, 
It is ſaid that Auguſtus ſolicited his daugh- 
ter in marriage. Suet. in Aug, 63.—llo- 
rat. 3, od. 8, v. 15, 

CoToN1s, an iſland near the Echinades, 
Pli a. 4, c. 13. 

Corr M. AUuRrELIUus, a Roman, who 
oppuled Marius. He was conſul with Lu- 
cullus ; and when in Aſia, he was defeated 
by fea and land, by Mithridates. He was 
arnamed Ponticus, becauſe he took Heraclea 
of Pontus by treachery, Plut in Lucull.—— 
An orator, greatly commended by Cicers de 
Nrat. A governor of Paphlagonia, very 
aithful to Sardanapalus Died. 2. A 


Peudthrift, in the age of Nero, &c. Tacit. 


” — * 
— — W ST FA 1 


— — 


— 


— 


C.-K 


ann Ay officer of Cxfar, in Gaul,——A | 

t mentioned by Ovid in Ep. de Port. 

CorTiz ALPES, a certain part of the 
Alps, by which Italy is ſeparated from Gaul. 
Suct. Tib. 37. Ner. 18. 

Corus, a giant, ſon of Cœlus and Ter- 
ra, who had 160 hands, and 50 heads, 
Mefied. Theog. v. 147. A man among 
the Edui, &c. Cæſ. bell. 

Cory Um, a town of Galatia, Tln. 5, 
e. 34. of Phrygia. 

CotTyL#&vus, a ſirname of /Etculapius, 
worſhipped on the borders of the Eurotas, 
His temple was raiſed by Hercules. Pai. 3, 
6. 19. ” | 

CoTyYLiuvs, a mountain of Arcadia, 
Pauſ. 8, c. 41. 

Cor vOoRA, a city of Aſia Minor, found- 
ed by a colony from Sinope. Died. 14. 

Cor vs, the father of Aſia. Herodot. 4, 
c. 45. A ſon of Manes by Callirhoe, 
who ſucceeded his father on the throne of 
Mæonia. A king of Thrace. C. Nep. 
in [phic. Another, who favored the in- 
tereſt of Pompey. He was of an iraſcitic 
temper. Lucan. 5, v. 5 Another, 
king of Thrace, who divided the kingdom 
with his uncle, by whom he was killed. Lt 
is the ſame to whom Ovid writes from his 
baniſhment. Tacit. 2, Ann. 64.—0vid, 2, 
de Pont. ep. 9. A king of the Odryſz. 
Liv. 42, c. 29. A king of Armenia 
Minor, who fought againſt Mithricates, in 
the age of Claudius, Tacit. Ann. 11 & 13. 
Another, vbo imagined he ſhould mar- 
ry Minerva, &c. Allien. 12. 

Corvrio, the goddeſs of ail debauch- 
ery, whoſe feſtivals, called Corrytia, were 
celebrated by the Athenians, Corintnians, 
Thracians, &c. during the night. Hel 
prieſts were called Baptz, and nothing but 
debauchery and wantonneſs prevailed at the 
celebration. A feſtival of the ſame name 
was obſerved in Sicily, where the votaries of 
the goddeſs carried about boughs hung with 


cakes and fruit, which it was lawful for any 


perſon to pluck off, It was a capital pu- 
nill.ment to reveal whatever was ſcen or done 
at theſe ſacred feſtivals, and it coſt Eupolis 
his life for an unſcaſonable reflection upon 
them. The goddeſs Cotytto is ſuppoſed to 
be the ſame as Proferpine. Horat. epod. 17, 
v. $3.—Teiv. 2, v. 91. 

CRacus, a woody mountain of Cilicia, 
part of Mount Taurus, ſ:cred to Apolic. 
wid, 1 et. 9, v. 645. —llorat. 1, cd. 21. 
CRAMBTUS5A, a town of Lycia. : 

CRrANA1, a firname of the Athenians, 
from their King Cranaus. Heede. &, c. 44. 

CrANnNAPES, a Perſian, &c. Heorodet. 

Cranaus, tle ſecond King of Athens, 
who ſucceeded Cecrops, and reigned nine 
years, B...C. 1497. Pau. 15 C. 2.— 
city of Caria. Fin. 5, C. 29. 


83 


Craxr, a nvmph. Vid. Carna, 4 
town of Arcadia, 

CkAantuM,agymnaſtic ſchool at Corinth, 
Dieg. 

CHANII, a town of Cephallenia. Thucyd, 
2, ©. 30. 

CRANON & Crannov, a town of Theſ. 
faly, on the Lorders of Macedonia, where 
Antipater and Craterus defeated the Athe. 
ans after Alexander's death. Liv. 26, 
e. 10. K 425 ©. Bi; 

CAN, a philoſopher of Soli, among 
the pupils ot Plato, B. C. 310. Ding, 
An armour-bcarer of Peleus, killed by De- 
moleon. Ovid, Met. 12, v. 361. 

L. CRASSITIUS, a man who opened 2 
ſchool at Rome. Suet. de Gram. 18. 

CRrassUs, a grandfather of Craſſus the 
Rich, who never laughed. Pin. 7, c. 19, 
Publ. Licinius, a Roman high-prief,, 
al it 131 years, B. C. who went into Afi 
with 2n army againſt Ariftonicus, where he 
was Killed, and buricd at Smyrna. -M. 
Licinius, a celebrated Roman, ſirnamel 
Rich, on account of his opulence. At hr 
he was very circumſcribed in his circumftan- 
ces; but, by educating ſlaves, and ſelling them 
at a high price, he ſoon enriched himſelf, 
The cruclties of Cinna obliged him to leave 
Rome; and he retired to Spain, where he 
remained concealed for eight months. Affte! 
Cinna's death he paſſed into Africa, and 
thence to Italy, where he ſerved Sylla, and 
ingratiated himſelf in his favor. When tie 
gladiators, with Spartacus at their head, lad 
ipread an univerſal alarm in Italy, and de- 
icated ſome of the Roman generals, Craſſus 
was ſent againſt them. A battle was fouglt, 
in which Craſſus ſlaughtered 12, ooo of the 
flaves, and by this deciſive blow, ſoon put 
an end to the war, and was honored with 
an &vatis at his return, He was ſoon after 
made conſul with Pompey; and in this high 
othce he diſplayed his opulence, by enter- 
taining the populace at 10,000 tables. He 
was afterwards cenſor, and formed the 
firſt triumvirate with Pompey and Czlar, 
As lis love of riches was more predominant 
han that of glory, Craſſus never imitated the 
ambitious conduct of his colleagues, but vis 
ſatisfied with the province of Syria, which 
lcemed to promiſe an inexꝭ auſtible tource 
Wealth. With hopes of cnlarging his pol- 
Hens, he ſet off from Rome, though the 
vmens proved unfavorable, and every thing 
tcemed to threaten his ruin. He croſſed tbe 
Euphrates, and, forgetful of the rich cites c 
Babylon and Seleucia, he haſtened to make 
himfelf matter of Parthia. He was betrahe 
in his maich by tlie delay of Artavaſdes 
king of Armenia, and the perfidy of Anam- 
nes. He was met in a large plain by du 
rena, the general of the forces of Oradea, 


Ku. % of Parthia; and a battle was fougit \ 
vl. 


mend 
he ſut 
rena, 
Was u 
to be 
tain a1 
avaric 
teady 
intereſ 
his kn 
tenſive 
I 6.1; 
Craſſus 
When 
enemy, 
ordered 
His hea 
ſolence 
in Craf. 
man or 
troducec 
cipal ſp 
rich, ki] 
death, 
Cras 
Killed at 
6. 35 C. 
Crar 
CRATr 
c. A. 
Crar 


ſenus, 


Crar) 


He rende 
terary fan 
held, and 
life, He v 
the Mace 
Ways truſt 
After Ale) 
with Anti 
league inte 
attle aga 
tad leceive 

ingdoms, 
nen. 20 


4. —Plut. 
deus 


13.—IIcra. 


men 


ed 1 


the 
. 19, 
rieſt, 
Aſia 
Te he 
. 
amel 
t firſt 
nitan- 
them 
imſelk. 
o leave 
ele he 
Affftet 
a, and 
la, and 
nen tit 
ad, had 
and de- 
Crafſus 
fought, 
9 of the 
oon put 
ed with 
on after 
his high 
enter- 
A He 
ned the 
| Cxlar, 
Jominant 
tated the 
but was 
4, which 
{ourcc 
his pol- 
ough the 
ery thing 
roſſed the 
h cities 0 
| to make 
$ betrayed 


E N 

which 20,000 Romans were killed, and 
10,000 taken priſoners, The darkneſs of 
the night favored the eſcape of the reſt, and 
Craſſus, forced by the mutiny and turbulence 
of his ſoldiers, and the treachery of his 
guides, truſted himſelf to the general of the 
enemy, on pretence of propoſing terms of 
accommodation, and he was put to death, 
B. C. 53. His head was cut off, and ſent to 
Orodes, who poured melted lead down his 
throat, and inſulted his misfortunes. The 
firmneſs with which Craſſus received the 
news of his ſon's death, who periſhed in 
that expedition, has been deſervedly com- 
mended; and the words that he uttered when 
he ſurrendered himſelf into the hands of Su- 
rena, equally claim our admiration. He 
was wont often to ſay, that no man ought 
to be accounted rich, if he could not main- 
tain an army. Though he has been called 
avaricious, yet he ſhowed himſelf always 
ready to lend money to his friends without 
intereſt, He was fond of philoſophy, and 
his knowledge of hiſtory was great and ex- 
tenſive. Plutarch has written his life. Fer. 
3, . 11. Publius, the ſon of the rich 
Craſſus, went into Parthia with his father. 
When he ſaw himſelf ſurrounded by the 
enemy, and without any hope of eſcape, he 
ordered one of his men to run him through, 
His head was cut off, and ſhowed with in- 
ſolence to his father by the Parthians, Put. 
in Craſſ. L. Licinius, a celebrated Ro- 
man orator, commended by Cicero, and in- 
troduced in his book de oratore as the prin- 
cipal ſpeaker, A fon of Craſſus the 
rich, killed in the civil wars, after Cæſar's 
death, 

CRASTINUS, a man in Cæſar's army, 
Killed at the battle of Pharſalia. Cæſ. Bell. 
C. 3, c. 99. 

CrarTars, the mother of Scylla. 

CraTtzvs, conſpired againſt Archelaus, 
&c.— Ariſtor. 

CRATER, a bay of Campania near Mi- 
ſenus, | 

CrATERUs, one of Alexander's generals. 
He rendered himſelf conſpicuous by his li- 
terary fame, as well as by his valor in the 
held, and wrote the hiſtory of Alexander's 
life. He was greatly reſpected and loved by 
the Macedonian ſoldiers, and Alexander al- 
Ways truſted him with unuſual confidence. 


| 


After Alexander's death, he ſubdued Greece | 


with Antipater, and paſſed with his col- 
league into Alia, where he was killed in a 
battle againſt Eumenes, B. C. 321. He 
tad ieceived for his ſhare of Alexander's 
Kingdoms, Greece and Epirus. Nep. in Eu- 
men, 2.— Juin. 12 & 1 3.—Curt. 3.—Arri- 
an. — P/ut. in Alex, A phy ſician of At- 
neus, mentioned by Cic. 12, ad Attic, ep. 
13 —Herat. 2, Sat. 3, v. 161,——A pain- 


CA 


ter. Plin, 35, c. 11. 
collected into one body, all the decrees 
which had paſſed in the public aſſemblies at 
Athens. 

CRATES, a philoſopher of Bœotia, ſon of 
Aſcondus, and diſciple of Diogenes the 
Cynic, B. C. 324. He ſold his eſtates, and 
gave the money to his fellow-citizens. He 
was naturally deformed, and he rendered 
himſclf more hideous, by ſewing ſheep's 
ſkins to his mantle, and by the ſingularity 
of his manners. He clothed himſelf as warm 
as pothble in the ſummer: but in the winter, 
his garments were uncommonly thin, and 
incapable to reſiſt the inclemency of the ſea- 
ſon. Hipparchia, the fiſter of a philoſopher, 
became enamoured of him; and as he could 
not cool her paſſion by repreſenting himſelf 
as poor and deformed, he married her. He 
had by her two daughters, whom he gave 
in marriage to his diſciples, after he had 
permitted them their company for 30 days, 
by way of trial. Some of his letters are ex- 
tant, Dicg. in vitd. A ſtoic, ſon of Ti- 
mocrates, who opened a ſchool at Rome, 
where he taught grammar. Smeton, A 
native of Pergamus, who wrote an account 


of the moſt ſtriking events of every age, 


B. C. 165. lian. de Anim. 17, c. g. 
A philoſopher of Athens, who ſucceeded in 
the ſchool of his maſter Polemon. An 
Athenian comic poet. 

CRATESICLEA, the mother of Cleome- 
nes, who went to Egypt, in hopes of ſerving 
her country, &c. Plut. in Cleom. 

CRrATESIPOLIS, a queen of Sicyon, who 
ſeverely puniſhed ſome of her ſubje&s, who 
had revolted at the death of Alexander, her 
huſband, &c. Peolyen. 8, c. 58. 

CRATESIPPIDAS, a commander of the 
Lacedzmonian fleet, againſt the Athenians, 
&c. Diad. 13. 

CrRATEvas, a general of Caſſander, 
Died. 19. : 

CRATEUS, a ſon of Minos. 

CRATuts, a river of Achaia, falling into 
the bay of Corinth. Strab. 8. Another 
in Magna Græcia, whoſe waters were ſup- 
poſed to give a yellow color to the hair and 
beard of thoſe that drank them. Ovid. 14. 
Met.v.315.—Pauf. 7, c.25.—Plin. 31, c. 2. 

CRATINUS, a native of Athens, celebrat- 
ed for his comic writings, and his fondneſs 
for drinking. He died at the age of 97, 
B. C. 431 years. Quintilian greatly com- 
mends his comedies, which the little re- 
mains of his poetry do not ſeem fully to 
juſtify. Horat, 1. Sat. 4. —Quintil. 
A wreſtler, of an uncommon beauty. Pau, 
6, ©. 4 A river of Afia. Plin. 37, c. 2. 

CRATIPPUS, a philoſopher of Mitylene, 
who, among others, taught Cicero's ſon at 
Athens, After the battle of Pharſalia, Pom- 


24 pey 


An Athenian, whs 


— en en I — — - 
CEE 2 - ——ñ —— Z — 
- y — 5 wal 


— — 


LM 


- 


— . 


= 
— 


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— 


BC, — — ——— owe. 
+ — ww = a= 
* © 2 p * 


0 

— — 

4 — — as * 
- = 


23 © 
pey viſited the houſe of Cratippus, where 


their diſcourſe was chiefly turned upon Pro- 
vidence, which the warrior blamed, and 
the philoſopher defended. It. in Pomp. 
Cic. in offic. 1. An hiſtorian, contempo- 
rary with Thucydides. Dionyſ. Hal. 

CRrATYLUs, a philoſopher, preceptor to 
Plato after Socrates, 

CRrAvs1z, two iſlands on the coaſt of 
Peloponneſus. 

CxaAusts, the father of Philopœmen. 

CRrRAUxIDAs, a man who obtained an 
A 9 crown at a horſe race. Pau. 5, 
C. . 
CREMuERA, a ſmall river of Tuſcany, 
falling into the Tiber, famous for the death 
of the 300 Fabii, who were killed there in 
2 battle againſt the Veientes, A. U. C. 277. 
Cvid. Faft. 25 V. 205. — J. 2, V. 155. 

CR EMMA, a town of Lycia. 

CrrmMmyon & CromMMyoN, a town 
near Corinth, where Theſeus killed a fow 
of uncommon bigneſs. Ovid. Met, 7, v. 
435 ü 

CREMNT & CREMVos, a commercial 
Place on the Palus Mzotis. Herodot. 4, 
e. 3. 

CREMONA, a town of Ciſalpine Gaul, on 
the Po, near Mantua. It was a Roman 
colony, and ſuffered much when Annibal 
firſt paſſed into Italy. Liv. 21, c. 56.— 
Tacit. Hiſt. 3, c. 4 & 19. 

CREMONIS 32 a part of the Alps, 
over which, as ſome ſuppoſe, Annibal paſſed 
to enter Italy. Liv. 21, c. 38. 

CREMIDES, aplace of Bithynia. Died. 14. 

CrxEMUTius CoRDUs, an hiſtorian who 
wrote an account of Auguſtus, and of the 
civil wars, and ſtarved himſelf for fear of 
the reſentment of Tiberius, whom he had 
offended, by calling Caſſius the laſt of the 
Romans. Tacit. An. 55, c. 34, 35.—Suet. 
in Aug. 35 in Tib. 60. in Calig. 16. 

CREON, king of Corinth, was ſon of Sy- 
fiphus. He promiſed his daughter Glauce 
to Jaſon, who repudiated Medea. To re- 
venge the ſucceſs of her rival, Medea ſent 
her for a preſent, a gown covered with poi- 


| fon. Glauce put it on, and was ſeized with 


ſudden pains. Her body took fire, and ſhe 
expired in the greateſt torments. The houſe 
alſo was conſumed by the fire, and Creon 
and his family ſhared Glauce's fate, Ap 
ded. 1, c. 9. Il. 3, c. 7.—Eurip. in Med.-— 
Mein. fab. 25.—Dizd. 4. A ſon of Me- 
nœtius, father to Jocaſta, the wife and mo- 


© ther of CEdipus. At the death of Laius, 


who had married Jocaſta, Creon aſcended the 
vacant throne of Thebes. As the ravages 
of the Sphinx Vid. Sphinx) were intolerable, 
Creon offered his crown, and daughter in mar- 
rage, to him who could explam the #nig- 
mas which the monſter propoſed. QZdipu: 


3 


1 


was happy in his explamitions, and he af. 
cended the throne of Thebes, and married 

ocaſta without knowing that ſhe was his 
mother, and by her he had two ſons, Po- 
lynices and Eteocles. Theſe two ſons mu- 
tually agreed, after their father's death, to 
reign in the kingdom, each alternately, 
Eteocles firſt aſcended the throne, by right 
of ſeniority ; but when he was once in power, 
he refuſed to reſign at the appointed time, 
and his brother led againſt him an army of 
Argives to ſupport his right. The warwas 
decided by a fingle combat between the 
two brothers. They both killed one ano- 
ther, and Creon aſcended the throne, till 
Leodamas the ſon of Eteocles ſhould be of 
a ſuſkcient age to aſſume the reins of go- 
vernment. In his regal capacity, Creon 
commanded that the Argives, and more par- 
ticularly Polynices, who was the cauſe of all 
the bloodſhed, ſhould remain unburied. If 
this was in any manner diſobeyed, the of- 
fenders were to be buried alive. Antigone, 
the ſiſter of Polynices, tranſgreſſed, and was 
accordingly puniſhed. He mon, the ſon of 
Creon, who was paſſionately fond of Anti- 
gone, killed himſelf on her grave, when his 
father refuſed to grant her pardon. Creon 
was afterwards killed by Theleus, who had 

made war with him, becauſe he refuſed 
burial to the Argives. Vid. Eteocles, Poly- 

nices, Adi aſtus, Oedipus. —Apolled. 3, c. 5b, 
&c.—Parf. t, c. 39. l. 9, c. 5, &c,—Sat, 
in Teh.— Sophocl. in Antig. — A ſchyl. Sept. 
ante Theb.—tygin. fab. 67 & 76.— Dial. 

1&4. The firſt annual archon at Athens, 

684 .. I, C. 8. 

CrREoNTIADES, a ſon of Hercules by 
Megara daughter of Creon, killed by his 
father, becauſe he had ſlain Lycus. 

CrxropniLus, a Samian, who hoſpitably 
entertained Homer, from whom he received 
a poem in return. Some ſay that he was 
that poet's maſter, & c. Strab. 14.——Al 
hiſtorian. Athen. 8. 

Creytrius PoLL1o, a Roman, who 
ſpent his all in the moft extravagant debau- 
chery. UU. 9, v. 6. 

2 . LE ons of Crete. The firlt 
king of Crete. Pauſ. 8, c. 53. 

CREA & CxESSA, a town of Caria. 

Cxezrvs, a hill of Arcadia, Pau. 55 
c. 4. 

CRESPHONTES, a ſon of Ariſtomachus, 
who, with his brothers Temenus and 
Ariſtodemus, attempted to recover the Pelo- 
ponneſus. Par. 4, c. 3, &c. 

Cnksstus, belonging to Crete. Fig: 
En. 4, v. 70. |. 8, 294. | 

CRESTON, a town of Thrace, capital of 
a part of the country called Creſſonia. IU 
inhabitants had each many wives; and when 


the huſband died, ſhe who had received tie 
gecà- - 


. 


habita! 
tural J 
and ro 
report, 
Coryba 
they ce 
differen 
Achaia, 
there, 
tyranny 
ing the 
made :- 
a war of 
tants we 
compelle 
Chalk w 
Creta, an 
lucky da 
36, v. 1c 
Epif. to 
Strab, 10 
3, v. 104 
CaeT 
pertius, 2, 
CRETE 
1 
63 
Carre. 


Jupiter w 
traditions, 


CRErrs 


*. 4, V. 
CrETEr 


Poet and x 
and was k 


CaethoN 
the Trojan uv 
Vas ſlain, w 


eas, Ho 


** ESSA8S, 


8 


© 'K 


greateſt ſhare of his affection, was chearfully | CRrEvsA, a daughter of Creon, king of 
1 gain on his grave. Herodot. 5, c. 5. Corinth. As the was going to marry Jaſon, 
9 Carsus & Erhksus, two men who | who had divorced Medea, the put on a 
hs built the temple of Diana at Epheſus. | poiſoned garment, which immediately ſet 
is Pauſ. 7, c. 2. her body on fire, and the expired in the 
0 CRETA, one of the largeſt iſlands of the | moſt excruciating torments. She had re- 
y. Mediterranean ſea, at the ſouth of all the | ceived this gown as a gift from Medea, who 
at Cyclades. It was once famous for its hun- | wiſhed to take that revenge upon the infi- 
, dred cities, and for the laws which the wiſ- | delity of Jaton, Some call her Glauce. 
e, dom of Minos eſtabliſhed there. The in- Ovid. de Art. Am. t, v. 335. A daughter 
of habitants have been deteſted for their unna- | of Priam, king of Troy, by Hecuba. She 
_ tural loves, their falſehood, their piracies, married Aneas, by whom ſhe had ſome 
the 2nd robberies. Jupiter, as ſome authors | children, among which was Aſcanius. 
10- report, was educated in that iſland by the | When Troy was taken, ſhe fled in the night, 
till Corybantes, and the Cretans boaſted that with her huſband; but they were {eparated 
, of they could ſhow his tomb. There were in the midſt of the confufion, and A8neas 
go- different colonies from Phrygia, Doris, | could not recover her, nor hear where ſhe 
eon Achaia, & c. that eſtabliſned themſelves ' was. Cybele ſaved her, and carried her to 
par- there, The iſland, after groaning under the her temple, of which the became prieſteſs; 
{ all tyranny of democratical uſurpation, and feel- | according to the relation of Virgil, whe 
i ing the ſcourge of frequent ſedition, was | makes Creuſa appear to her huſband in a 
- Of- made à Roman province, B. C. 66, after | viſion, while he was ſeeking her in the tu- 
one, a war of three years, in which the inhabi- | mult of war. She predicted to Aneas the 
was tants were ſo diſtreſſed, that they were even | calamities that attended him, the fame he 
i” of compelled to drink the water of their cattle. | ſhould acquire when he came to Italy, and 
\nti- Chalk was produced there, and thence called | his conſequent marriage with a princeſs of 
n his Creta, and with it the Romans marked their | tne country. Pauf. 10, c. 16.—Virg. An. 
-reon lucky days in their calendar. Horat. 1, od. | 2, v. 562, &c. A daughter of Erech- 
o bad 36, v. 10. epod. 9. Ovid. Faſt. 3, v. 444. | theus king of Athens. She was mother of 
fuſed Epift. to, v. rob, —Pal. Max. 7, c. 6.— Janus by Apollo. A town of Bœotia. 
Poh- rab. 10. Lycan. 3, v. 184.—-Vrg. An. CREveis, a naval ſtation of the Theſpi- i 
c. 86, 3, v. 104.—Mela. 2, c. 7.— Plin. 4, c. 12. | ans. Pau. 9, c. 32. is 
Cal. CrxET&us, a poet, mentioned by Pro- CRIAsus, a ſon of Argos, king in Pelo- pi 
| Sept. pertius, 2, el. 34, v. 29. ponneius. Apellod. 2, c. 1. 1 
Dial. Carr, the wife of Minos. Apo/lod. 3, CriniepPpus, a general of Dionyſius the | 
thens, c. 1,—A daughter of Deucalion. Id. 3, | elder, | 
41 | Crivrs, a ſtoic philoſopher. Laert.—— "14118 
les by CRETEA, a country of Arcadia, where | A prieſt of Apollo. | | 
by bis Jupiter was educated, according to ſome CRrinisvs & CRriMIsvus, now Caltabel- i 15 
traditions. Pau. 8, c. 38. lota, a river on the wellern parts of Sicily Wen. 
pitably CRETES, inhabitants of Crete. Firg. | near Segeſta, where Timoleon defeated the 1 ll 
eceived Ar. 4, v. 146. Carthaginian forces. C. Nep. in Tim, —Virg. 1 f | 
Ne Was CRETEVS, a Trojan, diſtinguiſhed as a2 An. 5, v. 38. The word in the various | on 
7 poet and muſician. He followed Aneas, | editions of Virgil, is ſpelt Cremiſſus, Cn- 11 
and was killed by Turnus. Virg. An. 9, | miſſus, Crimiſus, Crimeſus, Criniſus, Crim LY TY 
n, who V. 774-——Another, killed by Turnus. Id. niſus. The Criniſus was a Trojan prince, 11 
debau- 12, v. 538. who expoſed his daughter on the ſea, rather 1 | 
CRETHETS, the wife of Acaſtus, king of | than ſuffer her to be devoured by the ſea- i $i 
Che fit lolchos, who fell in love with Peleus, ſon of | monſter which Neptune ſent to puniſh the TH | 
#acus, and accuſed him of attempts upon | infidelity of Laomedon. { Vid. CUT 4 | 
FR her virtue, becauſe he refuſed to comply | The daughter came ſafe to the ſhores 7 | | 
Pauſ. d, vith her wiſhes, &c. Pindar, Nem. 4. Sicily. Criniſus ſome time after went in | i 
CRETHELS, a ſon of AEolus, father of | queſt of his daughter, and was ſo diſconſo- 48 | 1 
\machu5z Alon, by Tyro his brother's daughter. |. late for her loſs, that the gods changed hin 0 1 8 
os 4 Apollod. 1, c. 7, &c. into a river in Sicily, and granted him the 10 
the Pelo- CatTHON, a ſon of Diocles, engaged in | power of metamorphoſing himſelf into what- 1 
the Trojan war on the fide of Greece, He | ever ſhape he pleaſed. He made uſe of 1 | | 
„ Wig Was flain, with his brother Orſilochus, by | this privilege to ſeduce the neighbouring | I 
eas. Homer. II. 5, v. 540. nymphs. 1. I! 
capital of „Arrleus, a certain orator. Ju. 2, v. CRINo, a daughter of Antenor. Pau. 1 | 
fe. 108 A firname of M. Antony's father. | 10, c. 27. One of the Danaides. Apollod. 1 | 
and whe" F*:3545, a famous boxer. Pauſ. 2. Cziss £U4 SINUS, a bay on the coaſts of | 'F 4 
eived the | Peloꝑonneſus, 14 
grcast 111 


— 
— — Uä ——— — — 


33 


Peloponneſus, near Corinth, now the bay | 
of Salona, It received its name from Cri//a, 
a town of Phocis, fituate on the bay and 
near Delphi. 

Cx1$0N, a man of Himera, who obtained 
a prize at Olympia, &c. Pauſ. 5, c. 23. 

CrisPiNA, a Roman matron, &c. Tacit. 
1, H. 47. 

Crispinus, a prætorian, who, though 
originally a flave in Egypt, was, after the 
acquiſition of riches, raiſed to the honors of 
Roman knighthood by Domitian. Fwuv. 1, 

» 26. A ſtoic philoſopher, as remark - 
able for his loquacity as for the fooliſh and 
tedious poem he wrote, to explain the tenets 
of his own ſect, to which Horace alludes in 
the laſt verſes of 1, Sar. 1. 

Cxrxrspus SALLUSTIVS, Vid. Salluſtius. 
A  Virio, a famous orator. Quintil. 10, 
4 1. The ſecond nuſband of Agrippina. 
lav. Jul. a ſon of tne Great Conſtan- 
tine, made Cæſar by his father, and diſtin- 
guithed for valor and extenſive knowledge, 
Fauſta, his ſtep-mother, wiſhed to ſeduce 
him; and when he refuſed, ſhe accuſed him 
before Conſtantine, who believed the crime, 
and cauſed his ſon to be poiſoned, A. D. 

26, 

; CRITALA, a town of Cappadocia, He- 
redot. 7, c. 26. 

Cxirntis, a daughter of Melanippus, 
who became pregnant by an unknown per- 
fon, and afterwards marricd Phemicis of 
Smyrna, and brought forth the poet Homer, 
according to Herodot. in vita. 

Cr1THOTE, atown of the Thracian Cher- 
ſoneſus. C. Nep. 

CRITI AS, one of the 30 tyrants ſet over 
Athens by the Spartans. He was eloquent 
and well-bred, but of dangerous principles, 
and cruelly perſecuted his enemies, and put 
them to death. He was killed in a battle 
againſt thoſe citizens whom his oppreſſion 
had baniſhed. He had been among the diſ- 
ciples of Socrates, and had written elegies 
and other compoſitions, of which ſome 
fragments remain. Cc. 2, de Orat —oA 
philoſopher.——A man who wrote on re- 
publics. Another, who addreſſed an 
elegy to Alcibiades. 

Cairo, one of the diſciples of Socrates, 
who attended hjs learned preceptor in his 
laſt moments, and compoſed ſome dialogues 
now loſt. Diog. A phyſician in the 
age of Artaxerxes Longimanus.— An hiſ- 
torian of Naxus, who wrote an account of 
all that had happened during eight par- 
ticular years of his life.-——A Macedonian 
hiſtorian, who wrote an account of Pallene, 
of Perſia, of the foundation of Syracuſe, of 
the Getz, &c. 

CRriToRULuUS, a general of Phocis, at the 
battle of Thermopylz, between Antiochus 


C R 


phyſician in the age of Philip king of! 
cedonia, Plin, 7, c. 37. A ſon of . 
to, diſciple to Socrates. Diog. in Crit 
CrriToptmus, an ancient | * 4» 
Plin. 5, c. 76. 

CriT6GNATUS, a celebrated warrior of 


| Aleſia, when Cæſar was in Gaul. Cz, Bel. 


Gall, 

CriToLAvs, a citizen of Tegea in Ar. 
cadia, who, with two brothers, fought again 
the two ſons of Demoſtratus of Pheneus, 
to put an end to a long war between their 
reſpective nations. The brothers of Cy. 
tolaus were both killed, and he alone re. 
mained to withſtand his three bold anta- 
goniſts. He conquered them; and when, at 
his return, his ſiſter deplored the death of 
one of his antagoniſts, to whom ſhe wiz 
betrothed, he killed her in a fit of reſent. 
ment. The offence deſerved capital puniſh. 
ment; but he was pardoned, on account of 
the ſervices he had rendered his country, 
He was atterwards general of the Achzan, 
and it is ſaid that he poiſoned himſelf, be- 
cauſe he had been conquered at Thermo- 
pylz by the Romans. Cie. 3, de Nat. Y 
——-A pcripatetic philoſopher of Athens, 
ſent ambaſſador to Rome, &c. 140 B. C. 
Cic. 2, de Orat. An hiftorian who wrote 
about Epirus. 

Crivus, a ſoothſayer, ſon of Theocls, 
Pau. 3, c. 13. A man of gina, &, 
Herodot. 6, c. 50. A river of Achaia, 
called after a giant of the ſame name. Pay, 
5 6. 7. 8 

CRroBIALUs, a town of Paphlagonia, 

CroByzi, a people of Thrace, 

CrdcALE, one of Diana's attendants, 
Ovid. Met. 3. 

CrocEz, a town of Laconia, Pas. 
v. Al. 

CrocopiLlLoPGLis, a town of Egypt, neat 
the Nile, above Memphis. The crocodiles 
were held there in the greateſt veneration; 
and they were ſo tame, that they came to 
take food from the hand of their feeders. 
It was afterwards called Arſinoe. Heri!, 
2, c. 69.—Strab. 17. 

Crocus, a beautiful youth enamoured of 
the nymph Smilax. He was changed it 
a flower of the ſame name, on account of 
the impatience of his love, and Smilax Wi 
metamorphoſed into a yew-tree. Ovid. 4 
Met. v. 283. 

Cxsus, the fifth and laſt of the Merm, 
nadz, who reigned in Lydia, was fon 
Alyattes, and paſſed for the richeſt 0 
mankind. He was the firſt who made the 
Greeks of Afia tributary to the Lydians 
His court was the aſylum of learning; 4 
Aſop, the famous fable-writer,” am 
others, lived under his patronage. Ina * 
verſation with Solon, Crœſus wiſhed to 


and the Romans, Pauſ. 10, c. 20. 


( . ind; but the 
A thought the happieſt of pil 


philo 
gave 
Virtue 
Cyru 
meet 
and 6. 
he w: 
beſieg 
hands 
The p 
heard 
exclai 
Aſked 
and C 
had on 
neſs. 
at the 
man af 
from t! 
of his x 
of Lyd: 
the pow 
ſurvis ec 
is unkn 
men ſelv 
tem ple | 
an obſci 
interpret 
filed in 


riath, 7 
Crom 
Crow 

I——A 
Ca ON | 

of Saturn 

feltival, 2 

condeinng 
Crow: 

Cropy 
were the { 
ſome trad; 

2, C. 28. 

Ckoss : 

trace, an 


founded 75 
by a colon 5 
Vere excell 


. 
wy 


Yr of 
bell, 


Ar. 
ainſt 
neus, 
their 
Cri- 
E TC 
anta- 
en, at 
th of 
? Was 
eſent- 
umiſh- 
unt of 
unry, 
aus, 
If, be- 
1CrmO- 
at, D. 
\thens, 
B. C. 


0 Wrote 


heocles, 
ia, &e, 
Achan, 


Pai}, 
onia. 
endants, 
Pai. bf 


ypt/ neat 
rocodiles 
aeration ; 
came do 
r feeders. 

Heradvt, 


noured of 
ed Indo 
ccount 9 
milax Wa 

Ovid. 4 


he Merm- 
VAS {on 0 
richeſt of 
made the 
Lydians. 
ning; © 
I, among 
In a cou. 
iſhed to be 
d; but the 
philoſop*# 


C R 
philoſopher appriſed him of his miftake, and 


gave the preference to poverty and domeſtic 
virtue. Crœſus undertook a war againſt 
Cyrus the king of Perſia, and marched to 
meet him with an army of 420,000 men, 
and 60,000 horſe. After a reign of 14 years, 
he was defeated, B. C. 548; his capital was 
beſieged, and he fell into the conqueror's 
hands, who ordered him to be burnt alive. 
The pile was already on fire, when Cyrus 
heara the conquered monarch three times 
exclaim, Solon! with lamentable energy. He 
aſked him the reaſon of his exclamation, 
and Crœeſus repeated the converſation he 
had once had with Solon on human happi- 
neſs. Cyrus was moved at the recital, and 
at the recoſlection of the inconſtancy of hu- 
man affairs, he ordered Crœſus to be taken 
from the burning pile, and he became one 
of his moſt intimate friends. Toe kingdom 
of Lydia became extinct in his perſon, and 
the power was transferred to Perſia. Crœſus 
ſurvi. ed Cyrus. The manner of his death 
is unknown. He is celebrated for the im- 
menſely rich preſents which he made to the 
temple of Delphi, from which he received 
an obſcure and ambiguous oracle, which ke 
interpreted in his favor, and which was ful- 
filed in the deſtruction of his empire. He- 
redit. I, c. 26, Sc. —lut. in Selon. 8, c. 
24.— Jin. I, C. 7. 

Cromi, a people of Arcadia. 

CromiTtis, a country of Arcadia. 

Croumvyon & Chomvon, a place of 
Attica, where Hercules killed a large ſow 
that laid waſte the neighbouring country. 
Ovid, Met, 7.— Xen. A town near Co- 
rinth. Pauſ. . 

CRouxa, a town of Bitbynia. 

Crowns, a ſon of Neptune. Pauſf. 2, c. 
I—A ſon of Lycaon. II. 8. c. 3. 

Caronta, a feftivaRat Athens, in honor 
of Saturn, The Rhodlians obſerved the ſame 
feſtival, and generally ſacrificed to the god a 
condemned malcfactor. 

Crontun, a town of Elis—of Sicily. 

Caiopni, a mountain of Egypt, near which 
were the ſources of the Nile, according to 
ſome traditions, in the city of Sais. Herodot. 
2, c. 28. 

Ckoss £A, a country ſituate partly in 
Thrace, and partly in Macedonia. Herodot. 
75 C. 123. 

CRoTALVS, a navigable river of Italy. 
. J e. 10. 

Croton, a man killed by Hercules, by 
r he was afterwards greatly honored. 

0d, 4. 

Cd rs, a town of Italy, ſtill known 
by the ſame name, in the bay of Tarentum, 
founded 7 59 years before the Auguſtan age, 
by a colony from Achaia. The inhabitants 
v*7c excellent warriors, and great wreſtlers, 


Cc 


Democedes, Alcmzon, Milo, &c. were na- 
tives of this place. It was ſurrounded with a 
wall twelve miles in circumference, before 
the arrival of Pyrrhus in Italy. Crotona 
Fruggled in vain againſt the attacks of 
Dionyſus of Sicily who took it. It ſuffered 
likewiſe in the wars of Pyrrhus and Anni- 
bal. Herodot. 8, c. 47.— Strab. 6.—Plin. 2, 
c. 96.— L. w. 1, c. 18. J. 24, c. 3.—Juſlin. 
20% ©. 4. 

CROTO NAT, the inhabitants of Cro- 
tona. Cie. de ind. 2, c. I. 

CRO TOS ATISs, a part of Italy, of which 
Crotona is the capital, 7 -zucyd. 7, c. 35. 

CRoToP1ADrs, a patronymic of Linus, 
as grandſon of Crotopus, 

CRroTOPIAS, the patronymic of Linus, 
grandſon of Crotopus. wir. in 1b, 480. 

CRoTOPUSs, a King of Argos, ſon of Age- 
nor, and father to Plamathe the mother of 
Linus by Apollo. Orid. in Jb. 480. 

Crvuxos, a town of Peloponneſus. Mela, * 
1 1 . 

Cxius1s, a place near Olynthos, 

CavsTUMFRIUM & CRUSTUMERIA, A 
town of the Sabines. Ziv. 4, C. 9. 1. 42. 
c. 34.—Pirg. An. 7, v. 531. 

CRUSTUMINUM, a town. of Etruria, near 
Veil, famous for pears; whence the adjective 
Cruſftumia, Virg. G. 2. v. 88. 

CrRusTUMIUM, CRUSTUNUS & CRUus- 
TURNENIUS, now Cenca, a river flowing 
from the Apennines, by Ariminum. Lucan, 
2, V. 406. 

Crvyx1s, a river of Bithynia. 

CRyYPTA, a paiſage through mount Pau- 
hlvpus. Vid. Pauſiiypus. 

CTEATvVs, one of the Grecian chiefs be- 
fore Troy. Pau. 5, c. 4. 

CTEMENE, a town of Theſſaly. 

CrENos, a harbour of Cherſoneſus 
Taurica. 

CTEsS1As a Greek hiſtorian and phyſician 
of Cnidos, taken priſoner by Artaxerxes 
Mnemon at the battle of Cunaxa. He cured , 
the king's wounds, and was his phyſician 
for 17 years. He wrote an hiſtory of the 
Aſſyrians and Perſians, which Juſtin and 
Diodorus have partially preferred to that of 
Herodotus. Some fragments of his compo- 
fitions have been preſerved by Photius, and 
are to be found in Weſſeling's edition of 
Herodotus. Strab. 1.—Athen. 12.—Plut. 
in Artax. A ſycophant of Athens. 
An hiſtorian of Epheſus, 

CTEsS1B1US, a mathematician of Alexan- 
dria, who floriſhed 135 years B. C. He was 
the inventor of the pump, and other hydraulie 
inſtruments. He alſo invented a clepſydra, 
or a water clock. This invention of mea 
ſuring time by water was wonderful and in- 
genious. Water was made to drop upon 


* which it turned. The wheels com- 


municated 


— 
— 
— 


— 
— 


W 


— —— TN———HH! H — — 


— 
2 


TW 


wunicated their regular motion to a ſmall 
wooden image, which, by a gradual riſe, 
pointed with a ſtick to the proper hours and 
months, which were engravec on a column 
near the machine. This artful invention 
gave riſe to many improvements; and the 
modern manner of meaſuring time with an 
hour-glaſs is in imitation of the clepſydra of 
Cteſibius. Vitruv. de Archit. 9, c. 9. 
A cynic philoſopher. An hiſtorian, who 


flouriſhed 254 years B. C. and died in his | 


04th year. Plut. in Dem. 

CTExsSICLEs, a general of Zacynthos, &c. 

CTxs1DEMUs, a painter who had Anti- 
philus for pupil. Pin. 35, c. 10. 
CrxstLöcnhus, a noble painter, who re- 

reſented Jupiter as bringing forth Bacchus. 
lin. 35, C. 11. 

Orkslruor, an Athenian, who adviſed 
his fellow citizens publicly to preſent De- 
moſthenes with a golden crown for his pro- 
bity and virtue. This was oppuſed by the 
orator Æſchines, the rival of Demoſthenes, 
who accuſed Cte ſiphon of ſeditious views. 
Demoſthenes undertook the defence of his 
friend, in a celebrated oration ſtill extant, 
and ÆEſchines was baniſhed. A Greek 
architect, who made the plan of Diana's 
temple at Epheſus. An elegiac poet, 
whom king Attalus ſet over his poſſeſſions in 
Folia. Athen. 13 
who wrote an hiſtory of Bœotia, beſides a 
treatiſe on trees and plants. Plut. in The. 
A large village of Aſſyria, now E/- 
wndain, on the banks of the Tigris, where 
the kings of Parthia generally refided in 
winter on account of the mildneſs of the 
climate. Strab. 15.—Plin. 6, c. 26. 

CTxs1PpUus, a ſon of Chabrias. After 
his father's death he was reccived into the 
houſe of Phocion, the friend of Chabrias, 
Phocion attempted in vain to correct his na- 
tural foibles and extravagances. Put. in 
Phoc. A man who wrote an hiſtory of 
Scythia. One of the deſcendants of Her- 
cules. 

CTimEnt, the youngeft daughter of La- 
ertes by Anticlea, Homer, Od. 15, v. 334. 

CuLaro, a town of the Allobroges in 
Gaul, called afterwards Gratianopelis, and 
gow Grenoble, Cic. ep 

Cuma & Cuamz, a town of Folia, in 
Aſra Minor. The inhabitants have been ac- 
cuſcd of ſtupidity for not laying a tax upon 
all the goods which entered their harbour 
during zoo years. They were called Cumani, 
Serab. 13.—Paterc. 1, c. 4 A city of 
Campania, near Puteoli, founded by a colony 
from Chalcis and Cumæ, of /Eolia, before 
the Trojan war. The inhabitants were called 
Cumei and (mani. There was one of the 
Sibyts that fixed her reſidence in a cave in 
the neighbourhood, and was called the 


A Greek hiſtorian, | 


e 


Cumæan Sibyl. Vid. Sibylle,—Ovid. My, 
15, v. 712. Fa. 4, v. 158. Pont. 2, el. 
8, v. 41.—Cic. Rull. 2, c. 26.— Paterc. 1, 
c. 4.— irg. Arn. 3, v. 441. Liu. 4.—Pto, 
3.— Strub. 5 
CAN, a country houſe of Pompey 
near Cumz. Cie. ad Attic, 4, ep. 10. 
Another of Varro. Id. Acad. 1, c. 1. 
CON AXA, a place of Aſſy ria, 500 ftadia 
from Babylon, famous for a battle fought 
there hetween Artaxerxes and his brother 
Cyrus the younger, B. C. 401. The latter 
entered the field of battle with 113,009 
men, and the former's forces amounted tg 
900,000 men. The valor and the retreat of 
the 10,000 Greeks, who were among the 
troops of Cyrus, are well known, and have 
been celebrated by the pen of Xenophon, 
who was preſent at the battle, and who lad 
the principal care of the retreat. Plat. in 
Artax,—Gtefras. 
CuwEevs, a cape of Spain, now Algarve, 
extending into the ſea in the form of a wedge, 
Mela. 3, c. 1.—Plin. 4, c. 22. 
CurAvo, a ſon of Cycnus who aflifted 
Eneas againſt Turnus. Virg. An. ic, 
v. 186. 
CuyrenTvs, a friend of Turnus, killed by 
Eneas. Virg. An. 12, v. 539. 
TCovuri po, a celebrated deity among the 
ancients, god of love, and love itſelf. There 
are different traditions concerning his pa- 
rents. Cicero mentions three Cupids; 
one, ſon of Mercury and Diana; another, 
ſon of Mercury and Venus ; and the third, 
of Mars and Venus. Plato mentions two. 
Heſiod, the moſt ancient theogoniſt, ſpeaks 
only of one, who, as he ſays, was produc- 
ed at the ſame time as Chaos and the Earth. 
There are, according to the more received 
opinions, two Cupids, one of whom 18 2 
lively ingenious youth, ſon of Jupiter and 
Venus; whilſt the other, ſon of Nox aud 
Erebus, is diſtinguiſhed by his debauchery 
and riotous diſpoſition, Cupid 1s repre- 
ſented as a winged infant, naked, armed 
with a bow and a quiver full of arrows, 
On gems, and all other pieces of antiquity, 
he is repreſented as amuſing himſelf with 
ſome childiſh diverſion. Sometimes be 
appears driving a hoop, throwing a quot, 
playing with a nymph, catching a bufter- 
fly, or trying to burn with a torch ; 4 
other times he plays upon a horn before 
his mother, or cloſely embraces a ſwan, ct 
with one foot raiſed in the air, he, in 3 
muſing poſture, ſcems to meditate ſome 
trick, Sometimes, like a conqueror, le 
marches triumphantly with a helmet on hie 
head, a ſpear on his ſhoulder, anda bucklcf 
on his arm, intimating, that even Mart 
himſelf owns the ſuperiority of love. His 
power was generally known by his " 
} 


un the k 
breakin, 
ter. A 
ed with 
Venus, 
over the 
and ever 
nity Was 
prayers, 
him. Ac 
of Cupid 
ali the a 
even the 
of love b 
Cupid, 1 
a1terent 
Kaeid p 
mother, 
Didu's ce 
with love 
4e Nat ] 
fad. Thee 
Uyneg. 2 
Fur:p. In 
ke. 
Cori 
made him 
effeminac 
y. 36. 
Cures 
Tatius wa 
Quirites, 
dey becar 


Corybantes 
produced 
all the arty 
Dicated it 
They were 
Late an 
7 tis tath 
and drown 
et their (hi 
ISI.—Strg 
5 v. 282. 
Cuktti 
being the x 
Met. 8, v. 
Cura : 
omulus o1 
tree tribe: 
ver each 
Who 6ficia 
ave aſſembl 
urienia, an 
be 8 the 
W be pure 
doch free fr 
Vere elected 
we them 


E U 


on the back of a lion, or on a dolphin, or 


t, breaking to pieces the thunderboltsof Jupi- 
l, ter. Among the ancients he was worthip- 
1, ed with the ſame ſolemnity as his mother 
ol. Venus, and as his influence was extended 

over the heavens, the ſea, and the carth, 
ey and even the empire of the dead, his divi- 
— nity was univerſally acknowledged, and vows, 

prayers, and ſacrifices were daily oftered to 
lia him. According to ſome accounts, the union 
oht of Cupid with Chaos gave birth to men, and 
her ill the animals which inhabit the earth, and 
tter tren the gods themſelves were the offspring 
009 of love before the foundation of the world. 
1 to Cupid, like the reſt of the gods, aſſumed 
t of different ſhapes ; and we find him in the 
the Kaeid putting on, at the requeſt of his 
nave mother, the form of Aſcanius, and going to 
hon, Dido's court where be intpired the queen 
bad with love. Virg Ax. 1, v. 693, &c.—Cic. 
t, in d Nat D. 3.— vid. 1, Vet. tab. 10.— le- 

fol. Theog, v. 121, &c.—Oppian. Hali. 4. 
aTVe, Greg. 2.— Bion. I. 540. 3.—Voſchus, — 
edge. Furip. in Hippol. —T1 leccrit. Idyil, 3, 11, 


kc. 
lifted Curtius, a friend of Auguſtus, who 


, Ig made himſelf ridiculous for the aicety and 
effeminacy of his dieis. Horat. 1, Sat. 2, 
ed by y. 36. 

Cunts, a town of the Sal-ines, of which 
ng the Tatius was king. Tne inhabitants, called 
There Quiriter, were carried to Rome, of which 
is pa- they became citizens. Virg. An. 1, v. 292, 
is ; $, v. 638.— Liu. 1, c. 13.—/\Macreb. 1, c. 
wthery g.—Ovid Faſt. 2, v. 477, & 480, l. 3, v. 
third, 4. 
1s two. Cunt1rs, a people of Crete, called alſo 
ſpeaks Corybantes, who, according to Ovid, were 
roduc- produced from rain. Their knowledge of 
Earth. all the arts was extenſive, and they commu- 
eceived nicated it io many parts of anc.ent Greece. 
m is 2 They were entruſted with the education of 
ter and Lees and to prevent his being diſcovered 
[ox aud his father, they invented a kind of dance, 
auchery and drowned his cries in the harſh ſounds 
 repre- ei their ſhields and cymbals. Virg. G. 4, v. 

armed 151. Straß. — Par. 4, c. 33. — Ovid. Met. 
arrows. 5 v. 282. Faſt, 4, v. 210. 
itiquity, Corktis, a nane given to Crete, as 
If with deing the reſidence of the Curetes. Ovid. 
mes he Mer. 8, v. 136. 

a quoit, Cura, a diviſion of the Roman tribes. 
x butter- omulus originally divided the people into 
uch; 1 Witte tribes, and cach tribe into 10 Curiæ. 
a before Over each Curia was appointed a priett, 
ſwan, or who o fciated at the ſacrifices of his reſpec- 
he, in 3 ave aſſembly. The ſacrifices were called 
ate ſome Grionia, and the prieſt Curio. He was to 
jerory, be be above the age of fifty, His morals were 
zet on his be pure and unexceptionable, and his 
a buckle! Abech free from all defects. The Curiones 
en Mart were elected by their reſpective Curiz, and 
we. His e them was a ſuperior prieſt called 
is riding 


CU 


Curio maximus, choſen by all the Curiz ia & 
public aſſembly. The word Curia was 
alſo applied to public edifices among the 
Romans. Theſe were generally of two 
ſorts, divine and civil. In the former were 
held the aſſemblies of the pricſts, and of 
every religious order, for the regulation of 
religious ſacrifices and ceremonies. The 
other was appointed for the ſenate, where 
they aſſembled for the diſpatch of public 
buſineſs. The Curia was ſolemnly conſe- 
crated by the Augurs, before a lawtul aſſem- 
bly could be convened there. There were 
three at Rome 'which more particularly 
claim our attention; Curia Heffilia, built by 
King Tullus Hoſtilius ; Curia Pompeii, where. 
Julius Cæſar was murdered; and Curia 
[Auguſli, the palace and court of the emperor 
Kuguſtus. A town of the Rhœti, now 
Corre, the capital of the Griſous. 

CURIA LExX, de Comitiis, was enacted by 
M. Curius Dentatus the tribune. It for- 
bade the convening of the Comitia, for the 
election of magiſtrates, without a previous 
permiſſion from the ſenate. 

CuRr1as. Vid. Curium. 

CU RIATII, a family of Alba, whiek 
was carried to Rome by Tulius Hoſtilius, 
and entered among the Patiictans, The 
three Curiatii, who engaged the Horatii, 
and loſt the victory, were vt this family. 
Flor. 1, c. 3.—Dionyf. Hal. 3.—Liv. 1, e. 
24. 

Q. Conto, an excellent orator, who call- 
ed Cæſar in full ſenate, Omnium mulierum 
drum, et omnium virorum mulierem. Tacit. 
21, an. c. 7.—Sutt. in Ce). 49.— Cie. in 
Brut, His ſon, C. Scribonius, was tri- 
bune of the people, and an intimate friend 
of Cæſar. He ſaved Cæſar's life as he re- 
turned from the ſenate-houſe, after the 
debates concerning the puniſhments which 
ought to be inflicted on the adherents of 
Catiline. He killed himſelf in Africa, 
Flor. 4, c. 2.—Plut, in Pomp. & Cæſ. 49. 
— Max. 9, c. mes pe, v. 160. Ve 

CURIOosoL IT, a people among the 
Celtz who inhabited the country which now 
forms Lower Britanny. Cf. bell. G. 2, c. 
34 |. 3, C 11. | 

CURLIUM, a town of Cyprus, at a ſmal!! 
diftance from which, the outh of the iſland, 


— 


Curias. Herodot. 5, c. 113. 

Crus DexTA cu: Marcus ANNICS, 
a Roman, celebrated for his fortitude and 
frugality. He was three times conſul, and 
was twice honored with a triumph. Hg 
obtained decifive victories over the Sam- 
aites, the Sabines, and the Lucanians, and 
deteated Pyrrhus near Tarentum. The am- 
baſſadors of the Samnites viſited his cottage, 
\ while be was Abviling ſome vegetables in an 
| ealthecu 


there is a cape which bears the name of 


r 


— — 


1 | 
| 
1 
"414 


— 


239 

eirthern pot, and they attempted to bribe him 
by the offer of large preſents. He refuſed 
their offers with contempt, and ſaid, I pre- 
fer my earthern pots to all your veſſels of 
gold and filver, and it is my wiſh to com- 
mand thoſe who are in poſſeſſion of money, 
while I am deprived of it, and hve in pover- 
ty. Plut. in Cat. Cenſ.— Horat. 1, od. 12, 
v. 41.—Flor. 1, c. 15.——A lieutenant of 
Czſar's cavalry, to whom fix cohorts of 
Pompey revolted, &c. Cf. 1 bell. Civ. 24. 

CuxrIA, a patrician family, which mi- 
grated with Tatius to Rome. 

CurTILLUs, a celebrated epicure, &c. 
Horat. 2, Sat. 8, v. 52. 

M. CurT1vs, a Roman youth who de- 
voted himſelf to the gods Manes for the 
ſafety of his country, about 360 years B. C. 
A wide gap called afterwards CY]jÄ iu, lacus, 
had ſuddenly opened in the forum, and the 
oracle had ſaid that it never would clofe be- 
fore Rome threw into it whatever it had 
moſt precious. Curtius immediately per- 
ceived that no leſs than a human ſacrifice 
was required. He aimed himſelf, mounted 
his horſe, and ſolemnly threw himſelf into 
the gulf, which inſtantly cloſed over his 
head. Liv. 7, c. 6.—Pal. Max. 5, c. 6. 
Q. Rufus, Vid. Qrintus. Nicias, 
a grammarian intimate with Pompey, &c. 
Saet. de Gr. Montanus, an orator and 
poet under Veſpaſian. Tacit. 4 Ann. 
Atticus, a Roman knight, who accompanied 
Tiberius in his retreat into Campania. 14. 
Lin. 4. Lacus, the gulf into which Cur- 
tius leaped. Vid. M. Curtius. Fons, a 
ſtream which conveyed water to Rome from 
the diſtance of 40 miles, by an aqueduct fo 
elevated as to be diſtributed through all the 
hills of the city. /in. 36, c. 15. 

CuruULis MAGISTRATUS,a ſtate officer 
at Rome, who had the privilege of fitting 
in an ivory chair in public aſſemblies. The 
eictator, the conſuls, the cenſors, the præ-- 
tors, and ediles, claimed that privilege, and 
therefore were called curules magiſlratus. 
The ſenators who had paſſed through the 
above mentioned offices were generally car- 
ried to the ſenate-houſe in ivory chairs, as 
all generals in their triumphant proceiſion to 
the capitol, When names of diſtinction be- 
gan to be known among the Romans, the 
deſcendants of curule magiſtrates were 
called nobles, the tirſt of a family who diſ- 
charged that office were known by the name 
of noti, and thoſe that had never been in 
office were called ignobiles. 

Cuss #1, a nation of Afia, deſtroyed by 
Alexander to appeaſe the manes of Hephæſ- 
tion. Plut. in Alex. 

Cusvs, a river of Hungary falling into 
the Danube, now the Yag. 


83 


CurrtA, a town of the Sabines, nes! 
lake which contained a floating iſland, ang 
of which the water was of an unuſually cold 
quality. Plin, 3, c. 12. l. 3t, c. 2. 
Seneca, Q. N. 3, c. 25.— Liv. 26, c. 11. 

CVYAMosòô kus, a river of Sicily. 

CYANE, a nymph of Syracuſe, to whon 
her father offered violence in a fit of drunk. 
enneſs. She dragged her raviſher to the al. 
tar, where ſhe ſacrificed him, and killed her. 
ſelf to ſtop a peſtilence, which, from that 
circumſtance, had already begun to affli& the 
country, Plut. in Parall. A nymph ai 
Sicily, who endeavoured to aſſiſt Proferpine 
when ſhe was carried away by Pluto. The 
god changed her into a fountain now called 
Piſme, a few miles from Syracuſe. Ovid, 5, 
Met. v. 112. A town of Lycia. Pj, 
85 L. 27. An innkeeper, & c. Tur, 5, 
v. 162. 

CY ANE@®, now the Pavorane, two rugged 
iſlands at the entrance of the Euxine ſea, 
about 20 ſtadia from the mouth of the 
T hracian Boſporus. One of them is on the 
ſide of Aſia, and the other on the Eupen 
coaſt, and, according to Strabo, there isoly 
a ſpace of 20 furlongs between them, The 
waves of the ſea, which continually break 
againſt them with a violent noiſe, fill the ar 
with a darkening foam, and render the pal- 
ſage extremely dangerous, The ancients 
ſuppoſed that theſe iſlands floated, and even 
ſometimes united to cruſh veſſels into pieces 
when they paſſed through the ſtraits. This 
tradition aroſe from their appearing, like all 
other objects, to draw nearer when navigs- 
tors approached them. They were ſome» 
times called S ymplegades and Plante. 
Their true ſituation and form was firſt ex- 
plored and aſcertained by the Argonauts, 
Plin, 6, c. 12.-—Herodet. 4, c. 85,-—Apilim, 
2.—0wid: Trift. 1, el. 9, v. 34. 

CYVAN EF & CYANEA, a daughter of the 
Mzander, mother of Byblis and Caunus, by 
Miletus, Apollo's fon, Ovid, Met. 9, , 
451. 

CYANEUSs, a large river of Colchis. 

CYAN E, a daughter of Adraſtus. 

CyaxiePvs, a Syracuſan, who derided 
the orgies of Bacchus, for which impiety tht 
god ſo inebriated him, that he offered vo- 
lence to his daughter Cyane, who ſacrificed 
him on the altar. Plut. in Parall,—A 
Theſſalian, whoſe wife met with the ſame 
fate as Procris. Plut. in Parall. 

CYAKAxEs,of CYAXARES, ſon af Phn- 
ortes, was king of Media and Perſia. He 
bravely defended his kingdom, which tht 
Scythians had invaded. He made wat 
| againſt Alyattes, king of Lydia, and fub- 
jected to his power all Aſia beyond tht 


river Halys. He died after a zeign of 4% 
J 


on 


rears, B 
& 103. 
ſome to 
He was 
He adde 
domino 
rians, W 
CyBE 
zp2rBuy, 
feltivals 
CyBE 
and Terr 
poſed to 
Veita, E 
eynthia, 
Diodorus 
prince; a 
expoſed o 
and ſuck] 
foreſt, a1 
from the 
preſerved. 
ther's cou 
a beautify 
lated, xc. 
mous in n 
Cybele. 
Atys ſeen 
troduced 
joined hin 
lation of 
luntary m1 
of Cybele 
ſolemnity. 
Galli, &c. 
of the god 
tion. In 
they imita 
hlled the a 
ngs, mixe 
tabrets, bt 
commemo 
the loſs of 
generally 
far advanc; 
the fecund 
in ker hand 
with riſing 
leaves of a1 
tiding in 
lions ; Aty 
ball in his þ 
2 fi- tree, | 
Sometimes 
lceptre in 
With a tow, 
breaſts, to 
Ments to all 
rally carries 
brygia th 
teece, and 
„ under t 
teties of Ce 


6 
veurs, B. C. 58 5. Died. 2.— Herodot. 1, c. 73. 


ear 1 


& 103. Another prince, ſuppoſed by 
and ſome to be the ſame as Darius the Mede. 
cold He was ſon of Aſtyages, king of Media. 

2— He added ſeven provinces to his father's 
It. dominions, and made war againſt the Aſſy- 

rians, whom Cyrus favored, Xen. Cyrop. 1. 
whom CyytBr,- a name of Cybele, from 
runk- w3rBuy, becauſe in the celebration of her 
he a. feftivals men were driven to madneſs. 
der. CyBELE, a goddeſs, daughter of Cœlus 
4 that and Terra, and wife of Saturn, She is ſup- 
ic the poſed t9 be the ſame as Ceres, Rhea, Ops, 
nph of Veita, Bona Mater, Magna Mater, Pere- 
lerpine eynthia, Dindymene, &c. According to 

The Diodorus, ſhe was the daughter of a Lydian 
Called prince; and as ſoon as ſhe was born ſhe was 
vid. 5 expoſed on a mountain, She was preſerved 

Pin. and ſuc k led by ſome of the wild beaſts of the 
fw. h foreſt, and received the name of Cybele 

from the mountain where her life had been 

rugged preſerved, When ſhe returned to her fa- 
ne lea, ther's court, ſhe had an intrigue with Atys, 
of the a beautiful youth, whom her father muti- 

on the lated, &c. All the mythologiſts are unani- 
Wore mous in mentioning the amours of Atys and 
1 Only Cybele. The partiality of the goddeſs for 
1, The Atys ſeems to ariſe from his having firſt in- 
y break troduced her worſhip in Phrygia. She en- 
| the ai joined him perpetual celibacy, and the vio- 
the pal. lation of his promiſe was expiated by vo- 
Ancients luntary mutilation. In Phrygia the feſtivals 
nd even of Cybele were obſerved with the greateſt 
o piece ſolemnity. Her prieſts, called Corybantes, 
p "This Galli, &c. were not admitted in the ſervice 
like all of the goddeſs without a previous mutila- 
naviga- tion. In the celebration of the feſtivals, 

e lomes they imitated the manners of madmen, and 
Planete. blled the air with dreadful ſhrieks and howl- 
firſt exe ings, mixed with the confuſed noiſe of drums, 
gonauts, tabrets, bucklers and ſpears. This was in 
Apollon. commemoration of the ſorrow of Cybele for 
: the loſs of her favorite Atys. Cybele was 

er of the generally repreſented as a robuſt woman, 
anus, by far advanced in her pregnancy, to intimate 
el. 97 the ſecundity of the carth. She held keys 
: in her hand, and her head was crowned 

his. with riſing turrets, and ſometimes with the 
(tus. leaves of an oak, She ſometimes appears 
o derided tiding in a chariot drawn by two tame 
piety the lions; Atys follows by her fide, carrying a 
red vI0- ball in his hand, and ſupporting himſelf upon 
e a fir-tree, which is ſacred to the goddeſs. 
{ Sometimes Cyhele is repreſented with a 
the lame ceptre in her hand, with her head covered 
with a tower, She is alſo ſeen with many 

of Phn- reaſts, to ſhew that the earth gives ali- 
ria, He ments to all living creatures ; and the gene- 
hich the nlly carries two lions under her arms. From 
nade = Phrygia the worſhip of Cybele paſſed into 
and * Greece, and was ſolem nly eſtabliſhed at Eleu- 

youu 5, under the name of the Eleuſinian myſ- 
gn , L. nes of Ceres, Tue Romans, by order of 


SF 

the Sibylline books, brought the Fatue of 
the goddeſs from Peſſinus into Italy; aid 
when the ſhip which carried it had run ona 
ſhallow bank of the Tiber, the virtue ard 
Innocence of Claudia were vindicated in r- 
moving it with her girdle. It is ſuppoſel 
that the myſteries of Cybele were firt 
known about 1580 years B. C. The Ro- 
mans were particularly ſuperſtitious in waſh- 
ing every year, on the 6th of the calends of 
April, the ſhrine of this goddeſs, in the 
waters of the river Almon. There prevail- 
ed many obſcenitics in the obſervation of 
the feſtivals, and the prieſts themſcives were 
the moſt eager to uſe indecent expreſſions, 
and to ſhew their unbounded licentiouſneſs 
by the impurity of their actions. Vid. Atys, 
Eleufis, Rhea, Coryhantes, Galli, &c,— Au- 
gruftin de Civit, D. Sc, Lactant. Lucian ia 
Dea Syr.—Diod. 3.—Firg. An. q, v. 617. 
I. 10, v. 252,—Lucan. 1, v. 566.—O0wid. 
Trift. 4, v. 210 C 361.—Plut. de Lequar. 
Cic. ad Attic.— C/. Rod. 8, C. 17 & c. 

CyBELE & CYBELA, a town of Phry- 
gia. Apollod. 3, c. 5. 

CYBELUs, a mountain of Phrygia, where 
Cybele was worthipped. 

CYB1RA, a town of Phrygia, whence Cy- 
biraticus. Horat. 1, ep. 6, v. 33. 

CYBIiSTRIA, a town of Cappadocia. 
Cic. Div. 15. 

CYCEs1uM, a town of Pcloponneſus, near 
Piſa, 

CYCHREUs, a ſon of Neptune and Sala» 
mis. After death he was honored as a gud 
in Salamis and Attica, Flut. in [hefſ.— 
Apolled. 3, c. 12. 

CYCLADES, a name given tocertain iſlands 
of the AÆgean fea, thoſe particularly that 
ſurround Delos as with a circle; whence 
the name (aun circulus)., They were 
about 53 in number, the principal of whick 
were Ccos, Naxos, Andros, Paros, Melos, 
Seriphos, Gyarus, Tenedos, &c. The Cycla- 
des were reduced under the power of Athens 
by Miltiades; but during the invaſion of 
Greece hy the Perſians, they revolted from 
their ancient and natural allies. C. Nep. in 
Mil. 2.— Pin. 4, c. 12. Mela. 2, c. 7.— 
Strab. 10,—Dimyſ. Perieg.—Ovid; Met. 2, 
v. 64.—PFirg. Mn. 3, v. 127. l. 8, v. 692. 
— Sil, 4, v. 247. | 

CyCLOoPEs, a certain race of men of gi- 
gantic ſtature, ſuppoſed to be the ſons of 
Celis and Terra, They had but one eye 
in the middle of the forehead; whence their 
name, (xuxa®» circulus wy oc They 
were three in number, according to Hehod, 
called Arges, Brontes, and Steropes. Their 
number was greater according to ether my - 
thologiſts, and in the age of Ulyſſes, Poly- 
phemus was their king. [/7d. Pelyphemnus.] 
They inhabited the wettern parts of the 


iſland 


. — ns 


— — — — "Wn — IBS ES 229 — — 7 — — — — > 


— 


SA 


Mund of Sicily; and becauſe they were un- 
ey ilized in their manners, the pocts ſpeak of 
them as men-caters. The tradition of their 
luving only one eye, originates from they 
caſtom of wearing ſmall bucklers of ſtee] 
which covered their faces, and had a ſmall 
ꝓerture in the middle, which correſponded 
(xattly to the eye. From their vicinity to 
mount Etna, they have been ſuppoſed to be 
the workmen of Vulcan, and to have fabri- 
rated the thunderbolts of Jupiter. The moſt 
ſolid walls and impregnable fortrefles were 
faid, among the ancients, to be the work ot 
the Cyclops, torender them more reſpectable, 
and we find that Jupiter was armed with 
what they had fabricated, and: that the 
ſhield of Pluto, and the trident of Neptune, 
were the produce of their labor. The Cy- 
elops were reckoned among the gods, and we 
nnd a temple dedicated to their ſervice at Co- 
Tiath, where ſacrifices were ſolemnly offered. 
Apollo deſtroyed them all, becauſe they had 
made the thunderbolts of Jupiter, with which 
his fon Aſculapius had been killed. From 
che different accounts given of the Cyclops 
by the ancients, it may be concluded that 
they were all the ſame people, to whom va- 
rious functions have been attributed, which 
cannot be reconciled one to the other, with- 
vut drawing the pencil of fiction or mytho- 
logy. Apollod. 1, c. 1 & 2.—liomer. Od. 
& 9.—tlefiod. Theog. v. 140. — Theecrit, 
A. 1, &c.—Strab. 8.— irg. G. 4, v. 170. 
An. 6, v. 630. l. 8, v. 418, &c. |. 11, 
v. 263.—Cwvid. Met. 13, v. 780. |. 14, . 
249. A people of Aha. 

CYycNnus, a lon of Mars, killed by Her- 
cules. The manner of his death provoked 
Mars to ſuch a degree, that he reſolved ſe- 
verely to puniſh his murderer, but he was 
prevented by the thunderboits of Jupiter, 
dygin. fab. —Hefted. in Scut. Herc. A 
ſon of Neptune, invulnerable in every part 
dt his body. Achilles fought againſt him; 
but when he ſaw that his darts where of no 
effect, he threw him on the ground, and 
ſmothered him. He firipped him of his 
armour, and ſaw him ſuddenly changed into 
a bird of the ſame name. Ovid. Met. 12, 


fab. 3. A ſon of Hyrie, changed into a 
Wan. A ſon of Sthenelus, King of Li- 
uria. He was deeply atflicted at the death 


of his friend and relation Phaeton, and in 
the midit of his lamentatiuns he was meta- 
worphoſed into a ſwan. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 
367. Ting. En. to, v. 1589, —Paif. 1, c. 
30.——A horſe's name. Stat. C, heb, 
v. 524. 

Cypas, a profligate Cretan, made judge 
at Rome by Antony. Cic. in Phil, 5 & 8. 

CypDias, an Athenian of great valor, 
&c. Pauſ. 10, c. 21. A painter wav 


guade a painting of the Argonauts. This Cc- 


CY 


| lebrated piece was bought by the orator Hor 
tenſius, for 164 talents. Vin. 34. 

Cypieyx, the wife of Anaxilaus, ke, 
Herodot. 7, c. 165. -The mother of Cleobis 
and Biton. Vid. Cleobis. A girl beloved 
by Acontius. Vid. Acontius. One of 
Cyrene's attendants. Pirg. C. 4, v. 339. 

Cypwuvs, a river of Cilicia, near 'arſy, 
where Alexander bathed when covered with 
iweat, The conſequences proved almoh 
fatal to the monarch. Curt. 3, c. 4. — afin 
11, e. 8. 

CypoNn, 2 friend of Turnus againf 
Aneas. Virg. An. 10, v. 335. 

Cypon & CVDONIA, now Canea, a town 
of Crete, built by a colony from Samos, [t 
was ſuppoled that Minos generally reſidet 
there. Hence Cydoneus. Ovid. Met. 8, 
22.—Virg. An. 12, v. 858.— il. 2, v. 10, 
—Liv. 37, c. 60.—Lucan. 7, v. 229. 

Cyponla, an ifland oppolite Leſboy, 
Plin. 2 & 4. 

CyDRARA, a city 
7, C- 30. 

CybroLAus, a man who led a colony 95 
Samos. Diad. 5. 

Cryconvs. Vid. Cycnus. 

CYLAaBUs, a place near Argos in Pelopon- 
neſus. Plut, in Pyrrh. 

CYLBIAN1, mountains of Phrygia where 
the Cayſter takes its riſe. Plin. 5, c. 29. 

CYLiCEs, a people among the [llyrians, 
Theie was in their country a monument in 
honor of Cadmus. Athen. 

CYLiNnDus, a ſou of Phryxus and Call» 
ope. 

CYLLABARIS, a public place for exerciſes 
at Argos, where was a ſtatue of Minerva, 
Pauf. in Cor. 

CYLLABARUs, a gallant of the wife of 
Diomedes, &c. 

CyLLARvs, one of the Centaurs, paſſion- 
ately fond of Hylonome. They periſhed 
both at the ſame time. Ovid. 12. Met. v. 


of Phrygia. Herade, 


408. A celebrated horſe of Pollux, or of 
Caſtor, according to Seneca. Virg. G. 3 
v. 90. 


CyLLExN, a ſon of Elatus. Pau. 5 
C. 4. 

CyLLine, the mother or Lycaon, by 
Pelaſgus. Apollod. 3, C. $A. pe 
Ration of Elis in Peloponneſus. Pau/. 446 
43. A mountain of Arcadia, which te- 
ccived its name from Cyllen. Mercury v# 
born there ; hence his firname of O lleneiun 
which is indiſcriminately applied 1% 4 
thing he invented, or over which he preficed. 
Lucan, 1, v. 663.— erat. ep. 13, . 13” 
Pauf. 8, c. 17.— irg. Ain. 8, . 139.7 
Ovid. Met. 13, v. 146. A. A. 3, v. 147. 

CyLLkNEiUs, a firname of Mercufſ 
from his being born ou the mountain Cyl 


lene. 
CYLLYMY 


beautif 
#is and 
Liv. 3; 
c. 149. 
CyM 
the Ner 
Virg. G 
CyM 
Cretan! 
C yu. 
ſented b 
the Troj 
which A 
afflicted 
CyNnaA 
04. 1, v. 
Cyxa 
for his en 
ther to t} 
of Marat] 
to their (} 
with his r 
ſerered by 
the veſſel 
had loſt tl 
his teeth, 
c. 9. 
Cyxz: 
ed by on 
Dimnyſ. V. 
 Cyxix 
Macedoni: 
Perdiccas, 
lyen, | 
Cyyip 
Ovid, 4, 1 
Cyxnax 
Cynea: 
CyNngs1 
remoteſt f. 
ocean, H, 
CYNETE 
ſea, Plin, 
Cyxria 
=_” : 
Cloer, 
by Antiſthe 
ed this nam 
canine proj 
ations of n 
Vere not af] 
achres publ. 
contempt of 
Ucfs, and tl 
genes was © 
ept on the 
Crarsca 
king of Spar 


EX 


YLLYRTT, certain ſlaves at Syracuſe, 
„dot. 7, Co 155. 


xc. vo, an Athenian, who aſpired to ty- 

eobis ravy. Herodot. 5, c. 71. 

oved CyMma or Cv, the largeſt and moſt 

© of beautiful town of /Eolia, called alſo PHico- 

39. is and Phricentis, and Cumæ. Vid. Cume. 

arus, Liv. 37, c. 11.—Cic. Flace, 20,—Heredet. 1, 
With c. 149. : 

imoſ CymonGce, Cyux, and CyMo, one of 

Jin. me Nereides. Heſod. Theog. v. 255.— 
: Virg. G. 4, v. 338. 

zaintt CymoLus & C1MSLvus, an ifland of the 

Cretan ſea. Ovid. 7, Met. v. 463. 

. Cyvudruok, one of the Nereides, repre- 

1 ſented by Virg. nx. 1, v. 145, as aſſiſting 

chded the Trojans with Triton after the ſtorm with 
57 1, which Molus, at the requeſt of Juno, had 

a. afflicted the fleet. 

| CyNARA, one of Horace's favorites. 4 

4 04. 1, v. 4. 

| Cyx£cIRUuS, an Athenian, celebrated 

* for his extraordinary courage, He was bro- 

__ ther to the poet ZEſchylus. After the battle 


of Marathon, he purſued the flying Perſians 
to their ſhips, and ſeized one of their veſſels 
with his rigat hand, which was immediately 
lopote ſevered by the enemy. Upon this he ſeized 
the veſſel with his left hand, and when, he 


| woe had loft that alſo, he till kepthis hold with 

" = his teeth, Herodot. 6, c. 114.—Juftin. 2, 

nent n "& i | . 

YNETHIUM, a town of Arcadia found- 

| ed by one of the companions of Æneas. 

| Call Dimy/, Hal. l 

1 Cyxivxe, a daughter of Philip, king of 

ee Macedonia, who married Amyntas, ſon of 

e. Perdiccas, by whom ſhe had Eury dice. Po- 

N Hen. 8. 
wife ol : CyNAPES, a river falling into the Euxine. 
2 vid, 4, Pont. el. 10, v. 49. 

— 4 Cynaxa. Vid. Cunaxa. 

me, 7 CYXEAS. Vid. Cineas. 

ux, or df Cyvesit & CYNETEZ, a nation of the 

| 4 , remotelit ſhores of Europe, towards the 

8. ocean, Herodot. 2, c. 33. 

Pau. d CYNETHUSSA, an itland in the Egean 

ſea, Plin, 4, c. 12. 
-200, by Crxia, a lake of Acarnania. Strab. 
A naval 16 


Cixicr, a ſect of philoſophers founded 
by Antiſthenes the Athenian; They recei#- 
ed this name à canind mordacitate, from their 


4. 47 C, 
yhich re- 


reury Wi pag : 
Cyllentiwy ume propenſity to criticiſe the lives and 
.d 10 at actions of men, or becauſe, like dogs, they 
, preſiced. vere not aſhamed to gratify their criminal 
v. 13 deſires publicly. They were famous for their 


| 


2 contempt of riches, for the negligence of their 

J 14% areſs, and the length of their beards. Dio- 
Mercum bene was one of their ſet. They generally 
tain Cyl- llept on the ground. 


Cryvisca, a daughter of Archidamus 


LAY king of Sparta, who obtained the firſt prize 


* 


2 


in the chariot races at the Olympic games. 
ö Pauf. Jz C. 8. 

Cyno, a woman who preſerved the life 
of Cyrus. Herodot. 1, c. 110. 

CYNoCEPHALE, a town of Theſſaly, 
where tlie proconſul Quintius conquered 
Philip of Macedon, - and put an end to the 
firſt Macedonian war, B. C. 197. Liv, 33, 
e. 7. 

CVYVNOSSCEUALI, a nation in India, whe 
have the head of a dog, according to ſome 
traditions. Plin. 7, c. 2. 

CYNoPHONT1S, a feſtival at Argos, ob- 
ſerved during the dog-days. It received its 
name aro Toy e covers killing dogs, be- 
cauſe they uſed to Kill all the dogs they 
met. 

CVYVNORTASs, one of the ancient kings of 
Sparta, ſon of Amy clas and Diomede. Parſ. 
8 ' 

CYNORTION, a mountain of Peloponne- 
ſus. Pau. 2, c. 27. 

CVNos, a town of Locris, Another 
in Theffaly, where Pyrrha, Deucalion's 
wife, was buried. 

CYNOSARGES, a firname of Hercules... 
A ſmall village of Attica of the ſame name, 
where the Cynic philoſophers had eſtabliſhed 
their ſchool. Herodot. 5 & 6. 

Cy NnosSEMA, (a dag“, tomb), a promon- 
tory of the Thracian Cherſoneſus, where 
Hecuba was changed int a dog, and 
buried. Ovid. 13. Met. 569. 


She nurſed Jupiter, who changed her into 
a ſtar which bears the ſame name. It is the 
ſame as the Urſa Minor. Ovid. Faſt, 3, v. 
107. 

CYNTHIA, a beautiful woman, who was 
miſtreſs to Propertius. A firname of Di- 
ana, trom mount Cynthus, where the was 


| born. 


CyNTHIVUSs, a ſirname of Apollo. 

CyNnTHUVs, a mountain of Delos, ſo high 
that it is ſaid tooverſhadow the whole ifland, 
Apollo was firnamed Cynthiss, and Diana 
Cynthia, as they were born on the mountain, 
which was ſacred to them. Vrg. &. 3, v. 36. 
— Ovid. 6. Met. v. 304. - Faſt. 3; v. 346. 

CYNURENSES, apeople of Arcadia. Pau. 
8, e. 27. | 

CyNnus, a naval flation of Opuns, 1d, 
IO, c. I. 

CyPARtss1 & CyPARISSIA, a town of 
Peloponneſus, near Meſſenia. Liv. 32, c. 
31.—Plin. 4, c. 5: | 

CyPAR1sSSUs, a youth, ſon of Telephus 
of Cea, beloved by Apollo. He killed a fa- 
vorite ſtag of Apollo's, for which he was ſo 


ſorry that he pined away and was changed 


by the god into a cypreſs tree. Ord. Met. 
IO, v. 121. A town near Delphi. Mela, 
2, C. 3+ 

| R 


CYPHARA, 


CyNoSURA, a nymph of Ida in Crete. 


— — 


I; 
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li 
9 
b/ F 
. 
I 
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Cyynina, a fortified place of Theſſaly. 
Liv. 32, c. 13. 

Cypr1invs, a native of Carthage, who, 
though born of heathen parents, became a 
convert to chriſtianity, and the biſhop of his 
country. To be moe devoted to purity and 
ſtudy, he abandoned his wife; and as proot 
of his charity he diſtributed his goods to the 
poor. He wrote $1 letters, beiides ſeveral 
treatiſes, de Dei gratid, de virginum habitn, 
&c. and rendered his compoſitions valuable 
by the information he conveys of the diſci- 
pline of the ancient church, and by the ſound- 
neſs and purity of his theology. He died a 
martyr A. D. 258. The beſt editions of 
Cyprian are, that of Fell, fol. Oxon. 1682, 
and that reprinted Amſt. 1700. 

Cvrxus, a daughter of Antony and Cleo- 

patra, who married Agrippa. A large 
iſland in the Mediterranean ſea, at the fouth 
of Cilicia, and at the weſt of Syria, for- 
merly joined to the continent near Syria, ac- 
cording to Pliny. It has been anciently 
called Acamantis, Amathuſia, Aſpelia, Ce- 
raftis, Celoma or Coliniag Macaria, and 
Spechia, It has been celebrated for giving 
birth to Venus, ſirnamed Cypris, who was 
the chicf deity of the place, and to whole 
ſervice many places and temples were con- 
ſecrated. It was anciently divided into nine 
kingdoms, and was for ſome time under the 
power of Egypt, and afterwards of the Per- 
fans. The Greeks made themſelves maſ- 
ters of it, and it was taken from them by 
the Romans. Its length, according to Strabo, 
is 1400 ſtadia. There were three celebrated 
temples there, two ſacred to Venus, and 
the other to Jupiter, The inhabitants were 
given much to pleaſure and dliſſipation. 
Strab, 15. Flor. 3, c. 9.— Tuftin. 18, c. 5. 
—Þlin, 12, c. 24. I. 33, c. 5. 1. 36, c. 26.— 
Mela. 2, c. 7. 

CyysFtLines, the name of three princes 
as deſcendants of Cypſelus, who reigned at 
Corinth during 73 years. Cypſelus wis ſuc- 
eceded by his fon Periander, who leit tis 
kingdom, after a reign of 40 years, to Cyp- 
ſelus II. 

CyysFLUs, a King of Arcadia, who mar- 
ri-d the daughter of Cteſiphon, to ſtrengthen 
himſelf again the Heraclide, Par. 4, c. 

— A man of Corinth, ſon of Eetion, 
and father of Periander, He deſtroyed the 
Bacchiadz, and ſeized upon the ſovereign 
power, abyut 659 years before Chriſt. He 
reigned 30 years, and was ſucceeded by his 
ſon. Periander had two ſons, Lycophron, 
and Cypſelus who was inſane, Cypfe- 
lus received his name from the Greek word 
a . offer, becauſe when the Buc- 

chiadz attempted to kill him, his mother 
ſaved his life by concealing him in a cotfer, 
Pauſ. &, L. 17, -Cic. Tufe, 5, C, 37.— 


23 


Herodot. 1, c. 114. J. 5, c. 92, &c.— Ar 
Polit. The father of Miltiades. Here + 
6, c. 35. 
CVRAUNISs, an ifland of Libya. Id. 3, 
c. 195. 
CVYRRIIAXNA, a province of the Elymzanz, 
CyRx, a fountain near Cyrene. 
CVRENAICA, a country of Africa, of 
which Cyrene is the capital. Fid. Cyrene, 
CyRENAICH, a ſect of philoſophers who 


' followed the doctrine of Ariftippus. They 


placed their ſummum bonum in pleaſure, and 
ſaid that virtue ought to be commended be. 
cauſe it gave pleaſure, Laert. in rift. 
Cic. de Nat. D. 3. 

CyRENE, the daughter of the river Pene. 
us, of whom Apollo became enamoured, He 
carried her to that part of Africa which j; 
called Cyrenaica, where ſhe brought forth 
Ariſtæus. Virg. G. 4, v. 321.—Tuftin, I;, 
c. 7.—Pindar. Pyth. 9. A celebrated 
city of Libya, to which Ariſtzus, who wa 
the chief of the coloniſts ſettled there, gave 
his mother's name. Cyrene was fituate in 
a beautiful and fertile plain, about eleven 
miles from the Mediterranean fea, ahd i: 
became the capital of the country, which was 
called Pentapolis, on account of the fire 
cities which it contained. It gave biith to 
many great men, among whom were Call- 
machus, Eratoſthenes, Carneades, Ariftip- 
pus, &c. The town of Cyrene was built 
by Battus, B. C. 630, and the kingdom was 
bequeathed to the Romans B. C. 97, by 
king Ptolemy Appion. Herodot. 3 & 4— 
Par. 1o, c. 13,—Strab. 17.—Mela. 1, e. 
8.—Plin. 5, c. $.—Tacit. A. 3, c. 70. 

Cyxiapks, one of the 30 tyrants wio 
harraſſed the Roman empire, in the 121g 
ot Gallienus. He dicd A. D. 259. 

CyRILLVs, a biſhop of Jeruſalem, wo 
died A. D. 386. Of his writings, compoſes 
in Greek, there remain 23 catacheſes, and 3 
letter to the emperor Conſtantine, the belt 
edition of which is, Milles, fol. Oxon. 1703. 
A biſhop of Alexandria, who Cicd 
A. D. 444. The beſt edition of bis writing, 
which are moſtly controverfial, in Greek, 1s 
that of Paris, fol. 7 vols. 1638. 

CYVR NR, a place of Eubcea. f 

Cyznus, a driver in the games whici 
Scipio exhibited in Africa, & c. Tal. 16, 
342. A man of Argos, who founded a 
city in Cherſoneſus. Diod. 5.——A rel 
that falls into the Caſpian ſea, Pit. 
Pomp. 


Pauſ. ro, c. 17. 
CYRRE1, a people of AÆthiopia. 
CYRRHADE, an Indian nation. 


CYRRUES, a people of Macedonia, near 


Pella, 


Cr 


An iſland onthe coaſt of Liguria, 
the ſame as Corſica; and called after Cya 
the ſon of Hercules. Virg. Ecl. 9, v. 39 


in yea 
verſior 
an ind 
his pla 
for dif 
whow: 
of the 
ceived 
ed Cyr 
was M. 
much f 
great ce 
his ty r. 
and beg 
trandſa 
ged by 
diſpleaſc 
marched 
feated it 
1 
Media | 
Cyrus { 
and mad 
dia, who 
mvaded 
tne city 
of the E 
through 
people v 
He after 
queen of 
and was « 
$30. Tl 


lier ſon it 
cenſed ag 
head, anc 


quem „iti 
6 Cyrus ; 
authentic. 


elineates 


often puts 
of Socrates 


enophon 


chee ty 5 


Eans, 


a, of 
ne, 

; Who 
They 
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> be- 


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nch is 
- 
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lin. 1%, 
ebrated 
ho was 
e, gere 
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eleven 
and . 
ich was 
the hve 
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re Calli- 
Ariftip- 
4s built 
om was 
. 07 by 
K 4— 
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+ 
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the 12131 


em, who 
-ompoſed 
ſes, and 2 
| the beſt 


PIE. 


On. 173 
y ho dicd 
zuritings, 


Greek, is 


es which 
tal, 16, v. 
founded a 
mw 
Plut. ia 
of Liguria, 
er Cymas 
9, v. 39” 


14, 
IN. 
donia, near 


C 


„ 


CynnnesTiCA, a country of Syria near 
Cilicia, of which the capital was called 
Cyrrhum, Plin. 5, e. 23.—Cic. Att. 5, 
ep. 18. 

"Crannve & CyRvus, a river of Iberia, 
in Aſia. 

CyRsSILVs, an Athenian, ſtoned to death 
for his ill advice to the ſtate, Cic. 3, de 
Me. c. 11. N 

Cyrus, a king of Perſia, ſon of Cambyſes 
and Mandane, daughter of Aſtyages, king of 
Media, His father was of an ignoble family, 
whoſe marriage with Mandane had been con- 
ſummated on account of the apprehenſions of 
Allyages. (Vid. Aftyages.) Cyrus was ex- 
poſed as ſoon as born ; but he was preſerved 
by a ſhepherdeſs, who educated him as her 
own ſon. As he was playing with his cquals 
in years, he was elected king in a certain di- 
verſion, and he exerciſed his power with ſuch 
an independent ſpirit, that he ordered one of 
his play companions to be ſeverely whipped 
for diſubedience, The father of the youth, 
who was a nobleman, complained to the King 
of the ill- treatment which his ſon had re- 
ceived from a ſhepherd's fon. Aſtyages order- 
ed Cyrus before him, and diſcovered that he 
was Mancane's ſon, from whom he had ſo 
much to apprehend. He treated him with 
great coldneſs; and Cyrus, unable to bear 
his tyranny, eſcaped from his confinement, 
and began to levy troops to dethrone his 
grandfather. He was afhſted and encoura- 
ged by the miniſters of Aſtyages, who were 
diſpleaſed with the King's oppreſſion. He 
marched againft him, and Aſtyages was de- 
ſcated in a battle, and taken priſoner, B. C. 
559, From this victory the empire of 
Media became tributary to the Perſians. 
Cyrus ſubdued the eaſtern parts of Aſia, 
and made war againſt Crœſus, king of Ly- 
dia, whom he conquered, B. C. 548. He 
mvaded the kingdom of Aſſyria, and took 
te city of Babylon, by drying the channels 
of the Euphrates, and marching his troops 
through the bed of the river, while the 
people were celebrating a grand feſtival, 
He afterwards marched againſt Tomyris, the 
queen of the Maſſagetz, a Scythian nation, 
and was defeated in a bloody battle, B. C. 
$30, The victorious queen, who had loſt 
ler ſon in a previous encounter, was fo in- 
cenſed againſt Cyrus, that ſhe cut off his 
head, and threw it into a veſſel filled with 
human blood, exclaiming, Satia te ſanguine 
quem tit. Xenophon has written the liſe 
of Cyrus; but his hiſtory is not perfectly 
authentic. In the chara&er of Cyrus, he 
delineates a brave and virtuous prince, and 
often puts in bis mouth many of the ſayings 
of Socrates. The chronoulogy is falſe ; and 

enophon, in his narration, has given exiſt- 


euce tu perſons Whom no vther hiſtorian 


QT 


ever mentioned. The Cyr-padia, therefore,» 


is not to be looked upon as an authentic 


\ hiſtory of Cyrus the Great, but we muſt 


conſider it as ſhowing what every good and 
virtuous prince ought to be. Diod. 1.— 
Herodot. 1, c. 75, &c.— Juin. 1, c. 5, & 
7. The younger Cyrus, was the younger 
ſon of Darius Nothus, and the brother of 
Artaxerxes. He was ſent by his father, at 
the age of ſixteen, to aſſiſt the Lacedzmo- 
nians againſt Athens. Artaxerxes ſucceeded 
to the throne at the death of Nothus ; and 
Cyrus, who was of an aſpiring ſoul, at- 
tempted to aſſaſſinate him. He was diſ- 
covered and would have been puniſhed with 
death, had.not his mother, Paryſatis, ſaved 
him from the hands of the executioner by her 
tears and entreaties. This circumſtance did 
not in the leaſt check the ambition of Cyrus; 
he was appointed over Lydia and the ſea- 
coaſts, where he ſecretly fomented rebel- 
lion, and levied troops under various pre- 
tenees. At laſt he took the field with an 
army of 100,000 barbarians, and 13, ooo 
Greeks under the command of Clearchus. 
Artaxerxes met him with 9oo, oo men 
near Cunaxa. The battle was long and 
bloody, and Cyrus might have perhaps ob- 
tained the victory, had not his uncommon 
raſhneſs proved his ruin. It is ſaid that the 
two royal brothers met in perſon, and engag- 
ed with the moſt inveterate fury, and their 
engagement ended in the death of Cyrus, 
401 years B. C. Artaxerxes was ſo anxious 
of its being univerſally reported that his 
brother had fallen by his hand, that he put to 
death two of his ſubjects, for boaſting that 
they had killed Cyrus. The Greeks, who 
were engaged in the expedition, obtained 
much glory in the battle; and after the 
death of Cyrus, they remained victorious in 
the held without a commander. They were 
not, however, diſcouraged, though at a 
great diſtance from their country, and ſur- 
rounded on every fide by apowerful enemy, 
They unanimouſly united in the election of 
commanders, and traverſed all Aſia, in ſpite 
of the continual attacks of the Perſians; and 
nothing is more truly celebrated in ancient 
hiſtory than the bold retreat of the ten thou- 
ſand. The journey that they made from 
the place of their firſt embarkation, till their 
return, has been calculated at 1155 leagues 
performed in the ſpace uf 15 months, in- 
cluding all the time which was devoted to 
take reſt and refreſhment. This retreat has 
been celebrated by Xenophon, who was one 
of their leaders, and among the friends and 
ſupporters of Cyrus. Ir is ſaid, that in the 


letter he wrote to Lacedzmon, to ſolicit 
auxiliaries, Cyrus boaſted his philoſophy, 
his royal blood, and his ability to drink more 
wine than his brother without being intoxi- 

R 2 cated, 


— — 


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- 2 * 5 = 
— - — 22 


— 


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> q — z — — — ERIC 
— an 0 


e 
* 


— 
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; A 


ted. Plut. in Artav.— Piod. 14. Jin. Phryxus and abounding in box wood, Carl 

& ©. 11. A rival of Horace, in the | 4 v. 13.— vid. Met. 4, v. 311,—ytrab.ry. D 
affections of one of his miſtrefles, 1. od. | -g. G. 2, v. 437. whe 
17, v. 24. A poet of Panopolis, in the Cyzicum, or Cyzicus, an iſland of the Plin 
age of Theodofius. Propontis, about $530 ſtadia in circumfer. from 
Cyrus & CyxoPBL1s, a city of Syria, | ence, with a town called Cyzicus. Alexan- like 
built by the Jews in honor of Cyrus, whoſe | der joined it to the continent by two bridges, Virg. 
humanity in relieving them from their cap- and from that time it was called apeninſula, Baot 
tivity they wiſhed thus to commemorate. | It had two harbours called Panormus and come 
CyRvus, a river of Perſia, now Nr. Chytus, the firſt natural, and the other ar- wher: 
Cyra, a town of Colchis, famous for | tificial. It became one of the moſt confi. of bo 
the poiſonous herbs which it produces, and | derable cities of Aſia. It was beſieged by ther t 
for the birth of Medea. Flacc. 6, v. 693. | Mithridates, and relieved by Lucullus, direct 
— Propert. 2, el. 1, v. 73. Flor, 2, c. 5. — Lin. 5, c. 32.— Dod. 18. which 
CyTxts, a firname of Medea, from her Cyzicus, a ſon uf CEneus and Stilba, imme 
being an inhabitant of Cyta. I'opert. 2, | who reigned in Cyzicus. He hoſpitabiy re- ftatue: 
el. 4, v. 9. ceived the Argonauts, in their expedition nor of 
CryTufx a, tow Cerigo, an land on the again Colchis. After their departure from of a r 
coaſt of Laconia in Peloponneſus. It was | the court of Cvzicus, they were driven back eveiy | 
particularly ſacred to the goddeſs Venus, in the night, by a ſtorm, upon the ccaſt; as ac 
who was from thence ſirnamed Cytkorea, | and the inhabitants ſeeing ſuch an unex- the im 
and who roſe, as ſome Tuppoſe, from the | peed number of men, furiouſly attacked years, 
ſea, near its coaſts, It was under rhe | them, ſuppoſing them to be the Pelaſpi, thei: Fourte; 
power of the Argives, The Phcenicians | ancient enemies. In this nocturnal engage- were d 
had built there a famous temple to Venus. | ment, many were killed on both fides, and Leba; 
Virg. An. 1, v. 252.1. 10, v. S — Paw. 3, | Cyzicus periſhed by the hand of Jaſon him- Theſpi; 
c. 33.—Owvid. Met. 4, v. 288. l. 15, v. 336. ſolf, who honored kim with a ſplendid Chzror 
Faſt. 4, v. 15.— Herodot. 1, c. 29. funeral, and raiſed a ſtately monument over reconcil 
CyTHER@AA, a firname of Venus his grave. Aeli. 1, c. 9.-—Flace, —4p:/4 cauſed 1 
CyTHERrTs, a certain courtezan, much | /on.—Orphens. The chicf town of the the time 
reſpected by the poet Gallus. iſland of Cyzicum, buiit where the ifland is fander, 
CyTHtRow, Vid. Cithæron. joined by the bridges to the continent. It bas Fſtival, 
CyTHERUN, a place of Attica. two excellent harbours called Panormus and maid a 
CyTHERVs, a river of Elis. Pauf. C, c. | Chytus. The former is naturally large and Orefſed 
22. autiful, and the other owes all its con- of the E. 
Cvrunos, now Thermia, an iſland near | veniencies to the hand of art. The town 1 to the to 
Attica, famous for its cheeſe. It has been | fituate partly on a mountain, and partly in tue Boro 

called Ophiouſe and Dryoptis. Cuid. Met. 5, fa plain. The Argonauts built a temple to by lot. 
v. 252. Cybele, in the neighbourhood. It arnves wood, c 
CyTiweum, one of the four cities call- | its name from Cyzicus, who was killed erected, 
ed Tetrapolis, in Doris. Strab. 9, — Thucyd, | there by Jaſon. The Athenians defeated, quantitie 
1, C. 107. near this place, their enemies of Lacedæ mn. Wards a 
Cvrtssokvs, a ſon of Phryxus, &c. | aſſiſted by Pharnabazus, B. C. 410. %. ell Ox or 
Herodot. 7, c. 197. 2, C. 8, &. —Strab.— Apollon. 1. Proper. dhe cities 
Cvrökus, now Kudros, a mountain and | 3, el. 22.—lacc. 2, v. 636. lent that 
town of Galatia, built by Cytorus, fon of | offered f 


. ens, toget 
n dne CO! 
totally re 
in this : 
Jupiter, 
to return. 
er return 
of Platæa, 
© break } 
him to dre 
and carry 


D A 


ever the envy of his ſucceſſor Adrian de- 
moliſhed. Dacia now forms the modern 
countries of WYalackia, 1ranſyluvania, an 
M:ldawia, Lucan, 2, V. 53. ; 

Dacicus, a ſirname aſſured by Domi- 
tian on his pretended victory over the Da- 


D A 


AM, Dani or Dar, now the Da- 
hiflan, a people of Scythia, who 
dwelt on the borders of the Calpian fea, 
Sil, 13. v. 764. — Lian. 75 V. 624. -Virg. 
P. 7. 
Dei & Dacaz, a warlike nation of 


X . : , re , 
Germany, beyond the Danube, whofe coun- | clans. Ju, 6, v. 204. * 1 0 
* 8 ; * * A , ; 1 1 
fry, called Dacia, was conquered by the DacTYL1, a name given to the prieſts of 0; Whon 
ice was 


Cybcle, which ſome derive from dare 
finger, becauſe they were ten, the ſame num“ 
ber as the fingers of the hand. Pau. 1, C. 8. 

Danicz, a people of Aſiatic Scy thin. 
[Herudet. 3 C. 91. 


Romans under Trajan, after a war of 15 
years, A. D. 103. The cmperor joined 
the country to Mœſia, by creeting a mag- 
aificent bridge acroſs the Danube, conſt- 
de red as the beſt of his works, which how- 


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DxnXta, a mountain and city of Lycia, 
where Daxdalus was buried according to 
Pliny. 5, c. 27. A name given to Circe, 
from her being cunning, (Lader,) and 
like Dædalus addicted to deceit and artihce, 
Virg. Mu. 7, v. 282. Two feſtivals in 
Bœotia. One of theſe was obſerved at Alal- 
comenos by the Platæans, in a large grove, 
where they expoſed, in the open air, pieces 
of boiled feth, and carefully obſerved whi- 
ther the crows that came to prey upon them 
directed their flight. All the trees, upon 
which any of theſe birds alighted, were 
immediately cut down, and with them 
ſtatues were made, called Dedala, in ho- 
nor of Dædalus. The other feſtival was | 
of a more ſolemn kind. It was celebrated 
every ſixty years, by all the cities of Boœotia, | 
as a compenſation for the intermithon ot | 
| 
| 
| 


the ſmaller feltivals, for that number of 
years, during the exile of the Platæans. 
Fourtcen of the ſtatues, called Dzdala, | 
were diſtributed by lot among the Platzans, 
Lebadeans, Coroneans, Orchumexians, 
Theſpians, Thebans, Tanagrzans, and | 
Chzroneans, becauſe they had effected a 
reconciliation among the Platzans, and 
cauſed them to be recalled from exile, about 
the time that Thebes was reſtored by Caſ- 
ſander, the ſon of Antipater. During this 
feſtival, a woman in the habit of a bride- 
maid accompanied a ſtatue, which was 
dreſſed in female garments, on the banks 
of the Eurotas. This proceſſion was attended 
to the top of mount Cithzron, by many of 
the Beeotians, who had places aſſigned them 
by lot. Here an altar of ſquare pieces of 
wood, cemented together like ſtones, was 
erected, and upon it were thrown large 
quantities of combuſtible materials. After- 
wards a bull was ſaeriticed to Jupiter, and 
an ox or heifer to Juno, by every one of 
the cities of Bœotia, and by the moſt opu- 
lent that attended. The pooreſt citizens, 
oftered ſmall cattle; and all theſe oblati- 
ons, together with the Dædala, were thrown 
in tie common heap and ſet on fire, and 
totally reduced to aſhes. They originated 
in this ; When Juno, after a quarrel with 
Jupiter, had retired to Eubœa, and refuſed 
fo return. to his bed, the god, anxious for 
ber return, went to conſult Cithæron king 
of Platæa, to find ſome effectual meaſure 
© break her obſtinacy. Cithæron adviſed 
him to dreſs a ſtatue in woman's apparel, 
and catry it in a chariot, and publiciy to 
report it was Platæa, the daughter of Aſo- 
pus, whom he was going to matry. The 
advice was followed, and Juno, informed 
& her huſband's future marriage, repaired 
in haſte to meet the chariot, and was eahly | 
unte to him, when the diſcovered the 
uttul meaſures he made uſe of to effect | 
teconc lation. Pauſan, & Plus. 


— CW — — 


D @#® 


Dxpir1own, a ſon of Lucifer, brother 
to Ceyx, and father of Philonis. He was 
ſo aſtlicted at tne death of Philonis, whom 
Diana had put to death, that he threw 
himſeif down from the top of mount Pare 
naſſus, and was changed into a falcon by 
Apollo. Ovid. Met. 11, v. 295. 5 

D=vZ3L.vs, an Athenian, fon of Eupa- 
lamus, deſcended from Erechtheus, king of 
Athens. He was the moſt ingenious artiſt 
of his age, and to him we are indebted 
for the invention of the wedge, and many 
other mechanical inſtruments, and the fails 
of thips. He made ſtatues, which moved 
of themſclves, and ſeemed to be endowed 
with life, Talus, his ſiſter's ſon, promiſed 
to be as great as himſelf, by the ingenuity 
of his inventions ; and therefore, from en- 
vy, he threw him down from a window 
and killed him. After the murder of this 
youth, Dædalus, with his ſon Icarus, fled 
trom Athens to Crete, where Minos, king 
of the country, gave him a cordial reception. 
Dzdalus made a famous labyrinth for Mi- 
nos, and afutted Paſiphae, the queen, to 
gratify her unnatural paſſion for a bull. For 
this action, Dzdalus incurred the diſplea- 
fure of Minos, who ordered him to be con- 
bned in the labyrinth which he had con- 
ſtructed, Here he made himſelf wings 
with feathers and wax, and carefully fitted 
them to his body, and to that of his ſon, 
who was the companion of his confinement. 
They took their flight in the air from Crete 
but the heat of the ſun melted the wax on 
the wings of Icarus, whoſe flight was too 
high, and he ſell into that part of the ocean, 
which from him has buen called the Icarian 
ſea, The father, by a proper management 
of his wings, alighted at Cumz, where he 
built a temple to Apollo, and thence di- 
rected his courſe to Sicily, where he was 
kindly received by Cocalus, who reigned 
over part of the country. He left many 
monuments of his ingenuity in Sicily, which 
ſtill exiſted in the age of Diodorus Siculus. 
He was diſpatched by Cocalus, who was 
afraid of the power of Minos, who had 
declared war againſt him, becauſe he had 
given an aſylum to Dædalus, The flight 
of Dædalus from Crete, with wings, is 
explained by obſerving that he was the in- 
ventor of ſails, which in his age might paſs 
at a diſtance for wings. Pauſ. 1, 7 & 9.— 
Died. 4.—Ovid. Met. 8, fab, 3, Heroid. 4. 
De Art. Am. 2: Triſt. 3, el. 4. —Hygin, 
fab. 4@.—/'irg. An, 6, v. 14.— pod. 3, 
g. I, &c.— Herodot. 7, c. 170.-——Thcre 
were two ſtatuaties of the ſame name, one 
of Sicyon, ſon of Patroclus, the other a 
native of Bithynia, Pauſ. 7, c. 14.—Arrian. 

Duo, a kind of ſpirit which, as the 
ancients ſuppo:cd, pre ſided over the actions 
of mankind, gave * their private coun- 


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fels, and carefully watched over their moſt 
ſecret intentions. Some of the ancient phi- 
loſophers maintained that every man had 
two of theſe Dæmons; the one bad, and 
the other good. Theſe Dzmons had the 
power of changing themſelves into whate- 
ver they pleaſed, and of aſſuming whate- 
ver ſhapes were moſt ſubſervient to their in- 
tentions. At the moment of death, the 
Dæmon delivered up to judgment the per- 
ſon with whoſe care he had been entruſted; 
and according to the evidence he delivered, 
ſentence was paſſed over the body. The 
Demon of Socrates is famous in hiſtory. 
That great philoſopher aſſerted that the ge- 
nius informed him when any of his friends 
was going to engage in ſome unfortunate 
enterprize, and ſtopped him from the com- 
miſſion of ail crimes and impiety. Theſe 
Genii or Dæmons, though at firſt reckoned 
only as the ſubordinate miniſters of the ſu- 
perior deities, received divine honor in 
Iengih of time, and we find altars and ſta- 


"racs erected to a Genis loct, Genio Augufti. 


Junonibus, . 0 1e. 1.—Plut. de 
Ger. Hocr. 

Dau x. Vid. Dax. 

Dar, a nation of Perſia, all ſhepherds, 
Herodot. 1, c. 125. 

DaiCcLEs, a victor at Olympia, B. C. 
753. 

Dalpts, a ſolemnity obſerved by the 
Greeks. It laſted three days. The firit 
was in commemoration of Latona's labor. 
The ſecond in memory of Apollo's birth; 
and the third in honor of the marriage of 
Podalirius, and the motacr of Alexander. 
Torches were always carried at the cele- 
bration ; whence the name. 

Daimxicaus, a maker of horſe at Syra- 
cuſe, &c. Palyæn. 1. 

Dalukxzs, a general of the Achzans. 
Pauſ. 7, c. 6. An officer expoſed on a 
croſs, by Dionyſus of Syracuſe. Died. 14. 

Dalrugox, a ſon of /Egyptus, Killed 
by his wife, & c. Apol/od, 2, c. 1. 

DaiRA, one of the Oceanides, mother 
of Eleufis by Mercury, Parſ. 1, c. 35. 

DALD1A, a town of Lydia. 

DAaLMATIUs, one of the Cæſars, in the 
age of Conftatitine, who died A. D. 337. 

DaLlMAT1A, a part of Illyricum, at the 
eaſt of the Acriatic, near Liburnia on the 
welt, whoſe inhabitants, called Da/mate, 
were conquered Ly Metellus, B. C. 118. 
They chiefly lived upon plunder, and from 
their rebellious ſpirit were troubleſome to 
the Roman empire. They wore a peculiar 
garment called Da/matica, aſterwards in- 
troduced at Rome. Heorar. 2, od. 1, v. 
i6,-Lamprid, in Commod. 8,—Strab, 7, 
tel. 2. 

0 Da Futon, the chief town of Dalmatia, 
(1/48, 7, 


D. A 


DaMmacrTus, a man of Rhodes, Wh 
enquired of the oracle what wife he ought 
to marry? and received for anſwer the 
daughter of the braveſt of the Greeks, He 
applied to Ariſtomenes and obtained bis 
daughter in marriage, B. C. 670. Pauſ. 4, c. 24, 
DaMAL1s, a courtezan at Rome, in the 
age of Horace, 1 od. 36, v. 13. 

Damas, a Syracuſan in the intereſt of 
Agathocles. Died. 19. 

DAaMASCENA, a part of Syria near mount 
Libanus. 

Damascivs, a ſtoic of Damaſcus, who 
wrote a philoſophical hiſtory, the life of 
Iſidorus, and four books on extraordinary 
events, in the age of Juitinian. His works, 
which are now loſt, were greatly eſteemed 
according to Photius. 

Damascus, a rich and ancient city of 
Damaſcene in Syria, where Demetrius Ni 
canor was defeated by Alexander Zebina, 
It is the modern Damas or Sham. Lucan, 
3,V 215.—Tuſtin, 36,c. 2.—Mela. 1, c. 11, 

DAaMaASIA, a town called alſo Aug, 
now 4uſburg, in Swabia on the Leck. 

DamasIcuTHON, a King of Thebex, 
Paiſ. 9, c. 5. 

DamasIPPUs, a captain in Philip's at» 
my. A ſenator who accompanied Juba 
when he entered Utica in triumph. (. 


bell. C. 2. A great enemy of Sylla. 
Paterc, 2, c. 22. An orator, FJuv. 3 
v. 185. A merchant of old ſeals and 


veſſels, who, after loſing his all in unfortu- 
nate ſchemes in commerce, aſſumed the 
name and habit of a ſtoic philoſopher, Hardi. 
2, Saf. 3. One of Niobe's ſons. 

DAMmAaSiSTRATUS, a king of Platza, who 
buried Laius. Apollud. 3, c. 5. 

DamasiTHYNUs, a fon of Candaules, 
general in the army of Xerxes. Herodes 
7, c. 98. A king of Calyndz, ſunk i 
his ſhip by Artemiſia, Id. 8, c. 87. 

DaMaAsSTES, a man of Sigzum, diſciple 
of Hellanicus, about the age of Herodotus 
& c. Dionyſ.——A_famous robber. Pia. 
Procraſtes, 

Dama, a firname of Cybele.—4 
woman to whom the Epidaurians raiſed 3 
ſtatue, Herodot. 5, c. 82. 

Damieyvs, a Spartan taken by Mar- 
cellus as he ſailed out of the port of Sy 
cuſe. He diſcovered to the enemy that 3 
certain part of the city was negligently 
guarded, and in conſequence of this dilcoe 
very Syracuſe was taken. Polyen. | 

Dauis, a man who diſputed with Ariſ- 
todemus the right of reigning over the Mel 
ſenians. Pau. 4, c. 19. 7 

Damn, a people at the north of Brita. 

DaMnoNnil, a people of Britain, nov 
ſuppoſed Devonlhire. 

DAaMNGK1x, a celebrated Gaul, 


in the 


| aterclt of Julius Ceſar, &c. 


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BA 


Dawo, a daughter of Pythagoras, who, 
by order of her father, devoted her life to 
erpetual celibacy, and induced others to 
follow her example. Pythagoras at his 
death entruſted her wit! all the ſecrets of his 
philolophy, and gave her the unlimited 
care of his compoſitions, under the promiſe 
that the never would part with them. She 
faithiully obeyed his injunct/ons; and though 
in the extremelt poverty, ſhe refuſed to ob- 
tain money by the violation of her father”s 
commands. Laert. in Pythas, 

DamMGCLEs, one of tne flatterers of Dio- 
ryſius the elder, of Sicily. He ac mired the 
tyrant's wealth, and pronounced nim the 
bappieſt man on earth. Dionyſus pre- 
yailed upon him to undertake. for a while 
the charge of royalty, and be convinced ot 
the happineſs which a ſovereign enjoyed, 
Damocles aſcended the throne, and while 
he gazed upon the wealth and fplen- 
dor that ſurrounded him, he perceived a 
ſword hanging over his head by a horſe- 
hair, This ſo terrified him that Il his ima- 
ginary felicity vaniſhed at once, and he 
hegged Dionyſus to remove him from a 
ſituation which expoſed his life to ſuct: 
fears and dangers. (ic. in Tuſcul. 5, c. 21. 

DAmoCRATEs, a hero, &c. Flut. in 
rift, 

Dauoc kira, a Spartan matron, wife 
ef Alcippus, who ſeverely puniſhed her 
enemies who had baniſhed her huſband, &c. 
Plut. in Parall. 

Dauocklrus, a timid general of the 
Achzans, &c. Pauſ. 7, c. 13. A Greek 
writcr, who compoſed two treatiſes, one 
upon the art of drawing an army in battle 
array, and the other concerning tne Jews. 
——A man who wrote a poetical treatiſe 
upon medicine. 

Damon, a victor at Olympia, Olymp. 
102.—Pauf. 4, c. 27. A poet and mu- 
hician of Athens, intimate with Pericles, 
and diſtinguithed for his knowledge of go- 
vernment and fondneis ot diſcipline, He 
was baniſhed tor his intrigues about 430 
years before Chriſt. C. Nep. 15, c. 2.— 
ut, in Pericl. A Pythagorean philoſo- 
pher, very intimate with Pythias. When 
be had been condemned to death by Dio- 
aylus, he obtained from the tyrant leave 
10 go and ſettle his domeſtic affairs, on 
promile of returning at a ttated hour to the 
place of execution, Pythias pledged him- 
lf to undergo the puniſhment which was 
to be inflicted on Damon, ſhould he not 
urn in time, and he conſequently deli- 
vered himſelf into the hands of the tyrant, 
Damon returned at the appointed moment, 
and Dionyfius was ſo ſtruck with the fide- 
lty of thoſe two friends, that he remitted 

© puniſhment, and entreated them to per- 


D A 


mit him to ſhare their friendſhip, and enjoy 


their confidence. Val. Max. 4, c. 7. 
A man of Cheronea, who kilied a Reman. 
officer, and was murdered by his fellow- 
citizens. Plut. in Cim. A Cyrenean, 


who wrote an hiſtory of philoſophy. Laert, 


DamoPHANTUS, a general of Elis, in 
the age of Philopœmen. Pr. in Phil. 

DamoPHILA, a poeteſs of Leſbos, wife 
of Pamphilus. She was intimate with Sap- 
pho. Phileftr. 

DamoratLius, an hiſtorian, Dicd.—— 
A Rhodian general againſt the fleet of De- 
metiius. Diod. 20. 

Danöphox, a ſculptor of Meſſenia. 
Pauf. 7, e. 23. 

DamosTRATUS,n philoſopher who wrote 
a treatiſe concerning fiſhes. lian, V. II. 
13, c. 21. 

DamoxEnvs, a comic writer of Athens. 
It ken. 3. — A boxer of Syracuſe, ba- 
niſhed for Killing his adverſary. Pau. B, 
c. 40. 

Dau vRIAS, a river of Sicily, Plat. in 
Timsl. 

Dana, a large town of Cappadocia. 

DANAE, the daughter of Acriſius king 
of Argos, by Eurydice. She was confined 
in a brazen tower by her father, who had 
been told by an oracle, that his daughter's 
ſon would put him to death. His endea- 
vours to prevent Danae from becoming a 
mother proved fruitleſs ; and Jupiter, who 
was cnamoured of her, introduced himſelf 
to her bed, by changing himſelf into a 
golden ſhower, From his embraces Danae 
had a ſon, with whom the was expoſed on 
the fea by her father. The wind drove 
the bark which carried her, to the coaſts of 
the iſland of Seriphus, where ſhe was ſaved 
by ſume fiſhermen, and carried to Poly- 
dectes king of the place, whoſe brother, 
called Dictys, educated the cnild called 
Perſeus, and tenderly treated the mother. 
Polydectes fell in love with her; but as he 
was afraid of her ſon, he tent him to conquer 
the Gorgons, pretending that he wiſhed 
Meduſa's head to adorn the nuptials which 
he was going to celebrate with Hippodamia, 
the daughter of CEnomaus. When Perſeus 
had vittorioufly finithed his expedition, he 
retired to Argos with Danaec, to the houſe 
of Acrifius, whom he inadvertently killed, 
Some ſuppoſe that it was Prœtus the bro- 
ther of Acrifius, who introduced himſelf 
to Danae in the brazen tower; and inftead 
of a golden ſhuwcr, it was maintained, that 
the keepers of Danae were bribed by the 
gold of her ſeducer. Virgil mentions that 
Danae came to Italy with ſome fugitives of 
Argos, and that the founded a city called 
Ardea. Ovid. Met. 4, v. 611. Art. In. 

3, v. 415. Amor, * 19, v. 27.— Horat. 


4 3, od, 


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—— 


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— 


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DA 


4, od. 16.-—fApollnd. 2, c. 2 & 4 —Stat. 
Theb. t, v. 255.—Virg. En. 7, v. 410. 
A daughter of Leontium, miſtreſs to So- 
pbron, governor of Epheſus. A daugh- 
ter of Danaus, to whom Neptune offered 
violence. 

DAx At, a name given to the people of 
Argos, and promiſcuouſly to all the Greeks, 
from Danaus their king. Virg. & Ovid. 
Paſſim. 

DxwAines, the fifty daughters of Danaus 
king of Argos When their uncle /23y ptus 
came from Egypt With his fifty ſons, they 
were promiſed in marriage to their couſins ; 
but before the celebration of their nuptials, 
Danaus, who had bcen informed by an ora- 
cle that he was to be killed by the hands of 
one of his ſons-in-law, made his daughters 
ſolemnly promiſe that they would deſtroy 
their huſbands. They were provided with 
daggers by their father, and all, except Hy- 
permneſtra, ſtained their hands with the 

ood of their couſins, the firſt night of their 
nuptials; and, as a pledge of their obedience 
to their tather's injunctions, they preſented 
him each with tne head of the murdered 
ſons of Afgyptus. Hypermneſtra was fum- 
moned to appear before her father, and an- 
ſwer for her diſobedience in ſuffering her 
huſband, Lynceus, to eſcape ; but the una- 
nimous voice of the people declared her in- 
nocent, and in conſequence of net honorable 
acquittal, ſhe dedicated a temple to the 
goddeſs of Perſualon. The fifters were pu- 
rified of this murder by Mercury and Mi— 
nerva, by order of Jupiter; but according 
to the more received opinion, they were 
condemned to ſevere punithment in hall, 
and were compelled to fill with water a 
veſſel] full of holes, fo that the water ray 
out as ſoon as poured into it, and therefore 
their labor was infinite, and their puniſh- 
ment eternal. The names of the Danaides 
and their huſbands, were as follows, ac- 
cording to Apollodorus: Amymone marri- 
ed Enccladus; Automate, Bufiris ; Agave, 
Lycus; Scea, Dayphron; Hippodamia, 
Ifter; Rhoda, Chalcedon; Calyce, another 
Lynceus; Gorgophone, Proteus; Cleopatra, 
Agenor; Aſteria, Chxtus; Glauce, Aleis; 
Hippodamin, Diacorytes; Hippomeduſa, 
Alcmenon ; Gorge, Hippothous ; Iphime- 
duſa, Euchenor; Rhode, Hippolitus ; Pirea, 
Agoptolemus ; Cerceſti , Dorion ; P. rte, 
Eurydamas; Mneſtra, A'g'us; Evinpe, Ari 

gius; An xibla, Archelaus; Nelo, Melachus; 
Clite, Clitus; Stencle, Stenelus; Chry- 
ſi ppc, Chryſippu Ant , ID 151 Chu? 
Theane, Phautes; Eletra. Periſtene ; 
Eurydice, Dryas; Ganciphe, Potamon; Au— 
thotez, Cilſcus; Cloodouca, Lixus ; Evi; 15 
Imbtus; Eratu, Brom us: St . 1.y tau : 


) 5 7 


Bryce, Chtonius; Actea, Fcriphas ; Po- | 


3 


D A 
darce, neus; Dioxippe, ÆEgyptus; Adyte, 


Menalces ; Ocipete, Lampus; Pilarge, 14. 
mon; Hippodice, Idas; Adiante, Daiphron; 
Callidia, Pandion; Qme, Arbelus; Celena, 
Hixbius;+ Hyperia, Hippocoriſtes. The 
heads of the ſons of AEgyptus were buried 
at Argos; but their bodies were left at Ler. 
na, where the murder had been committed, 
Apollol. 2, c. 1.—Heoat. 3, od. 11.—Strab, 
3, Parſ. 2, C. 16.—Hyzgin. fab, 168, &c. 

DAwALAa, a caſtle of Galatia. 

DaxAPR1s, now the Nieper, a name 
given in the middle ages to the Bory ſthenes, 
as Danaſter the Niefter, was applied to the 
Tyras. . 

DXNavus, a ſon of Belus and Anchinoe, 
who, after his father's death, reigned con- 
jointly with his brother Agyptus on the 
throne of Egypt. - Some time after, a dif. 
terence aroſe between the brothers, and Da- 
naus ſet ſail with his fifty daughters in queſt 
of a ſettlement. He vihted Rhodes, where 
he conſecrated a ſtatue to Minerva, and a- 
rived fafe on the coaſt of Peloponneſus, 
where he was hoſpitably received by Gel 
nor, king of Argos, Gelanor had lately 
aſcended the throne, and the firſt years of 
his reizn were marked with diſſenſions with 
his ſubjects. Danaus took advantage of 
Gelanor's unpopularity, and obliged him to 
abdicate the crown. In Gelanor, the race 
of the Inachidæ was extinguiſhed, and the 
Belides began to reign at Argos in Danaus, 
Some authors. ſay, that Gelanor voluntarily 
reſigned the crown to Danaus, on account 
of the wrath of Neptune, who had dried up 
all the waters of Argolis, to puniſh the im- 
piety of Inachus. The ſucceſs of Danaus, 
invited the fifty ſons of Mgyptus to embark 
for Greece, They were kindly received by 
their uncle, who, either apprehenſive 0 
their number, or tert ified by an oracle which 
threatened his ruin by one of his fons-in- 
law, cauſed his daughters, to whom they 
were promiſed in marriage, to murder them 
the firſt night of their nuptials. His fatal 
orders were executed, but Hypermneſtn 
alone ſpared the life of Lynceus. (d. Da- 
naides } Danaus, at firſt, perſecuted Lynceus 
with unremitted fury, but he was afterwards 
reconciled à him, and he acknowledged 
him for his ſon-in-law, and ſucceflor, atte! 
a reign of 50 years. He died about 1425 
years before*the Chriſtian era, and aft 
death, he was honored with a ſplendid mo- 
nument in the town of Argos, which itil 
exiſted in the ave af Pàuſanias. According 
to /Eſchylus, Danaus left Egypt, nt te be 
pre ſent at the mariiage of his daughters, WA 
the ſons of his brother, a connection which 
ne deemed unlawtul and impious. The thin 
n nich Danaus came to Greece, was cad 
d £21mais, and was the firſt that had vet 


a Ppeale 


appt 
pun 
Dan 
— , 
&c. 
D 
habi 
Ann 
D 
Plin 
D, 
ell in 
rodot 
coun! 
throu 
into t 
Her 
appel. 
till th 
to its 
Grech 
ſeven 
Heroc 
voller. 
genera 
Cary 0 
therefe 
banks, 
rians. 
Scythi 
99 *. 
C. 12.- 
Dat 
15 Den 
Das 
mouths 
Herod, 
Day 
Carihay 
Day 
US, or 
of who! 
paſnon 
Apollo, 
ſerpent 
hie dart 
ad dre ſſe 
move he 
A Illo 
being e 
gods, w 
lo crow! 
laurel, : 
ſhould U 
that Dap 
of (Eno 
her com 
her in th 
Leucippi 
bur Apo 
diſcox ere 
by the ce 
V. 452, & 


dyte, 
„Id. 
won; 
lena, 

The 
uric 
Ler- 
utted, 
Strab, 
"Cc. 


name 
henes, 
to the 


hinoe, 
d con- 
on the 
a Cife 
nd Da- 
n quelt 
Where 
and ar- 
nnelſus, 
y Glas 
| lately 
cars oi 
ns with 
tage of 
bim to 
the race 
and the 
Danaus. 
luntarily 
account 
dried up 
the im- 
Danaus, 
ö embark 
eived by 
nſive of 
de which 
ſons-in- 
om they 
der them 
His fatal 
>rmaneftra 
Vid. Da- 
| Lynceus 
frer wards 
ow ledged 
flor, after 
out 1425 
and after 
ndid mo- 
yhich ſtill 
According 
Nn te be 
ers, with 
ion which 
The ſhig 
was call 
t had evet 
appeale 


9 


appeared there, It is ſaid that the uſe of 
pumps was firſt introduced into Greece by 
Danaus. (polled. 2, c. 1.—Parf. 2, c. 19. 
—Hygin. fab. 168, &c,—fHerodot. 2, c. 91, 
Kc. 7, c. 94. 4 

Daxpirt & DANDARID-EA, certain in- 
habitants near mount Caucafus. Tacit. 12, 
Ann. c. 18. 0 

Dax bod, a man of Illyricum, who, as 
Pliny 7, c. 48, reports, lived 500 years. 

DAxUB1vs, a celebrated river, the great- 
ell in Europe, which riſes, according to He- 
rodotus, near the town of Pyrene, in the 
country of the Celtæ, and after flowing 
through the greateſt part of Europe, falls 
into the Eine fea. The Greeks called it 
Her; but the Romans diftinguithed it by the 
appellation of the Danube, from its. ſource 
till the middle of its courſe, and from thence 
to its mouths, they called it I/er, like the 
Greeks. It falls into the Euxine through 
ſeven mouths, or fix according to others. 
Herodotus mentions five, and modern tra- 
vellers diſcover only two. The Danube was 
generally {ſuppoſed to be the northern boun- 
dary of the Roman empire in Europe; and 
therefore, ſeveral caſtles were crected on its 
banks, to check the incurſions of the barba- 
rians. It was worthipped as a deity by the 
Scythians. Dionyſ. Perieg.—Ierodot. 2, c. 
33. 1.4, c. 48, &c.—Strab. 4 —PÞlin. 4, 
c. 12.— Anm ian. 23. 

Dadcuvs, an otficer of Philip, &c. Put. 
in Demoſth. . 

DaeHNÆ, a town of Egypt, on one of the 
mouths of the Nile, 16 miles from Peluſium. 
Heredzt. 2, c. 30. 

DaPiNevUs, ageneral of Syracuſe, againſt 
Carthage, Polyen. 5. 

Dayave, a daughter of the river Pene- 
us, or of the Ladon, by the goddeſs Terra, 
of whom Apollo became enamoured. This 
pation had been raiſed by Cupid, with whom 
Apollo, proud of his late conqueſt over the 
ſerpent Python, had diſputed the power of 
his darts, Daphne heard with horror the 
addreſſes of the god, and endeavoured to fe- 
move herſelf from his importunities by flight. 
A,ollo purſued her; and Daphne, fearful of 
being caught, intreated the z1iftance of the 
gods, who changed her into a lawel. Apol- 
lo crowned his head with the leaves of the 
laurel, and for. ever ordered that that tree 
ſhould be ſacred to his divinity. Some ſay 
that Naphne was admired by Leucippus, ſon 
of (Enomaus king of Piſa, who, to be in 

er company, diſguiſed his ſex, and attended 
her in the woods, in the habit of a huntreſs. 
Leucippus gained Daphne's eſteem and love; 
but Apollo, who was his powerful rival, 
qucovered his ſex, and Leucippus was killed 
by the companions of Diana. Ovid. Met. 1, 
V: 452, &C—Parthen, Erotic. c. 15.— A 


Y 


daughter of Tireſias, prieſteſs in the temple 
of Delphi. She was conſecrated to the ſer- 
vice of Apollo by the Fpigoni, or according 
to others, by the goddets Tellus. She was 
called Sibyl, on account of the wildneſs of 
ner looks and expreſſions, when ſhe delivered 
oracle. Her oracies were generally in verſe, 
and Homer, :ccording to ſome accounts, has 
introduced rich of her poetry in his compo=- 
fitions. Diod. 4.—Pauſ. 10, c. 5. A 
famous grove neut Antioch, conſecrated to 
voluptuouſneſs and luxury. 
Daruxtfpnsp ta, a feſtival in honor of 
Apollo, celebrated every ninth year by the 
Bœotians. It was then uſual to adorn an 
olive bough with garlands of laurel and other 
flowers, and place on the top a brazen globe, 
on which were ſuſpended {mailer ones. In 
the middle was placed a number of crowns, 
and a globe of inferior ſige, and the hottom 
was adorned with a ſaffron colored garment. 
The globe on the top repreſenteU the Sun, 
or Apollo; that in the middle was an em- 
blem of the moon, and the others of the ſtars. 
The crowns, which were 65 in number, re- 
preſented the ſun's annual revolutions. This 
bough was carried in ſolemn proceſſion by 
a beautiful youth of an illuſtrious family, 
and whoſe parents were both living. The 
youth was dreiſed in rich garments which 
reached to the ground, his hair hung looſe 
and diſhevcied, his head was covered with a 
golden crown, and he wore on his feet ſhoes 
cailed /phicratidez, from Iphicrates an Athe- 
nian, who firſt invented them. He was call- 
ed Aagmg"gg, laurel-bearer, and at that 
time he executed the office of prieſt of Apollo. 
He was preceded by one of his neareſt rela- 
tions, bearing a rod adorned with garlands, 
and behind him followed a train of virgins” 
with branches in their hands. In this order 
the proceſſion advanced as far as the temple 
of Apollo, firnamed Iſmenius, where ſuppli- 
catory hymns were ſung to the god. —This 
teſtival owed its origin to the following cir- 
cumſtance; when an oracle adviſed the Æto- 
lians, who inhabited Arne and the adjacent 
country, to abandon their ancient poſſèſſions, 
and go in queſt of a ſettlement, they invaded 
the Theban territories, which at that time 
were pillaged by an army of Pelaſgians. As 
the celebration of Apollo's feſtivals was near, 
both nations, who religiouſly obſerved it, laid 
aſide all notiilities, and, according to cuſtom, 
cut down laurel buughs from mount Helicon, 
and in the neighbourhood of the iver Melas, 
and walked in proceſſion in honor of the di- 
vinity. The day that this ſolemnity was ob- 
ſerved, Polemates, the general of the Bœo- 
tian army, ſaw a youth in a dream that pre- 
ſented kim With a complete ſuit of armour, 
and commanded the Bœotians to offer ſolemn 
prayers to Apollo, aud walk in 8 
Wit 


. 3n the plural number, is applied to tne Tro- 


with laurel boughs in their hands every ninth 
year. Three days after this dream, the Bœ- 
otian general made a fally, and cut off the 
greareft part of the beſiegers, who were com- 
pelled by this blow to relinquiſh their enter- 
priſe. Polemates immediately inſtituted a 
novennial feſtival to the god, who ſeemed to 
be the patron of the Bœotians. Pau. Bœo- 
tic. Sc. 

Daynnrs, a ſhepherd of Sicily, ſon of 
Mercury by a Sicitian nymph. He was edu- 
cated by the nymphs, Pan taught him to fing 
and play upon the pipe, and the muſes inſpi- 
red him with the love of poetry. It is ſup- 
poſed he was the firſt who wrote paſtoral 

try, in which his ſueceſſor Theocritus ſo 
* excelled. He was extremely fond of 
hunting; and at his death, five of his dogs, 
from their attachment to him, retuſed all 
aliments, and pined away. From the cele- 
brity of this ih nr, the name of Daphris 
has been appropriated by the ports, ancient 
and modern, to expreſs a perſon fond of 
rural employments, and of the peaceful in- 
nocence which accompanies the tending of / 
flocks. lian. V. H. 10, 18.— Diod. 4. 
There was another ſhepherd on mount 
Ida of the ſame name changed into a rock, 
according to Ovid. Met. 4, v. 275. A 
ſervant vi Nicocrates, tyrant of Cyrene, &c. 
Folyen. S. A grammarian. Suct. de Gr, 
A ion of Paris and CEnone, 

Dayranvus, a river of Locris, into which 
the Dody of Hehod was thrown after his 
murder. Plat. de Symp. A phyſician 
who preferred a ſupper to a dinner, becauſe 
he ſuppoicd that the moon aſſiſted digeſtion. 
Athen. 7. 

DARABA, a town of Arabia. 

DARANTASIA, a town of Belgic Gaul, 
ealled alſo Forum Claudii, and now Metter. 

DARAPS, a king of the Gangaridz, &c. 
Flacc. 6, v. 67. 

DaRDANI, the inhabitants of Dardania. 
Alſo a people of Mœſia very inimical to 
the neighbouring power of Macedonia. Lisi. 
K6, £-33. 1. % ©. 33. 1. 31, . 28. 1.40, e. 
$7.—Plin. 4, c. 1. 

DARDANIlA, a town or country of Troas, 
from which the Trojans were called Dardani 
and Dardanidæ. I here is alſo a country of 
the ſame name near Illyricum. This ap- 
pellation is alſo applied to Samothlirace. 
Virg. & Ovid. paſſim.—Strab. 7. 

DazxvAxnives, a name given to /Encas, 
as deſcended from Dardanus. The word, 


jan women. Virg, An. 

DARDANIUM, a promontory of Troas, 
called from the ſmall town of Dardanus, 
about ſeven miles from Abydos. The two 
caftles built on each ſide of the ſtrait by the 
emperor Makomet IV. A. D. 1659, gave 


9 


the name of Dardanelles to the place. Strab. 
13. 

DarpAnvs, a ſon of Jupiter and Electm, 
who killed his brother Jaſius to obtain the 
kingdom of Etruria after the death of his re. 
puted father Corytus, and fled to Samothrace, 
and thence to Aſia Minor, where he marr. 
ed Batia, the daughter of Teucer, king of 
Teucria. After the death of his father-ijn. 
law he aſcended the throne, and reigned 62 
years. He built the city of Dardania, and 
was reckoned the founder of the Kingdom of 
Troy. He was ſucceeded by Erichthonius. 
According to ſome, Corybas, his nephew, 
accompanied him to Teucria, where he in- 
troduced the worſhip of Cybele. Dardanus 
taught his ſubjects to worſhip Minerva; and 
he gave them two ſtatues of the goddeiz, 
one of which is well known by the name of 
Palladium. Virg En. 3, v. 167.—Pai, 


| 7y C. 4.—Hygin. {ai 155 & 27 5.— Api. 


led. 3. — Homer. II. 20. A Trojan killed 
by Achilles. Homer. Il. 20, v. 460. 
DAR DAN IT, a nation near the Paly 
Mæotis. Plut. in Lucull. 

Dares, a Phrygian, who lived during the 
Tiojan war, in which he was engaged, and 
of which he wrote the hiſtory in Greek, 
This hiſtory was extant in the age of lian; 
the Latin tranſlation, now extant, 1s univer- 
ſally believed to be ſpurious, though it is u- 
tributed by ſome to Cornelius Nepos. Tre 
bett edition is that of Smids cum not. vr. 
gto. & 8vo. Amit. 1702.—-Heomer. Il, 5, v. 
10, & 27.--—One of the companions of 
ZEneas, cclebrated as a pugiliſt, and de- 
ſcended from Amycus. He was kiked by 
Turnus in Italy. Virg. An. 5, v. 309. 
12, v. 363. 

DaRTIs, a country of Macedonia. 

Daria, a town of Meſopotamia. 

Dar1aves,the name of Darius in Perſian. 
Straub. 16. 

DaRr1aBRIGUM, a town of Gaul, now 
Venues in Britanny. 

DART T, a people of Perſia. Herodot. 3, 
c. 92. 

Da rTvs, a noble ſatrap of Perſia, ſon of 
Hyſtaſpes, who conſpired with fix other no- 
blemen to deſtroy Smerdis, who uſurped the 
crown of Per ſia aſter the death of Cambyſes. 
On the murder of the uſurper, the ſeven con- 
ſpirators univerſally agreed, that he whoſe 
horſe neighed firſt ſhould be appointed king. 
In conſequence of this reſolution, the groom 
of Darius previouſly led his maſter's borſe 
to a mare, at a place near which the ſeven 
noblemen were to paſs. On the morrow 
before ſun-riſe, when they proceeded all 
together, the horſe recollecting the mate, 
ſuddenly neighed; and at the ſame time 
a Clap of thunder was heard, as if in appfo- 
bation of the choice. The noblemen dil, 


| JIOURTE 


moun 
Dariu 
among 
cubine 
hut th 
ſhoulc 
of hei 
withot 
29 ye: 
and he 
vity an 
ſieged 
of 20 1 
From 
ans, ar 
expedi 
veral le 
thia, tl 
atter ti 
whom 
which 
Atheni 
Greece 
rated aj 
evening 
% Rem 
nians.“ 
was en 
his arm 
and D 
ſent a 
comma 
were co 
Marath 
Perſian: 
205,90: 
by this 
on the u 
ed a ſti 
in the n 
alter a 1 
his age. 
tin, I, 
Miltia4 
that nan 
becauſe 
erxes by 
der of X 
ha, and 
and am 
Artaxcr; 
the youn 
ſucceſs, i 
of his ſor 
reign of 
ſon Arta 
bed, why 
In the n 
might in 
a" {of rel 
Fftin, 5 
Of that na 
kane (| G. 


Yi rab. 


ectra, 
in the 
s re- 
\race, 
Narrie 
ng of 
et- in- 
ed 62 
„ and 
om of 
onius. 
phew, 
he in- 
rdanus 
a: and 
adcis, 
ume of 
- Pail, 
- Api. 
killed 


Palus 


1ng the 
2d, and 
Greek. 
Alan; 
univers 
It is u- 
5, Tie 
Ot. vat. 
J. 5, v. 
ions of 
nd de- 
ihed by 
309. 


12, 

Perſian, 
ul, now 
radot. 3, 


„ ſon of 
ther no- 
[ ped the 
\mbyſes. 
ven con- 
ie whoſe 
ed king. 
e groom 
5 horſe 
de ſeven 
morrow 
eded all 
16 mares 
me time 
n appro? 
men dit- 
mounted 


D A 


mounted from their horſes, and ſaluted 
Darius king; and a reſolution was made 
among them, that the king's wives and con- 
cubines ſhould be taken from no other family 
but that of the conſpirators, and that they 
ſhould for ever enjoy the unlimited privilege 
of being admitted into the king's preſence 
without previous introduction. Darius was 
29 years old when he aſcended the throne, 
and he ſoon diſtinguiſhed himſelf by his acti- 
vity and military accompliſhments. He be- 
ſieged Babylon; which he took, after a ſiege 
of 20 months, by the artifice of Zopyrus. 
From thence he marched againſt the Scythi- 
ans, and in his way conquered Thrace, This 
expedition was unſucceſsful; and, after ſe- 
veral loſſes and diſaſters in the wilds of Scy- 
thia, the King retired with ſhane, and ſoon 
after turned his arms againſt the Indians, 
whom he ſubdued. The burning of Sardis, 
which was a Grecian colony, incenſed the 
Athenians, and a war was kindled between 
Greece and Perſia. Darius was ſo exaſpe- 
rated againſt the Greeks, that a ſervant every 
evening, by his order, repeated theſe words : 
« Remember, O king, to puniſh the Athe- 
nians.” Mardonius, the king's ſon-in-law, 
was entruſted with the care of the war, but 
his army was deſtroyed by the Thracians ; 
and Darius, more animated by his loſs, 
ſent a more confiderable force, under the 
command of Datis and Artaphernes. They 
were conquered at tine celebrated battle of 
Marathon, by 10,000 Athenians ; and the 
Perſians loſt in that expedition no leſs than 
206,000 men. Darius was not diſheartened 
by this ſevere blow, but he reſolved to carry 
on the war in perſon, and immediately order- 
ed a ſtill larger army to be levied. He died 
in the midſt of his preparations, B. C. 435, 
alter a reign of 36 years, ia the 65th year of 
his age. Herodot. 1, 2, &c.— Diod. 1. —Juſ- 
tn. I, c. 9.—Plut. in Ari. C. Nep. in 
Miltiad. The ſecond king of Perſia of 
that name, was alſo called 0c/us, or Notlius, 
becauſe he was the illegitimate ſon of Artax- 
erxes by a concubine. Soon after the mur- 
der of Xerxes he aſcended the throne of Per- 
fa, and married Pary ſatis his ſiſter, ac ruel 
and ambitious woman, by whom he had 
Artaxerxes Memnon, Ametris, and Cyrus 
the younger. He carried on many wars with 
ſucceſs, under the conduct of his generals and 
of his ſon Cyrus. He died B. C. 404, after a 
reign of 19 years, and was ſucceeded by his 
lon Artaxerxes, who aſked him on his death 
bed, what had been the guide of his conduct 
m the management of the empire that he 
might imitate him? The dictates of juſtice 
end of religion, replied the expiring monarch. 
Tallin. 5, c. 11,—Diod. 12. The third 
ot that name was the lat king of Perſia, ſir- 
k'2'd Colo nanus, Ho was lon of Arſanes 


D A 


and Syſigambis, and deſcended from Darius 
Nothus. The eunuch Bagoas raiſed him to 
the throne, though not nearly allied to the 
royal family, in hopes that he would be 
ſubſervient to his will; but he prepared to 
poiſon him, when he ſaw him deipiſe his 
advice, and aim at independence. Darius 
diſcovered his perfidy, and made him drink 
the poiſon which he had prepared againſt 
his life. The peace of Darius was early 
diſturb-d, and Alexander invaded Perfia 
to avenge the injuries which the Greeks had 
ſuffered from the predeceſſors of Darius. 
The king of Perſia met his adverſary in 
perſon, at the head of 600,000 men. This 
army was remarkable, more for its opu- 
lence and luxury, than for the military cou- 
rage of its ſoldiers; and Athenzus men- 
tions, that the camp of Darius was crowded 
with 277 cooks, 29 waiters, 87 cup-bearers, 
40 ſervants to perfume the king, and 66 to 
prepare garlands and flowers to deck the 
diſhes and meats which appeared on the 
royal table. With theſe forces Darius met 
Alexander. A battle was fought near the 
Granicus, in which the Perſians were cafily 
defeated. Another was ſoon after fought 
near Iſſus; and Alexander left 110,000 of 
the enemy dead on the field of battle, and 
took among the priſoners of war, the mo- 
ther, wite, and children of Darius. The 
darkneſs of the night favored the retreat of 
Darius, and he ſaved himſelf by flying in 
diſguiſe, on the horſe of his arm-bearer. 
Thete loſſes weakened, but diſcouraged not 
Darius: he aſſembled another more power- 
ful army, and the laſt deciſive battle was 
fought at Arbela. The victory was long 
doubtful ; but the intrepidity of Alexander, 
and the ſuperior valor of the Macedonians, 
prevailed over the effteminate Perſians; and 
Darius, ſenſible of his diſgrace and ruin, 
fed towards Media. His misfortunes were 
now completed. Beſſus, the governor of 
Bactriana, took away his life, in hopes of 
ſucceeding him on the throne ; and Darius 
was found by the Macedonians in his cha- 
riot, covered with wounds, and almoſt ex- 
piring, B. C. 331. He aſked for water, 
and exclaimed, when he received it from 
the hand of a Macedonian, “ It is the 
greateſt of my misfortunes that I cannot re- 
ward thy humanity, Beg Alexander to ac- 
cept my warmeſt thanks, for the tenderneſs 
with which he has treated my wretched f1- 
mily, wnilſt I am doomed to periſh bythe hand 
of a man, whom I have loaded with kind- 
neſs.” Theſe words of the dying monarch, 
were reported to Alexander, who covered 
the dead body with his own mantle, and 
honored it with a moſt magnificent funeral. 
The traitor Beſſus met with a due puniſh- 
meat from the conqueror, who A 

iy 


| D A 


- 
wis Kindn-ſs to the unfortunate family of 
Darius. Darius has been accuſed of im- 
prudence, for the imperious and arrcgant 
manncr in which he wrote his Ictteis to 
Alexander, in the midſt of his misfortuncs. 
In him the empire of Perſia was extin- 
guiſned 228 years after it had been firſt 
founded by y Cy rus the Great. D715 1 1 17. 
—Plut. in Alex,— Tuſiin, 10, 11, &C,— 


2 


eonquered it he called it PHI p, after hu 
own name. Appian. de Cit. 

DVA, a hill near mount Taurus, i 
Aſia Minor. 

Dauvuits, a nymph, from whom the city 


received its name. It was there that Philo. 
ind Pede mace Tereus eat the fl 
of his I and hence the n 18g htingale e; us 


med 


| 


LN 10 ($i 


Curtius. A ſon of Xerxes, who n f 
Heroadzt. 9, c. 108.— Dio i. 11.——A 11 
Artaxerxes declared ſuccttor to 
thrune, as being the eldeſt prince. He con- 
ſpired againſt his father's life, and was ca- 

pitally puniſhed. Plut. in Array. 

Dascox, a man who founded Camarina. 
Thucyd 6, C- 5. 

DascYLiT1s, a province of Perſia. Id. 
1, c. 129. 

DascYLvus, the father of Gyges. Hero- 
„ x50: . 

DaskA, a town of Arcadia. 
e. 27. 

Dass, a chief of Salapia, who favored 
Annibal. Liv. 26, c. 38 

DassAR TTA, DAssA RITA, PASSARFE-· 
Nt, or Dass ARITII, a people of Illyricum, 
or Macedonia. Flut. in Flam. 

DaTAMESs, a ſon of Camiſſares, gover- 
nor of Caria, and general of the armies of 
Artaxerxes. The influence of his enemics 
at court obliged him to fly for ſafety, after 
he had greatly ſignalized himſelf by his mi- 
litary exploits. He took up arms in his 
own defence, and the king 
againſt him. He was treacherouſfly killed 
by Mithridates, who had invited him under 


Par, 8, 


pretence of entering into the moſt inviolable 


connection and friendſhip, 362 B. C. C. 
Nep. in Datum. 


DATAPHERNFS, one of the friends of 


Beſſus. Aſter the murder of Dorius, he 
betrayed Beſſus into Alexander's hands. He 
alſo revolted from the conqueror, and was 
delivered up by the Dahæ. Curt. 7, c. 5 
& 8. 


Darts, a general of Darius 1ſt, ſent 


with an army of 200,000 foul, and 10,000 
Horſt, zgaintt the Greeks, in conjunction 
with Artapherngs. He was defeated at 
the cctchrated battle of Marathon, by Mil- 
tiades and ſome time after put to death 
by the Spartans. C. Nep. in MIt. 
Daros, or DaTor, a town of Thrace, 
on 2 ima'l eminence, near the Strymon. 


There is in the neightourtood @ fruitful 
plain, from which Proferpine, according 


to ſome, was carried away by Pluto. That 
city was {0 rich, that the ancients generally 
mutig ue 

abu dance. 


| 
' 
Artaynta, and was killed by Artabanus, 15 
| 
„ 


made war 


of the word Isis, to expreis| ne, 
When the King of Macedonia 


which Philomela was changed, is often cal. 
as Dau Ovid, ep. 15, v. 154, 

ab. g. rac auf. 10, c. 4.--Ptl. 3, c. 15, 
32 c. 18.—-F4 *. 4, L. . 

Dauni, a pevple on the caſtern part df 
Italy, conquered by Daunus, from whom 
they received their name. 

Daun1Aa, 2 name given to the northen 
parts of Apulia, on the coaſt of the Adria 
tic. It receives its name trom Daunus, 
who ſettled there, and is nuw called Capi. 
tanata. Virg. An. 8, v. 146.— 5%. 957 
500. |. 12, v. 42 le 4, od. 6, v. 
Juturna, the ſiſter of Turnus, was call 
Daunia, after ſhe had been made a goddeſs 
by Jupiter. Firg. An. 12, v. 139 & 755 

Dauxvus, a {on of Pilumnus and Danze 
He came from Ilyricum into Apulia, when 
he reigned over part of the country, which 
from him was called Daunia. Mela. 1 
c. 4 —Strab. 5. A river of Apulia, now 
Carapelle. Ilorat. 35 od. 30. 

Dau RirERR & DA UR Is ES, a brave gere. 
ral of Darius, treacherouſly killed by the 
Carians. Hcrodot. 5, c. 116, &c. 

Davus, a comic charadter, inthe Andria 
of Terence. Horat. 1, Sat. 10, v. 40. 

Dr, a nation of Arabia, Died. z. 

DrcAaPpoL1s, a diſtrict of Judea from its 
to cities. Pin. 5, c. 18. 

DECEBALUS, a warlike king of the Daci, 
who made a ſucceſsful war againſt Domitian, 
He was conquered by Trajan, Domitian's ſuc- 
ceſſor, and he obtained peace. His acthe 
ſpirit again kindled rebellion, and the Ro- 
man emperor marched againſt him, and de- 
teated him. He deſtroyed himſelf, and bis 
head was brought to Rome, and Dacia be- 
came a Roman province, A. D. 103. 
Dio. 68. 

DEcELEUM, now Fiala Caſtro, a ſmall 
village of Attica, north of Athens; which, 
when in the hands of the Spartans, proved 
a very galling garriſon to the Athenians. 
The Peloponneftien war has occaſionally 
been called Deceltun, becauſe for ſome time 
hoftilitics were carried on in its neighbour- 
bood. C. Nep. 7, c. 4. 

DeciLvs, a man who informed Caſtor 
and Pollux, that their ſiſter, whom T beieus 
had carried away, was concealed at Aphid- 
Heredeot., 9, C. 73. 

Dz#CcLravisi, ten magiſtrates of abſolute 
| authority 


'G 11211. 


Rn: in 


of Daulis in Phocls, antiently called Anais 


£1:thor! 
leges o 
among | 
the pov 
adminit 
will anc 
any wr! 
yince tt. 
equity c 
plained 
code of 
und ber 
tition v 
balado: 
other G 
Solon; a 
of Greec 
ers, it u 
magiſtr: 
elected! 
into exe 
all oth 
and the; 
authorit! 
badges « 
Whicn tt 
Was pre 
Power C 
firming « 
Appius“ 
Sp. Vet 
Sulpitiu: 
humius, 
laws,wh 
that eve 
ments, v 
ſtitution; 
Furs in t 
Per. TI 
were eng 
after ware 
laws of t 
bularum, 
Viral poy 
ef people 
Continue: 
creation, 
account 
of Ap. ( 
tollowed 
The peu; 
tagt they 
to burn t. 
pointed, : 
ſtate. 
called 4. 
pointed, | 
Miniſter 
came afte 
aſſiſted al 
a (pear, A 
place wh. 
They wet 
lis offi 


T iy 
5, l 


e city | 
rin 
Milo» 
: ich 
, No 
1 Calle 
54.— 


C. IY 
* 


art <& 
Wt; nm 


"then 
Adria» 
2unus, 
Capi 
. 9% . 
9 
$ called 
poddels 
& 7% 


a,where 
, which 
cla. un 


lia, nov 


ve gente 
Ly the 


Andria 
FE: 40. 
ad. 3. N 
from iti 


he Daci, 
omitian, 
jan's ſuc- 
is acthe 
the Ro- 
„ and de- 
, and bis 
Dacia be- 


D. 103. 


* ſmall 
; which, 
8, proved 
Ithenians. 
caſionally 
ſome time 
eighbour- 


ed Caſtor 
m beieus 
at Aphid- 


of abſolute 
authority 


D E 


authority among the Romans. The privi- 
leges of the patricians raited diſſatisfaction 
among the plebeians; who, though treed from 
the power of the Tarquins, till ſaw that the 
adminiſtration of juſtice depended upon the 
will and caprice of their ſuperiors, without 
any written ſtatute to direct them, and con- 
vince them that they were governed with 
equity and impartiality. The tribunes com- 
plained to the ſenate, and demanded that a 
code of laws might be framed for the uſe 
and benefit of the Roman people. This pe- 
tition was complied .with, and three am- 
baladors were {ent to Athens, and to all the 
other Grecian ſtates, to collect the laws of 
Solon; and of the other celebrated legiſlators 
of Greece. Upon the return of the commiſſion- 
ers, it was univerlally agreed, that ten new 
magiſtrates called Decemviri, ſhould be 
elected from the ſenate, to put the project 
into execution. Their power was abſolute; 
all other offices ceaſed after their election, 
and they preſided over the city with regal 
authority, They were inveſted with the 
badges of the conſul, in the enjoyment of 
which they ſucceeded by turns, and only one 
was preceded by the faſces, and had the 
power of aflembling the ſenate, and con- 
firming decrees. The firſt decemvirs were 
Appius Claudius, T. Genutius, P. Sextus, 
Sp. Veturius, C. Julius, A. Manlius, Ser. 
Sulpittus Pluriatius, T. Romulus, Sp. Poit- 
humius, A. U. C. 303. Under them, the 
laws, whichi had been expoſed to public view, 
that every citizen might ſpeak his ſenti- 
ments, were publicly approved of as con- 
ſitutional, and ratified by the priefts and au- 
Furs in the moſt ſolemn and religious man- 
ner, . Theſe laws were ten in number, and 
were engraved on tables of braſs; two were 
atterwards added, and they were called the 
laws of the twelve tables, /eges dundecim ta- 
bularum, and leges decemvirales, The decem- 
viral power, which was beheld by all ranks 
of people with the greateſt ſatisfaction, was 
continued; but in the third year after their 
creation, the decemvirs became odious, on 
account of their tyranny ; and the attempt 
of Ap. Claudius to ravith Virginia, was 
tollowed by the total abolition of the office. 
The people were fo exaſperated againſt them, 
tagt they demanded them from the ſenate, 
io burn tuem alive. Conſuls were again ap- 
pointed, and trauquillity re-eſtablithed in the 
Hate. I here were other officers in Rome, 
called decemvirs, who were originally ap- 
pointed, in the abſence of the prætor, to ad- 
miniſter juſtice, Their appointment be- 
came afterwards neceſſary, and they generally 
allited at ſales called ſubhaftationes, becauſe 
a ſpear, haſta, wa, fixed at the door of the 
__ Where the good were expoſed to ſale. 
ey were called decembiri [itihus judicandis, 

de oficers whom Tarquin appointed to 


5 


guard the Sibylline books, were alſo called 


decemviri, They were originally two in 
number, called duumviri, till the year of 
Rome 388, when their number was increaſed 
to ten, five of which were choſen from the 
plebeians, and five from the patricians. Syl- 
la increaſed their number to fifteen, called 
7 HACCEMUITS. 

DEct'TriaA, a town of Gaul. Cz/. 

Drcra Lx, was enacted by M. Decius 
the tribune, A. U. C. 442, to impower the 
people to appoint two proper perſons to fit 
and repair the fleets. 

L. Dzcivivs SAXA, a Celtiberian in 
Cxſar's camp. Cz. bell. Cir, 1. 

Dzcixs vs, a celebrated ſoothſayer. Strab. 
16. 

Drotus Mos, a celebrated Roman con- 
ful, who, after many glorious exploits, devoted 
himſelf to the gods manes for the ſafety of 
his country, in a battle againſt the Latins, 
325 years B. C. His ſon Decius imitated 
his example, and devoted himſelf in like 
ma mer in his fourth conſulſhip, when fight- 
ing againſt the Gauls and Samnites, B. C. 
296. His grandſon alſo did the ſame in the 
War againſt Pyrrhus and the Tarentines, 
B. C. 2580. This action of devoting oneſelf, 
was of infinite ſervice to the ſtate. The 
ſoidiers were animated by the example, and 
induced to follow with intrepidity, a com- 
mander who, arrayed in an unuſual dreſs, 
and addreſhing bhimſelf to the gods with ſo- 
lemn invocation, ruſhed into the thickeſt 
part of the enemy to meet his fate. Liv. 8, 
9, &c.— Val. Max, 5, c. 6.-Polyb. 2.— 
Virg. n. 6, v. 82 Brutus, conducted 
Cz#ſar to the ſenate-houſe rhe day that he 
was murdered, (Cn. Metins, G. Traja- 
nus) a native of Pannonia, ſent by the em- 
peror Philip, to appeaſe a ſedition in Meœſia. 
Inftcad of cheying his maſter's command, 
he aſfumed the imperial purple, and ſoon 
after marched againſt him, and at his death 
became the only <mperor. He ſigualized 
himſelf againſt the Ferſians; and when he 
marched againſt the Goths, he puſhed his 
horſe in a deep marſh, from which he could 
not extricate himſelf, and he periſhed with 
all his army by the darts of the barbarians, 
A. D. 2&1, after a reign of two years. This 
monarch enjoyed the character of a brave 


his juſtice and exemplary life, merited the 
title of Optinz's, which a ſervile ſenate la- 
vithed upon him. a 

Diecuxkto, a ſubaltern officer in the Ro- 
man armies He commanded a decusiaz 
which conlifted of ten men, and was the 
third part of a zrma, or the zoth part of a 
legio of horſe, which was compoied of 300 
men The badge of the Centurions was a 


vine rod or ſapling, and each had a deputy 
called pte. There were certain magiſtrates 


D E. 


In the provinces, called decuriones municipales, | 


who i{orred a body to repreſent the Ro- 
man ſenate in free and corporate towns, 
They conſiſted of ten, whence the name; 
and their duty extended to watch over the 
intereſt of their fellow- citizens, and to in- 
ereaſe the revenues of the commonwealth. 
Their court was called cauria decurionum, and 
minor ſenatus; and their decrees, called decreta 
decurionum, where marked with two D. D. 
at the top. They generally ſtyled themſelves 
efvitatum patres curiales, and honorati munt- 
cipiorum ſenatores, They were elected with 
the ſame ceremonies as the Roman ſenators; 
they were to be at leaſt 25 years of age, and 
to be poſſeſſed of a certain ſum of money. 
The election happened on the calends of 
March. 

DeEcuMATES AGR1, lands in Germany, 
which paid the 1oth part of their value 
to the Romans. T7ocit. G. 29. 

DeviTaminwes, a friend of Alexander, 
made governor of Babylonia. Curt. 8, c. 3. 

DeG1s, a brother of Decchalus king of 
the Daci He came as ambaſſador to the 
court of Domitian. Martial. 5. ep. 3. 

DIANIRA, a daughter of neus, king 
of Aitolia, Her beauty procured her many 
admirers, and her father promiſed to give 
her in marriage to him only who proved 
to be the ſtrongcit of all his competitors. 
Hercules obtained the prize, and married 
Dejanira, by whom he had three children, 
the moſt known of whom is Hyllus. As 
Dejanira was once travelling with her huſ- 
band, they were ſtopped by the ſwollen 
ſtreams of the Evenus, and the centaur 
Neſſus offered Hercules to convey her fate 
to the oppoſite ſhore. The hero conſented; 
but no ſooner had Neſſus gained the bank, 
than he attempted to offer violence to 
De janira, and to carry her away in the fight 
of her huſband. Hercules, upon this, aimed, 
from the other ſhore, a poiſoned arrow at 
the ſeducer, and mortally wounded him. 
Neſſus, as he expired, withed to avenge his 
death upon his murderer; and he gave Deja- 
nira his tunic, which was covered with 
blood, poiſoned and infected by the arrow, 
obſerving, that it had the power of reclaim- 
ing a huſband from unlawful loves. Deja- 
nira accepted the preſent ; and when Her- 
cules proved faithleſs tv her bed, ſhe ſent 
him the centaur's tunic, which inftantly 
cauſed his death. (Vid. Hereules.) Dejanira 


was ſo diſconſoulate at the death of her 


huſband, which ſhe had ignorantly occa- 
ſioned, that ſhe deſtroyed herſelf. Ovid, 
12 9. Diod. 4.—Scnec. in Hercul,— 
Hygin. fab. 34. 

Dricoo, a Trojan prince, intimate with 
FEneas. He was killed by Agamemnon. 
Homer. Il. 5, v. 534. A ton of Hercules 
and Megara. Apulles. 2, C. 7, 


9 * 


Drip kuf, a daughter of Lycomedes the R 
King of Ecyros. She bore a ſon called Pyr. Je 
rhus, or Neoptolemus, to Achilles, whg roub 
was diſguiſed at her father's court in wo. but f 
men's cloaths, under the name of Pyrrha, witho 
Propert. 2, el. 9.—AFpolled. 3, c. 13,——4 beauti 
daughter of Pyrrhus, killed by the Epirots, her ov 
Pelyen. A daughter of Adraſtus, king tarus c 
of Argos, called alſo Hippodamia. — 

DziLfox, a companion of Hercules in Del 
his expedition againſt the Amazons, Tac. Df! 
55 v. 115. of G1: 

DE1L&cnvs, a ſon of Hercules, [Rneas 

Dzr1MXcavs, a fon of Neleus and Chlo- Ie) 
ris, killed by Hercules, Apollod. 1, c. g. - Di? 

The father of Enarette. Id. x, c. 5, wio, a 

Did cs, a ſon of Phraortes, by whoſe marriec 
means the Medes delivered themſelves from tryed | 
the yoke of the Aflyrians. He preſided 2 ber ber 
judge among his countrymen, and his gres: wiſhed 
popularity and love of equity raiſed him to fully m 
the throne, and he made himſelf abſolute, Vir, A 
B. C. 700. He was ſucceeded by lis fen A ſon 0 
Phraortes, after a reign of 53 years, He after th 
built Ecbatana according to Herodotus, and c. 6. 
ſurrounded it with ſeven dificrent walls, in Drip 
the middle of which was the royal palace, of Celcu 
Ierodot. 1, c. 96, &c.—Polyæn. velled 01 

Drliöcuvs, a Greek captain, killed by father's. 
Paris in the Trojan war. Homer. 1. 15, and brin 
v. 341. tality of 

Diis xx, the mother of Miletus by his ſon 
Apollo. Miletus is often called Deionicdes, placed hi 
on account of his mother. Owid, Met. 9, from wi 
v. 442. poſſeſſed. 

DE1GNEvUs, a king of Phocis, who mar- phon aft; 
ried Diomede, daughter of Xuthus, by ſee what 
whom he had Dia. He gave his daughter She was 
Dia in marriage to Ixion, who promiſcd to ing coals, 
make a preſent to his father-in-law. Deio- diſturbed 
neus accordingly viſited the houſe of Ixion, goddeſs, : 


Apell C'< 
tho, day | 
11 2, Kg 


and was thrown into a large hole filled 
with burning coals, by his ſon-in-law. Ihe 
gin. fab. 48 & 241.—Apolled. 1, c. 7 & 9. 


La, & 4 Derpy 
DEiSPErA, a nymph, the faireſt of all Who took 
the fourteen nymphs that attended upon —A gc 
Juno. The goddeſs promiſed her in mais Dipp 
riage to olus the god of the winds, if be married T 
would deſtroy the fleet of Aneas, which des. Ape 
was ſailing for Italy. Virg. An. 1, v. 76: Dir bi 
One of the attendant nymphs of Cy* ian wa 
rene. Virg. G. 4, v. 343. DFir F 
Dz101XARUs, a governor of Gahtia rojan wa 
made king of that province by the Roman Drrpo 
people. In the civil wars of Pompey and Craſſus. 
Cæſar, Dciotarus followed the inte teſt 0 Dita, 
the former. Aſter the battle of Phar fall, Jear in th 
Cſar ſeverely reprimanded Dciotarus for hu Apollo, ] 
attachment to Pompey, deprived bm ® Who, at his 
part of his kingdom, and jeſt him only tue there, 
the bare title of royalty, When he was adne. At 
accuſed by his grandſon, of attempts UP" ne ſtatue o 
Cæſa's life, Cicero ably defends * pointed a cl 


D E 


des the Roman ſenate. He joined Prutus with 
Pyr a large army, and faithfully ſupported the 
who republican cauſe, His wife was barren; 
vo- but fearing that her huſband might dic 
tha, without iſſue, ſhe preſented him with a 
_ beautiful ſlave, and tenderly educated, as 
Irots, her own, the children of this union. Deio- 
king tarus died M an advanced old age. Strab. 12. 
Lacan 55 V. 55. 6 
les in DefernſLa. Vid. Deipyle. 
lace, DtſynSeE, a ſibyl of Cum, daughter 
of Glaucus, It is ſuppoſed that ſhe led 
/{Encas tb the infernal regions. (Vid. Si- 
Chlo- by/le J—Pirg. An. 6, v. 36. 
c. 9. Dfleus zs, a ſon of Priam and Hecuba, 
* wio, after the death of his brother. Paris, 
whoſe married Helen. His wife unworthily be- 
s from tryed him, and introduced into his cham- 
ded as ber her old buſband Menelaus, to whom ſhe 
s gre?! wiſhed to reconcile herſelf. He was ſhame- 
him to fully mutilated and killed by Menelaus. 
ſolute, Virg. An. 6, v. 495.— Homer. II. 13. 
his fun A ſon of Hipp ytus, who purified Hercules 
s. He after the murder of Iphitus. Apollod. 2, 
us, and c. 6. s 
alls, in DefpHow, a brother of Triptolemus, ſon 
palace, of Celcus and Metanira. When Ceres tra- 
velled over the world, ſhe ſtopped at his 
led by father's court, and undertook to nurſe him 
Il. 1% and bring him up. To reward the hoſpi- 
tality of Ccleus, the goddeſs began to make 
etus by his ſon immortal; and every cvening ſhe 
cionidesy placed him on burning coals, to purif him 
Met. 9, from whatever mortal particles he Kill 
poſſeſſed. The uncommon growth of Dei- 
ho mat- phon aſtoniſhed Metanira, who wiſhed to 
us, by lee what Ceres did to make him ſo vigorous. 
laughter She was frightened to ſee her ſon on burn- 
miſcd to ing coals, end the ſhrieks that ſhe uttered, 
7, Deio- diſturbed the myſterious operations of the 
of Ixion, goddeſs, and Deiphon periſhed in the flames. 
fe filled Apellod. 1, c. ö. The huſband of Hyrne- 
w. Ihe tho, daughter of Temenus, king of Argos. 
g. 7 & 9. II. 2, c. 7. 
Driruov rs, a general of Temenus, 
& of all who took Epidauria, &c. Par. 2, c. 12. 
ed upon —— A general of the Dorians, &c. P»lyzn. 
in mu- DErPYLE, a daughter of Adraſtus, who 
ds, if be married Tydeus, by whom ſhe had Diome- 
as, which des. polled. , c. 8. 
1, v. 70. DiieYLvs, a ſon of Sthenelus, in the 
s of Cy* Trojan war, Homer, II. 5. 
| DEirYKus, a Grecian chief, during the 
* Galati ran war, Homer. Il. 8. 
he Roman DELnex, a king of Myſia, defeated by 
mpey aud Craſſus. 
inte ret af DEC1A, a feſtival celebrated every fifth 
Phai fall, Fear in the iſland of Delos, in honor of 


aus for bi Apollo. It was firſt inſtituted by Tneſeus, 


ed him ® Wo, at his return from Crete, placed a fta- 
him on le there, which he had received from Ari- 
en be n adne. At the celebration, they crowned 


mpts vp? the ſtatue of the goddeſs with garlands, ap- 
14 oy Pouited a choir of muſic, and exhibited huric 
6 


D E 


races, They afterwards led a dance, in 
which they imitated, by their motions, the 
various windings of the Cietan labyrinth, 
rom which Theſeus had ext: c A himſelf 
by Ariadne“ aſſ ſtance.— Tucre was alſo 
another feſtival of the ſame me, yearly ce- 
lebrate by the Athe us in Delos. It was 
alſo ini! tuted by Theſeu:, vo. when he 
was going to Crete, made a vow, bat if be 
returned victorious, he would yearly viſt, in 
a ſolemn manner, the temple of Delos. The 
perſons employed in this annual proceſſion 
were called Deſiaſſæ and Thecri. The ſhip, 
the ſame which carried Tbeſeus, and had 
been carefully preſerved by the Athenians, 
was called 7heoria and Delias. When the 
ſhip was ready for the voyage, the prieſt of 
Apollo ſolemnly adorned the ſtern with gar- 
lands, and an univerſal luſt ration was made 
all over the city. The Thor; were crowned 
with laurels, and before them preceded men 
armed with axes, in commemoration of 
Theſeus, who had cleared the way from 
Trœzene to Athens, and delivered the coun- 
try from robbers. When the ſhip arrived at 
Delos, they offered ſolemn ſacrifices to the 
god of the iſland, and celebrated a ſeſtival 
in his honor. After this, they retired to 


all the people of the city ran in crowds to 
meet them. Every appearance of feſtivity 
prevailed at their approach, and the citizens 
opened their doors, and proſtrated themſelves 
before the Deliaſtæ, as they walked in pro- 
ceſſion. During this feſtival, it was unlaw- 
ful to put to death any malefactor, and oa 
that account the life of Socrates was pro- 
longed for thirty days. Aenophon. Memor. 
in Cony.—Plut. in Phed.— Seuec. ep. 70. 

DEL1A, a firname of Diana, becauſe ſhe 
was born in Delos. Vrg. Fel. z. 

DELiAnts, a ſon of Glaucus, killed by 
his brother Bellerophon. pra. 2, c. 3. 
The prieſteſſes in Apollo's temple. 
ner. Hymn. ad Ap. 

DEL1iumM, a temple of Apollo. A. 
towa of Bœotia oppoſite Chalchis, famous 
for a battle fonght there, B. C. 424, &c. 
Liv. 31, e. 48. . 3% © 81. 

DEL1vs, a firname of Apollo, becauſe 
he was born in Delos. — Quint. an officer 
of Antony, who, when he was ſent to cite 
Cleopatra betore his maſter, adviſed her to 
make her appearance in the moſt captivate 
ing attire. The plan ſucceeded. He after- 
wards abandoned his friend, and fled to Au- 
2uitus, who received him with great kind» 
1cls, Horace has addreſſed, 2 cd. 3. to him. 
Hut. in Anton, at 

DELMAT1Us, Fl. Jul. a nephew of Con- 
tantine the Great, honored with the title of 
Ceſar, and put in poſſeſſion of Tl.race, 
Macedonia, and Achaia. His great virtues 


wels unable to lave him from a violent 
death, 


their ſhip, and ſailed back to Athens, wchete 


— 


* . A Sd ow 


„ e 


1 
Ki 
1% 

14 
Tz 
* y 


7 "Wi 


Qeath, and he was aſſaſſinated by his own 
ſoldiers, &c. 

DertminiuM, a town of Dalmatia, F/or, 
& £23, 

DEL os, one of the Cyclades at the north 
of Naxos, was ſeverally called Lagia, Orty- 
gia, Aſteria, Chlamidia, Pelaſgia, Pyrpyle, 
Cynthus, and Cynethus, and now bears 
the name of Sailles, It was called Delos 
from ye, becauſe it ſuddenly made its 
apprarance on the ſurface of the fea, by the 
power of Neptune, who, according to the 
mythologiſts, permitted Latona to bring 
forth there, when ſhe was prriceuted 3! 
over the earth, and could find no fafe aſy- 
lum. (Va. Apo/ls.) The ivand iz cele- 
brated for the nativity of Apollo and Dunn; 
and the ſolemnity with which the feſtival; 
of theſe deities were celebrated there, by 
the inhabitants of the neighbouring iflands, 
and of the continent, is well known. One 
of the altars of Apollo, in the ifland, was 
reckoned among the ſeven wonders of the 
world. It had been erected by Apollo 
when only four years old, and made with 
the horns of goats, killed by Diana on 
mount Cynthus. It was unlawtul to facrt- 
fice any living creature upon that altar, 
which was religioufly kept pwe from blood 
and every pollution. The Whale ifland of 
Delos was held in ſuch vencration, that tlic 
Perhans, who had pillaged and profanec 
all the temples of Greece, never offered 
violence to the temple of Apollo, but 
reſpected it with the moſt awful reve- 
rence. Apollo, whoſe image was in the 
ſhave of a dragon, delivered there oracies 
during the ſummer, in a plain manner, 
without any ambiguity or obſcure meaning. 
No dogs, as Thucydides mentions, were 
permitted to enter the iſland, It was un- 
Jawful for a man to die, or for a child to 
be born there; and when the Artheniays 
were ordered to purify the place, they dug 
up all the dead bodies that had been inter- 
red there, and tranſported them to the 
neighbouring iflands. An edict was alto 
iſſued, which commanded all perſons iobor- 
ing under any mortal or dangerous diſcaſe, 
to be inftantly removed to tie adjacent Hind 
called K hane. Some mythiologiſts ſuppoſe 
that Aſteria, who changed herſelf into x 
quail, to avoid the importuning addref{e: 
of Jupiter, was metamorphoſed into tht 
iſland, originally called Ortygia ab (pr, 
4 quail. The people of Delos are deſcribed 
by Cicero Acad. 2, c. 16 & 18. J. 4, c. 18, 
as famous fobrearing hens. al, 8 & 10. 
Ou. Met. 5 V. 329. I. 6, v. 332.— 
Mela, 2, c. 7.—Plin. 4, c. 12.— / ut. d. 
Solert. Anim. Sc —Thuryd, 3, a, ..— 
Virg. Mn. 3, v. 73.— Lullin. ad Del.—-Clau- 
dian. de 4. Conf. Hon. 

DELPHI, now Caſiri, a town of Phocis, 


| the worthip paid to his divinity at De! 


D E 


ſituate in a valley at the ſouth-weſt ſide of 
mount Parnaſſus. It was allo called Py}, 


becauſe the ſerpent Python was Killed there; of 
and it received the name of Delphi, from D 
Delphus, the fon of Apollo. Some have alſo lite 
called it Parnaſſia Nape, the valley of Par. 1 
naſſus. It was famous for a temple of * 
Apollo, and for an oracle celebrated in Di 
every age and country. The origin of the Ar 
oracle, though fabulous, is deſcribed 3 * 
ſomething wonderful. A number of goats as 
that were feeding on mount Parnaſſus, came * 
near a place which had a deep and long h : 
perforat on. The ſteam which iſſued from *. 
the hole, ſeemed to inſpire the goats, and I "92 
they played and friſked about in ſuch an : 10 
uncommon manner, that the goatherd wa = 
tempted to lean on the hole, and lee what wer 
myſteries the place contained. He vas 5 a 
immediately ſeized with a fit of enthuſiaſm, 3 
his expreſſions were wild and extravagant; 2 = 
and paſſed for prophecies. This circumſtance — 
was ſoon known about the country, and Plin | 
many experienced the ſame enthuſiaſtic in- 4. 
ſpiration. The place was revered, and 2 ſailor, | 
temple was ſoon after erected in honor of CIs N 
Apollo, anda city built. According to ſome taken 

accounts, Apollo was not the firſt who ge by Phi 
oracles there; but Terra, Neptune, Them, favor of 
and Phœbe, were in poſſeſſion of the place eſteemec 
before the fon of Latona. The oracles were he 
generally given in verſe ; but when it lad One 5 5 
heen ſarcaſt ically obſerved, that the god and 17.—P, 
patron of poetry was the moſt imperiet Pune 6 
poet in the world, the priefteſs delivered enemy 90 
her anſwers in proſe. The oracles were al- Dem a 
ways delivered by a prieſteſs called Pythia, Lamm} 
(Vid. Pythia.) The temple was built and the found 
def royed ſeveral times. It was cuſtomary Dem a 
for thoſe who conſulted the oracle to make iv. 24 

rich preſents to the god of Delphi; and no Dex «1 
monarch diſtinguiſhed himſelf more by bis Ariſton o 
donations than Crœſus. This ſacred repoli- e was h. 
tory of opulence, was often the object d menes, his 


plunder ; and the people of Phocis ſeized 
10,000 talents from it, and Nero carried 
awy no leſs than $5600 ſtatues of brals, 
partly of the gods, and partly of the mot 
illaſirious heroes. In another age, Con- 
{tantine the Great removed its moſt ſplendid 
ornaments to his new capital. It was un 
verſally believed, and ſupported, by the au- 
tients, that Delphi was in the middle of 150 
carth ; and on that account it was Called 
terr& umbilicus, This, according to mytto- 
logy, was firſt found out by two Covey 
which Jupiter had let looſe from the two 
extremities of the earth, and which met 4 
the place where the temple of Delphi va 
built. Apollon. 2, v. 706.— Did. 16.— 


timate. H, 
received 
of Perſia. 

preparation 
though per 
Iormed t} 
over their h 
e. 50, &c.— 
the family 
lus had uſ 
Corinth, D 
migrated to 
bs years Be 
was king of 
quinius Pri 
tliian exil, 


Plut, de defect. orac. Sc. Pauſ. 107 C. by acedonia. 
& c. — Ovid. Met. 10, v. 168. a EMARC1 
DEL PHicus, a firname of, Apollo, * by Dionyliui 


; 
Dir“ 


e ck. 
ytha, 
ere; 
from 
» allo 
Par- 
fo of 
ed in 
f the 
ed as 
goats 
came 
| long 
from 
„ and 
ich an 
qd was , 
e What 
le was 
ufiaſm, 
vagant; 
nſtance 
5 and 
ſtic in- 
and 1 
ohr oi 
to ſome 
ho gave 
Themis; 
12 place 
les were 
n it bad 
god and 
mperiedt 
delivered 
were al- 
1 Pychia. 
built and 
uſtomary 
to make 
- and no 
ne by hus 
ed repok- 
object 01 
eis ſeized 
ro carried 
of brals 
the mol 
age; Con- 
ft ſplendid 
t was um: 
by the au- 
ddle of dre 
was called 
to myti0- 
wo covey 
m the wy 
nich met A 
Delphi WA 
Died. 16 
if. 107 . b 
0 from 


pol 


at DeipÞ- 
DEV? 


D E 
Dreirui xtra, feſtivals at gina, in honor 


of Apollo of Delphi. : | 
D&:LPHINIUM, a place in Bœotia, oppo- 

ſite Eubœa. : | : 
DELPH1s, the prieſteſs of Delphi. Mar- 


tial. 9, ep. 43 
A s, a ſon of Apollo and Celæno, 


who built Delphi, and conſecrated it to his 


ſather. Hygin. 161, —Parf. 10, C. 6. 

Driruv xz, a ſerpent which watched 
over Jupiter. Apollod. 1, c. 6. 

D:LTA, a part of Egypt, which received 
that name from its reſemblance to the form 
of the fourth letter of the Greek alphabet, 
It lies between the Canopian and Peluſian 
mouths of the Nile, and begins to be formed 
where the river divides itſelf into ſeveral 
fireams. It has been formed totally by the 
mud and ſand,which are waſhed down from 
the upper parts of Egypt by the Nile, accord- 
ing to antient tradition. Cæſ. Alex, c. 27. 
—Strab, 15 & 17.-—Heroedet. 2, c. 13, &c. 
Plin. 3, c. 16. 

Dru Apks, an Athenian, who, from a 
ſailor, became an eloquent orator, and ob- 
tained much influence in the ſtate. He was 
taken priſoner at the battle of Cheronza, 
by Philip, and ingratiated himſelf into the 
favor of that prince, by whom he was greatly 
eſtcemed. He was put to death, with his 
ſon, on ſuſpicion of treaſon, B. C. 322. 
One of his orations is extant, Diod. 16 & 
I7.—Plut. in Dem. 

DruæxETUs, a rhetorician of Syracuſe, 


enemy to Timoleon, C. Nep. in Tim. 5. 
DemacvRas, one of Alexander's flatter- 

ers, —An hiſtorian who wrote concerning 

the foundation of Rome. Dionyſ. Hal. 1. 

DEeMARATA, a daughter of Hicro, &c. 
Liv. 24, c. 22. 

Demaxitus, the ſon and ſucceſſor of 
Ariſton on the throne of Spaita, B. C. 526, 
He was baniſhed by the intrigues of Cleo- 
menes, his royal colleague, as being illegi- 
mate, He retired into Afia, and was kind- 
ly received by Darius ſon of Hyſtaſpes king 
of Perſia. When the Perſian monarch made 
preparations to invade Greece, Demaratus, 
tough perſecuted by the Lacedzmonians, 
mormed them of the hoſtilities which hung | 
over their head. Herodet.. 5, c. 75, &c. I. 6, 
e. 50, &c, A rich citizen of Corinth, of 
the family of the Bacchiadz. When Cypſe- 
lus had uſurped the ſovereign power of 
Corinth, Demaratus, with all his family, 
migrated to Italy, and ſettled at Tarquinii, 
658 years before Chriſt. His ſon, Lucuman, 
was King of Rome, under the name of Tar- 
yamus Priſcus. Dionyſ. Hal. A Co- 
ntlian exile at the court of Philip king of 

lacedonia. P/ut. in Alex. 


MARCHUS, a Syracuſan, put to death 
Dionyſius. 


D E 


DruARFE TA, the wife of Gelon. Dried. 1 5, 
DEMARISTE, the mother of Timoleon. 
DEMATRIA, a Spartan mother, who kill- 
ed her ſon, becauſe he returned from a battle 
without glory. Plut. Lac. inft. 
DEMETRI1A, a feſtival in honor of Ceres, 
called by the Greeks Demeter, It was then 
cuſtomary for the votaries-of the goddeſs ta 
laſh themſelves with whips made with the 
bark of trees. The Athenians had a ſolem- 
nity of the ſame name, in honor of Deme- 
trius Poliorcetes, 
DEMETR1As, a town of Theſſaly, —The 
name was common to other places. 
DEMETRIUS, a ſon of Antigonus and 
Stratonice, firnamed Poliorcetes, deſtroyer of 
towns, At the age of 22, he was ſent by his 
father againſt Ptolemy, who invaded Syria, 
He was defeated near Gaza; but he ſoon re- 
paired his loſs, by a victory over one of the 
generals of the enemy. He afterwards ſailed 
with a feet of 250 ſhips to Athens, and 
reſtored the Athenians to liberty, by freeing 
them from the power of Caſſander and 
Ptolemy, and expelling the garriſon, which 
was itationed there under Demetrius Phale- 
reus. After this ſucceſsful expedition, he 
beſieged and took Munychia, and defeated 
Caſſander at Thermopylz. His reception at 
Athens, after theſe victories, was attended 
with the greateſt ſervility; and the Athe- 
nians were not aſhamed to raiſe altars to him 
as co a god, and to conſult his oracles. This 
uncommon ſucceſs raiſed the jealouſy of the 


| ſucceſſors of Alexander; and Scleucus, Caſ- 


ſander, and Lyſimachus, united to deftroy 
Antigonus and his fon, Their hoſtile armies 
met at Ipſus, B. C. 301. Antigonus was 
killed in the battle; and Demetrius, after a 
ſevere Joſs, retired to Epheſus, His ill ſuce 
ceſs raiſed him many enemies; and the Athe- 
nians, who had lately adored him as a god, 
refuſed to admit him into their city. He 
ſoon after ravaged the territories of Lyſima- 
chus, and reconciled himſelf to Seleucuy, to 
whom he gave his daughter Stratonice in 
marriage. Athens now labored under ty- 
ranny ; and Demetrius relicved it, and par- 
doned the inhabitants. The loſs of his poſ- 


ſeſſions in Aſia recalled him from Greece, 


and he eſtabliſhed himſelf on the throne of 
Macedonia, by the murder of Alexander the 
ſon of Caſſander. Here he was continually 
at war with the neighbouring ſtates; and the 
ſuperior power of his adverſaries obliged him 
to leave Macedonia, after ne had fat on the 
throne for ſeven years. He paſſed into Aria, 
and attacked ſome of the provinces of Lyſi- 
machus with various ſucceſs; but famine 
and peſtilence deſtroyed the greateſt part of 
his army, and he retired to the court of Se- 
leucus for ſupport and aſſiſtance. He met 
with a Kind reception, but hoſtilities were 

ſoon 


— 


— — —  _—_— — 


—— 


— — —e— — — — = 


” - 
4 


— 


— — 
A a 


n 
— 


r — - 
_ - —_— 


— 


„ 


— — 


D E 

toon begun; and after he had gained ſome 

advantages over his ſon-in-law, Demetrius 

was totally forſaken by his troops in the 

field of battle, and became an eaſy prey to 

the enemy. Though he was kept in con- 

finement by his ſon-in-law, yet he main- 

tained himſelf like a prince, and paſſed his 

time in hunting andin everylaborious exerciſe. 

His ſon Antigonus offered Seleucus all. his 

poſſeſſions, and even his perſon, to procure 
his father's liberty ; but all proved un- 

availing, and Demetrius died in the 54th 
year of his age, after a confinement of three 
years, 286 B. C. His remains were given 
to Antigonus, and honored with a ſplendid 
funeral pomp at Corinth, and thence con- 
veyed to Demetrias. His poſterity re- 
mained in poſſeſſion of the Macedonian 
throne till the age of Perſeus, who was con- 
quered by the Romans. Demetrius has ren- 
dered himſelf famous for his fondneſs of diſſi- 
pation when among the diſſolute, and his love 
of virtue and military glory in the field of bat- 
tle. He has been commended as a great 
warrior; and his ingenious inventions, his 
wailikeengines, and ſtupendous machines in 
his war with the Rhodians, juftify his claims 
to that perfect character. He has been 
blamed for his voluptuous indulgences; and 
his biographer obſerves, that no Grecian 
prince had more wives and concubines than 
Poliorcetes. His obedience and reverence to 
his father have been juſtly admired; and it 
has been obſerved, that Antigonus ordered 
the ambaſſadors of a foreign prince particu- 
larly to remark the cordiality and friendſhip 
which ſubſiſted between him and his ſon. 
Plut. in vita. Died. 17.—TJuftin. 1, c. 17, 
&c. A prince who ſucceeded his father 
Antigonus on the throne of Macedonia. He 
reigned 11 years, and was ſucceeded by An- 
tigonus Doſon. Tuftin. 26, c. 2.—Polyb. 2. 
A ſon of Philip king of Macedonia, 
delivered as an hoftage to the Romans. His 
modeſty delivered his father from a heavy 
accuſation laid before the Roman ſenate. 
When he returned to Macedonia, he was 
falſely accuſed by his brother Perſeus, who 
was jcalous of his popularity, and his father 
too creduluuſly conſented to his death, B. C. 
180. Liv. go, c. 20.—Fuſtin. 32, c. 2. 
—— A Magnchan,. A ſervant of Caſhus, 
— — A fon of Demetrius of Cyrene. A 
freed man of Pumpecy. A fon of De- 
metrius, ſirnamed Slender. A prince, 
firnamed Szter, was fon of Seleucus Philo- 
pater, the fon of Antiochus the Great, king 
of Syria, His father gave him as a hoſtage 
to the Romans. After the death of Scleucus, 
AntiochusEpiphanes, the deceaſed monarch's 
brother, uſurped the Kingdom of Syria, and 
was ſucceeded by his fon Antiockus Eupator. 


This wuſacpation diſpleaſed Demetrius, who | 


- 


DE 


was detainedat Rome; he procured his libeni 
on pretence of going to hunt, and fled ts 
Syria, where the troops received him as their 
lawful ſovereign, B. C. 162. He put 
death Eupator and Lyſias, and eftabliſheg 
himſelf on his throne by cruelty and oppreſ. 
ſion. Alexander Bala, the fon of Antiochy; 
Epiphanes, laid claims upon the crown gf 
Syria, and defeated Demetrius in a battle, 
in the 12th year of his reign. Srrab. 16... 
Appian.— Juſtin. 34, c. 3. The 2d, ſu. 
named Nicanor, or Conqueror, was ſon of 
Soter, to whom he ſucceeded by the aſſiſtance 
of Ptolemy Philometor, after he had driven 
the uſurper Alexander Bala, B. C. 146. He 
married Cleopatra, the daughter of Ptolemy; 
who was, before, the wife of the expelled 
monarch, Demetrius gave himſelf up tg 
luxury and voluptuouſneſs, and ſuffered his 
kingdom to be governed by his favorites, At 
that time a pretended ſon of Bala, called Dio- 
dorus Tryphon, ſeized a part of Syria; and 
Demetrius, to oppoſe his antagoniſt, made an 
alliance with the Jews, and marched into thz 
eaſt, where he was taken by the Parthians, 
Phraates, king of Parthia, gave him his 
daughter Rhodogyne in marriage; and Cleo- 
patra was ſo incenſed at this new connection, 
that ſhe gave herſelf up to Antiochus Sidetes, 
her brother-in-law, and married him. Sidetes 
was killed in a battle againft the Parthians, 
and Demetrius regained the poſſeſſion of his 
kingdom. His pride and oppreſſion rendered 
kim odious, and his ſubjects aſked a king ot 
the houſe of Seleucus, from Ptolemy Phyſcon, 
king of Egypt; and Demetrius, unable to 
reſiſt the power of his enemies, fled to Ptole» 
mais, which was then in the hands of his 
wife Cleopatra. The gates were ſhut up 
againfl his approach, by Cleopatra; and be 
was killed by order of the governor of Tyre, 
whither he had fled for protection. He was 
ſucceeded by Alexander Zebina, whom Pio- 
lemy had raiſed to the throne, B. C. 127. 
Tuſtin, 36, &c.—Appian. de bell. Sy — 
Jeſepl. The 3d, firnamed Eucerus, was 
ſon of Antiochus Gryphus. After the ex- 
ample of bis brother Philip, who had ſeized 
Syria, he made himſelf maſter of Damaſcus, 
B. C. 93, and ſoon after obtained a victory 
over his brother. He was taken in a battle 
againſt the Parthians, and died in captivity 
Toſeph. 1. Phalereus, a diſciple of Theo- 
phraitus, who gained ſuch an influence over 
the Athenians, by his eloquence, and the 
purity of his manners, that he was elected 
decennial archon, B. C. 317. He ſo embel- 
liſhed the city, and rendered himſclt ſo popu- 
lar by his munificence, that the Athenians 
raiſed 360 brazen ſtatues to his bonor. Vet 
in the midſt of all this popularity, his enemies 
raiſed a ſedition againſt him, and he was con 


demned to death, and all his Ratucs chroun 
de wu. 


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*eputation | 
tne breaſt 0 
as a lpy by 
Wa, here 


3 


— — 


— _— — — —— ——O— — 


— 


— — 


D E 
wreſtler Milo. lian. V. H. 8, c. 18.— 
Herodot. 3, c. 124, &c. 

DEMGCHAREsS, an Athenian ſcent with 
ſome of his countrymen with an embaſſy to 
Philip king of Macedonia. The monarch 
gave them audience; and when he atked 
them what he could do to pleaſe the people 
of Athens? Demochares replied, « Hang 
yourſelf.” This impudence raiſed the in- 
dignation of all the hearers; but Plulip 
mildly diſmiſſed them, and bade them {6 
their countrymen, which deſerved moſt the 
appellation of wite and moderate, either 
they who gave ſuch ill language, or he who 
received it without any ſigns of reſentment 2 
Senec, de Ira. 3z.— ian. V. II. 3, 77 8, 12. 
—(ic, in Brut. 3. de Orut. 2. A poet 
of Soli, who compoſed a comedy on Deme- 
trius Poliorcetes. Plur. in Dem. A 
ſtatuary, who wiſhed to make a ſtatue of 
mount Athos. Pirruv, A general of 
Pompey the younger, who died B. C. 36. 

Ducks, a man accuſed of ditagection 
towards Dionyſius. &c. Polyzn. 5. A 
beautiful youth, paſſionately lyved by Deme- 
trivs Poliorcetes. He threw himſelf into a 
cauldron of boiling water, rather than to ſub- 
mit to the unnatural luſts of the tyrant, 


Plut. in Den. 


| 
| 
| 
| 
| 


| 
| 
| 
i 
| 
| 


berly down, after obtaining the ſovereign power 
ed (0 for 10 years. He fled without concern or 
their morti fication to the court of Ptolemy Lagus, 
* where he met with kindneſs and cordiality, 
liſhed The Egyptian monarch conſulted him con- 
rele cerning the ſucceſſion of his children ; and 
ochus Demetrius adviſed him to raiſe to the throne 
wn of the children of Eurydice, in preference to 
battle, the offspring of Berenice. This counſel fo 
16. irritated Philadelphus, the ſon of Berenice, 
de firs that after his father's death he ſent the 
on of philoſopher into Upper Egypt, and there de- 
ſtance tained him in ftrit conhnement. Deme- 
driven uius, tired with his fituation, put an end to 
6. He his life by the bite of an aſp, 254 B. C. Ac- 
olemy; cording to ſome, Demetrius enjoyed the con- 
xpelied fidence of Philadelphus, and enriched his 
up do library at Alexandria with 200,000 volumes, 
red his All the works of Demetrius, on rhetoric, hiſ- 
tes, At tory, and eloquence, are loſt ; and the treatiſe 
ed Dio- on rhetoric, falſely attributed to him, is by 
ia; ad ſome ſuppoſed to be the compoſition of Hali- 
made an camaſſus. The laſt edition of this treatiſe is 
into the that of Glaſgow, 8vo. 1743. Doo. in vit. — 
arthians, Cic. in Brut. & de offic. I.—Plut. in eil. 
him dis A Cynic philoſopher, diiciple of Apollonius 
id Cleo- Thyaneus, in the age of Caligula. The | 
nection, en.peror withed to gain the philoſopher in his 
; Sidetcs, intereſt by a large preſent ; but Demetrius 
. S1detes refuſed it with indignation, and ſaid, If 
arthians, Caligula wiſhes to bribe me, let him fend 
on of tus me his crown. Veſpaſian was difpicaſed with 
rendered his inſolence, and baniſhed him to an ifland. | 
1 king ot The Cynic derided the puniſhment, and bit- 
Phyſcon, terly inveighed againſt the emperor. He dicd 
unable to in a great old age; and Seneca obſcrves, 
to Ptolc- that wature kad brought him forth, to ſhow | 
ds of bis mankind, that an exalted genius can live ſe- 
ſhut up curely without being corrupted by the vice of 
a ; and be the ſurrounding world, Senec.—Philofir. in 
r of Tyre Apoll. One of Alexander's flatterers.— 
. He was A native of Byzantium, who wrote on the 
„hom Pio- Greek poets. An Athenian Killed at 
3. C. 127. Mantinea, when fighting againſt the The- 
ll. Sy = bans. Polyzn, A writer who publiſhed 


cerus, Was 


an hiſtory of the irruptions of the Gauls into 
ter the ex- 


Aſia, A philological writer, in the age 


had ſeized of Cicero. Cic. ad Attic. 8, cp. 11. 
Damaſcus, Wl A ttage player, Juv. 3, v. 99. Syrus, 
d a victory a rhetorician at Athens. Cic. in Brut. 
in a battle e. 14, A geographer, ſirnamed the 
1 Captivit]- Wl Calatian, Sab. x. 

le of Theo- Druo, a Sibyl of Cumæ. 


juence over 
Cy and the 
Vas elected 


EMOAN ASA, the mother of Egialeus. 
DemocEDpes, a celebrated phyſician of 


Crotona, lon of Calliphon, and intimate 
e ſo embel- Wi with Polycrates, He was cartied as a pri- 
f ſo popv* WW foner from Samos to Darius king of Perſia, 


Athenians 
gonor. Yet 
his enemies 
he was con- 
tucs chrowa 

dow) 


Where he acquired great riches and much 
the breaſt of Atoſſa. He was ſent to Greece 
Wa ſpy by the king, and fled away to Cro- 
Wa, where he married the daughter of the 


— —— in. eg 


Reputation by curing the king's foot, and 


DEuöcoox, a natural ſon of Priam 
Killed by Ulyſſes. Hamer. Il. 4. | 

DEMGCRATES, an archite& of Alexan- 
dria. A wrettler. Alian. J. I. 4, 
8. 6. An Athenian who fought on the 
de of Darius, againſt the Macedonians, 
Curt. 6, c. 5. 

DEMGCRITUS, a celebrated philoſopher 
of Abdera, diſciple to Leucippus. He travel- 
led over the greateſt part of Europe, Aſia, 
and Africa, in queſt of knowledge, and re- 
turned home in the greateſt poverty. There 
was a law at Abdera, which deprived of the 
honor of a funcral the man who had reduced 
himſelf to indigence; and Democritus, to 
avoid ignominy, repeated before his country- 
men one of his compoſitions called Places 
mus, It was received with ſuch uncommon 
applauſe, that he was preſented with 300 
talents; ſtatues were ezcHted in his honor; 
and a decree paſſed, that the expences of 
his funeral ſhould be paid from the public 
treaſury. He retired tv a garden near the 
city, where he dedicated his time to ſtudy 
and iolitude; and he put out his eyes, to 
apply himſelf more cloſely to philoſophical 
enquiries. He was accuſed of inſanity, 
and Hippocrates was ordered to enquire 
into the nature of his diſorder. The phy- 
ſician had a conference with the philoſo- 
pher, and declared that not Democritus, 
but his enemies were inſane, He continually 
laughed at the follies and vanity of mankind, 
who diſtract themſelves with care, and are 

8 2, al 


W 


_ 
P_—_ 


9 


—— — 


E 


—— — — — 


— 


— — 0 — — 


b= — 2 _ 
* 


— — 


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24 — 
_ 


- 


D E 
at onee a prey to hope and to anxiety. He 
told Darius, who was inconſolable for the 
loſs of his wife, that he would raiſe her 
from the dead, if he could find three per- 
ſons who had gone through life without adver- 
fity, whoſe names he might engrave on the 
queen's monument. The king's enquiries 
to find ſuch perſons proved unavailing, and 
the philoſopher in ſome manner ſoothed the 
ſorrow of his ſovereign. He taught his 
diſciples, that the ſoul died with the body ; 
and therefore, as he gave no credit to the 
exiſtence of ghoſts, ſome youths, to try his 
fortitude, drefſed themſelves in a hideous 
and deformed habit, and approached his 
cave in the dead of night, with whatever 
could create terror and aſtoniſnment. The 
philoſopher received them unmoved; and 
without even looking at them, he deſired 
them to ceaſe making themſelves ſuch ob- 
jects of ridicule and folly. He died in the 
rogth year of his age, B. C. 361. His fa- 
ther was ſo rich, that he entertained Xerxcs, 
with all his army, as he was marching a- 
eninſt Greece, All the works of Demo- 
critus are loſt. He was the author of the 
doctrine of atoms, and firſt taught that the 
milky way was occaſioned by a confuſed 
light from a multitude of ſtars. He may 
be conlidercd as the parent of experimental 
philoſophy, in the proſecution of which he 
ſhowed himſelf ſo ardent that he declared 
he would prefer the diſcovery of one of the 
cauſes of the works of nature, to the diadem 
of Perſia. He made artificial emeralds, 
and tinged them with various colors, he 


likewiſe diſſolved ſtones, and ſoftened ivory. | 


E iſeb. 14, c. 27.——Diog. in vita. —Elian, 
F. H. 4, c. 20.—Cic. de Finib.--Val, Max, 
8, e. 7.—Srrab. 1 & 15. An Epheſian, 
who wrote a book on Diana's temple, &c 
Diog. A powerful man of Naxos. Hero- 
4:1. 7, c. 46. 

Du pick, the wife of Creteus, king of 
Iolchos. Hygin. 

Di us pöcus, a muſician at the court of 
Alcinous, who ſang in the preſence of Ulyſſes 
the ſecret amours of Mars and Venus, &c, 
Homer. Od. 8, v. 44. —Plut. de Muſ. A 
Trojan chief, who came with Aneas into 
Italy, where he was killed. FLirg. An. 10, 
v. 413. An hiſtorian, Plut. de Flum. 

DEMGLECs, a Greek, killed by Aneas 
in the Trojan war. irg. An. 5, v. 260. 

DEMG3LEon, a centaur, killed by Theſcus 
at the nuptials of Pirithous. O74. Met. 12, 
v. 356. A ſon of Antcnor, killed by 
Achilles. Homer. Il. 20, v. 395. 

Duo, an Athenian, nephew to De- 
moſthenes. He was at the head of the go- 
vernment during the abſcnce of his uncle, 
and obtained 'a decrce that Demoſthenes 


yp 


D E. 
ſhould be recalled, and that a ſhip Soy 


he ſent to bring him back aꝛcqui 
DimGNASSA, a daughter of Amphiaray ſhore, 
who married Therſander. Pauſ, 9, e. 2 tated, 
DEmoNaAx, a celebrated philoſopher gf bimle! 
Crete, in the reign of Adrian. He ſheys aller. 
no concern about the neceſlaties of life; bu lubter! 
when hungry, he entered the firſt houſe he cloiely 
met, and there ſatisficd his appetite, K all curi 
died in his 100th year, A man of Man. one ha 
tinea, ſent to fettle the government of (Cy. ment,! 
rene. Herodot. 4, c. 161. f compol 
DEMG&NICa, a woman who hetrays 2 
Epheſus to Brennus. Put. in Parall. "aw +, 
DEMGPHANTUS, a general, Killed by An. als le 
tigonus, &c. Pau. 8, c. 49. | ohervec 
DEMGPHILUs, an Athenian archon.— ties, as ; 
An officer of Agathucles. Died. 19, st Athen 
DimSrnyon, an Athenian who aſſſted 3 ot 
the Thebans in recovering Cadmea, &t. 3 
GS the Sas 


DEMGPyHooN, ſon of Theſeus and Phzdn, 
was king of Athens, B. C. 1182, and reigned 
33 years. At his return from the Trojan 
war, he viſited Thrace, where he was ten- 


In the bat 
neues be 
Ms lite by 


derly received and treated by Phyllis. He F ra 
retired to Athens, and forgot the &indrels 13 
and love of Phyllis, who hanged bereit in 115 —— , 
deſpair, Ovid, Herold. 2.— Pau. 10,C. 25. n * jm 
A friend of /Eneas, killed by Camilla, 8 25 
Virg. An. 11, v. 675. . 
DEMGPGL1s, a ſon of Themiſtocles. Ju. KN e 
in Them, 1 Bog 
Dt uos, a place of Ithaca. 3 ; 
* oY Wi. uniclt to | 

Dr MosTHENES, a celebrated Athenian, ap 
ſon of a rich black-ſmith, called Demolthe- . 40 


nes, and of Cleobule. He was but ſeren 


a : theng 2 ! 
years of age when his father died. His ſed a. 7. 
guardians negligently managed his affairs 4 of 
. "% Hemp! 

and embezzled the greateſt part of his pot- = 
WiLatcr r 


ſeſhons, His education was totally te- 1 
* . «lt i 1 


glected; and for whatever advances he made * 

. qt : PT * hely ro 

in leaining, he was indebted to his indultry ey was f 

and application. He became the pupil of Is retur he 
PI; ied hi tudy 

Iſæus and Plato, and applied himſelt to [fud! d all the e 


the orations of Iſocrates. At the age of 1 Wi... bim 

he gave an early proof of his eloquence 3nd ty howe a 
abilities againſt his guardians, from whom has 
he obtained the retribution of the greateſt 
part of his eſtate His rifing talents wer 
however impeded by weak lunge, anda 
difficulty of pronunciation, clpecially of the 
letter p, but theſe obſtacles were ſoon con- 
quered by unwearied application. To Wa 
rect the ſtammering of his voice, he {pore 
with pebbles in his mouth; and removed 
the difioition of his features, which accom- 
panied his utterance, by watching the motions 
of his countenance in a louking-812% 
That his pronunciation might he loud and 
full of emphaſis, he frequently ran up ** 


ſtee peſt aud molt unevenwalks ,wherehis voice 
acq une 


ralcrus wel 
the orat 18 
nds. Dem 
410 the te 
0 When he 
T baniſhed 
lich he alw: 
ed un the da 
Urated, in 
» 322. 1 
ne to his ho 
ed into this 
AY tibj par n 

7 22 no; 
moſtnenes Ui. 
ie Ui 0iator 


D E 


out acquired force 2nd energy; and on the ſea- 
| ſhore, when the waves were violently agi- 
Jarauy, tated, he declaimed aloud, to accuſtom 
C 5, himſelf to the noiſe and tumults of a public 
pher of aſſembly. He alſo confined himſelf in a 
ſhewed ſubtettancous cave, to devote himſelf more 
tt ; but clotely to ſtudious purſuits ; and to eradicate 
ouſe be all curioſity of appearing in public, he ſhaved 
ce, Re one half of his head. La this ſolitary retire- 
f Mans ment, by the help of a glimmering lamp, he 
of Cy. compoſed the greateſt part of his orations, 
which have ever been the admiration of 

Metrayed ertty age, though his cotemporaries and 
ll, vals ſeverely inveighed againſt them, and 
by As- obſerved that they (melt of oil, His abil:- 
ties, as an orator, raiſed him to conſequence 

n. u Athens, and he was ſoon placed at the 
* head of the government. In this public 
| afvſted capacity he routed his countrymen from 
Uta, Ke, their indolence, and animated them againfl 
: the encroackments of Philip of Macedonia. 
|Phadn, In the battic of Cheronæa, however, Demoſ- 
d reigned thenes betrayed his puſillanimity, and faved 
e Trou ls lite by titght. After the death of Pnilip, 
Was der de declared himſelf warmly againſt his ſon 
Mus. kr and tuccetfor, Alexander, nom he branded 
' KINCNEW with the appellation of boy ; and when the 
herleiten Micedonians demanded of the Athenians 
10,C. 25, ther orators, Demoſthenes reminded hi: 
Camila. untrymen of the fable of the ſheep which 


$ 


«Pt eivered their dogs to the wolves. Though 
» es. nl, 


could not tempt him; yet he ſuffered 
umſelt to be bribed by a ſmall golden cup 


Atnenialy rom Ha palus. The tumuits which this 
Demoltbe⸗ dcaſtioned, lorced him to retire from 
but leren thens ; and in his baniſhment, which he 
lied; His ed at Tro-zenc and Eg ina, he lived with 


11s affairs, 
of his pol- 
otally be- 
es he made 
is incultry 
To pupil 0f 
ſelt to uc 
* age of 17 
quence an 
rom whom 
the greatel 
alents Web 
ing; and a 
cially Of the 
e ſoon CON? 
1. To core 
e; he ſpoke 
nd removed 
hich accu 
the motions 
oking - * 
he louG an: 
ran up 8 
herchis voce 
acquue 


re efteminacy than tue heroiſm, When 
lutipater made war againſt Greece, after 
e deatu of Alexander, Demoſthenes was 
uhicly recalled from his exile, and a 
ley was ferit to fetch him from gina. 
Ss retur was attended with much ſplendor, 
a all tic citizens crowded at the Pirzus 
ee bim and. His triumph and popula- 
y however were ſhort. Antipater and 
crus were near Athens, and demanded 
the orators to be delivered up into their 
nds. Demoſthenes with all bis adherents 
dio the temple of Neptune in Calauria; 
0 when he ſaw that all hopes of ſaicty 
me baniſhed, he took a doſe of poiſon, 
bich he always Carried in a quill, and ex- 
ed un the day that the Theſmophoria were 
uraten, in the Goth year of his age, 
C. 322. The Atheniangyailed a brazen 
due to his honor, with an inſcription tranſ- 
into this dittich: 
eit par menti 19b4r, Vir magne, fuiſſet, 
re .q4 Non aces ſuccubu! el ero, 
moltacnes has been deſervedly called the 


D E 


1 
rival among the Romans, calls him a perſect 
model, and ſuch as he wiſhed to be. Theſe 
two great princes of eloquence have often 
been compared together ; but the judgment 
hefitates to which to give the preference. 
They both arrived at perfection; but the 
mealures by which they obtained it, were 
diametrically oppoſite. Demoſthenes has 
been compared, and with propriety, by his 
rival Æſchines, to a Siren, from the melody 
of his expreſſions. No orator can be ſaid 
to have expreiſed the various paſſions of 
hatred, reſentment, or indignation, with 
more energy than he; and as a proof of his 
uncommon application, it need only be men- 
tioned, that he tranſcribed eight or even 10 
times the hiſtory of Thucydides, that he 
might not only imitate, but poſſeſs the force 
and cnergy of the great hiſtorian. The beſt 
editions of his works are that of Wolfius, 
foi. Frankof. 1604 ; that left unfiniſhed by 
Taylor, Cantab. 4to. and that publithed in 
r2 vols, 8vo. 1720, &c. Lipſ. by Reiſke 
and his widow, Many of the orations of 
Demoſthenes have been publtihed ſeparately. 
Plut. in Hit. Died. 16.—Gic. in Orat. 
&c.—Pauſ. 1, e 8. l. 2, c. 33. An 
Athenian general, ſent to ſuceeed Alcibiades 
in Sicily. He attacked Syracuſe with Ni- 
cias, but his efforts were ineffettual. After 
many calamities he fell into the encmy's 
hands, and his army was confined to hard 
labor. The accounts about the death of 
Demoſthenes are various; ſome believe that 
he ftabbed himfelt, wlilſt others ſuppoſe that 
he was put to death by the Syracuſans, 
B. C. 413. . ix Nic. [hutyd. 4, 
& c. — Diod. 12. The father of the orator 
Demoſthenes. He was very rich, and em- 
ployed an immenſe number of flaves in the 
buſineſs of a ſword cutler. t. in Dem, 
A governor of Cafarea, under the 
Roman empcrors. 
DEMOSTRATUS, an Athenian orator. 
DEMYL Us, a tyrant who tortured the phi- 
loſopher Zeno. Plut. de Steic. Rep. 
D<NSELET&, a people of Thrace. Cie, 
Piſ. 34. 
D&oBRIGA, à town on the Iberus in 
Spain, now Miranda de Ebro. 
DeoDATvus, an Athenian who oppoſed 
the cruel reſolutions of Cleon again the cap- 
tive priſoners of Mirylene, 
DEo1s, a name given to Proſerpine from 
her mother Ceres, who was called Des. 
This name Ceres received, becaute when ſhe 
ſought her daughter all over the world, all 
withed ker ſucceſs in her purſuits, with the 
word nei, invenies; a Jaw, invenio, Ovid, 
Met. 6, v. 114. | 
Dex, a piace of Meſſenia. 
Dex BE, a town of Lycaonia, now lake 


Dag. Cic. lam. 13. ep 73. 
8 3 D- 


„ 


— 


——_— 


— —— — — — 


—— — 


— 2 


* 


—— 14 — —— — — — — 


. IT 


Y”" os” 


- 


— 
- 


- * 
—— — — — —ö—ü—ͤ— 
— — AY a % 
* 


— 
— 
Nr 


— 


D E 


Prelcks, a people near Caucaſus, who | 
killed all thoſe that had reached their 7oth 
year. They buried ſuch as died a natural 
death. Straub. 

DzRcx, a fountain in Spain, whoſe wa- 
ters were ſaid to be uncommonly cold. 

DEeRCENnNuUs, an ancient King in Latium. 
Firg. An. 11, v. 850. 

DEercETo & DzrctT15,a goddeſs of Sy- 
ria, called alſo Atergatis, whom ſome ſup- 
poſed to be the fame as Aſtarte. She was 
repreſented as a beautiful woman above the 
waiſt, and the lower part terminated in a 
fiſh's tail. According to Diodorus, Venus, 
whom ſhe had ofiended, made her paſſionately 
fond of a young prieſt, remarkable for the 
beauty of his features. She had a daughter 
by him, and became ſo aſhamed of her in- 
continence, that the removed her lover, ex- 
poſed the fruit of her amour, and threw her- 
ſelf into a lake. Her body was transformed 
Into a fith, and her child was preſerved, and 
called Semiramis. As the was chiefly wor- 
ſhipped in Syria, and repreſented like a fiſh, 
the Syrians antiently abſtained from fiſhes. 
Lucian. de Dea Syr.— Plin. 5, c. 13.—Ovid. 
Met. 4, v. 44.-—Died. 2. 

DE&cyLLinas, a genera! of Sparta, cele- 
brated for his military exploits. He took 
nine different cities in eight days, and treed 
Cherſoneſus from the inroads of the Thraci- 
ans by building a wall acroſs the country, 
He lived B. C. 399. Diced. 14.—Xenoph. 
Hi. Grec. 1, &c. 

-DzxcCYLL us, a man appointed over At- 
tica by Antipater. C. Nep. In Phoc. 2. 

DERCYNUs, a fon of Neptunc, killed by 
Hercules. Apollod. 2, C. 5. 

DE RSA, a pcople of Thrace. 

DEkTHoNA, now Tortorn, a town of 
Liguria, between Genoa and Placentia, 
where a Roman colony was ſettled. Cc. 
Div. 11. 

Drost, now Tertsſa, a town of Spain 
Near the Iberus. 

Deus, a people of Perha. 

DEsvuDABA, a town of Media. 
2. 26. 

Dzva, a town of Britain, now Cheſter, 
on the Dee. 

DEuCcAL10N, a fon of Prometheus, who 
married Pyrrha the daughter of Epimetheus. 
He reigned over part of Theſſaly, and in his 
age the Whole carth was overwhelmed with 
a deluge. The 1mpiety of mankind had ir- 
ritated Jupiter, who reſolved to deftroy 
mankind, and immediately the earth ex- 
hibited a boundlels ſcene of waters. The 
higheſt mountains were climbed up by the 
frightened inhabitants of the chuntry; but 
this ſeeming place of {iccurity was ſoon over- 
topped by the riſing waters, and no hope 
was leſt of eſcaping the univerſal calamity, 


Liv. 44, 


D E 


Prometheus adviſed his ſon to make him&/ 
a ſhip, and by this means he ſaved himſcf 
and his wife Pyrrha. The veſſel was toffed 
about during nine ſucceſhive days, and at hf 
ſtopped on the top of mount Parnaſſus, 
where Deucalion remained till the water 
had ſubſided. Pindar and Ovid make 90 
mention of a veſſel built by the advice 6 
Prometheus; but, according to their rela 
tion, Deucalion ſaved his lite by taking u- 
tuge on the top of Parnaſſus, or according ty 
Hyginus, of Etna in Sicily. As ſoon a 
the waters had retired from the ſurface of 
the earth, Deucalion. and his wife went t 
conſult the oracle of Themis, and were di- 
rected to repair the loſs of mankind, by 
tmowing behind them the bones of their 
grandmother, This was nothing but the 
{tones of the earth; and after ſome heſta- 
tion about the meaning of the oracle, the 
obeyed. The flones thrown by Deucalion 
became men, and thoſe of Pyrrha women, 
According to Juſtin, Deucalion was not the 
only one who eſcaped from the univerlz 
calamity. Many ſaved their lives by aſcend- 
ing the higheſt mountains, or truſting them- 
{elves in ſmall veſſels to the mercy of tie 
waters. This. deluge, which chiefly hap» 
pened in Theſſaly, according to the relation 
ol ſome writers, was produced by the inun- 
dation of the waters of the river Peneus, 
whoſe regular courſe was ſtopped by an 
earthquake near mount Offa and Olympus, 
According to Xenophon, there were no {els 
than five deluges. The firſt happened under 
Ogyges, and laſted three months. Tie 
ſecond, which was in the age of Hercuis 
and Prometheus, continued but one moth, 
During the third, which happened in tte 
reign of another Ogyges, all Attica was laid 
waſte by the waters. Theſſaly was tot} 
covered by the waters during the fou, 
which happened in the age of Devcalio% 
The laſt was during the Trojan war, and 
effects were. ſeverely felt by the inhabitans 
of Egypt. There prevailed a report in Ati 
that the waters of Dcucalion's deluge bad 
diſappeared through a ſmall aperture abouts 
cubit wide, near Jupiter Oly mpius's tempsf 
and Pauſanias, who ſaw it, further 266 
that a ycarly offering of flour and honey * 
thrown into it with religious ceremon 
The deluge of Deucalion, ſo much celebrat 
in antient hiſtory, is ſuppoſed to have tap 
pened 1503 years B. C. Ovid. Met, 1 
8. Hercid. 45, v. 167.—Apolled. 1, c. fe 
Pauf. 1, C.-10. I. 5, c. 8. —Tuwv. Ly * 1 
—Hygin. fab. 153, Tuſtin, 2. C. 6,—I8 
5, Lucian. de dca Syria. Virg. C. I.. 5 
One of the Argonauts, — A 1 ; 
Minos. Apallod. 3, c. 1.— 4 Mm" 
Abas. 


8 04.11 
| DEVCETLUS, a Sicilian general. on 


poem 
Puniil 
mies 
Arco] 
broug 
two it 
about 
D. x, 
. 
years i 
brated 
tant, 
a temp 
ſons Cr 
Cicd t] 
Put. I 
D173 
inſtitut 
E. 20. 


himbeff 
himſelf 
8 toſſed 
J at laſt 
rnaſlus, 
 Watery 
jake 90 
dvice 0f 
ir rela- 
king re- 
Irdingts 
ſoon a4 
irface of 
went t9 
were d- 
kind, by 
of their 
but the 
ne helita« 
cle, they 
Deucalon 
1 Women, 
as not the 
univerſal 
y aſcends 
ing theMt- 
cy of tie 
iefly hap- 
he relation 
the inun- 
er Peneus, 
ed by u 
| Olympus, 
vere no lest 
ned under 
ths. Ide 
Hercules 
one moth, 
ned in bee 
ica was laid 
was total 
the fouitly 
| Deycalion. 
war, and E 
inhabitand 
t in Attch 
deluge had 
rture about 
us's tempkf 
urther 266 
d honey Vi 
s cetemoꝶ 
ch celebrat 
to have ba 
Met. 1, 149 
od. I, c. 7. 


D 1 


DxvDoRIx, one of the Cheruſci, led in 
triumph by Germanicus. 

DExXAMENE, one of the Nereides. Homer. 
Il. 18. 

DExAMENUS, a man delivered by Her- 
cules from the hands of his daughter's ſui- 
tors. Apollod. 2, c. 5. A king of Olenus 
in Achaia, whoſe two daughters married the 
ſons of Actor. Pauſ. & © 3. | 

DExiyppos, a Spartan who aſſiſted the 
people of Agrigentum, &c. Diod. 13. 

DEx1THEA, the wife of Minos. Apollod. 
4. . . 

»pextus, a man killed by Glaucus in the 
Trojan war, &c. Hemer. II. 7. 

Dia, a daughter of Deion, mother of Pi- 
rithous by I õ%n.— - Au ifland in the Ægean 
ſea, 17 miles nom Delos. It is the ſame as 
Naxos. Lia. Naxos. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 157. 
Another on the coaſt of Crete, now 
Stan Dia. A city of Thrace. 


Eubcea, Peloponneſus. Luſitania. 
Italy, near the Alps. Scythia, ncar 
the Phaſis. Caria, Bithynia, and 


Ticfſaiy, 

DiacTortpes, one of Agariſta's ſuitors. 
Hera.cot, 6, c. 127. The father of Eury- 
dame, the wife of Leutychides. Id. 6, c 71. 

Dizus of Megalopolis, a general of the 
Achzans, who killed himſelf when his af- 
tairs became deiperate. Pauſ. 7. c. 16. 

DiabpumENIANUus, a ſon of Macrinus, 
who enjoyed the title of Cæſar during his 
father's life time, &c. 

Diiacon & DiXGum, a river of Pelopon- 
neſus, flowing into the Alpheus, and ſepa- 
rating Piſa from Arcadia. Pauſ. 6, c. 21. 

DiaconDAs, a Theban who aboliſhed 
all nocturnal ſaciifices. Cir. de Leg 2, c. 15. 

Diic5rAas, an Athenian philulvpher. 
His father's name was Teleclytus. From 
the gieateſt ſuperſtition, he became a moſt 
unconquerable atheiſt ; becaute he ſaw a 
man who laid a falſe claim to one of his 
poems, and who perjured himſelt, go un- 
punithed. His great impiety and blaſphe- 
mies provoked his countrymen, and the 
Arcopagites promiſed one talent to him who 
brought his head before their tribunal, and 
two if he were produced alive. He lived 
about 416 years before Chriſt. Cic. de Nat. 
D. 1, c 23. I. 3, c. 35, &c.—Pal. Max. 
. 3; An Athlete of Rhodes, 450 
years before the Chriſtian zra. Pindar ccle- 
brated his merit in a beautiful ode fill ex- 
tant, which was written in golden letters in 
a temple of Minerva. He ſaw bis three 
ſons crowned the ſame day at Olympia, and 
died through exceſs of joy. Cic. 1½. 5.— 
Plut. in Pel.— Pau. . . 

Diuis, a prieſt of Jupiter at Rome, firſt 
inſtituted by Numa, Diony/. 2.— Liv. 1, 
E. 20. 


9 1 


Dialtus, an Athenian, who wrote an 


hiſtory of all the memorable occurrences of 


his age. 

DiaMASTIGOS1s, a feſtival at Sparta in 
honor of Diana Orthia, which received that 
name ame Tov hegte from whipping, 
becauſe boys were whipped before the altar 
of the goddeſs, Theſe boys, called Bomo- 
nicæ, were originally free-born Spartans ; 
but, in the more delicate ages, they were of 
mean birth, and generally of a laviſh origin, 
This operation was performed by an officer 
in a ſevere and unfeeling manner; and that 
no compaſhon ſhould be raiſed, tue prieſt 
ſtood near the altar with a ſmall light ſtatue 
of the goddeſs, which ſuddenly became 
heavy and inlupportable if the laſh of the 
whip was more lenient or leſs rigorous. 
The parents of the children attended the ſo- 
lemnity, and exhorted them nvt to commit 
any thing either by fear or groans, that might 
be unworthy of Laconian education. Theſe 
flagellations were ſo ſevere, that the blood 
guſhed in profuſe torrents, and many expired 
under the laſh of the whip without uttering 
a groan, or betraying any marks of fear, 
Such a death was reckoned very bonorable, 
and the corpſe was buried with much ſolem- 
nity, wito a garland of flowers on its head, 
The origin of this feffival is unknown. Some 
ſuppoſe, that Lycurgus firſt inſtituted it to 
inure the youths of Lacedæmon to bear labor 
and fatigue, and render them inſenfible 10 
pain and wounds Others maintain, that it 
was a mitigation of an oracle, which ordered 
that human blood ſhould be ſhed on Diana's 
altar; and, according to their opinion, Oreſ- 
tes fuſt introduced that barbarous cuſtom, 
after he nad brought the ſtatue of Diana Tau- 
rica into Greece. There is another tradition 
which mentions, that Pauſanias, as he was 
offering prayers and ſacrifices to the gods, 
be fore he engaged with Mardonius, was ſud- 
deniy attacked by a number of Lydians who 
diſturbed the ſacrifice, and were at laſt repel- 
led with ſtaves and ftones, the only weapons 
with wl.ich the Lacedzmonians were pro- 
vided at that moment. In commemoration 
of this, therefore, that whipping ot boys was 
inſtituted at Sparta, and after that the Ly- 
dian proceſſion. 

DrAxAa was the goddeſs of hunting. Ace 
cording to Cicero, there were three of this 
name; a daughter of Jupiter and Proſer- 
pine, who became mother of Cupid; a 
daughter of Jupiter and Latona, and a 
daughter of Upis and Glauce. The ſecond 
is the moſt celebrated, and to her all the 
antients allude. She was born at the tame 
birth as Apollo; and the pains which the 
ſaw her mother ſuffer during her labor, gave 
her ſuch an averſion to marriage, that ſhe 
obtained from her father the permiſſion to 


2 4 live 


— —— 


K 
- _ ** 


. ——————— 
— - _- — 
40 - 


D 1 


live in perpetual celibacy, and to preſide | 
ever the travails of women To ſhun the 
ſociety of men, ſhe devoted herſelf to hunt- 
ing, and was always accompanied by a 
number of choſen virgins, who, like herſelf, 
abjured the uſe of marriage. She is repre- 
ſented with a quiver, and attended with 
dogs, and ſometimes drawn in a chariot by 
two white tags. Sometimes ſhe appears with 
wings, holding a lion m one hand, and a 
panther in the other,” with a chariot drawn 
by two heifers, or two horſes of different 
colors. She is repreſented taller by the 
head than her attendant nymphs, her face 
has ſomething manly, her legs are bare, well 
ſhaped and ſtrong, and her feet are covered 
with a buſkin, worn by huntreſſes among 
the antients. Diana received many ſirnames, 
particularly from the places where her wor- 
ſhip was eſtabliſhed, and from the functions 
over which the preſided. She was called 
Lucina, Ilythia, or Juno Pronuba, when in- 
voked by women in child-bed, and Trivia 
when worthipped in the croſs-ways where 
her ſtatues were generally erected. She was 
ſuppoſed to be the fame as the moon, and 
Proterpine or Hecate, and from that circum - 
france ſhe was called Triformis ; and ſome 
ef hcr ſtatues repreſented her with three 
heads, that of a horſe, a dog, and a boar. 
Her power and functions, under theſe three 
characters, have been beautifully expreſſed 
in theſe two verſes : . 
Terres, lufirat, agit, Proſerpina, Luna, Diana, 
Ima, juprema, feras, fceptro, fulgare, ſagitta. 
She was alſo called Agrotera, Orthia, Tau- 
rica, Delia, Cynthia, Aricia, &c. She was 
ſuppoſed to be the fame as the Ifis of the 
Egvptians, whoſe worſhip was introduced in- 
to Gre-ce with that of Ofiris under the 
name of Apollo. When Typhon waged war 
againſt the gods, Diana is ſaid to have meta- 
morphoſed herſelf into a cat, to avoid his 
fury, The goddeſs is generally known in 
the ſgures that repreſent her, by the creſcent 
en her head, by the dogs which attend her, 
and by her hunting habit. The moſt fa- 
mous of her temples was that of Epheſus, 
which was one of the ſeven wonders of the 
world. Vid. Epheſus. She was tliere re- 
preſented with a great number of breaſts, 
and other ſymbols which ſignified the earth 
or Cybele. Though ſhe was the patroncſs 
of chaſtity, vet ſhe forgot her dignity to en- 
Joy the company of Endymion, and the very 
familiar favors which ſhe granted to Pan and 
Orion are well known. Vid. Eniymizon, 
Pan, Orion. } The inhabitants of Tauriea 
were particularly attached to the worthip of 
this goddeſs, and they cruelly offered on her 
altar all rhe ſtrangers that were ſhipwrecked 
on their coaſts, Her temple in Aricia was 
tervcd by a prieſt who had always murdered 


Anton, 
þ 


1 1 


his predeceſſor, and the Lacedzmoniang 
yearly offered her human victims till the 


age of Lycurfus, who changed this barba- . 


rous cuſtom for the ſacrifice of flagellation. 
The Athenians generally offered her goats, 
and others a white kid, and ſometimes a 
boar pig, or an ox. Among plants the poppy 
and the ditamy were ſacred to her. She, as 
well as her brother Apollo, had ſome ora- 
cles, among which thoſe of Egypt, Cilicia, 
and Epheſus, are the moſt known. Ori. 
Faft. 2, v. 155. Mer. 3, v. 156.1. 7, v. 94. 
& 194, &c.— ic. de Nat. D. 3.— erat. z. 
od. 22.—Virg. G. 3, v. 392. Anu. 1, v. 
505.— Homer. Od. 5. — Pauſ. 8, c. 31, & 35, 
—Catull.—Stat. 3. Silv. 1, v. 57. —Apallod. 
I, c. 4, & c. J. 3, e. 5, &e. a 

Dianasa, the mother of Lycurgus. Plut. 
In Lyc. 

Diaxtun, a town and promontory of 
Spain now Cape Martin, where Diana was 
worſhipped, 

D1as1a, feſtivals in honor of Jupiter at 
Athens. They received their name as v0 
TO» n ng agu, from Jupiter and mi fortune, 
becauſe, by making applications to Jupiter, 
men obtained relict trom their mis{ortunes, 
and were delivered trom dangers. During 
this feſtival, things of all Kinds were ex- 
poſed to fale, 

Din io, a town of France, now Dijon in 
Burgundy. | 

DiczAa & DiCQ@ARCHEA, a town of 
Italy. Jza/. 13, v. 385. 

Dric=vs, an Athenian, who was ſuper- 
naturally appriſed of the defeat of the Per- 
ſians in Greece, Herodot. 8, c. 65, 

Diek, one of the Horæ, daughters of ſu- 
piter. Apollod. 1, c. 3. 

DictarRCcHUs, a Meſſenian ſsmous for 
his knowledge of philoſophy, hiſtory, and 
mathematics. He was one of Ariſtotle's diſ- 
ciples. Nothing remains of his numerous 
compoſitions. He had compoſed an hiſtory 
of the Spartan republic, which was publicly 
read over every year by order of the magi- 
ſtrates, for the improvement and inſtruction 
of youth, 

Dictnevs, an Egyptian philoſopher in 
the age of Auguſtus, who travelled into Scy- 
thia, where he ingratiated himſelt with the 
king of the country, and by his inſtructions 
ſoftened the wildnels and ruſticity of his 
manners. He alſo gained ſuch an influence 
over the multitude, that they ll deſtroyed 
the vines which grew in their country, to 
prevent the riot of diſſipation, which the 
wine occaſioned among them. He wrote all 
his maxims and his laws in a book, that 
they might not loſe the benefit of them alter 
his death, : 

Dicowmas,-a king of the Getz. P/ut. in 


D1CT &p 


veſted 
whoſe 
rowed 
Latin: 
wars 2 
unable 
ſtate, | 
it the. 
debts t 
the ſer 
magiſt} 
power t 
remain 
which 
the ſtat 
quillity 
down t 
ed. H 
and eve 
He was 
ed by t 
rebat 7 
obeyed 
the con! 
election 
though 
cummer 
was ab ll 
forces, 
and diſb 
as he pl. 
Was no : 
Was prec 
during h 
except ti 
pended, 
Public, 
he Was 
borders « 
to march 
he never 
marches, 
mal leave 
len only 
dangers 
ſeditions. 
tator was 
the comit; 
vals, to | 
drive a n; 
liitioug ce 


Ju- 


fot 

and 

diſ- 
rous 
tory 
licly 
ag 
tion 


er in 
Scy- 
h the 
tions 
Ff his 
uence 
royed 
Jy ro 
h the 
z3te all 
that 
| aſter 


ut. in 


(12. 


; 1 


Diciæ, & Dieræus Mors, a mountain 


of Crete. The iſland is often known by the 
name of Dicl ca arva. Virg. Acl. 6. An. 
3. v. 171. Jupiter was called Dictæus, 
becauſe worſhipped there, and the ſame 
epithet was applied to Minos. Virg. G. 2. 
v. 536. — 0d. Met. 8. v. 43. 

DicTAMNUM & DiCTYNNA, a town of 
Crete, where the herb called diFamnus chief- 
ly grows. Virg. u. 12, v. 412.—Cic. de 
Nat. D. 2. c. 50. 

DicTAToOR, a magiſtrate at Rome in- 
veſted with regal authority, This officer, 
whoſe magiſtracy ſeems to have been bor- 
rowed from the cuſtoms of the Albans or 
Latins, was firſt choſen during the Roman 
wars againſt the Latins. The conſuls being 
unable to raiſe forces for the defence of the 
ſtate, becauſe the plebeians refuſed to inliſt, 
it they were not diſcharged from all the 
debts they had contracted with the patricians, 
the ſenate found it neceſſary to ele& a new 
magiſtrate with abſolute and incontrolable 
power to take care of the tate, The dictator 
remained in office for fix months, after 
which he was again elected, if the affairs of 
the ſtate ſeemed to be deſperate ; but if tran- 
quillity was re-eſtabliſhed, he genecally laid 
down his power before the time was expir- 
ed. He knew no ſuperior in the republic, 
and even the laws were ſubjected to him. 
He was called dictator, becauſe di&Fus, nam- 
ed by the conſul, or quoniam diftis ejus pa- 
rebat poputizs, becauſe the people implicitly 
obeyed his command, He was named by 
the conſul in the night, vid voce, and his 
election was confirmed by the auguries, 
though ſometimes he was nominated or re- 
cummended by the people. As his power 
was ablolute, he could proclaim war, levy 
forces, conduct them againſt an enemy, 
and diſband them at pleature. He puniſhed 
as he pleaſed; and from his deciſion there 
was nv appeal, at leaſt till later times. He 
was preceded by 24 lictors, with the faſces ; 
during his adminiſtration, all other officers, 
except the tribunes of the people, were ſuſ- 
pended, and he was the matter of the re— 
public. But amidſt all this independence, 
he was not permitted to go beyond tie 
borders of Italy, and he was always obliged 
to march on foot in h's expeditions ; and 
he never could ride in difficuit and laborious 
marches, without previouſly obtaining a for- 
mal leave from tie people, He was cho- 
len only when the ftate was in imminent 
dangers from foreign enemies or inward 
ſeditions. In the time of a peſtilence, a die- 
tator was ſometimes elected, as allo to hold 
the comitia, or to celebrate the public feſti- 
vals, to hold trials, to chuſe ſenators, or 
drive a nail in the capitol, by which ſuper- 
nitious ceremony the Romaus believed that | 


"B.-L 


| a plague could be averted; or the progrefs 
of an enemy ſtopped. This office, ſo re- 
ſpectable and iliuftcious in the fiſt ages of 
the republic, became odious by the perpetual 
uſurpations of Sylla and J. Cæſar; and after 
the death of the latter, the Roman ſenate, 
on the motion of the conſul Antony, paſſ- 
ed a decree, which for ever after forbade a 
dictator to exiſt in Rome. The dictator, as 
ſoon as elected, choſe a ſubordinate officer, 
called his maſter of horſe, magiſter equitum, 
This officer was reſpectable, but he was to- 
tally ſubſervient to the will of the dictator, 
| and could do notning without his expreſs 
order, though he enjoyed the privilege of 
uſing a horſe, and had the fame inſignia as 
the prætors. This ſubordination, however, 
was ſome time after removed; and during 
the ſecond Punic war, the maſter of the 
horſe was inveſted with a power equal te 
that of te diftator. A ſecond dictator was 
| alſo choſen for the election of magiſtrates at 


| Rome, after the battle of Cannæ. The 


dictatorſhip was originally confined to the 
patricians, but the plcbcians were afterwards 
admitted to thare it. Titus Lartius Flavus 
was the tirft dictator, A. U. C. 253. Dionyſ, 
Hal. —Cic. de Leg. 3.—Dio — Plut. in Fab, 
— Appian. 3.—Polyb. 3,—Paterc. 2. c. 28. 
t e. 43. . 2, e. 18: 4, 6. 7. 
I. 9, c. 38. 

DicripiExsks, certain inhabitants of 
mount Athos. [hucyd. 5, c. 52. 

D1c1vNnNA, anymph of Crete, who firſt 
invented hunting nets. She was one of Di- 
ana's attendants, and for that reaſon the 
goddeſs is often called Diet inna. Some have 
ſuppoſed that Minos purſued her, and that to 
avoid his importunities, the threw herſelf 
into the ſca, and was caught in fiſhermen's 
nets, $-7yt, whence her name. There was 
a feitival at Sparta in honor of Diana, called 
Dictynnia. Pauſ. 2, c. 30. I. 3, c. 12, 
A city of Crete. 

Dicrvs, a Cretan, who went with Ido- 
meneus to the Trojan war. It is ſuppoſed 
that he wrote an hiftory of this celebrated 
war, and that at his death he ordered it tw 
be laid in his tomb, where it remained till 
a violent caithquake in the reign of Nero 
opened the monument where he had been 
buried. This convulſion of the earth threw 
out his hiſtory of the Trojan war, which 
was found by ſome ſhepherds, and aſter- 
wards carried to Rome. This myſterious 
tradition is deſervedly deemed fabulous; 
and the hiſtory of the Trojan war, which is 
now extant, as the compoſition of Dictys of 
Crete, wos compoſed in the 15th century, 
or according to others, in the age of Con- 
ſtantine, and ſailely attributed to one of the 
followers of ldomeneus. The evition of 


Dictys is by Malellus Venia, 4to, Mediol, 


| 


1477. 


1 


— — — CA AY noe 7 
_ — * 2 


1 


1477, —A king of the iſland of Seriphus 
ſon of Magnes and Nays. He was made 
king of Seriphus by Perſeus, who depoted 
Polydectes, becauſe he behaved with wan- 
tonaeſs to Danae. Vid Polydedtes. Apollod. 
T, c. 9.1. 2, c. 4. A centaur, Killed at 
the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid. Met. 12, 
V. 334- 2 

Divia LEX, de Swmptibus, by Didius, 
A. U. C. 606, to reſtrain the expences that 
attended public feſtivals and cntei tainments, 
and limit the number of gueſts which gene- 
rally attended them, not only at Rome, but 
in all the provirices of Italy. By 1t, not 
only tho who received gueſts in theſe feſ- 
tival mectings, but the gueſts themſelves, 
were liable to be fined, It was an extenſion 
of the Oppian and Fannian laws. 

Dip1vs, a governor of Spain, conquered 
by Sertorius. Ft. in Sert -A man who 
brought Cæſar the head of Pompey's eldeſt 
fon. Plat. A governor of Britain, un- 
der Claudius. Julianus, a rich Roman, 
who, after the murder of Pertinax, bought 
the empire which the Pretorians had ex- 
poſed to ſale, A. D. 192. His great luxury 
and extravagance rendered him odious ; and 
when he retuſed to pay the money which 
he had promiſed for the imperial purple, 
the ſoldiers revoltcd againſt him, and put 
him to death, after a ſhort reign. Severus 
was made emperor after him. 

Di po, calicd alſo E/ifſa, a daughter of 
Belus king of Tyre, who married Sichæus, 
or Sici.a:bas, her uncle, who was prieſt of 
Hercu!-s., Pygmalion, who ſucceeded to 
the rarcae of Tyre after Belus, murdcred 
Sichzus, to get poſſeſnon of the immenſe 
riches which he poſſeſſed; and Dido, diſcon- 
ſolate for the loſs of a huſband whom the 
tenderley loved, and by whom ſhe was 
equally eſteemed, ſet jail in queſt of a ſet- 
tlement, with 2 number of Tyrians, to 
whom the cruelty of the ty.ant became 
odivus. According to ſome accounts, ſhe 
threw into the ſea the riches of her huſ- 
banc, which Pygmalion ſo greatly deſired ; 
and ty that artince compelled the ſhips to 
fly with ger, that had come by order of 
the tyrant to abtain the riches of Sichæus. 
During her voyage, Dido viſited the coaſt 
oi Cyprus, whicic the carried away 50 wo- 
men, who prof. itutcd themſelves on the ſea 
fnore, and gave them as wives to her Ty- 
1ian followers. A ftorm drove her fleet on 
the African coaſt, and ſhe bought of the 
inhabitants as much land as could be covered 
by a bull's hide, cut into thongs. Upon 
this piece of land ſhe built a citadel, call- 
ed Byrſa, [Yid. Fyrſa.} and the increaſe 
of population, and the riſing commerce 
among her tubjects, ſoon obliged her to 
enlarge her city, aud the boundaries of her 


D 1 


dominions. Her beauty, as well as the 
fame of her enterprize, gained her man 
admirers ; anc her ſubjefs withed to com- 
pel her to marry Tarbas, king of Maurita. 
nia, who threatened them with' a dread. 


ful war. Dido begged three months to 
time, the erefter 2 funeral pile, as if wiſh- 
ing, by a ſolema ſacrifice, to appeaſe the 
manes of Sichæus, to which ſhe had pro- 
miſled eternal fidelity. When all was pre- 
pared, ſhe ſtabbed herſelf on the pile in 
preſence of her people, and by this uncom- 
mon action obtained the hante of Dido, 
valiant woman, inſtead of Eliſſa. According 
to Virgil and Ovid, the death of Dido waz 
cauſed by the ſudden departure of ZEncas, 
of whom ſhe was deeply enamoured, and 
whom ſhe could not obtain as a huſband, 
This poetical. fiction repreſents Æneas az 
living in the age of Dido, and introduces 
an anachroniſm of near 300 years. Dido 
left Phœnicia 247 years after the Trojan 
war, or the age of /Encas, that is, about 
953 years B. C. This chronological error 
procceds not from the ignorance of the 
poets, but it is ſupported by the aut. or ity of 
Horace, 

« Hut famam ſequere, aut fibi convenientia 

nge. 

While Virgil deſcribes, in a beautiful epi- 
ſode, the deſperate love of Dido, and the 
ſubmiſſion of ZEneas to the will of the 
gods; he at the ſame time gives an expla- 
nation of the hatred which exiſted between 
the republics of Rome and Carthage, and 
informs his readers that their mutual enmi- 
iy originated in their very firſt foundation, 
and was apparently Kindled by a more rt- 
mote cauſe than the jealouſy and rivalſhip 
of two floriſhing empires. Dido, after 
her death, was honored as a deity by ner 
ſubjects. Juſtin. 18, c 4, &c.Paterc, 
1, c. 6.—Pirg. An—Ovid. Met. 14, fab. 
2.— Apptan. Alex, — ros. 4.— Herodlan.— 
Dionyſ. Hal. 

Dip ua, a place of Miletus. Pau. 2, 
c. 9. An iſland in the Sicilian ſea. Pa. 
10, c. 11. 

DivYMevs, a ſirname of Apollo. 

DioYMmAon, an excellent artift, famous 
for makinggſuits of armour, Virg. An. 5, 
v. 359- 

DivYMe, one of the Cyclades. Ovid. 
Met. 7, v. 469. A city of Sicily. 14. 
Faft. 4, v. 475. One of the Lipari iſles, 
now Saline. A place ncar Miletus, where 
the Branchidæ had their famous oracle. 

Dipymun, a mountain of Aſia Minor. 

DinpYmus, a freed man of Tiberius, &c. 
Tac. Ann. 6, c. 24. A ſcholiaſt on 
Homer, firnamed Xaaugrep®-, floriſhed 


B. C. 40, He wiote a number of bock. 
Which 


give her deciſive aniwer; and during that 


Ho 
bine 
1 
I 
bira 
Eve 


grat 
the 
peri 
the 1 
com 
ſe ſſi 
rect 
fave 
a t 
arra 
Ciffe 
und. 
ſam 
race 
appe 
aig 
Was 
ſom: 
Crim 
exiſt 
ence 
notice 
viliz 
alſo 
dreſſ 
bad 
ven] 
deiti 
the 
the f 
Nerat 
num 
difte; 
pleaſ 
gene 
the 
CON} 
Ti. 
male 
In th 
the g 
ent P 
were 


famous 


An. 5 


Ovid. 
Id. 

ri iſtes, 
„Where 


jaſt on 
loriſhed 
boo 5 3 
which 


91 


which are now loſt. The editions of his 
commentaries are, that in 2 vols. 8vo. Ve- 
net. apud Ald. 1528, and that of Paris, 
8vo. 1530. 

Diskos, a Spartan, who, upon hear- 
ing, before the battle of Thermopylz, that 
the Perſians were ſo numerous that their 
arrows would darken the light of the ſun, 
obſerved, that it would be a great conveni- 
ence, for they then ſhould fight in the ſhade, 
Herodot. 7, c. 226. a 

DiEsyir rx, a ſirname of Jupiter, as be- 
ing the father of light. 

Dior IA, a {mall river which watered 
Horace's farm, in the country of the Sa- 
bines. Horat. 1, ep. 18, v. 104. 

Did MA, a part of the Piræus at Athens. 

Dit, the divinities of the ancient inha- 
birants of the earth were very numerous. 
Every object which cauſed terror, inſpired 
gratitude, or beſtowed affluence, received 
the tribute of veneration. Man ſaw a ſu- 
perior agent in the ſtars, the elements, or 
the trees, and ſuppoſed that the waters which 
communicated fertility to his fields and poſ- 
ſeſſions, were under the influence and di- 
rection of ſome inviſible power, inclined to 
favor and to bene fit mankind, Thus aroſe 
a train of divinities, which imagination 
arrayed in different forms, and armed with 
different powers. They were endowed with 
underſtanding, and were actuated by the 
ſame paſſions which daily afHict the human 
race, and thoſe children of ſuperſtition were 
appeaſed or provoked as the imperfect be- 
ing which gave them birth. Their wrath 
was mitigated by ſacri fices and incenſe, and 
ſometimes human victims bled g expiate a 
crime which ſuperſtition alone ſuppoſed to 
exiſt, The ſun, from his powerful influ- 
ence and animating nature, hiſt attracted the 
notice, and claimed the adoration of the unci- 
vilized inhabitants of the earth. The moon 
alſo was honored with ſacrifices, and ad- 
dreſſed in prayers; and after immortality 
bad bcen liberally beſtowed on all the hea- 
venly bodies, mankind claſſed among their 
deities the brute creation, and the cat and 
the ſow ſhared equally with Jupiter himſelf, 
the father of gods and men, the devout ve- 
neration of their votaries. This immenſe 
number of deities have been divided into 
different claſſes, according to the will and 
pleaſure of the mythologitts: The Romans, 
generally ſpeaking, reckoned two claſſes of 
the gods, the dit majorum gentium, or dit 
conſulentes, and the dit minorum gentium. 
The former were twelve in number, fix 
males and fix females. | Vid. Conſentes.] 
In the claſs of the latter, were ranked all 
the gods which were worſhipped in differ- 
ent parts of the earth. Befides theſe, there 
were ſome called dii ſelecti, ſometimes 


| . 


YA 


claſſed with the twelve greater gods; theſe 
were Janus, Saturn, the Genius, the Moon, 
Pluto, and Bacchus. There were alſo ſome 
called demi-gods, that is, who deſerved im- 
mortality by the greatneſs of their exploits, 
and for their uncommon ſervices to man- 
kind. Among theſe were Priapus, Ver- 
tumnus, Hercules, and thoſe whoſe parents 
were ſome of the immortal gods. Beſides 
theſe, all the paſſions, and the moral vir- 
tues, were reckoned as powerful deitics, and 
temples were raiſed to a goddeſs of con- 
cord, peace, &c. According to the au- 
thority of Heſiod, there were no leſs than 
30,000 gods that inhabited the earth, and 
were guardians of men, all ſubſervient to 
the power of Jupiter. To theſe ſucceeding 
ages have added an almoſt equal number; 
and indeed they were ſo numerous; and 
their functions ſo various, that we find 
temples erected, and ſacrifices offered to 
unknown” gods. It is obſervable, that all 
the gods of the ancients have lived upon 
earth as mere mortals ; and even Jupiter, 
who was the ruler of heaven, is repreſented 
by the mythologiſts as a helpleſs child ; and 
we are acquainted with all the "particulars 
that attended the birth and education of 
Juno. In proceſs of time, not only good 
and virtuous men, who had been the pa- 
trons of learning and the ſupporters of li- 
berty, but alſo thieves and pirates, were 
admitted among the gods; and the Roman 
ſenate courtcoutly granted immortality to 
the moſt cruel and abandoned of their em- 
perors. a 

Dit, a people of Thrace, on mount 
Rhodope. | 

DiMaAssSUs, an iſland near Rhodes. Plin. 
$, ©. 31. 

DiNnARCHUs, a Greek orator, ſon of 
Softratus, and diſciple to Theophraſtus, at 
Athens. He acquired much money by his 
compoſitions, and ſuffered himſelf to be 
bribed by the enemies of the Athenians, 
307 B. C. Of 64 of his orations, only three 
remain, Cic. de Orat. 2, c. 53.-—A Co- 
rinthian ambaſſador, put to death by Poly- 
perchon. Plut. in Phoc. A native of 
Delos, who collected ſome fables in Crete, 
&c. Dionyſ. Hal. 

DinpYMuUs or A /orum), a mountain of 
Phrygia, from which Cybele is called Din- 
dymene, as worſhipped there. Horat, 1, od. 
16, v. &.—Pirg. Au q, v. 617. 

D1NnoLG6CHUS, a Syracuſan, who com- 
poſed 14 comedies. lian, de Anim, 6, 
* . 

Didi, a town of Phrygia. Liv. 38, c. 
5. A town of Gaul, now Digue in 
Provence. 

D1xnicas, the wife of Archidamus. Pauſ, 


DiN1as, 


— — 
— — — 


— bac es es 


27.0 


Drwras, a general of Caſſander. Did. 
29. A man of Pheræ, who ſeized the 
fupreme power at Cianon. Polye#n. 2. 
A man who wrote an hiſtory of Argos. 
Plut. in Arat. 

Dinscukires, an architect, who finiſhed 
the temple of Diana at Epheſus, after it hac 
been burnt by Etoftratus. | 

Dix CR AT ES, an architect of Macedo- 
nia, who propoſed to Alexander to cut 
mount Athos in the form of a ſtatue, hoid- 
ing a city in one hand, and in the other a 
baſon, into which all the waters of tne 
mountain ſhould empty themſelves. This 
project Alexander rejected as toochimenical, 
bug he employed the talents of the artiſt in 
building and beautity ing Alexandria. He 
began to build a temple in honor of Arfi- 
noe, by order of Ptolemy Philadelpbus, in 
which he intended to ſuſpend a ttatue of 
the queen, by means of loadſtones. His 
deat', and tnat of his royal patron, pre- 
vented the execution of a work which wou:d 
have been the admiration of every a_e 
Plin. 7, c. 37.—Marcell. 22, c. 40.—Þlut. 
In ex. A general of Agathocl-s. 
A Mefſenian, who behaved with great ette- 
min cy and wantonnels. He defeated Phi- 
lopemen, and put him to death, B. C. 183. 
Flut. in Flum. 

Dix pöcubs, a ſwift runner. 
6. c. 1. 

Dix5MENES,a tyrant of Syracuſe, Pa 
2, e. 42. 

Divox, a governor of Damaſcus, under 
Pirolemy, &c. Polyan. 4 The father 
ot Clitarchus, who wrote an hiſtoty of 
Pe:fia, in Alexander's age. He is eſteemed 
a very authentic hiſtotian by C. Nep. in 
Conm.—Plut. in Alex — Dig. 

DinoSTHENES, à man who made himfclCl 
a ſtatue of an Olympian victor. Pau. 6, 
c. 16. 

DixosrRATrus, a celebrated geometri- 
gian in the age of Plato. 

Di5cLEa, ſeſtivals in the ſpring at Me- 
gata, in honor of Diocles, who died in 
the defence of a certain youth, to whom he 
was tenderly attached, There was a con- 
tention on his tomb, and the youth who 
gave the ſweeteſt Kiſs, was publicly re- 
warded with a garland, Theocritus has 
deſcribed them in his 12 I/. v. 27. A 
town on the cuatt of Dalmatia, J ½n. 3. 
C- 23. 

DiocLEs, a general of Athens, &c. 
Polyan. 5. A comic poet of Athens. 
——- An hiftorian, the firſt Grecian who 
ever wrote concerning the origin of the 
Romans, Plut. in Rom. One of the four 
brothers placed over the citadel of Corinth, 
by Archelans, &c, Polyen 6,-——-A rich 


Pan. | 


| 


| 


1 


man of Meſſenia. Pauſ. 4, c. 2—4 
general of Syracuſe. Diod. 13. 
DrocLET1ANOPGLIs, a town of Theſ- 
ſaly, called fo in honor of Diocletian, 
DriocLETIANVUS, (Caius Valerius Jovius) 
a celebrated Roman emperor, born of an 
obſcure tamily in Dalmatia. He was firſt 
a common ſoldier, and by merit and ſuc- 
ceſs he gradually roſe to the office of a ge- 
neral, and at the death of Numerian, he 
was inveſted with the imperial purple. 
In his high ftation, he rewarded the 
virtues and fidelity ot Maximilian, who 
had ſhared with him all the ſubordinate 
offices in the army, by making him his 
colleague on the throne. He created 
two lubordinate emperors, Conſtantius and 
Galerius, whom he called Czfars, whilft 
he claimed for himſelf and his colleague 
the ſuperior title of Auguſies. Diccletian 
has been celebrated for his military virtues; 
and though he was naturally unpoliſhed by 
education and ſtudy, yet ne was the friend 
and patron of learning and true genius. He 
was bold and reiojute, active and diligent, 
and well acquainted with the arts which 
encear a ſovereign to his people, and make 
him feſpectable even in tlic eycs of his ene» 
mies. His cruelty, however, againit the 
tullowers ol chriſtianity has been actervecly 
branded with the appellation of unbounded 
ty! inny, and infulent wantonneſs. After 
he had reigned 21 years in the greateſt proſ- 
perity, he publ.cly abdicated the crown at 
Nicomedia, on the firſt of May A. D. 
304, and retircd to à private ſtation at Sa- 
iona. Maximian, his colicague, followed 
his example, but not from voluntary choice; 
and when he ſome time after endeavourcd te 
rouſe the ambition of Diocletian, and per- 
ſuade him to reaſſume the imperial purple, 
he received for anſwer, that Diocletian took 
now more deligit in cultivating his little 
garden, than he formerly enjoyed in a pa- 
iace, when his power was extended over all 
the cartb. He lived nine years after bis 
abdication, in the greateſt ſecurity and en- 
joy ment at Salona, and died in the 6>th 
ycar of his age. Dioclctian is the firſt ſo- 
vereign who voluntarily 1efigned his power: 


age, was imitated by the emperor Charles 
the fifth of Germany. 

'DiGpoRvs, an hiſtorian, ſirnamed Sicu- 
lus, becauſe he was born at Argyra in Sici- 
ly. He wrote an hiftory of Egypt, Perſia, 
Syria, Media, Greece, Rome, and Car- 
thage, which was divided into 40 books, 
of which only 15 are extant, with ſome 
few fragments. This valuable compohtion 
was the work of an accurate enquirer, and 
it is ſaid that he viſited all the places of 

| whieh 


a philuſophical reſojution, which, in a later 


whi 
It u 
grea 
mor 
roſu 
and 
dulo 
wand 
neith 
cont: 
eorre 
fabul 
event 
are t 
paſſe 
Kunir 
onſu 
hiſtor 
ſpent 
matio 
ration 
that o 


drothe 
Hegeh 

of the 
An or: 
Mithrie 
precept 
the hot 
in the v 
Cc, in 
— A 
wrote a 
Them — 
Dior 
Pelyen. 
Di6c 
pher of 
for coin 
retired 1 
diſciple 
head of 
retuſed If 
even ſtr 
calmly b 
me, Ant 
a ſtick ſi 
your pre 
be learnt 
from you 
Such firn 
thenes, a 
Pupil. E 
Which dit. 
about the 
Which (er 
repoſe, «< 
greateſt ce 
n reput 


e 


D 1 


which he has made mention in his hiſtory. 
It was the labor of 30 years, though the 
greater part may be conſidered as nothing 
more than a judicious compilation from Be- 
roſus, Timæus, Theopompus, Calliſthenes, 
and others. The author, however, is too cre- 
dulous in ſome of his narrations, and often 
wanders. far from the truth. His fiyle 15 
neither elegant, nor too labored; but it 
contains great ſimplicity, and unaffected 
eorrectneſs, He often dweils tov long upon 
fabulous reports and trifling incidents, while 
events of the greateſt importance to hiſtory 
are treated with brevity, and ſometimes 
paſſed over in ſilence. His manner of rec- 
koning, by the Olympiads and the Roman 
eonſuls, will be found very erroneous. The 
hiſtorian floriſhed about 44 years B. C. He 
ſpent much time at Rome to procure infor- 
mation, and authenticate his hiſtorical nar- 
nations. The beſt edition of his works, is 
that of Weſſeling, 2 vols. fol. Amit. 1746. 
A diſciple of Euclid, in the age of 
Plato. Diog. in vid. A comic poet. 
— A ſon of Echeanax, who, with his 
brothers Codrus and Anaxagoras, murdered 
Hegeſias the tyrant of Epheſus, & c. Poly». 
6, An Epheſian, who wrote an account 


| 


D I ; 


| candefcended to viſit the philoſopher in his 
tub. He aſked Diogenes it there was any 
thing in which be could gratify or oblige 
him. Get out of my ſun-thine, was the 
only anſwer which the philoſopher gave, 
Such an independence of mind fo pleaſed 
the monarch, that he turned to his courtiers, 
and ſaid, were I mot Alexandgr, I would 
wiſh to be Diogenes. He was once ſold as 
a flave, but his magnanimity ſo pleaſed his 
matter, that he made him the preceptor of 
his children, and the guardian of his eftates, 
After a lite ſpent in the greateſt miſery and 
indigence, he died B C. 324, in the 96th 
year of is age, He ordered us budy to be 
careleſsly thrown into a ditch, and ſome 


however, diſobeyed in this particular, and 
his friends honored his remains with a 
magnificent funeral at Corinth. The inha- 
bitants of Sinope raiſed ſtatues to his 
memory, and the marble figure of a dog 
was placed on a high column erected on his 
tomb. His biographer has tranſmitted to 
poſterity a number of ſayings, remarka- 


The life of Diogenes, however, ſhrinks 
from the eye of a ſtrict examination, he 


of the life of Anaximander. Drog. 
An orator of Sardes, in the time of the | 
Mithridatic war. A ſtoic philoſopher, | 
preceptor to Cicero. He lived à d died in | 
the houſe of his pupil, whom he inſtructed 
in the various branches of Greek literature, 
Cie, in Brat. A general of Demetris. 
——A writer, firnamed Periegetes, who 
wrote a deſcription of the earth. Put. in 
Them, An African, &e. Plut. 

DioteTAs, a general of Achaia, &c. 
Pelyen. 2. 

DiGctwes, a celebrated Cynic philoſo- 
pher of Sinope, baniſhed from his country 
tor coining falſe, money. From Sinope, he 
retired to Athens, where he became the 
diſciple of Antiſthenes, who was at the 
head of the Cynics. Antiſthenes, at firſt 
retuſed to admit him into his houſe, and 
even ſtruck him with a ſtick. Diogenes 
calmly bore the rebuke, and ſaid, ſtrike 
me, Antiſthenes, but never ſhall you find 
a ſtick ſufficiently hard, to remove me trom 
your preſence, whilſt there is any thing to 
be learnt, any information to be gained 
from your converſation and acquaintance. 
Such firmneſs recommended him to Antiſ- 
thenes, and he became his moſt devoted 
pupil. He dreſſed himſelf in the garment 
Which diltinguiſhed the Cynics, and walked 
about the ſtreets with a tub on his head, 
Which ſerved him as a houſe and a place of 
repoſe. Such fingularity- joined to the 
greateſt contempt for riches, ſoon gained 
dim reputation, and Alexander the Great 


ä 


boaſted of his poverty, and was ſo arro- 
gant that many have obſerved that the vir- 
tues of Diogenes aroſe from pride and va- 
nity, not from wiſdom or ſound philoſophy. 
His morals were corrupted, and he gave 
way to the muſt vicious indulgences, and 
his unbounded wantonneſs has given occa- 
hon to ſome to obſerve, that the bottom of 
his tub would not bear too cloſe an exami- 
nation. Diog. in %.. - Plut. in App. 
Cie. de Nat. D. 3. e. 36. 8. A ſtoie 
of Babylon, diſciple of Chryſippus. He 
went to Athens, and was ſent as ambaſſa- 
dor to Rome, with Carneades and Critolaus, 
155 years before Chriſt, He died in the 
28th year of his age, aſter a life of the moſt 
exemplary virtue. Cic. de offic. — A na- 
tive of Apollonia, celebrated fur his know- 
ledge of philoſophy and piyhc, He lived 
in the age of Anaxagoras, Diog. in wits. 
Laertius, an Epicurean philoſopher, 
horn in Cilicia, He wrote the lives of the 
philoſophers in ten books ſtill extant. This 
work contains an accurate account of the 
antient philoſophers, and is replete with all 
their anecdotes, and particular opinions. 
Ic is compiled, however, without any plan, 
method, or preciſion, tuough much neat- 
neſs an@ conciſeneſs is obſervable through 
the whole. In this multifarious biography 
the author does not ſeem particularly partial 
to any ſe, except perhaps it be that of 
Potamon of Alexandria, Diogenes died 
A. D. 222. The beſt editions of his works 
are that of Meibomius, 2 vols. 4to. Amit. 

1692, 


duſt to be ſprinkled over it. His orders were, 


ble for their ſimplicity and moral tendency. 


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#692, and that of Lipf. 8vo. 1759.— 


A Macedonian, who betrayed Salamis to 
Aratus. Pauſ. 2, c. 8.— There was a philo- 
ſopher of that name who attended Alexan- 
der in his Aſiatic expedition for the purpoſe 
of marking out and delineating his march, 
& c. 

DrockxiA, a daughter of Celeus. Pauſ. 
1, c. 38. A daughter of the Cephiſus, 
who married Erechtheus. Apollod. 

Droctnus, a man who conſpired with 
Dymnus againſt Alexander. Curt. 6,c. 7. 

DioGntTvs, a philoſupher, who in- 
ſtructed Marcus Aurelius in philoſophy, and 
in writing dialogues. 

Di5mEDA, a daughter of Phorbas, whom 
Achilles brought from Lemnos, to be his 
miſtreſs after the loſs of Briſcis. Homer. 
M. I. The wife of Deion of Amyclas. 

Did ups, ſon of Tydeus and Deiphyle, 
was king of Etolia, and one of the braveſt 
of the Grecian chiefs in the Trojan war. 
He engaged Hector and ZEneas, and by 
repeated deeds of valor obtained much mi- 
litary glory. He went with Ulyſſes to ſteal 
the Palladium from the temple of Minerva 
at Troy; and aſſiſted in murdering Rheſus, 
king of Thrace, and carrying away his 
horſes. At his return from the fiege of 
Troy, he loſt his way in the darknets of the 
night, and landed in Attica, where his com- 

tions plundered the country, and loſt 
the Trojan Palladium. During his long 
abſence, his wife ZEgiale forgot her mar- 
riage vows, and proſtituted herſelf to Co- 
metes, one of her ſervants. This laſciviouſ- 
neſs of the queen was attributed by ſome 
to the reſentment of Venus, whom Dio- 
medes had ſeverely wounded in the arm in 
a battle before Troy. The infidelity of 
#giale was highly diſpleaſing to Diomedes. 
He reſolved tv abandon his native country 
which was the ſeat of his diſgrace, and the 
attempts of his wife to take away his life, 
according to ſome accounts, did not a little 
contribute to haſten his departure. He 
came to "that part of Italy which has been 


called Magna Gracia, where he built a | 


city, called Argyrippa, and married the 
daughter of Daunus, the king of the 
country. He died there in extreme old age, 
or, according to a certain tradition, he pe- 
riſhed by the hand of his father-in-law. 
His death was greatly lamented by his 
eompanions, who in the exceſs of their 
grief were changed into birds reſembling 
ſwans. Theſe birds took flight into a neigh- 
bouring iſland in the Adriatic, and became 
remarkable for the tameneſs with which 
they approached the Greeks, and for the 
horror with which they ſhunned all other 
nations, They are called the birds of Dio- 
medes. Altars were raiſed to Diomedes, 


U 


* 


| oY 

as to à god, one of which Straho mentions 
at Timavus. Ving. Au. 11, v. 243, &c.— 
Ovid. Met. 14, fab. 10.—-Apollod. 1, c. 8. 
I. 3, ©. 7.—Hygin. fab. 97, 112, & 113 — 
Pauf. 2, c. 30. A king of Thrace ſon 
of Mars and Cyrene, who fed his horſes 
with human fleſh. It was one of the la- 
bors of Hercules to deſtroy him ; and ac- 
cordingly the hero, attended with ſome of 
his friends, attacked the inhuman tyrant, 
and gave him to be devoured to his own 
horſes which he had fed fo barbarouſly. 
Diod. 4 —-Pauſ. 3, c. 13.—Apolled. 2, c. 
5. A friend of Alcibiades. Plaut. in 
Alcib. A grammarian. 

DiSMmEDoN, an Athenian general, put to 
death for his negligence at Arginuſe, 
Thucyd. 8, c. 19. A man of Cyzicus, 
in the intereſt of Artaxerxes. C. Nep. in 
Ep. 
D1on, a Syracuſan, ſon of Hipparinus, 
famous for his power and abilities. He 
was related to Diony ſius, and often adviſed 
him, together with the philoſopher Plato, 
who at his requeſt had come to reſide at the 
tyrant's court, to lay aſide the ſupreme 
power. His great popularity rendered him 
odious in the eyes of the tyrant, who ba- 


niſhed him to Greece. There he collected 


a numerous force, and encouraged by the 
influence of his name, and the hatred of 
his enemy, he reſolved to free his country 
from tyranny. He entered the port of Sy- 
racuſe only with two ſhips, and in three 
days reduced under his power an empire 
which had already ſubſiſted for 50 years, 
and which was guarded by 500 ſhips of 
war, and 100,000 foot, and 10,000 horſe. 
The tyrant fled to Corinth, and Dion. kept 
the power in his own hands, fearful of the 
aſpiring ambition of ſome of the friends of 
Dionyſius. He was however ſhamefully 
betrayed and murdered by one of his ſa- 
miliar friends, called Callicrates, or Calli- 
pus, 354 years before the Chriſtian era, in 
the 55th year of his age, and four years 
after his return from Peloponneſus. His 
death was univerſally lamented by the Sy- 
racuſans, and a monument raiſed to his 
memory. Diod. 16.—C. Nep. in vita.— 
A town of Macedonia. Pau. 9, c. 36. 
Caſſius, a native of Nicæa in Bithy- 
nia. His father's name was Apronianus. 
He was raiſ:d to the greateſt offices of ſtate 
in the Roman empire by Pertinax and his 
three ſucceſſors. Naturally fond of ſtudy, 
he improved himſelf by unwearied appli- 
cation, and was ten years in collecting ma- 
terials for an hiſtory of Rome, which he 
made public in 80 books, after a laborious 
employment of 12 years in compoſing it. 
This valuable hiſtory began with the arrival 


of ZAneas in Italy, and was coutuved ww 


ö 


to the 
verus. 
the 20 
ments 
In the 
Dion 
model 
his im 
gaiity 4 
naged, 
upon t! 
bigotte. 
ay... 
princip| 
the cau 
of his ſ. 
tauched 
floriſhec 
tian era, 
that of ] 
— A 
Chryſoſto 
Dis 
to be the 
Drown 
and Dori 
Jupiter 
chod, 
rent origi 
ſelf lomet 
V. 19 — 1 
I. v. 86. 
Dio xd 
among th 
nity was 
Egypt by 
admit tha 
Diony ſia ( 
feſtivals ce 
nor of Iſis 
with more 
ſition tha 
The years 
ton, theAt 
the prieits 
with the n 
games. A 
$icat ſinipl 
ed to mirt 
veſſe! of wi 
aiter which 
and the Da; 
in their dre 
tions conce 
themſelves 
mitres, the 
and flutes, a1 
lands of ivy 
Silenus, Pan 
manner of 
motions. 8 
drove the 90 


acc, Iu thi 


ne fully 
his fa- 
Calli- 
Cra; in 
r years 
8. His 
the Sy- 
| to his 
14.— 
c. 30. 
1 Bithy- 
onianus. 
of ſtate 
and his 
f ſtudy, 
appli- 
ting ma- 
ich he 
laborious 
ofing It, 
c aria 


ed down 
0 


1 
to the reign of the emperor Alexander Se- 
verus. The 34 firſt books are totally loſt, 


the 20 following are mutilated, and frag- 


ments are all that we poſſeſs of the laſt 20 
In the compilation of his extenſive hiſtory, 
Dion propoſed to himſelf Thucydides for a 
model; but he is not perfectly happy in 
his imitation. His ſtile is pure and ele- 
gent, and his narrations are judiciouſſy ma- 
naged, and his reflections learned; but 
upon the whole he is credulous, and the 
bizotted ſlave of partiality, ſatire, and flat- 
tery. He inveighs againſt the republican 
principles of Brutus and Cicero, and extols 
the cauſe of Cæſar. Seneca is the object 
of his ſatyr, and he repreſents him as de- 
tauched and licentious in his morals. Dion 
foriſhed about the 2 3oth year of the Chriſ- 
tian era. The beſt edition of his works is 
that of Reimarus, 2 vol, fol. Hamb. 17 50. 
— A famous Chriſtian writer, firnamed 
Chryſoſtom, & C. 

Diöxv A, a ſirname of Venus, ſuppoſed 
to be the daughter of Jupiter and Dione. 

Drove, a nymph, daughter of Nereus 
and Doris, She was mother of Venus, by 
Jupiter, according to Homer and others. 
Hehod, however, gives Venus a diffe- 
rent origin. (Vid. Venus, Venus is her- 
ſelf ſometimes called Dione. Virg. 3. An. 
v. 19 Homer. I. 5. v. 381.—Stat. 1. Ou. 
I. v. 86. 

DriowTs1a, feſtivals in honor of Bacchus 
among the Greeks. Their form and ſolem- 
nity was firſt introduced into Greece from 
Egypt by a certain Melampus, and if we 
admit that Bacchus is the ſame as Iſis, the 
Dionyfia of the Greeks are the ſame as the 
feſtivals celebrated by the Egyptians in ho- 
nor of Iſis, They were obſerved at Athens 
with more ſplendor and ceremonious ſuper- 
ſition than in any other part of Greece. 
The years were numbered by. their celebra- 
tion, the Archon aſſiſted at the ſulemnity, ana 
the prieits that officiated were l.onorec 
with the moſt dignified ſeats at the public 
games. At firſt they were celebrated with 
gicat ſiniplicity, and the time was conſecrat- 
ed to mirth. It was then uſual to bring a 
veſſel of wine adorned wien a vine branch, 
aiter which followed a goat, a baſket of figs, 
and the aac, The worſhippers imitated 
in their dreſs and actions the poetical fic- 
tons concerning Bacchus. They cloathed 
themſelves in fawns' ſkins, fine linen, and 
mitres, they carried thyrſi, drums, pipes, 
and flutes, and c: owned themſelves with gar- 
lands of ivy, vine, fir, &c. Some imitated 
Silenus, Pan, and the Satyrs by the uncouth 
manner of their dreſs and their fantaſtical 
motions, Some rode upon aſſes, and others 
drove the goats to laughter for the ſacri- 
kc, In this manner both ſexcs joined in 

v 


D 1 


che ſolemnity, and ran about the hills and 


country, nodding their heads, dancing in 
ridiculous poſtures, and filling the air with 
hideous ſhrieks and ſhouts, and crying 
aloud, Evoe Bacche! Io! lo! Evoet? 
[acche ! Iobacche ! Evohe | With ſuch ſo- 
lemnities were the feſtivals of Bacchus 
celebrated by the Greeks, particularly the 
Athenians. In one of theſe there followed 
a number of perſons carrying ſacred veſſels, 
one of which con ained water. After theſe 
came a ſelect number of noble virgins car- 
rving little baſkets of gold filled with all 
lorts of fruits. This was the moſt myſte- 
rious part of the ſolemnity. Serpents were 
lometimes put in the baſkets, and by their 
wreathing and crawling out they amuſed 
and aſtoniſhed the beholders. After the 
virgins, followed a company of men carry- 
ing poles at the end of which were fattened 
NN. The heads of theſe men, who 
were called p:x>o$2;0, were crowned with 
ivy and violets, and their faces covered 
with other herbs. They marched finging 
longs upon the occaſion of the feſtivals, 
called qpoXuna . Next to the 
þxAXeo@opet followed the iS in womens 
apparel, with white ftriped garments reach- 
ing to the ground; their heads were deck- 
ed with garlands, and on their hands they 
wore gloves compoſed of flowers. Ticir 
geſtures and actions were like tnoſe of a 
drunken man. Beſides thete, there were a 
number of perſons called A1avopopos wha 
carried the Acxvov or mufrcal van of Bac- 
cnus; without their attendance none of the 
teſtivals of Bacchus were celebrated with 
due ſolemnity, and on that account the 
god is often called Aiuxurn;, The feſti- 
vals of Bacchus were 2lmoſt innumerable. 
The name of the moſt celebrated were the 
Diony fia «p;-awwTepa at Limnz in Attica, 
The chief perſons that onticiated were four- 
teen women called yipaac venerable, They 
were appointed by one of the aichons, 
and before their appointment they ſolemnly 
took an oath before the archon or his wife, 
that their hody was free from all pollution. 
Tie greater Dionyfia, ſometimes called 
204%” Or T4 #47 ary, as being celebrated 
within the city, were the moſt famous. 
They were ſuppoſed to be the ſame as the 
pieceding, The leſs Dionyſia, ſometimes 
called Ta ar ay;ouc, becauſe celebrated in 
the country, Or Anveua from Anvg a wine 
preſs, were to all appearance a preparation 
for the greater feſtivals. They were cele- 
brated in autumn. The Dion ſia Brav2wie 
obterved at Brauron in Attica were a ſcene 
of lewaͤneſs, extravagance, and debauche- 
ry. The Dionylia »urrnMa were ob- 
ſerved by the Athenians in honor of Bac« 
chus Nyctelius. It was unlawiul to re- 


veal 


8 ————— 


— > 
— 


— — 


me 
= — 


* — —ʒ᷑ÿ— — 


1 


veal whatever was ſeen or done during the | 


celebration. The Diony ſia, called wwopayia 
becauſe human victims were offered to the 
god, or becauſe the prieſts imitated the 
eating of raw fleſh, were celebrated with 
much ſolemnity. The prieſts put ſerpents 
in their hair, and by the wildneſs of their 
looks and the oddity of their actions they 
feigned inſanity. 
were yearly obſerved in Arcadia, and the 
children who had been inſtrufted in the 
muſic of Philoxenus and Timotheus were 
introduced in a theatre, where they cele- 
brated the feſtivals of Bacchus by entertain- 
ing the ſpectators with ſongs, dances, and 
different exhibitions. There were beſides 
theſe, others of inferior note. There was 
alſo one obſerved every three years called 
Dionyſia TewrTrpra, and it Is faid that 
Bacchus inſtituted it himſelf in commemo- 
ration of his Indian expedition, in which he 
ſpent three years. There is alſo another, 
celebrated every fifth year, as mentioned 
by the ſcholiaſt of Ariſtophanes. All 
theſe feſtivals in honor of the god of wine 
were celebrated by the Greeks with great 
licentiouſneſs, and they contributed much 
to the corruption of morals among all ranks 
of people. They were alſo introduced into 
Tuſcany, and from thence to Rome. 
Among the Romans both ſexes promiſcu- 
ouſly joined in the celebration during the 
darkneſs of night. The drunkenneſs, the 
debauchery, and impure actions and indul- 
gences, which ſoon prevailed at the folem- 
nity, called aloud for the interference of 
the ſenate, and the conſuls Sp. Puſthumius 
Albinus and Q. Martius Puwulippus: made 
a ſtrict examination concerning the propriety 
and ſuperſtitious forms of the Bacchanalia. 
The diſorder and pollution which was prac- 
tiſed with impunity by no lefs than 7,000 
votaries of either ſex, was beheld with hor- 
ror and aſtoniſhment by the conſuls, and 
the Bacchanalia were for ever baniſhed from 
Rome by a decree of the ſenate. They 
were again reinſtituted there in length of 
time, but not with ſuch licentiouſneſs as 
before. 

Diöxvsipks, two ſmall iflands near 
Crete Feſtivals in honor of Bacchus. 
Pauſ. 3, c. 13. 7 

D16xYs1As, a fountain, Pau. 4, c. 36. 

Dis xv sts, a tragic poet of Tarſus. 

DibnY>iobokus, a famous geometer, 
Pin. 2, c. 109. A Baotian hiſtorian. 
Died. 15. A Tarcntine who obtained a 
Ecize at Olympia in the tooth Olympiad. 

DrionYs10N, a teinple of Bacchus in 
Attica. Par. 1, c. 43. 

DionYsiPGLIs, a town of Thrace. 
Alla. 2, c. 2. 


Dioxrslus ift, or the elder, was ſon of | 


The Dionyſia ara 


D I 


Hermocrates. He ſignalized himſelf in the 
wars which the Syracuſans carried on againſt 
the Carthagians, and taking advantage of 
the power lodged in his hands, he made 


himſelf abſolute at Syracuſe, To ſtrengthen 
himſelf in his uſurpation and acquire po- 


pularity, he, encreafed the pay of the fol. 


diers, and recalled thoſe that had been ba- 
niſned. He vowed eternal enmity againſt 
Carthage, and experienced various ſucceſs 
in his wars againſt that republic. He was 
ambitious of being thought a poet, and his 
brother Theodorus was commiſhoned to gy 
to Olympia, and repeat there ſome verles in 


his name, with other competitors, for the 
poetical prizes, His expectations were 
fruſtrated, and his poetry was received 
with groans and hiſſes. He was not how- 
ever, ſo unſucceſsful at Athens, where 2 
poctical prize was publicly adjudged to 
one of his compoſitions. This victory gave 


him more pleaſure than all the viftories he 
had ever obtained in the field of battle, 
His tyranny and cruelty at home rendered 
hin: odious in the eyes of his ſubjects, and 
he became ſo ſuſpicious that he never ad- 
mitted his wife or children to his private 


appartments without a previous examination 
ot their garments. He never truſted his 
head to a barbcr, but always. burnt his 
beard, He made a ſubterraneous cave in a 
rock, ſaid to be ſtill extant, in the form of 
a human ear, which meaſured 80 feet in 


height and 250 in length. It was called 
the ear of Dionyſius. The ſounds of this 
ſubterraneous cave were all neceſſarily di- 
rected to one common tympanum which 
had a communication with an adjoining 
room where Dionyſius ſpent the greatel 
part of his time to hear whatever was faid 
by thoſe whom his ſuſpicion and crucity 
had confined in the appartments above. The 
artiſts that had been employed in making 


| this cave were all put to death by order of 


the tyrant, for fear of their revealing to what 
purpoſes a work of ſuch uncommon con- 
ſtruction was to be appropriated, His im- 
picty and ſacrilege were as conſpicuous 2 
his ſuſpicious credulity. He took a golden 
mantle trom the ſtatue of Jupirer, obſerving 
that the ſon of Saturn had too warm a co- 
vering for the ſummer, and too cold for the 
winter, and he placed one of wool inſtead. 
He alſo robbed Aſculapius of his golden 
beard, and plundercd the temple of Proſer- 
pine. He died of an indigeſtion in the 63d 
year of his age, B. C. 368, after a reign of 
38 years. Authors however are divided 
about the manner of his death, and ſome ate 
of opinion that he died a violent death. 
Some ſuppoſe that this tyrant invented the 
catapulia, an engine which proved of in- 


finite ſervice for the diſcharging of wen 


bf d. 
Dioa 
Keno 
Plut. 
firna! 
the 1 
ther 
of Di 
philol 
he ſt. 
adviſe 
and in 
conde! 
conler 
public 
on acc 
verely 
and hi 
Such : 
ſented 
ſome f 
rendere 
expelle 
Dion.) 
he beh 
and W. 
coverec 
pulſion, 
the Cor 
moleon 
He fled 
ſelf he 
that he 1 
as he CO 
he migh 
It is ſa 
Joy whe 
own cot 
a poetic 
as his fa 
ſeſs the 
Was fect 
Who, wh 
debauch 
aſked hi 
whether 
acted ſo 
No, anſy 
not the { 
plied the 
father of 
—Diod. 
Quintil. 8 
8208 
who left! 
ome, tt 
the Greek 
Poſitions 
e forme 
learned of 
mation fr 
_ ww 
Curing 24 


private 
nation 
ed his 
nt his 
ve in a 
rm of 
ſeet in 
called 
of this 
ly di- 
which 
joining 
preatel 
vas (aid 
cruclty 
e. The 
making 
order of 
to what 
n con- 
His im- 
uous 23 
A golden 
ſerving 
ma co- 
d for the 
| inſtead, 
5 golden 
Proſer- 
the 63d 
reign o 
divided 
ſome ate 
it death, 
ented the 
d of in- 
* (ſhowers 
of 


91 
df darts and ſtones in the time of a fiege. 
Died. 13, 14, Sc — Juin. 20, c. I, Sc.— 
Tenoplion. Hi. Græc.— C. Nep. Timol.— 
Plut. in Dion. The ſecond of that name, 
firnamed the younger, was ſon of Dionyſius 
the 1ſt, by Doris. He ſucceeded his fa- 
ther as tyrant of Sicily, and by the advice 
of Dion his brother-in-law, he invited the 
philoſopher Plato to his court, under whom 
he ſtudied for a while. The philoſopher 
adviſed him to lay aſide the ſupreme power, 
and in his admonitions he was warmly fſe- 
conded by Dion. Dionyſus refuſed to 
conſent, and ſoon after Plato was ſeized and 
publicly ſold as a flave. Dion likewiſc, 
on account of his great popularity, was ſe- 
verely abuſed and infulted in his family, 
and his wife given in marriage to another. 
Such a violent behaviour was highly re- 
ſented ; Dion, who was banithed, collected 
ſome forces in Greece, and in three days 
rendered himſelf maſter of Syracuſe, and 
expelled the tyrant B. C. 357. [Vid. 
Dion.] Dionyhus retired to Locri, where 
he behaved with the greateſt oppreſſion, 
and was ejected by the citizens, He re- 
covered Syracuſe ten years aſter his ex- 
pulſion, but his triumph was thort, and 
the Corinthians under the conduct of Ti- 
moleon obliged him to abandon the city. 
He fled to Corinth, where to ſupport him- 
ſelf he kept a ſchool, as Cicero obſerves, 
that he might ſtil] continue to be tyrant; and 
as he could not command over men, that 
he might ſtill exerciſe his power over boys. 
It is ſaid that he died from an exceſs of 
Joy when he heard that a tragedy of his 


own compoſition had been rewarded with 


a poetical prize. Dionyſius was as cruel 
as his father, but he did not like him poſ- 
ſeſs the art of retaining his power. This 
was ſeen and remarked by the old man, 
who, when he ſaw his ſon attempting to 
debauch the wives of ſome of his ſubjects, 
akked him with the greateſt indignation, 
Whether he had ever heard of his having 
acted fo brutal a part in his younger days? 
No, anſwered the ſon, becauſe you were 
not the fon of a king. Well, my ſon, re- 
plied the old man, never ſhalt thou be the 
father of a king. Juſtin: 21, c. 1, 2, &c. 
—Died. 15, &c.— lian. V. H. 9, c. 8.— 
Cuintil. 8, c. 6.—C. Nep. in Dion. —Cic, Tuſc. 
5 C. 2. An hiſtorian of Halicarnaſſus, 
Who left his country and came to reſide at 
Rome, that he might carefully ſtudy all 
the Greek and Latin writers, whoſe com- 
poſitions treated of the Roman hiſtory. 
He formed an acquaintance with all the 
learned of the age, and derived much infor- 
mation from their company and converſa- 
tion, After an unremitted application, 


during 24 years, he gave to the world his | 


D 1 
Roman antiquities in 20 books, of whick 
only the 17 firſt are now extant, nearly con- 
taining the account of 312 years. His 
compoſition has been greatly valued by the 
antients as well as the moderns for the 
eaſineſs of his ſtile, the fidelity of his chro- 
nology, and the judiciouſneſs of his re- 
marks and criticiſm. Like a faithful hiſto- 
rian, he never mentioned any thing, but 
what was authenticated, and totally diſ- 
regarded the fabulous traditionswhich fill and 
diſgrace the pages of both his predeceſſors 
and followers. . To the merits of the ele- 
gant hiſtorian, Dionyſius, as may be ſeen 
in his treatiſes, has alſo added the equally 
reſpectable character of the e!oquent orator 
the critic, and the politician. He lived, 
during the Auguſtan age, and came to Rome 
about 30 years before the Chriſtian era. 
The beſt editions of his works are that of 
Oxford, 2 vols. fol. 1704, and that of Reiſkeg 
6 vols. 8vo. Lipſ. 1774.——A tyrant of 
Heraclea in Pontus in the age of Alexander 
the Great. After the death of the con- 
queror and of Perdiccas, he married Ameſ- 
tris, the niece of king Darius, and aſſumed 
the title of king. He was of ſuch an un- 
common corpulence that he never expoſed 
his perſon in public, and when he gave au- 
dience to foreign ambaſſadors he always 
placed himſelf in a chair which was con- 
veniently made to hide his face and perſon 
from the eyes of the ſpectators. When he 
was aflecp it was impoſſible to awake him 
without boring his fleſh with pins. He 
died in the 55th year 'of his age. As his 
reign was remarkable for mildneſs and po- 
pularity, his death was ſevercly lamented 
by his ſubjects, He left two ſons and a 
daughter, and appointed his widow queen- 
regent, A ſirname of Bacchus. A diſ- 
ciple of Chæremon. A native of Chalcis, 
who wrote a book intitled reti or the 
origins of cities, A commander of the 
Tonian fleet againſt the Perſians, who went 
to plunder Phœnicia. Heredet. 6, c. 17. 
A general of Antiochus Hierax. A 
philoſopher of Heraclea, diſciple to Zeno. 
He ſtarved himſelf to death, B. C. 279, 
in the 8 1ſt year of his age. Diog. An 
epic poet of Mitylene. A ſophiſt of 
Pergamus. Strab. 1 5 A writer in the 
Auguſtan age called Periegetes. He wrote 
a geographical treatiſe in Greek hexame- 
ters, till extant. The beſt edition of his 
treatiſe is that of Henry Stephens, 4to. 1577, 
with the ſcholia, and that of Hill, 8vo. 
Lond. 1688, A Chriſtian writer A. D. 
492, called Areopagita, The beſt edition of 
his works is that of Antwerp, 2 vols. fol. 
1634. The muſic maſter of Epaminon- 
das, C. Nep. A celebrated critic. [ Vid. 


Longinus.]-—A rhetoxician of Magne- 
= 1 4.— 


—— —-¼ 


DI 


fa. A Mc Tenian madman, &c. Plut. in 
Mew ——-: \ native of Thracc, generally 
called the Rhodian, becauſe he lived there. 
He wrote ſome grammatical treatiſes and 
commentaries, B. C. 64. Strab. 14. A 
painter of Colophon. 

DiZyninegs, a man who joined Pelo- 
ponneſus to the Achæan league. Par. 8, 
c. 30.——A rhetorician intimate with Tib. 
Gracchus. Plut. in Gracch. 

DibrnAanTus, an Athenian general of 
the Greek mercenary troops in the ſervice 
of Nectanebus, king of Egypt. Died. 16. 
A Greek orator of Mitylene, precep- 
tor to Tib. Gracchus. Cie. in Brut. A 
native of Alexandria in the fourth century. 
He wrote 13 books of arithmetical queſ- 
tions, of which 6 are till extant, the beſt 
edition of which is that in folio, Toloſz, 
1670. 

Dioroetxts, a noble ſculptor of Crete. 
Plin. 36, c. 4. 

Dior is, a name given to Cabira, a 
town of Paphlagonia, by Pompry. Strab. 
12. 

DioREs, a friend of Ancas, killed by 
Turnus. He had engaged in the games ex- 
nibited by Encas, on his father's tomb in 
Sicily. PFirg. An. 5, v. 297. I. 12, v. 509. 

DioxYC1vs, a place of Acarnania, where 
a canal was cut (a vee) to make Leu- 
cadia an iſland. Pn. 4, c. 1. 

DroscorkipEes, a native of Cilicia, 
who was phyſician to Antony and Cleopa- 
tra, or lived as ſome ſuppoſe in the age of 
Nero, He was originally a ſoldier, but af- 
terwards he applied himſelf to ſtudy, and 
wrote a book upon medicinal - herbs, of 
which the beſt edition is that of Saracenus, 
fol. Francof. 1598. A man who wrote 
an account of the republic of Lacedzmon. 
A nephew of Antigonus. Died. 19.— 
A Cyprian, blind of one eye, in the age of 
Ptolemy Philadelphus. A diſciple of 
Iſocrates. An aſtrologer, ſent ambaſſa- 
dor by J. Czfar to Achillas, & c. Cæſ. Bell. 
Civ. 3, c. tog. 

Dr1oscokinis INsVLA, an iſland ſituate 
at the ſouth of the entrance of the Arabic 
Gulph, and now called S4corara. 

Droscuni, or ſons of Jupiter, a name 
given to Cattor and Pollux. There were 
feſtivals in their honor, called Dieſcuria, 
celebrated by the people of Corcyra, and 
chiefly by the Lacedæmonians. They were 
obferved with much jovial feſtivity. The 
people made a free ule of the gifts of Bac- 
chus, and diverted themſelves with ſports, 
of which wreitling matches always made 
a part, 

DrioscUR1As, a town of Colchis. Plin, 
6, c. 28. 

Diosr lor, a town of Meſopotamia, 


hs 


Drosn$Lrs, or Tyzn x, a famous eity ff 
Egypt, formerly called Hecatompylos. Vid, 
Thebæ. 

Drotiux, a woman who gave lectures 
upon philoſophy, which Socrates attended. 
Plat. in Symp. N 
DroTiMus, an Athenian ſkilled in ma- 
ritime affairs, &c. Polyen. 5. A ſtoie 
who florithed 85, B. C. 

D1oTREPHES, an Athenian officer, &c. 
Thucyd. 3, C. 75. 

Dioxirer, one of the Danaides. Ape/- 

lod. 2, C. I. 
Dioxiyeus, a ſoldier of Alexander, 
who killed one of his fellow foldiers in- 
fury, &c. Alian. An Athenian boxer, 
&c. Died. 17. A Trojan killed by Tur 
nus. Firg. Mn. q, v. 574. 

Diy x, a place of Peloponneſus, when 
a battle was fought between the Arcadians 
and Spartans. Herodot. 9, c. 35. 

DieHiLaAs, a man ſent to Rhodes by the 
Spartans to deſtroy the Athenian faction 
there. Died. 14. A governor of Baby- 
lon in the intereſt of Antigonus II. 19, 
An hiſtorian. 

Diyrait vs, an Athenian general, A. U. C. 
311. An architect ſo flow in finiſh» 
ing his works that Diphils tardior became 
1 proverb. Cic, ad fratr. 3. A tragic 
writer, 

DieHoribas, one of the Ephori 4 
Sparta, Plut, in Ageſ. 

Dirortxz, a town of Arcadia, Pai. 
6, © IT; 

DiyeGvL1s, a name given to Lemnos, 1 
having two cities, Hephæſtia and Myrina. 

DiesAs /antis), à river of Cilicia flow 
ing from mount Taurus. Lucan. 8, v. 255 
{adis), a profligate and incontinent 
woman mentioned by Ovid. Am. 1, .. 
A kind of ſerpent, Lucan. 9. 

DieyLox, one of the gates of Athens. 

Dix, the daughter of Acheron and 
Nox, who perſecuted the ſouls of the guilty. 
They are the ſame as the Furies, and ſome 
ſuppoſe that they are called Furies in hel 
Harpies on earth, and Dire in heaven, 
Virg. Zn. 4, v. 473. l. 8, v. 701. 

Dick, a woman whom Lycus, king of 
Thebes, married aftcr he had divorced An- 
tiope. When Antiope became pregnant 
by Jupiter, Dirce ſuſpected her huſband of 
inſidelity to her bed, and impriſoned An- 
tiope, whom ſhe tormented with the great- 
eſt cruelty. Antiope eſcaped from her 
confinement, and brought forth Amphion 
and Zethus on mount Cithæron. Wbes 
theſe children were informed of the cruel 
ties to which their mother had been ex- 
poſed, they beſieged Thebes, put Lycus te 
death, and tied the cruel Dirce to the tail 


Fin. 6, c. 26. 


of a wild bull, who dragged her over __ 
al 


= 


Jupitet 
the 80 
quarre! 
Thetis 
cord 
glect ſo 
into the 
with the 
apple w. 
ot infini 
Paris. } | 
ly look, 
tparkle 
holds a 
generall 
Is attend 
to be the 
ariſe upo 
Virg. E,. 
—Petrani 
Driruv 
hence th 
called Dit 
Dirra 
Div, 
thoſe who 
luch as he! 
and Penate 
DrivirI. 
with Cæſat 
Div M, 
were hot b: 
montory of 
a. [iv., 
Divory 
Metz in Lo 


— . —ñ— ͤ 


a 


and precipices, and expoſed her to the moſt 


1 poignant pains till the gods pitying her fate, 
changed her into a fountain, in the neigh- 
4 bourhood of Thebes. According to ſome 
d. accounts Antiope was mother to Amphion 
and Zethus, before ſhe was confined and 
- expoſed to the tyranny of Dirce. Vi. 
oit Amphion, Antiope. } Propert. 3, el. 15, v. 37. 
—Pauf. 9, c. 26, lian. V. H. 12, c. 57. 
Lo. —Lucan. 3, v. 175. I. 4, v. 550. 
DixcENNA, a cold fountain of Spain, 
pale near Bilbilis. Martial. 1, ep. 50, v. 17. 
DirPHYTA, a firname of Juno, from 
der, Dirphya, a mountain of Bœotia, where the 
in 4 goddeſs had a temple. 
very Dis, a god of the Gauls, the ſame as 
Tu- pluto the god of hell. The inhabitants of 
Gaul ſuppoſed themſelves deſcended from 
phert that deity. Cæſ. Bell. G. 6, —[ acit. 4, Hift. 
dians « 34. 
DiscoRDIA, a malevolent deity, dangh-- 
y the ter of Nox, and ſiſter to Nemeſis, the Parcæ 
action and Death, She was driven from heaven by 
Baby - Jupiter, becauſe ſhe ſowed diſſenſions among 
d. 19. the gods, and was the cauſe of continual 
quarrels. When the nuptials of Peleus and 
U. e. Theris were celebrated, the goddeſs of diſ- 
finiſh- cord was not invited, and this ſeeming ne- 
zecame glect ſo irritated her that ſhe threw an apple 
tragic into the midſt of the aſſembly of the gods 
with the inſcription of detur pr/chriori, This 
hori 1 apple was the cauſe of the ruin of Troy, and 
of infinite misfortunes to the Greeks. Vid. 
Pau. Paris. She is repreſented with a pale ghaſt- 
ly look, her garment is torn, her eyes 
anos, 1 tparkle with fire, and in her boſom ſhe 
Ayrina. holds a dagger concealed. Her head is 
la flow generally entwined with ſerpents, and ſhe 
v. 255 is attended by Bellona. She is ſuppoſed 
continent to be the cauſe of all the diſſenſions which 
1, v. 8. ariſe upon earth, public as well as private. 
: Virg. u. 8, v. 702.—Heſied. Theogn. 225. 
Athens. —Petronius, 
ron 2 DiTHYRAMBUS, a ſirname of Bacchus, 
he guilt? whence the hymns ſung in his honor, were 
and ſome called Dirhyrambics. Horat. 4, od. 2. 
es in hell DiTTAN1, a people of Spain. 
a heaven, Divi, a name chiefly appropriated to 
. woſe who were made gods aſter death, 
s, king af ſuch as heroes, and warriors, or the Lares, 
orced An- and Penates, and other domeſtic gods. 
, pregnant Diviti&cus, one of the Ædui, intimate 
huſband of with Cæſar. Cic. 1. de div. 
ſoned An- Dion, a town of Eubœa, where there 
the great- were hot baths. Plin. 31, C. 2. A pro- 
from ber montory of Crete. A tuwn of Macedo- 
Amphion ma. Liv. 44, c. 7. c 
n. Whe DivorUuRUM, a town of Gaul, now 
the crud⸗ Metz in Lorrain. 
hcen ex- Divus Fivtvs, a god of the Sabines, 
t Lycus 9 Forthipped alſo at Rome. Diony/. 
to the tall DiyLLvus, an Athenian hiſtorian. D/od. 
Over ew WA fiatuary. Pau. 10, C. 13. 
au 


D O 


DokERESs, a people of Pæonia. 
65 C. 16. 

DociLrs, a gladiator at Rome mentioned 
by Horat. 1, ep. 18, v. 19. 

Docimvus, a man of Tarentum deprived 
of his military dignity by Philip, ſon of 
Amyntas, for indulging himſelf with hot 
baths. ' Polyzn. 4. An officer of Anti- 
gonus. Diod. 19. An officer of Perdic- 
cas, taken by Antigonus. 14. 18. 

Dopo x A, a town of Theſprotia in Epirus, 
or according to others in Theſſaly. There 
was in its neighbourhood a celebrated ora- 
cle of Jupiter. The town and temple of 
the god were firſt built by Deucalion, after 
the univerſal deluge. It was ſuppoſed to 
be the moſt ancient oracle of all Greece, and 
according to the traditions of the Egyptians 
mentioned by Herodotus, it was founded 
by a dove. Two black doves, as he relates, 
took their flight from the city of Thebes, 
in Egypt, one of which flew to the temple 
of Jupiter Ammon and the other to Dodona, 
where with a human voice they acquainted - 
the inhabitants of the country that Jupiter 
had conſecrated the ground, which in future 
would give oracles. The extenſive grove 
which ſurrounded Jupiter's temple was en- 
dowed with the gift of prophecy, and ora- 
cles were frequently delivered by the ſacred 
oaks, and the doves which inhabited the 
place. This fabulous tradition of the ora» 
cular power of the doves, is explained by 
Herodotus, who obſerves that ſome Phœni- 
clans carried away two prieſteſſes from 
Egypt, one of which went to fix her reſi- 
dence at Dodona, where the oracle was 
eſtabliſhed. It may further be obſerved 
that the fable might have been founded 
upon the double meaning of the word 
T*x:iat, Which ſignifies deves, in moſt parts 
of Grecce, while in the diale&t of the 
Epirots, it implics od women. In ancient 
times the oracles were delivered by the 
murmuring of a neighbouring fountzin, but 
the cuſtum was afterwards changed. Large 
kettles were ſuſpended in the air near a 
brazen ſtatue, which held a laſh in its hand. 
When the wind blew ſtrong, the ſtatue was 
agitated and ſtruck againſt one of the kettles, 
which communicated the motion to all 
the reſt, and raiſed that clattering and diſ- 
cordant din which continued for a while, 
and from which the artifice of the prietts 
drew their predictions. Some ſuppoſe that 
the noiſe was occaſioned by the ſhaking of 
the leaves and boughs of an old oak, 
which' the ſuperſtition of the people fre- 
quently conſulted, and from which they 
pretended to receive oracles. It may be 
obſerved with more probabilry that the 
oracles were delivered by the prieſts, who, 
by artfully congealing themſelves behind the 

oh © oaks, 


* 


Herodot. 


— 


— — 


89 


#2ks, gave occaſion to the ſuperſtitious mul- 
titude to believe that the trees were endow- 
ed with the power of prophecy. As the 
ſhip Argo was built with ſome of the oaks 
of the foreſt of Dudona, there were ſome 
beams which gave oracles to the Argonauts, 
and warned them againſt the approach of 
calamity. Within the foreſt of Dodona there 
was a ſtream and a fountain of cool water 
which had the power of lighting a torch as 
ſoon as it touched it. This fountain was 
totally dry at noon day, and was reſtored 
to its full courſe at midnight, from which 
time till the following noon it began to de- 
creaſe, and at the uſual hour was again de- 
prived of its waters. The oracles of Do- 
dona were generally delivered by women. 
{ Vid. Dodonides. ) Plin. 2, c. 103. — Herodot. 
2, c. 57.-—Mela. 2, c. 3.— Homer. Od. 14. 
J. —Pauf. 7, c. 21.—Strab., 19. —Plut. in 
Pyrrh,— Apolled. 1, e. 9.— Lucan. 6, v. 427. 
—Ovid. Tri. 4, el. 8, v. 23. 

Dõ p N Aus, a ſirname of Jupiter from 
Dodona. 

Dopoxe, a daughter of Jupiter and Eu- 
ropa. A fountain in the foreſt of Dodo- 
na. Vid. Dodona. 

DovponiDes, the prieſteſſes who gave 
oracles in the temple of Jupiter in Dodona. 
According to ſome traditions the temple 
was originally inhabited by ſeven daughters 
of Atlas, who nurſed Bacchus. Their names 
were Ambroſia, Eudora, Paſithoe, Pytho, 
Plexaure, Coronis, Tythe or Tyche. In 
the latter ages the oracles were always deli- 
vered by three old women, which cuſtom 
was firſt eſtabliſhed when Jupiter enjoyed 
the compauy of Dione, whom he permitted 
to receive divine honor in his temple at 
Dodona. The Bœotians were the only peo- 
ple of Greece who received their oracles at 
Dodona from men, for reaſons which S$/rabo 
J. 9, fully explains. 

Dori, a people of Arabia Felix. 

DoLABELLA P. Corn. a Roman who 
married the daughter of Cicero. During 
the civil wars he warmly eſpouſed the in- 
tereſt of J. Cæſar, whom he accompanied 
at the famous battles at Pharſalia, Atrica, 
and Munda. He was made conſul by his 
patron, though M. Antony his colleague op- 
poſed it. After the death of J. Cæſar, he 
received the government of Syria, as his 
province. Caſſius oppoſed his views, and 
Dolabella, for violence, and for the aſſaſſi- 
nation of Trebonius, one of Cæſar's mur- 
derers, was declared an enemy to the re- 
public of Rome, He was beheged by 
Caſſius in Laodicea, and when he ſaw that 
all was loſt, he killed himſelf, in the 27th 
year of his age. He was of a ſmall flature, 
which gave occaſion to his father-in-law to 
aſk bim once when he entered his houſe 


who lad tied him fo cleycrly to his ſword, | gences, He commanded himſe 


— — — — 4 — a1 


D O 


—— A proconſul of Africa. — Another ed 
who conquered the Gauls, Etrurians, and we 
Boii at the lake Vadimonis, B. C. 28 3.—— efl 
The family of the Dolabellz diſtinguiſhed the; 
themſelves at Rome, and one of them, I. ant! 
Corn. conquered Lufitania, B. C. 99. him 
DoL1cxaon, the father of the Hebrus, not 
&c. Virg. An. 10, v. 696. Dor 
DoLicHe, an ifland in the Egean fea, ties 
Apo/lod. 2, c. 6. A town of Syria aſtrc 
of Macedonia. Liv. 42, c. 53. ſting 
DoL1vs, a faithful ſervant of Ulyſſes, even 
Hom. Od. 4, v. 675. when 
DoLoMENA, a country of Aſſyria. Strab. with 
16. migh 
Dö tox, a Trojan famous for his ſwift- any b 
neſs. Being ſent by Hector to ſpy the Gre. tions 
cian camp by night, he was ſeized by Dio- hand 
medes and Ulyſſes, to whom he revealed A.D 
the ſituation, ſchemes,” and reſolutions of the x. 
his countrymen, with the hopes of eſcaping the 1 
with his life. He was put to death by for hi 
Diomedes, as a traitor. Homer. Il. 10, v. tie, v 
314.— ig. An. 12, v. 349, &c.—4 which 
poet. Vid. Suſarion. vent b 
Döroxci, a people of Thrace, Herede, elegan: 
6, c. 34. biograz 
DöLörs, a people of Theſſaly, near licly de 
mount Pindus. Peleus reigned there and nors w. 
ſent them to the Trojan war under Phenix, on hin 
They became alſo maſters of Scyros, and, open aj! 
like the reſt of the ancient Greeks, were This di 
fond of migration. Virg. An. 2, v. 7— ſentmen 
Face, 2, v. 10. Liv. 36, c. 33.—Strb. g. poſed to 
—Plut. in Cimon. once aſſ 
DöL& PIA, the country of the Dolopes, what ve 
near Pindus, through which the Achelous nientl 
flowed. ceived a 
DöLors, a Trojan, killed by Menelaus, when th 
Homer. Il. 15, v. 525. introduce 
Domipucvs, a god who preſided ove? With blac 
marriage, Juno alſo was called Domidica, ing taper 
from the power ſhe was ſuppoſed to have number e 
marriages, ſeribed tl 
Dominica, a daughter of Petronius, wi ſenators. 
married the emperor Valens. burſt int; 
DomiT1A Lex de Religione, was enafted With dra 
by Domitius Ahenobarbus, the tribune, and after 
A. U. C. 650. It transferred the right d the gueſts 
electing prieſts from the college to the pev- Such were 
ple. man, wh 
DouirrA Lonc1NA, a Roman lady wid looked up 
boaſted in her debaucheries. She was the and the x 
wife of the emperor Domitian. vet. in vi 
DomiT1Aanvs, Titus Flavius, ſon of Ve. : Domir 
paſian and Flavia Domitilla, made bimie ried Veſp; 
emperor of Rome, at the death of his bie Near after 
ther Titus, whom according to ſome ©* Domitian. 
counts he de ſtroyed by poiſon. The beg" mitian, by 
ning of his reign promiſed tranquillity to tit Dowir 
people, but their expectations wer? {00 iocletian 
fruſtrated. Domitian became cruel, 4 perial pu 
gave way to inceſtuous and unnatural 119 and ſuppo 


If to be cal 
2 


ſſes. 
tra, 


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Gre» 
Dio- 
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re and 
hœnix. 
85 and, 
3 were 
9. 7K 
trab. g. 


Dolopes, 
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ded ove? 
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o the pe 


1 lady wi 
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on of Ve 
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The beg" 
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were foot 

cruel, an 
tural ind 
f to be © 
of 


ed God and Lord in all the papers which 


. —— — —ę— 


D O 


were preſented to him. He paſſed the great- 
eft part of the day in catching flies and killing 
them with a bodkin, ſo that it was wittily 
an{wered by Vibius to a perſon who aſked 
him who was wit the emperor, no body, 
not even a fly. In the latter part of his reign 
Domitian became ſuſpicious, and his anxie- 
ties were increaſed by the predictions of 


aſtrologers, but ſtill more poignantly by the 
ſtings of remorſe. He was ſo diſtruſtful 
even when alone, that round the terrace, 
where he uſually walked, he built a wall 
with ſhining ſtones, that from them he 
might perceive as in a looking glaſs, whether 
any body followed him. All theſe precau- 
tions were unavailing, he periſhed by the 
hand of an aſſaſſin the :*th of September 
A. D. 96, in the 45th year of his age, and 
the 15tu of his reign. He was the laſt of 
the 12 Cæſars. He diſtinguiſhed. himſelf | 
for his love of learning, and in 2 little trea- 
tile, wich he wrote upon tac great Care | 
which ouglit to be taken of the hair to pre- 
vent baleneſs, he diſplayed much taſte and | 
eleganc*, according to the obſervations of his | 
brgraplcrs, Aſter his death he was pub- | 
licly deprived by the ſenate of all the ho- 
nors which had been profuicly heaped up- 
on nim, and even his body was left in the 
open air without the honors of a funeral, 
This diſgrace might proceed from the re- 
ſentment of the ſenators, whom he had ex- 
poſed to terror as well as to ridicule. He 
once aſſembled that auguſt body to know in 
what veſſel a turbot might be more conve- 
niently dreſſed. At another time they re- 
ceived a formal invitation to a feaſt, and 
when they arrived at the palace, they were 
introduced into a large gloomy hall hung 
with black, and lighted with a few glimmer- 
ing tapers, In the middle was placed a 
number of coffins, on cach of which was in- 
ſcribed the name of ſome one of the invited 
ſenators. On a ſudden a number of men 
burſt into the room, cloathed in black, 
with drawn ſwords and flaming torches, 
and after they had for ſome time terrified 
the gueſts, they permitted them to retire, 
Such were the amuſements and cruelties of a 
man, who in the firſt part of his reign was 
looked upon as the Ether of his people, 
and the reſtorer of learning and liberty. 
Suet. in vita. —Eutrop. 7. 
DouiriLLA, Flavia, a woman who mar- 
ried Veſpaſian, by whom ſhe had Titus a 
year after her marriage, and 11 years after 
Domitian, A niece of the emperor Do- 
mitian, by whom ſhe was baniſhed. 
DomiTtrivs DouiriANus, a general of 
Diocletian in Egypt. He aſſumed the im- 
perial purple at Alexandria A. D. 288, 
and ſuppofted the dignity of emperor for | 


Epirus. Liv. 8, c. 17. 


D O 


about two years. He died a violent death. 
Lucius. Vid. Enoberbus. Cn. - 
nobarbus, a Roman conſul, who conquered 
Bituitus the Gaul, and left 20,000 ot the 
enemy on the field of battle, and took 
3000 priſoners. A grammarian in the 
reign of Adrian, He was remarkable for 
his virtues, and his melancholy diſpoſition. 
A Roman who revolted from Antony 
to Auguſtus. He was at the battle of Phar- 
ſalia, and forced Pompey to fight by the 
mere force of his ridicule ——The father 
of Nero, famous for his cruelties and debau- 
cheries. Svet. in Ver. A tribune of the 
people who conquered the Allobroges. Plut. 
A conſul, during whoſe conſulate peace 
was concluded with Alexander king of 
A conſul under 
Caligula, He wrote ſome few things now 
loſt, A Latin poet called alſo Marſus 
m the age of Horace, He wrote epigrams, 
Ovid. de Pont. 4 el. 16, v. 5. Afer, an 
orator, who was preceptor to Quintilian, 
ne diigraced his talents by his adulation, 
and by praci.ling the arts of an informer un- 
der Tiberius and his ſucceſſors. He was 
made a conſul by Nero, and died A. D. 
59- 


ALrivs DowATvs, a grammarian, who 
tioriſhed A.D. 353. 

DonitAvs, a prince of Gallogrzcia, 
who aſhited Pompey with 300 horſemen 
againſt J. Cæſar. 

Do N ü ca, a mountain of Thrace, Liv. 
40% C. 57. 

D8nwYsa, one of the Cyclades, in the 
Fgean, where green marble is found. Vg. 
En. 3, v. 125. 

Dokacr, an iſland in the Perſian 
gulph. 

D6xzts, the inhabitants of Doris. 
Doris. 

Dori & Dok, a part of Achaia near 
Athens. 

Doxricvs, an epithet applied not only to 
Doris, but to all the Greeks in general. 
Virg. An. 2, v. 27. 

DoxrItnsts, a people of Crete of 
Cyrene. | 

Doktus, a ſon of Anaxandridas, wha 
went with a colony into Sicily becauſe he 
could not hear to be under his brother at 


Vid, 


home. Herodot. 5. c. 42, &c.— Pau. 3, c. 
3 & 16, &c. A ſon of Diagoras of 
Rhodes. Pauſ. 6, c. 7. 


Dor1L as, a rich Libyan prince, killed 
in the court af Cepheus. 1d. Met. 5. 


Fab. 4. 


Donis, a general of the great Mi- 
thridates. 

Dox1oN, a town of Theſſaly, where 
Thamyras the muſician challenged the Muſes 
to a trial of ſkill, Stat. Theb, 4, v. 182.— 

-» Propert, 


D O 


Propert. 2, el. 22, v. 19.—Lucan 6, v. 
352. 

Dönts, a country of Greece, between 
Phocis, Theſſaly, and Acarnania. It re- 
ceived its name from Dorus the ſon of 
Deucalion, who made a ſettlement there. 
It was called Tetrapolis, from the four cities 
of Pindus or Dryopis, Erincum, Cytinium, 
Borium, which it contained, To theſe four 
ſome add Lilzum and Carphia, and there- 
fore call it Hexapolis. The name of Doris 
has been common to many parts of Greece. 
The Dorians, in the age of Deucalion, inha- 
bited Phthiotis, which they exchanged for 
Hiſtizotis, in the age of Dorus. From 
thence they were driven by the Cadmeans, 
and came to ſcttle near the town of Pindus. 
From thence they paſſed into Dryopis, and 
afterwards into Peloponneſus. Hercules 
having re-eſtabliſhed Agimius king of 
Phthiotis or Doris, who had been driven 
from his country by the Lapithæ, the grate- 
ful King appointed Hyllus, the fon of his 
patron, tv be his ſucceſſor, and the Hera- 
clidz marched from that part of the country 
to go to recover Peloponneſus, The Do- 
riars icnt many colonies into different 
places, which bote the ſame name as their 
native countrv. The moſt famous of theſe 
is Dcris in --:fia Min, of which Ralicar- 
naſſus was once the capital, This part of 
Aſia Minor was called Hexzpolis, and after- 
ward: Pentapolis, alter the excluton of Ha- 
Iicarnaiius. S214), gz &c.—Virg. Ln, 2, 
v. 27.—Plin, 5, c 29.— 4p 2.—tle- 
rodgt. 1, c. 144. |. , . 31.—-A goddeſs 
of the ſca, daughter of Oceanus and Tethys. 
She married her brother Nercus, by whom 
ſhe had 50 daughters called Nereides. Her 
name is often uſcd to expreſs the fea it ic li. 
Propert. f, el. 17, v. 25.—Virg. Ecl. 10.— 
H. ſiod. [heog. A woman of Locri, daugh- 
ter of Xeactus, whom Dionyſus the elder, 
of Sicily, married the ſame day with Aril- 
tomache. Cir, Tuf. 5: 

Dor1scus, a place of Thrace near the 
ſea, where Xerxcs. numbered his forces. 
Herodot. 7, c. 59. 

Dokl um, a town of Peloponneſus. Pauſ. 
4, Cc. 33-—— One of the Danaides. Apollad. 

Dokius, a mountain of Aha Minor. 
Pauſ. 6, c. 3. 

DoxsEtinus, a comic poet of great me- 
rit in the Auguſtan age. Plin. 14, c. 13. 
—FHorat. 2, ep. 10. 173. 

Dokso, CG; Fabius, a Roman, who when 
Rome was in the poſſoſſion of the Gauls, iſ- 
ſued ſrom the capitol, which was then be- 
ſieged, to go and offer a ſacrifice, which was 
10 be offered on mount Quirinalis. He 
dreſſed himſelf in faccrdotal robes, and 
carrying on his ſhoulders the ſtatues of his 


country gods, paſſed through the guards of 


D R 


the enemy, without betraying the leaft ſigns 
of fear. When he had finiſhed his ſacrifice, 
he returned to the capitol unmoleſted by 
the enemy, who were aſtoniſhed at hiz 
boldneſs, and did nut obſtruct his paſſage 
or moleſt his ſacrifice. Liv. 5, c. 46. 

Doxvs, a ſon of Hellen, or according to 
others of Deucalion, who left Phthiotis, 
where his father reigned, and went to make 
a ſettlement with ſome of his companions 
near mount Offa, The country was called 
Doris, and the inhabitants Dorians. Herodot. 


r, c. 56, &c. A city of Phœnieia, whoſe 
inhabitants are called Dorienſes. Pay. 10, 
c. 24. 


Doxvasus, a Spartan, father to Ageſi- 
laus. 

DVxsycLvs, an illegitimate ſon of Priam, 
killed by Ajax in the Trojan war. Homer, 


Il. 11. A brother of Phineus king of 
Thrace, who married Beroe. Virg. An. 5, 
v. 620. x 


DoxYLEauM & Dokus, a city af 
Phrygia, now Efki Shekr. Plin. 5, c. 29. 
ic. Flacc. 17. 

DorYLas, one of the Centaurs killed by 
Ti:efeus. Ovid. Met. 12, v. 180. 

DorYLArs, a warlike perſon, intimate 
with Mithridates Evergetes, and general of 
the Cnoſhans, B. C. 125. Strab. 10. 

Dor vy3sus, a king of Lacædemon, killed 
in a tumult. Pau. 3, c. 2. 

Dosc1, a people near the Euxine. 

Dos1aDas, a poet who wrote a piece of 
poetry in the form of an altar (8&0;) which 
Theocritus has imitated. 

Dos1aDEs, a Greek, who wrote an hiſ- 
tory of Crete, Died, 5. 

Dosox, a firname of Antigonus, becaule 
he promiſed and never performed. 

Dosstnus. Vid. Dorſennus. 

Dor A pas, a king of Meſſenia, &c. Pai/, 
& C. 3. 

Doro, one of the Nereides. Virg. n. 
9, V. 102. 

Dorus, a general of the Paphlagonians, 
in the army of Xerxes. Herodot. 7, c. 7% 

Doxax DER, a man mentioned by Af. 
5 Polit. : 

Dracainus, a mountain where Jupiter 
took Bacchus from his thigh. Theccrit. 

Dx aco, a celebrated lawgiver of Athens. 
When he exerciſed the office of archon, be 
made a code of laws, B. C. 623, for the 
uſe of the citizens, which, on account 9 
their ſeverity, were ſaid to be written in lct- 
ters of blood. By them, idleneſs was pu- 
niſhed with as much ſeverity as murder, an 
death was denounced againſt the one as We 
as the other. Such a code of rigorous laws 
gave occaſion to a certain Athenian to aſk « 
the legiſlator, why he was fo ſevere in his 
puniſhments, and Draco gave for anſwers 


chat 


— 


cd by 


mate 
al of 


Killed 


ece of 


Which 
n hiſ- 


ecaule 


Pai, 
7 fn, 


2n1ands 
c. 72. 
Anf. 


Jupiter 
vit. 
\ thens. 
on, he 
for the 
unt of 
in let- 
as pu- 
cry — 
as well 
us laws 
) aſk of 
in his 
anſwer, 
dat 


. 


tart as the ſmalleſt tranſgreſſion had appeared | 


to him deſerving death, he could not find 
any puniſhment more rigorous for more a- 
trocious crimes. Theſe Jaws were at firſt 
enforced, but they were often neglected on 
account of their extreme ſeverity, and Solan 
totally aboliſhed them, except that one 
which puniſhed a murderer with death 
The popularity of Draco was uncommon, 
but the gratitude of his admirers Dos ed fa- 
tal to him. When once he appcarcd on the 
theatre, he was received with repeated ap- 
plauſe, and the people, according to the 
cuſtom of the Athenians, ſhowed their re 
ſpect to their lawgiver, by throwing gar- 
ments upon him. This was done in tuch 
profuſion, that Draco was ſoon hid undei 
them, and ſmothered by the too great vene- 
ration of his citizens. Plut. in Sol. A 
man who inſtructed Plato in muſic. Id. d- 
Muſic. 

DzaaconTiDEs, a wicked citizen of 
Athens. Plut. in Soph. 

Dzacvs, a general of the Achæans, con- 
quered by Mummius. 

DRANCES, a friend of Latinus, remark - 
able for his weakneſs and eloquence. He 
ſhowed himſelf an obſtinate opponent to 
the violent meaſures which Turnus purſued 
againſt the Trojans, &c. Virg. An. 11, 


„ 123. 
DzaanGINA, a province of Perka, 
Dio. 17. ; 


D&APEs, a ſeditious Gaul, &c. Cæſ. Bell. 
Gall. 8, c. 30. uy 

Dravvus, a river of Noricum, which falls 

into the Danube at Murſa. 
De E ANA & DrtrAnum, now Trapani, 
a town of Sicily near mount Eryx, in the 
form of a ſcythe, whence its name, (TIperravoy, 
falx.) Aachiſes died there, in his voyage 
to Italy with his fon Aneas. The Romans 
under Cl. Pulcher were defeated near the 
coaſt, B. C. 249, by the Carthaginian ge- 
neral Adherbal. Virg. An. z, v. 707.— 
Cic. Verr. 2, c. 57. — Ovid. Faſt. 4, v. 474. 
——A promontory of Peloponneſus. 

Dx1Lo, a river of Macedonia, which falls 
into the Adriatic at Liſſus. 

DRiuAcuus, a famous robber of Chios. 
When a price was ſe upon his head, he or- 
dered a young man to cut it off and go and 
receive the money, Such an uncommon 
jnſtance of generofity ſo pleaſed the Chians, 
that they raiſed a temple to his memory, 
and honored him as a god. Athen. 13. 

DRixus, a ſmall river falling into the 
Save and Danube. 

DRlöribEs, an Athenian ambaſſador 
ſent to Darius when the peace with Alex- 
ander had been violated. Curt. 3, C. 13. 

Dz10s, a mountain of Arcadia. 


—_— 


D R 


Dzor, a people of Thrace. 
Cc. tor. 

Dromevs, a firname of Apollo in 
Crete. 

Dope, a people of Perſia, 
% C. 15. 

DRroP1oN, a king of Pæonia. Pauf. 10, 
e. 13. 

DzxutenTivs & DRUENTIA, now Do- 
rance, a rapid river of Gaul, which falls 
into the Rhone, between Arles and Avig= 
non. /. Ital. 3, v. 468.—Strab. 4. 

IRUGERI, a people of Thrace. Plin. 4, 
e. t. 

DRrulpa, the minifters of religion among 
the ancient Gauls and Britons. They were 
divided into ditterent claſſes, called the Bar- 
di, Eubages, the Vates, the Semnothei, the 
Sarronides, and the Samothei. They were 
held in the greateſt veneration by the people, 
Their life was auſtere and recluſe from the 
world, their drefs was peculiar to themſelves, 
and they generally appeared with a tunic 
which reached a little below the knee. As 
the chief power was lodged in their hands, 
they puniſhed as they pleaſed, and could de- 
clare war and make peace at their option. 
Their power was extended not only over 
private families, but they could depote ma- 
giſtrates and even Kings, if their actions in 
any manner deviated from the laws of the 
ſtate.» They had the privilege of naming 
the magiſtrates which annually preſided over 
the cities, and the kings were created only 
with their approbation. They were en- 
truſted with the education of youth, and all 
religious ceremonies, feſtivals and ſacrifices 
were under their peculiar care, They taught 
the doctrine of the metempſychoits, and 
believed the immortality of rhe foul, They 
were profcſſionally acquainted with the art 
of magic, and from their knowledge of 
aſtrology, they drew omens and ſaw futu- 
rity revealed before their eyes. In their 
ſacrihces they often immolated human vie- 
tims to their gods, a barbarous cuſtom 
which continued long among them, and 
which the Roman emperors attempted to 
aboliſh to little purpoſe. The power and 
privileges which they enjoyed were beheld 
with admiration by their countrymen, and 
as their office was open to every rank and 
every ſtation, there were many who daily 
propoſed themſelves as candidates to enter 
upon this important function. The rigor, 
huwever, and ſeverity. of a long noviciate 
deterred many, and few were willing to at- 
tempt a labor, which enjoined them during 
15 or 20 years to load their memory with 
the long and tedious maxims of druidical 
religion. Their name is derived from the 


Thucyd. 2z 


Herodst. 


Greck word due an oak, becauſe the woods 


T4 aud 


D R 


und ſolitary retreats were the places of their 
reſidence. Cf. bell. G. 6, c. 13.—Plin. 
16, c. 44.— Diod. 5. 

Dzxuna, the Drome, a river of Gaul, 
falling into the Rhone. 

DzxvsiLLAa Livia, a daughter of Ger- 
manicus and Agrippina, famous for her de- 
baucheries and licentiouſneſs. She com- 
mitted inceſt with her brother Caligula, who 
was ſo tenderly attached to her that in a 
dangerous illneſs he made her heireſs of all 
bis poſſeſſions, and commanded that ſhe 
ſnhould ſucceed him ia the Roman empire. 
She died A. D. 38, in the 23d year of her 
age, and was deified by her brother Cali- 
gula, who ſurvived her for ſome time. 
A daughter of Agrippa king of Judea, &c. 

Dxuso, an unſkilful hiſtorian and mean 
uſurper, who obliged his debtors, when 
they could not pay him, to hear him read 
his compoſitions, to draw from them praiſes 
and flattery. Herat. 1, Sat. 3, v. 86. 

DRõsus, a ſon of Tiberius and V ipſania, 
who made himſelf famous by his inttepi- 
dity and courage in the provinces of Illy- 
ricum and Pannonia. He was raiſed to the 
greateſt honors of the ſtate by his father, but 
2 blow which he gave to Sejanus, an auda- 
cious libertine, proved his ruin. Sejanus 
corrupted Livia the wife of Druſus, and in 
conjunction with her he cauſed him to be 
Poiſoned by an cunuch, A. D. 23. A 
ſon of Germanicus and Agrippina, who en- 
Joyed offices of the greateſt truſt under Ti- 
berius. His enemy Sejanus, however, ef- 
fected his ruin by his inſinuations; Druſus 
was confined by Tiberius and deprived of 
all aliment. He was found dead nine days 
after his confinement, A. D. 33. A ſon 
of the emperor Claudius, who died by 
ſwallowing a pear thrown in the air. 
An ambitious Roman, grandfather to Cato. 
He was killed for his ſeditious conduct. 
Paterc. 1, c. 13. Livius, father of Ju- 
La Auguſta, was intimate with Brutus, and 
killed himfelf with him after the battle of 
Philippi. Paterc. 2, c. 71. M. Livius, 
a celebrated Roman who renewed the pro- 
poſals of the Agrarian laws, which had pro- 


ved fatal to the Gracch i. He was murdered 


as he entered his houſe, though he was at- 
tended with a number of clients and Latins, 
to whom he had propoſed the privileges of 
Roman citizens, B. C. 190. Cc. ad Her. 
4 . 133: Nero Claudius, a ſon of Ti- 
berius Nero and Livin, adopted by Auguſtus, 
He was brother to Tiberius, who was after- 
wards made emperor, IIe greatly ſignalized 
Himſelf in his wars in Germany and Gaul 
againſt the Rhæti and Vindelici, and was 
I 910red with a triumph. He died of a fall 
from his horſe in the zoth year of his age, 
B. C. 9. He left three children, Germani- 
cus, Livia, and Claudius, by his wife An- 


953 


tonia. Dion. M. Livius Salinator, 2 
conſul who conquered Aſdrubal with his 
colleague Claudius Nero. Horat./4, od. 4. 
Virg. u. 6, v. 824. Caius, an hiſto- 
rian, who being one day miſſed from his 
cradle, was found the next on the higheſt 
part of the houſe, with his face turned to- 
wards the ſun. Marcus, a prztor, &c, 
Cic. ad Her. 2, c. 13. The plebeian fa- 
mily of the Druſi produced eight conſuls, 
two cenſors, and one dictator. The firname 
of Druſus was given to the family of the 
Livii, as ſome ſuppoſe, becauſe one of them 
killed a Gauliſh leader of that name. Ving. 
in6 An. v. $24, mentions the Druſi among 
the illuſtrious Romans, and that perhaps 
more particularly becauſe the wife of Au- 
guſtus was of that family. 

DRvAbks, nymphs that preſided over 
the woods. Oblations of milk, oil, and ho- 
ney, were offered to them, and ſometimes 
the votaries ſacrificed a goat. Vg. G. 1, 
v. 11. 0 


curgus, king of Thrace, ſon of Dryas. He 
cut his legs as he attempted to deſtroy the 
vines, that no libations might be made to 
Bacchus. Ovid. in Ib. v. 345. 

Dzrvyas, a ſon of Hippolochus, who was 
father to Lycurgus. He went with Eteocles 
to the Theban war, where he periſhed. 
Stat. Theb. 8, v. 355. A ſon of Mars, 
who went to the chace of the Calydonian 
boar. Apollod. 1, c. 8. A centaur at 
the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid. Met. 12, 
v. 296. A daughter of Faunus, who ſo 
hated the fight of men, that ſhe never ap- 
peared in public. A ſon of Lycurgus, 
killed by his own father in a fury. Apollo. 
3, c. 5.-——A ſon of Ægyptus, murdered 
by his wife Eurydice. Id. 2, c. 1. 

DRY NMEA, a town of Phocis. Pauſ. 10, 
6. . 

DRvuo, a ſea nymph, one of the atten- 
dants of Cyrene. Virg. G. 4. v. 536. 

Dzxymus, a town between Attica and 
Bœotia. 

DzxyGyee, a woman of Lemnos, whoſe 
ſhape Venus aſſumed to perſuade all the 
females of the jfland to murder the men. 
Flacc. 2, v. 174. A virgin of CEchalia, 
whom Andræmon married after ſhe had 
been raviſhed by Apollo. She was changed 
into a lotus. Ovid. Met. 10, v. 331. A 
nymph, mother of Tarquitus by Faunus. 
Virg. An. 10, v. 551. 

D&vYGPErA, an anniverſary day obſerved 
at Aſine in Argolis, in honor of Dryops, 
tlie ſon of Apollo. 

De vUPts, a people of Greece, near 
mount CEta. They afterwards paſſed into 
the Peloponneſus, where they inhabited tha 
towns of Aſine and Hermione, in Argolis. 


When they were driven from Afire, by the 
pogple 


DzYANTIADES, a patronymic of Ly- 


Naval ſ 
took 0 
honore 
ever aj 
wardec 
muſic j 
public « 


Dura 
mained 


Roman x 


2 U 


people of Argos, they ſettled among the 
Meſſenians, and called a town by the name 
of their ancient habitation Aine. Some of 
their, deſcendants went to make a ſettlement 
in Aſia Minor together with the Ionians. 
Herodot. 1, c. 146. l. 8, c. 31.—Pauf. 4, 
c. 34.—Strab. 7, 8, 13.—Plin. 4, c. 1.— 
Virg. En. 4, V. 146. Lacan. 3, V. 179. 
Dav& YS & DRVSTI DA, a ſmall country 
at the foot of mount Eta in Theſſaly. Its 
true ſituation is not well aſcertained. 
According to Pliny, it bordered on Epirus. 
It was for ſome time in the poſſeſſion of the 
Hellenes, after they were driven from 


Hiſtiæotis by the Cadmeans. Herodot. 1, 


c. 56. 
DR vops, a ſon of Priam. A ſon of 
Apollo. Pauſ. 4, c. 34. A friend of 


Aineas, killed by Clauſus in Italy. Virg. 
fn. 10, v. 346. 

DRyyrkris, the younger daughter of 
Darius, given in marriage to Hephæſtion by 
Alexander. Diod. 18. 

DuBrs, or ALDVADUB1s, the Daux, a 
river of Gaul, falling into the Saone. 

Doris, a town of Britain, ſuppoſed to 
be Dover. 

DuctTr1vs, a Sicilian general, who died 
B. C. 440. 

DuiLL1ia Lzx, was enacted by M. 
Duillius, a tribune, A. U. C. 304. It made 
it a capital crime to leave the Roman peo- 
ple without its tribunes, or to create any 
new magiſtrate without a ſufficient cauſe. 
Liv. 3, c. 55. Another A. U. C. 392, 
to regulate what intereſt ought to be paid 
for money lent. | 

C. DviLLIivs Nepos, a Roman conſul, 
the firſt who obtained a victory over the 
naval power of Carthage, B. C. 260. He 
took 50 of the enemy's ſhips, and was 


honored with a naval triumph, the firſt that” 


ever appeared at Rome. The Senate re- 
warded "is valor by permitting him to have 
muſic playing and torches lighted, at the 
public expence, every day while he was at 
ſupper. There were ſome medals ſtruck 
in commemoration of this victory, and there 
ſtill exiſts a column at Rome, which was 
erected on the occaſion. Cic. de Senec.— 
Tacit. An. 1 E. IS. 

DuLicnium, an iſland of the Tonian ſea, 
Oppoſite the Achelous. It was part of the 
kingdom of Ulyſſes.. Ovid. Trift. 1, el. 4, 
e. 67. Met. 14, v. 226. R. A. 272.— 
— 11. ep. 70, v. 8.—PFirg. Ecl. 6, v. 
70. | 

DumnorIx, a powerful chief among 
the Adui. Ceſ. bell. G. 1, c. 9. 

Du xax, a mountain of Thrace. 

Dux Arivs Picro, a Gaul, who re- 
maimed in perpetual friendſhip with the 
Roman people, Cw. bell, C. 8, c. 26. 


| 


| 


D*''Y 


Dvnrs, an hiſtorian of Samos, whe 
floriſhed B. C. 257. Strab. 1. 

Duzivs, a large river of ancient Spain, 
now called the Dare in Portugal. Sil. 1, 


v. 234. 


DuRoCassEs, the chief reſidence of the 
druids in Gaul, now Dreux, Caf. bell. G. 
5 e. 15. ä 

Du kot, a town of the Samnites. 

Duumviri, two noble patricians at 
Rome, firit appointed by Tarquin to keep 
the Sibylline books, which were ſuppoted 
to contain the tate of the Roman empire. 
Theſe ſacred books were placed in the 
capitol, and ſecured in a cheſt under the 
ground. They were conſulted but ſeldom, 
and only by an order of the Senate, when 
the armies had been defeated in war, or 
when Rome ſeemed to be threatened by an 
invaſion, or by ſecret ſeditions. Theſe 
prieſts continued in their original inſtitu- 
tion till the year U. C. 388, when a law was 
propoſed by the tribunes to encreaſe the 
number to ten to be choſen promiſcuouſly 
from patrician and plebeian families. They 
were frum their number called Decemviri, 
and ſome time after Sylla encreaſed them to 
hfteen, known by the name of Quindecim- 
viri.—— There were alſo certain magiſtrates 
at Rome, called Duumviri perduelliones 


ſfrove capitales, They were firſt created by 


Tullus Hoftilius, for trying ſuch as were ac- 
cuſed of treaſon. This office was aboliſhed 
as unneceſſary, but Cicero complains of their 
revival by Labienus the tribune, Orat. pro 
Rabir. Some of the commanders of the 
Roman veſſels were alſo called Duumviri, 
eſpecially when there were two together, 
They were firſt created, A. U. C. 542. 
There were alſo in the municipal towns in. 
the provinces two magiſtrates called Duum- 
vin municipales, They were choſen from 
the Centurions, and their office was much 
the {ame as that of the two conſuls at Rome, 
They were ſometimes preceded by two 
lictors with the faſces. Their magiſtracy 


continued for five years, on which account. 


they have been called Quingquennales magiſe 
[ratus, 

DyYacoNnDASs, a Theban legiſlator, wha 
aboliſhed all nocturnal ſacrihces. Cic. de 
leg. 2, C. 15. 

DyAaRDFNSES, a river in the extremities 
of India. Curt. 8, c. 9. : 

DVM, a town of Achaia. Liv. 27, c. 
31. I. 32, c. 22.—Pauſ. 7, c. 17. ' 

DVI, a people of Atolia. Died. 19. 


DYmas, a Trojan, who joined himſelf 
to /Eneas when Troy was taken, and was at 


lait killed by his countrymen, who took 

him to be an enemy becauſe he had 

dreſſed himſelf in the armour of one of the 

Greeks he had lain, Virg. An. 2, v. 340. 
| ; an 


3 


and 428. The father of Hecuba. Ovid. 
Met. 11, v. 761. 
Dxuvus, one of Alexander's officers. 
Ne conſpired with many of his fellow ſol- 
diers againſt his maſter's life. The conſpi- 
racy was diſcovered and Dymnus ſtabbed 
himſelf before he was brought before the 
king. Curt. 6, c. 7. 

DyxAukx, one of the Nereides. Homer. 
L. 18, v. 43. 

Dx x ASTE, a daughter of Theſpius Apollod. 

DyYRAs, a liver of Trachinia, It riſes at 
the foot of mount Ita, and falls into the 
bay of Malia. Herodot. 7, c. 198. 

DyraAsrks, a river of Scythia. Ovid. 
Pont. 4, el. 10, v. 53. 

DyRxts, the name of mount Atlas among 


Bd 


DyxxIcutun, now Duraxzo, à large 
city of Macedonia, bordering on the Adriatie 
ſea, founded by a colony from Corcyra, 
B. C. 623. It was anciently called Epi- 
damnus, Cicero met with a favorable re. 
ception there during his exile. Mela, 2, 
c. 3. —Pauſ. 6, c. 10.—Plut. —Cic. 3, 
Att. 22. | 

DysAvLEs, a brother of Celeus, whe 
inſtituted the myſteries of Ceres at Celeæ. 
Pauſ. 2, c. 14. 

DyscintTus, an Athenian archon, 
Pauſ. 4, c. 27. 

Dvsö kun, a mountain of Thrace. He. 
rodot. &, c. 22. 

DysPoNT11, à people of Elis. Par, 


the inhabitants of that neighbourhood, 


| 6, C. 22, 


E C 


ANES, a man ſuppoſed to have killed 
Patroclus, and to have fied to Peleus 
in Theſſaly. Strab. . 

Eaxvus, the name of Janus among the 
antient Latins. 

EXzINUS, a beautiful boy, eunuch to. 
Domitian. Stat. 3. Silv. 4. 

Eas1uUM, a town of Achaia in Pelopon- 
neſus. Par. 7, c. 6. 

EBDGME, a feſtival in honor of Apollo at 
Athens on the ſeventh day of every lunar 
month. It was uſual to ſing hymns in 
honor of the god and to carry about boughs 
ot laure}. There was alſo another of the 
ſame name celebrated by private families 
the ſeventh day after the birth of every child, 

ERO RA, a town of Portugal now Evora. 

EBorRAcum, York in England. 

EBU DE, the weſtern iſles of Britain, now 
Webrides. 

E3URONEs, a people of Belgium, now 
the county of Liege. Caf. B. G. 2, c. 4. 
K 6, ©. © The Eburovices Aulerci were 
the people of Evereux in Normandy, Cæſ. 
. 2 © 17. 

Ezausvs, one of the Baleares, 100 miles 
in circurafercnce, which produces no hurt- 


ful animals. Id is near the coaſt of Spain 


in the Mediterrancan, and now bears the 
name of Ywuica, and is famous for paſ- 
turage and for figs. Pin. 3, c. 5. A 
man engaged in the Rutulian war, Virg. 
En. 12, v. 299. 

EcBATANA, (örum) now Hamedan, the 
capital of Media, and the palace of Deioces 
king of Media. It was ſurrounded with 
ſeven walls, which roſe in gradual aſcent, 
and were painted in ſeven different colors. 
The moſt diſtant was the loweſt, and the 
jwuermolt, which was the mot celebrated, 


Ee 
contained the royal palace. Parmenio was 
put to death there by Alexander's orders, 
and Hephzſtion died there alſo, and received 
a moſt magnificent burial. Herodot. 1, c. 98. 
—Strab. 11.—Curt. 4, c. 5.1. 5, c. 8.1.7, 
c. 10,—Died. 17. A town of Syria, 
where Cambyſes gave himſelf a mortal 
wound when m6unting on horſeback, He- 
rodot. 3. 

EcECHIRIA, the wife of Iphitus. Pau, 
5, c. 10. 

Eck TRA, a town of the Volſci, Liv, 2, 
e. 46. I. 3, . 

EchECRATESs, a Theſſalian, who offered 
violence to Phœbas the prieſteſs of Apollo's 
temple of Delphi. From this circumſtance 
a decree was made by which no woman 
was admitted to the office of prieſteſs betors 
the age of fifty. Died. 4. 

ECHEDAMIA, a town of Phocis. Paz/. 
to, c. 3. 

EchkLArus, a man who led a colony 
to Africa. Strab, 8. 

EcHELuUs, a Trojan chief, killed by 
Patroclus. Another, ſon of Agenof, 
killed by Achilles. Homer, II. 16 & 20, 

ECHEMBRGTUS, an Arcadian, who ob- 
tained the prize at the Pythian games. 
Fi. 16, t YT 

EcHEMoN, a ſon of Priam, Killed by 
Diomedes. Homer. II. 5, 

Ecutmus, an Arcadian, who conquered 
the Dorians when they endeavoured to fe, 
cover Peloponneſus under Hyllus. Pail. 
8, e. 6. A king of Arcadia, who joined 
Ariſtomenes againſt the Spartans. 

EcxEntus, a Pheacian. Homer. Od. J. 

ECHEPHRON, one of Neſtor's ſons. Apol- 
lod. 1, c. 9. A ſon of Priam. 14, 
A ſon of Hercules, Par. 8, c. 24. 


þ 


| E cubs 
1 


Pauſ. 
iv. ? 


offered 
0110's 
ſtance 
Oman 
be fore 


Pauſ. 
colony 


ed by 
genof, 
20. 

ho ob» 
games. 


led by 


quered 
to fe- 
Pai. 


joined 
. Od. 7. 
Apal- 


d.— 


E cubs 


| filtance of Echion. 


E C 


Ecnrrötvs, a Trojan killed by Antilo- 
ehus. Homer, Il. 4. 

EcuksTRATus, a ſon of Agis rt, king 
of Sparta, who ſucceeded his father, B. C. 
1053, Herodot. 7, c. 204. | 

ECcHELTA, a fortified town in Sicily. 

EcHEVETHENSES, a people of Tegea in 
Arcadia. Pau. 8, c. 45. 

EcHrtDNA, a celebrated monſter ſprung 
from the union of Chryſaor with Callirhoe, 
the daughter of Oceanus. She is repre- 
ſented as a beautiful woman in the uppe1 
parts of the body, but as a ſerpent be low 
the waiſt, She was mother of Typhon, of 
Orthos, Cerberus, the Hydra, &c. Accord- 
ing to Herodotus, Hercules had three chil- 
dren by her, Agathyrſus, Gelonus, and 
Scytha. Herodot. 3, c. 108.—Hefrod. Theog ,— 
Apollod. 2.— Pau. 8, c. 18.— Ovid. Met. g, 
v. 158. 

Ecarnorvs, a river of Thrace. Prel. 3. 

EcuhixADks or Ecuins®, five ſmall 
iſlands near Acarnani:, at the mouth of the 
river Achelous. They have been formed by 
the inundations of that river, and by the 


ſand and mud which its waters carry down, | 


and now bear the name of Curzo/ari, Fin. 
2, c. 85. — Herodot. 2, c. 10.—O0vid, Met. 
8, v. 588, 

Ecui vo, a city of Thrace. Mela. 2, c. 3. 

Eculi vs, an ifland in the Ægean —A 
town of Acarnania—of Phthiotis. Liv. 
32z C. 33. 

Ech uss, an iſland near Eubcea, call- 
ed afterwards Cimo/us. Plin. 4, c. 12. 

Ecnylon, one of thoſe men who ſprung 
from the dragon's tecth ſown »by Cadmus. 
He ſurvived the fate of ſome of his brothers, 
and aſſiſted Cadmus in building the city v! 
Thebes. Cadmus rewarded his ſervices by 
giving him his daughter Agave in marriage. 
He was father of Pentheus, by Agave. He 
ſucceeded his father-in-law on the throne 
of Thebes, as ſome have imagined, and 
from that circumſtance Thebes has been 
called Eclioniæ, and the inhabitants EA 
enide, Ovid. Met. 3, v. 311. Trift. 5, el. 
57 v. 53. A ſon of Mercury and Antia- 
nira, who was the herald of the Argonauts. 
Flace. 1, v. 400. A man who often ab- 
tained a prize in running. Ovid. Met. 8, 
v. 292. A muſician at Rome in Domi- 
tian's age. Juu. 6, v. 76. A ſtatuary. 
——A painter. , 

EcxioniDes, a patronymic given to 
Pentheus as deſcended from Echion. Ovid. 
Met. 3. 

Ecxron1vs, an epithet applied to a per- 
fon born in Thebes, founded with the aſ- 
Virg. An. 12, v. $15. 

Echo, a daughter of the Air and Tellus, 
who chiefly reſided ia the vicinity of the 
Cephiſus. She was once one of Juno's at- 


to attack the people of Cheronæa. 


E G 

tendants, and became the confidant of ſu- 
piter's amours, Her loquacity however diſ- 
|Dleaſed Jupiter; and the was deprived of 
the power of ſpeech by ſuno, and only per- 
mitted to anſwer to the queſtions which 
were put to her. Pan had formerly been 
one of her admirers, but he never enjoyed 
her favors. Echo, after ſhe had been pu- 
niſhed by Juno, fell in love with Narciſſus, 
and on being deſpiſed by him, ſhe pined 
away, and was changed into a ſtone, which 
[t1]] retained the power of voice. Ovid. Mer. 
35 v. 358. 

Ec NM, a mountain of Sicily, now 
Licata. 

EnEssA & EDESA, a town of Syria. 

Ebrssæ PORTVUS, a harbour of Sicily, 
near Pachynus. Cie. Ferr. 5, c. 34. 

EDETa or LERIA, a town of Spamalong 
the river Suero. in. 3, e. 3.—Liv. 28, c. 
24.—%/ͤ' 3, v. 371. 

EvissA & /EDEsSA, a town of Macedo- 
nia taken by Caranus, and called Agr, or 
Egeas. Vii. Adeſſa. 

Evo, a mountain of Thrace, called alſo 
Econus. From this mountain that part of 
race is often called /'donia witch lies 
tuen the Stiynſon and the Neſſus. Vrg. 
. 12, v. 325 —Plin, 4, c. 11.—Lucan. 
[, v. 674. 

Enron! or Epos, a people Thrace, 
near the Strymon. Apollo. 3, c. 5. 
EroxTDpEs, a name given to the prieſt- 
oſſes of Becchus becauſe they celebrated the 
ieſtivals of the god on mount Edon. Ovid. 
Met. 11, v. 69. 

EpvLius, a mountain which Sylla ſeized 

Plut. in 
Syll. 
EE Tro, the father of Andromache, was 
king of Thebes in Cilicia. Hence Eetto- 
neus applied to his relations or deſcendants. 
Homer. II. 12. The commander ot the 
Athenian fleet conquered by the Macedo- 
nians under Clitus, near the Echinades. 
Died. 18. 

EcELipus, a river of Etruria. Virg. 
Eu. 8, v. 610. 

EcFr1a, a nymph of Aricia in Italy, 
where Diana was particularly worſhipped. 


Egeria was courted by Numa, and accord- 


ing to Ovid ſhe became his wife. This 
prince frequently viſited her, and that he 
might more ſuceſsfully introduce his laws 
and new regulations into the ſtate, he ſo- 
lemnly declared beſore the Roman people, 
that they were previouſly ſanctified and ap- 
proved by the nymph Egeria. Ovid ſays 


that Egeria was ſo diſcontolate at the death 
of Numa, that ſhe melted into tears, and 
was Changed into a fountain by Diana. She 
is reckoned by many as a goddeſs wha pre- 


| 


ſided over the pregnancy of women, and 
{ome 


- ar 4 - — —_—_ 


E L 


tome maintain that ſhe is the ſame as Lucina, 
er Diana. Liv. 1, c. 19 —Ovid. Met. 15, 
v. 547.—-Virg. An. 7, v. 775. - Martial. 
2, ep. 6, v. 16. 

EGxsAkETUS, a Theſſalian of Lariſſa, 
who favored the intereſt of Pompey during 
the civil wars. Caf. 3. Civ. c. 35. 

Ecxsinvs, a philoſopher, pupil to E- 
vander. Cic. Acud. 4. c. 

EaksTA, a daughter of Hippotes the 
Trojan. Her father expoſed her on the 
ſea, for fear of being devoured by a marine 
monſter which laid waſte the country. She 
was carried ſafe to Sicily, where ſhe was 
raviſhed by the river Crinitus. A town 
of Sicily. Vid. Ægeſta. 

EGcnATia MAXIiMILLA, a woman who 
accompanied her huſband into baniſhment 
under Nero, &c. Tacit. Ann. 15. c. 71. 
A town. Vid. Gratia. 

P. EcnATrvus, a crafty and perfidious 
Roman in the reign of Nero, who com- 
mitted the greateit crimes for the fake of 
money. Tacit. Hi. 4, c. 10. 

Etro , a commercial place at the mouth 
of the Strymon. Pauſ. 8, c. 8. 

Elos, a village of Peloponneſus on 
the ſca coaſt, 

Eionevs, a Greek killed by Hector in 
the Trojan war. Homer. II. 8. — A Thra- 
cian, father to Rheſus. Id. 10. 

ELazoxTAs,a river near Antioch. Strab. 

EL#A, a town of ZEolia. Liv. 36, c. 43. 
—Pauf. 9, c. 5. An iſland in the Pro- 
Pontis. 

ELAus, a part of Epirus. A ſirname 
©; [upiter. A town of the Thracian Cher- 
fanefus. Liv. 31, c. 16. l. 37, c. 9. 

Er aGABALvs, the ſirname of the ſun at 
Emeila. 

ELAtTEs, a grove near Canopus in Egypt. 

ELA1Us, a mountain of Arcadia, Pau. 
2, c. 41. 

ELAHIATA, a ſirname of Diana in Elis. 
1 6, e. 22. 

ELAPHUs, a river of Arcadia. Id. 8, 
C. 36. 

ELAaPeneBUrtA, a feſtival in honor of 
Diana the Huntreſs. In the celebration a 
cake was made in the form of a deer, 
$nag®-, and offered to the goddeſs. It 
owed its inſtitution to the following cir- 
eumſtance; whiien the Phocians had been 
ſeverely beaten by the Theſſalians, they 
reſolved, by the perſuaſion of a certain Dei- 
phantus, to raiic 2 pile of combuſtible ma- 
terials, and burn their wives, children, and 
effects, rather than ſubmit to the enemy. 
This reſolution was unenimoufly approved 
by the women, who decreed Deiphantus a 
crown for bis magnanimity. When every 
thing was prepared, before they fired the 
pile, they cugaged their enemics and fought 

3 | 


* 


with ſuch deſperate fury, that they totalſy 
routed them, and obtained a complete vice 
tory. In commemoration of tuis unexpect- 
ed ſucceſs this feſtival was inſtituted to 
Diana, and obſerved with the greateſt ſo- 
lemnity. | 

ELayToNI1Us, a youth who conſpired 
againſt Alexander. Curt. 8, c. 6. 

ELARA, the mother of Tiphyus by ſu- 
piter. Apellod. 1, c. 4. A daughter of 
Orchomenus king of Arcadia. Strab. g. 

ELATEA, the largeſt town of Phocis, near 
the Cephiſus. Pauſ. 10, c. 34. 

ELATIA, a town of Phocis. Liv. 28, 
6. 7 Oſ Theſſaly. Id. 42, c. 54. 

ELATus, one of the ſuſt Ephori of 
Sparta, B. C. 760. Plut. in Lyc. The 
tather of Ceneus, Grid. Met. 12, v. 497. 
A mountain of Affta— ot Zacynthus, 
The father of Polyphemus tie Argo- 
naut, by Hipſcia, Apollod. 3, c. 9.— 
The ſon of Arcas king of Arcadia, who re- 
tired to Phocis. Id. ib. Pauſ. 8, c. 4. 
A king in the army of Priam, Killed 
by Agamemnon. Homer. II. 6. One of 
Penelope's ſuitors, killed by Eumeus, 
Homer. Od. 22. 

ELAveR, a river in Gaul falling into the 
Loire, now the lier, 

ELEA, a town of Campania, whence the 
followers of Zeno were called the Eleatic 
left. Cic. Acad. 4, c. 42. Tuſc. 2, c. 21 
& 22. N. D. z, c. 33.—of Zola. 

ELECTRA, one of the Oceanides, wife of 
Atlas, and mother of Dardanus, by Jupiter. 
Ovid. Faſt. 4, v. 31. A daughter of Atlas 
and Pleione. She was changed into a con- 
ſtellation. Aps/lcd. 3, c. 10 & 12.-——One 
of the Danaides. Id. 2. c. 1. A daugh- 
ter of Agamemnon king of Argos. She firſt 
incited her brother Oreſtes to revenge his 
father's death by aſſaſſinating his mother 
Clytemneſtra. Oreſtes gave her in marriage 
to his friend Pylades, and ſhe became mo- 
ther of two ſons, Strophius and Medon. Her 
adventures and misfortunes form one of the 

intereſting tragedies of the poet Sophocles, 
| Hygin. fab. 122.—Pauf. 2, c. 16, — ian. 
V. Ii. 4, c. 26, &c. A ſiſter of Cadmus, 
Pauf. 9, c. 8. A city and river of Meſ- 
ſenia in Peloponneſus. Pauſ. 4, c. 33-— 
One of Helen's female attendants. 44. 19. 
C. 25. 
| i, a gate of Thebes, Pau. 9. 
.. 

ELECTRIDESs, iſlands in the Adriatic ſea, 
| which received their name from the quan- 
tity of amber, ſelectrum which they pro- 
duced. They were at the mouth of the 
Po, according to Apollonius of Rhodes, 
but ſome hiſtorians doubt of their exif- 
tence, Fin. 2, c. 26, J. 37, c. 2.— Mala. 
23 C. 7. 


ELI (= 


fe of 
iter. 
Atlas 
con- 
One 
ugh- 
> firſt 
» his 
other 
Triage 
mo- 
Her 
of the 
Ocles. 
Elian. 
Imus, 
Meſ- 


— — 


d. 10. 


af. 9. 


ic ſea, 
quan- 
pro- 
of the 
hodcs, 

exis- 


- Mela. 


ELIE £4 


" Perſeus and Andromeda. 


killed except Lycimuius. 


E L 


FitcTRYON, a king of Argos, ſon of 
He was brother 
to Alczus, and father to Alcmene, &c. 


. He ſent his fons againſt the Teleboans, who 


had ravaged his country, and they were all 
Upon this Elec- 
tryon promiſed his crown and daughter in 
marriage to him who could undertake to 
puniſh the Teleboans for the death of his 
ſons. Amphitryon offered himſelf and 
ſucceeded. Electryon inadvertently pe- 
riſned by the hand of his ſon-in-law. | Vid. 
Amphitryon and Alcmena]. Apollad. 2. 
e. 4.— Pau. 

ELEt1, a people of Elis in Peloponneſus. 
They were formerly called Epe. In their 
eountry was the temple,of ſupiter, where 
alſo were celebrated the Olympic games, of 
which they had the ſuperintendance. Their 
horſes were in great repute, hence Flei equi 
and Elea palma. Propert. 3, el. 9, v. 18. 
— Pauſ. 5. - Lacan. 4, v. 293. 

ELELEUS, a ſirname of Bacchus, from 
the word det, which the Bacchanals 


loudly repeated during his feſtivals. Ovid. 
Met. 4, v. 15. 
ELEON, a village of Bœotia. Another 


in Phocis. . 

ELEoNTUM, a town of the Thracian 
Cherſoneſus. 

ELEPHANTIS, a poeteſs who wrote laſ- 
eivious verſes. Martial. 12, ep. 43. A 
princeſs by whom Danaus had two daugh- 
ters. Apollod. 2. An iſland in the river 
Nile, in Upper Egypt; with a town of the 
ſame name, which is often called E/ephan- 
tina, by ſome authors. Strab. 17.—tHlero- 
det. 2, c. 9, &c. 

ELEPHANTOPHAG1, a people of Athi- 
opia, 

ELzpHEnoR, one of Helen's ſuitors, 
Homer. I. 2, v. 47. 

ELzrökus, a river of Magna Græcia. 

ELEUCHIA, a daughter of Theſpius. 
Apollod. 

ELE us, a city of Thrace, A river of 
Media. — A king of Elis. Pauſ. 5, c. 3. 

ELEUsi NIA, a great feſtival obſerved 
every fourth year by the Celeans, Phliaſians, 
as alſo by the Pheneatz, Lacedæmonians, 
Par rhaſians and Cretans ; but more parti- 
cularly by the people of Athens, every 
fifth year, at Eleuſis in Attica, where it 
was introduced by Eumolpus, B. C. 1356. 
It was the molt celebrated of all the reli- 
gious ceremonies of Greece, whence it is 
often called by way of eminence, wv7Tngia, 
the myſteries, It was ſo ſuperſtitiouſly ob- 
ſerved, that if any one ever revealed it, it 
was ſuppoſed that he had called divine ven- 
geance upon his head, and it was unſafe to 
live in the ſame houſe with him. Such a 
wietch was publicly put te an ignomi- 


— 


L 


E FT, 


nious death. This feſtival was ſacred to 
Ceres and Proſerpine, every thing contained 
a myſtery, and Ceres herſelf was knowu 
only by the name of ax daa, from the ſor- 
row and grief (axI@-) which ſhe ſuffered 
for the loſs of her daughter. This myſte- 
rious ſecrecy was ſolemnly obſerved, and 
enjoined to all the votaries of the goddeſs ; 
and if any one ever appeared at the cele- 
bration, either intentionally, or through ig- 
norance, without proper introduction, he 
was immediately puniſhed with death. Per- 
ſons of both ſexes and all ages were initiated 
at this ſolemnity, and it was looked upon as 
ſo heinous a crime to neglect this ſacred part 
of religion, that it was one of the heavieſt 
accuſations which contributed to the con- 
demnation of Socrates. The initiated were 
under the more particular care of the deities, 
and therefore their life was ſuppoſed to be 
attended with more happineſs and real ſe- 
curity than that of other men. This beneſit 
was not only granted during life, but it ex- 
tended beyond the grave, and they were 
honored with the firſt places in the Elyſian 
fields, while others were left to wallow in 
perpetual filth and ignominy. As the be- 
nefits of expiation were ſo extenſive, par- 
ticular care was taken in examining thecha- 
racter of ſuch as were preſented tor initia- 
tion. Such as were guilty of murder, though 
againſt their will, and ſuch as were convicted 
of witchcraft, or any heinous crime, were not 
admitted, and the Athenians ſuffered none 
to be initiated but ſuch as were members of 
their city, This regulation, which compelled 
Hercules, Caftor, and Pollux, to become 
citizens of Athens, was ftriftly obſerved 
in the firſt ages of the inſtitution, but af- 
terwards all perſons, barbarians excepted, 
were freely initiated. The feftivals were 
divided into great and leſs myſteries. The 
leſs were inſtituted from the following cir- 
cumſtance. Hercules paſſed near Eleuſis 
while the Athenians were celebrating the 
myſteries, and deſired to be initiated. As 
this could not be done, becauſe he was a 
ranger; and as Eumolpus was unwilling 
to diſpleaſe him on account of his great 
power, and the ſervices which he had done 
to the Athenians, another feſtival was in- 
{tituted without violating the laws. It was 
called paixp:, and Hercules was ſolemnly 
admitted to the celebration and initiated. 
Theſe leſs myſteries were obſerved at Agræ 
near the Iliſſus. The greater were celebrated 
at Eleuſis, from which place Ceres has been 
called Eleufinia, In later times the ſmal- 
ler feſtivals were preparatory to the greater, 
and no perſon could be initiated at Elcuſis 
without a previous purification at Agræ. 

This purification they performed by kcep=- 
ing themſelves pure, chaſte, and unpolluted 
during 


3 


during nine days, after which they came 
and offcred ſacrifices and prayers, wearing 
garlands of flowers, called wwmepay Or n, 
and having under their feet Aiog a, 
Tupiter's Ain, which was the ſkin of a 
victim offered to that god. The perſon 
who affiſted was called Ye, from vp, 
water, which was uſed at tne purification, 
and they themſelves were called gaverai, 
the initiated. A year after the initiation at 
the leſs myſteries they tacrificed a ſow to 
Ceres, and were admitted in the greater, 
and the ſecrets of the feſtivals were ſolemn- 
ly revealed to them, from which they were 
called :$0200 and emomras inſpeftors. The 
inſtitution was performed in the following 
manner. The candidates, crowned with 
myrtle, were admitted by night into a place 
called pure; oruty the myſtical temple, a 
vaſt and ſtupendous building. As they 
entered the temple, they purified themſelves 
by walhing their hands in holy water, and 
received for admonition that they were to 
come with a mind pure and undefiled, with- 
out which the cleanneſs of the body would 
be unacceptable. After this the holy myſ- 
teries were read to them, from a large book 
called rerrwua, becauſe made of tus tones, 
FEET ai, fitly cemented together. After this 
the prieſt, called 1g:0pavrn;, propoſed to thein 
certain quettions, to which they readily an- 
ſwered. After this, ſtrange and amazing 
objects preſented themſelves to their fight, 
the place often ſeemed to quake, and to ap- 
pear ſuddenly reſplendent with fire, and 
immediately covered with gloomy darkneſs 
and horror. Sometimes thunders were 
heard, or flaſhes of lightning appeaied on 
every ſide. At other times hideous noiſes 
and howlings were heard, and the trembling 
ſpectators were alarmed hy ſudden and 
dreadful apparitions. This was called 
au a, intuition, Aſter this the initiated 
were diſmiſſed with the barbarous words of 
2 f, n F. The garments in which they 
were initiated, were held ſacred, and of no 
leſs efficacy to avert evils than charms and 
incantations. From this circumſtance there- 
fore they were never left off before they 
were totally unfit for wear, after which they 
were appropriated for childien, or dedi- 
cated to the goddeſs, The chief perſon that 
attended at the initiation was called lepoqay- 
Tn, the retcaler of ſacred things. He was a 
citizen of Athens, and held his office during 
life, though among the Celeans and Phlia- 
fans it was limited to the period of four 
years, He was obliged to devote hiniſelf 


totally to the ſervice of the deities ; his life 

was chafle and fingle, and he uſually anoint- 

ed his body with the juice of hemlock, 

Which is ſaid, by its extreme coldneſs, to 

eatinguiſh in a great degree the natural heat. 
9 


E L. 


The Hierophantes had three attendants; the 
firſt was called JaTourog, forch-bearer, and 
was permitted to marry. The ſecond was 
called antut, a cryer. The third adminiſ- 
tered at the altar, and was called o em: He 
The Hierophantes is ſaid to have been a 
type of the powerful Creator of all things, 
Aa devxec of the ſun, Knpus of Mercury, 
and o em: 8 8 of the moon. There Were 
beſides theſe other inferior officers Who took 
particular care that every thing was per- 
formed according to cuſtom. The firſt of 
theſe, called Bantu, was one of the Ar. 
chons; he offered prayers and ſacrifices, and 
took care that there was no indecency or irre- 
gutarity during the celebration. Beſides him 
there were four others called enyuthira, 
curators, elected by the people. One of 
them was choſen from the ſacred family of 
the Eumolpidæ, the other was one of the 
Ceryces, and the reſt were from among the 
citizens. There were alſo ten perſons who 
aſſiſted at this and every other feſtival, called 
I:p:7049: becauſe they offered * 
This feſtival was obſerved in the month 
Boedromion or September, and continued 
nine days from the 15th till the 23d. Dur- 
ing that time it was unlawful to arreſt any 
man, or preſent any petition on pain of for- 
feiting a thouſand drachmas, or, according 
to others, on pain of death. It was alſo 
unlawful for thoſe who were initiated to bt 
upon the cover of a well, to eat beans, mul» 
lets, or weazels. If any woman rode to 
Eleufis in a chariot, ſhe was obliged by an 
edict of Lycurgus to pay 6,900 drachmas, 
The deſign of this law was to deſtroy all 
diſtinction between the richer and poorer ſort 
of citizens.——The firſt day of the celebration 
was called ay0;pocy aſſembly, as it might be 
ſaid that the worthippers firſt met together. 
The ſecond day was called aA Js Ag = 
the ſea, you that are initiated, becauſe they 
were commanded to purify themſelves by 
bathing in the ſca. On the third day lis 
crifices, and chiefly a mullet, were offered; 
as alſo barley from a field of Eleuſis. Theſe 
oblations were called Qua, and held fo ſacred 
that the prieſts themſelves were not, as in 
other ſacrifices, permitted to partake of them. 
On the fourth day they made a foternn pro- 
ceſſion, in which the aa N, holy baſket 
of Ceres, was carried about in a conſecrated, 
cart, while on every ſide the people ſhouted, 
X24;s OnwunTrep, Hail Ceres. After theſe 
followed women, called x:gop:g14, who car- 
ried baſkets, in which were ſeſamum, carded 
wool, grains of ſalt, a ſerpent, pomegranates, 
reeds, ivy boughs, certain cakes, &c. The 
fifth was called H v Aa pena $vy x te 
torch day, becauſe on the following night 
the people ran about with torches in their 


hands. It was uſual to dedicate torches to 
Ceres; 


Cere: 
bigge 
the g 
the fl 
Was C 
Jupit 
ther 1 
torch 
his ſt: 
carrie 
micus 
that a 
erown 
was h 
zen K 
The u 
city v 
the re 
which 
alſo ſt 
where 
ter the 
Eleuſi 
myſtic 
ſports, 
with a 
been fi 
was C2 
Micul; 
Athen: 
leſs my 
fore, ti 
this, tl 
tiated 1 
and laf 
Na, e 
tall two 
being | 
foward 
of ſom! 
down, 
was 0 
mannet 
teries, 
cred an 
by the 
to be ob 
thence | 
They w 
the reit 
ſerved 
though 
centiou! 
and wel 
Great, 
Lex. 2, 
Plut. 
ELE. 
equally 
celebrat 
Eleuſini 
Ovid. 4. 
ELER 


ration 
rht be 
ether. 
415 [0 
- they 
es by 
ay U- 
Fred: 
Theſe 
ſacred 
as in 
them. 


baſket 


crated. 


outed, 
- theſe 
10 Cars 
carded 
anates, 
„The 
pa, the 
| night 
a their 
ches 19 
Ceres; 


E L 


Ceres, and contend which ſhould offer the 
biggeſt in commemoration of the travels of 
the goddeſs, and of her lighting a torch in 
the flames of mount Ætna. The fixth day 
was called la xx, from Iacchus, the ſon of 
Jupiter and Ceres, whoaccompanied his mo- 
ther in her ſearch after Proſerpine with a 
torch in his hand. From that circumftance 
his ſtatue had a torch in its hand, and was 
carried in ſolemn proceſhon from the Cera- 
micus to Eleuſis. The ſtatue, with thoſe 
that accompanied it, called lazyaywyct, were 
crowned with myrtle. In the way, nothing 
was heard but finging and the noiſe of bra- 
zen kettles, as the votaries danced along. 
The way through which they iſſued from the 
city was called Igpa odo, the ſacred way; 
the reſting place, lea ovxn, from a fig-tree 
which grew in the neighbourhood. They 
alſo topped on a bridge over the Cephiſus, 
where they derided thoſe that paſſed by. Af- 
ter they had paſſed this bridge, they entered 
Eleuſis by a place called pev7ixny t:oo0J0;, the 
myſtical entrance. On the ſeventh day were 
ſports, in which the victors were rewarded 
with a meaſure of barley, as that grain had 
been firſt ſown in Eleuſis. The eighth day 
was called EqmiFavpiay nf, becauſe once 
Aſculapius, at his return from Epidaurus to 
Athens, was initiated by the repetition of the 
leſs myſteries. It became cuſtomary, there- 
fore, to celebrate them a ſecond time upon 
this, that ſuch as had not hitherto been ini- 
tiated might be lawfully admitted. The gth 
and laſt day of the feſtival was called Tango 
x:aiy earthen weſſels, becauſe it was uſual to 
all two ſuch veſſels with wine, one of which 
being placed towards the eaſt, and the other 
fowards the weſt, which, after the repetition 
of ſome myſtical words, were both thrown 
down, and the wine being ſpilt on the ground 
was offered as a libation, Such was the 
manner of celebrating the Eleuſinian myſ- 
teries, Which have been deemed the moſt ſa- 
cred and ſolemn of all the feſtivals obſerved 
by the Greeks, Some have ſuppoſed them 
to be obſcene and abominable, and that from 
thence procceded all the myſterious ſecrecy. 


They were carried from Eleuſis to Rome in 


the reign of Adrian, where they were ob- 
lerved with the ſame ceremonies as before, 
though perhaps with more freedom and li- 
centiouſneſs, They laſted about 1800 years, 
and were at laſt aboliſhed by Theodoſius the 
Great, A lian. V. H. 12, c. 24.—Cic. de 


Leg. 2, C. I4.—Pauſ. 10, c. 31, &c.— 
Plut. | 


ELEUSts, or ELEVUSIN, a town of Attica, 
equally diſtant from Megara and the Piræus, 
celebrated for the feſtivals of Ceres. (Vid. 
Eleuſinia.) It was founded by Triptolemus. 


Ovid. 4. Faſt. 5, v. 509.—Pauſ. 9, e. 24. 


ELL&UTHER, a ſon of Apollo, 


E L 


ELzuUTHFERE, a village of Baotia, be- 
tween Megara and Thebes, where Mardo- 
nius was defeated with 300,000 men. Plix. 
4, C. 7. J. 34, C. 8. 

ELEUTHERIA, a feſtival celebrated at 
Platza in honor of Jupiter Eleutherius, or 
the aſſertor of liberty, by delegates from al- 
moſt all the cities of Greece. Its inſtitution 
originated in this; after the victory obtained 
by the Grecians under Pauſanias over Mar- 
donius the Perſian general in the country of 
Platza, an altar and ſtatue were erected to 
Jupiter Eleutherius, who had freed the 
Greeks from the tyranny of the barbarians. 
It was further agreed upon in a general at- 
ſembly, by the advice of Ariſtides the A- 
thenian, that deputies ſhould be fent every 
fifth year from the different cities of Greece 
to celebrate Eleutheria f-/ivals of /iberty. 
The Platzans celebrated alſo an anniverſary 
feſtival in memory of thoſe who had lott 
their lives in that famous battle. The cele- 
bration was thus: At break of day a pro- 
ceſſion was made with a trumpeter at the 
head, ſounding a ſignal for battle. After 
him followed chariots loaded with myrrh, 
garlands, and a black bull, and certain free 
young men, as no ſigns of ſervility were to 
appear during the ſolemnity, becauſe they 
in whoſe honor the feſtival was inſtituted 
had died in the defence of their country, 
They carricd libations of wine and milk in 
large cared veſlels, with jars of oil and pre- 
cious ointments. Laſt of all appeared the 
chief magiſtrate, who though not permitted 
at other times to touch iron, or wear gar- 
ments of any color but white, yet appeared 
clad in purple; and taking a water put out 
of the city chamber, proceeded through the 
middle of the town with a ſword in his 
hand, towards the ſepulchres. There he 
drew water from a neighbouring ſpring, and 
waſhed and anointed the monuments; after 
which he ſacrificed a bull upon a pile of 
wood, invoking Jupiter and infernal Mer— 
cury, and inviting to the entertainment the 
fouls of thoſe happy heroes who had pe- 
riſhed in the defence of their country. Af- 
ter this he filled a bowl with wine, ſaying, 
I drink to thoſe who lott their lives in the 
defence of the liberties of Greece. There 
was alſo a feſtival of the ſame name ob- 
ſerved by the Samians in honor of the god 
of Love. Slaves alſo, when they obtained 
their liberty, Kept a holiday, which they 
called Eleutheria. 

ELEUruo, a ſirname of Juno Lucina, 
Pindar. 

ELEUTHEROCILICES, a people of Cilicia, 
never ſubje& to kings. Cic. 15, ad Fam, 
ep. 4. I. 5, ad Att. 20. 

ELEUTHERos, a river of Syria, falling 
into the Mediterranean. Pin. 9, c. 10. 

ELiczvs, 


E L 


Erlorus, a firname of Jupiter, worſhip- | 
Ped on mount Aventine. Ovid. Faſt, 3, 
v. 328. 

| & EL1Xca, a ſect ot philo- 
ſophers founded by Phædon ef Elis, who 
was originally a flave, but reſtor: to 
liberty by Alcibiades. Diog.—Stre- 

ELINA, or EL1MroT1s, a diſt: of 
Macedonia, or of Illyricum according to 
ethers. Liv. 42, c. 53. J. 45, c. 30. 

Elis, a country of Peloponneſus at the 
weſt of Arcadia, and north of Meſſenia, 
extending along the coaſt, and watered by 
the river Alpheus. The capital of the 
country is called Elis, now Belvidere. It 
was originally governed by kings, and re- 
ceived its name from Eleus, one of its 
monarchs. Elis was famous for the horſes 
it produced, whoſe celerity was ſo often 
known and tried at the Olympic games. 
Strab. 8.—Plin. 4, c. 5.—Pauſ. 5. — Ovid. 
Met. 5, v. 494.—Cic. Fam. 13, ep. 26. de 

iv. 2, c. 12.—Liv. 27, c. 32.—bVirg. G. 
T, v. 59. |. 3, v. 202. 

EL1?HASI1, a people of Peloponneſus. 
Pelyb. 11. 

EL1ssA, a queen of Tyre more com- 


monly known by the name of Dido. Vid. 
Dido. 
ELLoPia, a town of Eubaa. An 


ancient name of that iſland, 

ELiss us, a river of Elis. 

ELö kus, a river of Sicily on the eaſtern 
coaſts called after a king of the fame name. 
Herodot. 7, c. 145. 

ELos, a city of Achaia, called after a 
ſervant maid of Athamas of the ſame name. 

ELoTz. Vid. Helotæ. 

ELy#NoR, one of the companions of U- 
lyſſes, changed into a hog by Circe's potions, 
and afterwards reſtored to his former ſhape. 
He fell from the top of a houſe where he 
was ſleeping, and was killed. Ovid, Met. 
14, v. 252.—Homer. Od. 10. 

ELPINICE, a daughter of Miltiades, who 
married a man that promiſed to releaſe from 
con finement her brother and huſband, whom 
the laws of Athens had made reſponſible 
for the fine impoſed on his father. C. Nep. 
in Cim. 

ELuixA, a firname of Ceres. 

EL yCEs, a man killed by Perſeus. Ovid, 
Met. 5, fab. z. 


ErvyMAis, a country of Perſia, between 


the Perſian gulf and Media. The capital of 


the country was called Elymais, and was 
famous for a rich temple of Diana, which 
Antiochus Epiphanes attempted to plunder. 
The Elymeans aſſiſted Antiochus the Great 
in his wars againſt the Romans. 
their kings are named in hiſtory. Strabo, 
ELY Mi, a nation deſcended from the 


Trojans, in alliance with the people of Ca- 


thage. Pauſ. 10, c. 8. 


None of 


E M 


ELyMvUus, a man at the court of Acefle; 
in Sicily. Virg. An. 5, v. 73. 
ELYRus, a town of Crete. Id. 10, c. 16, 
ELYs1UM, & ELYsS11 CAMPT, a place or 
iſland in the infernal regions, where, ac- 
cording to the mythology of the antients, 
the ſouls of the virtuous were placed after 
death. There happineſs was complete, the 
pleaſures were innocent and refined, Bowery 
for ever green, delightful meadows with 
pleaſant ſtreams, were the moſt ſtriking ob. 
jets. The air was wholeſome, ſerene, and 
temperate; the birds continually warbled in 
the groves, and the inhabitants were blefſed 
with another ſun and other ftars. The em. 
ployments of the herocs who dwelt in theſe 
regions of bliſs were various; the manes of 
Achilles are repreſented as waging War with 
the wild beaſts, while the Trojan chiefs are 
innocently exerciſing themſelves in managing 
horſes, or in handling arms. To theſe in- 
nocent amuſements ſome poets have added 
continual feaſting and revelry, and they ſup- 
poſe that the Ely ſian fields were filled with 
all the incontinence and voluptuouſneſs which 
could gratify the low deſires of the debau- 
chee, The Elyhan fields were, according to 
ſome, in the fortunate iſlands on the coaſt 
of Africa, in the Atlantic, Others place 
them in the iſland of Leuce ; and, according 
tothe authority of Virgil, they were ſituate 
in Italy. According to Lucian, they were 
near the moon; or-in the centre of the earth 
if we believe Plutarch. Ving. An. 6, 
v. 638.—Homer. Od. 4 —Pindar —Tibull,, 
el. 3, v. $7.—Lucian.-—Plut. de Con ſol. 

EMATHI1A, a name given anciently, and 
particularly by the poets, to the countries 
which formed the empires of Macedonia 
and Theſſaly. Virg. G. 1, v. 492. J. 4 
v. 390.—Lucan, 1, v. 1. I. 10, v. 50. J. 6, 
v. 620. 1. 7, v. 427.— Ovid. Met. 5, v. 314 

EMATH1ON, a ſon of Titan and Auron, 
who reigned in Macedonia, The country 
was called Emathia from his name. Some 
ſuppoſe that he was a famous robber de- 
ſtroyed by Hercules. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 313. 
— Tuſtin, 7, c. 1. A man killed at the 
nuptials of Perſeus and Andromeda. Ovid. 
Met. 5, v. 100. 

EMATHON, a man killed in the wars of 
Turnus. Firg. An. q, v. 571. 

EMBATUM, a place of Aſia, oppoſite 
Chios. 

EM BOL IMA, a town of India. Curt. 6, 
C. 12. 

EMR ITA, a town of Spain, famous for 
dying wool. Pin. 9, c. 41. 52 

Euxssa & EmM1ssA, a town of Phœnicla. 

EMö pA, a mountain of India. 

EmyEDGCLES, a philoſopher, poet, and 
hiſtorian of Agrigentum in Sicily, who flo- 
riſhed 


| Telauges the Pythagorean, aud wor 


444 B. C. He was the diſciple cf 


— 


ſpired 
Jupite 
mount 
ſame a 
the fla 
breath 

turned 
Sicily f 


and Cal. 
Jupiter | 
and to f1 
Lame the 


lefled 
2 em- 
| theſe 
nes of 
r with 
}fs are 
naging 
cle in- 
added 
ey ſup- 
d with 
Which 
debau- 
ding to 
e coaſt 
s place 
cording 
e ſituate 
ey were 
he earth 
Eu. b, 
[ibull.1y 
(cl. 
5 and 
OuNtries 
acedonia 
2. | 4 
50. J. 6, 
55 V+ 314. 
Aurora, 
e country 
>, Some 
bber de- 
v. 313. 
2 at the 
da. Ovid. 


ae wars of 
oppoſite 

Curt. 8, 
famous ſor 


Phæœnicia. 


t and 
who flo- 
Tiſciple of 
warmly 4* 
dopted 


E N. 


doſ ted the doctrine of tranſmigration. He 
wiote a poem upon the opinions of Pytha- 
goras, very much commended, in which he 
poke of the various bodies which nature 
had given him. He was firſt a girl, afterwards 
1 Loy, a ſhrub, a bird, a fiſh, and laſtly Em- 
pedocles. His poetry was bold and anima- 
ted, and his verſes were ſo univerſally eſ- 
teemed, that they were publicly recited at 
the Olympic games with thoſe of Homer and 
Heſiod. Empedocles was no leſs remarkable 
tor his humanity and ſocial virtues than for 
his learning. He ſhewed himſelf an inve- 
terate enemy to tyranny, and refuſed to be- 
come the tovereign of his country. He 
taught rhetoric in Sicily, and often allevia- 
ted the anxieties of his mind as well as the 
pains of his body with muſic. It is reported 
that his curioſity to viſit the flames of the 
crater of Ætna, proved fatal to him. Some 
maintain that he withed it to be believed 
that he was a god, and that his death might 
be unknown, he threw himſelf into the 
crater and periſhed in the flames. His ex- 
pectations, however, were fruſtrated, and 
the volcano by throwing up one of his ſan- 
dals, diſcovered to the world that Empedo- 
cles had periſhed by fire. Others report that 
he lived to an extreme old age, and that 
he was drowned in the ſea, Herat. 1, 
ep. 12, v. 20,—Cic de Qrat. 1, c. 50, &c.— 
Dip. in vitd. 

EMPERAMUS, a Lacedemonian general in 
the ſecond Meſſenian war. 

Emp6cLus, an hiſtorian. 

EmrSrIA PuUNICA, certain places near 
the Syrtes. | 

EvmPpoRI@&,a town of Spain in Catalonia, 
now Ampurias. Liv. 34,c. 9 & 16.1. 26,c.19. 

ENnCELADUS, @ ſon of Titan and Terra, 
the moſt powerful of all the giants who con- 
ſpired againſt Jupiter. He was ſtruck with 
Jupiter's thunders, and overwhelmed under 
mount Ætna. Some ſuppoſe that he is the 
ſame as Typhon. According to the poets, 
the flames of Atua proceeded from the 
breath of Enceladus; and as often as he 
turned his weary fide, the whole iſland of 
Sicily felt the motion, and ſhook from its 
very foundations. Virg. An. 3, v. 578, 
&c.——A ſon of Agyptus. 

ENCHELE@Z, a town of Illyricum, where 
Cadmus was changed into a ſerpent. Lu- 
can. 3, v. 189,—Strab. 7. 

Ex DEis, a nymph, daughter of Chiron. 
She married Xacus, king of gina, by 
whom ſhe had Peleus and Telamon. Pau. 
2, c. 29.—-Apollod. 3, c. 12. 

EN DIR A, à place of Ethiopia. 

ExpYMion, a ſhepherd, ſon of Æthlius 
and Calyce. It is ſaid that he required of 
Jupiter to gram to him to be always young, 
and to ſleep as much as he would; whence 
tame the proverb of Zndymionis ſommum dor- 


E N 


mire, to expreſs a long ſleep. Diana ſaw 
him naked as he flept on mount Latmos, 
and was ſo ſtruck with his beauty that ſhe 
came down from heaven every night to enjoy 
his company. Endymion married Chromia, 
daughter of Itonus, by whom he had three 
ſuns, Pæon, Epeus, and Zolus, anda daugh- 
ter called Eurydice, The fable of Endy- 
mion's amours with Diana, or the moon, 
ariſes from his knowledge of aſtronomy, and 
as he paſſed the night on ſome high moun- 
tain, to vbferve the heavenly bodies, it has 
been reported that he was courted by the 
moon. Some ſuppoſe that there were two 
of that name, the ſon of a king of Elis, 
and the ſhepherd or aſtronomer of Caria. 
The people of Heraclea maintained that En- 
dymion died on mount Latmos, and the 
Eleans pretended to ſhow his tomb at 
Olympia in Peloponneſus. Propert. 2, 
el. 15.—Cic, Tuſe, 1. —Juv. 10.—Theecrit. 
3 —Pauf. 5, c. x. l. 6, c. 20. 

ExET1, or HENET1, a people near Pa- 
phlagonia. 

ENV U, now Gangi, a town of Sicily 
freed from tyranny by Timoleon. Cie. 
Ver. 3, c. 43. I. 4, c. 44.—1tal. 14, v. 250, 

ExiENsEs, a people of Greece. 

ENn1oPEvus, a charioteer of Hector killed 
by Diomedes. Homer. II. 8, v. 120. 

ExirEus, a river of Theſlaly flowing near 
Pharſalia. £Zucan. 6, v. 373. A river 
of Elis in Peloponneſus, of which Tyro the 
daughter of Salmoneus became enamoured. 
Neptune aſſumed the ſhape of the river god 
to enjoy the company of Tyro. Owd. 
Am. 3, el. 5.—Strab. 

Ex Is PRE, a town of Arcadia. Pauſ. 8, 
c. 25. 

Ex NA, now Caftro Janni, a town in the 
middle of Sicily, with a beautiful plain, 
where Proſerpine was carried away by 
Pluto. Mela. 2, c. 7\—Cic. Ver. 3, c. 49. 
I. 4, c. 104.—Ovid.-Foft. 4, v. 522.—Liv. 
24, c. 37. 

EN NIA, was wife of Macro, and after- 
wards of the emperor Caligula. Tacit. 
Ann. 6, c. 45. 

. ExNn1vs, an antient poet, born at Ru- 
dii in Calabria. He obtained the name and 
privileges of a Roman citizen by his genius 
and the brilliancy of his learning. His ſtile 
is rough and unpoliſhed, but his defects, 
which are more particularly attributed to 
the age in which he lived, have been fully 
compenſated by the energy of his expreſſions 
and the fire of his poetry. Quintilian warm- 
ly commends him, and Virgil has ſhown his 
merit by introducing many whole lines from 
his poetry into his own compoſitions, which 
he calls pearls gathered from the dunghill. 
Ennius wrote in heroic verſe the annals of 
the Roman republic, and diſplayed much 
knowledge of the world in ſome — 

; U _ 


* 
— — 
— — — — 


1 . 
x * — — — — — 
8 — — —ñ—ñ OE 
2 - * 
— r * 8 A 


ay — 
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and ſatyrical compoſitions. He died of the 
gout, contraſted by frequent intoxication, 
about 169 years before the Chriſtian era, 
in the 7oth year of his age. Ennius was 
intimate with the great men of his age; 
he accompanied Cato in his quæſtorſhip in 
Sardinia, and was efteemed by him of 
greater value than the honors of a triumph; 
and Scipio, on his death-bed, ordered his 
body to be buried by the fide of his poet!- 
cal friend. This epitaph was ſaid to be 
written upon him : 


Aſpicite, o CiVes, ſents Ennit imaginis for- 
mam 
Hic vefirum pinxit maxima facta patrum. 
Nemo me lacrymis decoret, neque funera fi ctu 
Faxit: cur © valitu dπ ·⁴ per ora VITEM, 


Conſcious of his merit as the firſt Epic poet 
of Rome, Ennius beſtowed on himſelf the 
appellation of the Homer of Latium, Of 
the tragedies, comedies, annals, and fatires 
which he wrote, nothing remains but frag- 
ments happily collected from the quotations 
of ancient authors. The beſt edition of 
theſe is by Heſſelius, 4to. Amit. 1707. 
Ovid. 2, T.. v. 424.—Cic. de Finib. 1, 
c. 4, de Offic. 2, c. 18.—Qaintil, 10, c. 1. 
—[ucrct. 1, v. 117, &c.— C. Nep. in 
Catone. 

ENvN Bus, a Trojan prince killed by 
Achilles. Hamer. II. 2. 

ENnNo$SIG AUS, terræ concuſſor, a firname 
or Neptune. 

ExGpe, a town of Peloponneſus, near 
Pylos. Pau. 3, c. 26. 

Exops, a ſhepherd loved by the nymph 
Neis, by whom he had Satnius, Homer. II. 
14. The father of Theſtos, A Tro- 
jan killed by Patroclus. V. 16. 

Enos, a maritime town of Thrace. 

Evno$SICHTHON, a ſirname of Neptune. 

EN OTO, a nation whoſe ears are 
deſcribed as hanging down to their heels. 
Strab, - 

ExTELLA, a town of Sicily inhabited by 
Campanians. Lal. 14, v. 205.—Cic. Ver. 
3, L. 43 

ENTELLUs, a famous athlete among the 

friends of Aneas. He was intimate with 
Eryx, and entered the liſts againſt Dares in 
the funeral games of Anchiſes, in Sicily. 
Firg. As. 5, v. 387, &c. 

ExXYAL1Us, a firname of Mars. 

ENxYo, a filter of Mars, called by the La- 
tins Bellona. A daughter of Phorcis. 

Eo xk, a daughter of Theſpius. Apollod. 

EOR DAA, a diſtrict at the weſt of Mace- 
donia. Li. 31, c. 39. l. 33, c. 8. 1. 42, 
C. 33. 

Eos, the name of Aurora among the 
Greeks, whence the epithet Eous is applied 


3 


3 | 

to all the eaſtern parts of the world. Ovid: 
Faſt. 3, v. 406. A. A. 3, v. 537.1. 6, 
v. 478.—Virg. G. 1, v. 288. |. 2, v. 115, 

Eô us, one of the horſes of the ſun. Ovid, 
Met. 2, v. 153, &c. 

Er ARIS, one of the Cyclades, called by 
Ariſtotle Hydruſſa. Plin. 4, c. 12. 

EPAMINOoN DAS, a famous Theban de- 
ſcended from the antient Kings of Bæœotia. 
His father's name was Polymnus. He has 
been celebrated for his private virtues and 
military accompliſhments. His love of truth 
was fo great that he never diſgraced himſelf 
by falſehood. He formed a moſt ſacred 
and inviolable friendſhip with Pelopidas, 
whoſe life he ſaved in a battle. By his ad- 
vice Pelopidas delivered Thebes from the 
power of Lacedemon. This was the ſignal 
of war. Epaminondas was ſet at the head 
of the Theban armies, and defeated the 
Spartans at the celebrated battle of Leuctn, 
about 371 years B. C. Epaminondas made 
a proper ule of this victorious campaign, 
and entered the territories of Lacedzmon 
with 50,000 men. Here he gained many 
friends and partizans; but at his return to 
Thebes he was [c;jzed as a traitor for violat- 
ing the Jaws of his country. While he was 
making the Theban arms victorious on every 
fide, he neglected the law which forbad any 
citizen to retain in his hands the ſupreme 
power more than one month, and all his 
eminent ſervices ſeemed unable to redeem 
him from death, He paid implicit obedi- 
ence to the laws of his country, and only 
begged of his judges that it might be in- 
ſcribed on his tomb that he had ſuffered 
death for ſaving his country from ruin, 
This animated reproach was felt; he was 
pardoned, and inveſted again with the ſove- 
reign power. He was ſucceſsful in a wat 
in Theſſaly, and aſſiſted the Eleans againſt 
the Lacedæmonians. The hoſtile armies 
met near Mantinea, and while Epaminondas 
was bravely fighting in the thickeſt of the 
enemy, he received a fatal wound in tht 
breaſt, and expired exclaiming, that be 
died unconquered, when he heard that the 
Bœotians obtained the victory, in the 45th 
year of his age, 363 years before Chrilt, 
The Thebans ſeverely lamented his death 
in him their power was extinguiſhed, for 
only during his life they had enjoyed 
freedom and independence among the Gre- 
cian ſtates. Epaminondas was frugal as 
well as virtuous, and he refuſed with indig- 
nation the rich preſents which were offered 
to him by Artaxerxes the king of Perſia. 
He is repreſented by his biographer as at 
elegant dancer and a ſkilfu} muſician, ac- 
compliſhments highly eſtecmed among his 
countrymen, Plat. in Parall.—C. Nep. in 


N 


vid. 


Ro 8 


by 


dee 
tia, 
has 
and 
-uth 
ſelf 
cred 
das, 
ad- 
the 
gnal 
head 
| the 
ira, 
made 
aigh, 
emon 
many 
rn do 
jolat- 
le Was 
every 
d any 
preme 
all bis 
edeem 
obedi- 
d only 
be in · 
uffered 
ruin. 
he was 
e ſove- 
1 await 
againſt 
armies 
nondas 
t of the 
d in the 
that he 
that the 
the 48th 
e Chriſt. 
s death; 
ſhed, for 
enjoyed 
the Gre- 
frugal as 
th indig- 
e offered 
of Perſia. 
her as al 
ician, ac- 
mong his 
* Nep. in 
vid. 


3 


vd. Aenop. Quaft. Græc.— Diod. 15,— | 


Polyb. t. 

EAN TELII, a people of Italy. 

Er AP RODITUs, a frecd man puniſhed 
with death for aſſiſting Nero to deſtroy him- 
ſcif. Suet. in Ner. A freed man of Au- 
guſtus ſent to ſpy Cleopatra. Put. A 
name aſſumed by Sylla. 

EyAeavs, a ſon of Jupiter and Io, who 
founded a city in Egypt, which he called 
Memphis, in honor of his wife, who was 
the daughter of the Nile. He had a daugh- 
ter called Libya. He was worſhipped as a 
god at Memphis. Herods:. 2, c. 153.— 
Ovid. Met. 1, v. 699, &c. 

EPASNACTUS, a Gaul in alliance with 
Rome, &c. Caf. bell. C. 8, c. 44. 

EPEBGLUs, a ſoothſayer of Meſſenia, who 
prevented Ariftodemus from obtaining the 
ſovereignty. Pau. 4, c. 9, &c. 

Eyfr & ELE1, a people of Peloponneſus. 
Plin. 4, c. 5. 

EpETIUx, now Viſcio, a town of Illyri- 
cum. 

Er kus, a fon of Endymion, brother to 
Pzon, who reigned in a part of Pelopon- 
neſus. His ſubjects were called from him 
Epei. Pauſ. 5, c. 1. A ſon of Pano- 
peus, who was the fabricator of the famous 
wooden horſe which proved the ruin of 
Troy. Virg. An. 2, v. 264. —Fuftin. 20, 
c. 2.—Pauſ. 10, c. 26. 

Epuksus, a city of Tonia, built, as Juſtin 
mentions, by the Amazons; or by Andro- 
chus, ſon of Codrus, according to Straho ; 
or by Epheſus, a ſon of the river Cayſter. 
It-is famous for a temple of Diana, which 
was reckoned one of the ſeven wonders of 
the world. This temple was 425 feet long 
and 200 feet broad. The roof was ſupport- 
ed by 127 columns, fixty feet high, which 
had been placed there by ſo many kings. 
Of theſe columns, 36 were carved in the 
moſt beautiful manner, one of which was 
the work of the famous Scopas. This cele- 
brated building was not totally completed 
till 220 years after its foundation. Ctehphon 
was the chief archite&t, There was above 
the entrance a huge ſtone, which, according 
to Pliny, had been placed there by Diana 
herſelf, The riches which were in the tem- 
ple were immenſe, and the goddeſs who pre- 
ſided over it was worſhipped with the moſt 
awful ſolemnity. This celebrated temple was 
burnt on the night that Alexander was born, 
[ Vid. Eroftratus] and ſoon after it roſe from 
its ruins with more ſplendor and magnifi- 
cence. Alexander offered torchuild it at his 
own expence, if the Epheſians would place 
upon it an inſcription which denoted the 
name of the benefactor. This generous of- 


ter was refuſed by the Epheſians, who 


obſerved, in the language of adulation, that 


E P 


it was improper that one deity ſhould ralſe 
temples to the other. Ly ſimachus ordered 
the town of Epheſus to be called Arſinoe, in 
honor of his wife; but after his death the 
new appellation was loſt, and the town was 
again known by its antient name. Though 
modern authors are not agreed about the 
antient ruins of this once famed city, ſome 
have given the barbarous name of Ajaſalouc 
to what they conjecture to be the remains of 
Epheſus. The words /iterw Epheſiæ are 
applied to letters containing magical powers. 
Plin. 36, c. 14.—Strab. 12 & 14.—Mela. 
I, c. 17.—Pauf. 7, c. 2.—Plut. in Alex. 
— Tuftin. 2, c. 4.—Callim. in Dian, — Ptol. 
5,—Cic, de Nat. D. 2. 

Epukræ, a number of magiſtrates at 
Athens firſt inſtituted by Demophoon, the 
ſon of Theſeus. They were reduced to the 
number of 51 by Draco, who, according to 
ſome, firſt eſtabliſhed them. They were 
ſuperior to the Areopagites, and their pri- 
vileges were great and numerous. Solon, 
however, leſſened their power, and entruſted 
them only with the trial of manſlaughter and 
conſpiracy againſt the life of a citizen. They 
were all more than fifty years old, and it 
was required that their manners ſhould be 
pure and innocent, and their behaviour au- 
ſtere and full of gravity. 

EPHIALTES or EPHIALTUS, a giant, ſon 
of Neptune, who grew nine inches every 
month. [Yid. Alceus.] An Athenian 
famous for his courage and ſtrength. He 
fought with the Perſians againſt Alexander, 
and was killed at Halicarnaſſus. Diod. 17. 
A Trachinian who led a detachment of 
the army of Xerxes by a ſecret path to at- 
tack the Spartans at Thermopylæ. Pau. 1, 
c. 4.—Heredet. 7, c. 213. 

Epnö Ri, powerful magiſtrates at Spa. , 
who were firſt created by Lycurgus ; or, ac- 
cording to ſome, by Theopompus, B. C. 
760: They were five in number. Like 
cenſors in the ftate, they could check and 
reſtrain the authority of the kings, and even 
impriſon them, if guilty of irregularities. 
They fined Archidamus for marrying a wife 
of ſmall ſtature, and impriſoned Agis for his 
unconſtitutional behaviour. They were much 
the ſame as the tribunes of the people at 
Rome, created to watch with a jealous gye 
aver the liberties and rights of the populace. 
They had the management of the public 
money, and were the arbiters of peace and 
war. Their office was annual, and they had 
the privilege of couvening, proroguing, and 
diſſolving the greater and leſs aſſemblies of 
the people. The former was compoſed of 
gooo Spartans, all inhabitants of the city; 
the latter of 30,000 Lacedæmonians, inha- 
bitants of the inferior towns and villages. 

Er nö kus, ap orator and hiſtorian of Cu- 


2 mz 


| 


— * - 
2 
a — l 
> _ a 7 
—— —LAũV — 


* 
—— X 


* 
——— 


* —— * — 


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.. 


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— — — 
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LY > WK. 22 
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— ͥͤ — — _ — 
8 — == - anni==< — 8 9 


2 


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DDr 


— „ ” Po 


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—ñ᷑ oo - - 


E P 


mz in Folia, about 3 52 years before Chriſt. 
He was diſciple tv Iſoctates, by whoſe ad- 
vice he wrote an hiſtory which gave an ac- | 
count of all the actions and battles that had 
happened between the Greeks and barbarians | 
for 750 years. It was greatly eſteemed by 
the ancients, It is now loſt. Gt. 10, 
e. . 

EyuVRra, the antient name of Corinth, 
which it received from a nymph of the ſame 
name, and thence Ephyrers is applied to 
Dyrrhachium, founded by a Grecian co- 
tony. g. G. 2, v. 264. —9vid. Met. 2, 
v. 239.—Lucan. 6, v. 17.,—Stat. IIb. 4, 
v. 59.—l/tal. 14, v. 181. A city of 
Theſprotia in Epirus. Another in Elis. 
Atolia. One of Cyrene's attend- 
ants. Firg. G. 4, v. 343. 

Ericasrr, a name of Jocaſta the mo- 
ther and wife of CEdipus, Pau. 9, c. 5. 

ErrCERIDES, a man of Cyrene, greatly 
eſtcemed by the Athenians for his benefi- 
cence. Demeſt. 

Ericukxts, a woman accuſed of con- 
ſpiracy againſt Nero. She refuſed to con- 
feſs the aſſociates of her guilt, though ex- 
poſed to the greateſt torments, &c. Tactt. 
15, An. c. 51. 

EP1CHARMUS, a poet and Pythagorean 
philoſopher of Sicily, who introduced co- 
medy at Syracuſe, in the reign of Hiero. 
His compoſitions were imitated by Plautus. 
He wrote ſome treatiſes upon philoſophy 
and medicine, and obſerved that the gods 
ſold all their kindneſſes for toil and labor. 
According to Ariſtotle and Pliny, he added 
the two letters x and © to the Greek alpha- 
ber. He floriſhed about 440 years before 
Chriſt, and died in the goth year of his 
age. Horat. 2, ep. 1, v. 58.—Diag. 3 & 
8.—Cic. ad Attic. 1. ep. 19. 

Epicl Es, a Trojan prince killed by Ajax. 
Homer. II. 12. 

Ep1CLIDxs, a Lacedzmonian of the fa- 
mily of the Euryſthenidæ. He was raiſed 
to the throne by his brother Cleomenes 3d. 
in the place of Agis, againſt the laws and 
conſtitution of Sparta. Pau. 2, c. 9. 

Erick Ars, a Mileſian, ſervant to ]. 
Ceſar. A poet of Ambracia. Aan. 

EertcTETUs, a Stoic philoſopher of Hie- 
rapolis in Phrygia, originally the flave of 

Epaphroditus, the freedman of Nero. Tho” 
driven from Rome by Domitian, he re- 
turned after the emperor's death, and 
gained the efteem of Adrian and Marcus 


E P 


drachmas, His Enchiridion is a faithful 
picture of the ſtoic philoſophy; and his 
diſſertations which were delivered to his 
pupils, were collected by Arrian. His ſtile 
is conciſe and devoid of all ornament, full 
of energy and uſeful maxims. The value 
of his compoſitions is well known from the 
ſaying of the emperor Antoninus, who 
thanked the gods he could collect from the 
writings of Epictetus wherewith to conduct 
life with honor to himſelf and advantage 
to his country. There are ſeveral good 
editions of the works of Epictetus, with 
thoſe of Cebes and others; the moſt valua- 
ble of which, perhaps, will be found to be 
that of Reland, Traje&. 4to. 1711; and 
Arrian's by Upton, 2 vols. 4to. Lond. 
1739. 

EricyUrvs, a celebrated philoſopher born 
at Gargettus in Attica of obſcure parents. 
He was early ſent to ſchool, where he diſ- 
tinguiſhed himſelf by the brilliancy of his 
genius, and at the age of 12, when his 
preceptor repeated him this verſe from 
Heſiod, 


H ret jar wewrige xa©- yiver), Kc. 
In the beginning of things the Chaos wa: 


created, 


Epicurus earneſtly aſked him who created 
it? To this the teacher anſwered, that he 
knew not, but only philoſophers. “ Then,” 
ſays the youth, ““ philoſophers henceforth 
{hall inſtruct me.“ After having improved 
himſelf, and cnriched his mind by travel- 
ling, he vihted Athens, which was then 
crowded by the followers of Plato, the 
Cynics, the Peripatetics, and the Stoics. 
Here he eſtabliſhed himſelf and ſoon at- 
tracted a number of followers by the ſweet- 
neſs and gravity of his manners, and by his 
ſocial virtues. He taught them that the 
happineſs of mankind conſiſted in pleaſure, 
not tuch as ariſes from ſenſual gratification, 
or from vice, but from the enjoyments of 
the mind, and the ſweets of virtue. This 
doctrine was warmly attacked by the phi- 
loſophers of the different ſects, and parti- 
cularly by the Stoics. They obſerved that 
he diſgraced the gods by repreſenting them 
as inactive, given up to pleaſure, and un- 
concerned with the affairs of mankind. 


ſaries by the purity of his morals, and by 
his frequent attendance on places of public 


Aurelius. Like the Stoics he ſupported 
the doctrine of the immortality of the ſoul, 
but he declared himſelf ſtrongly againſt 
ſuicide, which was ſo warmly adopted by 
his ſet. He died ina very advanced age. 
The carthen lamp of which he made uſe, 


was ſold ſome time after his death at 3000 


5 


worſhip. When Leontium, one of his fe- 
| mate pupils, was accuſed of proſtituting 
herſelf to her maſter and to alL his diſciples, 
| the philoſopher proved the falſity of the accu- 
lation by ſilence and an exemplary life. His 
health was at laſt impaired by continual 
labor, and he died of a retention of urine, 
which 


He refuted all the accuſations of his adver- - 


rous 
ftrine: 
World 
ſenſe 
tue, 
Mine 
auſte. 
tue, 
Whey 
Epicy 
indee 
mies 
lower 
expiri 
duced 
compe 
the nu 
of the 
rors of 
3 
& 25. 
Eer 
213, 
Epr 
the A. 
The R 
they C 
antient 
e, e. rc 
et, x, 
Eprr 
Antioc 
tere, 


es 3 xo . SE 


Ul. 


ituting 
ciples, 
> ACCU * 
e. His 
ntinual 

uriney 


which 


E P 


which long ſubjected him to the moſt ex- 


crueiating torments, and which he bore 
with unparalleled fortitude, His death 
happened 270 years before Chriſt, in the 
72d year of his age. His diſciples ſhewed 
their reſpect for the memory of their learned 
preceptor, by the unanimity which pre- 
vailed among them. While philoſophers in 
every ſect were at war with mankind and 
among themſelves, the followers of Epicu- 
rus enjoyed perfect peace, and lived in the 
moſt ſolid friendſhip. * The day of his birth 
vas obſerved with univerſal feſtivity, and 
during a month all his admirers gave them- 
ſelves up to mirth and innocent amuſement. 
Of all the philoſophers of antiquity, Epi- 
curus is the only one whoſe writings de- 
ſerve attention for their number. He wrote 
no leſs than 300 volumes, according to 
Diogenes Laertius ; and Chryſippus was ſo 
jealous of the fecundity of his genins, that 
no ſooner had Epicurus publiſhed one of 
his volumes, but he immediately compoſed 
one, that he might not he overcome in the 
number of his productions. Epicuus, how- 
ever, advanced truths and arguments un- 
known before; but Chryſippus ſaid, what 
others long ago had ſaid, without ſhewing 
any thing which might be called originality. 
Tue followers of Epicurus were nume- 
rous in every age and country, his doc- 
trines were rapidly diſſeminated over the 
world, and when the gratification of the 
ſenſe was ſubſtituted to the practice of vir- 
tus, the morals of mankind were under- 
mined and deſtroyed. Even Rome, whoſe 
auſtere ſimplicity had happily nurtured vir- 
tue, felt the attack, and was corrupted. 
When Cyncas ſpoke of the tenets of the 
Epicureans in the Roman ſenate, Fabricius 
indeed intreated the Gods that all the ene- 
mies of the republic might become his fol- 
lowers. But thoſe were the feeble efforts of 
expiring virtue; and when Lucretius intro- 
duced the popular doctrine in his poetical 
compoſition, the ſmoothneſs and beauty of 
the numbers contributed, with the effeminacy 
of the Epicureans, to enervate the conque- 
rors of the world. Diog. in vita. — lian. 
V. II. 4, e. 13.—Gic. de Nat. D. 1, c. 24 
& 25. Tuſe. 3, 49. de finib. 2, c. 22. 

Ericvpks, a tyrant gf Syracuſe, B. C. 
213. 

Eyipaudvus, a town of Macedonia on 
the Adriatic, nearly oppoſite Brunduſium. 
The Romans planted there a colony which 
they called Dyrrachium, conſidering the 
zntient name {ad damnum) ominous, Pau. 
e, c. 10,—Plin. 3, c. 23,—Plautus, Men. 2, 
act. 1, v. 42. 

EPIDAPHNE, a town of Syria, called alſo 
Antioch. Germanicus, ſon of Druſus, died 
ere. Tacit. Ann, 2, c. 83. 


| 


S.£ 


EyinDAVRIA, a feſtival at Athens in bo- 
nor of AÆſculapius. A country of Pelo- 
ponneſus, 

EP1DAURUs, a town at the north of Ar- 
golis in Peloponneſus, chiefly dedicated to 
the worſhip of ZEſculapius, who had there 
a famous temple. It received its name 
from Epidaurus, a ſon of Argus and Evadne, 
It is now called Pidaura. Strab. 8.—Virg. 
G. 3, v. 44—Parſ. 3, c. 21 — Mela. 2, c. 
3. A town of Dalmatia, now Raguff 
Vecchio, of Laconia. 

Eypiptun, one of the weſtern ifles of 
Scotland, or the Mull of Cantyre according 
to ſome. Pzolem. 

EypiDivs, a man who wrote concerning 
unuſual prodigies. Plin. 16, c. 25. 

EriDoT-Zx, certain deities who preſided 
over the birth of children. They were wor- 
thipped by the Laeedzmonians, and chiefly 
invoked by thoſe who were perſecuted by 
the ghoſts of the dead, &c. Pauſ. 3, c. 
17, &c. 

EpiGi:4Fs, a Babylonian aſtrologer and 
hiftorian. Plin. 7, c. $6. 

Eyp1iGEvs, a Greek killed by Hector. 

Eric6wr, the ſons and deſcendants of 
the Grecian heroes who were killed in the 
firſt Theban war. The war of the Epigoni 
is famous in ancient hiſtory. It was under- 
taken ten years after the firſt, The ſons of 
thoſe who had periſhed in the firſt war, re- 
ſolved to avenge the death of their fathers, 
and marched againſt Thebes, under the 
command of Therſander ; or, according to 
others, of Alcmzon the ſon of Amphiaraus. 
The Argives were aſſiſted by the Corinthi- 
ans, the people of Meſſenia, Arcadia, and 
Megara. The Thebans had engaged all 
their neighbours in their quarrel, as in one 
common cauſe, and the two hoſtile armies 
met and engaged on the banks of the 
Gliſſas. The fight was obſtinate and bloody, 
but victory declared for the Epigoni, and 
ſome of the Thebans fled to Illyricum with 
Leodamas their general, while others re- 
tired into Thebes, where they were ſoon 
beheged, and forced to ſurrender, In this 
war /Egialeus alone was killed, and his fa- 
ther Adraſtus was the only perſon who eſ- 
caped alive in the firſt war. This whole 
war, as Pauſanias obſerves, was written in 
verſe ;- and Callinus, who quotes ſome of 
the verſes, aſcribes them to Homer, which 
opinion has been adopted by many writers. 
For my part, continues the geographer, I 
own that next to the Iliad and Odylley of 
Homer, I have nevei ſeen a finer poern, 
Pauſ. 9, c. 9 & '25.—Apolled, 1 & 3.— 
Died. 4. This name has been applied to 
the ſons of thoſe Macedonian veterans wh 0 
in the age of Alexander formed connece 
tions with the women of Alia. 

U 3 Ericownus, 


23 


Erics, a mathematician of Am- 


bracia. N i ä 
ErICORANEA, a fountain of Bœotia. Pin, 


4 6. ). 
Eyi1 & Eyt1, a people of Elis. 
EriLARISC, a daughter of Theſpius.— 

Apollod. 

Epi EL lors, the founder of Corone. 
Pauſ. 4, c. 34. : 

ErpIMENESs, a man who conſpired againſt 
Alexander's life, Curt. 8, c. 6. 

EpiluENIprs, an epic poet of Crete, 
contemporary with Solon. His father's 
name was Agiaſarchus. He is reckoned 
one of the ſeven wiſe men, by thoſe who 
exclude Periander from the number. While 
he was tending his flocks one day, he en- 
tered into a cave, where he fell aflcep. His 
ſleep continued for 57 years, according to 
tradition, and when he awoke he found 
every object ſo conſiderably altered, that 
he ſcarce knew where he was. His brother 
apprized him of the length of his ſleep to his 
great aſtoniſhment. It is ſuppoſ-d that he 
lived 289 years. After death he was re- 
vered as a god, and greatly honored by the 
Athenians, whom he had delivered from © 
plague, and to whom he had given many 
good and uſcful counſels. He is ſaid to be 
the firſt who built temples in the Gre- 
cian commun ties. Cc. de Div, 1.—Diog. 
in vitd.—Pauf. 1, c. 14.—Plut. in Solon. 
— Val. Max. 8, c. 13.—Strab. 10,—Plin. 
7. c. 12. 

EptMETHEUS, a ſon of Japetus and Cly- 
mene, one of the Oceanides, who inconſi- 
derately married Pandora, by whom he had 
Pyrrha, the wife of Deucalion. He had 
the curioſity to open the box which Pandora 
had brought with her, [ Vid. Pandora] and 
from thence iſſued a train of evils, which 
from that mument have never ceaſed to 
afflict the human race. Hope was the 
only one which remained at the bottom 
of the box, not having ſufficient time 
to eſcape, and it is ſhe alone which com- 
forts men under misfortunes. Epimetheus 
was Changed into a monkey by the gods, 
and ſent into the iſland of Pithecuſa. Apollod. 
I, c. 2 & 7.— Hygin. fab.-Heſied. Theog. 
Lid. Prometheus.) 
 EeiMETHis, a patronymic of Pyrrha, 
the daughter of Epimeticus. Ovid. Met. 
1. v. 390. 

Eyiö cus, a ſon of Lycurgus, who re- 
ceived divine honors in Arcadia. 

Ep TGxNE, the wife of Aſculapius. Par. 
25 E. 29. | 

EeI1PHANEA, a town of Cilicia, near 
Iſſus, now Swrperdktar, Plin, 5, c. 27.— 
Cic. d Fam. 15, ep. 4. Another of 
Syria on the Euphrates, Plin, 5, c. 24. 


EF 


Epirn kurs, ſilluſtrious, ) a ſirname given 
to the Antiochus's, kings of Syria. A fir- 
1ame of one of the Ptolemies, the fifth of 
the houſe of the Lagidæ. Strab. 17. 

EP1PHANIUS, a biſhop of Salamis, who 
was active in refuting the writings of Origen; 
but his compoſitions are more valuable for 
the fragments which they preſerve than for 
their own intrinſic merit. The only edi- 
tion is by Dionyſ. Petatius, 2 vols. Paris, 
1622. The bithop died A. D. 403. 

Ep1ePGrL. #, a diſtrict of Syracuſe, on the 
north fide, ſurrounded by a wall, by Dio- 
nyſius, who to complete the work expedi- 
tiouſly, employed 60,000 men upon it, fo 
that in 30 days he finiſhed a wall 44 miles 
long, and of great hcight and thickneſs, 

EPIiRUs, a country ſituate between Ma- 
cedonia, Achaia, and the Jonian ſea. It 
was formerly governed by kings, of whom 
Neoptolemus, fon of Achilles, was one of 
the firit. It was afterwards joined to the 
empire of Macedonia, and at laſt became a 
part of the Roman dominions. It is now 
called Larta, Strab. 7.— Mela. 2, c. 3.— 
Proel. 3, c. 14.—Plin. 4, c. 1.—Firg. G.;. 
v. 121. 

EpisrRöp nus, a king of Phocis who 
went to the Trojan war. Homer. II. 

EPp1TADEsS, a man who firſt violated a 
iaw of Lycurgus, which forbad laws to be 
made. Plut. in Agid. | 

Erirus. Vid. Epytus. 

Ee1UM, a town of Peloponneſug on the 
borders of Arcadia. 

Ep NA, a beautiful girl, the fruit of a 
man's union with a mare. 

EpörEus, a ſon of Neptune and Canace, 
who came from Theſſaly to Sicyon, and 
carried away Antiope, daughter of Nycteus 
king of Thebes. This rape was followed 
by a war, in which Nycteus and Epopeus 
were both killed. Pauſ. 2, c. 6, —£2polod. 

1, c. 7, &c, A fon of Aloeus, Brand- 
fon to Phœbus. He reigned at Corinth. 
Pauſ. 2, c. 1 and 3. One of the Tyr- 
rhene ſailors, who attempted to abuſe Bac- 
chus. Ovid, Met. 3, v. 619. 

EyoREDORIXx, a powerful perſon among 
the Mdui, who commanded his country- 
men in their war againſt the Sequani. CA,. 
Bell. G. 7, c. 67. 

EeCLo, a Rutulian killed by Achates. 
Virg. An. 12, v. 459. 

Er vripks, a patronymic given to Peri- 
phantes, the ſon of Epytus, and the compa- 
nion of Aſcanius. Virg. An. 5, v. 547. 

EeYTUs, a king of Alba. Ovid. Faft. 
4, v. 44- A king of Arcadia.—4 
king of Meſſenia, of the family of the He- 
raclide. The father of Periphus, a he- 
rald in the Trojan war. Homer. 1/. 17. 


EqQuUA4jusT4y 


A 


| death 


his tir 
lofoph 
mathe 
Plato, 
of the 
of the. 
with u 


ſupplic 


anace, 
„ and 
ycteus 
lowed 
)opeus 
pollod. 
grand- 
orinth. 
e Tyr- 
'e Bac- 


among 
buntty- 
i. Cæſ. 


\ chatcs. 
to Peri- 


compa- 


547 
id. Faſt. 


D 
the He- 
$, a he- 
17. 


9 v5s14 


E N 


EqQuAJUSTA, a town of Theſſaly. 

Ea dic Lus, a Rutulian engaged in the 
wars of Mncas. irg. An. , v. 684. 

Ea ui RIA, feſtivals eſtabliſhed at Rome 
by Romulus, in honor of Mars, when horſe 
races and games were exhibited in the 
Campus: Martius. Varro. de L. L. 5, c. 3. 
— Ovid. Faff. 2, v. 8 59. | 

EQuoTuTicum, now Catel France, a 
little town of Apulia, to which, as ſome 
ſuppoſe, Horace alludes in this verſe, 1, 
Sat. 5, v. 87. 
« Manſuri oppidulo, uerſu quod dicere non eff. 


ERACON, an officer of Alexander, im- 
priſoned for his cruelty. Curt. 10. 

ERZA, A city of Greece, deſtroyed in 
the age of Strabo, 3. 

ERANA, a ſmall village of Cilicia on 
mount Amanus. Cg. Fam. 15. ep. 4. 

ErxASENUS, a river of Peloponneſus, 
flowing for a little ſpace under the ground 
in Argolis. Ovid, Met. 15,v. 275.—Plin. 
8, e. 13. 

ERASIPPUSs, a fon of Hercules and Ly- 
ſippe. 

ERASISTRATUS, a celebrated phyſician, 
grandſon tv the philoſopher Ariſtotle. He 
diſcovered by the motion of the pulſe the 
love which Antiochus had conceived for his 
mother-in-law Stratonice, and was rewarded 
with 100 talents forthe cure by the father of 
Antiochus. He was a great enemy to bleed- 
ing and violent phyſic. He died B. C. 257. 
Val. Max. 5, c. 7.—Plut. in Demetr. 

ERAro, one of the Muſes, who pre- 
ſided over lyric, tender, and amorous poetry. 
She is repreſented as crowned with roſes and 
myrtle, holding a lyre in her hand. She 
appears with a thoughtful and ſometimes 
with a gay and animated look. She was 
invoked by lovers, eſpecially in the month 
of April, which, among the Romans, was 
more particularly devoted to love. ipol/od, 
10.—-„Virg. An. 7, v. 37.—Ovid. de art. 
am. 2, One of the Nereides. Apollod. 1, 
e. 2. One of the Dryades, wife of Arcas, 
king of Arcadia. Par. 8, c. 4. One 
of the Danaides who married Bromius. 
A queen of the Armenians, after the 


death of Ariobarzanes, &c. Tacit. Am. 2, 


CE. 4 

ExATosTHENFS, a native of Cyrene, 
who was the ſecond entruſted with the care 
of the Alexandrian library. He dedicated 
his time to grammatical criticiſm and phi- 
loſophy, but more particularly to poetry and 
mathematics. He has been called a ſecond 
Plato, the coſmographer, and the geometer 
of the world. He is ſuppoſed the inventor 
of the armillary ſphere. With the inftruments 
with wich the munificence of the Ptolemies 
ſupplied the library of Alexandria he was en- 


E X 


abled to meaſure the obliquity of the ecliptic, 
which he called 201 degrees. He alſo mea- 
ſured a degree of the meridian, and determin- 
edthe extent and circumference of the earth 
with great exactneſs, by means adopted by 
the moderns. He ſtarved himſelf after be 
had lived to his 82d year, B. C. 194. Some 
few fragments remain of his compoſitions. 
He colleded the annals of the Egyptian 
kings by order of one of the Ptolemies. Cie. 
al Attic, 2, ep. 6.—Parro. de R. R. ſ, 
„ 
ERATOSTRATVUS, an Epheſian who burat 
the famous temple of Diana, the ſame 
night that Alexander the Great was born. 
This burning, as ſome writers have ob- 
ſerved, was not prevented or ſeen by the 
goddeſs of the place, who was then pre- 
fent at the labors of Olympias, and the birth 
of the conqueror of Perſia. Eratoſtratus 
did this villainy merely to eternize his name 
by ſo uncommon an action. Plat. in Alex. 
Val. Max. 8, c. 14. 
ErATvs, a ſon of Hercules and Dynaſte; 
Apolled. A King of Sicyon, who died 
B. C. 1671. g 
ErBEssSus, a town of Sicily north of 
Agrigentum, now monte Bibino. Liv. 24. 
6. a 
ErcHla, a ſmall village of Attica, the 
birth place of Xenophon. Laert. 2, c. 48. 
ErFBus, a deity of hell, ſon of Chaos 
and Darkneſs. He married Night, by whom 
ne had the light and the day. The poets 
often uſed the word Erebus to ſignify hell 
itſelf, and particularly that part where 
dwelt the ſouls of thoſe who had lived a 
virtuous life, from whence they paſſed into 
the Elyſian fields. Cic. de Nat. D. 3, c. 
17.—Virg. An. 4, v. 26. 
ERECHTHEUsS, fon of Pandion 1ft, was 
the ſixth king of Athens. He was father 
of Cecrops 2d, Metion, Pandorus, and four 
daughters, Creuſa, Orithya, Procris, and 
Othonia, by Praxithea. In a war againſt 
Eleuſis he ſacrificed Othonia, called alſo 
Chthonia, to obtain a vittory which the 
oracle promiſed for ſuch a ſacrifice. In that 


who was the general of the enemy, for 
which he was ftruck with thunder by Ju- 
piter at Neptune's requeſt, Some ſay that 
he was drowned in the ſea, After death 
he received divine honors at Athens. He 
reigned 50 years, and died B. C. 1347. 
According to ſome accounts, he firſt intro- 
duced the myſteries of Ceres at Eleuſis. 
Ovid. 6, v. 877.—Pauf. 2, c. 25.—Apolled. 
35 c. 15.— 7c. pro Sext, 21. Tuſc. 1, c. 
48. Nat. D. 3, c. 15. 

ErRECHTHIDES, a name given to the 
Athenians, from their king Erechtheus. 
Ovid, Met. 7. v. 430. : 


v4 EREMBI, 


war he killed Eumolpus, Neptune's ſon, ' 


þ- ee ee eee tree —˙Ü , - — 
— DW zz ro” IE 44 


Xx a 


E X 


ExEMRIT, a people of Arabia. 

Extmvs, a country of Zthiopia. 

Ex EEA, a village of Megara. Pauſ. 1, 
t. 44. 

ERESssA, a town of Holia. 

Extsvs, a town of Leſbos, where Theo- 
phraſtus was born. 

ErETRIA, a city of Eubœa on the Euri- 
pus, anciently called Melancis and Arotria. 
It was deſtroyed by the Perſians, and the 
ruins were hardly viſible in the age of Stra- 
bo. It received its name from Eretriusy a 
fon of Phaeton. Pau/. 7, c. 8, &c.— Mela. 
2, c. 7.—Plin, 4, c. 12.—C. Nep. in 
Mile. 4. 

ExtTvumM, a town of the Sabines near 
the Tiber, whence came the adjective Ere- 
tinus. Virg. An. 7, v. 711.—Tibull, 4, 
el. 8. v. 4. 

ExEUTHAL1ON, a man killed by Neſtor 
in a war between the Pylians and Arca- 
dians. Homer, Il. 

ErOGANx, a river whoſe waters intoxicate 
as wine, A ſirname of Minerva. Pau. 
57 C. 14. 

ERGENNA, a celebrated ſoothſayer of 
Etruria. Per. 2, v. 26. 

ER CIASs, a Rhodian who wrote a hiſtory 
of his country. 

EnGinvs, a king of Orchomenos, ſon 
of Clymenes. He obliged the Thebans to 
pay him a yearly tribute of 100 oxen, be- 
cauſe his father had been killed by a The- 
ban. Hercules attacked his ſervants, who 
eame to raiſe the tribute, and mutilated 
them, and he afterwards killed Erginus, 
who attempted to avenge their death by in- 
vading Bœotia with an army. Pau/. 9, c. 
17. A river of Thrace. Mela. 2, c. 2. 
A ſon of Neptune. One of the 
four brothers who kept the Acrocorinth, by 
order of Antigonus. Polyzn. 6. 

EzGcinNnus, a man made maſter of the 
ſhip Argo by the Argonauts, after the 
death of Typhis. 

EriB&A, a firname of Juno. Homer. 
II. 5. The mother of Ajax Telamon.— 
Sophocl, 

ERIBZOTESs, a man ſkilled in medicine, 
& c. Orpheus. 

ERITCETES, a man of Lycaonia, killed 
by Meſſapus in Italy. Virg. An. 10, v. 
749 

ERz1CHTHO, a Theſſalian woman famous 
for her knowledge of poiſonous herbs and 
medicine. Lucan, 6, v. 507. One of 
the Furies. Ovid. —Hefiod. 21, v. 151. 

ERricHTRHGNIUS, the fourth king of 
Athens, ſprung from the ſecd of Vulcan 
which fell upon the ground when that god 
attempted to offer violence to Minerva, He 
was very deformed, and had the tails of 
ſerpents inſtcad of legs. Minerva placed 


E R 


him in a baſket, which ſhe gave to the 
daughters of Cecrops, with flrift injunc- 
tions not to examine its contents. Aglauros, 
one of the ſiſters, had the curioſity to open 
the baſket, for which the goddeſs punithed 
her indiſcretion by making her jealous of 
her ſiſter Herſe. [Yid. Herſe.] Erichthon 
was young when he aſcended the throne of 
Athens. He reigned 50 years, and died 
B. C. 1437. The invention of chariots is 
attributed to him, and the manner of har. 
neſting horſes to draw them. He was made 
a conſtellation after death under the name 
of Bootes. Ovid, Met. 2, v. 553.—Hygin, 
fab. 166.—Apellod. 3, c. 14.-—Pauf. 4, c. 
2.—Virg. G. 3, v. 113. A ſon of Dar- 
danus who reigned in Troy, and died 1374 
B. C. after a long reign of about 75 years, 
Apolled. 3, c. 10. 

Erx1ciniuM, a town of Macedonia, 

ERicusA, one of the Lipari iſles, now 
Alicudi. 

ERIDANus, one of the largeſt rivers of 
Italy, riſing in the Alps and falling into 
the Adriatic by ſeveral mouths; now ealled 
the Po. It was in its neighbourhood that the 
Heliades, the ſiſters of Phacton, wer 
changed into poplars, according to Ovid. 
Virgil calls it the king of all rivers, and 
Lucan compares it to the Rhine and Da- 
nube. An Eridanus is mentioned in hea- 
ven. Cic. in Arat. 145. Claudian. de Conf. 
Hen. 6, v. 175.—Ovid. Met. 2, fab. 3.— 
Pauſ. 1, c. 3.—Strab. 5. — Lacan. 2, v. 
409.—Virg. G. 1, v. 482. Au. 6, v. 659. 

ERIOCGNE, a daughter of Icarius, who 
hung herſelf when ſhe heard that her father 
had been killed by ſome ſhepherds whom 
he had intoxicated, She was made a con- 
ſtellation, now known under the name of 
Virgo. Bacchus deceived her by changing 
himſelf into a beautiful grape. Ovid. Me. 
6, fab. 4.—Stat. 11. Theb. v. 644. —Pirg, 
G. 1, v. 33-—Apolled. 3, c. 14.—Hygin. 
fab. 1 & 24. A daughter of Ægiſthus 
and Clytemneſtra, Who had by her brother 
Oreſtes, Penthilus, who ſhared the regal 
power with Timaſenus, the legitimate ſon 
of Oreſtes and Hermione, Pauſ. 2, c. 18. 
—Paterc. 1, c. ti. 

ERIC ONEIUs, a name applied to the Dog- 
ſtar, becauſe looking towards Erigone, &c. 
Ovid. Faſt. 5, v. 723. 

Exlcbvus, a river of Thrace —A 
painter. Pin. 35, c. 11. 

Ex1icYus, a Mitylenean, one of Alexan- 
der's officers, Curt. 6, c. 4. 

Erx1LLUus, a philoſopher of Carthage, 
contemporary with Zeno. Diog. 

ERkINDEs, a river of Aſia, ncar Parthia. 
Tacit. Ann. 11, c. 16. 

ExIN NA, a pocteſs intimate with Sappho- 

ERINN VS, one of the Eumenides. * 

wer 


7 who 
- father 
whom 
a con- 
ame of 
hanging 
d. Met. 
Jin. 
ky Hygin. 
2g ilthus 
brother 
ze regal 
late (on 
2, e. 18. 


he Dog- 


one, &c. 
— 
Alexan- 
2arthagey 
r Parthia. 
1 Sappb 


0. 
The 

IP 
word 


E R 


word fignifies the fury of the mind, «giz 
vu. [Vid. Eumenides.] Virg. An. 2, v. 
337. A ſirname of Ceres, on account of 
her amour with Neptune under the form of 
a horſe. Pauſ. 8, c. 25. 

Ex lor is, a daughter of Medea. Pau. 
2, E. 37 

ERxiru Axis, a Greek woman famous 
for her poetical compoſitions. She was ex- 
tremely fond of the hunter Melampus, and 
to enjoy his company ſhe accuſtomed her- 
{elf to live in the wouds. 

ExIPHIDAS,a Lacedzmonian who being 
ſent to ſuppreſs a ſedition at Heraclea, aſ- 
ſembled the people and beheaded oo of 
the ring leaders. Died. 14. 

ExIPHYLE, a ſiſter of Adraſtus king of 
Argos, who married Amphiaraus. She 
was daughter of Talaus and Lyſimache. 
When her huſband concealed himſelf that 
he might not accompany the Argives in 
their expedition againſt Thebes, where he 
knew he was to periſh, Eriphyle ſuffered 
herſelf ro be bribed by Polynices with a 
golden necklace which had been formerly 
given to Hermione by the goddeſs Venus, 
and ſhe diſcovered where Amphiaraus was. 
This treachery of Eriphyle compelled 
him to go to the war; but before he de- 
parted, he charged his fon Alcmzon to 
murder his mother as ſoon as he was in- 
formed of his death. Amphiaraus periſhed 
in the expedition, and his death was no 
ſooner known than his laſt injunctions 
were obeyed, and Eriphyle was murdered 
by the hands of her ſon. Virg. An. 6, v. 
445 — Homer. Od. 11.—Cic, in err, 4, c. 
18.,—4pelled. 1, c. 9.1.3, c. 6 & 7.— 
H;gin. tab. 73.—Parſ. 5, c. 17. 

ERis, the goddeſs of diſcord among the 
Greeks. She is the ſame as the Diſcordia 
of the Latins. Vid. Diſcordia. 

ERIsIchrno, a Theſſalian, ſon of Tri- 
ops, who derided Ceres and cut down her 
groves. This impiety irritated the goddeſs, 
who afflicted him with continual hunger. 
He ſquandered all his poſſeſſions to gratify 
the cravings of his appetite, and at laſt ke 
devoured his own limbs for want of food. 
His daughter had the power of transform- 
ing berſelf into whatever animal ſhe pleaſed, 
and the made uſe of that artifice to main- 
tain her father, who ſold her, after which 
ſhe aſſumed another ſhape and became again 
his property. Ovid. Met. fab. 18. 

ErxiTHuUs, a fon of Actor, Killed by Per- 
ſeus. Ovid. Met. 5. 

Ex1xo, a Roman knight condemned by 
the people for having whipped his ſon to 
death. Senec. 1, de Clem. 14. 


e. 2. 
Ezdpus or AZROPAS, a king of Macedo- 


Exdcavs, a town of Phocis. Pauſ. 10, | 


| 


E X 


nia, who when in the cradle ſucceeded his 
father Philip 1ſt. B. C. 602, He made war 
againſt the INyrians, whom he conquered. 
Je 75 ©. 8. | 

ROS, a ſervant, of whom Antony de- 
manded a ſword to kill himſelf, Eros pro- 
duced the inſtrument, but inſtead of giving 
it to his maſter he killed himſelf in his pre- 
ſence. Plut. in Anton. A comedian. 
Cic. pro Roſe. 2. A ſon of Chronos or 
Saturn, god of love. Vid. Cupido. 

ERosTRATus. Vid. Eratoſtratus. 

ERGO TIA, a feſtival in honor of Eros the 
god of love. It was celebrated by the 
Theſpians every fifth year with ſports and 
games, when muſicians and others con- 
tended. If any quarrels or ſeditions had 
ariſen among the people, it was then uſual 
to offer ſacrifices and prayers to the god, 
that he would totally remove them. 

ERRUCA, a town of the Volſci in Italy. 

ErsEt, a daughter of Cecrops. Vid. 
Herſe. 

ExYMaAs, a Trojan killed by Turnus. 
Virg. An. q, v. 702. 

ERxIAs, a man who wrote an hiſtory of 
Colophon. He is perhaps the ſame as the 
perſon who wrote an hiſtory of Rhodes, 

ErxyB1vm, a town at the foot of mount 
Parnaſſus. | 

ERyCINA, a firname of Venus from 
mount Eryx, where ſhe had a temple. 
Horat. 1. Od. 2, v. 33. 

ERVMANT AIS, a ſirname of Calliſto, as 
an inhabitant of Erymanthus. Arcadia 
is alſo known by that name. 

ExRYMANTHUsS, a mountain, river, and 
town of Arcadia, where Hercules killed a 
prodigious boar, which he carried on his 
ſhoulders to Euryſthcus, who was fo terrified 
at the ſight thar he hid himſelf in a brazen 
veſſel. Pau. 8, c. 24.—Virg. Anu. 6, v. 
802.—Plin, 4, c. 6.—Cic. Tuſc. 2, c. 8. J. 
4, c. 22.— Ovid. Met. 2, v. 499. 

ERVMN, a town of Theſſaly. Pauſ. 
8, c. 24. Of Magneſia. 

ExvyMmMneus, a Peripatctic philoſopher 
who floriſhed B. C. 126. 

ExYmus, a huntſman of Cyzicus. 

EryTHEA, an iſland between Gades and 
Spain, where Geryon reigned. Pin. 4, c. 
22.—Mela, 3, c. 6.—Propert 4. el. 10, v. 
1.—Sil. 16, v. 195. — Od. Faſt. 5, v. 649. 
A daughter of Geryon. Pauſ. 10, 
e. 37. 

ERxYTHINT, a town of Paphlagonia. 

ErRYTHRA, a town of Ionia, oppoſite 
Chios, once the reſidence of a Sibyl. It 
was built by Neleus, the ſon of Codrus, 
Pauſ. 10, c. 12.— Liv. 44, c. 28. J. 38, c. 
39. A town of Bœotia. Id. 6, c. 21. 
One in Libya, — another in Locris. 

ERYTHRAUM MARE, a pat of the ocean 

on 


— ws 


— 


| 
| 


— SG a= 
RD =. Rs 


20. — SPP. W a. r * 


— — — — 
- 


a K 3 — — 9. 


1 —_ - 


E 8 


en the coaft of Arabia. As it has a come 
munication with the Perſian gulf, and that 
of Arabia or the Red Sea, it has often been 
miſtaken by ancient writers, who by the 
word Erythrean, underſtood indifcriminatcly 
either the Red Sea or the Perſian gulf, It 
received this name either from Erythras, or 


from the redneſs (eo ese, ruber of its ſand | 


or waters. Curt. 8, c. 9.—Plin. 6, c. 23. 


Herodot. 1, c. 180 & 189. l. 3, c. 93. J. 


4, c. 37.— Mela. 3, c. 8. 

ERYTHRAS, a ſon of Hercules. Apollod. 
A ſon of Perſcus and Andromeda, 
drowned in the Red Sea, which from him 
was called Erythr&aum. Arrian. Ind. 6, c. 
19.—Me:la. 3, c. 7. 

ERYTHRION, a ſon of Athamas and 
Themiſtone. Apo/lod. 

ERVTuROs, a place of Latium. 

ER vx, a ſon of Butes and Venus, who 
relying upon his ſtrength, challenged all 
ſtrangers to fight with him in the combat 
of the ceſtus. Hercules accepted his chal- 
lenge after many had yielded to his ſuperior 
dexterity, and Eryx was killed in the com- 
bat, and buried on the mountain, where he 
had built a temple to Venus. Firg. An. 
3, v. 402. An Indian killed by his ſub- 
jets for oppoling Alexander, & c. Curt. 
8, c. 11. A mountain of Sicily now 
G7u/iano near Drepanum, which received 
its name from Eryx, who was buried there. 
This mountain was ſo ſteep that the houſes 
which were built upon it ſeemed every mo- 
ment ready to fall. Dædalus had enlarged 
the top, and encloſed it with a ſtrong wall. 
He alſo conſecrated there to Venus Erycina 
a golden heifer, which ſo much reſcmbled 
life, that it ſeemed to exceed the power of 
art. Ovid. Faſt. 4, v. 478.—l!yzin. fab. 
16 & 260.—Liv. 22, c. 9. Mela. 2, c. 7. 
—Pauſ. 3, c. 16. 

ER xo, the mother of Battus, who art- 
fully killed the tyrant Learchus who court- 
ed her. Herodot. 4, c. 160. 

EskRVus, a famous gladiator. Cc, 

Es@uiltiz & ESQuilLiNUus Moss, one 
of the ſeven hills of Rome, which was 
jomed to the city by king Tullus, Birds 
of prey generally came to devour the dead 

bodies of criminals who had been executed 
there, and thence they were called Yin 
\alttes. Liv. 2, c. 11.—Herat, 5, epod. 
V. 100 — Tacit. As. 2, C. 32. 

Es DGNEs, a pcople of Aſia, above the 
Palus Mzotis, who cat the fleſh of their 
parents mixed w:ith that of cattle, hey 


gilded the head and kept it as ſacred. Mela, 
2, c. 1.—Plin, 4, c. 1 
Ess vr, a people of Gaul. 
E<T1I.Z07T1s, a diſtrict of Theſſaly, 
EULA, a town of Italy neat Cibur, He- 
rut. 3, Cd. 29, v. 6. ; 


* 
0 


* 


E T 
EsT1AtA, ſolemn ſacrifices to Veſta, of 
Which it was unlawful to carry away any 


thing or communicate it to any body. w 
ETEARCHUS, a king of Oaxus in Crete, C01! 
After the death of his wife, he married a ſer 
woman who made herſelf odious for her ty. en! 
ranny over her ſtep-daughter Phronima, rifi 
Etearchus gave car to all the accuſations he 
which were brought againſt his daughter, and ſon 
ordered her to be thrown into the fea. She the 
had a ſon called Battus, who led a colony J 
to Cyrene, FHerouot. 4, c. 154. mil 
ETEGCLESs, a fon of CEdipus and Jocafta, of 1 
After his father's death, it was agreed be- | 
tween him and his brother Polynices, that cha 
they ſhould both ſhare the royalty, and Bac 
reign alternately each a year. Eteocles by E 
right of ſeniority firſt aſcended the throne, hut Cary 
after the firſt year of his reign was expired E 
he refuſed to give up the crown to his bro- Nil 
ther according to their mutual agreement, E. 
Polynices, reſolving to puniſh ſuch an open age 
violation of a ſolemn engagement, went to Er 
implore the aſſiſtance of Adraſtus, king of c. 22 
Argos. He received that king's daughter ET 
in marriage, and was ſoon after affifted Er 
with a ſtrong army, headed by ſeven famous ET 
generals. Theſe hoſtile preparations were 9. 19. 
watched by Eteocles, who on his part did Ev. 
not remain inactive. He choſe ſeven brave cles of 
chiefs to oppoſe the ſeven leaders of the Apolle 
Argives, and ſtationed them at the ſeven ſeven 
gates of the city. He placed himſelf againſt When 
his brother Polynices, and he oppoſed Me- thunde 
nalippus to Tydeus, Polyphontes to Capa- Impiet) 
neus, Megareus to Eteoclus, Hyperbius to from t 
Parthenopæus, and Laſthenes to Amphiz- threw | 
raus. Much blood was ſhed in light and riſhed i 
unavailing ſkirmiſhes, and it was at laft —Prop 
agreed between the two brothers that the 12, v. 
war ſhould be decided by ſingle combat, and Ne: 
They both fell in an engagement conducted ſhe had 
with the moſt inveterate fury on either ſide, Eva“ 
and it is even ſaid that the aſhes of theſe but not 
two brothers, who had been ſo inimical one Evic 
to the other, ſeparated themſelves on the took Sal 
burning pile, as if even after death, ſenſible his fathe 
of reſentment, and hoſtile to reconciliation. againſt 
Stat. Theb.— Apollad. 3,c .5, &c.—Aſcy!. the aſſiſt; 
Sept. ante Theb,— Eurip. in Pheniſ,— Pai, 'Jrians, 
I C. 9. J. 9, e. 6. A Greek, the fri the fleet 
who raiſed altars to the Graces. Pa. ever ſoon 
ETEe6CLus, one of the ſeven chiefs ol law him 
the army of Adraſtus, in his expedition + obliged tc 
gainſt Thebes. He was killed by Megs taxerxes, 
reus, the ſon of Creon, under the walls d Minions « 
Thebes. PFurip.— Apollod. 3, c. 6—4 r 
ſon of Iphis. tune, | 
ETEo0CRET-EZ, an ancient people of Crete. -4 0 ſons, 
Ertownts, a town of Bœotia on the Aſo- TOtagor: 
pus. Stat, Theb. 7, v. 266. 2 of 
Erroxtfus, an officer of Menelaus. xy © Con 
Hemer. Od. 4. f 2 and 
ETEoNICUS 9 any p 


of 


any 


ete. 
ed a 
v. 
ma. 
ions 
and 

She 
)lony 


caſta, 
d be- 
that 
and 
les by 
ne, but 
xpired 
s bro- 
ment. 
1 open 
ent to 
ing of 
jughter 
aſſiſted 
famous 
is were 
zart did 
n brave 
of the 
ze ſeven 
f againſt 
ſed Me- 
o Capa- 
erbius do 
Impbia- 
ight and 
8 at lat 
that the 
combat. 
onducted 
ther ſide, 
of theſe 
mical one 

s ON the 

\, ſenſible 
nciliation. 

B+ cht 

iſ, Fan 
the fit 

Pau. 

1 chiefs vl 
edition 2 
by Meg” 

Cc walls 0 


. 6.— 


} 


le of Crete. 
n the Aſo- 


Menelaus. 


2E V 


Errovicus, a Lacedzmonian general, 
who upon hearing that Callicratidas was 
conquered at Arginuſz, ordered the meſ- 
ſengers of this news to be crowned, and to 
enter Mitylene in triumph. This ſo ter- 
ried Conon, who beſieged the town, that 
he concluded that the enemy had obtained 
ſome advantageous victory, and he raiſed 
the ſiege. Died. 13.—7P:lyezn. 1. | 

ETEs1 =, northern winds of a gentle and 
mild nature, very common in the months 
of ſpring and autumn. Luc et. 5, v. 741. 

ETHAL1oON, one of the Tyrrbene failors 

changed into dolphins for carrying away 

Bacchus. Owid. Met. 3, v. 647. 

ETHELEUM, a river of Aſia, the boun- 
Gary of Troas and Myſia. Stras, 

ETHGDA, a daughter of Amphion and 
Ni be. : 

ETHEMON, a perſon killed at the marri- 
age of Andromeda. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 163. 

ETIAS, a daughter of Eneas. Pau. 3, 
c. 22. 

ET1s, a town of Peloponneſus. Id. Ib. 

ETRURIA. Vid. Hetruria. 

ETYLvus, the father of Theocles, Id. 6, 
c. 19. 

EVA DNR, a daughter of Iphis or Iphi- 
cles of Argos, who ſlighted the addreſſes of 
Apollo, and married Capaneus one of the 
ſeven chiefs who went againſt Thebes. 
When her huſband had been ſtruck with 
thunder Ly Jupiter for his blaſphemies and 
impiety, and his aſhes had been ſeparated 
from thoſe of the reſt of the Argives, ſhe 
threw herſelf on his burning pile and pe- 
riſhed in the flames. Virg. An. 6, v. 447. 
—Propert. 1, el. 15, v. 21.— Stat. Theb. 
I2, v. 800. A daughter of the Strymon 
and Nezra, She mairied Argus, by whom 
ſhe had four children. Apollod. 2. 

Evacks, a poet famous for his genius 
but not for his learning. 

EvicG6RAs, a king of Cyprus who re- 
took Salamis, which had been taken from 
his father by the Perſians. He made war 
againſt Artaxerxes, the king of Perſia with 
the aſſiſtance of the Egyptians, Arabians and 
Tyrians, and obtained ſome advantage over 
the fleet of his enemy. The Perſians how- 
ever ſoon repaired their loſſes, and Evagoras 
law himſelf defeated by ſea and land, and 
obliged to be tributary to the power of Ar- 
taxerxes, and to be (tripped of all his do- 
minions except the town of Salamis. He 
was aſſaſſinated ſoun after this fatal change of 
fortune, by an eunuch, 374 B. C. He left 
two ſons, Nicocles, who ſucceeded him, and 
Protagoras, who deprived his nephew Eva- 
goras of his poſſeſſions. Evagoras deſerves 
to be commended for his ſobriety, modera- 
tion, and magnanimity, and if he was guilty 


of ay political error in the management of | 


E V 


his kingdom, it may be ſaid, that his love of 
equity was a full compenſation. His grand- 
ſon bore the ſame name, and ſucceeded his 
father Nicocles. He ſhowed himſelf oppreſ- 
ſive, and his uncle Protagoras took advan- 
tage of bis unpopularity to deprive him of 
his power. Evagoras fled to Artaxerxes 
Ochus, who gave him a government more 
extenſive than that of Cyprus, but his op- 
preſhon rendered him odious, and he was 
accuied before his benefactor, and by his 
orders put to death. C. Nep. 12, c. 2.— 
Diod. 14.—Pauf. 1, c. 3. — Juin. 5, c. 6. 
—— A man of Elis who obtained a prize at 
tie Olympian games. Par. 5, c. 8. 
A Spartan famous for his ſervices to the 
pcople of Elis. Id. 6, c. 10. 
Neleus and Chloris. Apollod. 1, c. 9. 
A fon of Priam. Id. 3, c. 12. A king 
of Rhodes. An hiſtorian of Lindos. 
Another of Thaſos, whoſe works proved 
ſerviccable to Pliny in the completion of 
his natural hiſtory, P/. 10. 

EvAac6Re, one of the Nereides. Ap d. 

Evan, a firname of Bacchus, which he 
received from the wild ejaculation of Evan / 
Ewan! by his prieſtefſes. Ovid. Met. 4, 
v. 15,—-Virg. An. 6, v. 517. 

EvANnDER, a ſon of the propheteſs Car- 
mente, king of Arcadia. An accidental 
murder obliged him to leave his country, 
and he came to Italy, where he drove the 
Aborigines from their ancient poſſeſſions, 
and reigned in that part of the country 
where Rome was afterwards founded. He 
kindly received Hercules when he returned 
from the conqueſt of Geryon ; and he was 
the firſt who raiſed him altars. He gave 
Ancas aſſiſtance againſt the Rutuli, and 
diſtingurſhed himſelf by his hoſpitality. It 
is ſaid that ke firſt brought the Greek alpha- 
bet into Italy, and introduced there the 
worthip of the Greek deities. He was 
honored as a God after death, and his 
ſubjects raiſed him an altar on mount Aven- 
tine. Pauſ. 8, c. 43.—Liv. 1, c. 7.— 
Ital. 7, v. 18.—Divnyſ. Hal. 1, c. 7.— 
Ovid. Fat. 1, v. 500. l. v. 91. -Virg. An. 
8, v. 100, &c. A philoſopher of the 
2d academy, who florithed B. C. 215. 

EvanNGELUs, a Greek hiftorian,_— A 
comic poet. 

EvanGoRYDEs, a man of Elis, who wrote 
an account of all thoſe who. had obtained a 
prize at Olympia, where he himſelf had 
been victorious, Pau. 6, c. 8. 

EVANTHES, a man who planted a co- 
lony in Lucania at the head of ſome Lo- 
crians, A celebrated Greek poet. 
An hiſtorian of Miletus, A philoſophes 
of Samos, A writer of Cyzicus. A 
ſon of CEnopion of Crete, who migrated to 


live at Chios. Par. 7, c. 4 


Das 


A ſon of 


| 


pn þ - DT. 4 
— Oo — — — 


— 


—— — — 
— — — 


— — — 
— Wen. — 


— 


—— — — T 2 — 


—— — 


TEE GT 


» Pn 
— 


E U 


Forarcuve, a river of Aſia Minor flow- 
Ing into the Euxine on the contines of Cap- 
padocia. Flac. 6, v. 102. 

Evas, a native of Phrygia who accom- 
— Anecas into Italy, where he was 

illed by Mezentiuss Firg. An. 10, 
v. 702. 

Evax, an Arabian prince who wrote to 
Nero concerning jewels, &c. Plin. 25, 
2. ©. 

EuBAGEs, certain prieſts held in great 
veneration among the Gauls and Britons. 
Vid. Druidæ. 

Eu BN T As, an athlete of Cyrene, whom 


the courtezan Lais in vain endeavoured to 


ſeduce. Parſ. Eliac. 1. 

Eustvs, an obſcene writer, &c. 
Trift. 2, v. 415. 

Eu nc a, the largeſt iſland in the Ægean 
fea aſtet Crete, now called Negropont. It 
is ſeparated from the continent of Bœotia 
by the narrow ftraits of the Euripus, and was 
antiently known by the different names of 
Maecris, Oche, Fllypia, Chalcis, Abantis, 
Aſopis. It is 150 mies long, and 37 broad 
in its moſt extenſive parts, and 365 in cir- 
cumferenee. The principal town was Chal- 
cis; and it was reported that in the neigh- 
bourkvod of Chalcis, the ifland had been 
formerly joined to the continent. Eubcea 
was ſubjected to the power of the Greeks; 
ſome of ns cities, however, remained for 
ſome time independent. Pin. 4, c. 12. 
—Strab. 10.-—O0wia, Met. 14, v. 155. 
One of the three daughters of the river 
Afterion, who was one of the nurſes of Juno. 
Par. 2, c. 17. One of Mercury's 
mittreſles. A daughter of Theſpius. 
Apollod. 2. —— A town of Sicily near 
Hy bla. 

EvBoicvs, belonging to Eubea, The 
epithet is alſo applied to the country of Cu- 
mz, becauſe that city was built by a colony 
from Chalcis, a town of Eubœa. Ovid. Faft. 


Ovid. 


4, v. 257.— irg. An. 6, v. 2. l. 9, v. 


710. 


Eusorz, a daughter of Theſpius. 


Apollod. 


EuBoTEs, a ſon of Hercules. Id. 2. 


EuBvuLE, an Athenian virgin ſacrificed 
with her ſiſters for the ſafety of her country, 
lian. J. 


which labored under a famine. 
H. 12. c. 18. 


EugòöLiors, a philoſopher of Miletus, 
pupil and ſucceſſor to Euclid. Demoſthe- 
nes was one of his pupils, and by his advice 
and encouragement to perſeycrance he was 
enabled tv conquer the difficulty he fekt in 
pronouncing the letter R. He ſeverely attac k- 
An 
hiſtorian who wrote an account of Socrates, | 
A famous 


ed the doctrines of Ariftotle, Divg. 


and of Diogenes. Lacrrtivs. 
Katuary of Athens, Pau, 8, c. 14. 


E U 


EvrnavLus, an Athenian orator, rival te 
Demoſthenes. - A philoſopher.-——A 
> roo poet A philoſopher of Alexan- 
ia. 
Ebczus, a man of Alexandria accuſed 
of adultery with Octavia, that Nero might 
ave occaſion to divorce her. Tacit, ny, 
14, c. 60. 
Eucnfwno, a ſon of Mgyptus and Ata. 
bia. Apollod. 
EucntDes, an Athenian who went to 
Delphi and returned the ſame day, a jour. 
ney of about 107 miles. The object of his 
journey was to obtain ſome ſacred fire. 
EvucLipes, a native of Megara, diſciple 
of Socrates, B. C. 404. When the Athe. 
nians had forbidden all the people of Megan 
on pain of death to enter their city, Eucli- 
des diſguiſed himſelf in women's cloathe, 
to introduce himſelf into the preſence of So- 
crates, Diog. in Socrate. A mathema- 
tician of Alexandria, who floriſhed zog 
B. C. He diſtinguiſhed himſelf by lis 
writings on muſic and geometry, but pu- 
ticularly by 15 books on the elements of 
mathematics, which confiſt of problems and 
theorems with demonſtrations. This work 
has been greatly mutilated by commenta- 
tors. Euclid was ſo reſpected in his life 
time that King Ptolemy became one of his 
pupils. Euclid eſtabliſhed a ſchool at Alex- 
andria, which became ſo famous that, from 
his age to the time of the Saracen conquet, 
no mathematician was found but what. had 
ſtudied at Alexandria, He was ſo reſpected 
that Plato, himſelf a mathematician, being 
aſked concerning the building of an altar at 
Athens, referred his enquirers to the ma- 
thematician of Alexandria, The Jatet 
edition of Euclid's writings is that of Gre- 
gory, fol. Oxon. 1703. Val. Max. 8, c. 12. 
—Cic. de Orat. 3, c. 72. 

EvcLvs, a prophet of Cyprus, who fore- 
told the birth and greatnefs of the poet Ho- 
mer, according to ſome traditions. Pay. 
10, e. 13. 

EucrATE, one of the Nereides. Apt. 
lod. 

EvcrXTEs, the father of Procles the 
hiſtorian. Pau. 2, c. 21. 

EuckriTus. Vid. Evephenus. 

EucTEmMoN, a Greek of Cumæ, expoſed 
to great barbarities. Curt. 5, c. 5,——4 
aſtronomer who floriſhed B. C. 431. 

EuCTREST1, a people of Peloponneſus. 

EUuDMoN, a general of Alexander. 

EupaMipDas, a ſon of Archidamus 4 
brother to Agis 4th. He ſucceeded on the 
Spartan throne, after his brother's death, 


B. C. 330. Paxſ. 3, ©. 10. A ſon of 
Archidamus, king of Sparta, who ſucceeded 
B. C. 268. The commander of a gal- 


| riſon ſtationed at Trezege by Craterus- 
Ev va» 


Evn 
raclidæ 
learned 

Eu p 
wife of 
— Ar 
Philopo 

Eu De 
doſius t 
ſome co 

Eu be 
tiny am 
that an ! 

Ex Dõ 
of the A 

Evno 
mela, w 
Achilles 

Er Do 
Eu bo 
A daugh 
married 1 
Genſeric 
Eu po 
who diſt; 
of aſtralo 
was the f 
the Gree] 
trom Egy 
atronom 
life on the 
motion of 
pretended 
He died i 

tan. 10, 

A native 

the coaſt 
entered eh 
of Hercule 
tles. 

Evert rt 

Eur uk 

Event. 
ſenia, intin 
brer Gree 
wry of the 
ey all ha 
nen. Ent 
b now loft 

Evetnucs 

A river of 

ſe. It rec 

ot Mars an 
Wercome I 
Mughter N 
paſſed him 
Mat he thr, 
Merwards 
v. 104.—5, 
Hypfipyle, 
LVs 

vom Dion 
auſe he ha 


2 


EUDAMUS, a ſon of Ageſilaus of the He- 


1 ts raclide, He ſuccceded his father. 
—A earned naturaliſt and philoſopher. 
tan- EupEMUs, the phyſician of Livia, the 
wife of Druſus, & c. Tacit. Ann. 4, c. 3. 
uſed An orator of Megalopolis, preceptor to 
light philopœ men. An hiſtorian of Naxos. 
Ann. Eu Doc iA, the wife of the emperor Theo- 
doſius the younger, who gave the public 
Ara. ſome compoſitions. f 
ku boclu us, a man who appeaſed a mu- 
it to tiay among ſome ſoldiers by telling them 
Jour- that an hoſtile army was in fight. Po/yn. | 
of his Eur5RAy one of the Nereides. One 
3 of the Atlantides. 
(ciple EcnoRUs, a ſon of Mercury and Poli- 
Athe- mela, who went to the Trojan war with 
legen Achilles. Homer. II. 16. 
Eucli- Euroxt SPECULA, a place in Egypt. 
oaths Eupox1Aa, the wife of Arcadius, &c. 
of do A daughter of Theodoſius the younger,who 
hema- married the emperor Maximus, and invited 
d 309 Genſeric the Vandal over into Italy. 
by bis Eunoxvs, a ſon of Aſchines of Cnidus, 
ut pate who diſtinguiſhed himſelf by his knowledge 
ents of of aſtrology, medicine, and geometry, He 
* and was the firſt who regulated the year among 
is work the Greeks, among whom he firft brought | 
menta- from Egypt the celeſtial ſphere and regular | 
his life atronomy, He ſpent a great part of his 
e of his life on the top of a mountain, tv ſtudy the | 
it Alex- motion of the fiars, by whoſe appearance he 
at my pretended to foretell the events of futurity. 
onquel', lle died in his 53d year, B. C. 352. Lu- 
x hat. had en, 10, v. 187.— Dieg.— Petros. 88— 
eſpected A native of Cyzicus, who failed all round 
n, being the coaſt of Africa from the Red ſca, and 
| altar 7 entered the Mediterranean by the columns 
the mar of Hercules. A Sicilian, ſon of Agatho- 
he late es ——A phyſician. Dog. 
t ot . EvELTHOY, a king of Salamis in Cyprus. 
85 c. 12. Euruk RIAS, an hiftorian of Cnidus. 
Evrulkus, an ancient hiſtorian of Meſ- 
who fore- ſenia, intimate with Caſſander. He travelled 
poet He- ner Greece and Arabia, and wrote an hiſ- 
Ss. Pay. tory of the gods, in which he proved that 
Ape wey all had been upon earth, as mere mortal 
s. Ape” nen. Ennius trantlated it into Latin, It 
1 8 now loſt. 
rocles ! EvENUs, an elegiac poet of Paros. 
Ariver of Ftolia flowing into the Ionian 
* ea, It receives its name from Evenus, ſon 
, expose df Mars and Sterope, who being unable to 
r vwercome Idas, who had promited him his 
31. Bughter Marpeſſa in marriage, if he ſur- 
onneſus patled him in running, grew fo deſperate 
cander. \ WT = be threw himfelf into the river, which 
damus ** Mterwards bore his name. Ovid. Met. , 
ded on bet . 104.—Strab, 7. A ſon of Jaſon and 
er's dea of Hyplipyle, queen of Lemnos. Homer. II. 7. 
A _ 4 EVEPHENUS, a Pythagorean philoſopher, 
o ſuccee u-. om Dionyſius condemned to death be- 
3 aut he had alienated the people of Meta- | 


EV Da 


E U 


pontum fram his power, The philoſopher 
begged leave of the tyrant to go and marry 
| his fiſter, and promiſed to return in fix 

months. Dionyſius conſented by receiving 
Eucritus, who pledged himſelf to die if Eve- 
phenus did not return in time. Evephenus 
| returned at the appointed moment, to the 
; aſtoniſhment of Dionyſus, and delivered 
his friend Eucritus from the death which 
| threatened him. The tyrant was fo pleaſed 
with thefe two friends, that he pardoned 
Evephenus, and begged to ſhare their friend- 
ſhip and confidence, Pelyæn. 5. 

EvkREs, a ſon of Peteralaus,—of Her- 
cules and Parthenope. The father of 
Tireſias. Apollod. 

EverGET.x, a people of Scythia called 
alſo Arimaſpi. Curt. 7, c. 3. 

EvercFtts, a firname, ſignifying bene- 


' fattor, given to Philip of Macedonia, and 


to Antigonus Doſon, and Ptolemy of Egypt. 
It was alſo commonly given to the kings of 
Syria and Pontus, and we often ſee among 
the former an Alexander Evergetes, and 
among the latter a Mithridates Evergetes. 
Some of the Roman emperors alſo claimed 
that epithet, ſo expreſſive of benevolence 
and humanity. 

EvESPERIDES, a people of Africa. He- 
rodot. 4, c. 171. 

EuGANE1, a people of Italy on the bor- 
ders of the Adriatic, who, upon being ex- 
pelied by the Trojans, ſeized upon a part of 
the Alps. S. 8, v. 604.—Liv. 1, c. 1. 

EuGron, an ancient hiſtorian before the 
Peloponneſian war. 

EuGEN1vs, an uſurper of the imperial 
title after the death of Valentinian the 2d. 
A. D. 392. 

Eunkurkxus. Vid. Evemeras. 

EUnyYDRUM, a town of Theſſaly. Liv. 
$$, <1. 

Evayvs & Evivus, a firname of Bac- 
chus, given him in the war of the giants 
againſt Jupiter. Heorat. 2. Od. 11, v. 17. 

Evipyx, one of the Danaides who mar- 
ried and murdered Imbras. Another. 
Apollod. 2, c. 1. The mother of the 
Picrides, who were changed into magpies. 
Ovid. Met. 5, v. 303. 

Evieeus, a ſon of Theſtius, king of 
Pleuron, killed by his brother Iphiclus in 
the chace of the Calydonian boar. Apollod. 


by ©. . A Trojan killed by Patroclus. 
Homer. I. 16. 
Evi.1mENne, one of the Nereides. - 


.EumAcnrvs, a Campanian who wrote 
an hiſtory of Annibal. 

Eumezvus, a herdſman and ſteward of 
Ulyſſes, who knew his maſter at his return 
home from the Trojan war after 20 years 
abſence, and aſſiſted him in removing Pe- 
nelope's ſuitors. Hemer. Od. 13, &c. 

EU NMR- 


E U 


EvumEDEs, a Trojan, ſon of Dolon, who 
came to Italy with Aneas, where he was 
killed by Turnus. Virg. An. 12, v. 346. 
— Ovid. J,. 3, el. 4, v. 27. 

EunklLis, a famous augur. Stat. 4. Sylv. 
8, v. 49. f 

EuMELVs, a ſon of Admetus, king of 
Pherz in Theſſaly. He went to the Tro- 

jan war, and had the flecteſt horſes in the 
Grecian army. He diſtinguiſhed himiell 
in the games made in honor of Patroclus. 
Homer. Il. 2, & 23. A man whoſe daugh- 
ter was changed into a bird. Ovid. Mer. 7, 
c. 390. A man contemporary with Trip- 
tolemus, of whom he learned the art ol 
agriculture, Pauf. 7, c. 158. One oi 
the followers of Encas, who fiſt informec 
his friends that his fleet had been ſet on fire 
by the Trojan women. Pirg. An. 5, 
v. 665. One of the Bacchiadæ, who 
wrote, among other things, a poctical hiſtory 
of Corinth, B. C. 750. Pau. 2, c. 1. 
A king of the Cimmerian Boſphorus, who 
died B. C. 304. 

EvmENnts, a Greek officer in the army 
of Alexander, ſon of a chariotecr. He was 
the moſt worthy of all the officers of Alex- 
ander to ſucceed aſter the death of his maſ- 
ter. He conquered Paphlagonia and Cap- 
padocia, of which he obtained the govern- 
ment, till the power and jealouſy of Anti- 
gonus obliged him to retire, He joined his 
forces to thoſe of Perdiccas, and detcated 
Craterus and Neoptolemus. Neoptolemus 
periſhed by the hands of Eumenes, When 
Craterus had been killed during the war, his 
remains received an honorable funeral from 
the hand of the conqueror; and Eumenes, 
after weeping over the aſhes of a man who 
once was his deareſt friend, ſent his remains 

to his relations in Macedonia, Eumenes 
fought againſt Antipater and conquered him, 
and after the death of Perdiccas, his ally, his 
arms were directed againſt Antigonus, by 
whom he was conquered, chiefly by the 
treacherous conduct of his officers. This 
fatal battle obliged him to diſband the greateſt 
part of his army to ſecure himſelf a retreat, 
and he fled with only 700 faithful attend- 
ants to Nota, a fortihed place on the con- 
fines of Cappadocia, where he was ſoon 
be ſieged by the conqueror. He ſupported 
the ſiege for a year with courage and reſolu- 
tion, but ſome difadvantageous ſkirmiſhes ſo 
reduced him, that his ſoldiers, grown deſ- 
perate, and bribed by the offers of the enemy, 


had the infidelity to betray him into the hands 


of Antigonus. The conqueror, from ſhame 
or remorſe, had not the courage to viſit Eu- 
menes ; but when he was aſked by bis offi- 
cers, in what manner he wiſhed him to be 
kept, he anſwered, keep lim as carefully as 
you would Keep a lion, This ſevere com- 


E U 


mand was obeyed ; but the aſperity of Anti- 


gonus vanithed ina few days, and Eumenes, 
de.ivered from the weight of chains, was 
permitted to enjoy the company of his friends, 
Even Antigonus hefitated whether he ſhould 
Hot reſtore to lis liberty a man with whon 
he had lived in the greateſt intimacy whit 
both were ſubſervient to the command d 
Alexander, and theſe ſecret emotions of pity 
and humanity were not a little encreaſed by 
the petitions of his ſon Demetrius for the 
releaſe of Eumenes. But the calls of am- 
bition prevailed ; and when Antigonus te. 
collected what an active enemy he had in 
his power, he ordered Eumenes to be put 
to death in the priſon; (though ſome ima- 
gine he was murdered without the know. 
ledge of his conqueror). His bloody com- 
mands were executed B. C. 315. Such 


been 
nanir 
enric 
whic! 
in im 
the P 
tache 
that 
to ſhc 
bratec 
of the 
rangui 


| 


was the end of a man who raiſed himſelf 
to power by merit alone. His ſkill in 
public exerciſes firſt recommended him to 
the notice of Philip, and under Alexander 
his attachment and fidelity to the royal per- 


ſon, and particularly his military accompliſh» 
ments, promoted him to the rank of a ge- 
neral. Even his enemies revered him; and 
Antigonus, by whoſe orders he periſhed, 
honored his remains with a ſplendid funeral, 
and conveyed his aſhes to his wife and fa- 
mily in Cappadocia, It has been obſerve, 
that Eumenes had ſuch an univerſal influence 
over the ſucceſſors of Alexander, that none 
during his life time dared to aſſume the tie 
of king; and it does not a little reflect to 
his honor, to conſider that the wars he car- 
ried on were not from private or intereſted 
motives, but for the good and welfare of 
his deceaſed benefactor's children. Pit. 
S C. Nep. in vita, —Diod. 19.—Tuftin. 13. 
— Curt. 10,— Arian. A king ef Perga- 
mus, who ſucceeded his uncle Philetzrus 
on the throne, B. C. 263. He made wat 
againſt Antiochus the ſon of Seleucus, and 
enlarged his poſſeſſions by ſeizing upd 
many of the cities of the kings of Syria 
He lived in alliance with the Romans, and 
made war againſt Pruſias, king of Bithynu. 
He was a great patron of learning, and givel 
much to wine. He died of an excels 1 
drinking, after a reign of 22 years. It 
was ſucceeded by Attalus. Strab. 15.— 
The ſecond of that name ſucceeded his i 
ther Attalus on the throne of Aſia 1. 
Pergamus. His kingdom was ſmall al 
poor, but he rendered it powerful and chi, 
lent, and his alliance with the Romans © 
not a little contribute to the enereaſe of M18 
dominions after the victories obtained of 
Antiochus the Great, He carried his am 


againſt Pruſias and Antigonus, and died 


B. C. 159, after a reign of 38 years, leavin 


| 


the kingdom to his {lon Attalus 2d. my 
00 


cording 
earth, : 
turn. $ 
ron an 
Accord 
they v 
Megara 
Nemeſi 
ed Adra 
fity. 1 
ters of t 
fore app 
employe 
as Well; 
flicted t 
peſtilenc 
cret ſting 
puniſhed 
and torn 
and Er; 
univerſal 
tion thei; 
temples. 
fices and 
temple, 
guilty of 
furious, ; 
reaſon, 
branches 
ſaffron, at 
generally 
tions of v 
nerally re 
aſpect, ” 
and ſer I 
ſtead 2 
m one | 
in the oth 


#701, ray 


himſelf 
{kill in 
1 him to 
lexancer 
oval per- 
omphih- 
of a ge- 
him; and 
periſhed, 
d funeral, 
fe and fas 
obſerved, 
influence 
that none 
je the titie 
reflect to 
irs he car» 
- intereſted 
welfare of 
ren, Plat. 
Tuſtin. 13. 
ef Pergar 
Philetzrvs 
made wat 
eucus, and 
zing upd 
$ of Syria, 
mans, and 
of Bithyna. 
gy and gien 
in excels u 
years. W 
4b. 15.— 
eded bis f. 
of Aſia xl 
s (mall ® 
ful and che. 
Romans & 
\creaſe of M8 
;btained de 
ried his 23 
as, and det 
years, leàvin 
s 2d, Heb! 


verb 


E U 


been admired for his benevolence and mag- 
nanimity, and his love of learning greatly 
enriched the famous library of Pergamus, 
which had been founded by his predeceſſors 
in imitation of the Alexandrian collection of 
the Ptolemies. His brothers were ſo at- 
tached to him and devoted to his intzreft, 
that they enliſted among his body guards 
to ſhow their fraternal _— Strab 13. 
Jin. 31 & 34.—Polyb. A cele- 
brated orator of Athens about the heginning 
of the fourth century. Some of his ha- 
rangues and orations are extant, An 
hiſtorical writer in Alexander's army. 
EUMENIA, a city of Phrygia, built by 
Attalus in honor of his brother Eumenes. 
— A city of Thrace, of Caria. Pin. 
55 c, 20, —of Hyrcania. 
EumfnTtpes & EuukErs, a man men- 
tioned Ovid. 3. Trift. el. 4, v. 27. 
EumENTDES, a name given to the Furies 
by the antients. They ſprang from the drops 
of blood which flowed from the wound which 
Cœlus received from his ſon Saturn, Ac- 
cording to others they were daughters of the 
earth, and conceived from the blood of Sa- 
turn. Some make them daughters of Ache- 
ron and Night, or Pluto and Proſerpine. 
According to the moſt received opinions, 
they were three in number, Tihphone, 
Megara, and Alecto, to which ſome add 
Nemeſis. Plutarch mentions only one call- 
ed Adraſta, daughter of Jupiter and Neceſ- 
fity. They were ſuppoſed to be the miniſ- 
ters of the vengeance of the gods, and there- 
fore appeared ſtern and inexorable ; always 
employed in puniſhing the guilty upon earth, 
as well as in the jnfernal regions. They in- 
flicted their vengeance upon earth by wars, 
peſtilence, and diſſenſions, and by the ſe- 
cret ſtings of conſcience; and in hell they 
puniſhed the guilty by continual flagellation 
and torments, They were alſo called Fri 
and Erinnyes. Their worſhip was almoſt 
univerſal, and people preſumed not to men- 
tion their names or fix their eyes upon their 
temples. They were honored with facri- 
fices and libations, and in Achaia they had a 
temple, which when entered by any one 
guilty of crime, ſuddenly rendered him 
furious, and deprived him of the uſe of his 
reaſon, In their ſacrifices, the votaries uſed 
branches of cedar and of alder, hawthorn, 
ſaffron, and juniper, and the victims were 
generally turtle doves and ſheep, with liba- 
tions of wine and honey. They were ge- 
nerally repreſented with a grim and frightful 
aſpect, with a black and bloody garment, 
and ſerpents wreathing round their head in- 
ſtead of hair. They held a burning torch 
in one hand, and a whip of ſcorpions 
in the other, and were always attended by 
terror, rage, paleneſs, and death, In hell 


| 


E U 


they were ſeated around Pluto's throne, ag 
the miniſters of his vengeance. Aſchyl. in 
Eumen.— Sophocl. in Oedip. Col. 
EuUmMEnTpia, feſtivals in honor of the Eu- 
menides, called by the Athenians oeavac nta 
venerable goddeſſes. They were celebrated 
once every year with ſacrifices of pregnant 
ewes, with offerings of cakes made by the 
moſt eminent youths, and libations of honey 
and wine. At Athens none but free-born 
citizens were admitted, ſuch as hadled a life 
the moſt virtuous and unſullied. Such only 
were accepted by the goddeſs who puniſhed 
all ſorts of wickedneſs in a ſevere manner. 
EuMENIUs, a Trojan killed by Camilla 
in Italy. Virg. An. 11, v. 666. 
Eu uo, one of the Nereides. Apollad. 
EumMoLPID-, the prieſts of Ceres at the 
celebration of her feſtivals of Eleuſis. All 
cauſes relating to impiety or profanation 
were referred to their judgment, and their 
deciſions, though occaſionally ſevere, were 
conſidered as generally impartial. The 
Eumolpidæ were deſcended from Eumolpus, 
a king of Thrace, who was made prieſt of 
Ceres by Erechtheus king of Athens. He 
became ſo powerful after his appointment to 
the prieſthood, that he maintained a war 
againſt Erechtheus. This war proved fatal to 
both ; Erechtheus and Eumolpus were both 
killed, and peace was re-eſtabliſhed among 
their deſcendants, on condition that the 
prieſthood ſhould ever remain in the 


family of Eumolpus, and the regal power in. 


the houſe of Erechtheus. The prieſthood 
continued in the family of Eumolpus fur 
1200 years; and this is ſtill more remark- 
able, becauſe he who was once appointed 
to the holy office, was obliged to remain in 

perpetual celibacy. Par. 2, c. 14. 
EumoLPUs, a king of Thrace, ſon of 
Neptune and Chione, He was thrown into 
the ſea by his mother, who wiſhed to con- 
ceal her ſhame from her father. Neptune. 
ſaved his life, and carried him into Æthio- 
Pia, where he was brought up by a woman, 
one of whoſe daughters he married, An act 
of violence to his ſiſter-in-law obliged him 
to leave Ethiopia, and he fied io Thrace 
with his fon Iimarus, where he married the 
daughter of Tegyrius the King of the country. 
This connection to the royal family rendered 
him ambitions ; he conſpired againſt his 
father-in-law, and fled, when the conſpiracy 
was diſcovered, to Attica, where he was ini- 
tiated in the myſteries of Ceres of Eleuſis, 
and made Hierophantes or High Prieſt. He 
was afterwards reconciled to Tegyrius, and 
inherited his Kingdom, He made war 
againſt Erechtheus, the king of Athens, who 
had appointed him to the office of high 
prieſt, and periſhed in battle. His deſcen- 
dants were alſo inveſted with the prieſthood, 
whack 


f 


E U 


awhich remained for about 1200 years in that | 
family, 


Vid. Eumolpidæ. Apollod. 2, c. 5. 
&c.—Hygin, fab. 73.—Died. 5. — Pauſ. 2, 
C. 14. 

1 a Theban, & c. Plut. 

Eunzvs, a ſon of Jaſon by Hypſipyle 
daughter of Thoas. Homer. II. 7. 

Eu NAHTus, a phyſieian, ſophiſt, and hiſ- 
torian, born at Sardis, He floriſhed in the 
reign of Valentinian and his ſucceſſors, and 
wrote an hiſtory of the Cæſars, of which few 
fragments remain. His life of the philoſo- 
phers of his age is ſtill extant. It is compo- 
ſed with fidelity and elegance, precifion aud 
correctneſs. 

EUNGM1A, a daughter of Juno, one of the 


+ Horz. Apcllod. 


EunGMus, a ſon of Prytanes, who ſuc- 
ceeded his father on the throne of Sparta, 
Pauſ. 2, c. 36. A famous muſician of 
Locris, rival to Ariſton. St1ab. 6. A 
man killed by Hercules. Apollod. A 
Thracian, who adviſed Demoſthenes not to 
be diſcouraged by his ill ſucceſs in his firſt 
attempts to ſpeak in public. Plut. in Dem. 
The father of Lycurgus killed by a 
kitchen knife. Plut. in Lyc. 

Eu us, a Syrian ſlave who inflamed the 
minds of the ſervile multitude by pretended 
inſpiration and enthufiaſm. He filled a nut 
with ſulphur in his mouth, and by artfully 
conveying fire to it, he breathed out flames 
to the aſtoniſhment of the people, who be- 
lieved him to be a god, or ſomething more 
than human. Oppreſſion and miſery com- 
pelled 2000 ſlaves to join his cauſe, and he 
ſoon ſaw himſelf at the head of 50,000 men. 
With ſuch a force he defeated the Roman 
armies, till Perpenna obliged him to ſurren- 
der by famine, and expoſed on a crols the 
greateſt part of his followers; B. C. 132. 
Plut. in ert. 

Eu ox vMos, one of the Lipari iſles. 

EvuoRAs, a grove of Laconia, Pau. 3, 
C. 10. | 

EuPpAG1UM, a town of Peloponneſus. 

EvPALAMON, one of the hunters of the 
Calydonian boar. Orid. Met. 8, v. 360. 

Eur Al Aus, the father of Dædalus. 
Apollod. 3, c. 15. 

Eur Aro, a ſon of Antiochus. The 
ſirname of Eupator was given to many of 
the Aſiatic princes, ſuch as Mithridates, &c, 
Strab. 12. 

Eur AToRIA, a town of Paphlagonia, 
built by Mithridates, and called afterwards 
Pompeiopolis by Pompey. Pliu. 6, c. 2. 
Another called Magnopslis in Pontus, now 
Tehenikeh. Strab. 12. 

EvuPEITHES, a prince of Ithaca, father 
to Antinous. He was one of the moſt im- 


portuning lovers of Peuclope. Homer, Od. 16. 


| 


E U 


Evynars, ſucceeded Androcles on th» 2 ce 
throne of Meſſenia, and in his reign the Eg 
firſt Mefſenian war began. He died B. C. 70 Cyr 
Pauſ. 4, c. 5 & 6. chat 

UPHANTUS, a poet and hiftorian of beſie 
Olynthus, ſon of Eubulides, and precepts; I. 3, 
to Antigonus king of Macedonia. Diag. ; J. 4 
Eucl. E 

EventME, a woman who was nurſe 9 who 
the Muſes, and mother of Crocus by Pan. 15. 
Pauſ. Et 

EuyrntmMus, a ſonof Neptune and Euryya, to Ay 
who was among the Argonauts, and tt: Ev 
hunters of the Calydonian boar. He was {y near 
ſwift and light that he could run over tl; Ev 
ſea without ſcarce wetting his feet. Pindy, florifh 
Pyth. 4.— Apolled. 1, c. 9.— Pau. 5, c. 17 and ſe 
One of the Greek captains before Troy, lities « 
Homer. II. 2. | poſed 

EuyrHorBUs, a famous Trojan, ſon of He ha 
Panthous, the firſt who wounded Patroclus, death 
whom Hector killed. He periſhed by the himſe! 
hand of Menelaus, who hung his ſhield Cibiac 
in the temple of Juno at Argos. Pythago- ridicul 
ras, the founder of the docttine of the me- mainta 
tempſychoſis, or tranſmigration of ſouls tweent 
affirmed that he had been once Euphorbu,, in the 
and that his ſoul recollected many exploits kis cou 
which had been done while it animated that that no 
Trojan's body. As a further proof of his Ilcrat. 
aſſertion, he ſhewed at firſt ſight the ſhield Attic, 6 
of Euphorbus in the temple of Juno, Ovid, Eure 
Met. 15, v. 160.—Parf. 2, c. 17.— Hamer. — 
J. 16 & 17.— 4A phyſician of Juba, king Eon! 
of Mauritania. He. 31 

Eurkhoklox, a Greek poet of Chalci Eu RI 
in Eubcea, in the age of Antiochus the Great, at Salan 
Tiberius took him for his model for corre Xerxes \ 
writing, and was ſo fond of him that he hung Hudied e 
his pictures in all the public libraries. His der Socra 
father's name was Poly mnetus. He diedia ns. He 
his 56th year B. C. 220. Cicero de Nat. P. poſition 
2, c. 64, calls him Obſcurum.———The father the admit 
of Zichylus hore the ſame name. unfortuna 

Eur nRANOR, a famous painter and ſculp- licias in 
tor of Corinth. Plin. 34, c. 8.— u were free, 
name was common to many Greeks. lome ver 

EvePHRATEs, a diſciple of Plato who go- The poet 
verned Macedonia with abſolute authority ia mankind 
the reign of Perdiccas, and rendered himſel cave her 
odious by his cruelty and pedantry. After excellent 
the death of Perdiccas, he was murdered by cles were 1, 
Parmenio. A ſtoic philoſopher in the aff louly, and 
of Adrian, who deſtroyed himſelf, with tis reigned be 
emperor's leave, to eſcape the miſeries of 0 Wi Pponunity t 
age, A. D. 118. Dio. A large and cele- to ridicule 
brated river of Meſopotamia, riſing fron Bi ce; and h. 
mount Taurus in Armenia, and diſcharging of one of th 
itſelf with the Tigris into the Perſian gull. ¶ dience dif, 
It is very rapid in its courſe, and patſcs compoſitio! 
through the middle of the city of Babylon. hem off F 


It inundates the country of Meſopotamia it 


a Cct- indignation 


| 


"age, «Rd t 


E U 


2 certain ſeaſon of the year, and, like the Nile in 


wo Egypt, happily fertilizes the adjacent helds. 
Cyrus dried up. its antient channel, and 
30. changed the courſe of the waters when he 
oy befieged Babylon. Streb. 11.—Mela. 1, e. 4. 
ptor I. 3, c. 8.—Plin.s, c.24.—Firg.G. 1, v. 509. 
g. it . 3 560. 2 
Euru kor, an aſpiring man of Sicyon, 
ſe to who enſlaved his country by bribery. Died. 
| 1. 
25 EurukösFNA, one of the graces, ſiſter 
ropa, to Aglaia and Thalia. Pau. 9, c. 35, 
* EUPL A, an iſland of the Tyrrhene fea, 
2s fa rear Neapolis. Stat. 3, Silv. 1, 149. 
er the Euröris, a comic poet of Athens, who 
* foriſhed 435 years before the Chriſtian æra, 
_— and ſeverely laſhed the vices and immora- 
Trop. lities of his age. It is ſaid that he had com- 
poſed 17 dramatical pieces at the age of 17. 
ſon of He had a dog fo attached to him, that at his 
roclus, death he refuſed all aliments, and ſtarved 
by the himſelf on his tomb. Some ſuppoſe that Al- 
thield cibiaces put Eupolis to death becauſe he had 
/thago- ridiculed him in his verſes; but Suidas 
he me- maintains that he periſhed in a ſea fight be- 
ſoul, tween the Athenians and the Lacedzmonians 
horbus in the Helleſpont, and that on that account 
exploit tis country men, pitying his fate, decreed, 
ted that that no poet ſhould ever after go to war. 
f of his Ilerat. f. fat, 4. I. 2, ſat. 10.—Cic. ad 
he ſhield Attic, 6, ep. 1. —Alian. 
), Ovid. Euro us, a geometrician of Macedonia, 
— Homer, ——A painter. Plin. 34, c. 8. 
ba, king EURIANASSA), a town near Chios. Pin. 
„ C. 31. 
f Chalcis EURIPIDES, a celebrated tragic poet born 
he Great, at Salamis the day on which the army of 
Mx corre Xerxes was defeated by the Greeks. He 
t he hung liudicd eloquence under Prodicus, ethics un- 
ries. His der Socrates, and philoſophy under Anaxago- 
Je diedin ns. He applied himſelf to dramatical com- 
le Nat. D. poſition, and his writings became ſo much 
The father the admiration of his country men, that the 
unfortunate Greeks, who had accompanied 
and ſculp- Nicias in his expedition againſt Syracuſe, 
— were freed from ſlavery, only by repeating 
eks. lome verſes from the pieces of Euripides. 
to who g0* The poet often retired from the ſociety of 
uthority in mankind, and confined himſelf in a ſolitary 
red himlcl cave where he wrote and finiſhed his moſt 
ry. After txcellent tragedies. The talents of Sopho- 
\urdered Vf cles were looked upon by Euripides with jea- 
er in the aff louſy, and the great enmity which always 
if, with ts reigned between the two pocts, gave an op- 
ſeries of 0) WW portunity to the comic muſe of Ariſtophanes 
e and cele- to ridicule them both on the ſtage with ſuc- 
riſing fron cels and humor. During the repreſentation 
diſcharging of one of the tragedies of Euripides, the au- 
erfian gull dience, diſpleaſed with ſome lines in tbe 
„ and Pallas compolition, defired the writer to ſtrike 
of Baby lou. them off. Euripides heard the reproot with 
opotamia Wi *dGignation ; he advanced forward on the 


a cc. ie, and told the ſpectators, that he came 


EC 
there to inſtruct them, and not to receive 
inſtruction. Another piece in which he 
called riches the ſummum bonum and the ad- 
miration of gods and men, gave equal diſ- 
ſatisfact ion, but the poet deſired the audi- 
ence to liſten with ſilent attention, ſor the 
concluſion of the whole would ſhow them 
the puniſhment which attended the lovers 
of opulence. The ridicule and envy to 
which he was continually expoſed, obliged 
him at laſt to remove from Athens. He 
retired to the court of Archelaus king of 
Macedonia, where he received the moſt 
contp1cuous marks of royal munificence and 
friendſhip. His end was as deplorable as 
it was uncommon, It is ſaid that the dogs 
of Archelaus met him in his ſolitary walks 
and tore his body to pieces 407 years be- 
ore tne chriſtian era, in the 78th year of 
his age. Euripides wrote 75 tragedies, of 
.which only 19 are extant ; the moſt ap- 
proved of which are his Phœniſſæ, Oreſtes, 
Medea, Andromache, Ele&ra, Hippolytus, 
Iphigenia in Aulis, Iphigenia in Tauris, 
Hercules and the Troades. He is peculiarly 
happy in expreſſing the paſſions of love, 
eſpecially the more tender and animated. 
To the pathos he has added ſublimity, and 
the moſt common expreſhons have received 
a pertect poliſh from his pen. In his per- 
lon, as it is reported, he was noble and ma- 
jeſtic, and his deportment was always grave 
and ſerious. He was flow in compoſing, 
and labored with dittculty, from which 
circumſtance a foolith and malevolent poet 
once obſerved, that he had written 100 
vertes in three days, while Euripides had 
written only three. True, ſays Euripides, 
but there is this difference between your poetry 
and mine; yours will expire in three days, but 
mine fhall live for ages to come. Euripides 
was ſuch an enemy to the fair ſex that ſome 


and perhaps from this averſion ariſe the im- 
pure and diabolical machinations which ap- 
pear in his female characters, an obſerva- 
tion, however, which he refuted, by ſaying 
he had faithfully copied nature. In ſpite 
of all this antipathy he was married twice, 
but his connections were ſo injudicious, that 
he was compelled to divorce both his wives. 
The beſt editions of this great poet are that 
of Mulgrave, 4 vols. 4to. Oxon. 1778; 
that of Canter apud Commelin, 12mo. 2 
vols. 1597; and that of Barnes, fol. Cantab. 
1694. There are alſo ſeveral valuable gdi- 
tions of detached plays. Died. 13.—Fal. 
Max. 3, c. 7.—Cic. In. 1, c. 5o. Or. 3, 
C 7. Acad. 1, 4. Offic, 3; Finib. 2. Tuſc, 
I & 4, &Cc. 

EvuRrIevus, 4 narrow ſtrait which ſeparates 
the iſland of Eub@a from the coaſt of Bœ- 
| otia. Its flux and reflux, which continued 


regular 


have called him faro:34u:ng woman hater, 


2 


regular during 18 or 19 days, and was un- 
commonly unſettled the reſt of the month, 
was a matter of deep inquity among the 
antiert;, and it is ſaid that Ariftotle threw 
himſelf into it becauſe be was unable to find 
out the cauſes of that phænomenon. Liv. 
28, c. 6.—Mela. 2, c. 7.— lin. 2, c. 95.— 
Strab. g. | 
Evey1sTHENES. Vid. Euryſthenes. 
EvuroMus, a city of Caria, Liv. 32, 
c. 33. J. 33, c. 30. Ry 
EvrOoPA, one of the three grand divi- 
ſions of the earth, known among the antients, 
extending, according to modern ſurveys, 
about 3009 miles from north to ſouth, and 
2500 from eaſt to weſt. It is ſuperior to 
the others in the learning, power, and abili- 
thes of its inhabitants. It is bounded on the 
eaſt by the Agcan ſea, Helleſpont, Euxine, 
Palus Mzotis, and the Tanais in a northern 
direction. The Mediterranean divides it 
from Africa on the ſouth, and on the weſt 
and north it is waſhed by the Atlantic and 
Northern Oceans. It is ſuppoſed to receive 
its name from Europa, who was carried 
there by Jupiter. Mela. 2, c. 1.—Plin. 3, 
c. I, &c.—Lucan. 2, v. 275.—Virg. An. 
7, V. 368. A daughter of Agenor king 
of Phœnicia, and Telephaſſa. She was fo 
beautiful that jupiter became enamoured of 
her, and the better to {educe her he al- 
ſumed the ſhape of a bull and mingled with 
the herds of Agenor, while Europa, with 
her female attendants were gathering flowers 
in the meadows. Europa careſſed the beau- 
tiful animal, and at lait had the courage to 
fit upon his back, The god took advantage 
of her ſituation, and with precipitate ſteps 
retired towards the ſhore, and croſſed the ſca 
with Europa on his back, and arrived ſafe 
in Crete. Here he aſſumed his original ſhape 
and declared his love. The nymph con- 
ſented, though ſhe had once made. vows of 
perpetual celibacy, and ſhe became mother 
of Minos, Sarpedon, and Rhadaman- 
tnus. Atter this diſtinguiſhed amour 
with Jupiter, ſhe married Aſterius king of 
Crete. This monarch ſeeing himſelf without 
childreu by Europa, adopted the fruit of 
her amours with Jupiter, and always 
eſteemed Minos, Sarpedon, and Rbada- 
manthus, as his own children. Some ſup- 
poſe that Europa lived about 1552 years 
before the Chriſt ian era. Ovid. Met. 2, fab. 
13, —Moſch. Idyl.— polled. 2, C. 5. I. 3- 
e. J. One of the Occanides. A part 
of Thrage near mount Hæmus. Juſtin. 7, 
5 . 
EuRdPZ&Us, a patronymic of Minos the 
ſon of Europa-. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 23. 
Eurxops, a king of Sicyon, ſon of 
#gialeus, who died B. C. 1993. Pau. 2, 


E JD 


Tuftin. 7, e. 1. — A town of Macedonia 
on the Axius. Pin. 4, c. 10. 
EurROTAS, a ſon of Lelex, father to 
Sparta, who married Lacedæmon. He waz 
one of the firſt Kings of Laconia, and gave 
his name to the river which flows near 
Sparta. Apollad. 3, c. 16. —Pauf. 3, c. t, 
A river of Laconia, flowing by Sparta, 
It was called by way of eminence, Baſili- 
potamos the king of rivers, and worſhip. 
ped by the Spartans as a powerful god, 
Laurels, reeds, myrtles, and olives grew on 
its banks in great abundance. Strab, 8.— 
Pauſ. 3, c. 1,—Liv.”35, c. 29.—Virg. Ec, 
6, v. 82.— Pol. 4.——A river in Theſſaly 
near mount Olympus, called alſo T itareſu, 
It joined the Peneus, but was not ſuppoſed 
to ee 2200 with it. Strab. 6,—Plin,g, 
. . 

EuxoTo, a daughter of Danaus by 
Polyxo. Apolled. 

Eu Rus, a wind blowing from the eaſter 
parts of the world. The Latins ſometimes 
called it Vulturnus. Ovid. Tri. 1, el 2. 
Met. 11, &c. 

EurYALEx, a queen of the Amazons, 
who aſſiſted etes, &c. Flace, 4.—4 
daughter of Minos, mother of Orin 
by Neptune. A daughter of Pretus, 
king of Argos. One of the Gorgons 
who was immortal. Hefred. T heogn. v. 20). 

EuRYALus, one of the Peloponnehan 
chiefs who went to the Trojan war with 
80 ſhips. Homer. II. 2. An illegitimat: 
ſon of Ulyſſes and Evippe. Soplocl.—4 
ſon of Melas, taken priſoner by Hercules, 
&c. ÞApolled. 1, c. 8. A Trojan who 
came with Eneas into Italy, and rendered 
himſelf famous for his immortal friendſhip 
with Niſus. Vid. Niſus. Vg. An. 9 
V. 179. A pleaſant place of Sicily, neat 
Syracuſe. Liv. 25, c. 25. A Lacedæ- 
monian general in the ſecond Meſſenian vu. 

EuURxYBKATES, a herald in the Trojan wat 
who took Briſeis from Achilles by orc 
of Agamemnon. Homer. II. 1, v. 32.—0i. 
Heroid. 3. A warrior of Argos, oſten 
victorious at the Nemean games, &c. Pay. 
I, C. 29. One of the Argonauts. 

EuRYBIA, the mother of Lucifer and 
all the ſtars. Heſiod. A daughter df 
Pontus and Terra, mother of Aſtræu, 
Pallas, and Perſes,by Crius. A daughtt 
of Theſpius. Apollod. 

EURYB1ADEs, a Spartan general of tit 
Grecian fleet at the battles of Arte miſium 
and Salamis againſt Xerxes. He has beet 
charged with want of courage and with 
ambition, He offered to ſtrike Themiſo- 
cles when he wiſhed to ſpeak about the 
manner of attacking the Perſians, upon 
which the Athenian ſaid, ftrike n., bul 
hear me, Herodot. 8, C. 2, 745 &c.— Plat. 


2. 3 
Evxoyvs, a king of Macedonia, &c. 


in Them. —C. Nep. in Them, 


EvRYBILH 


the Atl 
— 1 
tium ot 
11. — 
EUR 
ſcended 
EUR 
&c. # 
Eur 
interpre 
were ki 
jan war 
lope's fi 
Cyrene, 
daſhed 
he ſwall 
pain, or 
» a. I 
Apolled. 
Every 
king of 
EUR 
of the f. 
C. 10. 
Fury 
of Mace 
Alexande 
daughter 
tiality for 
ſhe offerec 
her conſp 
have falle 
Not Euryc 
gave her, 
atter his f 
ambition 
ſucceeded 
who was 
himſelf az 
ther, and 
and unive 
to Iphicrat 
tection, * 
known, ( 
ter of Ar 
Aridzus, 
Aſter the 
Aridæus al 
but he wa 
igues of 


E VU 


EvnrvBrvus, a ſon of Eurytus king of 
Argos, killed in a war between his country- 
men and the Athenians. Apollod. 2, C. 8. 
— A ſon of ,Nereus and Chloris. Id. 1, 
d. 9. 

art a beautiful daughter of 

Ops of Ithaca. Laertes bought her for 
20 oxen, and gave her his ſon Ulyſſes to 
nurſe, and treated her with much tender- 
neſs and attention. Homer. Od. 19. 

EURYCLES, an orator of Syracuſe who 
propoſed to put Nicias and Demoſthenes 
to death, and to confine to hard labor all 
the Athenian ſoldiers in the quarries. Plut. 
——2 A Lacedzmonian at the battle of Ac- 
tium on the fide of Auguſtus. Id. in An- 
ton. A ſoothſayer of Athens. 

EURYCRATES, a King of Sparta, de- 
ſcended from Hercules. Herodot. 7, c. 204. 

EURYCRATIDAS, a ſon of Anaxander, 
&c. Herodot. 7, c. 204. 

EuRYDAMAS, a Trojan ſkilled in the 
interpretation of dreams. His two ſons 
were killed by Diomedes during the Tro- 
jan war. Homer. II. 5. One of Pene- 
lope's ſuitors. Od. 22. A wreſtler of 
Cyrene, who, in a combat, had his teeth 
daſhed to pieces by his antagoniſt, which 
he ſwallowed without ſhowing any ſigns of 
pain, or diſcontinuing the fight. A/ar. 
V. H. 10, c. 19. A ſon of /Egyptus. 
Apollod. 

Eug VDAMur, the wife of Leotychides, 
king of Sparta. Herodot. 

EUR VDAMI DAS, a king of Lacedæmon, 
of the family of the Proclide. Pau. 3, 
c. to. 

EurYpice, the wife of Amyntas, king 
of Macedonia. She had by her huſband 
Alexander, Perdiccas, and Philip, and one 
daughter called Euryone. A criminal par- 
tiality for her daughter's huſband, to whom 
ſhe offered her hand and the kingdom, made 
her conſpire againſt Amyntas, who muſt 
have fallen a victim to her infidelity had 
not Euryone diſcovered it. Amyntas for- 
gave her, Alexander aſcended the throne 
atter his father's death, and periſhed by the 
ambition of his mother. Perdiccas who 
ſucceeded him ſhared his fate; but Philip, 


who was the next in ſucceſſion, ſecured | 


himſelf againſt all attempts from his mo- 
ther, and aſcended the throne with peace 
and univerſal ſatisfaftion. Eurydice fled 
to Iphicrates the Athenian general for pro- 
tection, The manner of her death is un- 
known, C. Nep. in Iphic. 3. A daugh- 
ter of Amyntas, who married her uncle 
Aridzus, the illegitimate ſon of Philip. 
Aſter the death of Alexander the Great, 
Aridzus aſcended the throne of Macedonia, 
but he was totally governed by the in- 
igues of his wife, who called back Caſ- 
. 


E U 


ſander and joined her forces with his td 
march againſt Polyperchon and Olympias. 
Eurydice was forſaken by her troops, Ari- 
dzus was pierced through with arrows by 
order of Olympias, who commanded Eury- 
dice to deſtroy herſelf cither by poiſon, the 
{word, or the halter. She choſe the latter. 
The wife of the poet Orpheus. As 
ſhe fled before Ariſtzus, who withed to offer 
her violence, ſhe was bit by a ſerpent in the 
graſs, and died' of the wound. Orpheus 
was ſo diſconſolate that he ventured to go 
to hell, where, by the melody of his lyre, 
he obtained from Pluto the reſtoration of 
his wife to life provided he did not look be- 
hind before he game upon carth. He vio- 
lated the conditions, as his eagerneſs to ſee 
his wife rendered him forgetful. He look - 
ed behind, and Eurydice was for ever taken 
from him. [ Vid. Orpheus.] Virg. G. 4, v. 
457, &c.—Panſ. q, c. 30.—O0vid. Met. 10, 
v. 30, &c. A daughter of Adraſtus. 
Apolled. 3, c. 12. One of the Danaides 
who married Dyas. Id. 2, c. 1. The 
wife of Lycurgus, king of Nemæa in Pelo- 
ponneſus. Id. 1, c. 9. A daughter of 
Actor. Id A wife of Eneas. Parſ. 10, 
c. 26. A daughter of Amphiaraus, 1. 
4.1%; A daughter of Antipater, who 
married one of the Ptolemies. 1d. 1, c. 7. 
A daughter of king Philip. Id. 5, c. 
17,—A daughter of Lacedæmon. 1d. 3, 
g. 13. A daughter of Cly menus, who 
married Neſtor. Hemer. Od. A wife of 
Demetrius, deſcended from Miltiades. Plat. 
in Demetr. 

EURYGANIA, a wife of CEdipus. Apollod. 

EURYLEON, a king of the Latins, called 
alſo Aſcanius. 

EvuxYL&cavs, one of the companions 
of Ulyſſes, the only one who did not taſte 
the potions of Circe. Ovid. Met. 14, v. 287. 
A man who. broke a conduit which 
conveyed water into Cyrrhæ, &c. Poſyæn. 
6. A man who diſcovered the conſpi- 
racy which was made againſt Alexander by 
Hermolaus and others. Curt. 8, c. 6. 

EurYMACHUS, a powerful Theban who 
ſeized Platza by treachery, &c. One of 
Penclope's ſuitors. A ſon of Antenot. 
A lover of Hippodamia. Pau. 
EURYMEDE, the wiſe of Glaucus king 


of Ephyra. Apollod. 


EuryYMEDoN, the father of Peribaa, 
by whom Neptune had Nauſithous. Hemer. 
Od. 7. A river of Pamphylia, near 
which the Perſians were defeated by the 
Athenians under Cimon, B. C. 470. Liv. 
33, c. 41. |. 37, c. 23. A man Who 
accuſed Ariſtotle of propagating profane 
doctrines in the Lyceum. | 

EuxymEtNnes, a ſon of Neleus and 
Chloris, Af olled. 

X a EunYxcnn 


1 
| 


S 


" 
8 


E U 


EUR VN Ur, one of the Oceanides, mo- 
ther of the Graces. Heſiod, A daughter 
of Apolto, mother © Adraſtus and Eri- 
phyle. A woman of Lemnos, &c. Flace. 
2, V. 136. The wife of Lycurgus ſon of 
Aleus. Apollod. 3, c. 9. The mother of 
Aſopus by Jupiter. Id. 3, c. 12. One of 


Penelope's female attendants. Homer. Il. 17. 
An Athenian ſent with a reinforcement 
to Nicias in Sicily. Plut. in Nic. 

EuRYNGMUs, one of the deitics of hell. 
a 10, c. 28. 

URYGNE, a daughter of Amyntas king 
of Macedonia, by Eurycice. 

Euxvyyon, a king of Sparta, ſon of 
Sous. His reign was ſo glorious that his 
de ſcendants were called Eur ypontide. Pau. 
. 7: 

EukvrFI r, a daughter of Theſpius. 

EurYeVLus, a ſon of Telephus, killed 


in the Trojan war by Pyrrhus. He made | 


his court to Caſſandra. Homer. I. rt. 
A Grecian at the Trojan war. Homer. Il. 2. 
—— A prince of Olenus, who went with 
Hercules againſt Laomedon, Pan. 7, c. 
109. A ſon of Meciſteus who hgnalized 
himſelf in the war of the Epigoni againſt 
Thebes. Apollod. 3. A fon of Temenus 
king of Meſſenia, who conipired againit 
his father's life, I. 3, c. 6, -— A ſon of 
Neptune killed by Hercules. Id. 2, c. 7. 
One of Penelope's ſutors. Id. 3, c. 
10. A Theſſalian who became deli— 
rious for looking into a box which fell to 
his ſhare after the plunder of Troy. Pauf. 7, 
©, 19. A foothſayer in the Grecian 
camp before Troy, ſent to conſult the oracle 
ef Apollo, how his countrymen could return 
ſafe home. The reſult of his enquiries was 
the injunction to offer an human ſactifice. 
Virg. An. 2, v. 114. —Ovid, 
EvURYSTHEXEsS, a ſon of Ariſtodemus, 
who lived in perpetual diſſention with his 
twin brother Procles, while they both ſat 
on the Spartan throne. It was unknown 
which of the tua w born firſt, the mother, 
who wiſhed to ſee both her ſons raiſed on 
the throne, refuſed to declare it, and they 
were both appvinted kings of Sparta by 
order of the oracle of Delphi, B. C. 1102. 
After the death of the two brothers, the 
Lacedzmonians, who knew not to what fa- 
mily the right of ſeniority and ſucceſhon 
belonged, permitted two kings to fit on the 
throne, one of each family. The defccn- 
dants of Euryſthenes were called Euryſthe- 
nid, and thoſe of Procles, Preclide. It 
was inconſiſtent with the laws of Sparta for 
two Kings of the ſame family to aſcend the 
throne together, yet that law was ſometimes 
violated by oppreſſion and tyranny. Eu- 


2 J 


31 kings of the family of Euryſthenes, aul 
only 24 of the Prochdz, The former 
were the more illuſtrious. Herodot. 4, e. 
147. |. 6, c. 52.— Tau. 3, C. 1.—C. Ne, 
in Ageſ. 1 

EURVYSTAHENI DE. Vid. Euryſthenes. 

EurysTAEUsS, a King of Argos and 
Mycenz, fon of Sthenelus and Nicippe 
the daughter of Pelops. Juno haſtened ji; 


birth by two months, that he might come 


into the world before Hercules the Gn gf 


Alcmena, as the your ger of the two uu 


doomed by order of Jupiter to be ſubſer. 
vient to the will of the other. [ Vid. Alemena, 
This natural right was cruelly exerciſed by 
Euryſtheus, who was jcalous of the fame of 
Hercules, and who, to def roy fo powerful 
a relation, impoſed upon him the moſt dan- 
gerous and uncommon enterprizes well 
known by the name of the twelve labors 
of Hercules. The ſucceſs of Hercules in 
atchieving thoſe perilous labors alarmed 
Eury ſtheus in a greater degree, and he fur- 
niſhed himſelf with a brazen veſſel, where 
he might ſecure himſelf a ſafe retreat in 
caſe of danger. After the death of Hercu- 
les, Euryftheus renewed his cruelties againſt 
his children, and made war againſ Ceyx 
Kinz of Trachinia becauſe he had given 
them ſupport, and treated them with bo- 
pitality. He was killed in the proſecution 
of this war by Hyllus the ſon of Hercules. 
His bead was ſent to Alcmena the motbet 
of Hercules, who mindful of the crueltics 
which her ſon had ſuffered, inſulted it, and 
tore out the eyes with the moſt inveterate 
fury. Euryſtheus was ſucceeded on tte 
throne of Argos by Atreus his nephev, 
Hygin. fab. 30 & 32.—Apolhd. 2, c. 4, &. 
—Parf. 1, c. 33. I. 3, c. 6.— Ovid. Met. 
fab. 6.—Virg. u. 8, v. 292. 

EvurYTE, a daughter of Hippodamus, 
who married Parthaon, Apo/lod.—— tis 
mother of Hallirhotius, by Neptune. 14. 

EuxYTE#®, a town of Achaia. Pa. 
77 . 3s. 

EURYTELE, a daughter of Theſpius.— 
A daughter of Leucippus. Apolled. 

Euxvrukuis, the wiſe of Thelitius 
Apolled. : 

EurYTHION & EURYT1ON, a Centau 
whoſe inſolence to Hippodamia was it 
cauſe of the quarrel between the Lapitlz 
and Centaurs, at the nuptials of Pirithous 
Ovid. Met. 12.—Pauſ. 57 2 10. — Hell. 
14. ＋AC. berdſman of Geryon killed 
Hercules. Apollod. 2. A king of Sparta 
who ſeized upon Mantinea by ſtratagem. 
Polyen. 2. One of the Argonauts. Cd. 
Net. 8, v. 311 A ſon ot Lycaon, Wi? 
ſignalized himſelf during the funeral games 


ryſthenes had a fon called Agis who ſuc- | exhibited in Sicily by Ancas. Pirg. 4% 


«ceded him. His deſcendants were called 
h.. There fat on the throne of Sparta 


5, v. 495.——A filverſmith. I. 10, v. 499 
A man of Heraclea convicted of adul- 
| | tej. 


abolit 
Ariſte 

EU 
daugh 

Ev 
Argor 
(Echa 
daugh! 
than n 
put hit 
lis da 
Apts, 
concert 
Hercul 
Hercul 
brate t. 


favor u 
Was con 
Arius 4 
himielf 
an eccle 
tine, C 
and otlie 
ar? nov 
Præpara 
by Viget 
and of h 
{olio Ca 
Eusk 
Evsx1 
of Bucol; 
mer. II. ( 
EusT, 
the work 
this very 
« Baſil, 
mented t 
gun at Fl 
the firſt 
cuted, as 
comment 
preſent d. 
tooliſh r: 
Iſneniæ | 
Gaulminy 
Euræ. 
c. 27. 
Eur zl 
gos. [4 
Eur 
0 Jupiter 
over muſi. 
ventreſs o 
owned; 


in her h; 


dd to 


and 
Tarr 


47 C. 
Nep, 


ges. 
and 
Icippe 
ed tug 
come 
wn «of 
VO Was 
ſubſer. 
Mena. 
ſed by 
ame of 
o werful 
it dan- 
es well 
e labors 
cules in 
alarmed 
he fur - 
, where 
treat in 
Hercu- 
$ againſt 
iſt Ceyx 
id given 
zith hoſe 
{ecution 
Hercules. 
e motbet 
crueltics 
d it, and 
nvererate 
| on tht 
nephev. 
c. 4, &e. 
4. Met. 9 


2 Centaur 
x was it 
de Lapitl? 
f Pirithou- 
o. Hell. 
on killed N 
Ty of Spana 
ſtratagem. 
nuts. Uvid- 
ycaon, Wh 
meral games 
Virg. s. 


105 v. 499 


ted of adul- 
| tetj. 


2 0 


rery. His puniſhment was the cauſe of the | 
abolition of the oligarchical power there, 
Ariſtot. 5 Polit. 

EURvTISs, ide a patronymic of Iole 
daughter of Eurytus. Ovid. Met. 9. fab. 11. 

Eu F ros, a ſon of Mercury, among the 
Argonauts. Flacc. 1, v. 439. A king of 
(Echalia, father to lole. He offered his 
daughter to him who ſhot a' bow better 
than himſelf, Hercules conquered him, and 

ut him to death becauſe he refuſed him 
lis daughter as the prize of his victory. 
Apallad. 2, c. 4 & 7. A ſon of Actor, 
concerne 1n tue wars between Augias and 
Hercules. A fon of Augias killed by 
Hercules as he was going to Corinth to cele- 
brate the Iſthmian games Ap%//od. A 
perſon killed in hunting the Calydonian 
boar. A fon of Hippocoon. Id. 3, C. 10. 
A giant killed by Hercules or Bacchus 
for making war againſt the Gods. 

EUSEBIA, an empreſs, wife to Conſtan- 
tius, &c. 

EUSEBIVUS, a biſhop of Cæſarea in great 
favor with the empcror Conttantine. He 
was concerned in the theological diſputes of 
Arius and Athanaſius, and diſtinguiſhed 
himielf by his writings, which conſiſted of 
at eccleſiaſtical hiſtory, the life of Conſtan- 
tine, Chronicon, evangelical preparations, | 
and other numerous treatiſes, muſt of which 
are now loſt, The beſt edition of his 
Præparatio & Demonſtratio Evangelica, is 
by Vigerus, 2 vols. folio; Rothomagi, 1628; 
and of his ecclchaſtical hiſtory by Reading, 
folio Cantab. 1720. 

EUSEB1Us, a firname of Bacchus. 

Evustpus & PtDASUs, the twin ſons 
of Bucolion killed in the Trojan war. Ho- 
mer, II. 6. 

EusTATH1Us, a Geek commentator on 
tz works of Homer. The beſt edition of 
tis very valuable author, is that publiſhed 
a Bahl, 3 vols. fol. 1560. lt is to be la- 
mented the deſign of Alexander Politus, be- 
gan at Florence in 1735, and publiſhed in 
the firſt 5 books of the Iliad, is not exe- 
euted, as aLatin tranſlation of theſe excellent 
commentaries is among the deſiderata of the 
preſent day. A man who wrote a very 
woliſm romance in Greek, entitled de 
Iſneniæ & Iſmenes amoribus, edited by | 
baulminus, 8vo. Paris, 1617. ; 

Eu rA, a town of Arcadia. Pau. 8, 
c. 27. 

EUTELIDAS, a famous ſtatuary of Ar- 
$05. Id. 6, c. 10. 

EuTexpe, one of the Muſes, daughter 
o Jupiter and Mnemoſyne. She preſided 
wer muſic, and was looked upon as the in- 


—_— 


E U 


more commonly ſuppoſed to be the produe- 
tion of Melpomene. The name of the 
mother of Themiſtocles according to ſome. 

EUTHYCRATES, a ſculptor of Sicyon, 
ſon of Lyſippus. He was peculiarly happy 
in the proportions of his ſtatues. Thoſe of 
Hercules and Alexander were in general 
eſteem, and particularly that of Medea, 
which was carried on a chariot by four 
norſes. Plin. 34, c. 8. A man who be- 
trayed Olynthus to Philip. 

EUTHYDEMUS, an orator and rhetorician 
who greatly diftinguiſhed himſelf by his 
eioquence, & c. Strab. 14. 

EuTHYmuvus, a celebrated boxer of Locri 
in Italy, &. Pau. 6, c. 6. 

EU1TRAPELUS, a man deſcribed as artful 
and faliacious by Horat 1, ep. 18, v. 31. 
A hair dreſſer. Martial. 7, ep. $2. 

EUTRAPELUs, (Volumn.) a fend of 
M. Antony, &c. ; 

Eu Rortus, a Latin hiſtorian in the age 


the fata] expedition againſt the Perſians. 
His origin as well as his dignity are un- 
known ; yet ſome ſuppoſe, trom the epi- 
thet of Clariffmms prefixed to his hiſtory, 
that he was a Roman ſenator. He wrote 
an epitome of the hiſtory of Rome, from 
the age of Romulus to the reign of the em- 
peror Valens, to whom the work was de- 
dicated. He wrote a treatiſe on medicine 
without being acquainted with the art. Of 
all his works the Roman hiſtory alone is 
extant, It is compoled with conciſeueſs 
and preci ſion, but without elegance. The 
beſt edition of Eutropius is that of Haver- 
kamp, Cum mnitis vatiorum, Bvo. L. Bat. 
1729 & 1762. A famous eunuch at the 
court of Arcadius the ſon of Theodohus the 
great, &c. 


times brought to bed, and carried to the 
grave by twenty of her children. Fin. 7, 
6-3, 

EvTycuTtpes, a learned ſervant of Atti- 
cus, &c. Cic, 15. ad Attic. A ſculptor, 

EUXANTHIUS, a daughter of Minos and 
Dexithea. Ape/lod. 

EuxkNI DAs, a painter, &c. Plin, 35. 

EuxEnus, a man who wrote a poetical 
1 of the fabulous ages of Italy. Dionyſ. 

al, 1. 

Evuxinus PonTvus, a ſea between Aſia 
and Europe, partly at the north of Atia 
Minor and at the welt of Colchis. It was 
antiently called aZswog inhoſpitable, on ace 
count of the ſavage manners of the inhabi- 
tants on its coaſts, Commerce with foreign 
nations, and the plantation of colonies in 


ventreſs of the flute. She is repreſented as 
crowned with flowers and holding a flute 
in her hands. Some mythologiſts attri- 


their neighbourhoud, gradually ſoftened 
their roughnefs, and the {za was no longer 
called Axenus, but Euxenus, 49ſpitable, 


dud to ber the invention of tiagedy, 


| The Euxine is ſuppoſed by Herodotus to be 
| X 3 1387 


of Julian, under whom he carried arms in 


EuTyCuTtbe, a woman who was thirty 


| 


=2 . na 1 — 


i 
ö 
5 
3 
l 


- 


E U 


1387 miles long and 420 broad, Strabo 


ealls it 1100 miles long, and in circumfe- 


yence 3125. It abounds in all _ of | 


fh, and receives the tribute of ab&ve 40 
rivers. It is nat of great depth, except in 


the eaſtern parts, whence ſome have ima- 


gined that it had a ſubterraneous communi- 
cation with tne Cafpian. It is called the 
Black ſea, from the thick dark fogs which 
cover it. Ovid. Trijt. 3, el. 13. J. 4, el. 4, 
v. $4.—Strab, 2, &c.—Mela, 1, c. 1.— 
Plin, g. — Herodot 4, c. 85. 

EUx1PPE, 2 woman who killed herſelf 
becauſe the ambaſſadors of Sparta had of- 
fered violence ta her virtue, &Cc. 


E X 


Ex Abts, one of the Lapithz at the 
nuptials of Pirithous. Homer. Il. 1, v. 264, 
— vid. Met. 12, v. 266. 

Ex &THEsS, a Parthian who cut off the 
head of Craſſus, &c, Polyæn. 7. 

Ex Achs, the ambaſſador of a nation 
in Cyprus who came to Rome and talked 
ſo much of the power of herbs, ſerpents, 
&c. that the conſuls ordered him to he 
thrown into a veſſel full of ſerpents. Theſe 
venomous creatures far from hurting him, 
careſſed him, and harmleſsly licked him with 
their tongues. Plin. 28, c. 3. 

EXOoMAT NX, a people of Aſiatic Sar. 
matia. Flacc. 6, v. 144. 


FM 


ABARIS, now Farfa, a river of Italy 

1 inthe territories of the Sabines, called 
alſo T arjarus, Virg. Eu. 77 V. 715. 

FABIA. Vid. Fabius Fabricianus. 

FAB1A LEX, % ambitu was to circum- 
ſcribe the number of Se#tatores or attend- 
ants which were allowed to candidates in 
convaſing for ſome high office. It was pro- 
poſer but did not paſs, 

FXBy1A, a tribe at Rome. Morat. 1, ep. 
7, v. 38. A veſtal virgin faſter to Teren- 
tia Cicero's wife. 

FXAusrivwi, ſome of the Luperci at Roine, 
infritured in honor of the Fabian family. 

Fxz11, a noble and powerful family at 
Rome, who derived their name from faba, 
a hean, b-cauſe ſome of their anceſtors cul- 
nvated tlus pulſe. They were once ſo nu- 
Mmerous that they took upon the mſelves to 
wege a war againſt tte Veientes. They 
came to a general engagement near the Cre- 
mera, in which all the family, confifting of 
206 men, were totally ſlain, B. C. 477. 
There only remained one whole tender age 
had detained him at Rome, and from him 
vrofſe the noble Fabii in the following ages. 
The family was divided into fix different 
Manches, the £/mbufti, the Maximi, the 
Fibalan', tne Puteones, the Dorſones, and 
tie Piclores, thre three firſt of which arc 
fr--1ently mentioned in the Roman hiſtory, 
tut the others ſeldum. Dicnyſ. 9. Liv. 2, 
c. 46, &c.— Fler. 1, c. 2.— Ovid. Trip. 2, 
v. 235.— irg. An. 6, v. 84s. 

Fäzlus Maximus Rullianus was the 
firſt of the Falii who obtained the ſirname 
of Maximus, tor leflening the power of the 
populace at elections. He was mafter of 
horſe, and his victory over the Samnites in 
that capacity, nearly coſt him his life, be- 
Cauſe he engaged the enemy without the 
command of the dictator. He was five 
times cynſul, twice dictator, and once cen- 


F. A 
for. He triumphed over ſeven different 
nations in the neighbourhood of Rome, 
and rendered himſelf illuſtrious by his pa- 
triotiſm. Ruſiicus, an hiſtorian in the 
age of Claudius and Nero. He was inti- 
mate with Seneca, and the encomiums which 
Tacitus paſſes upon his ſtyle, make us 
regret the loſs of his compoſitions.— 
Marcellinus, an hiſtorian in the ſecond 
century. A Roman lawyer whom Horat, 
I, fat, 2, v. 134, ridicules as having been 
caught in adultety.— Q. Maximus, a cele- 
brated Roman, firſt firnamed Perruct/u 
from a wart on his lip, and Agnicula from 
his inoffenſive manners. From a dull and 
unpromifhng childhood he burſt into deeds 
of valor and heroiſm, and was gradually 
raiſed by merit to the higheſt offices of the 
ſtate. In his firſt conſulſhip, he obtained 
a victory over Liguria, and the fatal batt 
of Thraſymenus occaſioned his election to 
the dictatorſhip. In this important office he 
began to oppoſe Annibal, not by fighting 
him in the open field, like his predeceſſors, 
but he continually haraſſed his army by 
countermarches and ambuſcades, from 
which he received the firname of Cundator 
or delayer. Such operations, for the com- 
mander of the Roman armies, gave offence 
to ſome, and Fabius was even accuſed of 
cowardice. He, however, till purſued the 
meaſures which prudence and reflection 
ſeemed to dictate as moſt ſalutary to Rome, 
and he patiently bore to ſee his maſter of 
horſe raiſed to ſhare the dictatorial dignity 
with himſelf, by means of his enemies at 
home. When he had laid down his office 
of dictator, his ſucceſſors, for a while, fol- 
lowed his plan, but the raſhneſs of Var, 
and his contempt for the operations of Fabius 
occaſioned the fatal battle of Cannæ. Ha- 
rentum was obliged to ſurrender to Þ1s 


arms after the battle of Cannæ, and * 


- 


whil 
cho 
tors. 
by N 
lius, 
his v 
a, C. 


the ( 


at che 
's 264. 


off the 


nation 
talked 
:rpents, 
to be 
Theſe 
1g him, 
im with 


ic Sar - 


different 
Rome, 
7 his pa- 
n in the 
yas inti- 
ns which 
nake us 
ons.— 
> ſecond 
m Horat, 
ing been 
1, à Cele» 
4 ervuceſut 
-ula from 
dull and 
1to deeds 
gradually 
es of the 
obtained 
ital battk 
e ct ion do 
t office be 
y fighting 
deceſſorsy 
army by 
es, from 
Cunctator 
the com- 
ve offence 
\ccuſed of 
arſued the 
reflection 
to Rome, 
maſter of 
al dignity 
-nemics it 
his office 
while, fol- 
of Varro, 
s of Fabius 
ane. Ta- 
der do 111% 
3 and * 


F A 


that occaſion the Carthaginian enemy ob- 
ſerved that Fabius was the Annibal of 
Rome. When he had made an agreement 
with Annibal for the ranſom of the captives, 
which was totally diſapproved by the Ro- 
man Senate, he ſold all his eſtates to pay 
the money, rather than forteit his word to 
the enemy. The bold propoſals of young 
Scipio to go and carry the war from Italy 
to Africa, was rejected by Fabius as chime- 
rical and dangerous. He did not, however, 
live to ſee the ſucceſs of the Roman arms 


by meaſures which he treated with con- 
tempt and heard with indignation. He 
died in the tooth year of his age, after he had 


with a triumph. The Romans were ſo 


| 
| 


| 


' 
' 


| 


| 


of Nero, who employed his pen in ſatyriz- 
under Scipio, and the conqueſt of Carthage, 7 oa yriz 


F A 


forces in a battle, and fell wounded hy the 
A 


ide of Annibal. Plut. in Parall. 
conſul with J. Cæſar, who conquered Pom- 
pey's adherents in Spain. A high prieſt 
who wrote ſome annals and made war againſt 
Viriathus in Spain. Liv. zo, c. 26.— Flor. 
3, . Dorſo. Vid. Dorſo. : 
FABRATERIA, a colony and town of the 
Volſci in Latium. Tel. 8, c. 398.—Cic. 
Fam. o, ep. 24. 
FazRIcivs, a Latin writer in the reign 


ing and detaming the ſenators. 


His works 
were burnt by order of Nero. 


Caius 


| Luſcinus, a celebrated Roman who, in his 


| | firſt conſulſhip, obtained ſeveral viRories 
been five times conſul, and twice honored | 


i 


ſenſible of his great merit and ſervices that | 


the expences of his funeral were defrayed 
from the public treaſury. 
Fler. 2, c. 6.—Lin.— Polys. 


: 


Plut. in tut. 
His fon ' 


bore the ſame name, and ſhowed himſelf ; 


worthy of his noble father's virtues, Dur- 
ing his conCulſhip he received a viſit 
from his tather on horſeback in the camp. 


The ſon ordered the father to diſmount, and 


the old man chearfully obeyed, embracing 
his ſon, and ſaying, I withed to know whe- 


with the moderation of a phiſoſopher de- 
livered a funeral oration over the dead body 
of his fon. Plat. in Fabio. Pictor, 


account of his country. He floriſhed 
B. C. 225. The work which is now Cx- 
tant, and which is attributed to him, is 
a* ſpurious compoſition. A loquacious 
perſon mentioned by Horat. 1, Sat. I, . 
14. A Roman conſul, firnamed Am- 


over the Samnites and Lucanians, and was 


honored with a triumph. The riches which 
were acquired in thoſe battles were immenſe, 
the ſoldiers were liberally rewarded by the 
conſul, and the treaſury was enriched with 
400 talents, Two years after Fabricius 
went as ambaſſador to Pyrrhus, and refuſed 
with contempt the preſents, and heard with 
indignation the offers, which might have 
corrupted the fidelity of a leis virtuous eiti- 
zen. Pyrrhus had occaſion to admire the 


magnanimity of Fabricius, but his aftoniſh- 


ment was more powerfuily awakened when 
ther you knew what it is to be conſul. He 


died before his father, and the Cunctator 


| 
| 


ne aw him make a diſcovery of the perfi= 
dious offers of his phyfician, who pledged 
himſelf tu the Roman general for a ſum of 


money to poiſon his royal maſter. To this 
| greatneſs of ſoul was added the moſt conſum- 
the firſt Roman who wrote an hiſtorical ' 


' greateſt ſimplicity of manners. 


mate knowledge of military affairs, and the 


| Fabricius 
never uſed rich plate at his table. A ſmall 
ſalt-cellar, whoſe feet were of horn, was 


the only filver veſſel which appeared in his 


buſtus, becauſe he was ſtruck with lighten 


Ing. A licutenant of Cæſar u. Gaul. 
Fabricianus, a Roman aſſaſſinated by his 
wife Fabia, that the might more freely en- 
Joy the company of a tavorite youth, His 
ſon was ſaved from his mother's cruelties, 
and when he came of age he avenged his 
father's death by murdering his mother and 
her adulterer. The ſenate took cognizance 
of the action, and patronized the parricide. 
Flut. in Parall. A chief prieſt at Rome 
when Brennus took the city. P/ut. A 
Roman ſent to conſult the oracle of Delphi, 
while Annibal was in Italy. Another 
choſen dictator merely to create new ſena- 
tors. A lieutenant of Lucullus defeated 
by Mithridates. A ſon of Paulus Emi- 
lius, adopted into the family of the Fabii. 
— A Roman ſirnamed Allobrogicus from 
his victory over the Allobroges, &c. Flor. 
a, C. 17. Another choſen general againſt 


the Carthaginians in Italy, He loſt all bis 


| 


| 
| 


houſe, This contempt of luxury and uſe- 
leis ornaments Fabricius wiſhed to inſpire 
among the people, and during his cenſor- 
ihip he baniſhed from the ſenate Cornelius 
Rutinus, who had been twice conſul and 
dictator, becauſe he kept in his houſe more 
than ten pound weight of filver plate. 
Such were the manners of the conqueror of 
Pyrrhus, who obſerved that he wiſhed rather 


to command thoſe that had money, than 
| poſſeſs it himſelf. He lived and died in 


the greateſt poverty. His body was buried 
at the public charge, and tne Roman peo- 
ple were obliged to give a dowry to his 
two daughters, when they had arrived to 
marriagcable years. Val Max. 2, c. 9. l. 
4, c. 4.— For. 1, c. 18.—Cic. 3, de * 
Put. in Pyrrh irg. An. 6, v. 844. 
A. bridge at Rome, built by the conſul Fa- 
bricius, over the Tiber. Horar. 2. Ser. 3, 


v. 36. 

FABULLA, a proſtitute, &c. Ju. 2, 
Wy | 

FACELINA, a ſmall place on the north 


X 4 of 


: 
1 
, 


—— — — DOOR — 


F A 


of Sicily, where Diana had a temple, Ser- 


vius ad Virg. An. 2, v. 117. —tygin. 261. 

Fapus, x Rutulian killed in the night 
by Euryalus. Virg. An. q, v. 344 

FKSsUL, now Fi ſale, a town of Etru- 
ria, famous for its augurs. Cic. Mur. 24. 
Ital. 3, v. 478. — Salla. Cat. 27. 

FALCiDIA Lx, was enacted by the 
tribune Falcidius, A. U. C. 713, concern- 
ing wills and the right of heirs, 

FALERIA, a town of Picenum, now 
Fallerona, of which the inhabitants were 
called Falcrienſes. Plin. 3, c. 13. 

Fal RI, (or n), now Palari, a town 
of Etruria, of wich the inhabitants are 
called Faliſci. The Romans borrowed fome 
of their laws from Falzrii. The place was 
famous for its paſtures, and for a peculiar 
ſort of ſauſage. Vid. Faliſci Martial. 4, 
ep. 46.—Liv. 10, c. 12 & 16.—04. Faſt. 
1, v. 84. Pert. 4, el. 8, v. 41.-—Cats R. 
R. 4 & 14.—Servius in Virg. u. 7, v. 
69 5.—Plin. z, c. 5. 

FA LCE RINA, a tribe at Rome. Liv. 
9, c. 20. 

FALERNUS, a fertile mountain and plain 
of Campania, famous for its wine, Which 
the Roman poets have greatly celebrated. 
Liv. 22, c. 14.— Martial. 12, ep. 57. —Virg. 
G. 2, v. 96.—thrat. 1, od. 20, v. 10. 
2. Sat. 4, v. 15.—Strab. 5. — Flor. 1, c. 
15. 

FXL1sC1, a people of Etruria, originally 
a Macedonian colony. When they were 
beſieged by Camillus, a ſchool-matter went 
out of the gates of the city with his pupils 
and betrayed them into the hands of the 
Roman enemy, that by ſuch a poileſhon 
he might eaſily oblige the place to ſurren- 
der. Camillus heard the propoſal with in- 
dignation, and ordered the man to be 
ſtripped naked and whipped back to the 
town by thoſe whom his perfidy wiſhed 
to betray. This inſtance of generofity 
operated upon the people ſo powerfully 
that they ſurrendered to the Romans. 
Plut. in Camill. 

FaLiscuvs GRATIUus. Vid. Gratius. 

Fama, {fame}, was worſhipped by the 
antients as a powerful goddefs, and gene- 
rally repreſented blowing a trumpet, &c. 
Stat. 3, Theb. 427. 

FANNI1A, a woman of Minturnz, who, 
hoſpitably entertained Marius in his flight, 
though he had formerly fat in judgment 
upon her, and divorced her from her huſ- 
band. 

FAN NIA LEX, de Sumptibus, by L. 
Fannius, the conſul, A. U. C. 588. It 
enacted that no perſon ſhould ſpend more 
than 100 af/es a day at the great feſtivals, 
and 30 aſ/es on other days, and ten at all 
other times. 


* 


F A 


FaN NI, two orators of whom Cicers 
ſpcaks in Brut. 

Fawnn1us, an inferior poet ridiculed by 
Horace becauſe his poems and picture were 
conlecrated in the library of Apollo, on 
mount Palatine at Rome, as it was then 
uſual for ſuch as poſſeſſed merit. Hor ar, 1. 
Sat. 4, v. 21.-——A perſon who killed him- 
ſelf when apprehended in 'a conſpiracy 
againſt Auguſtus Mart. 12, ep. 80.—— 
Caius, an author in Trajan's reign, whoſe 
hiſtory of the crueltics of Nero is greatly 
regictted, 

Fax uu Vacixz, a village in the 
country of the Sahines. Horat. 1, ep. 10, 
v. 49 | 

Fakx TA RNus a river of the Sabines. Ovid. 
Met. 14, v. 330. 

FasCt1.1s, a ſirname of Diana, becauſe 
her ſtatue was brought from Taurica by 
Iphigenia in a bundle of ſticks, {faſcts), 
and placed at Aricia, 

FASCELLINA, a town of Sicily near Pa- 
normus. S.. 14, v. 261. 

Fa uch uA, a profiitute who privately 
conveyed food to the Roman priſoners at 
Capua. Ziv. 26, c. 33. 

FaveNnTI1A, a town of Spain. Plin. 3, 
b. , Of Italy, ral. 8, v. 597.—Plin. 
14, c. 15. Martial. 2, ep. 74. 

Faveria, a town of Ifiria, Liv. 41, 
py: 

FavLlaA, a miſtreſs of Hercules. 

Fauna, a deity among the Romans, 


Marica. Her marriage with Faunus pro- 
cured her the name of Fauna, and her know- 
ledge of futucity that of Fatua and Fatidica. 
It is ſaid that ſhe never ſaw a man after her 
marriage with Faunus, and that her uncom- 
mon chaſtity occaſioned her being ranked 
among the gods after death. She is the 
ſame, according to ſome, as Bona Mater. 
Some mythologiſts accuſe her of drunken- 
neſs, and ſay that ſhe expired under the 
blows of her huſband, for an immoderate 
uſe of wine. Virg, An. 7, v. 47, &c. 
—Varro.—Fufiin. 43, c. 1. 

FAUNALI1A, feſtivals at Rome, in honor 
of Faunus. a 

Favux1, certain deities of the country re- 
preſented as having the legs, feet, and ears 
of goats, and the reft of the body human. 
They were called ſatyrs by the Greeks. 
The peaſants offered them a lamb or a kid, 
with great ſolemnity. Virg. G. 1, v. 10. 
— Ovid. Met. 6, v. 392. 

FAauNnus, a ſon of Picus, who is ſaid te 
have reigned in Italy about 1300 years B. C. 
His bravery as well as wiſdom, have 
given riſe to the tradition that he was fon 
of Mars. His great popularity, and his 


| fondneſs for agriculture made his ſubje&ts 


re vere 


daughter of Picus, and originally called 


vere no 
bloody { 
my in pr 
. . . 
: FeLG: 
ompe 
F aj * 
of Claud 
dra, San 
by Sucto 
he marr! 
daughter 
other a 
The nam 
Wet, in 


nans, 
called 
pro- 
now- 
idica. 
er her 
com- 
anked 
is the 
Mater. 
nken- 
er the 
derate 
„ &c. 


honor 


try re- 
1d ears 
wman, 
rzreeks. 
a kid, 
v. 10. 


ſaid te 
rs B. C. 
„ have 
vas ſon 
nd his 
ubjects 

revere 


T E 


revere him as one of their country deities 
after death. He was repreſented with all 
the equipage of the ſatyrs, and was conſult- 
ed to give oracles. Dionyſ. 1, c. 7.—Pirg. 
En. 7, v. 47. J. 8, v. 314. 1. 10, v. 55.— 
Horat. 1, od. 17. | 

Favo, a Roman mimic, who at the fu- 
neral of Veſpaſian imitated the manners 
and geſtures of the deceaſed emperor. Suet. 
in Veſp. 19. 

FAvoRINUSs, a philoſopher and eunuch 
under Adrian, &c. 

FavsTA, a daughter of Sylla, &c. Horat. 
1, Sat. 2, v. 64. The wife of the em- 
peror Conſtantine, diſgraced for her cruelties 
and vices. 

FausTINA, the wife of the emperor 
Antoninus, famous for her debaucheries. 
Her daughter, of the ſame name, bleſſed 
with beauty, livelineſs, and wit, became the 
moſt abandoned of her ſex. She married 
M. Aurelius. The third wife of the 
emperor Heliogabalus bore that name. 

FausTITAS, a goddeſs among the Ro- 
mans ſuppoſed to preſide over cattle, He- 
rat. 4. od. 5, v. 17. 

FavsTULVs, a ſhepherd ordered to ex- 
poſe Romulus and Remus. He privately 
brought them up at home. Liv. 1, c, 4.— 
Tuftin. 43, c. 2.—Plut in Rom. 

Faustus, an obſcure poet under the firſt 
Roman emperors, two of whoſe dram-tic 
pieces, Thebæ and Tereus, Juvenal men- 
tions 7, v. 12. 

FeBRUA, a goddeſs at Rome, who pre- 
ſided over purifications. - The Feralia, 
lacrifices which the Romans offered to tie 
gods manes were alſo called Februa, whence 
the name of the month of February, during 
which the oblations were made, 

FECIALEsS, a number of prieſts at Rome, 
employed in declaring war and making 
peace, When the Romans thought them- 
ſelves injured, one of the ſacerdotal body 
was impowered to demand redreſs, and 
after the allowance of 33 days to conſider 
the matter, war was declared if ſubmiſſions 
were not made, and the Fecialis hurled a 
bloody ſpear into the territories of the ene- 
my in proof of intended hoſtilities. Liv. 1, 
e. 3. |. 4, C. 30. 

FrL.GiNAs, a Roman knight, killed by 
Pompey at Dyrrachium. Cæſ. 3, Bell. Civ. 

Felix, M. ANTONIUs, a freed man 
of Claudius Cæſar, made governor of Ju- 
dra, Samaria, and Paleſtine, He is called 
by Suctonius the huſband of 3 queens, as 
he married the 2 Druſillæ, one grand- 
daughter of Antony and Cleopatra, and the 
ther a jlewich princeſs, ſiſter of Agrippa. 
The name of his third wife is unknown. 
duet, in Cl. 18, —Tacit, Ann. 12; c. 14. 


: 


F E 


FELTRIA, a town of Italy at the north 
of Venice, 

FENESTELLA, a Roman hifſtorian'in the 
age of Auguſtus. He died at Cumæ . 
One 1 the gates of Rome, Ovid. Faft. 6, 
v. 578. 

Fexni or FN, the inhabitants of 
Finningia or Eningia, conſidered as Finland. 
Tacit. G. 46.—Plin. 4, c. 13. 

Fe R AUA, a feſtival in honor of the dead, 
obſerved at Rome the 17th or 21ſt of Fe- 
bruary. It continued for 11 days, during 
winch time preſcnts were carried to the 
groves of the deceaſed, marriages were for- 
bidden, and the temples of the gods were 
ſhut. It was univerſally believed that the 
manes of their departed friends came and 
hovered over their graves, and feaſted upon 
the proviſions that the hand of piety and 
affection had procured for them. Their 
puniſhments in the infernal regions were 
a:ſo ſuſpended, and during that time they 
enjoyed reſt and liberty. 

FERENTINUM, a town of the Hernici, 
at the eaſt ot Rome. The inhabitants were 
called Ferentinates, or Ferentini. Sil. 8, 


v. 394.—Liv. 1, c. 50. I. 9, c. 43 & 


FerRENTUM, or Fog EN TUM, a town of 
Apulia, now Forenza. Horat. 3, od. 4, 
v. 15,—Liv. 9, c. 16 & 20. 

FERETRIVS, a firname of Jupiter, a 
ferenae, becauſe he had aſſiſted the Romans, 
or a feriendo, becauſe he had conquered 
their enemies under Romulus. He had a 
temple at Rome, built by Romulus, where 
the ſpoils called pia were always carried. 
Only two generals obtained theſe celebrated 
ſpoils after the age of Romulus. Liv. 1, 
Cc. 10.-—Plut in Rom. 

Frxlæ LaTinz, feſtivals at Rome 
inſtituted by Tarquin the Proud. The 
principal magiſtrates of 47 towns in La- 
tium uſualiy aſſembled on a mount near 
Rome, where they altogether with the 
Roman magiſtrates offered a bull to Ju- 
piter Latialis, of which they carried home 
ſome part after the immolation, after they 
had ſworn mutual friendſhip and alli- 
ance, It continued but one day origi- 
nally, but in proceſs of time four days 
were dedicated to its celebration, Dio- 
nyſ. Hal. q.—Cic. ep. 6.—Liv. 21, &c. The 
feriæ among the Romans were certain days 
ſet apart to celebrate feſtivals, and during 
that time it was unlawful for any perſon ta 
work. They were cither public or private, 
The public were of four different kinds. 
The forts flatiye, were certain immoveahle 
days always marked in the calendar, and 
obſerved by the whole city with much feſti- 
vity and public rejoicing. The feriz concep- 
tive, 


1 


7 


tive, were moveable feaſts, and the day | himſelf in an ilineſs. Martial, 1. cp. 59- 
appointed for the celebration was always ' Porcius, a proconſul who ſucceeded 
previouſly fixed by the mngiftrates or | Felix as governor of Judza, under Claudius. 
prieſts. Among theſe were the feriz La- Fi8RENUS, a river of Italy, falling into 
tinge, which were firſt eftabliſhea by Tar- | the Liris through Cicero's farm at Arpinum, 
quin, and obſerved by the conſuls regularly, S. 8, v. 400.—Cic. Leg. 2, C. 1. 
before they ſet out for the provinces; the FicAnA, a town of Latium, at the | 
Compitalia, Sc. The fcrig imperative, were | ſouth of Rome, near the Tiber. Liv. 1, 
appointed only by the command of the con- c. 33. : 
ſul, dictator, or prætor, as a public rejoicing FicaR1A, a ſmall iſland on the eaſt of 
for ſome important victory gained over the | Sardinia, now Serpertera. PI. 3, e. 7. 
enemy of Rome, The forig Nunding, FiCULEA or FiCULNEA, a town of La- | 
were regular days, in which the people of | tium beyond mount Sacer at the north of h 
the country and neighhuwing towns aflem- | Rome. Ciceto had a villa there, ard the 0 
bled together and expofed their reſpective | road that led to the town was called Ficu/« 7 
commodities to ſale, They were called | nenfrs, afterwards Nomentana Via, Cie, 12, * 
Nundine becauſe kept every ninth day. | A. 34.— Lin. 1, c. 38. 3, c. 52. 4 
The feria private, were obſerved only in FipENwA, an inland town of Latium, 
families in commemoration of birth days, | whoſe inhabitants are called Fidenatrs. The tu 
marriages, funerals, and the like, The days | place was conquered by the Romans B. C. a 
on which the feri were obſerved were called | 435. Firg. Ain. 6, v. 773. —lw. 1, . th 
by the Romans ſefti dics, becauſe dedicated | 44.—Liw. 1, c. 14, 15 & 27.1. 2, c. 19.1, th 
to mirth, relaxation, and feftivity, 4, c. 17 & 21. of 
FRG NIA, a goddeſs at Rome, who pre- FipEN TIA, a town of Gaul on the ſouth Wi 
fided over the woods and groves. The | of the Po, between Placentia and Parma, We; 
name is derived a ferends, becauſe ſhe gave | Fell. 2, c. 28.—Plin. 3, Cc. 15.—Gic. In, tri 
aſſiſtance to her votaries, or perhaps from | 2, c. 54. va: 
the town Feronia, near mount Soracte, Fips, the goddeſs of faith and honeſty, of 
where ſhe had a temple. It was uſual to | worſhipped by the Romans. Numa was &+ 
make a yearly ſacrifice to her, and to waſh | the firit who paid her divine honors, Pe 
the face and bands in the waters of the ſa- VinTcULa&, a place of Italy. Val, Max, 1 
cred fountain, which lowed near hertemple. | 7, c. 6. cele 
It is ſaid that thote who were filled with the Frpivs Dius, a divinity by whom the A. 
ſpirit of this goddeſs could walk barefooted | Romans generally ſwore. He was il as 4 
over burning coals without receiving any | called Sancus or Sanctus and Semipatct, him 
injury from the flames. The goddeſs had | and he was ſolemnly addreſſed in praycis with 
a temple and grove abeut 3 miles from | the 5th of Tune, which was yearly conſe- was 
Anxur, and alſo another in the diſtrict of | crated to his ſervice. Owid, F. 6.— the ] 
Capena: Liv. 33, c. 26.—Firg. An. 7, Varro de L. L. 4, c. 10.—Diony), Hal. 2. Mac 
v. 697 & 800.—Parre de I. L. 4, c. 10.— [& 9. with 
dial. 13.—Strab. 5.—torat, 1. Sat. 5, v. 24. FimBRIA, a Roman officer who be- dual] 
FESCENNIA, (irum or um a town of ſieged Mithridates in Pritane, and failed in porte 
| Etruria, now Galeſe, where the Frſcennine | his attempts to take him priſoner, He v the « 
Ls werſes were fiſt invented. Theſe vertes, the | deſerted by his troops for his cruelty, upon cris, 
. name of which conveys an idea of vulgar | which he killed timſelf, Plut. in /[ ncuil, Rom: 
i obſcenity, were a ſort of ruftic dialogue FiegMuUM now Fermo, a town of Picenum conqu 
5 ſpoken extempore, in which the actors on the Adriatic, the port of which ws Gree 
. expoſed before their audience the failings and | called Cafte/tum Firmanum, Cic. 5, Alt, mian 
ö vices of their adverſaries, and by a fatyri- | 12.—P/in. 7, c. 8.—Velletus. 1, c. 14. cured 
| N cal humour and merriment endeavourect to M. FiRMlus, a powerful native of Se- J 
| N raiſe the laughter of the company. They | leucia who proclaimed himſelf emperor, and to uni 
Ti were often repeated at nuptials, and many | was at laſt conquered by Aurelian. | amon: 
iy laſcivious expreflions were uſed for the ge- FrsCELLUS, a part of the Apennine by his 
+ 1 neral diverſion, as alſo at harveſt-home, | mountains in Umbria, where the Nat cuſton 
Ly when geſtures were made adapted to the | rifes. Tral. 8, v. 518 -n. 3, c. 12 mon p 
111 ſenſe of the unpoliſhed verſes that were FLAciLLAANTTONIA, 2 Roman matron father 
14 uſed, They were proſcribed by Auguſtus | in Nero's age, &c. Tacit, Ann. 14, C 7: afterw; 
| 4 as of immoral tendency. Þlin. 35 C. 5.— F. Accus, 2 conſul who marclicd again Who h. 
bl; Virg. An. 7, v. 695. —Herat. 2, ep. 1, v. Sylla, and was aſſaſſinated by Fin b112. lis pru 
1 145 Plut. A poet. Vid. Valerius. ——4 ge- world! 
Li FesUL#, a town of Etruria, where | vernor of Egypt who died A. D. 39— of tlie! 
9 Sylla ſettled a colony. (Ic. Cat. 3, c. 6. Verrius a grammarian, tutor to the 10 ia his 
| Ftsrus, a friend of Domitiau who Killed | grandſons of Auguſtus, and ſuppoſed 2 glory, 


de d 
ius. 
into 


wm, 


I, v. 


. 19. J. 


e ſouth 
Parma. 
Cic. In, 


zoneſty, 
ma wi 


ö 8 Max. 


hom the 
2E 10 
mipatct, 

prayeis 
Y conſe- 
V. 6.— 


5 Hal. 2. 


ho be- 
| failed in 
He was 
ty, upon 
ö [ut uil, 
f Picenvm 
hich Was 
oF Att, 
„ 14- 
ve of Se» 
zperor, al 
. N 
Apennme 
the Nat 
c. 12+ 
zan matron 
14, RA 
ned agamy 
1 imbiss. 
— 
„ 
o the 10 
o poſed ave 
that 


F L 


thor of the Capitoline marbles.— A name 
of Horace. Vid. Horatius. 

Aura FLACILLA, the mother of Ar- 
cadius and Honorius, was daughter of An- 
tonius, a prefect of Gaul. 

Fiaminia Lex agraria, by C. Flami- 
nius, the tribune, A. U. C. 525. It required 
that the lands of Picenum, from which the 
Gauls Senones had been expelled, thould 
be divided among the Roman people. 

FLAMINIA VIA, a celebrated ruad which 
led from Rome to Ariminum and Aqui- 
cia. It received its name from Flaminius, 
who built it, and was Killed at the battle of 
Taraſymenus againſt Annibal. A gate 
of Rome opening to the ſame road, now 
del po polo. 

C. Fiaminivus, a Roman conſul of a 
turbulent diſpoſition, who was drawn into 
a batile near the lake of Thraſymenus, by 
the artifice of Annibal. He was killed in 
the engagement, with an immenſe number 
of Romans, B. C. 217. The conqueror 
wiſhed to give a burial to his body, but it 
was not found in the heaps of ſlain. While 
tribune of the people he propoſed an agra- 
rian law againſt the advice of his friends, 
of the ſenate, and of his own father. Cic. 
de inv. 2. c. 17.—Liv. 22, c. 3, Oc,— 
Pelyl . Flor. 2, c. 6.— Val. Max. 1. c. 6. 

T. Q. FLAminivs or FLAMININUS, a 
celebrated Roman raiſed to the conſulſhip, 
A. U. C. 554. He was trained in the art 
of war againſt Annibal, and he ſhewed 
himſelf capable in every reſpect to diſcharge 
with honor the great ofhce with which he 


was entruſted. He was ſent at the head of | 


the Roman troops againſt Philip, king of 
Macedonia, and in his expedition he met 
with uncommon ſucceſs. The Greeks gra- 
dually declared themſelves his firmeſt ſup- 
porters, and he totally defeated Philip on 
the confines of Epirus, and made all Lo- 
cris, Phocis, and Theſſaly, tributary to the 
Roman power. He granted peace to the 
conquered monarch, and proclaimed all 
Greece free and independant at the Iſth- 
mian games. This celebrated action pro- 
cured the name of patrons of Greece to the 
Romans, and inſenſibly paved their way 
to univerſal dominion. Flaminius behaved 
among them with the greateſt policy, and 
by his ready compliance with their national 
cuſtoms and prejudices, he gained uncom- 
mon popularity, and reccived the name of 
father and deliverer of Greece. He was 
afterwards ſent ambaſſador to king Pruſias, 
who had given refuge to Annibal, and there 
lis prudence and artifice haſtened out of the 
world a man who had long been the terror 
ef tie Romans. Flaminius was found dead 
in his bed, after a life ſpent in the greateſt 
Blory, in which he had imitated with ſuc- 


— 


FT L 


ceſs the virtues of his model Scipio. Plur, 
in vita. — Flor. | 


Greece. He was expelled from the ſenate 
for killing a Gaul, by Cato his brother's 
colleague in the cenſorſhip, an action which 
was highly reſented by Titus. Plut. in 
Flam. 
the head of zoo men ſaved the Roman 
army in Sicily, B. C. 255, by engaging 


the Carthaginians and cutting them ta 


pieces. 

FLANATICUS SINUS, a bay of the Fla- 
nates, in Liburnia, on the Adriatic, now 
the gulf of Car nero. Plin. 3, c. 19 & 21. 


FL AVIA LEX agraria, by L. Flavius, 


A. U. C. 693, for the diſtribution of a 
certain quantity of lands among Pompey's 
{oldiers, and the commons. 

FLAvla Nux, a town of Ftruria, on the 
Tiber, called alſo Flavinium. Firg. An. 
7, v. 696.—S!L. 8, v. 492. 

FLAvINxIA, a town of Latium, which 
aſſiſted Turnus againſt Aneas, Vg. Ax. 
7, v. 696. 

Fl. Avius, a ſenator who conſpired with 
Piſo againſt Nero, &c. Tacit. A tri- 
bune of the people depoſed by J. Cæſar. 
A Roman who informed Gracchus of 
the violent meaſures of the ſenate againſt 
him. A brother of Veſpaſian, &c. 
A tribune who wounded one of Annibal” 
clephants in an engagement. A ſchool- 
maſter at Rome in the age of Horace. r 
Sat. 6, v. 72.-——One of the names of the 
emperor Domitian. Ju. 4, v. 37. 

FLEevvus, the right branch of the Rhine, 
which formed a large lake on its falling into 
the ſea, called Fee, now Zuider-Zer, 
It was afterwards called Helium, now Lie, 
when its breadth became more contracted, 
and a fort erected there, obtained the name 


of Fleuum . Tacit. An. 2, c. 6. 


I. 4, v. 72.—Plin. 4, c. 15.— Mela. 3, c. 2. 
Fl. ò x A, the goddeſs of flowers and gar- 
dens among the Romans, the ſame as the 
Chloris of the Greeks. Some ſuppole that 
ſhe was originally a common courtezan, 
who left to the Romans the immenſe 
riches which ſhe had acquired by proſtitu- 
tion and laſciviouſneſs, in remembrance of 
which a yearly feſtival was inſtituted in her 

honor. She was worſhipped even amon 
the Sabines, long before the foundation of 
Rome, and Tatius was the firſt who raiſed 
her a temple in the city of Rome. It is ſaid 
that ſhe married Zephyrus, and that ſhe re- 
ceived from him the privileges of preſiding 
vver flowers, and of enjoying perpetual 
youth. [Yid. Floralia] She was repre- 
ſented as crowned with flowers, and hold- 
ing in her hand the horn of plenty. Ovid. 
Faſt. 5, v. 195, &c,—Sarre, de R. R. 1.— 
Lacan, 


Lucius,the brother of the 
preceding, ſignalized himſelf in the wars of 


Calp. Flamma, a tribune, who at 


0 


39 


LaFant. r,——A celebrated courter an paſ- 4 who raifed commotions in Germany after 
ſtonately loved by Pompey the Great. She the death of Nero. Tacit, Hi. t, c. 7.— 


was ſo beautiful, that when the temple of 
Caftor and Pollux at Rome was adorned 
with paintings, her picture was drawn and 
placed among the reſt, Another courte- 
tan, &c. Tuv. 2, v. 49. 

FLoR ALTA, games in honor of Flora at 
Rome. They were inſtituted about the age 
of Romulus, but they were not celebrated 
with regularity and proper attention til] the 
year U. C. 580. They were obſerved yearly, 
and exhibited a fcene of the moſt vnbounded 
hcentioufneſs. It is reported that Cato 
wiſhed once to be preſent at the celebration, 
and that when he faw that the deference for 
his preſence interrupted the feaſt, he re- 
tired, not chuſing to be the {peCtator of the 
proſtitution of naked women in a public 
theatre. This behaviour ſo captivated tne 
acgenerate Romans, that the venerable ſe- 
nator was treated with the moſt uncommon 
applauſe as he retired. Lal. Max. 2, c. 
10 —Varre. de L. L. 1.—Paterc, c. 1.— 
Piin. 8. 

FLORENTIA, a town of Italy on the 
Arnus, now Florence, the capital of Tuſca- 
ny. Tacit. An. 1, c. 79.—Flr. 3, c. 21. 
Fiin, %, © $. 7 

FLorIANUus, a man who wore the im- 
perial purple at Rome only for two months 
A. D. 276. 

FLökxus, L. Annzus' Julius, a Latin 
hiſtorian of the ſame family which pro- 
duced Seneca and Lucan, A. D. 116, He 
wrote an abridgement of Roman annals in 
four books, compoſed in a florid and poetical 
ſtile, and rather a panegyric on many of the 
great actions of the Romans than a faithful 
and correct recital of their hiſtory. He alſo 
wrote poetry, and entered the liſts againſt 
the emperor Adrian, who ſatyrically re- 
proached him with frequenting taverns and 
places of diſſipation. The beſt editions of 
Florus are Duker's, 2 vols. 8vo. L. Hat. 
1722 & 1744 ; and that of J. Frid. Fiſcher, 
8vo. Lipſ. 1760. 
Horace, who accompanied Claudius Nero 
in his military expeditions. The poet has 
addrefſed two epiftles to him. 

FLUGNIA, a ſirname of Juno. 

FoL1a, a woman of Ariminum, famous 
for her knowledge of poiſonous herbs, and 
for her petulance. Horat. ep. 5, v. 42. 

Foxs Solis, a fountain in the province 
of Cyrene, cool at midday and warm at 
thc riſing and ſetting of the fun, Herder. 
4. c. 181. 

Fo Nr AN us, a poet mentioned by Ovid. 
Pont. 4, el. 16. 

Fov TEIA, a veſtal virgin. Cic. 

Fox rilus Carire, an intimate friend 
ef Horace, 1 Sat. © V. 32.— Roman 


Julius, a friend of 


A man who conducted Cleopatra inte 
Syria by order of Antony. Plat. in Ant, 
For mti, a maritime town of Campa- 
nia at the ſouth-eaſt of Caicta. It was an- 
tiently the abode of the Læſtrygones, and 
it became known for its excellent wines, 
and was called Mamurrarum ubs, from a 
family of conſequence and opulence who 
lived there. Liv. 8. c. 14. J. 38, c. 36.— 
Heorat. 1. od. 20, v. 11. I. 3. od. 17. Sat, 
I, 5, v. 37.—Plin. 36. c. 6. 

TokRMiAx un, a villa of Cicero near 
Formiæ, near which the orator was aſſaſſi- 
nated. Cic. Fam, 11, ep. 27.1. 16. ep. 10. 
— Tacit. Ann. 16, c. 10. 

ForxMio, now Kiſaro, a river of Iftria, 
the antient boundary of Italy caſtward, af- 
terwards extended to the Arſia. Plin, 3, 
c. 18 & 19. 

Fox N Ax, a goddeſs at Rome, who pre- 
ſided over the baking of bread. Her feſti- 
vals, called Fornacalia, were fiſt inſtituted 
by Numa. Ovid. Faſt. 2, v. 525. 

Foro ArP11, a people of Italy, whoſe 
capital was called Forum Appii, Plin. 3, 
e. 8. 

FoxTUNA, a powerful deity among the 
antients, daughter of Oceanus according to 
Homer, or one of the Parcæ according to 
Pindar. She was the goddeſs of fortune, 
and from her hand were derived riches and 
poverty, pleaſures and misfortunes, blef- 
ſings and pains. She was worſhipped in 
difterent parts of Greece, and in Achaia her 
ſtatue held the horn of plenty in one hand, 
and had a winged Cupid at its feet. In 
Bœotia ſhe had a ſtatue which repreſented 
her as holding Plutus the god of riches in 
her arms, to intimate that fortune is the 

ſource whence wealth and honors flow. Bu- 
palus was the firſt who made a ſtatue of 
Fortune for the people of Smyrna, and he 
repreſented her with the polar ftar upon her 
head, and the horn of plenty in her hand. 
The Romans paid particular attention to 
the goddeſs of Fortune, and had no leſs 
than eight different temples erected to her 
honor in their city. Tullus Hoftilius was 
the firſt who built her a temple, and from 
that circumſtance it is eaſily known when 
her worſhip was firſt introduced among the 
Romans. Her moſt famous temple in Italy 
was at Antium, in Latium, where preſents 
and offerings were regularly ſent from every 
part of the country. Fortune has been 
called Pherepolis, the protectreſs of cities, 
Acrea from her temple at Corinth on an 
eminence, axpo;. She was called Preneſtine 
at Præneſte in Italy, where ſhe had alſo a 
temple, Beſides the was worſhipped among 


has Rumans under different names, * 


12 
M3nty 
anothe 
anothe 
ons. 

— 
lgnan, 
of Gat 
and M 
Lepidi 
the Po. 
R1ven 
town of 
bo ©. 2 


weſcnts 
n every 
s been 
cities, 
ON an 
-neſtine 
d alſo a 
| among 
33 ſuch, 


F O 


as Female fortune, Virile fortune, Equeftri - | 
an; Peaceful, Virgin, &c. On the firſt 
of April, which was conſecrated to Venus 
among the Romans, the Italian widows and 
marriageable virgins aſſembled in the temple 
of Virile fortune, and after burning in- 
ecnſe and offering their garments, they in- 
treated the goddeſs to hide from the eyes of 
their huſbands whatever defects there might 
be on their bodies. The goddeſs of For- 
tune is repreſented on antient monuments 
with a horn of plenty, and ſometimes two, 
in her hands. She is blind-folded, and 
generally holds a wheel in her hand as an 
emblem of her inconſtancy. Sometimes 
the appears with wings, and treads upon 
the prow of a ſhip, and holds a rudder in 
her hands. Dionyſ. Hal. 4.—O0wvid. Faſt. 6, 
4 569.—Plut. de fort. Rom, ia Cor. — 
Cie, de Div. 2.—Liv. 10.— Auguſtin, de Civ. 
D. 4.— Her. 1.—Val. Max. 1, c. 5. — Lican. 
2, Se. 

Fo R TU NAT &R IN SUL, iſlands at the 
weſt of Mauritania in the Atlantic ſea. 
They are ſuppoſed to be the Canary iſles of the 
moderns, thought to be only two in number, 
at a little diſtance one from the other, and 
10,000 ſtadia from the ſhores of Libya. 
They were repreſented as the ſeats of the 
bleſſed, where the ſouls of the virtuous 
were placed after death. The air was 
wholetume and temperate, the earth pro- 
duced an immenſe number of various fruits 
vithout the labors of men. When they had 
been deſcribed to Sertorius in the moſt en- 
«hanting colors, that celebrated general ex- 
preſſed a with to retire thither, and to re- 
move himſelf from the noiſe of the world, 
and the dangers of war. Strab. 1,—Plut. 
in Sertor ,—Heret. 4, od. 8, v. 27. Eped. 
1v.—Plin. 6, c. 31 & 32. 

FoxtL1, a town of the Sabines, built on 
a ſtony place. Strab. 5.—Pirg. An. 7, v. 
714. 

FokUuM—APPI1, a town of Latium on 
the Appia via. Cic. r, Att, 10.— Horat. 
I, ſat. 5, v. 3.—Auguſtum, a place at 
Rome. Ovid. 5, Faft. v. 552. Allieni, 
a town of Italy, now Ferrara, Tuacit. J. 3, 
c. 6. Aurelia, a town of Etruria, now 
Monta/to, Cic. Cat. t, c. 9. Claudii, 
another in Etruria, now Or:0/0. Cornelii, 
another, now Imola, in the Pope's domini- 
ons. Pin. 3, c. 16,—-Cic. Fam. 12. ep. 5. 
——Domitii, a town of Gaul, now Fron- 
tignan, in Languedoc. Voconii, a town 
of Gaul, now Gonſaron, between Antibes 
and Marſeilles. Cic. Fam. 10. ep. 17.—— 
Lepidi, a town of antient Gaul, ſouth of 
the Po. Popilii, another at the ſouth of 
Rwenna on the Adriatic. Flaminii, a 
town of Umbria, now San Giavane, Plin. 


3 
Togata, now Caſtel Franco, in the Bolognefe. 
Cic. Fam. 10, ep. 30. Alſo a town of 
Venice called Forajulienſis urbs, now Friult. 
Cic. Fam, 12. ep. 26. Julium, a town of 
Gaul Narbonenſis, now Fus, in Provence, 


Cic. Fam, 10. ep. 17,—Strab, 4. Leb- 
norum, a town of Inſubria, Pelyb. 
Sempronii, a town of Umbria, &c. Many 


other places bore the name of Forum where- 
ever there was a public market, or rather 
where the prætor held his court of juſtice, 
{forum wel conventus, J and thence they were 
called ſometimes conventrs as well as fora, 
into which provinces were generally di- 
vided under the adminiftration of a ſeparate 
governor. Cic. Ver. 2, c. 20. l. 4, c. 48. 
I. 5, c. 11. Vatin. 5. Fam. 3. ep. 6 & 8. 
Attic, 5. ep. 21. 

Fosr, a people of Germany, near the 
Elbe, confidered as the Saxons of Ptolemy. 
Tacit, G. 36. 

Fossa, the ſtraits of Bonifacio betweert 
Corſica and Sardinia, called alſo Tephros. 
Plin. 3; c. 6. Druſi or Druſiana, a canal 
$ miles in length, opened by Druſus from 
the Rhine to the Iſſel, below the ſeparation 
of the Waal. Ser. Claud. r.—Tacit. Hit. 
5, c. 23. Mariana, a canal cut by Ma- 
rius from the Rhone to Marſeilles during the 
Cimbrian war, and now called Galen. 
Sometimes the word is uſed in the plura}, 
Faſſ, as if more than one canal had been 
formed by Marius. Plin. 3, c. 4.— Stab. 
4.— Mea. 2, C. 5. 

Foss = PHILISTINA, one of the mouths 
of the Po. Tacit. Hiſt. 3, c. 9. ? 

Faanci, a people of Germany and 
Gaul, whoſe country was called Francia, 
Clandian. 

FaFGErtLaA, a famous town of the Vols 
{ci in Italy on the Liris, deſtroyed for re- 
volting from the Romans. 174. 5, v. 452. 
— Liv. 8, c. 22. l. 27, c. 10, &. -[ie. 
Fam. 13. Op. 76. 

FREOENAÆ, a town of Etruria. 
c. 5. 

FRTN TAN, a people of Italy, near 
Apulia, who receive their name from the 
river Fre, now Fortore, which runs 
through the eaſtern part of their country, 
and falls into the Adriatic oppoſite the 
iſlands of Diomede. Plin. 3, c. 11.—Liv. 
9, c. 48.— l. 8, v. 520. : 

FxETUuM, {the ſea} is ſometimes applied 
by eminence to the Sicilian fea, or the 
ſtraits of Mefiina. Cf. C. I, c. 29,—Fer, 
I, c. 26.—Cic. 2. Att. 1. 

Farcinus, a river of Tuſcany. 

Fris1t, a pgs of Germany near the 
Rhine, now the Friſons of Friefland. Tacit. 
A. r, c. 60. Hift. 4, c. 15 & 72. G. 34- 

Sex, Jur. Frontinus, a celebrated 


Plin. 30 


I» c. I4.——Gallorum, a town of Gaul | 


geometrician, who made himſelf known by 
d 


Tv 


T U 


the books he wrote on aqueducts and ſtra- | into the eaſt, where her huſband received mill 
tagems, dedicated to Trajan. He ordered | her with great coldneſs and indifference, by 
at his death that no monument ſhould be | This unkindneſs totally broke her heart, obt: 
raitcd to his memory, ſaying, memoria noſiri | and ſhe ſoon after died, about 40 years be- witl 
durabit, ft vitam meruimus. The beſt edi- | fore the chriſtian era. Plut. in Cie, & An- ſma 
tion of Frontinus is that of Oudendorp, ton. A woman who diſcovered to Ci- chaſ 
8vo. L. Bat. 1779. cero the deſigns of Catiline upon his lite. reap 

FrownTo, a preceptor of M. Antoninus, ,| Plut. in Cic. bout 
by whom he was greatly eſteemed. FuLvivs, a Roman ſenator, intimate cuſe\ 
Julius, a learned Roman, who was ſo par- | with Auguſtus. He diſcloſed the empe- but | 
tial to the company of poets, that he lent ror's ſecrets to his wife who made it public 2 L 
them his houſe and gardens, which continu- | to all the Roman matrons, for which he te- nals 
ally re-echoed the compoſitions of his nu- | ceived ſo ſevere a reprimand from Auguſtus, celet 
merous viſitors. Juv. 1. Sat. v. 12. that he and his wife hanged themſelves in expre 

Frisino, a ſmall town of the Volſci | deſpair. A friend of C. Gracchus why his p 
on one of the branches of the Liris. Ju. | was killed in a ſedition with his ſon. His lines, 
35 v. 223.—Liv, 10, c. 1.—Sil. 8, v. | body was thrown into the river, and his dicu! 
399,—Cir, Att. 11. ep. 4 & 13. widow was forhidden to put on mourning Hera 

Füclx us, alake of Italy in the country | for his death. Plut. in Graceh, Flaccus Ft 
of the Marſi, at the north of the Liris, at- | Cenfor, a Roman who plundered a marble with 
tempted to be drained by J. Cæſar and af- | temple of Juno, to finiſh the building of &c. 
terwards by Claudius, by whom 30,000 | one which he had erected to Fortune. He Hor? 
men were employed for 10 years to perforate | was always unhappy after this ſacrilege, himf: 
a mountain to convey the water into the Liris. | Liv. 25, c. 2. Ser. Nobilior, a Roman 1 Sa 
The lake is now called Celano, and is ſup- | conſul who went to Africa after the defeat A 
poſed to be 47 miles in circumference, and | of Regulus. After he had acquired much 
not more than 12 feet deep on an average. [glory againſt the Carthaginians, he was — 
Plin. 36, c. 15.—Tacit. Ann. 12, c. 56.— | ſhipwrecked at his return with 200 Roman 
Virg. An. 7, v. 759. ſhips. His grandſon Marcus was ſent to 

Furipius, a wictched uſurer, &c. Ho- | Spain, where he greatly ſignalized himſelf, 
rat. I, Sat. 2. He was afterwards rewarded with the con- 

FuFivs GEMINUsS, a man greatly pro- | ſulſhip. (3 
moted by the intereſt of Livia, &c. Tacit. FunDANUs, a lake near Fundi in Italy, Ga 
Ann. 5, c. 1 & 2. which diſcharges itſclf into the Mediterra- diana 

FuLGinATEs, /ſing. Fulginas ) a people nean. Tacit. Hi. 3, c. 69. 64 
of Umbria, whoſe chief town was Fulg l- Funpr, a town of Italy near Caieta, on fallin, 
num, now Foligno. Sil. It. 8, v. 462.— | the Appian road, at the bottom of a ſmall oppoſ 
Plin. 1, c. 4. l. 3, c. 14. deep bay called Lacus Fundanut. Morat. 1, Ga 

Q. FuLGiNnus, a brave officer in Cæſar's | Sat. 5, v. 34.— Lit. 8, c. 14 & 19. l. 38, lia, 
legions, & c. Cæſ. bell. Civ. c. 36.—Plin. 3, c. 5. —Cic. Rull. 2, c. 25. GX 

FULLINUM & FULGINUM, a ſmall town | — Tacit, An. 4, c. 59.—Strab, 5. heade, 
of Umbria. FUR1z, the three daughters of Nox and maint. 

FuLvia LExX was propoſed but rejected | Acheron, or of Pluto and Proſerpine, ac- G4 
A. U. C. 628, by Flaccus Fulvius. It | cording to ſuome. Vid. Eumenides. taken 
tended to make all the people of Italy ci- Fü ni, a family which migrated from Tarqu 
tizens of Rome. Medullia in Latium and came to ſettle 2! inhabi 

FULvia, a bold and ambitious woman | Rome under Romulus, and was admitted tendin 
who married the tribune Clodius, and after- | among the patricians. Camillus was of Romu 
wards Curio, and at laſt M. Antony. She | this family, and it was he who firſt raiſed as it w 
took a part in all the intrigues of her huſ- | it to diflintion, Plut. in Camill. there t 
band's triumvirate and ſhewed herſelf cruel Fü RIA LEX de Teftamentis, by C. Furius chief 
as well as revengeful. When Cicero's head the tribune. It forbad any perſon to leave had a 
had been cut off by order of Antony, Fulvia | as a legacy more than a thouſand /e, ex- Creſs, 
ordered it to be brought to her, and with | cept to the relations of the maſter who 6, v. 
all the inſolence of barbarity, ſhe bored the | manumitted, with a few more exceptions. c. 46. 
orator's tongue with her golden bodkin. ( Cic. 1. Verr. 42.— Liv. 35. Uvid 
Antony divorced her to marry Cleopatra, FukiNna, the goddeſs of robbers, wer- Gx1 
upon which the attempted to avenge her | ſhipped at Rome. Some ſay that ſhe is the ped at 
wrongs, by perſuading Auguſtus to take | ſame as the Furies. Her feſtivals were GX 
up arms againſt her huſband, When this | called Furineia. Cic. de Nat. 3, c. 8.— nius, tl 
ſcheme did not ſuccged, ſhe raiſed a faction Vurre de L. L. 5, c. 3. that in 
againſt Auguſtus, in Which ſhe engaged L. FuxiN A Lacus, a lake near which C. magiſt. 

Antonius her brother-in-law, and when all | Gracchus was ſlain. lablets, 
her attempts proved fruitleſs, ſhe retired Cunyer 


Fukivs, a military tribune with Ca- 
6 mi.lus. 


eived 
ence, 
heart, 
s be- 
An- 
o Ci- 
s lite. 


1mate 
2mPe- 
public 
he te- 
zuſtus, 
ves in 
1s who 
. His 
nd his 
urning 
Flaccus 
marble 
ding of 
e. He 
crilege. 
Roman 
e defeat 
| much 
he was 
Roman 
ſent to 
himſelf, 
he con- 


in Italy, 
editerta- 


zieta, on 
a2 ſmall 


Horat. 1, 
9. J. 38, 
2, Co 25. 


Nox and 


pine, ac- 


C. Furius 


1 to leave 


aſſes, ex- 


aſter who 
ce ptions. 


bers, wor- 
r ſhe is the 
vals were 
„ Ce 8.— 


- which C. 


with Ca- 
mi-lus. 


ted from 
ſettle at 
admitted 
s was of 


arſt raiſed 


FU 


mitlus. He was fent againſt the Tuſcans 
by his colleague. A Roman ſlave who 
obrained his freedom, and applied himſelf 
with unremitted attention to cultivate a 
ſmall portion of Jand which he had pur- 
chaſed, The uncommon fruits which he 
reaped from his labors rendered his neigh- 
hours jealous of his proſperity. He was ac- 
cuſed before a Roman tribunal of witchcraft, 
but honorably acquitted. M. Bibaculus, 
a Latin poet of Cremona, who wrote an- 
nals in Arabic verſe, and was univerſally 
celebrated for the wit and humor of his 
expreſſions. It is ſaid that Virgil imitated 
his poetry and even borrowed ſome of his 
lines. Horace however has not failed to ri- 
dicule his verſes. Quintil, 8, c. 6, &c.— 
Heirat. 2, Sat. 5, v. 40. 

FuRn1iUs, a man accuſed of adultery 
with Claudia Pulchra, and condemned, 
&c. Tacit. Hift. 4, v. 52. A friend of 
Horace, who was conſul and diſtinguiſhed 
himſelf by his elegant hiſtorical writings. 
1 Sat. 10, v. 36. 


Az1sT, Fuscvs, a friend of Horace as 


T.- 
conſpicuous for the integrity and propriety of 


his manners, as for his learning and abili- 
ties, The poet addreſſed his 22 Od. Lib. x 
and 1 Ep. 10, to him. Corn. a prætor 
ſent by Domitian againſt the Daci, where 
he periſhed. Fuv. 4, v. 112. 

FusS1A LExX de Comitiis, A. U. C. 527, 
forbad any buſineſs to be tranſacted at the 
public aſſemblies on certain days, though 
among the fafti—-Another, A. U. C. 
690, which ordained that the votes in a 
public aſſembly ſhould be given ſeparately, 
Caninia, another by Camillus & C. 
Caninius Galbus, A. U. C. 751, to check 
the manumiſhon of ſlaves, 

Fus1us, a Roman orator. Cic, 2. de 
Orat. c. 22. A Roman, killed in Gaul, 
while he preſided there over one of the 
provinces, Cæſ. Bell. G. 7, e. z. A 
Roman actor, whom Horace ridicules. 
2 Sat. 3, v. 60. He intoxicated himſelf; 
and when on the ſtage, he fell aſleep whilſt 
he perſonated Ilione, where he ought to 
have been rouſed and moved by the cries 
of a ghoſt; but in vain. 


G A 


ABALES, a people of Aquitain. P//r. ; 


4, c. 19. 

GaBAZA, a country of Aſia, near Sog- 
diana. Curt. 8, c. 4. 

GABELLUS, now La Serchia, a river 
falling in a northern direction into the Po, 
oppoſite the Mincius, Plin. 3, c. 16. 

GazENE & GABIENE, a country of Per- 
ha, Died. 19. 

GxXB1ENUS, a friend of Auguſtus, be- 
headed by order of Sext. Pumpey. It is 
maintained that he fpoke after death. 

GA, a city of the Volſci, now extin, 
taken by the artifice of Sextus, the ſon of 
Tarquin, who gained the confidence of the 
inhabitants, by deſerting to them, and pre- 
tending that his father had ill-treated him. 
Romulus and Remus were educated there, 
as it was the cuſtom at that time to ſend 
there the young nobility, and Juno was the 
chief deity of the place. The inhabitants 
had a peculiar mode of tucking up their 
Creſs, whence Gabinus cinftus. Virg. An. 
6, v. 773. l. 7, v. 612 & 682.— Liv. 5, 
Cc. 46. J. 6, c. 29. 1. 8, c. 9. I. 10. c. 7.— 
Ovid Faſt. 2, v. 709.— Plat. in Romul. 

GaBiva, the name of Juno, worſhip- 
ped at Gabii. Virg. Eu. 7, v. 682. 
'GXBINIA LEX 4 Comitiis, by A. Gabi- 
mus, the tribune, A. U. C. 614. Ir required 
that in the public afſemblies for electing 
magiſtrates, the votes thould be given by 
lablets, and not vivd voce.——Another for 
convening daily the ſenate from the Ka- 


G A 


lends of February to thoſe of March.. 
Another de Comitiis, which made it a capi- 

tal puniſhment to convene any clandeſtine 
aſſembly, agreeable te the old law of the 

12 tables. Another de Militia, by A. 

Gabinius the tribune, A. U. C. 685. Ir 
granted Pompey the power of carrying on 

the war againft the pirates, during three 

years, and of obliging all kings, governors, 

and ſtates, to ſupply him with all the neceſ- 

{aries he wanted, over all the Mediterranean 
ſea, and in the maritime provinces, as far 
as 400 fladia from the ſea. Another, de 

Uſura, by Aul. Gabinius the tribune, A. U. C. 
685. Ir ordained, that no action ſhould be 
granted for the recovery of any money bor- 
1owed upon ſmall intereſt, to be lent upon 
larger. This was an utual practice at Rome, 
which obtained the name of verſuram facere, 
Another, againſt fornication. 

GABINIANus, a rhetorician, in the reign 
of Vetpahan. 

GXAB1iNnivs, a Roman hiftorian. Au- 
lius, a Roman conſul, who made war in 
2 and re- eſtabliſhed tranquillity there. 

e ſuffered himſelf to be bribed, and re- 
placed Ptolemy Auletes on the throne of 
Egypt. He was accuſed, at his return, of 
receiving bribes. Cicero, at the requeſt of 
Pompey, ably defended. him. He was ba- 
niſhed, and died abo 40 years before 
Chrift, at Salona,--A licutenant of An- 
tony. A conſul, who behaved with un- 
common rudeneſs to Cicero, 


GAS 


G A 


Gavrs (un), Gaps (is), & CaDIRA, 
2 ſmall iſland in the Atlantic, on the Spa- 
niſh coaſt, 25 miles from the columns of 
Hercules. It was ſomerimes called Tar- 
reſſus and Erythia, according to Pliny, and 
is now known by the name of Cadiz, Ge- 
ryon, whom Hercules killed, fixed his reft- 
dence there. Hercules, firnamed Cadtta- 
«us, had there a celebrated temple, in which 
all his labors were engraved. with excellent 
workmanſhip. The inhabitants were called 
Gaditani, and their women were known for 
their agility of body, and then incontinency. 
Horat. 2, od. 2, v. 11. — Stat. 3, v. 1, 
v. 183, —Liv. 21, c. 21. I. 24, c. 49. 
J. 26. c. 43.—Plir. 4, c. 23.—Strab. 3.— 
Cic. pro. Gab. — Juſtin. 44, c. 4. 

GAvitranus, a ſirname of Hercules, 
from Gades. Vid. Gades. 

G#$ATz#, a people on the Rhone, who 
aſſiſted the Senones in taking and plunder- 
ing Rome under Brennus. Strab. 5. 

Ge&TULIA, a country of Libya, near the 
Garamantes, which formed part of king 


| Mafinifſa's kingdom. The country was the 


favorite retreat of wild beaſts, and is now 
called Bildulgerid. Salluft, in Jug. —Si. 3, 
v. 287.—Plin. 5, c. 4. 

GzaTVUL1Cus, Cn. Lentulus, an officer in 
the age of Tiberius, & c. 7 acit. Ann. 4, c. 42. 

GALABR1T, a nation near Thrace. 

GALACTOPHKAG1, a people of Aſiatic 
Scythia. Homer. II. 3. 

GALxsus. Vid. Galeſus. 

GALANTHIS, a ſervant maid of Alcmena, 
whoſe ſagacity eaſed the labors of her 
miſtreſs. When Juno reſolved to retard 
the birth of 1 and haſten the labors 
of the wife of Sthenelus, ſhe folicited the 
aid of Lucina; who immediately repaired 
to the houſe of Alcmena, and in the torm 
of an old woman, ſat near the door with 
her legs croſſed, and her fingers joined. 
In this-poſture ſhe uttered ſome magical 
words, which ſerved to prolong the labors 
of Alcmena, and render her ſtate the more 
miſerable, Alcmena had already paſſed 
ſome days in the moſt excruciating tor- 
ments, when Galanthis began to ſuſpect the 


- jealouſy of Juno; and concluded that the 


old woman, who continued at the door al- 
ways in the ſame unchanged poſture, was 
the inſtrument of the anger of the goddels, 
With ſuch ſuſpicions Galanthis ran out of 
the houſe, and with a countenance ex- 
preflive of joy, ſhe informed the old woman 
that her miſtreſs had juſt brought forth. 
Lucina, at the words, roſe from her poſture, 
and that inftant Alcmena was fately de- 
livered. The uncommon laugh which Ga- 
laathis raiſed upon this, made Lucina ſuſ- 

& that ſhe had been deceived. She ſeiz- 
ed Galanthis by the hau, and thiew her on 


G A 

the ground; and while ſhe attempted 1g 
reſiſt ſhe was changed into a weazel, and 
condemned to bring forth her young, in tie 
moſt agonizing pains, by the mouth, 

which ſhe had uttcred falſchood. This 
transformation alludes to a vulgar notion 
among the antients, who believed this of 
the weazel, becauſe ſhe carries her young 
in her mouth, and continually ſhifts from 
place to place. The Bœotians paid great 
veneration to the weaze), which, as they 
„ facilitated the labors of Alcmenz, 

lian. H. Anim, 2.—Ovid. Met. q, fab. 6. 

GALATA, a town of Syria, An iſland 
near Sicily. A town of Sicily, © A 
mountain of Phocis. 

GXLAT#, the inhabitants of Galatia, 
Vid. Galatia. 

GXLATA&A & GALATH ZAgaſeanymph, 
daughter of Nereus and Dorjs. She wat 
paſhonately loved by the Cyclops Polyphe- 
mus, whom ſhe treated with coldneſs and 
diſdain; while Acis, .a ſhepherd of Sicily, 
enjoyed her unbounded affection. The 
happineſs of theſe two lovers was difturhed 
by the jealouſy of the Cyclops, who cruſhed 
his rival to pieces with a piece of a broken 
rock, while he ſat in the boſom of Galatza, 
Galatza was inconſolable for the loſs of 
Acis, and as ſhe could not reſtore him to 
life, ſhe changed him into a fountain. Ovid, 
Met. 13, v. 789.—Pirg. Anu. 9, v. 103. 
The daughter of a Celtic King, from 
whom the Gauls were called Galatz. 
Ammian. 15. A country girl, & c. Firg 
Ecl. 3. 

GALATIA, or GALLOGR £CIA, à coun- 
try of Afia Minor, between Phrygia, the 
Euxine, Cappadocia, and Bithynia. It te- 
ccived its name from the Gauls, who mi- 
grated there under Brennus, ſome time after 
the ſacking of Rome. Strab. 12.— Juin. 
37, c. 4.—Liv. 38, c. 12, 40. — L- 
can. 7, v. 540.—Cic. 6, Att. 5,—Ptin. 8, 
E323. The name of antient Gaul among 
the Greeks. 

GALAxIA, a feſtival, in which they 
boiled a mixture of barley, pulſe, and milk, 
called Taxat ia by the Greeks. 

GALBA, a ſirname of the firſt ofthe Sul- 
pitii, from the ſmallneſs of his ſtature. The 
word ſignifies a ſmall worm, or according 
to ſome, it implies, in the language of Gaul, 
fatneſs, for which the founder of the Sul- 
pitian family was remarkable. A king 
among the Gauls, who made war againlt 
|. Cæſar. C/ bell. Gall. 2, c. 4—4 
brother of the emperor Galba, who killed 
himſelf, &c.— A mean buffoon, in the 
age of Tiberius, Juv, 5, v. 4. — Servius, 4 
lawyer at Rome, who defended the cauſe of 
adulterers with great warmth, as being one 


the frateraity, Horace ridicules him I» = 
Y. 49. 


v. 46.— 
role gia 
ſtate, and 
vinces Wit 
He dedic: 
to ſo'1t2ry 
pic ono ot 
emperor's 
VINCES, W. 
Nero orde 
eſcaped fe 
and vis Is 
he wis e 
ſenn WW UC 
pole it e 
ge thei 
at high 
was lotte 
Wine farg 
lar in ö 
diſpleaſed t 
fuſed to pa 
he 144 prot 
to the thro! 
731 year of 
of his reign 
in his room 
virtues whit 
Wien a P. 
when he aſc 
ſhewed him 
forgot the 
father of hi 
vita. [ei 
fatiier to th 
Het. in Gul 
Oratur before 
ed his fons t 
Plored their 
ſaved himſel 
etger his g. 
of his advet 
nius, urged : 
c. 5 3. ad He) 
GALENUS 
clan in the 
luccell\, „ be 
arclutect, E 
mitted labor 
mathematics 
22 3 
ted the me 
and Egypt; 
where he ſoot 
his profeſſion 
Cures, attribu 
that he had re 
enchantments 
arcus Aurel 
ceatn he rety 
died, in his 90 
no leſs than 30 
et Which were 
at Rome, whe 


32 


* 


& 
ng 


hey 
ilk, 


Sul- 
The 
Jing 
aul, 
Sul- 
king 
ainſt 
oh 
illed 
the 
jus; 4 
iſe 
ne cf 
dat .2y 


. 40. 


G A 


v. 46.——Servius Suipicius, a Roman who 
roſe giauwnlily to the greateſt vitices 05 tn 
tate, and exerciſed his power in the pro- 
vinces with equity and unremitted diligence. 
He dedicated the greateſt part of his time 
to ſolitary purſuits, chat to avoid the ſuſ- 
picions of Nero. His diſapprobation of the 


| 


9 A 
Galenus confeſſed hiniſelf greatly indebted 


to.the writings of Hipp ocrates, for his me- 
aical knowledge, and beſtowed great en- 
comiums upon him. To the diligence, ap- 
plication, and experiments of thoſe two ce- 
lebrated phyſicians, the moderns are in- 
debted for many uſeful giſcoveries; yet, 


emperor's oppreſſive command in the pro- | often their opinions are ill-grounded, their 


vinces, was the cauſe of new diſturbances. | 
Nero ordered him to be put to death, but he 
eſcaycd from the hands of the executioner, 
and vis publiciy ſa ut d emperor. When 
he was cited on the thre ne, he ſuffered him 
felt wv ve governed bv favorites, who ex- 
pal-i te goods of the citizens to ſale, to | 
grit! their avarice, Exemptions were ſold | 
at a high price, and he crime of murder 
was lotted out, and impunity purchaſed 
with 1 arge frm o money. Such irregu- 
lars in the emperor's min ſters, greatly 
diſpleaſed the people; and wien Galba re- 
fuſed to pay the ſoldiers the money which 
he au promiſed them, when he was raiſed | 
to the throne, they aſlaſinat.d him in the 
731 year of his age, and in the cighth month 
of his reign, and proclaimed Ot10 emperor 
in his room, January roch, A. D. 69. The 
virtues which had ſhone fo bright in Galba, 
when a private man, totally diſappeated 
when he aſcended the throne ; and he who 
ſhewed himſelf the moſt impartial judge, 
forgot the duties of an emperor, and ui a 
father of his people. Sueton, & Plat. in 
vita. — Jui. A lea ned man, grand- 
fatier to the emperor ot the fame name. 
Hurt. in Galb. 4. Sergius, a celebrated 
oratur beſore the age of Cicero. He thuw- 
ed lis ſons to the Roman people, and im- 
plored their protet ion, by which means he 
faved himſelf from the puniſhment which 
ener his guilt or the j; erſuaſivc eloquence 
of his adverſaries, M. Cato and L. Scribc- 
nius, urged as due to him. Cic, de Orat. 1, 
C. 53. ad Her. 4, C. 5. 

GALENU> CLAUDIUS, a celebrated phy- 
kcian in the age of M. Antoninus and his 
ſucceilur+, born at Pergamus, the ſon of an 
architect, He applied himſelf with unre- 
mitted labor to the fludy of philoſophy. 
mathematics, and chiefly of phyſic. H 
v rod the moſt learned ſeminaries of Greece 


and Egypt; and at laſt came to Rome, | 
where he ſoon rendered himſelf famous by | 
his profeſſion, M my, alcniihed at his 
cures, attributed them to magic, and ſaid 
that he had received all his K. owledge tiom | 
enchantments. He was very intimate with. 
Marcus Aurelius, the emperor, after whoſe 
cath he returned to Pergamus, waere he 
died, in his goth year, A. D. 193. He wrote 
no lefs than 300 volumes, the greateſt part 
ef which were burnt in the temple of Peace 
a Rome, where they had bes depolited, | 


concluſions baſty, and their reaſoning falſe. 
What remains of the works of Galen, has 
been publiſhed, without a latin tianfation, 
in 5 vols. fol. Baſil. 1538. Galen was lke- 
weite edited, together with Hippocrates, by 


| Charterius, 13 vols. fol. Paris 1679, but 


very incorrect. 

GALEOL, certain prophets in Sicily. 
Cie. 

GALA, one of the Roman tribes . 
The wife of Vitellius. Ceſar. — Tacit. Hift, 
4% E. 60. Fauſtina, the wife of the em- 
peror Antoninus Pius. 

GALER1VUs, a native of Dacia, made em- 
peror of Rome, by Diocletian. Vid. Maxi- 
mianus. 

GaLlEtsvs, now Galeſo,a river of Calabria, 
flowing into the bay of Tarentum. The 
poets have celebrated it tor the ſhady groves 
in its ncighbourhood, and the fine ſheep 
which tecd on its fertile banks, and whoſe 
deeces were ſaid to be rendercd ſoft when 
tnhey bathed in the ſtream. Martial, 2, 
*Þ. 43. 1. 4. ep. 28.—Firg. G. 4, v. 126.— 
orat. 2, od. 6, v. 10. —A rich perſon 
of Latium, killed as le attempted to make 

reconcil:ation between the Trojans and 
Rutulians, when Aitcauius had Killed the 
tavorite ſtag of Vyrcheus : which was the 
prelude of all the enmities between the hoſ- 
tile nations. Virg. nu. 7, v. 535. 
GALILEA, a celcbrated country of Sy- 
ria. | 

GALINTHIADIA, a feſtival at Thebes, 
in honor of Galinthias, a daugiter of Proz= 
tus. It was celebrated before the iettival 
of Hercules, by whoſe orders it was firſt 
inſtituted. 

GALL1, a nation of Europe, naturally 
acrce, and inclined to war. They were 
cry ſuperſtitious; and in their ſacrifices 
they often immolated human victims, In 
ſome places, they had large ſtatues made 
with twigs, which they Hlled with men, and 
reduced to aſhes, They believed themſelves 
deſcended from Pluto; and from that cir- 
cumitance they always reckoned their time, 
not by the days, as oti.er nations, but by the 
nights. Their Diequies were ſplendid; and 
not only the moſt precious things, but even 
ſlaves and ox2n, were burnt on the funeral 
pile. Children, among them, never ap» 
neared in tic preſence of their fathers, be- 
fore they were able to bear arms in the de- 
fence of their country. Caf, bell, &. St rab. 

| | - Ice 


—Tacit. Vid. Gallia. 
bele, who received that name from the 
river Gallus, in Phrygia, where they cele- 
brated the feſtivals. They mutilated them- 
ſelves, before they were admitted to the 
prieſthood, in imitation of Atys, the favo- 
(Vid. Atys.) The chief 
among them was called Archigallus. Vid. 
Corybantes, Dactyli, &c.—Diod. q.—Ovid, 
Faſt. 4, v. 36.—Lucan. 1, v. 466. Lucian. 
de Dea Syria, 

GALr1a, a large country of Europe, 
called Galatia by the Greeks. 
tants were called Galli, Celtiberi, and Cel- 
themſelves Celtæ, by the 
Greeks Galatze, Antient Gaul was divided 
into four different parts by the Romans, 
called Gallia Belgica, Narbonenſis, Aqui- 
Gallia Belgica, was the 
eit province bounded by Germany, 
Gallia Narbonenſis, and the German ocean; 
and contained the modern country of Alſace, 
Lorraine, Picady, with part of the Low 
Countries, and of Champagne, and of the iſle 
of France. Gallia Narbonenfis, which con- 
tained the provinces now called Languedoc, 
Provence, Dauphiné, Savoy, was bounded 
by the Alps and Pyrenean mountains, by 
Aquitania, Belgium, and the Mediterra- 
Aquitania Gallia, now called the 
provinces of Poitou, Santonge, Cuienne, 
Berry, Limoſin, Gaſcogny, Auvergne, &c. 
was ſituate between the Garumna, the Py- 
renean mountains, and the ocean. Gallia 
Celtica, or Lugdunenſis, was bounded by Bel- 
gium, Gallia Narbonenfis, the Alps, and the 
It contained the country at preſent 
known by the name of Lyonnois, Touraine, 
Franche Comte, Scnenois, Switzerland, and 
Beſides theſe grand 

divihons, there is often mention made of 
Gallia Ciſalpina, or Citerior: Tranſalpina or 
Ulterior, which refers to that part of Italy 
which was conquered by ſome of the Gauls 
who croſſed the Alps. 
the Romans underſtood that part of Gaul 
which lies in Italy; and by Tranſa/pina, that 
which lics bevond the Alps, in regard only 
to the inhabitants of Rome. 
dana, and Tranſpadana, is applied to a part 
of Italy, conquered by ſome of the Gauls, 
and then it means the country on this ſide of 
the Po, or beyond the Po, with reſpect to 
By G. lia Togata, the Romans 
underſtood Cilaipine Gaul, where. the Ro- 
man gowns, /9p&, were utually worn as the 
inhabitants had been admitted to the rank 
of citizenliuip at Rome. 
nenſis, was called Zraccata, on account of 
the peculiar covering of the inhabitants 
The epithet of Comata, is 
applicd to Gallia Celtica, becauſe the people 
ſufered their hair to grow to an uncommon 


rite of Cybele. 


tania, and Celtica. 


part vi Nomandvy. 


for their thighs, 
5 


The prieſts of Cy- 


The inhabi- 


By Gallia Ciſalpina, 


Gallia Ciſpa- 


Gallia Narbo- 


| 


G A 


length. The inhabitants were great war. 
riors; and their valor overcame the Roman 
armies, took the cities of Rome, and invaded 
Greece, in different ages. They ſpread 
themſelves over the greateſt part of the 
world. They were very ſuperſtitious in 
their religious ceremonies, and revered the 
ſacerdotal order, as if they had been gods, 
(Vid. Druidz.) They long maintained a 
bloody war againſt the Romans; and Czfar 
refided 10 Years in their country before he 
could totally ſubdue them. Cæſ. bell, Gal 
—Pauſ. 7, c. 6.—Strab. 5, &c. 

GALLICANUS MONs, a mountain of Cam. 
pania. 

GaLLicus AGER, was applied to the 
country between Picenum and Ariminun, 
whence the Galli Senones were baniſhee, 
and which was divided among the Roman 
citizens. Liv. 23, c. 14. Il. 39, c. 44— 
(ic. Cat. 2.—Cæſ. Civ. 1, c. 29. Siaus 
a part of the Mediterranean on the coaſt 
of Gaul, now called the gulf of Lyons, 

GALLikENus, Publ. Lucinius, a fon of the 
emperor Valerian. He reigned conjointly 
with his father for ſeven years, and aſcended 
the throne as ſole emperor, A. D. 260. Ii 
his youth, he ſhowed his activity and mil! 
tary character, in an expedition againſt tte 
Germans and Sarmatæ; but when he came 
to the purple, he delivered himſelf upto 
pleaſure and indolence. His time was ſpent 
in the greateſt debauchery ; and he indulged 
himſelf in the groſſeſt and moſt laſcivious 
manner, and his palace diſplayed a icene, at 
once, of effeminacy and ſhame, voJuptuoul- 
neſs and immorality. He aften appeared 
with his hair powdered with golden duſt; 
and enjoyed tranquillity at home, while tis 
provinces abroad were torn by civil quaneb 
and ſeditions. He heard of the loſs of a 
rich province, and of the execution of 1 
maleta&or, with the ſame indifference; and 
when he was apprized that Egypt had fe- 
volted, he only obſcrved, that he could live 
without the produce of Egypt. He was of 
diſpoſition naturally inclined to raillery and 
the ridicule of others. When his wife had 
been deceived by a jeweller, Gallienus di- 
dered the male factor to be placed in the eit. 
cus, in expectation of being expoſed to the 
ferocity of a lion, While the wretch tiembled 
at the expe ation of inſtant death, the exe- 
cutioner, by order of the emperor, let lool 
a capon upon him. An uncommon laugs 
was raiſcd upon this, and the emperor obs 
ſerved, that he who had deceiveC others 
ſhould expect to be deceived himſelt. In 
the midſt of theſe ridiculous diverſions, Gal- 
lienus was alarmed by the revolt ot two 
kis officers, who had aſſumed the imperal 
purple. This intelligence rouſed him from 
his lethargy; he marched againſt his aus; 


ena! 


zoniſts, a 
without 
rank, ſex 

the peopi 
clected, 
aſpired te 
reſolved | 

but in t! 

was aſſafſt 
officers, 11 

268. 

GALLI 
Cumz in 

of robbers. 
GALL11 
Salentines, 
GALLO: 

nor, near 
was inhab 
aſſumed th. 
number of 
in their em 
C. GAL: 
pointe d ove 

P. GAL 
who, as u. 
becauſe he 

c. S & 28. 
GALLUS 
of Otho, & 
Sylla. / 
——Caius, 
famous for h 
his exact c: 
Egypt in the 
lus, a Roma 
ſelf famous b 
ry talents, 
the ſlave Lyc 
ber beauty in 
grateful, an 
Antony, Whi 
Write his tent 
the other poe 
&% Auguſtus 
over Egypt. | 
favors he rece 
and even con 
according to 
Was baniſhed 
grace operate 
that he killed 
Some few fra: 
and it ſeems tl 
elegiac compo 
Wrote an eulogy 
and inſerted it 
but that he to! 
offending his 
favors Gallus 
erving, and 

the beautiful 


ntly 
Cf 
Ia 
nik 
tte 
ame 
Ip 10 
pent 
loed 
vious 
ne, at 
voul- 
cared 
duſt ; 
le has 
arrels 
of a 
of 1 
+ and 
d re- 
d live 
15 Of a 
ry and 
fe had 
Jus Of- 
he cir- 
| to the 
embled 
he exe⸗ 


t two ot 
imperial 
im from 
is anta* 

gon 


& A , 

zoniſts, and put all the rebels to the ſword, 
without ſhowing the leaſt favor either to 
rank, ſex, or age. Theſe cruelties irritated 
the people and the army ; emperors were 
tefted, and no leſs than thirty tyrants 
aſpired to the imperial purple. Gallienus 
reſolved boldly to oppoſe his adverſaries; 
but in the midft of his preparations, he 
was aſſaſſinated at Milan by ſome of his 
oficers, in the 5oth year of his age, A. D. 
265. 

GALLINARIA SYLVA, a wood near 
Cumz in Italy, famous as being the retreat 
of robbers. Jud. 3, v. 307. 

GALLIPGLIS, a fortified town of the 
Szlentines, on the Ionian ſea. 

GaLLOGRACIA, a country of Afia Mi- 
nor, near Bithynia and Cappadocia, It 
was inhabited by a colony of Gauls, who 
afumed the name of Gallogreci, becauſe a 
number of Greeks had accompanied them 
in their emigration, Strab. 2. 

C. GALLGON1IusS, a Roman knight ap- 
pointed over Gades, &c. 

p. GALLONIUS, a luxurious Roman, 
who, as was obſerved, never dined well, 
becauſe he was never hungry. Cic. de Fin, 2, 
c.5 & 28. 

GALLUsS. Vid. Alectryon. A general 
of Otho, c. Plut. A lieutenant of 
Sylla.— An officer of M. Antony, &c. 
—— Caius, a friend of the great Africanus, 
famous for his knowledge of aſtronomy, and 
his exact calculations of eclipſes. C. de 
SeneR. Elius, the 3d governor of 
Egypt in the age of Auguſtus. Corne- 
hus, a Roman knight, who rendered him- 
elf famous by his poetical, as well as mili- 
tary talents. He was paſſionately fond of 
the ſlave Lycoris or Cytheris, and celebrated 
ber beauty in his poetry. She proved un- 
grateful, and furſook him to follow M. 
Antony, which gave occafion to Virgil to 
write his tenth eclogue. Gallus, as well as 
the other poets of his age, was in the favor 
of Auguſtus, by whom he was appointed 
over Egypt. He became forgetful of the 
favors he received; he pillaged the province, 
and even conſpired againſt his benefactor, 
according to ſome accounts, for which he 
was baniſhed by the emperor. This diſ- 
grace operated ſo powerfully upon him, 
that he killed himſelf in deſpair, A D. 26. 
dome few fragments remain of his poetry, 
and it ſeems that he particularly excelled in 
elegiac compoſition. It is ſaid, that Virgil 
Wrote an eulogium on his poetical friend, 
and inſerted it at the end of his Georgics; 
but that he totally ſuppreſſed it, for fear of 
oftending his imperial patron, of whoſe 
favors Gallus had ſhown himſelf ſo unde- 
ſerving, and inſtead of that he ſubſtituted 


the beautiful epiſode about Ariſtæus and | 


| 


Eurydice, This eulogium, according to 
ſome, was ſuppreſſed at the particular de- 
fire of Auguſtus. Cini. 10, e. 1.—Firg, 
Ecl. 6, & 10.—Ovid. Amat. 3, el. 1 5, v. 29. 
Vibius Gallus, a celebrated orator of 
Gaul, in the age of Auguſtus, of whoſe 
orations Seneca has preſerved ſome frag- 
ments. A Roman, who aſſaſſinated De- 
eius, the emperor, and raiſed himſelf to the 
throne, He ſhowed himſelf indolent and 
cruel, and beheld with the greateſt indif- 
ference the revolt of his provinces, and the 
invaſion of his empire by the barbarians. 
He was at laſt aſſaſſinated by his ſoldiers, 
A. D. 253. Flavius Claudius Conſtan- 
tinus, a brother of the emperor Julian, 
raiſed to the imperial throne under the 
title of Cæſar, by Conſtantius his relation. 
He conſpired againſt his benefactor, and 
was publicly condemned to be beheaded, 
A. D. 354. A ſmall river of Phrygia, 
whoſe waters were faid to be very efficacious, 
if drank in moderation, in curing madneſs, 
Plin. 32, c. 2.—Ovid. Faſt. 4, v. 361. 

GAMAXUS, an Indian prince, brought in 
chains before Alexander for revolting. 

GAMELIA, a ſirname of Juno, as Game 
ius was of Jupiter, on account of their pre- 
ſiqing over marriages, A feſtival pri- 
vatcly obſerved at three different times. The 
frit was the celebration of a marriage, the 
ſecond was in commemoration of a birth- 
day, and the third was an anniverſary of 
the death of a perſon, 

GANDARI ITX, an Indian nation. 

GancaMa, a place near the Palus 
Mxotis. 

GANGARIDE, a people near the mouths 
of the Ganges, They were ſo powertul 
that Alexander did not dare to attack them. 
Some attributed this to the wearineſs and 
indolence of his troops. They are placed 
by Valer. Flaccus among the deſarts of 
Scythia. Juſtin. 12, C.S.—Curt. , c. 2, 
Virg. An. 3, v. 27.—Flacc. 6, v. 67. 

GANGES, a large river of India, falling 
into the Indian ocean, ſaid by Lucan to be 
the boundary of Alexander's victories in 
the eaſt, It inundates the adjacent country 
in the ſummer. Like other rivers, it was 
held in the greateſt veneration by the inha- 
bitants, and this ſuperſtition is ſaid to exiſt 
ſlill in ſome particular inſtances. + The 
Ganges is now diſcovered to 1ite in the 
mountains of Thibet, and to run upwards of 
2000 miles before it reaches the ſea, receiv- 
ing in its courſe the tribute of ſeveral rivers, 
11 of which are ſuperior to the Thames, and 
often equal to the great body of the waters 
of the Rhine. Lucan. 3, v 230.—8rab. 5. 
lin. 6. c. 87,—Curt. 8, c. g9,-Mela. 3, 
c. 7.—Firg. Mn. , v. 31. 

GANNASCUS, an ally of Rome, put to 

12 l dea 


G A 


death by Corbulo, the Roman general, &c, 
Tatit. Ann. 11, c. 18. 

GANnNYMEDE, a goddeſs, bette: known by 
the name of Hebe. I. 2, c. 13. 

GAanYmtEDEs, 2 beautiful youth of Phry- 
gia, ſun of Tros, and brother to Ilus and 
Aſſaracus. According to Lucian, he was 
ſon of Dardanus. lie was taken up to 
heaven by fupiter as he was hunting, or 
rather tending his father's flocks on mount 
Ida, and he became the cup-bearer of the 
gods in the place of Hebe. Some ſay that 
he was carricd away by an eagle, to fatisty 
the ſhameſul and unnatural detires of Ju- 
piter He is generally repreſented fitting on 
the back of a flying eagle in the air. T. 
8, c. 24.— Hemer. Il. 20.—FVirg. An. 5, v. 
252.— Ovid. Met. 10, v. 155.—Horat. 4, 
od. 4. 

GarATICUM, a town of Africa. 

GCARAMANTES (ling. Garama'), a people 
in the interior parts of Africa, now called 
the Deſarts of Zaara, They hved in com- 
mon, and ſcarce clothed themſelves, on ac- 
count of the warmth of their cumate. Virg. 
An. 4, v. 198. I. 6, v. 795.—Lucan, 4, 
v. 334. —Strab. 2.— Lin. 5, c. $.—Sil, It. 
1, v. 142. I. 11, v. 181. 

GARAMANTIs, a nymph who became 
mother of Iarbas, Phileus, and Pilumpus, 
by Jupiter. Vg. An. 4, v 195. 

GArRAmas, a King of Libya, whoſe 
daughter was mother of Ammon by Jupi- 


ter. 

GARNATAsõ, a river of Arcadia. Par. 
$, c. 44- 

GAREAT E, a people of Arcadia. Pauſ. 
8, c. 45. 

GAKZEATHYRA, a town of Cappadocia. 
Strab. 12. 

GarGAanus, now St. Angelo, a lofty 
mountain of Apulia, which advances in the 
orm of a promontory into the Adriatic fea, 
Virg. An. Il, V. 257. - Luran. Iz V- $80, 

GAKGAPHIA, a valley ncar Piatza, with 
a fountain of the ſame name, where Actæ- 
on was torn to pieces by his dogs. Cid. 
Met. 3, v. 156. 

GARKGARUS, (plur. a, rum), a town and 
mountain of Troas, near mount Ida, famous 
for its fertility. Firg. C. 1, v. 103.— 
Macrob. 5, c. 20,—Strab. 13,—-Plin, 5, 
6: 

GaRrGARiIs, a king of the Curetes, who 
firlt found the manner of collecting honey. 
He had a ſon by bis daugiter, whom lie at- 
tempted in vain to deftroy. He made him 
his ſucceſſor. %. 44, c. 44. 

GARGETTUs, avillage of Attica, the birth 
place of Epicurus. (ic. Fam. 15, ep. 16. 

GaRITLius MaKkTIAL1S, an hiſtorian, 
A celebrated huuter, rat, 1. ep. 
60 v. 57. 


GarcritTiIVs, a dog which kept Ge- 
ryon's flocks. He was killed by Hercules, 

GARITES, a people ot Aquitain, in Gaul, 

GARUMNA, a river of Gaul, now called 
Caronne, riſing in the Pyrenean mountains, 
and ſeparating Gallia Celtica from Aquita- 
nia. It talls into the bay of Biſcay, and has, 
by the perſevering labors of Lewis 14th, a 
communication with the Mediterranean by 
the canal ot Languedoc, carried upwards ut 
100 miles through hills, and over vallies. 
Mela. 3, e. 3. 

GAS RON, a general of Lacedæmon, &c. 
Pelyan. 2. 

GATHEZ, a town of Arcadia. Pau, 3, 
c. 34. 

GATHEATAS, a river of Arcadia, Id. }, 

GauGAMELA, a village near Arbela be- 
yond the Tigris, Where Alexander obtained 
his 3d victory over Darius. Curt. 4, c. g. 
—Strab. 2 & 16. 

GauLUus & Gavrro, an iſland in the 
Mediterranean ſea, oppoſite Libya. It pro- 
duces no venomous creatures. Plin, 3. c. B. 

GAURUS, a mountain of Campan'a, fa- 
mous for its wines. Lucan, 2, v. 667.— 
Sil. 12, v. 160,-—Stat. 3. Sylv. 5, v.99. 

Gaus & Gaos, a man who tollowed 
the intereſt of Artaxerxes, from whom he 
revolted, and by whom he was put to death, 
Diod. 15. 

GAZA, a famous town of Paleſtine, which 
Alexander took atter a ſiege of two months, 
Died. 17. 

GEBENNA, a town and mountain df 
Gaul. Lucan. 1, v. 435. 

GEDROSIA, a barren province of Perla 
near India. Strab. 2. 

GtGAN11, a family of Alba, part of 
which migrated to Rome, under Romulus. 
One of che daugliters called Gegania was 
the firſt of the veſtals created by Numa. 
Plut. in Num. : 

GELA, a town on the ſouthern parts ot 
Sicily, about 10 miles from the ſea, accord- 
ing to Ptolemy, which received its name 
from a ſmall river in the neighbourhood, 
called Gelas, It was built by a Rhodian 
and Cretan colony, 713 years before the 
Chriftian era. After it had continued in ex- 
iftence 404 years, Phintias, tyrant of Agr 
gentum, carried the inhabitants to PA, 
a town in the neighbourhood, which he had 
founded, and he employed the ſtones of 
Gela to beautify his own city. Phintias 
was alſo called Gela. The inhabitants were 
called Gelenſes, Geloi, and Celan. Virg. 
En. 3, v. 702.—Pauſ. 8, c. 46. 

GELANoOR, a king of Argos, who ſucceed- 
ed his father, and was deprived of his King- 
dom by Danaus the Egyptian. Pau. 2, © 
16. Vid. Danaus, 

CELLIA CORNELIA LEX, de m_ 


! 


of citizens. © 
Mal: he 
GELLIAS 
mous for his 
Did. 13.— 
CL 
3 conſ 
mans, !“ 2e 
AULUS G 
in th. age 
A. D. Ac 
alice Ves 
it at At us 
winter, It 
mitter, i 
from the anc 
ex Hin antiqt 
nall, compoſ. 
chilaren, nd 
tical :emarks, 
lus are, that 
1706, and th 
Lip. 1762. 
GELO & C 
who made } 
491 years by 
conquered the 
and made hi 
great equity a 
ſeven years, a 
lamented at 8 
fither of his pe 
, and honore 
ther Hie ra ſuc 
—[[erodor.. 7, C 
man who atten 


A governor of 
tte younger. 
9: Phocis, deft 


Theſſalians. 7 


Cetot, the 


. 01 
| GEL vs & 
"Ma, l1ted fro 
ue. They 
More terrible in 
atom Gelony 
6. 2, v. 15. A 


892 6 
4audian. In | 


Ceros, 2 pol 
Genius, 


. Antony wit 
* NOMe, &c.— 
Marius, He fe 
Nd Carried hin 
OY, A f 
nom he receive 
i 3 Flut. 

n of Rhodes 


—ſ —— — 


G R 


ty J.. Gellius and C. Cornel. Lentulus, 
A. U. C St. It enacted that all thue 
Wo dae een precented with the privilege 
of citizens of Rome by Pompey, ſhould rc- 
mam the poſſeſhon of at liberty 

GeLLras, a native of Agrigentum, ta- 
mous for his munificence and his huſpitality 
Dird. 13. - Val. Max. 4, c. 8. 

C ite, 2 cen lor, &c. Plut. in Pump 
— CoNMul who defcate dn py 01 Ger- 
mens, 1 e intereſt of Spartacus . 

AvLus Geilius, a Roman gammserian 
in th: age of M. Antoninas, about 130 
A. D. Ae publiſhed a Ark which he 
called Vite g,, becaui. ic compoſer 
it at Ates during tut long nivits of ric 
wintel. It ts A collection Tr INCUNg1 UGUS 
mer, winch contaii . LY 1 dy, ments 
from the ancient write! „and often feives to 
ex hun antique monuments. It was origi- 
nally compoſed tur the improvement of his 
children, nd abounds with mairy gramma- 
tical :emarxs. The beſt editions ol A. Gel- 
Jius are, that of -Gronovius, uo, L. Bat. 
1706, and that of Conrad, 2 vols, Svo, 
Lipſ. 1762. 

Gro & GELON, a ſon of Dinomenes, 
who made himſelf abſolute at Syracuſe, 
491 years before the Chriſtian era. He 
conquered the Carthaginians at Himera, 


K and made his oppreſſion popular by his 
great equity and moceration. He reigne« 
of ſeven years, and his death was univerially 
lamented at Syracuſe. He was called thc 
1 Fither of his people, and tne patron of liber- 
„ and honured as a demi-god His bro- 
* wer Hie ro ſucceeded him. Pau. 8, c. 42. 
* —lerodot. 7, c. 153, &c.— Diod. Tt. A 
= man who attempted to poiſon Pyrrhus, 
ma. A governor of Bœotia. A ſon of Hiero 
we younger. Pau 6, c. 9 A general 
__ 9: Phocis, deſtroyed with his troops by the 
_ Theſſalians. Lau ſ. 10, c. f. 
1 Cerro, the inhabitants of Gela. Virg. 
" . 3, v. 20. 
hog  GiLowss & GTL NT, a people of Scy- 
- the Ma, wured from their youth to labor and 
— Fugue. "They paint themſelves io appear 
och 7h — in battle. They were deſcend- 
bs. jo 7 — elonus, a ſon of Hercules, Virg. 
\ had A. An. 8, v. 725. Mela. 1, c. 1. 
er of - ppg in Raf. I, V. 315. 
intias os, a port of Caria, Mela. 1, c. 16. 
. * a Roman, who acquainted 
Vit; 3 with the htuation of his affairs 
© ome, &e. An invetcrate enemy of 
Fey + _ He ſeized the perſon of Marius, 
king- 1 him to Minturnæ. Plat. in 
24 K. : 2 friend of Pompey, from 
Im ne received a favorite miſtreſs called 
ate, Fl. 
by \ Gevixus, an 2ftronomer and mathema- 


dan of Rhodes, B. C. 77. 


1 — — UPꝛ̃— — — — — — — — — 


G E 


Grmontzx, a place at Rome where the 
carcates of criminals were thrown. Ser. 
77. 53 & t. —Taar. II. 3, c. 74 

GENARUM, a town of Gaul, now Or/cans, 
on ic Aire. Cæſur. B. C. 7, c. 3. Lacan. 
ty v. 440. 

GrxAvnrt, a people of Vindelicia. Herar. 
4. VA. 14, v. 10. 

GEntva, an antient populous and 
| well fortified city in the country of the 
All»broges on the lake Lemanus, now of 
Geneva. 

GevisUs, a man of Cyzicus, killed by 
the Argonauts, & c. H/acc. 3, v. 45. 

GENIUS, a ſpirit or mon, Which, ac— 
cording to the ancicnts, pres dec over the 
birth and lite of every man. V Dzmon. 

GENSFRIC, aſamuus Vandal prince, who 
paſſed rrom Spain to Afiica, wheie he took 
Carthage, He laid the founda ion of the 
Vandal kingdom in Africa, and in the 
courſe of his military expeditions, invaded 
Italy, and ſacked Rome in July 455. 

GENTIUS, a kiiigot Illyricum, who im- 
priioned the Roman ambaſſadors at the 
requeit of Perlcus king of Macedonia. This 
oftence was highly reſented by the Romans, 
and Gentius was conquered by Anicius and 
led in triumph with his family, B. C. 169. 
Liv. 43, c. 19, &c. 

GH N UA, now (ze a, a celebrated town 
of Liguria, which Annibal deſtroyed, It 
was rebuilt by the Romans. Liv. 21, c. . 
I. 48, e, 40: I. JO; e . 


A conſul. 

Grnusus, now Semno, a river of Mace— 
donia, falling into the Adriatic, above 
Apollonia. £Zucan. 5, v. 462, 

GENUTIA LEX, de magiftratibus, by L. 
Genutius the tribune, A. U. C. 411. It 
ordained that no perion ſhould excrciſe the 
ſame magiſtracy within ten years, or be 
inveſted with two offices in one year, 

GEoORGICA, 4 poem of Virgil in four 
books. The fürſt treats of ploughing the 
ground; tne ſecond of ſowing it ; the third 
ſpeaks of the management of cattle, &. 
and in the fourth, the poet gives an account 
of bees, and of the man er of keeping them 
among the Romans. The word is derived 
from ;e& terra and tegen opus, becauſe it 
particularly treats of huſbandry, The work 
is dedicated to Miecenas the great patron of 
poetry in the age of Virgil. The author 
was ſeven years in writing and poliſhing it, 
and in that compoſition he ſhowed how 
much he excelled all other writc:s. He 
imitated Hefod who wrote a poem nearly 
on the ſame ſubje&, called Opera & ics, 

GEPHYRA, one of the Cities of the Se- 
leucidz in Syria. S/radb. g. 

GEPUYA4&1, A pong of Pkœnicia, who 


3 paved 


GENUCIUS, a tibune of the people.. 


—— ones oo roo 


—_ ²˙ U 
2 — * 


G E 


poſſed with Cadmus into Bœotia, and from 
thence into Attica. Herodot. 5, c. 57. 

GERASTUS, a port of Eubea, Liv. 31, 
e. 48. I 

GERANIA, a mountain between Megara 
and Corinth, 

GERANTHRE, a town of Laconia. Pau. 
2, ©. 3» 

GEeRESTICUSs, a harbour of Teios in 
Ionia. Liv. 37, c. 27. 

GerGciITHUM, a town near Cum in 
Folia. Plin. 5, c. 30. 

GrRGGB1A, a town of Gaul. Caf. B. G. 
Ty C. 9. ; 

GERION, an ancient augur. . 

GERMANIA, an extenſive country of Eu- 
rope, at the eaſt of Gaul, Its inhabitants 
were warlike, fierce, and uncivilized, and 
always proved a watchful enemy againſt the 
Romans. Czſar hrit entered their country, 


but he rather checked their fury than con- 
quered them. His example was followed 
by his imperial ſucceſſors or their generals, 
who ſometimes entered the country to chaſ- 
tiſe the inſolence of the inhabitants. The 
ancient Germans were very ſuperſtitious, 
and, in many inſtances, their religion was 
the ſame as that of their neighbours, the 
Gals; whence ſome have concluded that 
thoſe two nations were of the tame origin. 
They paid uncommon reſpect to their wo- 
men, who, as they believed, were endowed 
with ſomething more than human. They 
built no temples to their gods, andpaid great 
attention to the heroes and warriors wlich 
tlie ir countty had produced. Their rude inſti- 
tutions, gradually gave riſe to the laws and 
manners which till prevail in the countries 
of Europe, which their arms invaded or 
conquered, Tacitus, in whoſe age even 
letters were unknown among them, obſerved 
their cuſtoms with nicety, and has delineat- 
ed them with the genius of an hiſtorian, 
and the reflection of a philoſopher. Tacit. 
de Morib. Germ. Mela. 1, c. 3. I. 3, c. 3. 
— 4 ſ. bell. G. 

GerRMmMAxicus CasSAR, a ſon of Druſus 
and Antonia, the miece of Auguſtus. He 
was adopted by his uncle Tiberius, and 
raited to the muſt important offices of the 
ſtate, When his grandfather Auguſtus died, 
he was employed in a war in Germany, 
and the affection of the ſoldiers unanimouſly 
ſaluted him emperor. He refuſed the un- 
ſeaſonable honor, and appeaſed the tumult 
which his indificrence occaſioned. He con- 
tinued his wars in Germany, and defeated 
the celebrated Arminius, and was rewarded 
with a triumph at his return in Rome. Ti- 
berius declared him emperor of the eaſt, 
and ſent him to appeaſe the ſeditions of the 
Armenians. But the ſucceſs of Germanicus 
in the caſt was ſoon looked upon with an 


| 
| 


G E 


envious eye by Tiberius, and his death waz 


meditated, He was ſecretly poiſoned at 
Daphne near Antioch by Piſo, A. D. 19, 
in the 34th year of his age. The news of 
his death was received with the greateſt 
grief, and the moſt bitter lamentations, and 
Tiberius ſeemed to be the only one who 
rejoiced in the fall of Germanicus. He had 
married Agrippina, by whom he had nine 
children, one of whom, Caligula, diſgraced 
the name of his illuſtrious father. Germa- 
nicus has been commended, not only for bis 
military accompliſhments, but alſo for his 
learning, humanity, and extenſive benevo. 
lence, In the midſt of war, he devoted 
lome moments to ſtudy, and he favored the 
world with two Greek comedies, lome epi- 
grams, and a tranſlation of Aratus in Latin 
verſe. Sueton, This name was com- 

mon in the age of the emperors, not only 
to thoſe who had obtained victories over 

the Germans, but. even to thoſe who had 

entered the borders of their country at the 

head of an army. Domitian applied the 

name of Germanicus, which he himfclt had 

vainly aſſumed, to the month of September 

in honor of himſelf, Set. in Dem. 13— 

Martial, g, ep. 2, v. 4. 

GERMANI1, a people of Perfia, Herd, 
1, c. 125. 

GERRHEZ, a people of Scythia, in whoſe 
country the Boryſthenes riſcs. The kings 
of Scythia were generally buricd in tber 
territories, Id. 4, c. 71. 

GERUs & GERRHUS, a river of Scytkia, 
Id. 4, C. 56, 

GERONTHRA, a town of Laconia, where 
a yearly feſtival, called Geronthrea, ws 
obſerved in honor of Mars. The god had 
there a temple, with a grove, into which 16 
woman was permitted to enter, during the 
time of the ſolemnity. Pax. Lacon, 

GER VON & GERYGNEs, a celebrated 
monſter, born from the union of Chrylacr 
with Callirhoe, and repreſented by the pots 
as having three bodies and three heads. He 
lived in the ifland of Gades, where he kent 
numcrous flocks, which were guarded |y 
a two headed dog, called Orthos, and H 
Euythion. Hercules, by order of Euryt 
theus, went to Gadcs, and deftroyed Geryon 
Orthos, and Eurythion, and carried away 
his flocks and herds to Tirynthus, He 
1heog. 187.—Virg. An. 7, v. 661.1. 955 
202 —l[tal. 1, v. 277. 

GrssAræ, a people of Gallia Togi 
Plut, in Marcell, 

GeSSORIACUM, a town of Gaul, 10 
Boulogne, in Picardy. 

GESssUs, a river of Ionia, 

GETA, a man who raiſed ſecit10ns 9 
Rome in Nero's reign, &c. 


Tacit. Fi 
2, C. 72.— Septimius, a ſon of the em 


pe [ 


peror! 
eighth 
compa! 
fIZans ( 
orderec 

ſtruc k 
ſentenc 

ed at R 

but Car 

Was jea 

to be P 

be effect 

of his m 

de fendir 
received 
of her ſo 
Geta hac 

age, and 
the death 
groancd | 

of Carac 
GET. 

pean Scy 
was bani 
them as a 
word Get 
cian. Or 
111,—S7; 
J. 35 ſ. T, 

v. 95, 

GETUL 
Gicavn 
Who, acco! 
blood of t 
from his ſe 
them ſons 
arc repreſei 
with ſtreng 
fte. Some 
Gyges, had 
pents inſtea 
ble aſpect, 
ſnoulders, a 
grow untou 
bourhood, V 
The defeat 
were nearly 
Jupiter, and 
him, The x 
the deities t 
enemy, who 
urning woo 
bad already ! 
to ſcale wit! 
eaven. At 
Veriaries, th 
conſternation 
ſumed the { 
ſcreen themſe 
ter, however 
not invincible 
to his aſſiſtan 
a6, he arme 


K11g8 
thei 


ytkua, 


where 
, was 
d had 
ich 10 
ng the 


ebrated 
rv (act 
e poets 
is. He 
he key! 
reed Uf 
and bf 

Euryl 
GeryoN 
away al 

Hejid, 
. J. 955 


\ Togay 
aul, no! 
ditions, | 
acit. V. 


pe! 


9 1 


peror Severus, brother to Caracalla. In the 
eighth year of his age he was moved with 
compaſſion at the fate of ſome of the par- 
tizans of Niger and Albinus, who had been 
ordered to be executed; and his father, 
truck with his humanity, retracted his 
ſentence. After his father's death he reign- 
ed at Rome, conjointly with his brother ; 
but Caracalla, who envied his virtues, and 
was jealous of his popularity, ordered him 
to be poiſoned; and when this could not 
be effected, he murdered him in the arms 
of his mother Julia, who in the attempt of 
defending the fatal blows from his body, 
received a wound in her arm, from the hand 
of her ſon, the 28th of March, A. D. 212. 
Geta had not reached the 23d year of his 
age, and the Romans had reaſon to lament 
thedeath of ſo virtuous a prince, while they 
groaned under the cruelties and oppieſſion 
of Caracalla. 

GrrÆ, (Getes, ſing.) a people of Euro- 
pean Scythia, near the Daci. Ovid, who 
was baniſhed in their cougtry, deſcribes 
them as a ſavage and warlike nation. The 
word Geticus is frequently uſed for Thra- 
cian. Ovid. de Pont. Trift. 5, el. 7, v. 
111, -Strab. 7.—Stat. 2. Sylv. 2, v. 61. 
. 3, [. 1, v. 17.—Lucan. 2, v. 54. l. 3, 
v. 95. 

GeTULIA. Vid. Gætulia. 

GIGANTESõ, the ſons of Cœlus and Terra, 
who, according to Heſiod, ſprang from the 
blood of the wound which Cœlus received 
from his ſon Saturn; whilſt Hyginus calls 
them ſons of Tartarus and Terra, They 
are repreſented as men of uncommon ſtature, 
with ſtrength proportioned to their gigantic 
fize. Some of them, as Cottus, Briareus, and 
Gyges, had go heads and too arms, and fer- 
pents infiead of legs. They were of a terri- 
ble aſpect, their Lair hung looſe about their 
ſhoulders, and their beard was ſuffered to 
grow untouched. Pallene, and its neigh- 
bourhood, was the place of their reſidence. 
The defeat of the Titans, to whom they 
were nearly related, incenſed them againit 
Jupiter, and they all conſpired to dethrone 
him. The god was alarmed, and called all 
the deities to aſſiſt him againſt a powerful 
enemy, who made uſe of rocks, oaks, and 
burning woods for their weapons, and who 
lad already heaped mount Offa upon Pelion, 
to ſcale with more facility the walls of 
heaven. At the ſight of ſuch dreadful ad- 
verlaries, the gods fled with the greateſt 
conſternation into Egypt, where they aſ- 
ſumed the ſhape of different animals, to 
ſcreen theraſelves from their purſuers. Jupi- 
ter, however, remembered that they were 
not invincible, provided he called a mortal 
to his aſſiſtance; and by the advice of Pal- 
las, he armed his fon Hercules in his cauſe. 


G IL. 


Wich the aid of this celebrated hero, the 
giants were ſoon put to flight and defeated. 
Some were cruſhed to pieces under moun- 
tains, or buried in the ſea; and others were 
flead alive, or beaten to death with clubs, 
Vid. Enceladus, Aleides, Porphiyrion, Typhon, 
Otus, Titanes, &c.) The exiſtence of giants, 
has been ſupporred by all the writers of 
antiquity, and received as an undeniable 
truth. Homer tells us, .that Titvus, when 
extended on the ground, covered nine acres 
and that Polyphemus eat two of the com- 
panions of Ulyſſes at once, and walked along 
the ſhores of Sicily, leaning on a ſtaff, which 
might have ſerved for tke maſt of a ſhip. 
The Grecian heroes, during the Trojan 
war, and Turnus in Italy, attacked their 
enemies by throwing ſtones, which four men 
of the ſucceeding ages would be unable to 
move. Plutarch alſo mentions, in ſupport 
of the gigantic ſtature, that Sertorius opened 
the grave of Antzus in Africa, and found a 
ſkeleton which meaſured fix cubits in 
length. polled. 1, c. 6.—Parſ. 8, c. 2, 
&Cc.—Owid. Met. I, V.I5I.—Plut, in Serter. 
Mein. fab. 28, &c.— Homer, od. 7, & 
10.—Virg. G. 1, v. 280, &c. 

GiGARTUM, a town of Phœnicia. 

G1G1s, one of the female attendants of 
Paryſatis, who was privy to the poiſoning 
of Statira, Pl/ut. in Artax, 

GiLDo, a governor of Africa, in the 
reign of Arcadius. He died A. D. 398. 

GILLo, an infamous adulterer, in Juve- 
nal's age. Juv. 1, v. 40. 

GINDANES, a people Libya, who fed 
on the leaves of the lotus. Herodot. 4, c. 
I 76. 

G1NDEs, a river of Albania, flowing into 
the Cyrus. Another of Meſopotamia, 
Tibull, 4, el. 1, v. 141. 

GinGE. Lid. Gigis. 

GiN Nun, a mountain of Umbria. 

GiyP1Vs, a Roman who pretended to 
ſleep, that his wife might indulge her adul- 
terous propenſities, &c. 

Gr1sco, ſon of Hamilcon the Carthagi- 
nian general, was baniſhed from his country 
by the influence of his enemies. He was 
afterwards recalled, and empowered by the 
Carthaginians to puniſh, in what manner he 
pleaſed, thoſe who had occaſioned his baniſh- 
ment. He was ſatisficd to fee them proſ- 
trate on the ground, and to place his foot on 
their neck, thewing that independence and 
forgiveneſs are two of the moſt brilliant 
virtues of a great mind. He was made a 
general ſoon aſter, in Sicily, againſt the 
Corinthians, about 309 years before the 
Chriſtian era; and by his ſucceſs and intre— 
pidity, he obliged the enemics of his country 
to ſue for peace, 

GLADIATORI11 LUD1,combats originally 
14 cxlubited 


— 


—— — — — ay — 


2 


* 2 


2 _— 


— 


» 
— 


father, A. U. C. 488. 


CG L 


— 
G © 


exhibited on the grave of deceaſed perſons his arms, the victor was not permitted to 


at Rome. They were firſt introduced at 
Rome by the Bruti, upon the death of then 
It was ſuppoſe: 
that the ghoſts of tne dead were rendered 
propitious by human blood]; therefore at fu- 
nerals, ir was uſual ro murder flaves in 
cool blood. In ſucceeding ages, it was 
reckoned leſs crucl to oblige them to Kill 
one another like zen, than to flaughter 
them like brutes, therefore the barbarity 


Was covered by the ſpecious ſhou of plca- 


ſurc and voluntary combat. Originally cap- 
tives, criminals, or diſobedicnt flaves, were 
trained up for combat: but when the diver- 
ſion became more frequent, and was ex- 
hibitcd on the tmalleſt oc caſion, to procure 
eſteem and popularity, many of the Roman 
citizens enliſted themiclves among the gla- 
diators, and Nero, at one ſhow, c>libited 
no leſs than 400 ſenators and 600 knights. 
The people were treated with theſe com- 
bats, not only by the great and opulent, 
but the very prieſts had their Lud? ports 
cales, and Lud ſacerdotales. It is luppoicd 
that there were no more than three pair of 
gladiators exhibited by tie Bruti. Their 
numbers, however, increaſed with the lux- 
ury and power of the city; and the gladia- 
tors became ſo formidable, that Spartacus, 
one of their body, had courage 
arms, and the ſucceſs to defcat the Roman 
armics, only with a train of his fellow-ſut- 
ferers. The more prudent of the Romans 
were ſenſible of the dangers Wich threat- 
ene the ſtate, by keeping ſuch a number 
of deſperate men in arms, and therefore, 
many ſalutary laws were propoſed to limit 
ticir number, as well as to ſettic the time 
in which the ſhew could be exhibited with 
ſalety and convenience. Under the em- 
rerors, not only ſenators and knights, but 
even Women engaged among the o1adiators, 
and ſcemed to forget the infertor.ty of their 
ſex. When there were to Le any ſhows, 
nand-bills were circulated to give notice to 
the people, and to mention the place, num- 
bar, tune, and every circundtaiice requiſite 
to be known. When they were tuit brought 
they walkcd round the 
place with great pomp and tolemnity, and 
aller that they were matched in equal pairs 
with gicat nicety. They fit had a 
Kirmiſh with wooden files, called rudes or 
erma luſmia. After this the etiedtive wea- 
bons, luch as (words, daggers, & C. called 
arma decretoria Wee given the ils and the 
ſignal for the engagement was given by 
tue found of a trumpet. As they had ali 
previoully ſworn to fight till death, or ſuffer 
death in the molt excruciating torments, the 
tight was bloody and vubttinate, and when 
bone ſignified his ſubmifon by (yricndering 


ty tage Up 


Li ON the are nas, 


—_— ͤ—— — — = — 


grant bim his life, without the. leave and 
approbation of the multitude, This was 
done by clenching the fingers of both hands 
hetween each other, and holding the 
thumbs upright cloſe together, or by bend- 
ing back their thumbs. The firſt of theſe 
was called pollicem premere, and fignthed the 
with of the people to ſpare the lite of the 
conquered, The other fign, called po/licem 
vertere, ſignified their dilapprobation, and 
ordered the victor to put his antagoniflt to 
death. The victor was generally rewarded 
with a palm, and other expreſſive marks of 
the people's favor. He was moſt common- 
ly preſented with a piles and rudis. When 
one of the combatants received a remarka- 
ble wound, the people exclaimed habe, and 
expreſſed their concern by ſhouts. The 
combats of gladiators, were ſometimes dif- 
ferent, either iu weapons or dreſs, whence 
they were generally diſtinguiſhed into the 
following orders: The , ſecutores were arm- 
ed with a ſword and buckler, to keep of 
the net of their antagoniſts, the rerzar:, 
Theſe laſt endeavoured. to throw their net 
over the head of their antagoniſt, and in 
that manner to entangle him, and prevent 
him from ſtriking. If this did not fuc- 
ceed, they betook themſelves to flight, 
Their dreſs was a ſhort coat with a hat 
ticd under the chin with broad ribbon, 
They wore a trident in their left hand. 
The Threces, originally Thracians, were 
armed with a faulchion, and ſmall round 
ſhield, The myrmil/ones, called alſo Galli, 
from their Gallic dreſs, were much the ſame 
as the ſecutores, They were, like them, arm- 
ed with a ſword, and, on the top of their 
head-piece, they wore the figure of a fiſh 
embotſed, called wo:wup®-, whence their 
name. The Hop/omachi, were completely 
armed from head to foot, as their name im- 
plies. The Samnites, armed after the man- 
ner of the Samnites, wore a large ſhield 
broad at the top, and growing more nar- 
row at the bottom, more conveniently to 
defend the upper parts of the body. The 
V ffedarii, generally fought from the /edum, 
r Chariot uſed by the ancient Gauls and 
Britons. The aht, avaCrrai, fought 
on horfeback, with a helmet that covered 
and defended their faces and eyes. Hence 
andabatarum more pugnare, 1s to fight blind» 
folded. The meridiani, engaged in the 
afternoon. The poflulatitit, were men of 
great {kill and experience, and ſuch as Mete 
generally produced by the emperors. The 
fiſcules were maintained out of the empero! 5 
treaſury, fiſcus. The dimackeri tought with 
two ſwords in their hands, whence their 
name. After theſe cruel exhibitions bad 


been continucd for the amuicment of ths 
Roman 


Roman 
Conſtsn 
their fir 
revived 
his two 
put an e 
GLA 
— Of It: 
GLAN 
in Prove 
GLAP 
of Arche 
Cappado 
intrigues, 
Caypado' 
tony, W: 
bed of he 
with Glaj 
Fulvia, w 
whdel:ty, 
ja WS W.. 
ton, -H 
name. 8 
king of C, 
« lon of L 
After the 
her brot hie 
GLAPHE 
6, v. 77. 
GLA 
of Cychræ 
Creon, wi 
Once 
GLAUC 
Lipoll od 4 
GLAuc 
treatiſe co 
at Athens, 
GLAvc 
Athens. 
GLAUC 
GLAUC 
the bluenef 
GLAvc 
of Bellerop 
T Gan wa! 
change his | 
medes for 
proverb of 
expreſs a | 
With much 
Vire. An 
—!omer. " 
don in Bay 
or according 
o Mercur 
ſerved that 
the graſs rec 
(d the gros 
rom him b. 
teihuted the 
baiting it, he 
With a defi 


GL 


Roman populace, they were aboliſhed by 
Conſtantine the Great, near 600 years after 
their firſt inſtitution. They were, however, 
revived under the reign of Conſtantius and 
his two ſucceſſors, but Honorius for ever 
put an end to theſe cruel barbaritics. 

GLANIS, a river of Cumz.—Of Iberia. 
Of Italy. Tal. 8, v. 454. 

GLANUM, a town of Gaul, now St. Rem, 
in Provence. a 

GLAPHYRE & GLAPHYRA, a daughter 
of Archelaus the high-prieſt of Bellona in 
Cappadocia, celebrated for her beauty and 
intrigues. She obtained the kingdom of 
Capadocia for her two ſons from M. An- 
tony, whom ſhe corrupted by defiling the 
bed of her huſhand. This amour of Antony 
with Glaphyra, highly diſpleaſed his wife 
Fulvia, who wilhed Auguſtus to avenge his 
whdel:itv, by receiving from her the ſame 
favors welch Glaphvra received from An- 
ty, Her grand daughter bore the ſame 
name. She was a daughter of Archelaus 
king of Cappadocia, and married Alexander 
a lon of Herod, by whom ſhe had two ſons. 
After the death of Alexander, ſhe married 
her brother-in-law Archelaus. 

GLAPHYRUS, a famous adulterer. Ju. 
6, v. 77. 

GLAUCE, the wife of Actæus, daughter 
of Cychræus. Ap/lod, 
Crean, who married Jaſon, 
——OQne of the Danaides. Ap%/cd. 

GLAUCIPPE, one of the Danaides. 
fipolled. 

GLAUCIPPUs, a Greek, who wrote a 
treatiſe concerning the ſacred rites obſerved 
at Athens. 

GLaucon, a Writer of dialogues at 
Athens. Diog. in vit. 

CLAUCONGME, one of the Nereides. 

GLAUCGPIs, a firname of Minerva, trom 

© the blueneſs of her eyes. 

GLAUCUS, 2 ſon of Hippolochus, the ſon 
of Bellerophon. He afhſted Priam in the 
Trojan war, and had the fimplicity to ex- 
Change his golden ſuit of armour with Dio- 


medes fur an iron one, whence came the | 


proverb of G/auci et Diomedis pcrmutatis, to 
expreſs a fooliſh purchaſe. He behaved 
With much courage, and was Killed by Ajax. 
Firg, An. b, v. 48 3. — Martial. 9, ep. 96. 
ener. II. 6. A fiſherman of Anthe— 
don in Bazvtia, ſon of Neptune and Nais, 
or according to others of Polybius the fon 
v: Mercury, As he was fiſhing, he ob- 
terved that all the fiſhes which he laid on 
the graſs received freth vigor as they touch- 
ed the ground, and immediately eſcaped 
trom him by leaping into the ſea. He at- 
tributed the cauſe of it to the graſs, and by 
baiting it, he found himſelf ſuddenly moved 
With a defire of living in the ſea, Upon 


A daughter of 


[VI. Creuſu.] | 


G-:L 


this he leaped into the water, and was made 
a tea deity by Oceanus and Tethys, at the 
requeſt of the gods. After this transforma- 
tion, he became enamouured of the Nereid 
Scylla, whoſe ingratitude was ſeverely pu— 
niſhed by Circe. Vid. Scylla]J. He is re- 
pretented like the other ſea deities with a 
long beard, diſhevelled hair, and ſhaggy cye- 
brows, and with he tail of a hſh. Here- 
ceived the gift of prophecy from Apollo, 
and according to ſome accounts he was the 
interpreter of Nereus. He aſſiſted the Ar- 


| gonauts in their expedition, and foretold 
| them that Hercules, and the two ſons of 


Leda, would one day receive immortal 
honors. The fable of his metamorphoſis 
has been explained by ſome authors, who 
obſerve that he was an excellent diver, who 
was devoured by fiſhes as he was ſwimming 
in the fea. Ovid. Met. 13, v. 905, &c.— 
Hygin. fab. 199.—Athen. 7.— Apollon. 1.— 
Dio. 4.— Ariftot . de Rep. Del.—Pauf. 9, c. 
22, A ſon of Siſyphus king of Corinth, 
by Merope the daughter of Atlas, born at 
Potnia, a village of Beotia, He prevented 
his mares from having any commerce with 


| the ſtallions, in the expectation that they 


would become ſwifter in runniog, upon 
which Venus inſpired the mares with ſuch 
fury, that they tore his body to pieces as he 
returned from the games, which Adraſtus 
had celebrated in honor of his father. He 
was buried at Potnia, Hygir, fab. 250.— 
Virg. G. 3, v. 367.—Apolled 1 & 2. A 
ſon of Minos the 2d, and Paſiphae, who 
was ſmothered in a caſk vi huncy. His 
father, ignorant of mis fate, conſulted the 
oracle to know where he was, and received 
for anſwer, that the ſoothfayer who beſt 
deicribed him an ox, which was of three 
diticrent colors among his tlocks, would 
beſt give him intelligence of his ſon's ſitua- 
tion. Polyidus was found ſuperior to all 
the other ſoothſayers, and was commanded 
by the king to find the young prince. 
When he had found him, Minos contined 
him with the dead body, and told him that 
he never would reſtore his liberty, if he 
did not reſtore him to life. Polyidus was 
{truck with the king's ſeverity, but while 
he ſtood in aſtoniſhment, a lerpent ſuddenly 
came towards the body and touched it. Po- 
lyidus killed the ſerpent, and immediately a 
ſecond came, who ſceing the other without 
motion or ſigus of lite, difappeared, and 
ſoon after returned with a certain herb in 
his mouth. Tis herb he laid on the body 
of the dead ſerpent, who was immediately 
reſtored tolife. Polyidus, who had attentive- 
ly conſidered what paſſed, ſeized the erb, 
and with it he rubbed the body of the dead 
prince, who was inſtantiy raiſed tv life. Mi- 
nos received Glaucus with gratitude, but ne 
retuled 


"4 
—_— wwuwfwO ec e_____ ww. ww —_— 
2 — 
* o 5 
— - 
— 7 
- * 


ADEHS. 2 


1 1 emu 


89 


refuſed to reſtore Polyidus to liberty, before 
he taught his ſon the art of divination and 
prophecy, He conſented with great reJuct- 
ance, and when he was at laſt permitted to 
return to Argolis his native country, he de- 
t1;e4 his pupil to ſpit in his mouth. Glau- 
cus willingly conſented, and from that mo- 
ment he forgot all the knowledge of divin- 
ation and healing, which he had received 
trom the inſtructions of Polyidus. Hygi- 
nus aſcribes the recovety of Glaucus to 
/Eiculapius. Apollod. 2, c. 3.—tHygin. 136 
& 251, &&,——A ſon of Epytus, who ſuc- 
ceeced his father on the throne of Meſſenia, 
about 10 centuries before the Auguſtan age. 
He introduced the worſhip of Jupiter among 
tne Dorians, and was the firſt who offered 


ſacrifices to Machaon the ſon of Aicuiapius. |! 


a i. 4s Go 2, A ſon of Antenor, killed 
by Agamemnon. Diftys. Cret. 4. An 
Argomut.— A fon of Imbraſus, killed by 


Turnus. Virg. An. 12, v. 343: A fon 
Or Himolvtus. An athicte of kubaa, 
J. d, c. 9. A fon of Priam. ill. 


3._—— A phbylician ot Cleopatra. Put. in 
Anti. — A warrior, in the age of Phocion. 
Il. in hoc. A phy ſician expoſed on a 
croſs, becauſe Hephæſtion died while under 
his care Id. in Alex. An artiſt ot 
Chios. Pau. A Spartan. 4d. A 
grove of Buotia. 1d, —— A bay ot Caria 
now the gulf of Macri, 1d.———An hiſ- 
turian of Rhegium in Italy. A bay and 
river of Libya. Of Peloponneſus. Ot 
Colchis falling into the Phlaſis. 

GLiAUuTIAs, a King of Illy ricum, who 
educated Pyrrhus. 

GLicox, a phyſician of Panſa, accuſed 


of having poiſoned the wound of lis patron, | 


& c. Siet. in Aug. 11. 

GL1sSAS, a town of Bceotia, with a ſmall 
river in the neighbourhood. Pauſe. 9. c. 19 

GLYCERA, a beautiful woman, celebrated 
by Horace 1, od. 19, 30. A cuurtezan 
of Sicyon ſo ſkilful in making garlands, that 
ſfurac attributed to her the invention of 
them. A famous courtezan, whom Har- 
palus brought from Athens to Babylon, 

GiYctrluM, a harlot of Thelpis, who 
preſented her country men with the painting 
ot Cupid, which Praxacles had given her. 


GLYCoNn, a man remarkable for his 
ſtrengtti, Heorat. 1, cp. 1, v. 30. A 


phyſician Who attended Panſa, and was ac- 
cuſed of poiſoning his patron's wound. Suet. 
Aug. 11. 

GLYMPES, a town on the borders of the 
Lacedæmonians aud Meſſenians 743. 4. 

GNATIA, a town of Apulia, about thirty 
miles from Brunduſium, badly ſupplied witn 
Water. erat. I, Sat. 5. 


GNIi bus. Vid. Cnidus. 


G O 


Gwossrs & Grnoss1A, an epithet given 
to Ariadne, becauſe ſhe lived, or was born 
at Gnoſſus. The crown which ſhe received 
from Bacchus, and which was made a con- 
ſtellation, is called Gn2/a Stella. Virg. G. 
40 V, 223; 

Gwxossrs, a famous city of Crete, the re- 
ſidence of king Minos. The name of 
Greffha tellus, is often applied to the whole 
iſland. Virg. An. 6, v. 23.—Strab. 10.— 
Heomer, Od. 

GoBANITIo, a chief of the Arverni, un- 
cle to Vercingetorix. Cæſ. bell. G. 7, c. 4. 

GoBAR, a governor of Meſopotamia, 
who checked the courſe of the Euphrates, 
that it might not run rapidly through Ba- 
bylon. Pin. 6, c. 26. 

GoBRARES, a Perſian governor, who ſur- 
rendered to Alexander, &c. Curt. 5, c. 31, 

GoBRYAs, a Perſian, one of the ſeven 
noblemen who conſpired againſt the uſur- 
per Smerdis, Fid, Darius. Heradet. z, 
C. 70. | 

GoLG1, (örum) a place of Cyprus, ſacred 
to Venus Go/g/a, and to Cupid, Pau. d, 


/ Co LP 


GoMPHy, a town of Theſſaly, near the 
ſprings of the Peneus. | 

GoxAaTaAs, one of the Antigoni. 

Gox1Apts,nymphs in the neighbourhood 
of the rive, Cytherus. Strab. 8. 

Gontepus & PANoORMUS, two youths of 
Andania, who diſtubed the Lacedzmo- 
nians when celebrating the feſtivals of Pol- 
lux. Pau. 4, c. 27. 

Gonxi& GonoconDYLoOS, a town of 
Theſſaly at the entrance into Tempe. Liv, 
36, c. 10. J. 42, c. 54.--Strab. 4. 


GO N OESSA, a town of Troas, Senec. in 
| Troad, 
GoNxussA, a town of Sicyon. Pan. 


GoyDIE&1, mountains in Armenia, where 
the Tigris riſes, ſuppoſed to be the Ararat 
ot Icripture, 

GokDiANnus, M. Antonius Africanus, 2 
ſon of Metius Marcellus, deſcended from 
Trajan, by his mother's ſide. In the greateſt 
afiuence he cultivated Icarning, and was an 
example of picty and virsue. He applied 
himſelf tothe fludy of poetry, and compoſed 
a poem in 30 books upon the virtues of 
Titus Antoninus, and M. Aurelius. He was 
ſuch an advocate for good breeding and 
politeneſs, that he never ſat down in the 
preſence of his father-in-law, Annius Seve» 
rus, who paid him da'ly viſits, before he Was 
promoted tothe praxturihip. He was ſome- 
time after elected conful, and went to take 
the government of Africa, in the capacily 
of proconſul. After he had attained his 
Soth year, in the greateſt ſplendor and 
domeſiic tranquillity, he was roufed * 


— — 


bis p 
reign 
claim 
his p. 
the it 
medi. 
minu: 
indigt 
whom 
oppoſ 
killed 
and g. 
fortun 
fore U 
the en 
lumen: 
M. A. 
was in 
leſt hin 
volum. 
And his 
him to 
balus, 
aiterw; 
Severu: 
charact 
had oh 
after he 
with hi 
Zans uf 
ritania, 
the 25t 
of abou 
diſpofiti 
by his b 
vious pri 
weaknet 
he was | 
his deat! 
of the fi 
When h 
Czſar, } 
I6th yea 
attended 
tion. I. 
married 
of Mifitl! 
quence a 
entruſted 
the ſtate 
niſtration 
confidence 
ter. He c 
Pre vailed 
diſcipline 
ence an 
towns in 1 
ons, wt 
and a larę 
emergenc) 
than his fa 
King of P. 
Vilices in 


G8 O 


his peaceful occupations by the tyrannical 
reign of the Maximini, and he was pro- 
claimed emperor by the rebellious troops of 
his province. He long declined to accept 
the imperial purple, but the threats of im- 
mediate death gained his compliance. Maxi- 
minus marched againſt him with the greateil 
indignation ; and Gordian ſent his fun, with 
whom he ſhared the imperial dignity, to 
oppoſe the enemy. Young Gordian was 
killed; and the father, worn out with age, 
and grown deſperate on account of his mis- 
fortunes, ſtrangled himſelf at Carthage, be- 
fore he had been fix weeks at the head of 
the empire, A.D. 236. He was univerſally 
lamented by the army and people. 
M. Antonius Africanus, ſon of Gordianus, 
was inſtructed by Serenus Samnoticus, who 
left him his library, which conſiſted of 62,000 
volumes. His enlightened underſtanding, 
and his peaceful diſpoſition, recommended 
him to the favor of the emperor Helioga- 
balus. He was made prefect of Rome, and 
aſterwards conſul, by the emperor Alexander 
Severus, He paſſed into Africa, in the 
character of lieutenant to his father, who 
had obtained that province; and ſeven years 
after he was elected emperor, in conjunction 
with him. He marchcd againſt the parti- 
zans of Maximinus, his antagoniſt in Mau- 
ritania, and was killed in a bloody battle on 
the 25th of June, A. D. 236, after a reign 
of about ſix weeks. He was of an amiable 


diſpofition, but he has been juſtly blamed | 


by his biographers, on account of his latct- 
vious propenſities, which reduced him to the 
weakneſs and infirmities of old age, though 
he was but in his 46th year at the time of 
his death, M. Antonius Pius, grandſon 
of the firſt Gordian, was but 12 years old 
when he was hunor2d with the title of 
Cæſar. He was proclaimed emperor, in the 
I6th year of his age, and his election was 
attended with univerſal marks of approba- 
tion. In the 18th year of lis age, he 
married Furia Sabina Tranquillina, daughter 
of Miſitheus, a man celebrated for his clo- 
quence and public virtues. Miſitheus was 
entruſted with the moſt important offices of 
the ſtate by his ſon-in-law ; and his admi- 
niſtration proved how deſerving he was of the 
confidence and affection of his imperial maſ- 
ter. He corrected the various abuſes which 
prevailed in the tate, and reſtored the antient 
diſcipline among the ſoldiers, By his pru- 
dence and political ſagacity, all the chiet 
towns in the empire were ſtored with provi- 
ſions, which could maintain the emperor 
and a large army during 15 days upon any 
emergency. Gordian was not lels active 
than his father-in-law ; and when Sapor, the 
King of Perſia, had invaded the Roman pro- 
Vinces in the eaſt, he boldly marched to 


| 
| 


G O 


meet him, and in his way defeated a large 
body of Goths, in Moa:ha. He conquered 
Sapor, and took many floriſhing citics in the 
caſt, trom his adverſary. In this ſucceſs the 
ſenate decreed him a triumph, and ſaluted 
Miſitheus as the guardian of the republic, 
Gordian was aſſaſſinated in the eaft, A. D. 
244, by the means of Philip, who tad ſuc- 
ceeded to the virtuous Mi::theus, and who 
uſurped the ſovereign power by murdering 
a warlike and amiable prince. The lenate, 
ſenſible of his merit, honored him with a 


* 


moſt ſplendid funcral on the conanes of 
Perſia, and ordered that the deſcendants of 
the Gordians ſhould ever be free, at Rome, 
from all the heavy taxes and burdens of the 
ſtate. During the reign of Gordianus, there 
was an uncommon eclipſe of the ſun, in 
which the ſtars appeared in the middle of 
the day. 

GoRDIUM, a town of Phrygia. in. 
11, c. 7.—Liv. 38, c. 18.—Curt. 35 C. 1 

GorDIvs, a Pluygian, who, though ori- 
ginally a peatunt, was roxed to the throne. 
During a ſedition the Phrygians conſulted 
the oracle, and were told that all thci: 
troubles would ccaſe as ſoon as they choſe 
for their King, the firſt man they met going 
to the temple of Jupiter, mounted on a 
chariot. Goicius was the obiedt of ticir 
choice, and he immediately conſecrated his 
chariot in the temple of Jupiter, The knot 
which tied the yoke to the draught tree, was 
made in {uch an artful manner, that the ends 
of the cord could not be perceived. From 
this circumſtance, a report was ſoon ſpread 
that the empire of Aſia was promiſed by the 
oracle to him that could untie the Gordian 
knot, Alexander, in his conqueſt of Afia, 
paſſed by Gordium; and as he withed to 
leave nothing undone, which might inſpire 
nis ſoldiers with cuurage, and make mis 
enemies believe that he was born to conquer 
Aſia, he cut the Knot with his ſword; and 
from that circumſtance aſſerted that the 
oracle was really fulfilled, and that his claims 
ty univerſal empire were fully juſtified, 
Tuftin, 1, c. 7.— Curt. 3, c. 1.—41rrian. 1. 
＋＋ ͤ tyrant of Corinth. rifiet. 

GoRGASUS, a man who received Givine 
honors at Fneræ in Meſſenia. Pauf. 4, 
. 20s 

Goo, a daughter of CEncus, king of 
Calydon, by Althæa, daughter of Theſtius. 
She married Andremon, by whom ſhe had 
Oxilus, who headed the Heraclidæ, when 
they made an attempt upon Peloponneſus. 
Pauſ. 10, c. 38.—Apulled, 1 & 2.—Ovid. 
Met. 8, v. 542. One of the Danaides. 
Apolled. 2, c. I. 

Go G1As,a celebrated ſophiſt and orator, 


ſirnamed Leontinus, becauſe born at Lcon- 


tium in Sicily, He was ſent by his coun- 
ty mes 


— —— 


trymen to ſolicit the aſſiſtamce of the Athe- 


8 


Sy racuſans, and was ſue— 
He lived to his 108tn 
Some tragments 


nians againtt th 
ceſsfu! in his embaſſy. 
year, and died B. C. 400. 


of his compoſitions are extant. Fanſ. 6, 
c. 17.—Cic. in Orat. 22, Sc. Senect. 15, 
in Þrat. I. C. 3'S 12: An of- 
cer of Antiochus Epiphanes. An A- 


thenian, who wrote an account of all the 
proſtitutes of Athens. Alien. A Ma- 
cedonian, forced to war with Amyntas, &c. 
Cari. 7 ©. I. 

GorGo, the wife of Leonidas, king of 
Sparta, &c. The name of the ſhip which 
carried Perſeus, after he had conquered 
Meduſa, 

Gonodwes,three celebrated ſiſters, daugh- 
tere of Phorc”s and Ceto,whoſe names were 
Stheno, Euryale, and Meduſa, all immortal 
Except Meduſa. According to the mytho- 
logitts, their hairs were intwined with ſer- 
pents, their hands were of brafs, their body 
was covered with impenetrable { ales, and 
their teeth were as long as the tuſks of a 
wild boar, and they turned to ſtones all 
thoſe un whom they fixed their eyes. Me- 
duſa alone had ſerpents in her hair, accord- 
ing to Ovid, and this proceeded from the 
reſentment of Minerva, in whoſe temple 
Meduſa had gratified the paſſion of Nep- 
tune, who was cnamuured of the beautiful 
color of her locks, which the goddeſs 
changed into ferpents. Aſchylus ſays, 
that they had only one tooth and one eye 
between them, „ which they had the uſe 
each in her turn; r. accordingly it was at 
the time that they were exchanging the eye, 
that Perſeus attacked them, and cut oft 
Meduſa's head. According to ſome authors, 
Perſ:us, when he went to the conqueſt of the 
Gorgons, was armed with an mfirument like 
a ſcythe by Mercury, and provided with a 
I-oking-glaſs by Minerva, behdes winged 
cs, and a helmetof Pluto, which rendered 
a ohſedts clearly viſible and open to the 

e while the perſon who wore it remained 
totally invifible. With weapons like thefe, 
P. rleus o! tained an caly victory; and aſter 
his conqueſt, returned lis arms to the dif- 
ſcrent dcities, whoſe favors aud aſſiſtance he 
had fo recently experienced. The head of 
NMeduſa remained in his hands; and after he 
had finithed all his laburivus expeditions he 
gave it to Minerva, wi:o placed it on her 
2121s, with which ſhe turned into ſtones all 
ſuc!; 75 fixed their eyes upon it. It is ſaid, 
that after the conqueti of the Gorgons, Per- 
jeus took his flight in the air towards /Ethi- 
pia; and that the drops of blogd which fell 
to the ground from Meduſa's head were 
changed into ſerpents, which have ever fince 
infettcd the ſanfly deſarts of Libya. The 
horſe Pegaſus alfo aroſe from the blood of 
Meduſa, as well as Chry abr with his golden 


* 
* 


| 


G O 


ſword. The refidence of the Gorgons was 
beyond the vccan towards t c welt,according 
to Heſiod. Aſchylus makes them inhabit 
the caſtern parts of Scythia ; and Ovid, as 
the moſt received opinion, ſupports that they 
lived in the inland parts of Libya, near the 
lake of Triton, or the gardens of the cham; neg 
rides, Diodoius, and others, explain th 
fable of the Gotrgons, by ſuppoſing that they 
were a warlikerac” of women near the Ama- 
zons, whom Perſcus, with the help of a large 
army, totally deſtroyed. Hefrod. Theeg. & 
Scut.— Apollon. 4.— pd. 2, c. 1 & 4, &c. 
— Homer. Il. 5 & 11.—Firg. An 6, &c.— 
Diad. 1 & 4.— Pau. 2, c. oy &C,— 2 ſchyl, 


e:ilerl 
and G. 


ſeſſion, 
They « 
the wo! 
againſt 
tempt a 
Greece, 
tine. T 
one of 
410. 

Roman 
MICTCCN: 
united t 
maſters 
and reve 


Prom. AFR. 4.— Pindz Pyth. 7 13. Aan. 2z 
Olymp. 3.— Heid. Met. 6 v. 618, & c. GN 


Tiberius 
ful, anc 
by his it 
ſuperior 
bead of 
Gaul, an 
He marc 
oY marry 8 


Pale t. de Phorcyn. 

Gord N, a ſirname of Pallas, becauſe 
Perſcus, armed with her ſhield, had conquer- 
ed the Gorgon, ho had polluted her temple 
with N ptune. 

GokGNSILTUs, a man ridiculed by Horace 
for his ill ſmell. Horat. 1, Sat. 2, v. 27. 

GoRGUPHONE, a daughter of Perſeus 
and Andromeda, who marricd Perieres, 
king of Meflenia, by whom ſhe had Apha- 
reus and Leucippus. Attcr the death of 
Pericres, ſhe married CEbalus, who made 
her mother of Icarus and Tyndarus. She 
is the firſt whom the mythologiſts mention 
as — had a ſecond huſband. Par. 4, 
C.  2.—pollod. 1, 2 & 3. One of 
the . aides. Apollod. 2, c. 1. 

GearGcorudxus, a ſon of Electryon and 


b, 
learning. 
children, 
educated 
mother, 

their clos 
attachunc 
which at 
a winnin 
and unco 
to renew 


— — — 


ready C:1 
(Fid. Mo 
bis propy 
appointed 
law Appi 
to make a 
the peop I 
were left 
diftribute, 
enjoyed tl 
Prize, wh; 
or his ad 
Populace 
to ſerve th 
Year, The 
while, the 
Ipurred b. 
tempte d te 
in his Way 
ported the 
vehemence 
rius; and | 
kis ambiti 
againſt the 
tribune, lis 
Fevublic, = 
lempt, Th 
Caiys, ang 


Anoxo. Apolled. 2, c. 4. 
GoRo5PHGRa, a firname of Minerva, 
from her ægis, on which was the head of 
the gorgon Meduſa. 
GorGrUrs, the ſon of Ariſtomenes the 
Meſſenian. He was married, when young, 
to a virgin by his father, who had experi- 
enced the greateſt Kindneſſes from her 
humanity, and had been enabled to con- 
quer ſeven Cretans, who had attempted his 
life, &c. Par. 4, c. 19. A ſon of 
Theron, tyrant of Agrigentum. A man, 
whoſe knowledge of metals proved very 
lerviceable to Alcxander, &c. 
GorGYTHiON, a ſon of Priam, Killed 
by Teucer. Homer. II. 8. 
GoRTV £#, a people of Eubcea, who fought 
with the Medes ac the battle of Arbela. 
(Curt. 4, c. 12. 
GorTYN, GoRkTYs, & GoRTYNA, an 
inland town of Crete, It was on the in- 
halitants of this place, that Annibal, jto 
ſave his money, practiſed an artifice re- 
corded in C. Nep. in Aun. 9.— lin. 4, 
r 12.—Lucan, 6, v. 214. l. 7, v. 214.— 
Virg. An. II, V. 773. 
GOoRHT NIA, a town of Arcadia in Pelo- 
ponneſus, Par. 8. e. 35. 


Go1TH1,a cele N nation of nee, 
calle 


>. 


— att — OO — — — 
— — 


FLY \ 


G R 


exalted alſo Gothones, Gutones, Gythones 
and Guttones. They were warriors by pro- 
ſeſſion, as well as all their ſavage neighbours. 
They &{«tended their power over all parts of 
the world, and chiefly directed their arms 
againſt the Roman empire. Their firſt at- 
tempt againſt Rome, was on the provinces of 
Greece, whence they were driven by Conſtan- 
tine. They plundered Rome, under Alaric, 
one of their moſt celebrated kings, A. D. 
410. From becoming the enemies of the 
Romans, the Goths gradually became their 
mercenaries; and as they were powerful and 
united they ſoon dictated to their imperial 
maſters, and introduced diſorders, anareny, 
and revolutions in the weſt of Europe. 7 ac:t. 
Ann. 2, c. 2, &. 

GRaACCHUS, T. Sempronius, father of 
Tiberius and Caius Gracchus, twice con— 
ful, and once cenſor, was diſtingutthed 
by his integrity as well as his prudence and 
ſuperior ability either in the t{cnate or at the 
kead of the armies. He made war in 
Gaul, and met with much ſucceſs in Spain. 
He married Sempronia, of the family of the 
Scipio's, a woman of great virtue, piety, and 
learning. Circ. de Orat. I, c. 48. Their 
children, Tiberius and Caius, who had been 
educated under the watchful eye of their 
mother, rendered themſelves famous for 
their cloquence, ſeditions, and an obſtinate 
attachment to the intereſts of the populace, 
which at laſt proved fatal to them, With 
a winning eloquence, affected moderation, 
and uncommon popularity, Tiberius began 
to renew the Agrarian law, which had al- 
ready cauſed ſuch diflenfions at Rome. 
(Fid. Agraria.) By the means of violence, 
lis propoſition paſſed into a law, and he was 
appointed commiſtioner, with his father-in- 
law Appius Ciaudius, and his brother Caius, 
to make an equal div iſion of the lands among 
the people. The riches of Attalus, which 
were leit to the Roman people by will, were 
diſtributed without oppoſition; and Tiberius 
enjoyed the triumph of his ſucceſsful cnter- 
prize, when he was aſſaſſinated in the midft 
of his adherents by P. Naſica, while the 
populace were all unanimous to re-elect him 
to ſerve the office of tribune the following 
year, The death of Tiberius checked, for a 
while, the friends of the people; but Caius, 
Ipurred by ambition and furious zeal, at- 
tempted to remove every obſtacle which ſtood 
in his way by force and violence, He ſup- 
ported the cauſe of the people with more 
vehemence, but leſs moderation, than Tibe- 
nus; and his ſucceſs ſerved only to awaken 
kis ambition, and animate his reſentment 
2yaintt the nobles. With the privileges of a 


g K a 
tribune, lie ſoon became the arbiter of the 


te vublie, and treated the patricians with con- 
tempt. Eis behaviour haſtened the ruin of 
Cavs, ang in the tumult he {cd to the tem- 
| b 


G R 


ple of Piana, where his friends prevented 
him from committing ſuicide. This en- 
creaſed the ſedition, and he was murdered 
by order of the conſul Opimius, B. C. 121, 
about 13 years after the unfortunate end of 
Tiberius. His body was thrown into the 
Tiber, and lis wife was forbidden to put on 
mourning for his death. Caius has been 
accuſed of having ſtained his hands in the 
blood of Scipio Africanus the vounger, 
who was found murdered in his bed. Put. 
in vita. (io, in Cat. I.—Lucan. 6, v. 796. 
For. 2, c. 17. l. 3, c. 14, &c. Sem 
pronius, a Romen, baniſhed to the coatt of 
Atrica for i.is adulteries with Julia, the 
daughter of Auguitus. He was aſſaſſinated 
by order of Tiberius, after he had been 
baniſhed 14 years, Julia alſo ſhared his 
fate, ''Tacit, Am. 3, e. 33. A gence 
ral of the Sabine,, taken by Q. Cincinna- 
tus. A Roman conſul, defeated by An- 
nibal, &c. C. Nep. in Ann. 

GrAnaivus, a firname of Mars among 
the Romans, perhaps rom * Faw + wy, 
and ;ins a Hear, His refidence was 
ſuppoted to be among the fierce and ſavage 
Thr-cians and Gee, over whom he parti- 
cularly preſided. Vg. An. 3, v. 35.— 
Humer. II. Liv. 1, c. 20. 

Greet, the inhabitants of Greece. 
Vid. Gizcia, 

GRECIA, acclebrated country of Europe, 
bounded on the weſt by the Ionian tea, 
ſouth by the Mediterranean ſea, eaſt by 
the /Egean, and north by Thrace and Dal- 
matia. It is generally divided into four 
large provinces: Macedonia, Epirus, A- 
chaia or Hellas, and Peloponneſus. This 
country has been reckoned ſuperior to every 
other part of the earth, on account of the 
ſalubrity of the air, the temperature of the 
climate, the fertility of the ſoil; and above 
all, the fame, Icarning, and arts of its inha- 
bitants. The Greeks have ſeverally been 
called Acnzans, Argians, Danai, Dolopes, 
Hellenians, Ionians, Myrmidons, and Pe- 
laigians. The moſt celebrated of their cities 
were Athens, Sparta, Argos,Corinth, Thebes, 
Sicyon, Mycenz, Delphi, &c. The inha- 
bitants, whoſe hiſtory is darkened in its 
primitive ages with fabulous accounts and 
traditions, ſuppœ ted that they were the 
original inhabitants of the country, and 
born from the earth where they dwelt; and 
they heard with contempt the probable con- 
jectures, which traced their origin among 
the firſt inhabitants of Aſa, and the colonies 
of Egypt. In the firſt periods of their hiſtory 
the Greeks were governed by monarchs ; 
and there were as many Kings as there 
were cities. The monarchical power gra- 
dually decreaſed; the love of liberty eſta- 
bliſhed the republican government; and no 
part of Greece, except Macedonia, remained 

it 


— — 


* » 


vi 
{ 
j N 


G R 


in the hands of an abſolute ſovereizn. The 
expedition of the Argonauts firſt rendered 
the Greeks reſpectable among their neigh- 
bours; and in the ſucceeding age, the wars of 
Thebes and Troy, gave opportunity to their 
heroes and demi-gods to diſplay their valor 
in the field of battle. The ſimplicity of 
the ancient Greeks rendered them virtuous ; 
and the eftabliſhment of the Olympic games, 
in particular, where the noble reward of 
the conqueror was a laurel crown, contri- 
buted to their aggrandizement, and made 
them ambitious of fame, and not the ſlaves 
of riches. The auſterity of their laws, and 
the education of their youth, particularly at 
Lacedæmon, rendered them Hhrave and 
active, inſenſible to bodily pain, fearleſs 
and intrepid in the time of danger. The 
celebrated battles of Marathon, Thermopylz, 
Salamis, Platæa, and Mycale, ſufficiently 
ſhow what ſuperiorẽty the courage of a Jittle 
army can obtain over millions of uncdil- 
ciplined harbarians. After many ſignal 
victories over the Perſians, they became 
elated with their ſucceſs; and when they 
found no one able to diſpute their power 
abroad, they turned their arms one againſt 
the other, and leagued with foreign ſtates 
to deſtroy the moſt floriſhing of their cities. 
The Meſſenian and Peloponneſian wars, are 
examples of the dreadful! calamities which 
ariſe trom civil diſcord, and long proſperity, 
"and the ſucceſs with which the gold and 
the ſword of Philip and of his fon corrupted 
and enflaved Greece, fatally proved that 
when a nation becomes indolent and diſt - 

ated at home, it ceaſes to be reſpectable 
iu the eyes of the neighbouring ſtates. The 
annals of Greece however abound with fin- 
gular proofs of heroiſm and reſolution. The 
bold retreat uf the ten thouſand, who had 
aſſiſted Cyiusagainſt his brother Artaxerxes, 
reminded their countrymen of their ſuperi- 
urity over all other nations; and taught 
Alexander, that the conqueſt of the eaſt 
might be cifefted with a handful of Grecian 
ſoldiers. While the Greeks rendered them - 
ſelves ſo illuſtrious by their military ex- 
ploits, the arts and ſciences were aſſiſted 
by conqueſt, and received freſh luſtre trom 
the application and induſtry of their pro- 
feſſors. The labors of the learned were 
received with zdmiration, and the merit of 
a compoſition was determined by the applauſe 
or diſapprobation of a multitude. Their ge- 
nerals were orators; and eloquence ſeemed 
to be fo nearly connected with the military 
proſeſſion, that he was deſpiſed by his ſoldiers, 
who could not addreſs them upon any emer- 
gency with a ſpirited and well delivered ora- 
tion. The learning, as well as the virtues 
of Socrates, procured him a name; and the 
writings of Ariſtotle have, perhaps, gained 


G KR 


queſts and trophies of his royal pupil. Such 
were the occupations and accompliſhments 
of the Greeks; their language became al- 
moit univerſal, and their country was the 
receptacle of the youths of the neighbouring 
ſtates, where they imbibed the principles of 
liberty and moral virtue. The Greeks planted 
ſeveral colonies, and totally peop'ed the 
weſtern coaſts of Afia Minor. In the 
eaſtern parts of Italy, there were alſo many 
ſettlements made; and the country received 
from its Greek inhabitants, the name of 
Magna Grecia, For ſome time Greece 
ſubmitted to the yoke of Alexander and 
nis ſucceſſors, and at laſt, after a ſpirited 
though ineffectual ſtruggle in the Achzan 
league, it fell under the power of Rome, 
and became one of its dependent provinces 
governed by a pro-conſul. 

GRACIA MAGNA, a part of Italy, where 
the Greeks planted colonies, whence the 
name. Its boundaries are very uncertain; 
ſome ſay that it extended on the ſouthern 
parts of Italy, and others ſuppoſe that Magna 
Græcia comprehended only Campania and 
Lucama. To theſe ſome add Sicily, which 
was likewiſe peopled by Greek colonies, 
Ovid. Faſt. 4, v. 64.—Strab, &c. 

GRECINUS, a ſenator, put to death by 
Caligula, becauſe he refuſed to accuſe Seja- 
nus, &c. Senec. de. Benef. 2. 

GRrREAcCUs, a man from whom ſome ſup- 
poſe that Greece received its name. Ariſtct, 

GRA1US, an inhabitant of Greece. 

GRAMPIUS Mos, the Grampian moun- 
tains in Scotland. Tait. Agric. 29. 

GRANICUS, a river of Bithynia, famous 
for the battle fought there between the armies 
ot Alexander and Darius, 22d of May, B. C. 
334. when 600,000 Perſians were defeated , 
by 30,000 Macedonians. Died. 17,—Plit. 
in Alex, — Juſtin.— Curt. 3, c. I. 

Graxius PETRONIUS, an officer, who 
being taken by Pompey's generals, refuſed 
the life which. was tendered to him; ob- 
ſerving that Cæſar's ſoldiers received not, 
but granted life. He killed himſelf, Pt. 
in Caf. A queſtor, whom Sylla had 
ordered to be ſtrangled, only one day befote 
he died a natural death. Plut.——A fon 
of the wife of Marius, by a former huſband. 
Quintus, a man intimate with Crafſus 
and other illuſtrious men of Rome, whole 
vices he laſhed with an unſparing hand. 
Cic. Brut. 43 & 46. Orat. 2, c. 60. 

GRATIA, three goddeſſes. Vid. Chat- 
des. 

GRATIANUS, a native of Pannonia, fa- 
ther to the emperor Valentinian iſt. He. 
was raiſed to the throne, though only eight 
years old; and after he had reigned for ſome 
time conjointly with his father, he became 
ſole emperor, in the 16th year of his age- 


him a more laſting fame, than all the con- 


He ſoon after took, as his imperial colleagues 
: Theodohuy 


Theodo! 
eaſtern | 
the fel 
learning 
ſlaughte. 
ſupporte 
and mtre 
ſuperſtit 
and Max 
of the wt 
was join 
tented R 
in Gaul. 
in the fic 
the rebel 
his age. — 
the 1mpe! 
Britain, 11 
aſſaſſinate 
troops to 
A. D. 40 
GRAT 
Canidia | 
GRrAT! 
GrarTi 
temporary 
courſing, 
mended fe 
may be ce 
to which 1 
verſes, T 
1728. 
Gravy 
366, 
Grivi 
a maritim 
Eneas ag: 
wholeſome 
ſtagnant w 
r. 10, 
C, 16. 
GRAvin 
killed at D 
GREG! 
diſciple of 
Neoczſare; 
A.D. 266, 
teen idolate 
found only 
works, are 
Origen, a c 
tiſes in gre: 
that of Pari 
named the 
nople, WII 
puted. Hi 
celebrated c 
ſublimity, - 
more for ph 
ers, but re 
ton. Era; 
tranſlate his 
of not trans! 


— —— „ R _ 


oo ww 


hs i wo Cd 2 


3” A. 


Wu 
* 


G R 


rheodoſius, whom he appointed over the 
eaſtern parts of the empire. His courage in 
the field is as remarkable as his love of 
learning, and fondneſs of philoſophy. He 
ſlaughtered 30,000 Germans in a battle, and 
ſupported the tottering ſtate by his prudence 
and intrepidity. His enmity to the Pagan 
ſuperſtition of his ſubjects proved his ruin; 
and Maximinus, who undertook the defence 
of the worthip of Jupiter and of all the gods, 
was joined by an infinite number of diſcon- 
tented Romans, and met Gratian near Paris 
in Gaul. Gratian was forſaken by his troops 
in the ficld of battle, and was murdercd by 
the rebels, A. D. 383, in the 24th ycar of 
his age. A Roman ſoldier, inveſted with 
the imperial purple by the rebellious army in 
Britain, in oppolition to Honorius. He wag 
aſſaſſinated four months after, by thoſe very 
troops to whom he owed his elevation, 
A. D. 407. 

GRATIDIA, a woman at Neapolis, called 
Canidia by Horace. Epod. 3. 

GRrAT1ON, a giant killed by Diana. 

GraTrusFALISCUs, a Latin poet, con- 
temporary with Ovid. He wrote a potm on 
courſing, called Cynegeticon, much com 
mended for its elegance and perſpicuity. It 


— 


9 


ſmartneſs and acumen of his ſtile, and the 
ſtatelineſs and happy diction of the whole. 
He died, A. D. 389. The beſt edition is 
that of the Benedictins, the firſt volume of 
which, in fol. was publiſhed at Paris, 1778. 
A bilhop of Nyſſa, author of the Ni- 
cene creed. His ſtile is repreſented as alle- 
gorical and affected; and he has been ac- 
cuſed of mixing philoſophy too much with 
theology. His writings conſiſt of commen- 
taries on ſcripture, moral diſcourſes, ſer- 
mons on myſteries, Cogmatical treatiſcs, 


' panegyrics on faints; the beſt edition of 


which is that of Morell, 2 vols. fol. Paris, 
1615. The biſhop died, A. D. 396.— 


Another Chriſtian writer, whoſe works were 


edited by the Benedictins, in 4 vols. fol. 
Paris, 1705. 
GRINNES, a people among the Batavians. 


| Tactt. Hift. 5, C. 20. 


GRroPHUs, a man diſtinguiſhed as much 
for his probity as his riches, to whom Horace 
addreſſed 2 Od. 16. 

Gn rp, a pcople tributary to the Ner- 
vii, ſuppoſed to have inhabited the country 


near Tournay or Bruges in Flanders. C/. 


G. 6, c. 38. 
GRUMENTUM, now Arments, an inland 


may be compared to the Georg ics of Virgil, town of Lucania on the river Aciris. Liw. 


to which it is nearly equal in the numbgr of | 
verſes. The lateſt edition is of Ami. to. | 
1728. 

GRAVIt, a people of Spain. 
366. 

Grxiviscz, now Eremo de St. Auguſtino, 
a maritime town of Erruria, which aſſiſted 
Eneas againſt Turnus. The air was un- 
wholeſome, on account of the marthes and 
ſtagnant waters in its neighbouhood. Vrg. 
An, 10, v. 184.— Liv. 40, c. 29. l. 41, 
c. 16. 

GrAvius, a Roman knight of Puteoli, 
killed at Dyrrachium, &c. Cæſ. Bell. (n. 

GrEGORIUS, Theod. Thaumaturgus, a 
diſciple of Origen, afterwards bithop of 
Neocæſarea, the place of his birth. He died 
A. D. 266, and it is ſaid he leſt only ſeven- | 
teen idolaters in his dioceſe, where he had 
found only ſeventeen Chriſtians. Of his 
works, are extant his gratulatory oration to 
Origen, a canonical epiſtle, and other trea- 
tiſes in greek, the beſt edition of which is 
that of Paris, fol. 1622. Nazianzen, fir- 
named the Divine, was biſhop of Conſtanti- 
nople, which he reſigned on its being diſ- 
puted. His writings rival thoſe of the moſt 
celebrated orators of Greece, in eloquence, 
ſublimity, and varicty. His ſermons are 
more for philoſophers, than common hcar- 
ers, but replete with ſeriouſneſs and devo- 
tion. Eraſmus ſaid, that he was afraid to 


Ital. 3, v. 


235 e. 37. J. 47, ©. . 

GRYLLUs, a (on of Xenophon, who kill- 
ed Epaminondas, and was himſelf ſlain, at 
the battle of Mantinea, B. C. 363. Bis 
father was offcring a ſacrifice when he re- 
ceived the news of his death, and he threw 
down the garland which was on his head ; 
but he replaced it, when he heard that the 
enemy's general had fallen by his hands; 
and he obſerved, that his death ought to be 
celebrated with every demonſtration of joy, 
rather than of lamentation. Ariffot,—Pau/. 
8, c. 11, &c. One of the companions ot 
Ulyfles, changed into a ſwine by Circe. 

GRYNEUM & GRYNIUM, a town pear 
Clazomenz, where Apollo had a temple 
with an oracle, on account of which he is 
called Grynaus, Strab, 13.—Virg. Ecl. 6, 
v. 72. u. 4, v. 345. 

GRYNEUs, one of the Centaurs, who 
fought againſt the Lapithæ, & c. Ovid. Met. 
„ e , 

GyAarus & GvyARos, an iſland in the 
Egean tea, near Delos. The Romans were 
wont to fend their culprits there. Ovid. 7. 
Met. v. 407. 

Gy as, one of the companions of Aneas, 
who diſtinguiſhed himteit at the games ex- 
hibited after the death of Anchiſes in Sicily. 
Virg. An. 5, v. 118, &c. A part of the 
territories of Syracuſe, in the poſſeſſion of 
Dionyſius.— A Rutulian, ſon of Melam- 


tranſlate his works, from the apprehenſion | pus, killed by Eneas in Italy. Virg. An, 
of not transfuſing into another language the | ro, v. 318. $ 
5 GYG avs, 


. 


— 


2 —— 1. . 
3 — 8 - 


— — 
—— 
— > 88 — — 


8 


GF avs, a lake of Lydia, 40 ſtadia 
from Sardis. Propert. 3, el. 11, v. 18. 

GV GE, a maid of Paryſatis. 

GVOESs or GyYEs, a ſon of Cœlus and 
Terra, repreſented as having a hundred 
hands. He, with his brothers, made war 
againſt the gods, and was afterwards pu- 
niſhed in Tartarus. Ovid. Te. 4, el. 7, 
v. 18. A Lydian, to whom Candaules, 
king of the country, ſhowed his wife naked, 
The queen was ſo incenſed at this inſtance 
of imprudence and infirmity in her huſband, 
that ſhe ordered Gyges, eith r to prepare for 
death himſelf, or to murder Candaules, 
He choſe the latter, and married the 
queen, and aſcended the vacant throne, 
about 718 years before the Chriſtian era, 
He was the firſt of the Mermnadæ, who 
reigned in Lydia. He reigned 38 years, and 
diſtinguiſhed himſelf by the immenſe pre- 
ſents which he made to the oracle of Delphi. 
Herodot. 1, c. 8. According to Plato, Gyges 
deſcended into a chaſm of the earth, where 
he found a brazen horſe, whoſe hdes he 
opened, and ſaw within the body the carcaſc 
of a man of uncommon ſize, from whole 
finger he took a brazen ring. This ring, 
when put on his finger, r-nCered him inviſie 
ble; and by means of its virtue, he intro- 
duced himſelf to the queen, murdered her 
huſband and married her, and uſurped the 
crown of Lydia. Cic. c. 3, 9. A man 
Killed by Turnus, in his wars with AEneas, 
Virg. An. q, v. 762. 
Cnidus, in the age of Horace. 
Od. 5, v. 30. 

GyL1iyPVs, a Lac dæmonian, ſent B. C. 
414, by his countrymen to afliſt Syracuſe, 
againſt the Athenians. He obtained a cele- 
brated victory over Nicias and Demoſthenes, 
the enemy's generals, and obliged them to 
ſurrender. He accompanied Lyſander, in his 
expedition againſt Athens, and was preſent 
at the taking of that celebrated town. After 
the fall of Athens, he was intruſted by the 
conqueror with the money winch had been 
taken in the plunder, which amounted to 
1590 talents. As he conveyed it to Sparta, 


about turce hundred talents. His theft was 
diſcovered; and to avoid the puniſhment 
which he deſerved, he fled from his country, 
and by this act of mcanneſs tarniſhed the 
glory of his victorious actions. T:ibull. 4, el, 
I, v. 199. — Plut. in Nicid. ——An Arcadian 
in the Rutulian war. Virg. Au. 12, v. 
272. 

GyMNASIA, a large city ncar Colchis. 
Diod. 14. 

GyMNASIUM, a place among the Greeks, 
where all the public cxercilcs weie performed, 
and where not only werelilers and dancers 


— _— —2— — — . —— — — — 


A beautiful boy of 


| Tiey expoſed themſelves in the open air, to 
he had the meanneſs to unſew the hottom of | the heat of the ſun, the inclemency of the 
the bags which contained it, and ſecreted | ſeaſons, and the coldneſs of the night, They 


GC V 

exhibited, but alſo philoſophers, poets, and 
rhctoricians repeated their compoſitions, 
The oom was high and ſpacious, and could 
contain many thouſands of ſpe&ators. The 
laborious exerciſcs of the Gymnaſium were 
running, leaping, throwing the quoit, wreft. 
ling, and boxing, which was called by the 
Greeks rad, and by the Romans guiz. 

wertia, In riding, the athlete led a horſe, 
on which he ſometimes was mounted, con- 


he of th 
firmneſs a. 
&rmities o. 
one leg anc 
rounded hi 
The Brach. 
of the Gyr 
Strab. 1 5, 
Lucan. 3 


ducting another by the bridle, and jumping oye 
from the one upon the other. Whoever came the wi . 1 
firſt to tbe goal, and jumped with the great. chus and 0 

GY VA. 


eſt agility, obtained the prize. In running 
a- foot the athletes were ſometimes armed, 
and he who came firſt was declared victo- 
tous. Leaping was an uſeful exerciſe ; its 
primary object was to teach the ſoldiers to 
jump over ditches, and paſs over eminences 
during a ſiege, or in the field of battle. In 
chrowing the quoit, the prize was adjudged 
to him who threw it taithelt, The quoits 
were made either with wood, ſtone, or me- 
tal. The wreſtlers emploved all their dex- 
terity to bring their adverſary to the ground, 
and the boxers had their hands armed with 
gauntlets, called al:v cus. Their bloys 
were dangerous, and often ended in the 
death of cne of the combatants. In wref:- 
ling and boxing, the athletes were often 
naked, whence the word Gymnaſium, 
yuargs ht. They anointed themſelves 
with oil to brace their limbs, and to render 
their bodics ſlippery, and more difficult to 
be graſped, 

GyMNEsLZ, two iflands near the Iberus 
in the Mediterrancan, called Balcares by the 
Greeks. Plut. 5, c. 8.—Stradb. 2. 

GYMNETES, a people of AÆthiopia, who 
lived almoſt naked. Pliz. 5, c. 8. 

GuMNIz, a town of Colchis. 
Arab. 4. 

GYMNOSOPHIST£&, a ceitain ſect of phi» 
loſophers in India, who, according tu fc me, 
placed their mum lenum in pleaſure, and 
their ſn um malum in pain. They lived 
naked as their name implies, and for 37 years 


Tegea, on 
the women 
who were ne 
religious cer 


ABIS, 
his ſul 
44 c. 4- 
HADRLAN 
the Hebrus, 
HaDriat 
Adrianus. 
HAD RIA! 
tum. 
Hut. 
HeMox, : 
Who was ſo 
Antigone, tha 
When he hearc 
by his fathe 
4 
of Turnus. 
friend of Ene 
native of Lyc 
HeaMixia 
Hæuvs, 2 
Thrace from 1 
vp are viſible 
wough this hi 
t receives its 
mas and Or 
this mountain 


Xenoph, 


ere often ſeen in the tields fixing their eyes 
full upon the diſc of the fun from the time 
of its riſing till the hour of its ſetting. Some- 
times they ſtood u hole days upon one tod 
in burning ſand without moving, or fhew- 
ing any concern for nat ſurrounded them. 
Alexander was aſtonithed at the fight of 4 
{c& of men who feeratd to delpile bodily 
bein, and who inured themſclves to ſuffef 
the greuteſt tortures without uttering a gicaly 
or cxpreſhng any marks ot fear, Ihe con- 
queror coudutcenced to vilit them, aud 1s 
altoailiment was encrealed when he ” 
Ole 


friend of Æneas againſt Turnus. 
native of Lycia. 


Thrace from Theſſaly, ſo high that from its 


k; . 371 * 
dus mountain for aſpiring to divine honors. 


Met, 6, v. 87,— A ftage-player. Fuv, 
3 v. 99. 


poled Alexander, & c. Curt. 8, c. 5 & 14. 
man of Cyzicus, killed by Pollux. Flace, 


G Y 


wie of them aſcend a burning pile with 
ſrmneſs and unconcern, to avoid the in- 
&rmities of old age, and ſtand upright on 
one leg and unmoved, while the flames ſur- 
rounded him on every fide. Vid. Calanus. 
The Brachmans were a branch of the ſect 
of the Gymnoſophiſtz. Vd. Brachmanes. 
Strab, 15, &c,—Plin. 7, c. 2.—Cic. Tuſc. 5. 
Lucan. 3.— Dion. 

GyN&CEAS, a woman ſaid to have been 
the wife of Faunus, and the mother of Bac- 
chus and of Midas. 

Gyn&COTAHAENAS, a name of Mars at 
Tegea, on account of a ſacrifice offered by 
the women without the aſſiſtance of the men, 
who were not permitted to appear at this 
religious ceremony. Pauſ. 8, c. 48. 


6 


Gvvprs, now Zeindeh, a river of Af 
ſyria, falling into the Tigris. When Cyrus 
marched againſt Babylon, his army was 
ſtopped by this river, in which one of his 
favorite horſes was drowned. This ſo irri- 
tated the monarch that he ordered the river 
to he conveyed iato 360 different channels 
by his army, ſo that after this diviſion it 
hardly reached the knee. Herodot. f, c. 189. 
& 202. | 

GYTHEUM, a ſea port town of Laconia, 
at the mouth of the Eurotas, in Peloponne- 
ſus, built by Hercules and Apollo, who 
had there deſiſted from their quarrels. The 
inhabitants were called Gytheate. Cic. fie. 
3, C. 11. 


H A 
ABIS, a king of Spain, who firſt taught 
his ſubjects agriculture, &. Juſtin. 
4 C. 4 

HAD&lANOPGLI1S, a town of Thrace, on 
the Hebrus. 

HabziANus, a Roman emperor, 
Adrianus. 

HADRIATICUM MARE, 
tum. 

Hebt. Vid. ÆEdui. 

Hxuox, a Theban youth, ſon of Creon, 
who was ſo captivated with the beauty of 
Antigone, that he killed himſelf on her tomb, 
when he heard that ſhe had heen put to death 
by his father's orders. Propert. 2, el. 8, 
v. 21,——A Rutulian engaged in the wars 
of Turnus. Virg. An. q, v. 685. A 
He was a 


Vid. 
Vid. Adriati- 


Id. 10, v. 126. 
HæMu NIA. Vid. Emonia. 
Huus, a mountain which ſeparates 


wp are viſible the Euxine and Adriatic ſeas, 
bough this however is denied by Strabo. 


treceives its name from Hæmus, ſon of 
Bireas and Orithyia, who was changed into 


trab, 7, p. 313,—Plin. 4, c. 11,—Ovid. 


Hacks, a brother of king Porus who op- 


One of Alexander's flatterers. A 


, V. 191. 


Hao xo, a nymph. A fountain of Ar- 
dia, Pauſ. 8, c. 38. 

3 a faſter of Ariſtomenes, 
HAL æsvs, & HaLEsvs, a ſon of Aga- 
anon by Briſcis gr Clytqgnacfira, When 


H A 


he was driven from home, he came to Italy, 
and ſettled on mouut Maſſicus in Campania, 
and afterwards aſſiſted Turnus againſt Æneas. 
He was killed by Pallas. Firg. AZ». 7, v. 
724. |. 10, v. 352. A river near Colo- 
phon in Aſia Minor. Plin. 5, e. 29. 

HALALA, a village of the foot of mount 
Taurus. 

HALCYS NE. Vd. Alcyone. 

HALxx run, a town at the north of Si- 
cily. Cic. Verr. 3, e. 43. l. 4, c. 23. 

HALEsA, a town of Sicily. Cic. Verr. 2, 
e. 7. Fan. 13, ep. 38. 

HAlLrstius, a mountain and river near 
Etna, where Proſerpine was gathering flow- 
ers when ſhe was carried away by Pluto. 
Colum. 

HAL1Aa, one of the Nereides. Apollod. 
A feſtivalat Rhodes in honor of the ſun. 

HALIACMON, a river which ſeparates 
Theſſaly from Macedonia, and falls into 
the Sinus Thermiacus. Caf. Civ. 3, c. 36. 
—Plin. 31, c. 2.— Herodot. 7, c. 127. 

HALIARTUS, a town of Bœotia, founded 
by Haliartus, the ſon of Therſander. The 
monuments of Pandion king of Athens, and 
of Lyſander the Lacedzmonian general, were 
ſeen in that town. Liv. 42, c. 44 & 63. 
—Pauſ. 9, c. 32. A town of Pelopon- 
neſus. 

HALICARNASSUS, now Bodroun, a ma- 
ritime city of Caria, in Aha Minor, where 
the mauſoleum, one of the ſeven wonders 
of the world, was ereQed. It was the re- 
ſidence of the ſovereigns of Caria, and was 
celebrated for having given birth to Hero- 
dotus, Dionyſius, Heraclitus, &c. Maxim. 
Tyr. 35.—Vitruv. de Arch,— Died. 17.— 
Herodot. 2, c. 178.—Strab. 14.— Liv. 27, 
c. IO & 16. I. 33, c. 20. 


HAL IC v, a town of Sicily, near Lily- 
2 bum, 


— — — 


——— my 


H A 


brum, now Saleme. Plin. 3, c. 8.—Cic. 
Ver. 2, c 33.— Died. 14. 

Haltris, a town of Argolis. 

HartrMEpe, a Nereid. 

HAtiRRHOTIUS, a ſon of Neptune and 
Euryte, who raviſhed Alcippe, daughter of 
Mars, becauſe ſhe lighted his addreſſes. 
This violence offended Mars, and he killed 
the raviſher, Neptune cited Mars to appear 
before the tribunal of juſtice to antwer for 
the murder of his fon, The cauſe was tried 
at Athens, in a place which has bcen called 
from thence Areopagus; ane Mars, and 
ey; tage, and the murderer was aC- 
quitted. od. 3, c. 14.—Pauſ.1, C.21. 

HartrTtiHtksvs, an old man, who fore- 
told to Penelope's ſuitors the return of 
Ulyſſes, and their own deſtruction. Homer. 
Od. 1. 

HaLrvs, a ſon of Alcinous, famous for 
his ſkill in dancing. A Trojan, who 
came with /Eneas into Italy, where he was 
killed by Turnus. Firg. An. , v. 767. 

HALizöxks, a people of Paphlagonia. 
Straß. 14. 

Harmvus, a ſon of Syſiphus, father to 
Chryſogone. He reigned in Orchomenos. 
Pas. 9,5 c. 35. 

Hatuvorss us, a town of Thrace, Mela. 


2, c. 2: 
HaLockATEs, a ſon of Hercules and 
Olempuſa. Apollad. 


Hale N, an iſſand of Propontis, oppo- 
ſite Cy zicus. Pin. 5, c. 31. 
HaioxNesvs, an iſland on the coaft of 
Macedonia, at the bottom of the Sinus 
]Thenmiacus, It was inhabited only by wo- 
men, who had flaughtered all the males, 
and they defeuded themſelves againſt an 
invaſion. Alela. 2, c. 7. 
HALto11a, a ſefliwal in Tegea. Par. 
HaLtoTus, an eunuch, who uſcd to taſte 
the meat of Claudius. He poiſoned the em- 
peror's food by order of Agrippina. Tacit. 
Ann. 2, c. 06. 
Harvus, a city of Achaia 
ſaly of Parthia. 
HXALY.£-TUs, a man changed into a bird 
of the tame name. Ovid. Met. 3, v. 176. 
HarvaTTes. id. Alyattcs. 
Hates, now Platani, a river at the 
ſouth of Sicily. 
Hat. % now Kizil-ermark, a river of 
Aſia Minor, riſing in Cappadocia, and fall- 
ing into the Euxine ſea. It received its 
name am Tv 'axcg, from ſalt, becauſe its 
waters are of a {alt and bittcr taſte, from the 
nature of the ſoil over which they flow. It 
is famous for the deſcat of Croſus, king of 
Lydia, who was miſtaken by the ambigu- 
ous word of this oracle : 
' Npoige, alu Nag vu apyry Srakugel, 


of Theſ- 


H A 


That empire was his own. Civ, de Div. 4, 
c. 56,—CGurt. 4, C.11,—Strab, 12.— Lucas. 
35 v. 272.— Herodot. 1, c. 28. A man 
of Cyzicus killed by Pollux. Fal. H. 3 
v. 157. 

HALVY ZIA, a town of Epirus near the 
Achelous, where the Athenians obtained a 
naval victory over the Lacedzmonians, 
HAamaDpRYApes, nymphs who lived in 
the country, and preſided over trees, with 
which they were ſaid to live and die, The 
word is derived from aua fimul, and dog 
quereus, Virg. Ecl. 10.—Ovid. Met. 1, 
v. 647. 

Ham, a town of Campania near Cums. 
Liv. 23, C. 25. 

HamaxIA, a city of Cilicia, 
HamilcaR, the name of ſome tle. 
brated generals of Carthage. Vid. Amilcar, 
Hammon, the Jupiter of the African, 
Vid Ammon. 

HaxnxiBAL. Vid. Annibal. 

HAN NO. Vid. Anno. 

HarcXLo, a man famous for his know- 
ledge of poiſonous herbs, & c. He touch 
the moſt venomous ſerpents and rejtiles 
without receiving the ſmalleſt injury. .. 
1, v. 406. 

HAK MATEUIA, a town of the Buch- 
manes in India, taken by Alexander, Dad, 
1 

HARMATRIS, a town of Folia. 

HAM1LLvs,an infamous debauchee. Juv. 
10, v. 224. 

HarmMopivs, a friend of Ariftogiton, 
who delivered his country from the tyranny, 
of the Piſiſtratidæe, B. C. 510. [Fi 
Ariſtagiton.] The Athenians, to reward tie 
patriotiſm of theſe illuſtrious citizens, mate 
a law that no one ſhould ever bear the name 
of Ariftogiton and Harmodius. Herd. 
57 C. 55. 

HakmMSNia, or HERMIONEA, ( 
Hermione.) a daughter of Mars and Ve. 
aus, who married Cadmus. It is (Md, ti 
Vulcan, to avenge the infidelity of her me- 
ther, made her a preſent of a veliment 
dyed in all ſorts of crimes, which, in lun 
meaſure, inſpired all the children of Cac- 
mus with wickedneſs and impicty. Fa. 
9, c. 16, &c. 

" HaxMGN1DEs, a Trojan beloved by Ni- 
nerva. He built the ſhips in which Pats 
carried away Helen. Homer. I.. 5. 

HarPAGus, a general of Cyrus. He 


A river near Colchis. Dis. 14. 
HAaxPALICE, Vid. Harpalyce. 


If Creſus paſſes over the ah, he fhall 
di a great empire, 


Harry 
ron, V 
Hare 
treaſures 
hopes tha 
expeditio! 
gent, and 
conquerot 
ment he fl 
ney, he cc 
was Deme 
He eſcape 
le was a 
B.C. 325. 
A robber 1 
Nat. D.— 
Gicece, 4 
HaRkeX 
cus, king 
when ſhe \ 
fed her wit 
aud inured 
of hunting 
was invade 
Achilles, 1 
enemy with 
her father, 
(edition, re: 
the luciety | 
freſts upo1 
attempt 10 
ber great ſw 
vepting her 
the people 
reſpective ri 
aquired by 
appealed her 
her tomb, 
fab. 193 & 
daughter of 
gos. Her fa 
and gained h 
company by 
troduced hit 
after ſhe mai 
pation becan 
able in his da 
dered her hy 
Argos. Hat 
death of her 
father's paſſio 


le, reſolved 


conquered Aſia Minor aſtet he had revoltes 
from Afiyages, who had cruelly torcee 
him to cat the fleſh of his ſon, becaule be 
had diſobeyed his orders in not putting 4 


death the infant Cyrus, Heredst. 1, c. 10% 


killed her you 
lome, the frui 
fore her fat 
remote her f. 
2 into 
umſelf. 

1 3 
it Theſtius. 
ſeing herſelf 
Wurnful Ror 
de form of a 
AN 14. 


H A 


Hax XLrlox, a Trojan killed by Me- 
nion. Homer. Il. 13. 

H ARAL us, a man entruſted with the 
treaſures of Babylon by Alexander, His 
hopes that Alexander would periſh in his 
ie expedition, rendered him diſſipate, negli- 
a gent, and vicious. When he heard, that che 
conqueror was returning with great reſent- 


in ment he fled to Athens, where, with his mo- 
th rey, he corrupted the orators, among whom 
be was Demoſthenes, when brought to juſtice. 


He eſcaped with impunity to Crete, where 
Le was at Jaſt aſſaſſinatec by Thimbro, 
B. C. 325. Plut. in Ploc.— Diod. 17. 
A robber who ſcorned the gods. Cie. 3, de 


Nat. D. A celebrated aſtronomer of 
Greece, 480 years B. C. 
cle HaRrPALYCE, the daughter of Harpaly- 
cat, cus, king of Thrace. Her mother died 


when ſhe was but a child, and her father 
fed her with the milk of cows and mares, 
aud inured her early to ſuſtain the fatigues 
of hunting. When her father's kingdom 


ow. was invaded by Neoptolemus, the ſon of 
ched Achilles, ſhe repelled and defeated the 
tiles enemy with manly courage. The death of 
. her father, which happened ſoon after in a 

ſedition, rendered her diſconſolate; ſhe fled 
rAChe the ſociety of mankind, and lived in the 
Dud. fireſts upon plunder aud rapine. Every 


attempt to ſecure her proved fruitleſs, till 
ber great ſwiftneſs was overcome by inter- 
gepting her with a net. After her death 
the people of the country diſputed their 


pitony reſpective right to the poſſeſſions ſhe had 
ranvy, acquired by rapines, and they ſuon after 
* appcaſed her manes by proper oblations on 
rd the ber tomb. Virg. An. 1, v. 321.—Hygin. 
mate fab. 193 & 252. A heautiful virgin, 
name daughter of Clymenus and Epicaſte of Ar- 
eradat. gos. Her father became enamoured of her, 
and gained her confidence, and enjoyed her 

(Vis company by means of her nurſe, who in- 
16 Ve- troduced him as a ſtranger. Some time 
Id, that after ſhe married Alaftor, but the father's 
ner mo- piſton became more violent and incontroul- 


eltment able in his daughter's abſence, and he mur- 
in ſuns Ered her huſband to bring her back to 
of Cad. Argos. Harpalyce, inconſolable for the 
Pai: death of her huſband, and aſhamed of her 
father's paſſion, which was then made pub- 

| by Mis lic, reſolved to revenge her wrongs. She 
ch Pats Killed her younger brother, or according to 
. ſome, the fruit of her inceſt, and ſerved it 
us. He before her father. She begged the gods to 


revolttd 
y forced 


*more her from the world, and ſhe was 
cuanged into an owl, and Clymenus killed 
umſelf. Hygin, fab. 253, &c.—Parthen. 


ting » £121. ——A miſtreſs of Iphiclus, ſon 
„c. 10% ( Theftius, She died through deſpair on 
14- ting herſelf deſpiſed by her lover. This 
mwurntul tory was compoſed in poetry, in 

Hu- ne form of a dialogue called Mpalyce. 


NN 14. 


HH A 


HanPXALYcus, one of the companions 
of Aneas, killed by Camilla, Vg. n. 
11, v. 675. The father of Harpaly ce, 
King of the Amymneans, in Thrace. 

Har Asa, a town of Caria. 

HarpAsvs, a river of Catia. 
e . 

HARPS3CRATES, a divinity ſuppoſed to 
be the fame as Orus the ſon of Ifis, among 
the Egyptians. He is repreſented as hold- 
ing one of his fingers on his mouth, and 
from thence he is called the god of filence, 
and intimates, that the myſteries of religion 
and philoſophy ought never to be revealed 
to the people. The Romans placed lus 
ttatues at the entrance of their temples. 

HARPOCRAT1ION, a platonic philoſo- 
pher of Argos, from whom Stobæus cort- 
piled his eclogues. A ſophiſt called alſo 
Alius. Valerius, a rhetorician of Alex- 
andria, author of a Lexicon on ten orators. 
Another, ſirnamed Caius, 

Hazxeviz, winged monſters, who had 
the face of a woman, the body of a vul- 
ture, and had their feet and fingers armed 
with ſharp claws. They were three in num» 
ber, Aello, Ocypete, and Celeno, daugh- 
ters of Neptune and Terra. They were 
ſent by Juno to plunder the tables of Phineus, 
whence they were driven to the iſlands 
called Strophades by Zethes and Calais. 
They emitted an infectious ſmell, and fpoiled 
whatever they touched by their filth and 
excrements. They plundered ZEneas dur- 
ing his voyage towards Italy, and predicted 
many of the calamities which attended 
him. Firg, An. 3, v. 212.1. 6, v. 289,— 
Hefiod. Theog. 265. : 

HARVuDEs, a people of Germany. Cæſ. 
e. . 

HAR Us Ex, a ſoothſayer at Rome, who 
drew omens by conſulting the entrails of 
beaſts that were ſacrihced. He received 
the name of Aruſper, ab aris aſpiciendis and 
that of Extiſpex, ab extis inſpiciendis. The 
order of Aruſpices was firit eſtabliſhed at 
Rome by Romulus, and the firſt Aruſpices 
were Tuſcans by origin, as they were parti- 
cularly famous in that branch of divination. 
They had reccived all their knowledge from 
a boy named Tages, who, as was commonly 
reported, ſprung from a clod of earth. [ Vid. 
Tages.] They were originally three, but 
the Roman ſenate yearly ſent fix noble 
youths, or, according to others, twelve to 
Etruria, to be inſtructed in all the myſteries 
of the art, The office of the Haruſpices 
conſiſted in obſerving theſe four particulars ; 
the beaſt before it was ſacrificed ; its en- 
trails ; the flames which conſumed the ſa- 
crifice ; and the flour, frankincenſe, &c. 
which was uſed, If the beaſt was led up 


Lim, 38, 


to the altar with difficulty, if it eſcaped 
from the couductor's hands, roared when it 
p received 


& 2 


H E 


received the blow, or died in agonies, the 

omen was unfortunate, But, on the con- 

trarv, if it followed without compulſion, 

received the blow without reſiſtance, and 

died without groaning, and after much 

effuſion of blood, the haruſpex foretold 

proſperity. When the body of the victim 

was opened, each part was ſcrupulouſly 

examined ; if any thing was wanting, if it 

had a double liver, or a lean heart, the 

omen was unfortunate, If the entrails fell 
from the hands of the haruſpex, or ſeemed 
beſmeared with too much blood, or if no 
heart appeared, as for inſtance it happened 
in the two victims which J. Cæſar offered a 
little before his death, the omen was equal- 

ly unlucky. When the flame was quickly 
kindled, and when it violently conſumed 
the ſacrifice, and aroſe pure and bright, and 
ike a pyramid, without any paleneſs, ſmoke, 
ſparkling, or crackling, the omen was fa- 
vorable, But the contrary augury was 
drawn, when the fire was kindled with 
«difficulty, and was extinguiſhed before the 
{acrifice was totally conſumed, or when it 
rolled in circles round the victim with in- 
termediate ſpaces between the flames. In re- 
gard to the frankincenſe, meal, water, and 
wine, if there was any deficiency in the 
quantity, if the color was different, or the 
quality was changed, or if any thing was 
done with irregularity, it was deemed inau- 
ſpicious. This cuſtom of conſulting the 
entrails of victims did not originate in Tuſ- 
cany, but it was in uſe among the Chaldæ- 
ans, Greeks, Egyptians, &c. and the more 
enlightened part of mankind well knew 
how to render it ſubſervient to their withes 
or tyranny. Ageſilaus, when in Egypt, 
raiſed the drooping ſpirit of his ſoldiers by 
a ſuperſtitious artifice. He ſecretly wrote 
in his hand the word un victory, in large 
characters, and holding the entrails of a 
victim in his hand till the impreſſion was 
communicated to the fleſh, he ſhewed it to 
his ſoldiers, and animated them by obſerv- 
ing, that the gods ſignified their approach- 
ing victories even by marking it in the body 
of the ſacrificed animals. Cic. de Div. 

HaspruUBAL. IId. Aſdrubal. 

Q. HaTxtxivs, a patrician and orator 
at Rome under the firſt emperors. He died 
in the goth year of his age. Tacit. Ann. 4, 
c. 61. Agrippa, a ſenator in the age of 
Tiberius, hated by the tyrant for his inde- 
pendence. Tacit. An. 6, c. 4. Anto- 
ninus, a diſſipated ſenator, whole extrava- 
gance was ſupported by Nero. IA. 13, c. 
74. 

Heuers, a man who conſpired with 
Beſſus agaiuſt Darius, & c. Curt. 8, c. 5. 

H:envCts. Vid. E, dome. 


H E 


According to ſome ſhe was the daughter of 
Juno only, who conceived her after eating 
lettuces. As ſhe was fair, and always in 
the bloom of youth, ſhe was called the 
goddeſs of youth, and made by her mother 
cup-bearer to all the gods. She was gif. 
miſſed from her office by Jupiter, becauſo 
ſhe fell down in an indecent poſture as ſhe 
was pouring near to the gods at a grand 
feſtival, and Ganymedes, the favorite of 
Jupiter, ſucceeded her as cup-bearer, She 
was employed by her mother to prepare her 
chariot, and to harneſs her peacocks when- 
ever requiſite. When Hercules was raiſed 
to the rank of a god, he was reconciled to 
Juno by marrying her daughter Hebe, by 
whom he had two ſons, Alexiares and Ani. 
cetus. As Hebe had the power of reſtor- 
ing gods and men to the vigor of youth, ſhe, 
at the inſtance of her huſband, performed 
that kind office to Jolas his friend. Hebe 
was worſhipped at Sicyon, under the name 
of Dia, and at Rome under the name of 
Fuventas, She is repreſented as a young 
virgin crowned with flowers, and arrayed 
in a variegated garment. Pau. 1, c. 19, 
I. 2, c. 12.— vid. Met. 9, v. 400,—4p! 
i, e. Sb &» C7? 

HiBtsus, a Rutulian, Killed in the 
night by Euryalus. Virg. An. 9, v. 344 

HeBRUs, now Mariſſa, a river of Thrace, 
which was ſuppoſed to roll its waters upon 
golden ſands. It falls into the Agean ea, 
The head of Orpheus was thrown into itafter 
it had been cut off by the Ciconian women, 
Mela. 2, c. 2.—Strab. 7 —irg. G. 4, v. 
463.— bud. Met. 11, v. $50. A youth 
of Lipara, beloved by Neobule, Horat. 3 
od. 12. A man of Cyzicus, killed by 
Pollux. Flacc. 3, v. 149. A friend ot 
Encas ſon of Dolichaon, killed by Me- 
zentius in the Rutulian war. Virg. 4". 
IO, v. 696. 


received Theſeus as he was going againſt the 
bull of Marathon, & c. Plut. in 1. 
A town of Attica. : 
HEcALESIA, a feſtival in honor of Jupi- 
ter of Hecale, inſtituted by Theſeus, ot 11 
commemoration of the kindneſs of Hecale, 
which Theſeus had experienced when he 
went againſt the bull of Marathon, &c. 
HrcamEtDe, a daughter of Arſinousy 
who fell to the lot of Neſtor after the plun- 
der of Tenedos by the Greeks, Hamel. Il 
11. 
Hrcnæ FANUM, a celebrated temple 
ſacred to Hecate at Stratonice in Can. 
Strab. 14. ; 
Hrcaravs, an hiſtorian of Miletus 
born 549 years before Chriſt, in the 
reign of Darius Hyſtaſpes. Herodot. 2, 


C. 143.— 4 Macedonian, intimate Wia 
Alexander 


Mer, 2 daughter 4 Jupiter and Juno. 
o 


| 


HecKkL x, a poor eld woman who kindly - 


ä — — RR—_ 


Alexa 
broug! 
Amyn 
Hr c 
ria, th 
Was C4 
and He 
her nan 
eeps, \ 
magic: 
revreſer 
of a kor 
the 2372p 
three di 
Dogs, I 
offered t 
croſs roa 
of Trivi, 
heaven, 
kings an 
cebted f. 
v. 94.— 
22.— Pa 
511. 
Heca' 
by the St 
Tie Athe 
to this go 
neſs of 
this Circur 
were ere 
and upon 
was alway 
richeſt peg 
the pooreſ 
to retire a1 
ported that 
were alſo 
the goddeſ: 
impend on 
_ Hecar, 
in honor of 
of Egina. 
tra re, & 
bulls, whic 
goddeſs, ar 
the pooreſt 
lie games fit 
of Argos, 
of braſs wit 
HecaTo 
offered by t. 
any of them 
HecaTro: 
Crete, from 
once contain 
HEcaTo: 
hebes, in E 
gates, Amon, 
Pital of Parth 
& 25. 
HecaTow 
elbos and A 


aces 


upon 
1 (ea, 


kindly - 


— 


rſinous, 

lun- 
de P 
omer. mn 


| temple 
n Carix. 


Iiletus, 


H E 


Alexander. Died. 17. A Macedonian 
brought to the army againſt bis will by 
Amyntas, &c. Curt. 77 ©. 1. 

Hr cxrE, a daughter of Perſes and Aſte- 
ria, the ſame as Proferpine, ot Diana, She 
was called Luna in heaven, Diana on earth, 
and Hecate or Proſerpine in hell, whence 
her name of Diva triformis, tergemina, tri- 
ceps, She was ſuppoſed to preſide over 
magic and enchantments, and was generally 
repreſented like a woman, with the head 
of a horſe, a dog, or a boar, and ſometimes 
ſhe appeared with three different bodies, and 
three different faces only with one neck. 
Dogs, lambs, and honey, were generally 
offered to her, eſpecially in high ways and 
croſs roads, whence ſhe obtained the name 
of Trivia., Her power was extended over 
heaven, the earth, ſea, and hell, and to her 
kings and nations ſuppoſed themielves in- 
c&bted for their proſperity. Ovid, 7, Met. 
v. 94.—Hefiod, Theog.—Horat. 3, od. 
22.— Pauſ. 2, c. 22.—Virg, An. 4, v. 

11. 

. HEeCATESIA, a yearly feſtival obſerved 
by the Stratonicenſians in honor of Hecate. 
Tue Athenians paid alſo particular worſhip 
to this goddeſs, who was deemed the patro- 
neſs of families and of children, From 
this circumſtance the ſtatues of the guddeſs 
were ere ed before the doors of the houſes, 
and upon every new moon a public ſupper 
was always provided at the expence of the 
richeſt people, and ſet in the ſtreets, where 
the pooreſt of the citizens were permitted 
to retire and feaſt upon it, while they re- 
ported that Hecate had devoured it. There 
were alſo expiatory offerings to ſupplicate 
the goddeſs to remove whatever evils might 
impend on the head of the public, &c, 

HEcaAToMB®OI1A, a feſtival celebrated 
in honor of Juno by the Argians and people 
of Egina. It receives its name from 
exaTor, & Beug, a ſacrifice of a hundred 
bulls, which were always offered to the 
goddeſs, and the fleth diftributed among 
the pooreſt citizens. There were alſo pub- 
lic games firſt inſtituted by Archinus, a king 
of Argos, in which the prize was a ſhield 
of braſs with a crown of myrtle. 

HecaToMpHGNIA, a ſolemn facrifice 
offered by the Meſſenians to Jupiter when 
any of them had killed an hundred enemies. 

HECATOMPBL1S, an epithet given to 
Crete, from the hundred cities which it 
once contained, 

HECAToOMPYL0Os, an epithet applied to 
Thebes, in Egypt, on account of its hundred 
gates, Ammian. 22, c. 16. Alſo the ca- 
ou of Parthia, Stras. 11.—Plin. 6, c. 15 

25. 

HecaTowNNEsS1, ſmall iſlands between 
Leſbos and Aſia. Strab. 1 3. 


H E 


Hrerox, ſon of king Priam and He- 
cuba, was the moſt valiant of all the Tro- 
jan chiefs that fought againſt the Greeks- 
He married Andromache the daughter of 
Eetion, by whom he had Aſtyanax. He 
was appointed captain of all the Trojan 
forces, when Troy was beſieged by the 
Greeks; and the valor with which he bes 
haved ſhowed how well qualified he was 
to diſcharge that important office. He en- 
gaged with the braveſt of the Greeks, and 
according to Hyginus, no leſs than 31 of 
the moſt valiant of the enemy periſhed by 
his hand. When Achilles had driven back 
the Trojans toward the city, Hector, too 
great to fly, waited the approach of his 
enemy near the Scean gates, though his fa- 
ther and mother, with tears in their eyes, 
blamed his raſhneſs and entreated him to 
retire. The ſight of Achilles terriſied him, 
and he fled before him in the plain. The 
Greek purſued and Hector was killed, and 
his body was dragged in cruel triumph by 
the conqueror round the tomb of Pattoclus 
whom Hector had killed. The body, after 
it had received the groſſeſt inſult, was ran- 
ſomed by old Priam, and the Trojans ob- 
tained from the Greeks a truce of ſome 
days to pay the laſt offices to the greateſt 
of their leaders. The Thebans boaſted in 
the age of the geographer Pauſanias that 
they had the aſhes of Hector pre- 
ſerved in an urn, by order of an oracle; 
which promiſed them undiſturbed felicity 
if they were in poſſeſſion of that hero's re- 
mains. The epithet of Hectoreus is applied 
by the poets to the Trojans, as beſt ex- 
preſſive of valor and intrepidity. Homer. II. 
I, &c.-Virg. An. 1, &c.— Ovid. Met, 
12 & 13. — Dictys. Cret.— Dares Phryg,—- 
Hygin, Fab. yo & 112.—Panſ. 1. 3 & 9, c. 
18.—Quintil, Smyrn, 1 & z. A ſon of 
Parmenio drowned in the Nile. Alexander 
honored his remains with a magnificent 
funeral. Curt. 4, c. 8. 1. 6, c. 9. 

HE CUBA, daughter of Dymas a Phrygi- 
an prince, or according to others, of Ciſſeis, 
a Thracian king, was the ſecond wife of 
Priam King of Troy, and proved the 


chaſteſt of women, and the moſt tender and 


unfortunate of mothers. When ſhe was 
pregnant of Paris, ſhe dreamed that ſhe 
had brought into the world a burning torch 
which had reduced her huſband's palaec 
and all Troy to aſhes. So alarming a dream 
was explained by the ſoothſayers, who de- 
clared that the fun ſhe ſhould bring into 


the world would prove the ruin of his 


country. When Paris was born ſhe ex- 
poſed him on mount Ida to avert the cala- 
mities which threatened her family ; but her 
attempts to deſtroy him were fruitleſs, and 
the prediction of the ſoothſayers was ful- 
Z 3 filled: 


ſh 
3 — 
— — 
RT 


2 a. — 


— 3 
PR” — 
„ 


— 
_— —— 


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—— — — wx 


— —— ” - — — . 
kD et w— — 
— = WR er era 


H E 
filled. [ Vd. Paris.] During the Trojan 


war ſhe ſaw the greateſt part of her children 
periſh by the hands of the enemy, and like 
a mother ſhe confeſſed her grief by he 
tears and lamentations, particularly at the 
death of Hector her eldeſt fon. When Troy 
was taken, Hecuba, as one of the captives, 
fell to the lot of Ulyſſes, a man whom ſhe 
hated for his perfidy and avarice, and the 
embarked with the conqucrors for Greece, 
The Greeks landed in the Thracian Cher- 
ſoneſus to load with freſh honors the grave 
of Achilles. During their ſtay the hero's 
ghoſt appeared to them, and demanded, to 
enſure the ſafety of their return, the ſacri- 
fice of Polyxena, Hecuba's daughter. They 
complied, and Polyxena was torn from her 
mother to be ſacrificed. Hecuba was in- 
conſolable, and her grief was ſtill more en- 
creaſed at the ſight of the body of her ſon 
Polydorus waſhed on the ſhore, who had 
deen recommended by his father to the care 
and humanity of Polymneſtor king of the 
country. [Vid. Polydorus.) She deter- 
mined to revenge the death of her ſon, and 
with the greateſt indignation went to the 
houſe of his murderer and tore his eyes, and 
attempted to deprive him of his life. She 
was hindered from executing her bloody 
purpoſe, by the arrival of ſome Thracians, 
and ſhe fled with the female companions of 
her captivity, She was purſued, and when 
fhe ran after the ſtones that were thrown at 
ner ſhe found herſelf ſuddenly changed into 
a bitch, and when ſhe atternpted to ſpeak, 
tound that ſhe could only bark. After this 
metamorphoſis ſhe threw herſelf into the 
da, according to Hyginus, and that place 
was, from that circumitance, called (Cy. 
Hecuba had a great number of children by 
Priam, among whom were Hector, Paris, 
Deiphobus, Pammon, Helenus, Polites, An- 
tiphon, Hippunous, Polydorus, Troilus, 
and among the daughters, Creuſa, Ilione, 
L:odice, Polyxena, and Caſſandra. Ovid. 
Met. 11, v. 761. |. 13, v. 515.—Hygin. 
tab. 111.—Pirg. A. z, v. 44. — Juv. 10, 
v. 271,—Strab. 13.—Dittys Cret. 4 & 5. 
— Apsllod. 3, c. 12. 
HEeCUB& SEPULCRUM, a promontory 
of Thrace, 
HevpiLa, a poeteſs of Samos. 
HkDox Adu, a village of Eœotia. Pauſ. 
97 C. 31. 
Henur, Vid. Edui. 
HepyMELEs, an admired muſician in 
Domitian's age. The word ſignifies ſweet 
mig. Ju, G, v. 381. 
HEGELGCHUS, a general of 6000 Athe- 
nian, ſent to Mantinea to ſtop the progreſs 
of Epaminondas. Died. 15, An Egyp- 
tian general who floriſhed B. C. 125. 
HiGcEMON, a Thahan poet in the age of 


K * 


Alcibiades. He wrote a poem called Gi. 
gantomachia, beſides other works. Alan. 
V. . 4s e. . 

Hroks ixus, a philoſopher of Pergamus, 
of the 2d academy. He floriſhed B. C. 
193. 

HFrGESI1ANAx, an hiſtorian of Alexan- 
dria who wrote an account of the Trojan 
war. 

HrGexs1As, a tyrant of Epheſus under 
the patronage of Alexander. Polyzn, 6, 
A philoſopher who ſo eloquently con- 
vinced his auditors of their failings and fol- 
lies, and perſuaded them that there were 
no dangers after death, that many were 
guilty of ſuicide, Ptolemy forbade him to 
continue his doctrines. Cic. Tuſc. t, c. 34. 
An hiſtorian. A famous orator of 
Magneſia who corrupted the elegant diction 
of Attica, by the introduction of Afiatic 
idioms. Cic. erat, 67, 69. Brut, 83.— 
Strab. g. : 
HrorsiLöchus, one of the chief ma- 
giſtrates of Rhodes in the age of Alexander 
and his father Philip. Another, native 
of Rhodes, 171 years before the Chriſtian 
era. He engaged his countrymen to pre- 
pare a flect of 40 ſhips to afhit the Ro- 
mans againſt Perſeus king of Macedonia, 

HEeGEtSINOUS, a man who wrote a poem 
on Attica. Pauſ. 2, c. 29. 

Hrorstppos, an hiſtorian who wrote 
ſome things upon Pallene, &c. 

HeGEsIPYLE, a daughter of Olorus king 
of Thrace, who married Miltiades and be- 
came mother of Cimon, but. 

HeGESISTRATUS, an Ephefian who 
conſulted the oracle to know i! what par- 
ticular place he ſhould fix bis reſidence. 
He was directed to ſettle where he found 
peaſants dancing with crowns of oliv6s, 
This was in Aſia, where he founded Elea, &c. 

HEGEtToRITDEs, a Thaſian, win, upon 
ſeeing his country beſieged by the Aihe- 
nians, and a law forbidding any one on 
pain of death to ſpeak of peace, went do 
the market place with a rope about his neck, 
and goldly told his countrymen to treat 
him as they pleaſed, provided they ſaved 
the city from the calamities which the con- 
tinuation of the war ſeemed to threaten. 
The Thaſians were awakened, the law was 
abrogated, and Hegetorides pardoned, &c. 
Polyen. 2. ; 

HELENA, the moſt beautiful woman of 
her age, ſprung from one of the eggs which 
Leda, the wite of king Tyndarus, brought 
forth after her 2mour with jy meta- 
morphoſed into a ſwan. [ Vid. Leda.) Ac- 


cording to ſome authors, Helen was daugh- 
ter of Nemeſis by Jupiter, and Leda Wi 
only her nurſe ; and to reconcile this variety 


of opinions ſome imagine that l * 
, e 


Leda 
was ſe 
fancy, 
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Her bi 
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were U 
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metus, 1 
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chaon ſor 
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te ſilaus f 
Evemon, 
mon, Pat 
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ion. Ty 
pleaſed a 
illuſtriou; 
to becom 
he could 1 
all the refi 
at Jaſt dr. 
Who begar 
by his prut 
Who clear! 
len would 
m oppoſitic 
extricate T 
if he woulc 
m marria 
Ulyſes ady 
mn oath, 
prove of 
Helen ſhot 
and engage 


perion and 
were made 
her huſband 
tollowed, t. 
Red her ch 


Herz 


rote 


king 
d be- 


who 
pat- 
jence. 
found 
blies. 
2, Kc. 

upon 
Athe- 
ne Ol 
rent do 
neck, 
treat 
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\reaten. 
aw Was 


d, &e. 


man of 
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er meta- 
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s daugb- 
eda Was 
s variety 
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Leda 


a E 


Leda are the ſame perſons, Her beauty 
was ſo univerſally admired even in her in- 
fancy, that Theſeus,with his friend Pirithous, 
carried her away before ſhe had attained 
her roth year, and concealed her at Aphid- 
nz, under the care of his mother Athra. 
Her brothers, Caſtor and Pollux, recovered 
her by force of arms, and ſhe returned ſafe 
and unpolluted to Sparta, her native coun- 
try. There exiſted, however, a tradition 
recorded by Pauſanias, that Helen was of 
nubile years when carricd away by Theſeus, 
and that ſhe had a daughter by her raviſher, 
who was entruſted to the care of Clytem- 
neſtra. This violence offered to her virtue 
did not in the leaſt diminiſh, but rather 
zugmented her fame, and her hand was 
eagerly ſolicited by the young princes of 
Greece, The moſt celebrated of her ſuitors 
were Ulyſſes, ſon of Laertes, Antilochus 
ſon of Neſtor, Sthenelus ſon of Capaneus, 
Diomedes ſon of Tydeus, Amphilochus fon 
of Cteatus, Meges ſon of Phileus, Agape- 
nor ſon of Ancæus, Thalpius fon of Eury- 
tus, Mneſtheus ſon of Peteus, Schedius ſon 
of Epiſtrophus, Polyxenus ſon of Agaſthe- 
nes, Amphilochus fon of Amptuaraus, 
Aſcalaphus and Talmus ſons of the god Mars, 
Ajax ſon of Oileus, Eumclus ſon of Ad- 
metus, Polypcetes ſon of Pirithous, Elphe- 
nor ſon of Chalcodon, Podalyrus and Ma- 
chaon ſons of Mſculapius, Leonteus ſon of 
Coronus, Philoctetes ſon of Pæan, Pro- 
tefilaus ſon of Iphiclus, Eurypilus ſon of 
Evemon, Ajax and Teucer ſons of Tela- 
mon, Patroclus ſon of Menœtius, Menelaus 
fon of Atreus, Thoas, Idomeneus, and Me- 
nion. Tyndarus was rather alarmed than 
pleaſed at the fight of ſuch a number of 
illuſtrious princes who eagerly ſolicited cach 
ty become his ſon-in-law. He knew 2 
he could not prefer one without diſpleaſing 
all the reſt, and from this perplexity he was 
at laſt drawn by the artifice of Ulyſles, 
who began to be already known in Greece 
by his prudence and ſagacity. This prince, 
who clearly ſaw that his pretenſions to He- 
len would not probably meet with ſucceſs 
in oppoſition to ſo many rivals, propoſed to 
extricate Tyndarus from all his difficulties 
i be would promiſe him his niece Penelope 
in marriage. Tyndarus conſented, and 
Ulyſſes adviſed the king to bind, by a ſo- 
mn oath, all the ſuitors that they would 
epprove of the uninfluenced choice which 
Helen ſhould make of one among them ; 
and engage to unite together to defend ler 
perion and character if ever any attempts 
were made to raviſh her from the arms of 
her huſband, The advice of Ulyſſes was 
tollowed, the princes conſented, and Helen 
ed her choice upon Menclaus and married 

Hermione was the early fruit of this 


H E 


| union, which continued for three years with 


mutual happineſs. After this, Paris, ſon 
of Priam king of Troy, came to Lacedz- 
mon on pretence of ſacrificing to Apollo. 
He was kindly received by Menelaus, but 
ſhamefully abuſed his favors, and in his ab- 
ſence in Crete he corrupted the fidelity of 
dis wife Helen, and perſuaded her to follow 
him to Troy B. C. 1198. At his return 
Menclaus, highly ſenſible of the injury he 
had received, aſſembled the Grecian princes, 
and reminded them of their ſolemn pro- 
miſes. They reſolved to make war againſt 
the Trojans ; but they previouſly ſent am- 
baſſadors to Priam to demand the reſtitution 
of Helen. The influence of Paris at his 
father's court prevented the reſtoration, and 
the Greeks returned home without receiv- 
ing the.ſatisfattion they required. Soon 
after their return their combined forces aſ- 
ſembled and failed for the coaſt of Aſia. 
The behaviour of Helen during the Trojan 
war is not clearly known. Some aſſert 
that ſhe had willingly followed Paris, and 
that ſhe warmly ſupported the cauſe of the. 
Trojans ; while others believe that ſhe al- 
ways ſighed after her huſband, and curſed 
the day in which ſhe had proved faithleſs to 
his bed, Homer repreſents her as in the 
laſt inſtance, and ſome have added that ſhg 
often betrayed the ſchemes and reſolutions 
of the Trojans, and ſecretly favored the 
cauſe of Greece. When Paris was killed in 
the ninth year of the war, ſhe voluntarily 
married Deiphobus, one of Priam's ſons, 
and when Troy was taken ſhe made nv 
ſcruple to betray him, and to introduce. 
the Greeks into his chamber, ro ingratiate 
herſelf with Menelaus. She returned to 
Sparta, and the love of Menelaus forgave 
the errors which ſhe had committed. Some 
however ſay that the obtained her life even 
with difficulty from her huſband, whoſe 
reſentment ſhe had kindled by her infidelity. 
Aſter ſhe had lived for ſome years at Spar- 
ta, Menclaus died, and ſhe was driven 
from Peloponneſus by Megapenthes and Ni- 
coſtratus, the illegitimate ſons of her huſ- 
band, and ſhe retired to Rhodes, where at 
that time Polyxo, a native of Argos, 
reigned over the country. Polyxo, remem- 
bered that her widowhood originated in 
Helen, and that her huſband Tlepolemus 
had been killed in the Trojan war, whicn 
had been cauſed by the debaucheries of 
Helen, therefore ſhe meditated revenge. 
While Helen one day retired to bathe in the 
river, Poiyxo diſguiſed her attendants in 
the habits of furies and ſent them with or- 
ders to murder her enemy. Helen was 
tied to a tree and ſtrangled, and her misfor- 
tunes were afterwards remembered, and 


the erunes & Poly x0 expiated by the temp'e 
Z 4 ich 


H E 


which the Rhodians raiſed to Helen Den- 
dritis, or tied to a tree, There is a tradi- 
tion mentioned by Herodotus, which ſays 
that Paris was driven, as he returned from 
Sparta, upon the coaſt of Egypt, where 
Proteus, king of the country, expelled him 
from his dominions for his ingratitude to 
Menelaus, and confined Helen. From that 
circumſtance, therefore, Priam informed 
the Grecian ambaſſadors that neither Helen 
nor her poſſeſſions were in Troy, butin the 
hands of the king of Egypt. In ſpite of 
this aſſertion the Greeks beſieged the town 
and took it after ten years fiege, and Mene- 
laus by viſiting Egypt, as he returned home, 
recovered Helen at the court of Proteus, 
and was convinced that the Trojan war had 
been undertaken upon very unjuſt and un- 
pardonable grounds. Helen was honorec: 
after death as a goddeſs, and the Spartans 
built her a temple at Therapne, which had 
power of giving beauty to all the deformed 
women that entered it, Helen, according 
to ſome, was carried into the ifland of 
Leuce after death, where ſhe marricd Achil- 
Jes, who had been once one of her warmeſt 
admirers.—The age of Helen has been a 
matter of deep enquiry among the chrono- 
jogiſts. If ſhe was born of the ſame eggs 
as Caſtor and Pollux, who accompanied 
the Argonauts in their expedition againſt 
Colchis about 35 years before the Trojan 
war, according to ſome, ſhe was no leſs 
than 60 years old when Troy was reduced 
ro aſhes, ſuppoling that her brothers were 
only 15 when they embarked with the 
Argonauts, But ſhe is repreſented by 
Homer ſo incomparably beautiful during 
the ſiege of Troy, that though ſeen at a 
Giitance ſhe influenced the counſellors of 
Priam by the brightneſs of her charms; 
therefore we muſt ſuppoſe with others, that 
her beauty remained long undiminiſhed, 
and was extinguiſhed only. at her death, 
Pauſ. 2, c. 19, &c.—Apellod. 3, c. 10, 
Ee.—tHygin, fab. 77.— Herodot. 2, c. 112.— 
lat. in Theſ. &c.—Cic. de offic. 3.— Herat. 
Y, od. 3.—Dittys Cret, 1, &c.— Quint. 
Smyrn. 10, 13, &c.— Homer. II. 2, & Od. 
4, & 15. — A young woman of Sparta, 
often confounded with the daughter of Le- 
cla. As ſhe was going to be ſacrificed, 
becauſe the lot had fallen upon her, an 
eagle came and carried away the knife of 
the prieſt, upon which ſhe was releaſed, 
and the barbarous cuſtom of offering human 
victims was aboliſhed. An iſland on the 
coaſt of Attica, where Helen came after the 
ſiege of Troy. Plin. 4, c. 12. Adaugh- 
ter of the emperor Conſtantine who married 
Julian. he mother of Conſtantine. 
HELitx1A, a feſtival in Laconia, in ho- 
nor of Helen, who reccived there divine ho- 


H E 


upon mules, and in chariots made of reeds 


and bullruſhes, 

HEtLENnoR, a Lydian prince who accom- 
panied Mneas to Italy, and was killed by 
the Rutulians. His mother's name was Li. 
cymnia. Virg. An. q, v. 444, &c. 
HELEwvs, a celebrated ſoothſayer, ſon 
of Priam and Hecuba, greatly reſpected 
by all the Trojans. When Deiphobus 
was given in marriage to Helen in pre. 
ference to himſelf, he reſolved to leave 
his country, and retired to mount Ida, 
where Ulyſſes took him priſoner by the ad- 
vice of Chalcas. As he was well acquainted 
with futurity, the Greeks made uſe of pray. 
ers, threats, and promiſes, to induce him to 
reveal the ſecrets of the Trojans, and either 
the fear of death or gratification of reſentment 
ſeduced him to diſcloſe to the enemies of 
his country, that Troy could not be taken 
whilſt it was in poſſeſſion of the Palladium, 
nor before Polydectes came from his retreat 
at Lemnos, and aſſiſted to ſupport the ſiege. 
After the ruin of his country, he fell to the 
hare of Pyrrhus the ſon of Achilles, and 
ſaved his life by warning him to avoid 2 
dangerous tempeſt which in reality proved 
fatal to all thoſe who ſet ſail. This endeared 
him to Pyrrhus, and he received from his 
hand Andromache the widow of his bro- 
ther Hector, by whom he had a ſon called 
Ceſtrinus. This marriage, according to ſome, 
was conſummated after the death of Pyr- 
rhus, who lived with Andromache as his 
wife, Helenus was the only one of Priam's 
ſons who ſurvived the ruin of his country, 
After the death of Pyrrhus, he reigned over 
part of Epirus, which he called Chaonia in 
memory of his brother Chaon, whom he 
had inadvertently killed. Helenus received 
Ancas as he voyaged towards Italy, and 
foretold him ſome of the calamities which 
attended his fleet. The manner in which 
he received the gift of prophecy is doubtful, 
Vid. Caſſandra. Virg. An. 3, v. 295, &c. 
Pauſ. 1, c. 11. I. 2, c. 33-—Owvid. Met. 13 
v. 99 & 723.1. 15, v. 437. A Rutulian 
killed by Pallas. Virg. nu. 10, v. 388. 

Hrtz xi Locus, a place near Rome. 
Ovid. Faſt. 6, v. 105. 

HEeLEs or HaL xs, ariver of Lucanianear 
Velia. Cic. ad Att. 16, ep. 7. Fam. 7 
ep. 20. 

HEL1XDEs, the daughters of the Sun and 
Clymene. They were three in number, 
Lampetic, Phaetuſa, and Lampethuſa, or 
ſeven, according to Hygin, Merope, ele, 
Egle, Lampetie, Phœbe, theria, and 
Dioxippe. They were ſo afflicted at the 
death of their brother Phaeton, [ Vid. Phat- 
ton] that they were changed by the gods 
into poplars, and their tears into precious 
amber, on the banks of the river Po. Ovid. 


nuis, It was celebrated by virgins riding 


— — 7 ˙ wü] . 2 


Met, 2, v. 300. — Hein. fab, 4.—14 


rally e. 
receive 
which 
Great ] 
V. 237 
of Cori 
of the 
15, v. 
of gi 
of Lyca 
HEL) 
of Bœ 
ſacred t 
Ne. T 
this mot 
219.—1 
v. 641. 
Din. 
HELY 
Muſes | 
Helicon, 
Her. f 


Scleucus 
tempted ! 
about I7 
his maſte 
of Lariſſ 
editions 


called Æ 


oman en 
called He 
Pi leſt of th 


H E 


fr inhabitants of Rhodes. This iſland 
being covered with mud when the world 
was firſt created, was warmed by the 
cheriſhing beams of the ſun, and from thence 
ſprang ſeven men, which were called Heli- 
ades, amo Tov Mov, from the ſun, The 
eldeſt of theſe, called Ochimus, married 
Hegetoria, one of the nymphs of the iſland, 
and his brothers fled from the country for 
having put to death, through jealouſy, one 
of their number. Died. 5, 

HELIASTA, a name given to the judges 
of the moſt numerous tribunal at Athens. 
They conſiſted of 1000, and ſometimes of 
1500; they were ſeldom aſſembled, and 
only upon matters of the greateſt import- 
ance. Demoſth. contr. 3 in Sol. 

HeL1CAovn, a Trojan prince, fon of An- 
tenor. He married Laodice, the daughter 
of Priam, &c. Hemer. II. 2. 

HFLice, a ſtar near the north pole, gene- 
rally called Urſa major. It is ſuppoſed to 
receive its name from the town of Helice, of 
which Calliſto, who was changed into the 
Great Bear, was an inhabitant. Lucan. 2, 
v. 237. A town of Achaia, on the bay 
of Corinth, overwhelmed by the inundation 
of the ſea. Plin. 2, c. 92.—Ovid. Met, 
15, v. 293. A daughter of Silenus, king 
of Egiale. Pauſ. 7, c. 24. A daughter 
of Lycaon, king of Arcadia. 

HkLicex, now Zagaro- Vouni, a mountain 
of Bœotia, on the borders of Phocis. It was 
ſacred to the Muſes, who had there a tem- 
ple. The fountain Hippocrene flowed from 
this mountain. Strab.8. —Ovid. Met. 2, v. 
219,—Pauſ. 9, c. 28, &c.—Firg. An. 7, 
v. 641. A river of Macedonia near 
Dium. Pauſ. 9, c. 30. 

HELTCONIADES, a name given to the 
Muſes becauſe they lived upon mount 
Helicon, which was ſacred to them. 

HeLiconis, a daughter of Theſpius, 
Apllod. 

HEL1oDGRUsS, one of the favorites of 
Scleucus Philopator, king of Syria. He at- 
tempted to plunder the temple of the Jews, 
about 176 years before Chriſt, by order of 
his maſter, &c. A Greek mathematician 
of Lariſſa, A famous ſophiſt, the beſt 
editions of whoſe entertaining romance, 
called Æthiepica, are Commelin, 8vo, 1596, 
and Bourdelot, 8vo. Paris, 1619. A 
learned Greek rhetorician in the age of 
Horace. A man who wrote a treatiſe on 
tombs. A poet. A geographer. 
A ſurgeon at Rome in Juvenal's age. 
Juv. 6, v. 372. 

HertiocaBilvus, a deity among the 
Phœnicians. M. Aurelius Antoninus, a 
Roman emperor, ſon of Varius Marcellus, 
called Heliogabalus, becauſe he had been 
pr ieſt af that diyinity in Phœnicia. After the 


H E 


death of Macrinus, he was inveſted with the 
imperial purple, and the ſenate, however 
unwilling to ſubmit to a youth only 14 years 
of age, approved of his election, and be- 
ſtowed upon him the title of Auguſtus. 
Heliogabalus made his grand-mother Mceſa, 
and his mother Scmias, his colleagues on 
the throne; and to beſtow more dignity 
upon the ſex, he choſe a ſenate of women, 
over which his mother preſided, and pre- 
ſeribed all the modes and faſhions which 
prevailed in the empire, Rome however 
ſoon difplayed x ſcene of cruelty and de- 
bauchery, the imperial palace was full of 
proſtitution, and the moſt infamous of the 
populace became the favorites of the prince. 
He raiſed his horſe to the honors of the 
conſulſhip, and obliged his ſubjects to pay 
adoration to the god Heliogabalus, which 
was no other than a large black fone, 
whoſe figure reſembled that of a cone. To 
this ridiculous deity temples were raiſed at 
Rome, and the altars of the gods plundered 
to deck thoſe of the new divinity. In the 
midſt of his extravagances Heliogabulus 
married four wives, and not ſatisfied with 
following the plain laws of nature, he pro- 
feſſed himſelf to be a woman, and gave 
himſelf up to one of his officers, called 
Hicrocles. In this ridiculous farce he 
ſuffered the greateſt indignities from his 
pretended huſband without diſſatisfaction, 
and Hierocles by ſtooping to infamy be- 
came the moſt powerful of the favorites, 
and enriched himſelf by ſelling favors, and 
othces to the people. Such licentiouſneſs 
ſoon diſpleaſed the populace, and Helioga- 
balus, unable to appeaſe the (editions of the 
ſoldiers, whom his rapacity and debauche- 
ries had irritated, hid himſelf in the filth 
and excrements of the camp, where he was 
found in the arms of his mother. His head 
was ſevered from his body the roth of March, 
A.D. 222, inthe 18th year of his age, after 
a reign of three years nine months and four 
days. He was ſucceeded by Alexander Se- 
verus. His cruelties were as conſpicuous 
as his licentiouſneſs. He burthened his ſub- 
jects with the moſt oppreſſive taxes, his 
halls were covered with carpets of gold and 
filver tiſſue, and his mats were made with 
the down of hares, and with the ſoft fea- 
thers which were found under the wings or 
partridges. He was fond of covering his 
ſhoes with precious ſtones to draw the ad- 
miration of the people as he walked along 
the ſtreets, and he was the firſt Roman 
who ever wore a dreſs of filk. He often 
invited the moſt common of the people ts 
ſhare his banquets, and made them fit down 
on large bellows full of wind, which, by 
ſuddenly emptying themſelves, threw the 


| gueſts on the ground, and left them a prey 


to 


; H E. 

to wild beaſts. He often tied ſome ef his 
favorites on a large wheel, and was parti- 
eularly delighted to ſee them whirled round 
like Ixions, and ſometimes ſuſpended in the 
air, or ſunk beneath the water. 

HeL1&eSL1s, now Matarea, a famous 
city of Lower Egypt, in which was a tem- 
ple ſacred to the ſun. The inhabitants 
worſhipped a bull called Mnevis, with the 
ſame ceremonies as the Apis of Memphis, 
Apollo had an oracle there. Cc. N. D. 3, 
c. 21.—Plin, 36, c. 26.—Strab. 17.— 
Died. 1. There was a ſmall village of the 
ſame name without the Delta near Baby- 
Jon. A town of Syria, now Balbeck, 
Flin, 8, e. 22. 

HeL1ss0w, a town and river of Arcadia. 
Pauſ. 8, c. 29. 

Helium, a name given to the mouth 
of the Macſe in Germany. P/in. 4, c. 15. 

HEtL1vs, a celebrated favorite of the em- 
peror Nero, put to death by order of Galha, 
for his cruelties. The Greek name of 
the ſun or Apollo. 

HELixus, a river of Cos. 

HELLANICE, a ſiſtet of Clitus, who was 
nurſe to Alexander. Cure. 8, c. 1. 

HELLANIcus, a celebrated Greek hiſ- 
torian, born at Mitylene. He wrote an hif- 
tory of the ancient Kings of the earth, with 
an account of the founders of the molt fa- 
mous towns in every Kingdom, and died 
B. C. 411. in the $:th year of his age. 
Pau. 2, c. 3. A brave officer rewarded 
by Alexander. Curt. 5, c. 2. An hit- 
torian of Miletus, who wrote a deſcription 
of the carth. 

HELLANOCRATES, a man of Lariſſa, 
& c. Ariſiot. Polit. 5, c. 10. 

HEL LAs, an ancient name of Theſſaly, 
more generally applied to the territories of 
Acarnania, Attica, AÆAtolia, Doris, Locris, 
Bœotia, and Phocis, and alſo to all Greece. 
It received this name from Deucalion, and 
now forms a part of Livadia, Pin. 4, 
C.,7.—Strab. 8.—Mcla. 2, c. 3,—Pauſ 2, 
6. 20. A beautiful woman, mentioned 
by Horace as beloved of Marius; the lover 
killed her in a fit of paſũon, and after wars 
deitroyed himſelf. Horat. 2, fat. 3, v.277. 

HELL, a daughter of Athamas and Ne- 
phele, fiſter to Phryxus. She fled from ber 
tather's houſe with her brother, to avoid 
the cruel opprefiiun cf her mother-in-law, 
Ino. According to ſome accounts ſhe was 
carried through the air on a golden ram 
which her mother had feceived irom Nep- 
time, and in her paſſage the became giddy 
and fell from her ſeat into that part of the 
ſea which from her received the name of 
Helleſpont. Others ſay that ſhe was car- 


ried on a cloud, or rather upon a ſhip, from 
which ſhe fell into the fea and was drowned. 
Phryxus, aftcr it had given his ticker @ burial 


H E 


on the neighbouring coaſts, purſued bis 
journey and arrived ſafe in Colchis. [Vid 
Phryxus.] Ovid. Heroid. 13, &c. 
HELLEx, ſon of Deucalion and Pyrrha, 
reigned in Phthiotis about 1495 years be- 
fore the Chriſtian era, and gave the name of 
Hellenians to his ſubjects. He had, by his 
wife Orſeis, three ſons; Aolus, Dorus, and 
Xuthus, who gave their names to the three 
different nations known under the name of 
Zolians, Dorians, and Ionians. Thefe laſt 
derive their name from Ion, ſon of Xuthus, 
and from the difference cither of expreſſion, 
or pronunciation in their reſpective lan- 
guages, aroſe the different dialects well 
known in the Greek language. Parſ. 3, 
c. 20. |. 7, c. 1.—Died. 5. 
Her.LEwnegs, the inhabitants of Grecce. 
Vid. Hellen. 
HELLESPONTIAS, a wind blowing from 
the north-eaſt. P/in. 2, c. 47. 
HtLiLEspoNnTUs, now the Dardane/lrs, a 
narrow ſtrait between Aſia and Europe, 
near the Propontis, which received its name 
from Helle who was drowned there in her 
voyage to Colchis, [Vid. Helle.] It is 
about 60 miles long, and, in the broadeft 
parts, the Aſiatic coaſt is about three miles 
diſtant from the European, and only half a 
mile in the narroweſt, according to modern 
inveſtigation; ſo that people can con- 
verſe one with the other from the oppoſite 
ſhorcs. It is celebrated for the love and 
death of Leander, [Vid. Hero.] and for 
the bridge of Loats which Xerxes built over 
it when he invaded Greece. The folly of 
this great prince is well known in beating 
and fettering the waves of the ſea, whoſe 
impetuoſity deftroyed his ſhips, and rendered 
all his labors ineffectual. Strab. 13.— 
Plin, 8, c. 32.—Herodot, 7, c. 34.—Polyb. 
— Mela. 1, c. 1.—Ptol. 5, c. 2.— 0d. 
Met. 13, v. 407. Liv. 31, c. 15. J. 33 
c. 33. The country along the Helleſpont 
on the Aſiatic coaſt bears the ſame name. 
Cic. Verr, 1, c. 24, Fam. 13, ep. 53. — Sab. 
2.—Plin. 5, c. 30.— | 
HELLO IA, a ſmall country of Eubœa. 
The people were called Hellopes. The 
whole iſland bore the ſame name, accord- 
ing to Stiabo 10. Plin. 4, c. 12. = 
HrLLoTra, two feſtivals, one of which 
was obſerved in Crete, in honor of Europa, 
whoſe boncs were then carried in ſolemn 
proceſſion with a myrtle garland no {els 
than twenty cubits in circumference, called 
rie. The other feſtival was celebrated 
at Corinth with games and races, where 
young men entered the liſts and generally 
ran with burning torches in their hands. It 
was inſtituted jn honor of Minerva, ſir- 
named Elotis, amo Tov Ie, from @ £0714 
end of Marathon, where one of her ſtatues 


vas erectcd Of aro Tov xte T 17770) Tab 
eye, 


He ya: 
phon 
which 
tion o 
trom | 
the fo 
rians 
ne ſus, 
inhabi 
eſcape 
ſiſter ! 
nerva” 
ſanctit 
the De 
two ft 
wantor 
plague, 
misfort 
rected 
of the 1 
a new | 
eſtabliſ 


Diony ſi 
battle a 
14. 
HEL i 
Lei, at 
len wat 
bouring 
Ital. 11 
Grxcia. 
HeLeo 
c. 36.— 
ſtroyed! 
the thire 
becauſe 
Wich w 
ctdæmor 
far, that, 
(Icy, the 
Loweſt a 
made 4 
either to 
them in 
plete the 
llate and 
by the m 
only the 
employed 
but they 
garments, 
contempt 
inſtructed 
cruel maf 
to exceſs, 
of Sparta 
toxication. 


a number 
Hagellatjon 


6 


0 


11 


phon took ſand managed the horſe Pegaſus, 


H E 
niya cer, becauſe by her aſſiſtance Bellero- 


which was the original cauſe of the inflitu- 
tion of the feſtival. Others derive the name 
trom Hellotis, a Corinthian woman, from 
the following circumſtance : when the Do- 
rians and the Heraclidz invaded Pelopon- 
neſus, they took and burnt Corinth ; the 
inhabitants, and particularly the women, 
eſcaped by flight, except Hellotis and her 
ſiſter Eurytione, who took ſhelter in Mi- 
nerva's temple, relying for ſafety upon the 
ſanctity of the place. When this was known, 
the Dorians ſet fire to the temple, and the 
two ſiſters periſhed in the flames. This 
wanton cruclty was followed by a dreadful 
plague, and the Dorians, to alleviate the 


misfortunes which they ſuffered, were di- 


rected by the oracle to appeaſe the manes 
of the two ſiſters, and therefore they raiſed 
a new temple to the goddeſs Minerva, and 
eſtabliſhed the feſtivals, which bore the 
name of one of the unfortunate women. 

HELNES, an ancient king of Arcadia, &c. 
Polyen. 1. 

HeLoRIsS, a general of the people of 
Rhegium, ſent to beſiege Meſſana, which 
Dionyſius the tyrant defended. He fell in 
battle and his troops were defeated. Diad. 
14. 
3 & HEeLorus, now Mur! 
Ucci, a town and river of Sicily, whoſe ſwol- 
len waters generally inundate the neigh- 
bouring country. Firg, An. 3, v. 698.— 
Ital. 11, v. 270,——A river of Magna 
Grecia. 

HeLos, a place of Arcadia, Pauſ. 8, 
c. 36. A town of Laconia taken and de- 
itroyed by the Lacedæmonians, under Agis 
the third, of the race of the Heraclidæ, 
becauſe they refuſed to pay the tribute 
whych was impoſed upon them. The La- 
cedæmonians carried their reſentment ſo 
tar, that, mot ſatisfied with the ruin of the 
city, they reduced the inhabitants to the 
lweſt and moſt miſerable ſlavery, and 
made a law which forbade their maſters 
either to give them their liberty, or to ſell 
them in any other country. To com- 
plete their infamy, all the flaves of the 
late and the priſoners of war were called 
by the mean appellation of He/otz. Not 
only the ſervile offices in which they were 
employed denoted their miſery and ſlavery, 
hut they were obliged to wear peculiar 
garments, which expoſed them to greater 
contempt and ridicule. They never were 
inſtructed in the liberal arts, and their 
cruel maſters often obliged them to drink 
to exceſs, to ſhow the free-born citizens 
of Sparta the beaſtliueſs and diſgrace of in- 
toxication, They once every year received 
a number of ſtripes, that by this wanton 


flagellation they might recollect that they 


H E 


were born and died flaves. . The Spartans 
even declared war againſt them ; but Plu- 


tarch, who, from intereſted motives endea- 


vours to palliate the guilt and cruelty of the 
people of Lacedzmon, declares that it was 
becauſe they had aſſiſted the Meſſenians in 
their war againſt Sparta, after it had been 
overthrown by a violent earthquake. This 
earthquake was ſuppoſed by all the Greeks 
to be a puniſhment from heaven for the 
cruelties which the Lacedæmonians had ex- 
erciſed againſt the Helots. In the Pelopon- 
neſian war, theſe miſerable ſlaves behaved 
with uncommon bravery, and were reward- 
ed with their liberty by the Lacedzmonians, 
and apᷣpeared in the temples, and at public 
ſhows crowned with garlands, and with 
every mark of feſtivity and triumph. This 
exultation did not continue long, and the 
ſudden diſappearance of the two thouſand 
manumitted flaves was attributed to the in- 
humanity of the Lacedzmonians. Tzucyd. 
4.—Pollux, 3, c. 8.—Strab. 8.—Plut. in 
Lyc. Sc. —-Ariſtot. Polit. 2.—Pauf. Lacon. 
Sc. 

HLö r & HxLörxs, the public ſlaves 
of Sparta, &c. id. Helos. 

HKELVETI1A, a veſtal vu gin ſtrut dead 
with lightning in Trajan's reign. 

HELVETII, an anticnt nation of Gaul, 
conquered by J. Cæſar. Their country is 
the modern Switzerland. Cæſ. bell. &. 1. 
&c.—T acit. Hijt. 1, c. 67 & 69. 

HEL via, the mother of Cicero. —Rici- 
na, a town of Picenum. 

HELvit, now Fivers, a people of Gaul, 
along the Rhone. Plin. 3, c. 4. 

HELvitilum, a town of Umbria, ſup- 
poſed to be the ſame as Suillum, now Si- 
gills, Plin. 3, c. 14. 

HELvixa, a fountain of Aquinum where 
Ceres had a temple. Fuv. 3, v. 320. 

HEL Vis CINNA propoſed a law, which 
however was not paſſed, to permit Cæſar 
to marry whatever woman he choſe. Suet. 
in Ce. c. 52. | 

HEL um, a river of Scythia. 

HELYMOs & PaNoPrxs, two hunters at 
the court of Aceſtes in Sicily. Virg. A. 5. 
v. 73, &c. 5 

HEMATUILlON, a ſon of Aurora and Ce- 
phalus. 

HemMtTTHEA, a daughter of Cycnus and 
Proclea. She was ſo attached to her bro- 
ther Tenes, that ſhe refuſed to abandon him 
when bis father Cycnus expoſed him on the 
ſea. They were carried by the wind to Te- 
aedos, where Hemithea long enjoyed tran- 
quillity till Achilles, captivated by her 
charms, offered her violence. She was re- 
ſcued from his embrace by her brother Te- 
nes, who was inſtantly ſlaughtered by the 
offended hero. Hemithea could not have 
been reſcued from the attempts of Achilles, 


had 


— — 2 "'Y 
—— —— — — 

2 : — * 5 
© 
— 


— — 


—— — —— —— 
— — 


—_— 


. ee ee eee RE, Soni One 
— 2 
= 
PIR < 
4 * 
— 34 bw ; — — _ - - 
_ 2 = 
8 * 5 
* * 
„ - 
- - . Finn 
— * * 
; - - f . 
* 


— 


- 
* 


— _ 
ws 
” 


—_— —— ——— —  — — — 
—— WE. — —— —ů 


2 


had not the earth opened and ſwallowed her, 
after ſhe had fervently entreated the aſſiſt- 
2nce of the gods. Vid. Tenes. Pauf. 10, 
c. 14.—Dicd. 4. 

HEMON. Vid. Hzmon, 

Hzuvs. Vid. Hæmus. 
Ju. 6, v. 197. 

HN ETI, a people of Paphlagonia, who 
are ſaid to have ſettled in Italy near the Adri- 
atic, where they gave the name of Yenetia 
to their habitations. Liv. 1, c. 1. —-Eurip. 

HE NIS Ct, a people of Aſiatic Sar matia, 
near Colchis, deſcended from Amphytus 
and Telechius, the charioteers (10x) of 
Caftor and Pollux, and thence called Lace- 
dæmonii. Mela. 1, c. 21.—Paterc, 2, 
c. 40.—Flac. 3, v. 270. I. 6, v. 42. 

HEN NA. Vid. Enna. 

HEA TIA, the capital town of Lem- 
nos. A feſtival in honor of Vulcan 
(Hozips:) at Athens. There was then a 
race with torclies between three young men. 
Each in lis turn ran a race with a lighted 
torch in his hand, and who ever could carry 
it to the end of the courſe before it was 
extinguiſhed, obtained the prize. They de- 
hvered it ore to the other after they finiſhed 
their courſe, and from that circumſtance 
we ſce many alluſions in ancient authors 
who compare the viciſſitudes of human af- 
fairs to this delivering of the torch, particu- 
Hrly in theſc lines of Lucretius 2: 


A Roman. 


Inque Brei fpatio mutantur ſrcla animantum, 
Et quaſi cur ſcres vital lampada tradunt. 


Hirn ASTIADES, a name applied to the 
Lipari ifles as ſacred to Vulcan. 

1 mountains in Lycia which 
are ſet on fire by the lighteſt touch of a burn- 
ing torch, Their very ſtones burn in the 
middle of water according to Pliny, 6, 
c. 106. 

HEYHESsTTo, a Greek grammarian of 
Alexandria in the age of the emperor Verus. 
There remains of his compoſitions a treatiſe 
entitled Enchiridion de metris & premate, the 
beit edition of which is that of Paw, 4to. 
Ultray. 1726. 

HEtyn£5T10v, a Macedonian famous for 
his intimacy with Alexander, He accom- 
panied the corqueror in his A ſiatie conqueſts, 
and was fo faithful and attached to him, that 
Alexander often obſerved that Craterus was 
the friend of thc King, but Heplizſtion the 
friend of Alexander. Jie died at Ecbatana 
32< years before the Chriſtian era, according 
to ſume from excels of drinking, or eating. 
Alexander was ſo inconſolable at the death 
of this faithful ſubject, that he ſhed tears at 
the intelligence, and ordered the ſacred firc 
o be extinguiſhed, which was never done 
but at the death of a Per ſian munarch, 


H E 
The phyſician who attended Hephz. 


ſtion in his idneſs, was accuſed of negli- 
gence, and by the king's order inhumanly 
put to death, and the games were inter- 
rupted. His body was entruſted to the 
care of Perdiccas, and honored with the 
moſt magnificent funeral at Babylon. He 
was ſo like the king in features and ſtature, 
that he was often ſaluted hy the name of 
Alexander. Curt.—Arrian. 7. &c,—Plt, 
in Alex.— lian. J. H. 7, c. 8. 
HEPeTAPHONOS, a portico, Which receiv- 
ed this name, becauſe the voice was re- echo- 
ed ſeven times in it. P/in. 36, c. 15. 
HeyeTAPGL1s, a country of Egypt, which 
contained ſeven cities. 

HeyTAyYLos, a firname of Thebes in 
Bœotia, from its ſeven gates. 

HE RA, the name of Juno among the 
Greeks. A daughter of Neptune and 
Ceres when transformed into a mare. A 
town of /Eolia and ct Arcadia. Paz. 6, 
& 9; A town oft Sicily, called alſo 
Hybla. Cie. ad Attic, 2, c. 1. 

HER ACLEA, an antient town of Sicily, 
near Agrigentum. Minos planted a colony 
there wlicen he purſued Dædalus; and the 
town antiently known by the name of Ma- 
cara, was called from him Mzinca. It was 
calied Heraclea after Hercules, hen he ob- 
tained a victory over Eryx. A town of 
Macedonia. Another in Pontus, ceie- 
brated for its naval power, and its conſe- 
quence among the Aſiatic ſtates, The in- 
habitants conveyed home in their ſhips the 
10,000 at their return. Another u: Crate, 
Another in Parthia. Another in 
Bithynia. Another in Phthiotis, near 
Thermopylz, called alſo Trachinea, to diſ- 
tinguith it from others. Another in Lu- 
cania. Cic. Are l. 4. Another in Syria. 
Another in Cherſoneſus Taurica.—— 
Another in Thrace, and three in Egypt, &c. 
There were no leſs than 40 cities of that 
name in different paits of the world, all 
built in honor of Hercules,whence the name 
is derived. A daughter of Hierc, tyrant 
of Sicily, &c. 

HERACLEI1A, a feſtival at Athens cele- 
brated every fifth year, in honor of Hercu- 
les. The Thiſbians and Thebans in Bœotia, 
obſcrved a feſtival of the ſame name, in 
which they offered apples to the god. This 
cuſtom of offering apples aroſe from this: 
It was always uſual to offer ſheep, but the 
overflowing of the river Aſopus prevented 
the votaries of the god from obſerving it 
with the antient cercmony ; and as the word 
urdes ſignifies both an apple, and a Hef, 
ſome youths, acquainted with the ambiguity 
of the word, offered apples to the god, withe 
much ſport and feſtivity. To repreſent the 


ſheep, they taiſcd an apple upon four _ 


as the 

the to 
Hercu 

of the 
contin! 
lux. 8, 
Sicyon 
two da 
ſecond 
ſame n 

2 mitre 
parel.— 
ſame n; 
celehra! 
tions a 
acciden 
accuſed 
HER 
docia, — 

on the v 

it gave 

c. 60.— 
of Gnoſt 
HEx 

the philo 
clea, wh 
Stoics, f 
evil. Af 
acute pa 
principle 
phy of t 
the Chri! 
one of t 
ſummum | 
poetry, 
Diog. In 
Her a 

les, grea! 
Hercules 
all the rig 
the Peloj 
marry Io 
poſterity | 
treated by 
been, ant 
protect ion 
Trachinia 
ther; ane 
begged tl 
dominions 
Athens, y 
country, y 
in ſome «< 
with grea 
againſt the 
Euryſtheu, 
himſelf, ar 
and all the 
the undiſp 
heir triu 
numbers u 
the oracle j 


poſſeſſion 


A E 


as the legs, and two more were placed at 
the top to repreſent the horns of the victim. 
Hercules was delighted with the ingenuity 
of the youths, and the feſtivals were ever 
continued with the offering of apples. Po/- 
lux, 8, c. 9. There was alſo a feſtival at 
Sicyon in honor of Hercules. It continued 
two days, the firſt was called ovopunrac, the 
ſecond npaxata, At a feſtival of the 
ſame name at Cos, the prieſt officiated with 
2 mitre on his head, and in women's ap- 
parel. At Lindus a ſolemnity of the 
ſame name was alſo obſerved, and at the 
celebration nothing was heard but execra- 
tions and profane words, and whoſoever 
accidently dropped any other words, was 
accuſed of having profaned the ſacred rites. 

HERACLEUM, a promontory of Cappa- 
docia. A town of Egypt near Canopus 
on the weſtern mouth of the Nile, to which 
it gave its name. Died. 1.— Tacit. A. 2, 
c. bo.—-Strahb, 2 & 17.-—The port town 
of Gnoſſus in Crete. 

HERACLEGTES, a firname of Dionyfius 
the philoſopher. A philoſopher of Hera- 
clea, who, like his maiter Zeno, and all the 
Stoics, firmly believed that pain was not an 
evil. A ſevere ilIneſs, attended with the moſt 
acute pains, obliged him to renounce his 
principles, and at the ſame time the philoſo- 
phy of the ſtoics, about 264 years before 
the Chriſtian era, He became atterwards 
one of the Cyrenaic ſect, which placed the 
ſummum bonum in pleaſure. He wrote ſome 
poetry, and chiefly treatiſes of philoſophy, 
Diog. in wit. 

HexacLitinz, the deſcendants of Hercu- 
les, greatly celebrated in ancient hiſtory, 
Hercules at his death left to his fon Hyllus 
all the rights and claims which he had upon 
the Peloponneſus, and permitted him to 
marry lole, as ſoon as he came of age. The 
poſterity of Hercules were not more kindly 
treated by Euryſtheus, than their father had 
bern, and they were obliged to retire for 
protection to the court of Ceyx, king of 
Trachinia, Euryſtheus purſued them thi- 
ther; and Ceyx, afraid of his reſentment, . 
begged the Heraclide to depart from his 
dominions. From Trachinia they came to 
Athens, where Theſcus, the king of the 
country, who had accompanied their father 
in ſome of his expeditions, received them 
with great humanity, and aſſiſted them 
againſt their common enemy, Euryſtheus. 
Euryſtheus was killed by the hand of Hyllus 
himſelf, and his children periſhed with him, 
and all the cities of the Peloponneſus became 
the undiſputed property of the Heraclidz. 
Their triumph, however, was ſhort, their 
numbers were leſſened by a peſtilence, and 
the oracle informed them that they had taken 
polcliion of the Peloponneſus before the 


| a 


H E 


gods permitted their return. Upon this t 

abandoned Peloponneſus, and came to ſettle 
in the territories of the Athenians, where 
Hyllus, obedient to his father's commands, 
married Iole the daughter of Eurytus. Soon 
after he conſulted the oracle, anxious to te- 
cover the Peloponneſus, and the ambiguity 
of the anſwer determined him to make a ſe- 


cond attempt. He challenged to ſingle com- 


bat Atreus, the ſucceſſor of Euryſtheus on the 
throne of Mycenz, and it was mutually agreed 
that the undiſturbed poſſeſſion of the Pelo- 
ponneſus ſhould he ceded to whoſoeve® de- 
feated his adverſary. Echemus accepted the 
challenge for Atreus, and Hyllus was killed, 
and the Heraclidz a ſecond time departed 
from Peloponneſus. Cleodzus the ſon of 
Hyllus, made a third attempt, and was 
equally unſucceſsful, and his ſon Ariſtoma- 
chus ſome time after met with the ſame un- 
favorable reception and periſhed in the field 
of battle. Ariſtodemus, Temenus, and Chreſ- 
phontes, the three ſons of Ariſtomachus, en- 
couraged by the more expreſive and leſa 
ambiguous word of an oracle, and defirous 
to revenge the death of their progenitors, 
aſſembled a numerous force, and with a fleet 
invaded all Peloponneſus. Their expedition 
was attended with ſucceſs, and afrer ſome 
deciſive battles they became maſters of all 
the peninſula, which they divided among 
themſelves two years after, 
of the Peloponneſus by the deſcendants of 
Hercules forms an intereſting epoch in an- 
tient hiſtory, which is univerſally believed 
to have happened 8o years after the Trojan 
war, or 1104 years before the Chriſtian era. 
This conqueſt was totally atchieved about 
120 years after the firſt attempt of Hyllus. 
Apollod. 2, c. 7, &c.—Herodet. 9, c. 26. — 
Parf. 1, c. 17.—Paterc, 1, c. 2.— Clement 
Alex. Strom. 1. — Tlucyd. 1, c. 12, &c.— 
Died. 1, &c.—Ariffot. de Rep. 7, c. 16. 
HERACLipes, a philoſopher of Heraclea 
in Pontus, for ſome time diſciple of Seuſip- 
pus and Ariftetle, He wiſhed it to be be- 
lieved that he was carried into heaven the 
very day of his death, and the more firmly 
to render it credible, he begged one of his 
friends to put a ſerpent in his bed. The 
ſerpent diſappointed him, and the noiſe 


which the number of vifitors occahoned . 


frightened him from the bed, before the 
philoſopher had expired. He lived about 
335 years before the Chriſtian era. Cic. Tuſc. 
5, ad Quint. 3.—Diog. An hiſtorian of 
Pontus ſirnamed Lembus, who floriſhed B. C. 
177. A man who, after the retreat of 


Dionyſius the Vounger from Sicily, raiſed 


cabals againſt Dion, in whoſe hands the ſo- 
vereign power was lodged. He was put ta 
death by Dion's order. C. Nep. in Dion. 
A youth of Syracuſe in the battle in 

___ which 


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H E 


which Nicias was defeated. A ſon of 
Agathocles. A man placed over a gatri- 
ſon at Athens by Demetrius. A ſophiſt 
of Lycia, who opened a ſchool at Smyrna in 
the age of the emperor Severus. A pain- 
ter of Macedonia, in the reign of king Per- 
ſcus, An architect of Tarentum, inti- 
mate with Philip king of Macedonia, He 
fled to Rhodes on pretence of a quarrel with 
Philip, and ſet fire to the Rhodian fleet. 
P:lyen. 5. A man of Alexandria. 

HEeRrACLITUs, a celebrated Greek philo- 
ſopher of Epheſus, who floriſhed about 500 
years before the Chriſtian era, His father's 
name was Hyſon, or Heracion. Naturally 
of a melancholy diſpoſition, he paſſed his 
time in a ſolitary and unſocial manner, and 
received the appellation of the obſcure phi- 
loſopher, and the mourner, from his uncon- 
querable cuſtom of weeping at the follies, 
frailty, and vicifſitude of human affairs. He 
employed his time in writing different trea- 
tiſes, and one particularly, in which he ſup- 
ported that there was a fatal neceſſity, and 
that the world was created from fire, which 
he deemed a god omnipotent and omniſcient. 
His opinions about the origin of things were 
adopted by the Stoics, and Hippocrates en- 
tertained the ſame notions of a ſupreme 
power. Heraclitus deſerves the appellation 
of man hater for the ruſticity with which 
he anſwered the polite invitations of Darius 
king of Perſia. To remove himſelf totally 
from the ſociety of mankind, he retired to 
the mountains where for ſome time he fed 
on graſs in common with the wild inhabi- 
tants of the place. Such a diet was ſoon 
productive of a dropfical complaint, and the 
philoſopher condeſcended ty reviſit the 
town. The enigmatical manner in which 
he conſulted the phyſicians made his appli- 
cations unintelligible, and he was left to de- 
pend for cure only upon himſelf, He fixed 
his reſidence in a dunghill, in hopes that 
the continual warmth which proceeded trom 
it might diſſipate the watery accumulation 
and reſtore him to the enjoyment of his for- 
mer health. Such a remedy proved ineffec- 
tual, and the philoſopher deſpairing of a 
cure by the application of ox dung, ſuffered 
himſelf to dic in the Goth year of his age. 
Some ſay that he was torn to pieces by dogs. 
- Diog. in vitd. A Lyric poet. A wrti- 
ter of Halicarnaſſus, intimate with Callima- 
chus. He was remarkable for the elegance 
of his ſtyle. A native of Leſbos, who 
wrote an hiſtory of Macedogia. A wri- 
ter of Sicyon, &c. YPlut, 


HEeRACL1vs, a river of Greece, Pauſ. 


1 © . A brother of Conſtantine, 
&c. A Roman emperor, &c. 

Her #a, a town of Arcadia. Feſti- 
vals at Argos in hogor of Juno, who was 


H EK 


the patroneſs of that city. They were alſo 
obſerved by the colonies of the Argives 
which had been planted at Samos and 
gina. There were always two proceſſions 
to the temple of the goddels without the city 
walls. The firſt was of the men in armour, 
the ſecond of the women, among whom the 
prieſteſs, a woman of the firſt quality, was 
drawn in a chariot by white oxen. The 
Argives always reckoned their years from 
her prieſthood, as the Athenians from their 
archons, or the Romans from their conſuls, 
When they came to the temple of the god- 
deſs they offered a hecatomb of oxen. Hence 
the ſacrifice is often called exaTopaCia and 
ſometimes Agxezva, from Atxos a bed, be- 
cauſe Juno preſided over marriage, births, 
&c. There was a feſtival of the ſame name 
in Elis, celebrated every fifth year, in which 
ſixteen matrons wove a garment for the god- 
dcſs. There were alſo others inſtituted 
by Hippodamia, who had received aſſiſtance 
from Juno when ſhe married Pelops. Six- 
teen matrons, each attended by a maid, pre- 
ſided at the celebration. The contenders 
were young virgins, who being divided in 
claſſes, according to their age, ran races cach 
in their order, beginning with the youngeſt. 
The habit of all was exactly the ſame, ther 
hair was diſhevelled, and their right ſhoulder 
bare to the breaſt, with coats reaching no 
lower than the knee. She who obtained the 
victory was rewarded with crowns of olives, 
and obtained a part of the ox that was of- 
fered in ſacrifice, and was permitted to de- 
dicate her picture to the goddeſs. There 
was alſo a ſolemn day of mourning at Ca- 
rinth which bore the ſame name, in com- 
memoration of Medea's children, who were 
buried in Juno's temple. They had been 
flain by the Corinthians; who, as it is re- 
ported, to avert the ſcandal which accom- 
panied ſo barbarous a murder, preſented 
Euripides with a large ſum of money to 
write a play, in which Medea is repreſented 
as the murderer of her children. Ano- 
ther feſtival of the ſame name at Pallene, 
with games in which the victor was reward- 
ed with a garment. 

Her &1 MONTES, a chain of mountains 
at the north of Sicily. Died. 14. 

Her zvm, a temple and grove of Juno, 
ſituate between Argos and Mycenz,—A 
town of Thrace. 

HERBEsSSUs, a town of Sicily, built by 
a Phœnician or Carthaginian colony. &.. 
14, v. 265. 

Hrxnira, an inland town of Sicily. 
Ae. Nr. , e. 64, l. 3, © 32: 

HERCErvs, an epithet given to Jupiter. 

HERCULANEA VIA, a mound raiſed be- 
tween the Lucrine lake and the ſea, called 


alſo Herculeum iter. Sit, 12, v. 118. 
HurcV- 


HrzR 
fwailov 
quake, 
Veſuvi 
reign Of 

the lav. 
mous Cc! 
ning of 
in 1713 
lu borers 
40 year 
face, An 
which 1 
felt, a) 
(cripts, 
not a lit 
concerni 
claſſical 
ties, ſo n 
jn the m 
the neigl 
My tak 
cently pi 
dies of I 
26. | 
— Pater 
HEeRC 
death, u 
received 
antients t 
name. D 
and ſome 
leſs than 
of Jupite: 
Theban, 
may ea 
others ha 
Hercules 
lous and i 
ed that J 
the bed 
three nig! 
tended tc 
ever bche 
brought u 
Diodorus, 
pleted his 
Juno, int 
Inakes to 
tified at t 
leized the 
them to 
alarmed tl 
Lid, 1 (77 
the liberal 
darus tauę 
to ſhoot u 
to drive a 
ad Eumo 
his illuftric 
Cime the | 
under him 


ſelf the. m 


the lava for more than 1600 years, theſe fa- 


H R 


HeacULANDUM, a town of Campania 
fu allowed up, with Pompeii, by an earth- 
quake, produced from an eruption of mount 
Veſuvius, Auguſt 24th, A. D. 79, in the 
rcign of Titus. After being buried under 


mous cities were diſcovered in the begin- 
ning of the preſent century; Herculaneum 
in 1713, about 24 feet under ground, by 
laborers digging for a well, aud Pompcii 
40 years after, about 12 feet below the ſur- 
facc, and from the houſes and the ſtreets, 
which in a great meaſure remain ſtill per- 
{:&, have been drawn bults, ſtatues, manu- 
{cripts, paintings, and utenſils, which do 
not a little contribute to enlarge our notions 
concerning the antients, and develope many 
claſſical obſcurities. The valuable antiqui- 
ties, ſo miraculouſly recovered, are preſerved 
in the muſeum of Portici, a ſmall town in 
the neighbourhood, and the engravings, &c. 
My taken from them have been munifi— 
cently preſented to the different learned bo- 
dies of Europe. Seneca. Nat. Q. 6, c. 1 & 
20. Cic. Att. 7, ep. 3.— Mela. 2, c. 4. 
—Paterc. 2, c. 16. 

HERCULES, a celebrated hero, who, after 
death, was ranked among the gods, and 
received divine honors. According to the 
antients there were many perſons of the ſame 
name. Diodorus mentions three, Cicero ſix, 
and ſome authors extend the number to no 
leſs than forty-throe. Of all theſe the fon 
of Jupiter and Alcmena, generally called the 
Theban, is the moſt celebrated, and to him, 
4 may eahly be imagined, the actions of the 
others have been attributed. The birth of 
Hercules was attended with many miracu— 
lous and ſupernatural events; and it is report- 
e that Jupitor, who introduced himſeli to 
tie bed of Alcmena, was employed for 
three nights in forming a child whom he in- 
tended to be the greateſt hero the world 
ever bcheld. [ Vd. Hllemena.] Hercules was 
brought up at Tirynthus; or, according to 
Diodorus, at Thebes, and before he had com- 
picted his eighth month, the jealouſy of 
Juno, intent upon his deſtruct ion, ſent two 
inakes to devour him. The child, not ter- 
nified at the. ſight of the ſerpents, boldly 
ſeized them in both his hands and ſqueezed 
them to death, while his brother Iphiclus 
armed the houſe with his frightful thrieks. 
id. phiclus.] He was early inſtructed in 
the liberal arts, and Caſtor the fon of Ty n- 
darus taught him how to fight, Eurytus how 
to ſhoot with a bow and arrows, Autolycus 
ty drive a chariot, Linus to play on the lyre, 
ad Eumolpus to ſing. He, like the reſt of 
bis illuſtrious contemporaries, ſoon after be- 
came the pupil of the centaur Chiron, and 
anger him be perfected and rendered him- 


ſelf nue mot vallant and accomplithed of | 


H E 
the age. In the 18th year of his age he 


reſulved to deliver the neighbourhood of 
mount Cithzron from a huge jion which 
preyed on the flocks of Amphitryon, bis 
luppoſed father; and which laid waſte the 
adjacent country. He went to the court of 
Theſpius, king of Theſpis, who ſhared in 
the general calamity, and he received there 
a tender treatment, and was entertained 
during fifty days. The fifty daughters of 
tie King became all mothers by Hercules, 
during his ftay at Theſpis, and ſome ſay 
that it was effected in one night. After he 
had deſtroyed the lion of mount Cithæron, 
he delivered his country from the annual 
tribute of an hundred oxen which it paid to 
Erginus. [Fid, Ergiuus.] Such public ſer- 
vices became univerſally known, and Creon, 
who then ſat on the throne of Thebes, re- 
warded the patriotic deeds of Hercules by 
giving him his daughtcr in marriage, and 
entruſting him with the government of his 
Kingdom. As Hercules by the will of Ju- 
piter was ſubjected to the power of Euryſ- 
theus [ Vid. Furyſitheus. ] and obliged to obey 
him in every reſpect, Eury ſtheus, acquainted 
with his ſucceſſes and riſing power, ordered 
him to appear at Mycenz and perform the 
labors which by priority of birth he was 
empowered to impoſe upon him. Hercules 
retuſed, and Juno, to puniſh his diſobe- 
dience, rendered him ſo delirious that he 
Killed his own children by Megara, ſup- 
poſing them to be the offspring of Euryſ- 
theus. [ Vid, Megara.] When he recovered 
the uſe of his ſenſes, he was ſo ſtruck with 
the misfortunes which had proceeded from 
his inſanity, that he concealed himfelf and 
retired from the ſociety of men for ſome 
time, He afterwards conſulted the oracle 
of Apollo, and was told that he muſt be 
ſubſcrvient for twelve years to the will of Eu- 
ry{theus, in compliance with the commands 
of ſupiter; and that after he had atchieved 
the muſt celebrated tabors he ſhould be 
reckuned in the number of the gods. So 
plain and expreſive an anſwer determined 
him to go to Mycenz, and to bear with for- 
ditude whatever gods or men impoſed upon 
him, Euryſtheus ſeeing ſo great a man 
totally ſubjected to him, and apprehenſive 
of ſo powertul an enemy, commanded him 
to atchieve a number of enterprizes the moſt 
diihcult and arduous ever known, generally 
called the 12 labors of Hercules. The favors 


of the gods had completely armed him 


when he undertook his labors. He had re- 
ceived a coat of arms and helmet from Mi- 
nerva, a ſword from Mercury, a horſe from 
Neptune, a ſhield from Jupiter, a bow and 
arrows from Apollo, and from Vulcan a 
golden cunaſs and brazen buſkin, with a 
celebrated club of braſs according to the 

opinion 


We IIs — a. 2 Sos * 


— — — — — 


» ͤ ͤ e 


5 
th. 


"WO "I 


2% 4 ain. 
—_ 
2 


H E 


opinion of ſome writers. The firſt labor 
impoſed upon Hercules by Euryſtheus, was 
to iu the lion of Nemza, which ravaged 
the country near Mycenz. The hero, unable 
to deſtroy him with his arrows, boldly 
attacked him with his club, purſued him to 
his den, and after a cloſe and ſharp engage- 
ment he choaked him to death. He carried 
the dead beaſt on his ſhoulders to Mycenz, 
and ever after cloathed himſelf with the ſkin. 
Euryſtheus was ſo aſtoniſhed at the fight of 
the beaſt, and at the courage of Hercules, 
that he ordered him never to enter the gates 
of the city when he returned from his ex- 
peditions, but to wait for his orders with- 
out the walls. He even made himſelf a 
brazen veſſel into which he retired when- 
ever Hercules returned. The ſecond labor 
of Hercules, was to deſtroy the Lernzan 
hydra, which had ſeven heads according to 
Apollodorus, 50 according to Simonides, 
and 100 according to Diodorus. This cele- 
brated monſter he attacked with his arrows, 
and ſoon after he came to a cloſe engage- 
ment, and by means of his heavy club he 
deſtroyed the heads of his enemy. But 
this was productive of no advantage, for 
as ſoon as one head was beaten to pieces 
by the club, immediately two ſprang up, 
and the labor of Hercules would have re- 
mained unfniſhed had not he commanded 
his friend Iolas to burn, with a hot iron, 
the root of the head which he had cruſhed 
ac! e This ſucceeded, [Vid Hydra.} 
and Hercules become victorious, opened the 
belly of the monſter, and dipped his ar- 
rows in the gall to render the wounds which 
he gave fatal and incurable. He was 
ordered in his third labor to bring alive 
and unhurt into the preſence of N a 
ſtag, famous for its incredible ſwiftneſs, its 
golden horns, and brazen feet. This cele- 
brated animal frequented the neighbourhood 
of CEnoe, and Hercules was employed for 
a whole year in continually purſuing it, and 
at laſt he caught it in a trap, or when tired, 
or according to others, by ſlightly wounding 
it and leſſening its ſwiftneſs. As he return- 
ed victorious, Diana ſnatched the goat from 
him, and ſeverely reprimanded him for mo- 
leſting an animal which was ſacred to her. 
Hercules pleaded neceſſity, and by repre- 
ſenting the commands of Euryſtheus, he ap- 
peaſed the goddeſs and obtained the beaſt. 
The fourth labor was to bring alive to 
Euryſtheus a wild boar which ravaged the 
neighbourhood of Erymanthus. In this 
expedition he deſtroyed the centaurs, [ id. 
Centauri.) and caught the boar by cloſely 

rſuing him through the deep ſnow. 
— was ſo frightened at the ſight 
of the boar, that, according to Diodorus, 
de hid himſelf in his brazen veſſel for ſome 


H E. 
days. —In his fifth labor Hercules was 
ordered to clean the ſtables of Augias, 
| where 3000 oxen had been confined for 
many years. [id. Augias.] For his 
ſixth labor he was ordered to kill the car- 
nivorous birds which ravaged the coun. 
try near the lake Stymphalis in Arcadia, 
[Vid. Stymphalis.] In his ſeventh labor 
he brought alive into Peloponneſus a pro- 
digious wild bull which laid waſte the 
iſland of Crete. In his eighth labor he 
was employed in obtaining the mares of 
| Diomedes which fed upon human fleſh, 
He killed Diomedes, and gave him to be 
eaten by his mares, which he brought to 
Euryſtheus. They were ſent to mount 
Olympus by the king of Mycenz, where 
they were devoured by the wild beaſts ; or, 
according to others, they were conſecrated 
to Jupiter, and their breed ſtill exiſted in 
the age of Alexander the. Great. For 
his ninth labor, he was commanded to ob- 
tain the girdle of the queen of the Ama- 
zons. [Vid. Hippolite.] In his tenth 
labor he killed the monſter Geryon, king of 
Gades, and brought to Argos his numerous 
flocks which fed upon human fleſh. Vid. 
Geryon.] The eleventh labor was to ob- 
tain apples from the garden of the Heſpe- 
rides. [ Vid. Heſperides.] The twelfth 
and laſt, and moſt dangerous of his labors, 
was to bring upon earth the three headed 
dog Cerberus. This was cheerfully under- 
taken by Hercules, and he deſcended into 
hell by a cave on mount Tænarus. He was 
permitted by Plutoto carry away his friends 
Theſeus and Pirithous, who were con- 
&-mned to puniſhment in hell, and Cerbe- 
rus alſo was granted to his prayers, pro- 
vided he made uſe of no arms, but only 
force to drag him away. Hercules, as 
ſome report, carried him back to hell after 
he had brought him before Euryſtheus — 
Beſides theſe arduous labors, which the 
jealouſy of Euryſtheus impoſed upon him, 
he alſo atchieved others of his own accord 
equally great and celebrated. { Vid. Cacus, 
Antæus, Buſiris, Eryx, &c.] He accom- 
panied the Argonauts to Colchis before he 
delivered himſelf up to the king of My- 
cenæ. He aſſiſted the gods in their 
wars againſt the giants, and it was through 
him alone that Jupiter obtained a victory. 
[ Vid. _—_— He conquered Laome- 
don, and pillaged Troy. [ Vid. Laomeden.} 
When Iole, the daughter of Eurytus, king 
of CEchalia, of whom he was deeply en- 
amoured, was refuſed to his entreaties, ho 
became the prey of a ſecond fit of inſanity, 


the ſons of Eurytus who favored kis ad- 
dreſſes to Tole. [Vid. Iphitus.} He was 
ſome time after purified of the murder, 


l aud 


"and he murdered Iphitus, the only one of 


and his 1 
fecuted h 
diſorder 
oracle of 
with whice 
him, anc 
temple an 
Apollo 07 
was beg ut 
rence of 
could hav 
told by th 
gave, and 
abet ſerx 
der. He 
of Jupiter 
gucen of 
lliave. Her 
robbers, ar 
at the great 
to liberty, a 
Agelaus, a 
by Omphal 
Lydia, was 
enamoured 
lervants, by 
he had com 
he returned 
eltabliſhed . 
Tus, who ta 
He became 
married her 
nvals. [Vid. 
leave Calyde 
becaufe he h 
With a blow 
count of this 
lent at the hz 
From Calyd 
Ceyx, king 
Was ſtopped | 
Venus, wher 
to otter violer 
bdious preten 
mer. Hercu 
Dejanira, and 
tpired gave l 
ed had the l 
Kom unlawful 
ang of Trac 
Wite with gre 
Purified him c 
committed at 
Tindful that h. 
tand of Tole, | 
ner father Eu 
tree of his ſo 
of her father® 
de was loved 
We. She acco 
here he was 9 
Miter a folemn. 
not then tl. 


8 


«nd his inſanity ceaſed, but the gods per- 
lecuted him more, and he was viſited by a 
diſorder which obliged him to apply to the 
oracle of Delphi for relief. The coldnels 
with which the Pythia received him irritated 
kim, and he reſolved to plunder Apollo's 
temple and carry away the ſacred tripod, 
Apollo oppoſed him, and a ſevere conflict 
was begun, which nothing but the interfe- 
rence of Jupiter with his thunderbolts 
could have prevented. He was upon this 
told by the oracle that he muſt be fold as a 
gare, and remain three years in the moſt 
abiet ſervitude to recover from Eis difor- 
der. He complicd, and Mercury, by order 
of Jupiter, conducted him to Omphale, 
queen of Lydia, to whom he was ſold as a 
ave, Here he cleared ali the country from 
robbers, and Omphale who was aſtoniſhed 
at the greatneſs of his exploits, reſtored him 
toliberty, and married him. Hercules had 
Agelaus, and Lamon, according to others, 
by Omphale, from whom Crœſus, king of 
Lydia, was deſcended. He became allo 
enamoured of one of Omphale's female 
ſervants, by whom he had Aiccus. After 
he had completed the years of his flavery, 
he returned to Peloponneſus, where he re- 
eſtabliſhed on the throne of Sparta I ynaa- 
rus, who had been expelled by Hippocoon. 
He became one of Dejanira's ſuitors, and 
married her after he had overcome all his 
[Vid. Achelous.] He was obliged to 
leave Calydon his father-in-law's Kingdom, 
becauſe he had inadvertently Kiiled a man 
with a blow of his fiſt, and it was on ac- 
count of this expulſion that he was not pre- 
ſent at the hunting of the Calydonian boar, 
From Calydon he retired to the court of 
Ceyx, king of Trachinia. In his way he 
was ſtopped by the ſwollen ſtreams ot the 
Eveaus, where the centaur Neſſus attempted 
to offer violence to Dejanira, under the per- 
bdlous pretence of conveying her over the 
mer. Hercules perceived the diſtreſs of 
Dejanira, and killed the centaur, who as he 
tipired gave her a tunic, which as he obſerv- 
ed had the power of recalling a huſband 
Irom unlawful love. [Vid Dejanira. ] Ceyx, 
king of Trachinia, received him and nis 
wite with great marks of friendſhip, and 
Purified him of the murder which he had 
committed at Calydon. Hercules was fill 
mindful that he i:ad once been refuſed the 
tand of Iole, he therefore made war againti 
der father Eurytus, and killed him, with 
Liree of his ſons. Iole fell into the hands 
N her father's murderer, and found that 
Be was loved by Hercules as much as be- 
vie. She accompanied him to mount Ata, 
rere he was going to raiſe an altar and 
"ra folemn facrifice to Jupiter. As he 
not then the tunic in Which te arrayed 


rivals, 


H E 


himſelf to offer a ſacrifice, he ſent Lichas to 
Dejanira in order to provide hiniſelf a pro- 
per dreſs, Dejanira, informed of her huſ- 
band's tender attachment ta Tole, ſent him 
a philter, or more probably the tunic which 
ſhe had received from Neſſus, and Hercules 
as ſoon as he had put it on fell into a deſ- 
perate diſtemper, and found the poiſon of 
the Lernzan hydra penetrate through his 
bones. He attempted to pull off the fatal 
dreſs, but it was too late, and in the midſt of 
h1s pains and tortures he inveighed in the 
moſt bitter imprecations againſt the credu- 
lous Dejanira, the cruclty of Euryſtheus, and 
the jealouſy and hatred of Juno. As the 
diſtemper was incurab!:, he implored the 
protection of Jupiter and gau his bow and 
arrows to Philoctetes, and erected a large 
burning pile on the top of mount Eta. He 
ſpread on the pile the ſkin of the Nemæan 
lion, and laid himſelf down upon it as on a 
bed, leaning his head on his club. Philocte- 
tes, or according to others, Pæan or Hyllus, 
was ordered to ſet fire to the pile, and the 
hero ſaw himſelf on a ſudden ſurrounded 
with the flames, without betraying any 
marks of fear or aſtoniſhment. Jupiter ſaw 
him from heaven, and told to the ſurround- 
ing gods that he would raiſe to the ſkies the 
Immortal parts of a hero who had cleared 
the earth from ſo many monſters and tyrants. 
The gods applauded Jupiter's reſolution, the; 
burning pile was ſuddenly ſurrounded with 
a dark ſmoke, and after the mortal parts of 
Hercules were conſumed, he was carried up 
to heaven in a chariot drawn by four horſes, 
Some loud claps of thunder accompanied 
his elevation, and his friends, unable to find 
either his bones or aſhes, ſhowed their gra- 
titude to his memory by raiſing an altar 
where the burning pile had ſtood. Mence- 
tius, the fon of Actor, offered him a ſacrifice 
of a bull, a wild boar, and a goat, and en- 
joined the people of Opus yearly to obſerve 
the ſame religious ceremonies, His worſhip 
ſoon became as univerſal as his fame, and 
Juno, who had once perſecuted him with 
ſuch inveterate fury, forgot her reſentment, 
and gave him her daughter Hebe in mar- 
ringe. Hercules has received many ſirnames 
and epithets, either from the place where his 
worſhip was eſtabliſhed, or ſrom the labors 
which he atchieved. His temples were nu- 
merous and magnificent, and his divinity 
revered, No dogs or flies ever entered his 
temple at Rome, and that of Gades, aecord- 
ing to Strabo, was always forbidden to wo- 
men and pigs. The Pheœnicians offered 
quails on his altars, and as it was ſuppoſed 
that he preſided over dreams, the ſick and 
infirm were ſent to fleep in his temples, that 
they right receive in their dreams the agree» 


| able pretages of their approaching recovery. 
A | 


. 


1 


The white poplar was particularly dedi- | 


cated to his ſervice, Hercules is generally 
repreſented naked, with firong and well 
proportioned limbs, ke is ſometimes cover- 
ed with the fkin of the Nemæan hon, and 
holds a knotted club in his hand, on which 
he often leans. Sometimes he appears 
crowned with the leaves of the poplar, and 
holding the corn of plenty under his arm. 
At other times he is repreſented ſtanding 
with Cupid, who inſolently breaks to pieces 
his arrows and his club, to intimate the paſ- 
ſion of love in the hero, who ſuffered him- 
ſelf to be beaten and ridiculed by Om- 
phale, who dreſfed herſelf in his armour 
while he was fitting to ſpin with her female 
ſervants. The children of Hercules are as 
numerous as the labors and difhculties 
which he underwent, and indeed they be- 
came ſo powerful ſoon after his death, that 
they alone had the courage to invade all 
Peloponneſus. [VI. l. Heraclidz,} He was 
father of Deicoon and Therimachus, by Me- 
gara ; of Ctefippus, by Aſty damia; of Pale- 
mon, by Autonoc; of Everes, by Parthe- 
nope; of Giyciſenctes, Gyneus and Odites, 
by Dejanica; of Theſſalus, by Chñalciope; 
of Theſtalus, by Epicaſte; of Tlepolemus, 
by Aſtyoche; of Agathyrſus, Gelon, and 
Scytha, by Echidna, &c. Such are the 
moſt ſtriking characteriſtics of tle life of 
Hercules, who is ſaid to have ſupported for 
a while the weight of the heavens upon his 
ſhoulders, [ id. Aue,] and to have ſe- 
parated by the force of his arm the cele- 
brated mountains which were afterwards 
called the boundaries of his labors. [ Vid. 
Abyla.}J He is held out by the antients as a 
true pattern of virtue and piety, and as 
his whole life had been employed for the 
common benefit of mankind, he was de- 
ſcrvedly rewarded with immortality. His ju- 
dicious choice of virtue in preference to 
pleaſure, as deicribed by A.cnophon, is well 
known. Died. 1 & 4— Cc. de Nat. D. 1, 
Sc. — Aplled. 1 & 2.— au. J. 3, 5, 9, & 
10. — Ieſfod. in Scut. Ter. Sc. —Hygin. fab. 
29. 32, Sc. — Cui. Met. 9, v. 236, Ec. 
Her. d. Amor. Fil. Cc. Iſomer. Il. 8, Fc. 


J * * * 
[Ice 24.— Eurit. In Ire. lig. 
6. — 7p6'lon, 


. Ae a 
2. Nie; ſ. Hat. 1. Sophecl, in 174. 
Jlut. iH Ainsphit. Jenes. 17¹ 11.5 . furtut. & 
OE. — lin. 4, c. 6. l. 1, Ec. —Þitlefr. 
Tres. 2, c. 5. Heredet. 1. c. 7. 1.2 

£c,—Quint, Snyrn. 6, v. 207. Sc. 
Inn. in Dian. - inlar. Ot, aip. 9d. 3.— 
Tal. 1, v. 438.— 8. 2. Tiicb. v. 
Mela. 2. e. 1.— Lucian. Dial . aclaut. 
fl. Rel.—Stra', 3, Sc.—Herat. Od. . 
Se. A fn of Alexander the Great. 
A ſirname 1 the peror Commedus, 


Ke. 


i Ts 
y * 


LM — 


. L. 
0 . -eW 0 


264 
BET 


8 


ary 
* 


| naco, a port town of Genoa. Tacrit, II. z, c. 


H E 


Hzxcbrrun, a promontory in the coun- atfcias.- 
try of the Brutii. Fretum, a name given Philo, a 
to the ſtrait which forms a communication Adri o's 


between the Atlantic and Mediterranean. 


0 lite tiſe divid 
HercULEevs, one of Agrippina's mur- 


choice of 


derers. Tacit, An. 14, c. 8. Herne: 
HEeacULEvs Lacvs, a lake of Sicily, a city in 
HEercitL1s ColLumMna, two lofty moun- PE 
tains, ſituate one on the moſt ſouthern ex- e — 
tremities of Spain, and the other on de deaf 


oppoſite part of Africa, They were call. 
ed by the ancients Ayla and Calpe. They 


nymph Fe 
was Kille. 


are reckoned the boundaries of the labors of ir 
Hercules, and according to ancient tradition N 
they were joined together till they were ſe— lor and 
vered by the arm of the hero, and a com- HrnMma 


munication opened between the Mediterra. 
nean and Atlantic ſeas. Dionyſ. Periq.— 
Sil. 1, v. 142.—Mcla. 1, c. 5.1. 2,c.6— 
Plin. 3, c. 1. 


of Athens 
youths Wiz 
the oracle < 
Hug M&A 
maſtery wal 
atto obſerve 
$, c. 14. 
Hr RNA 
promontory 
northern np 
Bin — Liv. 
Hrxamac 
forician, wl 


Monzci Portus, now . 


42. Lucan, 1, v. 405.—Virg. An. 6, v. 
30. Labronis ve Liburni Portus, a {c 
port town, now Leghorn. Promonto- 
rium, a cape at the bottom of Italy, on tie 
lonian ſea, now Spart i vento. Inſulæ, two 
lands near Sardinia. Plin. 3, c. 7. Portus, 
a ſea port of the Brutii, on the weſtern coat 
Lucus, a wood in Germany ſacred to 


Hercules. Tacit. A. 2, c. 12. A (mall na 
iſland ou the coaſt of Spain, called alſo Scan. 4 PR 
braria, from the tunny fiſh / Scene Hr RMA x 
caught there, Srrab. 3. in Spain | L; 

HERCYNA, a virgin who accompanied ann 
Ceres as ſhe travelled over the world. 4 Hrs e 
river of Bœotia bure her name. Pai. 5 [ena apy 
C. 39. Mercure ed 

HERCFNIA, a celebrated foreſt of Ger» Miades. A 


many, which, according to Cæſar, requieſ 
nine days journey to croſs it; and which a 
ſome parts was found without any boundt- 
ries, though travelled over for fixty G5 
ſucceſſively. It contained the modern cout- 
tries of Switzerland, Baſil, Spires, Tranſ)!- 
vania, and a great part of Ruſſia. In length 
of time the trees were rooted up, and wien 
population encreaſed the greateſt part of it 
was made inhabitable. C.. bell. C. 6, e. 
24.—Mela,—Liv. 5, c. $4.—Tacit. 6. 
30. 

 Herpoxira, a fmall town of Apulia. 
Ital. 1, V. 568. 

HeRDoxius, a man put to death by 
Tarquin becauſe he had boldly ſpoken 
againſt him in an aſſembly, &c. 

HEeRENNIUS SENECIO, a Roman hilott- 
an under Domitian, Tac. Agric. 2, &C— 
An officer of Sertorius defeated by Powpt) * 
&c. Plut. A centurion ſent in purſuit 0 
Cicero by Antony. He cut of the orato' 
head. Put. in Cie, Caius a man iv 
whom Cicero dedicates kis book de N 


vel to gratiſ 
to Cariz, heh 
Salmac. „the 
becam- Cham. 
Rcuce him, 
deaf to all en 
macis, endeay, 
was denicd te 
um, and entre 
o but one be 
aud Salmacis 4 
A one body, 1 
des of both t 
degved the 99 
441. 4, 3 

Henan 10 
ec! Mercury ane 
his ſtatuc Was 
ere eloque us. 
Kaufe theſe : 
ns and ſciences. 
HER NF. 8, 2 
from Arta. Ca 


, 


' eric, a work attributed by ſome to Cote Seneral of A; 
nificius—* ws 


H E 


pificius. A Samnite general, &c. 
Philo, a Phœnician who wrote a book on 
Adrian's reign. He alſo compoſed a trea- 
tiſe divided into 12 parts, concerning the 
choice of books, &c. 

Hrerzus, a ſon of Lycaon, who founded 
2 city in Arcadia, & e. Pauſ. 8, c. 24. 

HrRiLLus, a philoſopher of Chalcedon, 
diſciple to Zeno. Diog. 

HexTLUs, a king of Præneſte; ſon of the 
mph Feronia. As he had thice lives, he 
was killed three times by Evander, Virg. 
fn. 8, v. 563. | 

HenMACHUs, a native of Mitylene, ſuc- 
ceſſor and diſciple of Epicurus, B. C. 267. 

Henme, ſtatues of Mercury in the city 
of Athens. C. Nep. in Alcib, Two 
vouths Who attended thoſe who confulted 


- the oracle of Trophonias. Pauſ. 9, c. 39. 
js Higm ta, a feſtival in Crete, where the 
c. maſters waited upon the ſervants. It was 
3 alſo obſerved at Athens and Babylon. Pau. 
cn $, e. 14. 


Hiram Un, a town of Arcadia. A 


ke promuntory at the eaſt of Carthage, the moſt 
10 northern point of all Africa, now cape 
26, Bin — Liv. 29, c. 27.—Stras. 17. 


HraMaGGRAS /EOLTDES, a famous rhe- 
torician, who came to Rome in the age of 
Auguſtus. A philofopher of Amphipolis. 
—— A famous orator and philoſopher. 

HremanDicA, a town of the Vacczi 
in Spain. Liv. 21, c. $.—Polyb. 3. 

HenMANDURI, a people of Germany. 

HrauANNI, a people of Germany. 

HenaMAPmaboDpiTtus, a ſon of Venus and 
Mereury, educated on mount Ida by the 
Naiades. At the age of 15 he began to tra- 
vel to gratity his curioſity. When he came 
to Carlo, he bathed himſelf in a fountain, and 
dalmac.;, the nyraph who preſided over it, 
became cnamourte of him and attempted to 
lecuce him, Hermaphroditus continued 
deat to all entreatics and offers; and Sal- 
macis, endeavouring toobtain by force what 
ves denied to prayers, cloſely embraced 
um, and entreated the gods to make them 
Wo but one body. Her prayers were heard, 
ad Sajmacis and Hermaphroditus, now two 
n one body, itil} preſerved the characteriſ- 
ucs of both their ſexes. Hermaphroditus 
begged the 20415 that all who bathed in that 
fountaiy mizat become effeminate. Orid. 
Met, 4, v. 347.--tygin. fab. 271. 

Henmaticina, a ftatuc which repreſent- 
d Mercury end Minerva in the ſame body. 

his ſtatue was generally placed in ſchools 
Where eloque ute and philofophy were taught, 
decaufe theſe 1 deities preiided over the 
Us and ſciences. 

HERME«s, a tyrant of Myſia who revolt- 
d from Artu.cixes Ochus, B. C. 350.— 

general of Amiochus, &c. 


1 


HeRMETAs, a native of Methymna whe 
wrote an hiſtory of Sicily. 

HEeRMEs, the name of Mercury among 
the Greeks, [Yid. Mercus ius. — A fa- 
mous gladiator, Martial. 5, ep. 28. An 
Egyptian philoſopher. Vid. Mercurius Triſ- 
meziſtus. 

HreamMEStinax, anclegiac poet of Co- 
lophon, ſon of Agoneus. He was publicly 
honored with a ſtatue. Pau. 6, c. 17. 
A native of Cyprus who wrote an hiſtory of 
Phrygia. Plat. 

HERMIAS, a Galatian philoſopher in the 
ſecond century. Hig irriſic philsfephorum 
gentillum, was printed with Juſtin Martyr's 
works, fol. Paris 1615 and 1536, and with 
the Oxford edition of Tatian, 8vo. 1700. 

HerMINIUS, a general of the Hermanni, 
&c. A Roman who defended a bridge 
with Cocles againſt the army of Porſenna. 
Lu. 2, c. 10. A Trojan killed by Ca- 
tillus in the Rutulian war. Fire. An. 11, 
v. 642. 

HERMI& NE, a daughter of Mars and 
Venus, who married Cadmus. The Gods, 
except Juno, honored her nuptials with their 
preſence, and ſhe received, as a preſent, a 
rich veil anda ſplendid necklace which had 
been made by Vulcan. She was changed 
into a ſerpent with her huſband Cadmus, and 
placed in the Elyhan fields. [ Vid, Harmo- 
nia. ] Apo/lod. 3.—Owvid. Met. 4, fab. 13. 
A daughter of Menclaus and Helen. She 
was privately promiſed in marriage to Oreſ- 
tes the fon of Agamemnon; but her father, 
ignorant of this pre-engagement, gave her 
hand to Pyrrhus the ſon of Achilles, whote ' 
ſervices he had experienced in the Trojan 
war. Pyrrhus, at his return from Troy, car- 
ried home Hermione and married her. Her- 
mione, tenderly attached to her couſin Oreſ- 
tes, looked upon Pyrchus with horror and 
indignation. According to others, how - 
cver, Hermione received the addreſſes of 
Pyrrhus with pleaſure, and even reproached 
Andromache, his concubine, with ficaling 
his affections from her. Her jealouſy for 
Andromache, according to ſome, induced 
her to unite herſelt to Oreſtes, and to de- 
ſtroy Pyrrhus. She gave herſelf to Oreſtes 
after this murder, and received the kingdom 
of Sparta as a dowry. Ho: «r, Od. 4.— Eurip. 
inAndr. & Orot. Ovid. Her vid. S. - Propert., 
5 A town of Argolis where Ceres had 
a famous temple. The inhabitants lived by 
fiſhing. The deſcent to hell from their 
country was conſidered ſo ſhort that no 
money, according to the uſual rite of burial 
was put into the mouth of the dead to be 
paid to Charon for their paſſage. The ſea 
For the neighbouring coaſt was called Her- 
mionicus finas, Elin. 4, e. 5. —Virg. in Ciri. 
472.—Strab. 8.— Mela, 2.— Pas, 2, c. 34. 
| Aa 2 Henan 


ee ee — — — 


1 


The White poplar was particularly dedi- 


cated to his ſervice. Hercules is generally 
repreſented n1ked, with ſtrong and well 
proportioned limbs, he is ſometimes cover- 
ed with the Kin of the Nernzan lion, and 
holds a knotted club in his hand, on which 
he often leans. Sumetimes he appears 
crowned with the leaves of the poplar, and 
holding the corn of plenty under his arm. 
At other times he is repreſented ſtanding 
with Cupid, who inſolently breaks to pieces 
his arrows and his club, to intimate the paſ- 
ſion of love in the hero, who ſuffered him- 


ſelf to be beaten and ridiculed by Om 


phale, who dreſſed herſelf in his armour 
while he was fitting to ſpin with her female 
ſervants. The children of Hercules are as 
numerous as the labors and difficulties 
which he underwent, and indeed they be- 
came ſo powerful ſoon after his death, that 
they alone had the courage to invade all 
Peloponneſus. [VI. Heraclidz,] He was 
father of Deicoon and Therimachus, by Me- 
gata; of Cteſippus, by Aſty damia; of Pale- 
mon, by Autonoe ; of Everes, by Parthe- 
nope; of Giyciſenetes, Gyncus and Odites, 
by Dejanira; of Theſſalus, by Chlalciope ; 
of Theſtalus, by Epicaſte; of Tlepolemus, 
by Aſtyoche ; of Agathyrſus, Gelon, and 
Scytha, by Echidua, &c. Such are the 
moſt ſtriking characteriſtics of tle life of 
Hercules, who is ſaid to have ſupported for 
a while the weight of the heavens upon his 
ſhoulders, [Vid. Atlas] and to have ſe- 
parated by the force of his arm the cele- 
brated mountains which were afterwards 
called the boundaries of his labors. [ Vid. 
Abyla.} He is held out by the antients as a 
true pattern of virtue and piety, and as 
his whole life had been employed for the 
common benefit of mankind, he was de- 
ſervedly rewarded with immortality. His ju- 
dicious choice of virtue in preference to 
pleaſure, as deſcribed by X.cnophon, is well 
known. Dio. 1 & 4—Cic. de Nat. D. 1, 
Se. Aol lall. 1 & 2. - Pau. I, Iz 5s 93 & 
10. —IIeſiod. ia Scut. ers. © c.—Hygin. fab. 
20. 32, Sc. - Cui. Met. 9, v. 236, Ee. 
Her. g. Amor. 17 iſi. ec. Homer. Il. 8, STc; 
Ice. r;?. 24— Furip. in Iere.—Virg, 
En. . v. 294.—Lncun, 3 
2.— ienyſf. 1 lad. L.— Sophecl, in Trachint mm 
Plat. in Amphit,—Genec, in Here, furent, & 
OFt — lin. 4 . a „ T.—1˙4 r. 
Tren. 2, c. 5. — Herodot. 1. c. 7. l. 
fc, Quint, Smyrn, 6, v. 207. Sg. —Callim. 
Inn. in Dian Pinar. Olynip. od. 3.— 
Tral. 1, v. 438.— 874. 2. Tr. v. 
Mela. 2. c. 1.—Lucian. Dial. Lactaut. de 
710. Re. Strab. 35 Se. Hera. Od. Sat. 


& 6.— hellen. 


* * 4% 
25 C. 4 


7 FR 
$94- 


Se. A {un of Alexander the Grcat. 
A ſurname vt the emperor Commodus, 
Ke. 


= — — 
— — 
— 


| 


H E 


Herxcitite um, a promontory in the coun- 


try of the Brutii. Fretum, a name given 
to the ſtrait which forms a communication 
between the Atlantic and Mediterranean, 
HercULEvs, one of Agrippina's mur- 
derers. Tacit. An. 14, c. 8. 
Hrxcörus Lacvs, a lake of Sicily, 
HEerxcUuLts Col uuxæ, two lofty moun- 
tains, ſituate one on the moſt ſouthern ex- 
tremities of Spain, and the other on the 
oppoſite part of Africa. They were call. 
ed by the ancients Aby/a and Calpe. They 
are reckoned the boundaries of the labors of 
Hercules, and according to ancient tradition 
they were joined together till they were fe. 
vered by the arm of the hero, and a com- 
munication opened between the Mediterra- 
nean and Atlantic ſeas. Dionyſ. Pericg.— 
Sil. 1, v. 142.—Mcla. 1, c. 5.1. 2, c. 6.— 
Plin, 3, c. 1. Monzci Portus, now M. 


naco, a port town of Genoa. Tacit, II. 3. c. 


42. Lucan, 1, v. 405.—Virg. An. 6, v. 
30. Labronis ve/ Liburni Portus, a ſca 
port town, now Leghorn. Promonto- 
rium, a cape at the bottom of Italy, on the 
lonian ſea, now Spartiwvento. Inſulz, two 
lands near Sardinia. Plin. 3,c. 7. — Pons, 
a ſea port of the Brutii, on the weſtern coat 
Lucus, a wood in Germany facred to 
Hercules. Tacit. A. 2, c. 12. A (mal 
iſland on the coaſt of Spain, called alſo Scon- 
braria, from the tunny fiſh { Scombr; } 
caught there, Strab. 3. 

HercYNa, a virgin who accompanit 
Ceres as ſhe travelled over the world, 4 
river of Bœotia bure her name. Pai. 5 
e. 39. 

HERCYNIA, a celebrated foreſt of Ger 
many, which, according to Cæſar, requirts 
nine days journey to croſs it; and which on 
ſome parts was found without any bounda- 
ries, though travelled over for fixty dn 
ſucceſſively. It contained the modern coun- 
tries of Switzerland, Baſil, Spires, Tranly!- 
vania, and a great part of Ruſſia, In length 
of time the trees were rooted up, and when 
population encreaſed the greateſt part of it 
was made inhabitable. C.ef. bell. E. 6, e. 
24.— Mela. Liu. 5, c. 54.—Tacit. 6. 
30. ˖ 

HzrDO NTA, a fmall town of Apulia. 
Ital. 1, v. 568. 

HerDonius, a man put to death by 
Tarquin becauſe he had boldly ſpoken 
againſt him in an aſſembly, &c. Th 

HxRENNIUSs SENECIO, a Roman hiſtort- 
an under Domitian. 7 acit. Agric. 2, & c. 
An officer of Sertorius defeated by Pomp®) 
&c. Plut. A centurion ſent in purſuit af 
Cicero by Antony. He cut off the orator 
head, Plut. in Cic. Caius a man 10 
whom Cicero dedicates his book de Ni. 


, 


' teric, a work attributed by ſome to Ot 


nificius 


— — — — — — — — —— 


pificius.— 

Philo, a! 

Adrian's 

tiſe divide 
choice of! 
H REo 
a city in . 
HERILI 
diſciple to 
Hr RTL! 
nymph Fel 
was Killed 
fn. d Vo 
Hr RMA 
ceſſor and « 
Hrnm * 
of Athens. 
youths who 
the oracle o 

Hams, 
maſter; wait 
allo obſerve: 
$, c. 14. 

Hr RNA 
promontory 
northern po 
Bin—Liv. 

Hr Rua d 
torician, wh 
Auguſtus.— 
— famo 

Heramany 
in Spain. Ly. 
HzR MANI 
Hramany 
HenMaph 
Mercury, edi 
Naiade KL al 
vel to gratify 
to Caria, he þ 
valmac, „the 
became enam. 
ſecuce him. 
deaf to all en 
macis, endeay 
Was denied te 
um, and entre 
Wo but one be. 
aud Salmacis 4 
m one bod 
tics. of bo N 
red the god 
ountain nieht 
Met 585 
. 30 
ERMAU UE 
ec Mercury art 
his Ratyc Wa: 
Where eloque us. 
Caufe theſe ; 
Uts and ſcience: 
HERVF. 8 2 
from Artu.c 
Seneral of A 


Julia. 


h by 
zoken 


torts 
— 
be 
ſuit ol 
atot's 
an 0 
Ku. 
Cote 
5.— 


K E 


pificius. A Samnite general, &c. 
Philo, a Phoenician who wrote a book on 
Adrizn's reign. He alſo compoſed a trea- 
tiſe divided into 12 parts, concerning the 
choice of books, &c. 

HerrEus, a ſon of Lycaon, who founded 
2 city in Arcadia, & c. Pauſ. 8, c. 24 

HrRiLLus, a philoſopher of Chalcedon, 
diſciple to Zeno. Diog. 

HexTLUs, a king of Præneſte, ſon of the 
nymph Feronia. As he had three lives, he 
was killed three times by Evander. Virg. 
fEn.8, v. 563. 

HrezMACHUSs, a native of Mitylene, ſuc- 
ceſſor and diſciple of Epicurus, B. C. 267. 

Heamez, ſtztues of Mercury in the city 
of Athens. C. Nep. in Alcib. Two 
rouths who attended thoſe who conſulted 
the oracle of Trophonias. Pauſ. 9, c. 39. 

H:agm fa, a feſtival in Crete, where the 
maſters waited upon the ſervants. It was 
alſo obſerved at Athens and Babylon. Pa. 
$, e. 14. 

Hiram vm, a town of Arcadia. A 
promontory at the eaſt of Carthage, the moſt 
northern point of all Africa, now cape 
Bin — Liv. 29, C. 27.—Strab. 17. 

HramacGras /EOLIDES, a famous rhe- 
torician, who came to Rome in the age of 
Auguſtus. Aphiloſopher of Amphipolis. 
——A tamous orator and philoſopher. 

HerManDiCA, a town of the Vacczi 
in Spain. Liv. 21, c. $.—Polyb. 3. 

HenMANDURI, a people of Germany. 

HrauANNI, a people of Germany. 

HenMAPHabDiTOs, a ſon of Venus and 
Mereury, educated on mount Ida by the 
Naiades. At the age of 15 he began to tra- 
vel to gratify his curioſity. When he came 
to Cario, he bathed himſelf in a fountain, and 
dalmac.;, the nymph who preſided over it, 
became cnamoured of him and attem ed to 
ecuce him, Hermaphroditus continued 
deaf to all entreatics and offers; and Sal- 
macts, endeavouring toobtain by force what 
vas denied to prayers, cloſely embraced 
um, and entreated the gods to make them 
"wo but one body, Her prayers were heard, 
ad Salmacis and Hermaphroditus, now two 
m one body, fill preſerved the characteriſ- 
us of both their ſexes. Hermaphroditus 
begred the gods that all who bathed in that 
fountain mitzat become effeminate. Ovid. 
Met 4, v. 347.--tygrn. fab. 271. 

ERMATUENA, a ſtatue which repreſent- 

fd Mercury and Minerva in the ſame body. 

his ſtatue was generally placed in ſchools 

Where eloqueuse and philoſophy were taught, 

Kaufe theſe 1,0 deities prefided over the 
uts and ſciences, 

HERNE, a tyrant of Myſia who revolt- 

from Artus des Ochus, B. C. 350.— 
A general of Amiochus, &. 


3 


HenMETAsS, a native of Methymna whe 
wrote an hiſtory of Sicily. 

HeRMEs, the name of Mercury among 
the Greeks. [ Vid. Mercun ius. ] A fa- 
mous gladiator. Martial. 5, ep. 25, An 
Egyptian philoſopher. Vid. Mercurius Triſ- 
megiſtus. 

Hr REAN Ax, anclegiac poet of Co- 
lophon, ſon of Agoneus. He was publicly 
honored with a ſtatue. Pu.. 6, c. 17,——- 
A native of Cyprus who wrote an liftory of 
Phrygia. Plut. 

HERMIAS, a Galatian philoſopher in the 
ſecond century. His irrifi philsfophorum 
gentillum, was printed with Juftin Martyr's 
works, fol. Paris 1615 and 1536, and with 
the Oxford edition of Tatian, 8vo. 1700. 

HEerMINIUs, a general of the Hermanni, 
&c. A Roman who defended a bridge 
with Cocles againſt the army of Porſenna. 
Liv. 2, c. 10. A Trojan killed by Ca- 
tillus in the Rutulian war. Virg. Au. 11, 
v. 642. 

HE RMI Nx, a daughter of Mars and 
Venus, who married Cadmus. The Gods, 
except Juno, honored her nuptials with their 
preſence, and ſhe received, as a preſent, a 
rich veil and a ſplendid necklace which had 
been made by Vulcan. She was changed 
into a ſerpeut with her huſband Cadmus, and 
placed in the Ely ſian fields. [ Vid. Harmo- 
nia. ] Apol lud. 3.— Ovid. Met. 4, fab. 13. 
A daughter of Menclaus and Helen. She 
was privately promited in marriage to Oreſ- 
tes the fon of Agamemnon; but her father, 
ignorant of this pre-engagement, gave her 
hand to Pyrrhus the ſon of Achilles, whoſe ' 
ſervices he had experienced in the Trojan 
war. Pyrrhus, at his return from Troy, car- 
ried home Hermione and married her. Her- 
mione, tenderly attached to her couſin Oreſ- 
tes, looked upon Pyrchus with horror and 
indignation, According to others, how - 
cver, Hermione received the addreſſes of 
Pyrrhus with pleaſure, and even reprozched 
Andromache, his concubine, with ficaling 
his affections from her, Her jealouſy for 
Andromache, according to ſome, induced 
her to unite herſelt to Oreſtes, and to de- 
troy Pyrrhus. She gave herſelf to Oreſtes 
after this murder, and received the kingdom 
of Sparta as a dowry. Hor. Od. 4.— Eurip. 
inAndr. & Oreft,—Ovid. Her aid. S. — Prepert. 
1. A town of Argolis where Ceres had 
a famous temple. The inhabitants lived by 
fiſhing. The deſcent to hell from their 
country was conſidered ſo ſhort that n@ 
money, according to the uſual rite of huria l 
was put into the mouth of the dead to be 
paid to Charon for their paſſage. The ſea 
on the neighbouring coaſt was called Her- 


— — 


i 


| 


minnicus ſinus. Fin. 4, e. 5.—Virg. in Ciri. 
472.—Strab. 8.— Mela, 2.— Pau, 2, c. 34. 
Aa 2 Haut- 


3 


He RNMBNI, a city near the Riphæan 
mountains, 0%. in Arg. 

Hens N lebe s1Nus, a bay onthe chaſt 
of Argolis near Hermione, Strab. 1 & 5. 

Hermiyevs, a freed man, diſciple of 
Philo, in the reign of Adrian, by whom he 
was greatly eſftecmed, He wrote five books 
upon dreams. A man who accuſed As- 
patia, the miſtreſs of Pericles, of impicty and 
proſtitution. Pur. A Peripatetic pht- 
loſopher of Smyrna who fleriſhed B. C. 210. | 

HZ RMVBG AAT TS, a general of Syracuſe, 
againſt Nicias the Athenian. His lenity to- 
wards the Athenian priſoners was looked 
upon as treacherous, He was baniſhed from 
Sicily without even a trial, and he was mur- 
dered as he attempted to return back to his 
country, B. C. 408. Plus. in Nic. S .— 
A ſophiſt celebrated for bis riting talents, 
He died in the 28th year of his age, in the 
reign of the emperor Severus. The father - 
in-law of Dionyſius, tyrant of Sicily. 
A Rhodian employed by Artaxerxes to 
corrupt the Grecian ſtates, c. A ſopbift, 
preceptor to Pauſanias the murdererot Philip. 
Diod. 16. 

HMO DU Rus, a Sicilian, pupil to Plato, 
A philoſopher of Epheſus, who is ſaid 


to have aſſiſted, as interpreter, the Roman | ſubdued by Aurelius. They were at the north 


decemvirs in the compoſition of the 10 
tables of laws, which had been collected in 
Greece, Cic.Tuſc. 5, c. 36.—Plin. 34, c. 5. 
A native of Salamis contemporary with 
Philo the Athenian architect. (ic. in Orat. 
1, C.14. A poet who wrote a book called 
Nefaiua on the laws of different nations. 
HrxuOENEs, an architect of Alabanda 
in Caria, employed in building the temple 
of Diana at Magneſia. He wrote a book 
upon his profeſſion. A rhetorician in the 
ſecond century, the beſt editions of whoſe 
rhetorica are that of Sturmius, 3 vols. 12mo 
Argent. 1571. and Laurentius Genev. 1614. 
He died A. D. 161, and it is ſaid that his 
body was opened and his heart jound hairy 
and of an cxtraordinary ze. At the age 
of 25, as is reported, he totally loſt his 


menucry. A lawyer in the age of Dio- 
cleſian. A muſician. Hort. 1, Sar. 3, 
v. 129. A ſophiſt of 1 , of ſuch 


brilliant talents, that at the age vi 15 he ex- 
cited the attention and gained the patron- 
age of the emperor M. Antoninus. 
HEerMoLAvs, a young Macedonian a= 
mong the attendants of Alexander. As be 
was one day hunting with the king be Kill- 
ed a wild boar which was coming towards 
him. Alexander, who followed cloſe be- 


hind him, was ſo diſappuinted becaute _ 


hea had been killed before he could dart 


at it, that lie ordered Hermolaus to be ſe- 


j 


Pliny 4, C. 14.—T acit. An. I 3, Ext. — 


H E 


the king's life, with others who were dit. 
pleaſed with the cruel treatment he had re. 
ceived. The plot was diſcovered by one 
of the conſpirators, and Alexander ſeized 
them, and aſked what had impelled them 
to conſpire to take his life. Hermolaus an. 
| ſwered for the reſt, and obſerved that jt 
was unworthy of Alexander to treat his 
moſt faithful and attached friends like ſlaves, 
and to ſhed their blood without the leaf 
mercy. Alexander ordered him to be pur 
to death. Curt. 8, c. 6. 

Hxn Mortis, two towns of Egypt, now 
Aftemun im and Demenhur, Pin. 5, e. g. 

HrxMoriuus, a famous prophet of Cl. 
zoriene. It is ſaid that his ſoul ſeparated 
itſelf from his body, and wandered in every 
part of the carth to explain futurity, after 
which it returned again and animated his 
frame. His wife, who was acquainted with 
the frequent abſence of his foul, took ad- 
vantage of it and burnt his body, as if totally 
dead, und deprive the foul of its natural re- 
ceptacle, Hermotimus teceived divine 
honors in a temple at Clazomenz, into 
which it was unlawful for women to enter, 
lin. 7, e. $2, Ec. —Lucian, 
Hrxwruxpnt, a people of Germany, 


of the Danube, and were conſidered by 
Tacitas as a tribe of the Suevi, hut called, 
together with the Suevi, Hermiones by 


Vell. 2, ©. 166. 
Huus, a river of Aſia Minor, wholt 
ſands, according to the poets, were covered 
with gold. It flows near Sardes and re 
| ceives the waters of the Pactolus and Hy 
lus, after which ir falls into the Ægean (ea, 
It is now called Xedows or Sarabat. Firg.s. 
2, v. 27.,—Lucan, 3, v. 210.— Martial. J, 
ep. 78.—Si, f, v. 159.—Plin. 5, C29 
Hrrxicr, a people of Campania, cel 
brated for their inveterate enmity to ttt f. 
fing power of Rome, Liv. 9, c. 43 & K. 
—Sil. 4, v. 226.—Juv. 14, v. 10 
Dionyſ. Hal. 8. —Virg. An. 7, v. 684 
Hero, a beautiful prieſteſs of Venus # 
Seſtos, greatly enamoured of Leander, 3 
youth of Abydos. Theſe two lovers Weile 
ſo faithful to one another, that Leander in 
the night eſcaped from the vigilance of his 
family, and ſwam acroſs the Helleſpont, 
while Hero in Seſtos directed his courſe by 
holding a burning torch on the top of 3 
high tower. Aſter many interviews 0 
mutual affetion and tenderneſs, Leander 
was Crowned in a tempeſtuous night 455 
attempted his uſual courſe, and Hero u 
deſpair 1hrew herſelf down from her wy 
and perithed in the ſea. Muſeu de Leand. 


verely whipped, © This treatment irritated 
Hermolaus, aud he conſyured ty take away 


> 


2 


& Hero.—Ovid, Heraid, 17 & 18.— Vi, 
G. 3, V. 258. "a 


Hero 
Hit a, fc 
Caſſius, 
He was 
Antony, 
was conti 
and ſubm 
himſelf o 
knew tha 
come a d 
dered the 
he confine 
that he ex] 
dom migh 
of Herod. 
tis age, af 
——Antip 
governor « 
few, intim 
Ke. This 
the Jews, 
Atticus, 
Heron 
floriſhed A 
Alexandria, 
the officers 
wrote a Ror 
the death of 
His fiyle is 
preciſion, a: 
that the aut! 
geography. 
nal to Max 
Alexander 80 
the hiſtory 01 
that he has be 
he has writt 
Iitory are tha 
Who afterwa 
Latin tranſlati 
1708. 
Hrropftet 
roſtic, who 
$'ammarian ſ. 
a - RA DBT 
alicarna 
Lyxes, way 
ed to Samo 
under the oppt 
and travelled 
Greece, He 
carnaſſus, and 
Pattiotie deed, 
andzadmiratior 
and irritated t 
obliged to fly 1 
reſentment. 1 
publicly repeat 
tue hiſtory whi, 
39th year, B. C 
uch Univerſal 
We nine Muſes 


.— 


5 * 
* 3 
were 
er i 
his 
pont, 
fe by 
of 3 
s of 
ander 
as he 
ro in 
towes 
cand. 
5 [fs 


TIL 


HE 


Hrxöbrs, ſirnamed the Great and Aſca- 
nta, followed the intereſt of Brutus and 
Caſſius, and afterwards that of Antony. 
He was made king of ſudæa by means of 
Antony, and after the battle of Actium ke 
was continued in his power by his flattery 
and ſubmiſſion to Auguſtus. He rendered 
himſelf odious by his cruelty, and as he 


H E 


the nine books into which it is divided. 
This erlebrated compoſition, which has pro- 
cured its author the title of father of hiſtory, 
is written in the Ionic dialect. Herodotus 
is among the hiſtorians what Homer is among 
the poets, and Demoſthenes among the ora- 
tors. His ſtyle abounds with elegance, eaſe, 
and ſweetneſs; and if there is any of the fa- 


knew that the day of his death would be- bulous or incredible, the author candidly 
come a day of muith and feftivity, he or- informs the reader that it is introduced upon 
dered the moſt illuſtrious of his ſubjects to the narration of others. The work is an 


be confined and murdered the very moment 
that he expired, that every eye in the King- 
com might ſeem to ſhed tears at the death, 
of Herod. He died in the 7oth year of 
tis age, aſter a reign of 40 years. Joſephus. | 
—- Antipas, a ſon of Herod the Great, | 
governor of Galilaa, &c. Agrippa, a | 
ſew, intimate with the emperor Caligula, | 
&c, This name was common to many of 
the Jews. Toſephus. 


Atticus. 


hiſtory of the wars of the Perſians againſt 
the Greeks, from the age of Cyrus to the 
battle of Mycale in the reign of Xerxes, and 
befides this it gives an account of the moſt 
celebrated nations in the world. Herodo- 
tus had written another hiſtory of Aſſyria 
and Arabia, which is not extant. The life 
of Homer, generally attributed to him, is 
ſuppoſed by ſome not to be the production 


Atticus. Vid. of his pen. Plutarch has accuſed him of 


malevolence towards the Greeks: an im- 


HexRoODIANUS, a Greek hiſtorian who ! putation which can caſily be refuted. The 


floriihed A. D. 247. He was born at 
Alexandria, and be was employed among 
the officers of the Roman emperors, He 
wrote a Roman hiſtory in eight hooks, from 
the death of Marcus Aurelius to Maximinus. 
His ſtyle is peculiarly elegant, but it wants 
preciton, and the work too plainly betrays 
tat the author was not a perfect matter of 
geography. He is accuſed of being too par- 
tal to Maximinus, and too ſevere upon 
Alexander Severus. His book comprehends 
the hiſtory of 68 or 70 years, and he aſſerts 
that he has been an eye-witneſs of whatever 
ke has written. The beſt editions of his 
tiftory are that of Politian, 4to.Dovan, 1525, 
who afterwards publiſhed a very valuable 
Latin tranſlation, and that of Oxford, Svo. 
17058. 

Hrzoprcus, a phy ſician ſirnamed Gym- 
roſtic, who floriſhed B. C. 443—4 
grammarian ſirnamed Crateleus, B. C. 123. 

Hs DETUs, a celebrated hiſtorian of 
Halicarnaſſus, whoſe father's name was 
Iyxes, and that of his mother's Dryo. He 
fied to Samos when his country labored 
under the oppreſſive tyranny of Lygdamis, 
and travelled over Egypt, Italy, and all 
Greece, He afterwards returned to Hali- 
carnaſſus, and expeNed the tyrant ; which 
patriotic deed, far from gaining the eſteem 
andeadmiration of the populace, diſpleaſed 
and irritated thera ſo that Herodotus was 
obliged to fly from Greece from the public 
relentment. To procure a laſting fame he 
publicly repeated at the Olympic games | 
tue hiſtory which he had compoted, in his 
39th ycar, B. C. 445. It was received with 

lach univerſal applauſe that the names of 
Ke nine Muſes were unanimouſly given to 


two beit editions of this great hiſtorian are 
that of Welleling, fol. Amſterdam, 1763, 
and that of Glaſgow, 9 vols. 12mo. 1761. 
Cic. de leg. 1. de orat. 2.—Dionyſ. Hal. 1. 
—(Quintil. 10, c. 1.—Plut. de mal. Herod. 
A man who wrote a treatiſe concerning 
Epicurys. Diog. A Theban wreſtler of 
Megara, in the age of Demetrius, fon of 
Antigonus. He was fix feet and a half in 
height, and he ate generally twenty pounds 
of fleſh, with bread in proportion, at each 
of his meals. 

Hrnroes, a name which was given by the 
ancients to ſuch as were born from a god, or 
to ſuch as had fignalized themſelves by their 
act ions, and ſeemed to deſerve immortality 
by the ſervice they had rendered their country, 
The heroes which Homer deſcribes, ſuch as 
Ajax, Achilles, were of ſuch a prodigious 
trength, that they could lift up and throw 
ſtones which the united force of four or five 
Fen of his age could not have moved. The 
heroes were ſuppoſed to be intereſted in the 
affairs of mankind aſter death, and they were 
invoked with much ſolemnity. As the al- 
tars of the gods were crouded with ſacrifces 
and libations, ſo the heroes were often ho- 
nored with a funeral folemnity, in which 
their great exploits were enumerated. The 
origin of heroiſm might proceed from the 
opinions of ſome philoſophers, who taught 
that the ſouls of great men were often raiſed 
to the ſtars, and intreduced among the im- 
mortal gods. According to the notions oft 
the Stoics, the ancient heroes inhabited a 
pure and ſerene climate, fituate above the 
moon. 

HEeRd1s, a feſtival, celebrated every gth 
year by the Delphians, in honor of a heroine. 

AA3 There 


H E 


There was in the celebration a great number 
of myſterious rites, with a repreſentatipn of 
ſomething like Semele's reſurrection. 

Heron, two mathematicians, one of 
whom is called the ancient and the other 
the younger, The former, who lived about 
100 years before Chriſt, was diſciple of 
Cteſibius, and wrote a curious book tranſ- 
lated into Latin, under the title of Spiritua- 
{iam Liber; the only edition of which is that 
ef Baldus. Aug. Vird. 1616. 

HEtrooPpGL1s, a town of Egypt on the 
Arabic gulf. 

HrrörulLA, a Sybil, who, as ſome ſup- 

oſe, came to Rome in the reign of Tarquin. 
(Vid. Silyllæ.) Pauſ. 10, c. 12. 

HE Ro HUus, an impoſtor in the reign of 

. Cxſar, who pretended to be the grandſon 
of Marius. He was baniſhed from Rome by 
Cæſar for his ſeditions, and was after wards 
ſtrangled in priſon. A Greek phyſician, 
about <70 years before the Chriſtiancra. He 
was one of the firſt who diſſected bodies. 
Pliny, Cicero, and Plutarch, have greatly 
commended him. 

HerosTRATUS. Vid. Eroſtratus. 

HERVA, a town of Cappadocia, 

HeRSE, a daughter of Cecrops, king of 
Athens, beloved by Mercury. The god diſ- 
cloſed his love to Aglauros, Herſe's ſiſter, in 
hopes of procuring an caſy admiſſion to Herſe; 
but Aglauros, through jealouſy, diſcovered 
the amour. Mercury was ſo offended at her 
behaviour, that he ſtruck her with his cadu- 
ceus and changed her into a ſtone, Herſe be- 
came mother of Cephalus by Mercury, and, 
after death, ſhe received divine honors at 
Athens. Owvid. Met. 2, v. 559, &c. A 
wife of Danaus. Apolled,. 

HERSILIA, one of the Sabines carried 
away by the Romans at the celebration of 
the Conſualia, She was given and married 
to Romulus; and, being preferted with im- 
mortality Ly Juno, received divine honors 
under the name of Ora, Liv. 1, c. 11.— 
Cul, Met. 14, V. 832. 

HERkTHA & HERTA, a goddeſs among the 
Germans ſuppoſed to be the ſame as the 
earth, She had a temple and a chariot 
dedicated to her ſervice in a remote iſland, 
and was ſuppoſed to viſit the earth at Rated 
times, when her coming was celebrated 
with the greateſt rcjoicings and ſeſtivity. 
Tacit. de Germ. 

HExUlt, a ſavage nation in the northern 
parts of Europe, who attacked the Roman 
power in its dech e. 

Hts xs, a raountain near Pxonia. 

Hi:1Gpus, a celebrated poet born at Aſ- 
era, in Bœotia. His father's name was 
Dus and his mother's Pycimede. He lived 


X 


a poetical prize in competition with him 
according to Varro and Plutarch. Quin- 
tilian, Philoſtratus, and others maintain 
that Heſiod lived before the age of Hoyer; 
but Val. Peterculus, &c. ſupport that 
he floriſhed about 100 years after him. 
He ſiod is the firſt who wrote a poem on 
agriculture. This compoſition 1s called 
The Werks and the Days; and, befides the ” 
ſtructions which are given to the cultivator of 
the field, the reader is pleaſed to find many 
moral reflections worthy of a refined Socrates 
or a Plato. His Theogony is a miſcellaneous 
narration executed without art, preciſion, 
choice, judgment, or connection, yet it is the 
more valuable for the faithful accountit gives 
of the gods of antiquity. His Skield of Her. 
cules is but a fragment of a larger poem, in 
which it is ſuppoſed he gave an account of the 
moſt celebrated heroines among the ancicnts, 
Heſiod, without being maſter of the fire and 
ſublimity of Homer, is admired for the ele- 
gance of his dition, and the ſweetneſs of his 
poetry. Beſides theſe poems he wrote others, 
now loſt, Pauſanias ſays, that, in his age, 
Heſiod's verſes were ſtill written on tablets in 
the temple of the Muſes, of which the poet 
was a pricſt, If we believe Clem. Alexand, 
6, Strom. the poet borrowed much from 
Mu ſæus. One of Lucian's dialogues bears 
the name of lead, and, in it, the poet is 
introduced as ſpeaking of himſelf, Virgil, 
in his Georgics, has imitated the compoſi- 
tions of Heſiod, and taken his opera and die; 
for model, as he acknowledges. Cicero 
ſtrongly commends him, and the Greeks 
were ſo partial to his poetry and moral in- 
ſtruct ions that they ordered their children to 
learn all by heart, Heſiod was murdered 
by the ſons of Ganyctor of Naupactum, and 
his body was thrown into the ſea Some 
dolphins brought back the body to the ſhore 
which was immediately known, and the 
murderers were diſcoycred by the poet's 
dogs, and thrown into the ſea. If Heſiod 
floriſned in the age of Homer, he lived 997 
B. C. The beſt editions of this poet are that 
of Robinſon, 4to, Oxon. 17 37, that of Loet- 
ner 8vo, Lipf. 1778, and that of Parma, 
| 4t0, 1785, Cic. Fam, 6, ep. 18.—Fauſ. 9. 
c. 3, &c,—Quintil, 10, c.1.—Paterc,—Far't, 
—Plut. de 7. Sep. & de Anim. Sag. 
HEs16E, a daughter of Laomedon, king 
of Troy, by Strymo, the daughter ot the 
Scamander. It fell to her lot to be expoſed 
to a ſea monſter, to whom the Trojans 
yearly preſented a marriageable virgin; de 
appcaſe the reſentment of Apollo and Nc. 
tune, whom Lyiomedon had offended, but 
Hercules promiſed to deliver her, provided 
he recck cd as a reward fix beautiful kortes 


dn the age of Homer, and even obtained | Laomedon conſ:nted, and Hercules 


attacked 
U. 

i 

$ 


che me 
Heſior 
Laome 
hero's 
his tre: 
and all 
or Pria 
the pre 
The co 
friend 
ing the 
pon hi: 
Heſion 
the Tri 
with 11 
forcibly 
Paris te 
Heſion 
injuries 
Helen, 
Trojan 
Hercul 
to foot, 
which 
tore hi 
only w 
tineme! 
Apollod 
212.— 
Hrs 
the reſi 


per, the 
the Gre 
was fiti 
weſt, 
ſons, w 
Virg. 4 
30, v. 
Quid, a 
the Ceb 
Hesr 
daughte 
tions fe 
Arethut 
with th 
they Wi 
appoint 
Juno ga 
nuptials 
placed | 
univerſa 
in Afric 
celebrat 
fruits of 
carefull 
which I 
bors of 
golden: 
ignorant 
garden, 
bourhoy 


H E 

the monſter juſt as he was going to devour 
Heſione, and he killed him with his club. 
Laomedon, however, refuſed to reward the 
hero's ſervices ; and Hercules, incenſed at 
his treachery, beſieged Troy, and put the king 
and all his familyto the ſword, except Podarces, 
or Priam, who had adviſed his father to give 
the promiſed horſes to his ſiſter's deliverer. 
The conqueror gave Heſione in marriage to his 
friend Telamon, who had aſſiſted him dur- 
ing the war, and he eftabliſhed Priam up- 
pon his father's throne. The removal of 
Heſione to Greece proved at laſt fatal to 
the Trojans ; and Priam, who remembered 
with indignation that his ſiſter had been 
forcibly given to a foreigner, ſent his ſon 


Paris to Greece to reclaim the poſſeſſions of | 


Heſione, or more probably to revenge his 
injuries upon the Greeks by carrying away 
Helen, which gave riſe, ſoon after, to the 
Trojan war. Lycophron mentions, that 
Hercules threw himſelf, armed from head 
to foot, into the mouth of the monſter to 
which Heſione was expoſed, and that he 
tore his belly to pieces, and came out ſafe 
only with the loſs of his hair, after a con- 
finement of three days. Homer. II. 5.— 
Apollod. 2, c. 5, &c.— Ovid. Met. 11, v. 
212. The wife of Nauplius. 
HrsPERIA, a large iſland of Africa, once 
the reſidence of the Amazons. Diod. 3. 
—— A. name common both to Italy and 
Spain. It is derived from Heſper or Veſ- 
per, the ſetting ſun, or the evening, whence 
the Greeks called Italy Heſperia, becauſe it 
was ſituate at the ſetting ſun, or in the 
weſt, The ſame name, for ſimilar rea- 
ſons, was applied to Spain by the Latins. 
Virg. n. 1, v. 634, &c.—Horat. 1, cd. 
36, v. 4. I. 1, od. 27, v. 28.—St. 7, v. 15.— 
Quid, Met. 11, v. 258. A daughter of 
the Cebrenus. Ovid. Met. 11, v. 759. 
HesetRTDes, three celebrated nymphs, 
daughters of Heſperus. Apollodorus men- 
tions four, AÆgle, Erythia, Veſta, and 
Arethuſa ; and Diodorus confounds them 
with the Atlantides, and ſuppoſes that 
they were the ſame number. They were 
appointed to guard the golden apples which 
Juno gave to Jupiter on the day of their 


nuptials ; and the place of their reſidence | 


placed beyond the ocean by Heſiod, is more 
univerſally believed to be near mount Atlas 
in Africa, according to Apollodorus. This 
celebrated place or garden aboundgd with 
fruits of the moſt delicious kind, and was 
carefully guarded by a dreadful dragon 
which never ſlept. It was one of the la- 
bors of Hercules to procure ſome of the 
golden apples of the Heſperides. The hero, 
ignorant of the fituation of this celebrated 
garden, applicd to the nymphs in the neigh- 
bvurlood of the Po far information, and 


| 


| 


| 


„ 


| was told that Nereus the god of the ſea, if 


properly managed, [ Vid, Nercus] would 
direct him in his purſuits, Hercules ſeized 
Nereus as he was aſlcep, and the ſea god, 
unable to eſcape from his graſp, anſwered 
all the queſtions which he propoſed. Some 
lay that Nereus ſent Hercules to Prome- 
theus, aad that from him he reccived all 


his information. When Hercules came into 


Africa, he repairedto Atlas, and demanded 
of him three of the golden apples. Atlas 
unloaded himſelf, and placed the burden 
of the heavens on the ſhoulders of Hercules, 
while he went in queſt of the apples. At 
his return, Hercules expreſſed his wiſh to 
eaſe his burden by putting ſomething on his 
head, and, when Atlas aſſiſted him to re- 
move his inconvenience, Hercules artfully 
left the burden, and ſeized the apples, which 
Atlas had thrown on the ground. Accord. 
ing to other accounts, Hercules gathered 
the apples himſelf, without the aſſiſtance of 
Atlas, and he previouſly killed the watch- 
ful dragon which kept the tree. Theſe 
apples were brought rv Euryſtheus and af- 
terwards rarried back by Minerva into the 
garden of the Heſperides, as they could be 
preſerved in no other place. Hercules 
is ſometimes repreſented gathering the 
apples, and the dragon which guarded 
the tree appears bowing down his 
heady as having received a mortal wound. 
This monſter, as it is ſuppoſed, was the 
offspring of Typhcn, and it had a hundred 
heads and as many voices. This number, 
however, is reduced by ſome to only one 
head. Thoſe that attempt to explain my» 
thology, obſerve, that the Heſpcerides were 
certain periyns who had an immerſe num- 
ber of flocks, and that the ambiguous word 
ure, which ſignifies an apple and a ſheep, 
gave riſe to the table of the golden apples 
of the Heſperides. Died. 4.— Ovid, Met, 
4, v. 637, &c. l. 9, v. 90.—Hyein. fab. 
30.—Apoliad. 3, c. S. — Heſiad. Theog. v. 
215, &c. 

Hrsprgis. Vid. Heſperus. A towu 
of Cyrenaica, now Bernic or Bengaxi, 
where moſt authors have placed the gardea 
of the Heſperides. 

HESPERI1TIS, 
Died. 4. 

HESPERUS, a ſon of Japetus, brother to 
Atlas, He came to Italy, and the country 
received the name of Heſperia from him, 
according to ſome accounts, He had a 
daughter called Heſperis, who married At- 
las, and became mother of ſeven daughters, 
called Atlantides or Heſperides, Died. 4. 
—— The name of Heſperus was alſo ap- 
plied to the planet Venus, when it ap- 
peared aſter the ſetting of the ſun, It was 
called Phofpherus or Lucifer when it pre- 
A a4 geded 


a country of Africa. 


”-” - ww =ue wy — wo —— 


—_— > „ 


_ —— "= 


— — — — 
— — — — 


H I 


ceded the fun. Cic. de Nat. D. 2, c. 2. 
Senec. de Hipps!. 

HEesT14A, one of the Heſperides. Apollod. 

HrsT1XA, a town of Eubcea. 

Hrsus, a deity among the Gauls, the 
ſame as the Mars of the Romans. Lucan, 
T, V. 445 

HesYCHIA, a daughter of Theſpius. 
A poſſod. 

Hesycnrvs, the author of a Greek lei- 
con in the beginning of the zd century ; 2 
valuable work, which has been learnedly 
edited by Albert. 2 vols. fol. L. Bot. 1746. 

HeTrICULUM now Lattariee, 2 town 
in the country of the Brutii, Liv. 30, c. 19. 

HETRURIA & ETRURIA, a celebrated 
country of Italy, at the weſt of the Tyber. 
It originally contained twelve different na- 
tions, whick had cach their reſpective mo- 
narch. Their names were Veientes, Cluſini, 
Perufini, Cortonenſes, Arretini, Vetuloni, 
Volaterrani, Ruſcllani, Volſcinii, Targuini, 
Faliſci, and Cæretani. The inhabitants 
were particularly famous for their ſuperſti- 
tion, and great confidence in omens, dreams, 
augurics, &c. They all proved powerful and 
reſolute enemies to the riſing empire of the 
Romans, and were conquered only after 
much eſſuſion of blood, Pin. 3, c. 5.— 
Strahb. 5.—Plut. in Rem. — Mela. 2, C. 4. 

HEURIPPA, a firname of Diana. 

HExAPYLUM, a gate at Syracule. The 
adjoining place of the city, or the wall bore 
the ſame name. Diod. 11 & 14, —Liv. 
24s ©.-23.1. 25, c. 24. I. 32. e. 39. 

HI BER, a name applied to a Spaniard 
as living near the river Hiberus, or Iberus. 
Vid. Iberus. 

HIBENNIA& HYBERNNIA, a large iſland 
at the weſt of Britain, now called Irelaud. 
Some of the ancients have called it Ihernia, 
Juverna, &c. Ju. 2, v. 160.—Strab. 4. 


- Orpheus. — Ariſict, 
HIBRILDESs, an Athenian general. Dienyſ. 
Hal. 7. 


HiceTXAoN, a ſon of Laomedon, bro- 
ther to Priam, &c. Homer. II. 3. The 
father of Thymœtes, who came to Italy 
with /Eneas. #Virg. An. 10, v. 123. 

_ HictrT as, aphiloſopher of Syracuſe, who 
believed that the earth moved, and that all 
the heavenly bodies were ſtationary. Dig. 
in Phil. A tyrant of Syracuſe. Vid. 


Icetas. 
HIEMSsAL, a king of Numidia, &c. 


Plut. 

HIERA, a woman, who married Tele- 
phus, king of Myſia, and who was faid to 
ſurpaſs Helen in beauty.-- —The mother of 
Pandarus and Bitias, by Alcanor. Firg, 
Eu. , v. 673. One of the Lipari 
iſlands, now Vulcano. Pauf. 10, c. 11. 

HIERAT LIS, a town of Syria. Ano- 


£30 


ther of Phrygia, famous for hot baths, now 
Þamhikkalaft,-——Another of Crete. 

HitrAax, a vouth who awoke Argus to 
inform him that Mercury was flealing Io, 
Mercury killed him, and changed him into 
a bird of prey. Apolled. 2, c. t. An- 
tiochus, king of Syria, and brother to Se. 
leucus, received the firname of Hierax. Ju- 
tin. 37, e. 3. An Egyptian philoſopher 
in the third century. 

Hrerfenus (tis) the name of Jericho 


in the holy land, called the city of Palm- 


trees, from its abounding in dates. In. 
6, c. 14.—Tacit. H. 5, e. 6. ö 
Hik zo rift, a king of Syracuſe, after his 
brother Gelon, who rendered himſelt odi— 
ous in the beginning of his reign by his 
cruelty and avarice, He made war againſt 
Theron, the tyrant of Agrigentum, and 
took Tiimera. He obtained three different 


| crowns at the Olympic games, two in horſe 


races, and one at a chariot race. Pindar 
bos cglebrated him as being victorious at 
Olympia. In the latter part of his reign the 
converſation of Simonides, Epicharmus, 
Findar, &c. ſoftened in ſome meaſure the 
roughneſs of his morals and the feverity of 
his government, and rendered him the pa- 
tron of learning, genius, and merit. He 
died, after a reign of 13 years, B. C. 467, 
I-1ving the crown to his brother Thraſybulus, 
who diſgraced bimſelf by his vices and ty- 
ranny. Died. 11. The ſecond of that 
name, king of Syracuſe, was deſcended from 
Gelon. He was unznimouſlly elected king 
by all the ftates of the ifland of Sicily, and 
appointed to carry on the war againſt the 
Carthaginians. He joined his enemies in 
beſieging Meſſana, which had ſurrendered 
to the Romans, but he was beaten. by Ap- 
pius Claudius, the Roman conſul, and ob- 
liged to retire to Syracuſe, where he was 
ſoon blocked up. Seeing all hopes of vic- 
tory loſt, he made peace with the Romans, 
and proved ſo faithful to his engagements 
during the fifry-nine years of his reign, that 
the Romans never had a more firm, or more 
attached ally, He died in the 94th year of 
his age, about 225 years befpre the chriſ- 
tian era. He was univerſally regretted, 
and all the Sicilians ſhowed, by their la- 
mentations, that they had loſt a common fa- 
ther and a friend, He liberally patronized 
the learned, and employed the talents of 
Archimedes for the good of his country. 
He wrote a book on agriculture, now loſt. 
He was ſucceeded by Hierony mus. lian. 
V. II. 4, 8.—Tuftin. 23, e. 4.—Flor. 2, e. 
2.—-Liv. 16. An Athenian, intimate 
with Nicias the general. Plut, in Nic. 
A Parthian, &c. Tacit. 

HikRoCASAREA, a town of Lydia, 
Tacit. A. 2, c. 47+ J. 3, c. 62. 


HtERo- 


Hitt 
( yprus 

Hie 
tlans u 
find inc 
ferred t! 
Cnriſt. 
tantius © 
lofopaer 

Wro:c a 

ments 0 

1 COM me 

h1-0ras 

goriſhecl 

chat of A 

] 742, —— 

metrius. 

buch. 114 

An 
HE HO 
HERO 
eily, . fo 
price and 
umers of 
corn tax a 
of its juſti 
the Roma 
Sicily. 

Hir Ro: 
ſucceeded 
when only 
ſelf odious 
debauchery 
Rome, wh 
much hono! 
nated, anc 
in his fall 
214.— A 
wrote an ac 
trius Polio 
nointed ove; 
Dom. A 
While Con; 

— 4A Chr 
St. Fer ome, 
guifhed for 
Wrote comm 
Matthew's { 
Known by th 
reatiies, anc 
Writers befor 
ac replete w; 
and eruditio: 
Vallarfius, | 

10 vols, 

Zoth 3 
HiERopnI 
inſtructed his 
of midwifery 
. IEROSOL 
8 ine, the 
ompey, who 
Neroſolymariu 


1 


Htrrocrpia, an iſland near Paphos in 
Cyprus. 

Htraöcbrs, a perſecutor of the Chriſ- 
tlans under Dioclehan, who pretended to 
and inconſiſtencies in Scripture, and. pre- 
ferred the miracles of Thyaneus to thoſe of 
Curift. His writings were refuted by Lac- 
Intius and Euſebius. A Platonic phi- 
Lſupher, who taught at Alexandria, and 
xrotc a hook on providence and fate, frag- 
ments of which are preſerved by Photrus : 
commentary on the golden verſes of Py- 

1110728; and facetions moral verſes. He 
gorietl A. D. 485, The beſt edition is 
at of Aſheton and Warren, $vo. London, 
1-42, —A general in the intereſt of De— 
metrius. Polyan, 5. A governor of 
Pick 1ia and Alexandria, under Diocletian. 
An officer. Vid. Heliogabalus. 

Hier oDULUM, a town of Libya. 

HitrkoNTCA LEX, by Hiero, tyrant of Si- 
cu, to {ettle the quantity of corn, the 
price and time of receiving it, between the 
*xrmers of Sicily and the collector of the 
corn tax at Rome. This law, on account 
of its juſtice and candor, was continued by 
the Romans when they became maſters of 
Sicily. 

HirnonYMus, a tyrant of Sicily who 
ſucceeded his father or grandfather Hiero, 
when only 15 years old. He rendered him- 
ſelf odious by his cruelty, oppreſſion, and 
debauchery. He abjured the alliance of 
Rome, which Hiero had obſerved with fo 
much honor and advantage. He was aſſaſ- 
fnated, and all his family was overwhelmed 
in his fall, and totally extirpated, B. C. 
214. An hiſtorian of Rhodes, who 
wrote an acconnt of the actions of Deme— 
frius Poliorcetes, by whom he was ap- 
minted over Bœotia, B. C. 254. Plut. in 
Dem, An Athenian ſet over the feet, 
while Conon went to the king of Perſia. 
—— A Chriftian writer, commonly called 
St. Terame, born in Pannonia, and diſtin- 
guithed for his zcal againſt heretics. He 
wrote commentaries on the Prophets, St. 
Matthew's Goſpel, '&c. a Latin verſion, 
known by the name of Vulgate, polemical 
treatiſes, and an account of eccleſiaſtical 
writers before him. Of his works, which 
arc replete with lively animation, ſublimity, 
and erudition, the beſt edition is that of 
Vallarſius, fol. Verona, 1734 to 1740, 


10 vols, Jerome died A. D. 420, in his | 


$0th year. 

| HitropniLus, a Greek phyſician. He 
inſtructed his daughter Agnodice in the art 
of midwifery, &c. Vid. Agnodiee. 
Hitzos0LYMA, a celebrated city of Pa- 
ſtine, the capital of Judza, taken by 
*ompey, wio, on that account, is firnamed 
Heroſolymarius, Titus allo took it aud 


deſtroyed it the 8th of September, A. N. 
70, according to Joſephus 2177 years af- 
ter its foundation. In the fiege by Titus, 
110,000 perſons are ſaid to have periſhed, 
and 97,000, to have been made prifoners, 
and afterwards either fold for flaves, or 
wanatonly expoſed for the ſport of their in- 
ſolent viftors to the fury of wild beaſts. 
Toſeph. Bell. J. 7, c. 16, &c.—Cic. ad Attic. 
2. ep. 9. Flacc. 28. 

HIOGNATTIA VIA, a large road which 
led from the Ionian ſea to the Helleſpont 
acroſs Macedonia, about 530 miles. Strad. 7. 

HilAaRla, a daughter of Leucippus and 
Philodice. As ſhe and her ſiſter Phabe 
were going to marry their couſins Lynceus 
and Idas, they were carried away by Caſ- 
tor and Pollux, who marricd them. Hila- 
ria had Anagon by Caſtor. Par. 2, c. 22. 
J. 3 c. 19. Feſtivals at Rome in honor 
of the mother of the gods. 

Hitarius, a biſhop of Poictiers, in 
France, who wrote ſeveral weatiſes, the 
moſt famous of which is on the Trinity, in 
twelve books. The only edition is that of 
the Benediftin monks, fol. Paris, 1693. 
Hilary died A. D. 372, in his Soth year. 

HiLLEevioxEts, a people of Scandinavia. 
FI. 0, © 13. 

HimrLLa, now Aia, a ſmall river in the 
country of the Sabines. Firs. An. 7, v. 
714. 

HiMERAa, a city of Sicily built by the 
people of Zancle, and deſtroyed by the 
Carthaginians 240 years after. Strab. 6. 
There were two rivers of Sicily of the 
ſame name, the one, now Fiumi de Termini, 
falling at the eaſt of Panormus into the 
Tuſcan ſea, with a town of the ſame name 
at its mouth, and alſo celebrated baths. 
Cic. Fer. 4, C. 33. The other, now Hume 
Sa/ſs, running in a ſouthern direction, and 
dividing the iſland in almoſt two parts. Liv, 
24, c. 6. 1. 25, c. 49. The ancient name 
of the Eurotas. Sab. 6. - Mela. 2, c. 7. 
— Polyb. 

HimiLco, a Carthaginian ſent to ex- 
plore the weſtern parts of Europe. Fe. 
Aden. A fon of Amilcar, who ſuc- 
ceeded his father in the command of the 
Carthaginian armies in Sicily. He died, 
with his army, by a plague, B. C. 398. 
Tuſtin. 19, c. 2. 

HirypAG GRAS, a man who wrote an ac- 
count of the republic of Carthage. Athen. 
14. 

HiePALC1MUs, a ſon of Pelops and 
Hippodamia, who was among the Argo» 
nauts. 

HiePALvUs, the firſt who failed in open 
ſea from Arabia to India. Arrian. in perip. 

HiyPARCHIA, a woman in Alexander's 
age, who became enamoured of Crates, the 


Cynic 


. 


Cynic philoſopher, becauſe ſhe heard him | 
diſcourſe. She married him, though he at 
firſt diſdained her addreſſes, and repreſented 
his poverty and meanneſs. She was fo at- 
tached to him that ſhe was his conſtant 
companion, and was not aſhamed publicly 
to gratify his impureſt deſires. She wrote 
ſome things, now loſt. Vid. Crates. 
Hfrrakchus, a ſon of Piſiſtratus, who 
ſucceeded his father as tyrant of Athens, 
with his brother Hippias. He patron:zed 
ſome of the learned men of the age, and 
diſtinguiſhed himſelf by his fondnefs for 
literature. The ſeduction of a fitter of 
Harmodius raiſed him many cnemies, and 
he was at laſt aſſaſſinated by a deſperate 
band of conſpicators, with Harmodius and 
Ariſtogiton at their head, 513 years betore 
Chritt. One of Antony's freed men. 
The firſt perſon who was haniſhed by oftra- 
ciſm at Athens. The father of Aſclepi- 
ades, A mathematician and aftronomer 
of Nicæa. He firſt diſcovered that the 
interval between the vernal and the autum- 
nal equinox is 186 days, 7 days longer than 
between thc autumnal and vernal, occaſt- 
oned by the eccentricity of the earth's o1bit, 
He divided the heavens into 49 conſtella- 
tions, 12 in the ecliptic, 21 in te northern, 
and 16 in the ſouthern henit{phere, and 
gave names to all the ſtars. He makes no 
mention of comets. From viewing a tree 
on a plain from different ſituations, which 
changed its apparent poſition, he was led 
to the diſcovery of the parallax of the pla- 
nets, or the diftance between their rea} on 
apparent poſition, viewed from the centre, 
and from the ſurface of the earth. He de- 
termined longitude and latitude, and fixed 
the firſt degree of longitude at the Canaries. 
He likewiſe laid the firſt foundations of tri- 
gonometry, ſo eſſential to facilitate aſtrono- 
mical ſtudies. He was the firſt who, after 
Thales and Sulpicius Gallus, found out 
the exact time of eclipſes, of which he 
made a calculation for 600 years. After a 
life of labor in the ſervice of ſcience and 
aſtronomy, and after publiſhing ſeveral 
treatiſes, and valuable obtervations on the 
appearance of the heavens, he died 125 
years before the chriſtian era, Plin..2, c. 
26, &c. 
againſt Heraclides, who kept Athens for 
Demetrius, &c. Poly xn. 5, 
Hirrakixus, a ſon of Dionyſus who 
ejeded Callipus from Syracuſe, and ſcized 
the ſovereign power for twenty-ſeven 
years, Polyæn. 5. The father of 
Dion, 
HiepAR1oN, one of Dion's ſons. 
HiepAsvs, a ſon of Ceyx, who aſſiſted 
Herculcs againſt Eurytus. 1ps//ed. 2, c. 7. 
——— A pepil of Pythagoras. Diog.—A 


An Athenian who conſpired | 


82-0 


centaur, killed at the nuptials of Pirithous. 
Ovid, Met. 12, v. 352. An illegitimate 
fon of Priam. Hygin. fab. go. 

Hiryprvs, an illegitimate ſon of Hercule; 
by a daughter of Theſtius. Apollod. 2, 


— — 


C. 


Hiyet, four ſmall iſlands near Erythe, 

Hieeta, a laſcivious woman, & c. Juv, 
6, v. 82, 

Hirpras, a philoſopher of Elis, who 
maintained that virtue conſiſted in not being 
in want of the aſſiſtance of men. At the 
Olympic games he boaſted that he was 
maftcr of all the liberal and mechanical 
arts; and he ſaid that the ring upon his 
finger, the tunic, cloak, and ſhdes, which 
he then wore, were all the work of his own 
bands. Cic, de orat. 3. A ſon of Piſiſ- 
tratus, who became tyrant of Athens after 
the death of his father, with his brother 
Hipparchus. He was willing to revenge 
the death of his brother, who had been aſ- 
ſaſſinated, and for ti:is violent meaſure he 
was driven trom his country. He fled to 
king Darius in Perſia, and was killed at the 
battle of Marathon, fighting againſt tle 
Athenians, B. C. 490. He had hve chil- 
dren by Myrrhine, the daughter of Callias, 
Herodot. 6.—T hucyd. 7. 

Hr1yprs, an hiſtorian and poet of Rhegi- 
um, in the reign of Xerxes. AElian.8, I. 
. e. 33. 

Hiye1vs, a ſirname of Neptune, from his 
having raiſed a horſe ({7Te) from the earth 
in his conteſt with Minerva concerning the 
giving a name to Athens. 

Hippo, a daughter of Scedaſus, who, 
upon being raviſhed by the ambaſſadors of 
Sparta, killed herſelf, curſing the city that 
gave birth to ſuch men. Pau. g, c. l;. 
A celebrated town ef Africa, on the 
Mediterranean. Ita. 3, v. 252,——Stra- 
br, 17, ſays that there are two of the ſame 
name in Africa, one of which by way at 
diſtinction is called Regius. Plin. 5, C3 
J. 9, c. 8 — Mela. 1, c. 7.—- Liv. 29, C. 3 
& 32. Alſo a town of Spain. Liv. 30 
E. JO. of the Brutii. 

HieyoBOTES, 2 large meadow near the 
Caſpian fea, where 50,000 horſes could 
graze, 

HieyoBoTVs, a Greek hiſtorian, who 
corapoſed a treatiſe on philoſophers. Dig. 
in Pyth. 

HiPPoCENTAURT, a race of monſieis 
who dwelt in Theſſaly. Vid. Centauri. 

Hiepocoor, a ſon of CEbalus, brother 
to Tyndarus. He was put to dcath by 
Hercules, becauſe he had driven his brother 
from the kingdom of Lacedæmon. He ws 
at the chace of the Calydonian boar. Viol 
4.—-pelled. 2, c. &c. I. 3, c. 10.—4 
Lacon. -O. Met, 8, v. 314— 4A a 


cal app 
the ſer 
taxer x. 
to com 
and in 
to ſer 
reigner 
Well di 
lived I 
Careiu)] 
tons ai 
from | 
Phy ſici: 
ad vanta 
had trie 
his no 
Oblerya 
on lite 
He died 
36 I tre 
aud bod 
the nam 
Were pa, 
of whic 
epithet c 
Homer 


H ppocr. 
bited. 


other 
th by 
rot! cr 
le wad 
Diod. 
Pai. 
friend 


3 


1 

of Aneas, fon of Hyrtacus, who diſtin- 
guithed himſelf in the funeral games of Si- 
cily. Virg. An. 3, v. 492, &c. 

HiryocoRY5sTES, afſonof /Egyptus. 
of Hippocoon. Ad. 

HriyyoCRATE, a daughter of Theſpius. 
Apollod. 

HirröcRArESs, a celebrated phyſician, 
of Cos, one of the Cyclades, He ſtudied 
phy ſic, in Which his grandfather Nebrus 
was fo eminently diſtinguithed ; and he 1m- 
proved himſelf by reading the tablets in the 
temples of the gods, where each individual 
had written down the difeatcs under which 
he had labored, and the means by which he 
had recovered. He delivered Athens from 
a dreadful peſtilence in the beginning of the 
Peloponne ſian war, and he was publicly re- 
warded with a golden crown, the privileges 
of a citizen of Athens, and the initiation 
at the grand feſtivals. Skilful and diligent 
in his prokeſſion, he openly declared the 
meaſures which he had taken to cure a dit- 
eaſc, and candidly confeſſes that of 42 pa- 
tients which were entruſted to his care, unly 
17 had recovered, and the reſt had tallen a 
prey to the diftemper in ſpite of his medi- 
cal applications. He devoted all his time tor 
the ſervice of his country ; and when Ar- 
taxerxes invited him, even by force of arms, 
to come to his court, Hippocrates firmly 
and modeitly anfwered, that he was born 
to ſerve his countrymen, and not a fo- 
reigner, He emjoyed the rewards which his 
well diccfted labors claimed, and while he 
lived in the greateſt popularity, he was 
carciully employed in obſerving the ſymp- 
toms and the growth of every ditorder, and 
from his judicious remarks, ſucceeding 
phyhcians have received the molt valuable 
advantages, The experiments which he 
had tried upon the human frame increaſed 
ts Knowledge, and from his confummate 
oblrryations, he knew how to moderate his 
0x2 life as well as to preſcribe to others. 
Re died in the 9gth year of his age, B. C. 
301, tree {from all diſorders of the mind 
and body; and after death he received with 
the name of Great, the ſame honors which 
were paid to Hercules. His writings, few 
of which remain, have procured him the 
epithet of. divine, and ſhow that he was the 
Homer of his proteſſion. According to 
Galen, his opinion is as reſpectable as the 
voice of an oracle, He wrote in the Ionic 
diate &, at the advice of Democritus, though 
he was a Dorian. His memory is till ve- 
acrated at Cos, and the preſent inhabitants 
of the iſland ſhew a ſmall houſe, which 
Hippucrates, as they mention, once inha— 
bired. The beſt editions of his works are 
that of Feſius, Genev. fol. 1657; of Lin- 
den, 2 vols, Bro, Amſt. 166 5; and that of 


1 


Mackius, 2 vols. fol. Viennz, 1743. His 
treatiles, eſpecially the Aphoriſmc, have 
been publiſhed ſeparately. Plin. 7, c. 37. 
c. de orat. 3. An Athenian geneial 
in the Peloponneſian war. Plut. A 
mathematician. An officer of Chalce- 
don, killed by Alcibiades. Plut. in Alc. 
A Syracuſan defeated by Marcellus. 
The father of Piſiſtratus. A tyrant of 
Gela, N 

HirPocRATIA, a feſtival in honor of 
Neptune in Arcadia. 

HireocrExE, a fountain of Bœotia, near 
mount Helicon, ſacred to the muſes. It firſt 
role from the ground, when ſtruck by the 
feet of the horſe Pegaſus, whence the name 


Met. v. 256. 

HtiypfpöpAMas, a ſon of the Achelous,— 
of Priam. Apollod. 

HiryGDAME & HippobAaMIa, a daugh- 
ter of (Enomaus, King of Piſa, in Elis, who 
martied Pelops, fon 65 Tantalus. Her fa. 
ther, who was either enamoured of ber him- 
t-It, or afraid leſt he ſhould periti by 
one of his daughter's children, according to 
an oracle, rctuſed to marry her, except to 
him who could overcome him in a chariot 
race. As the beauty of Hippodamia was 
greatly celebrated, many courted her, and 
accepted her father's conditions, though 
death attended a defeat. Thirtcen had al- 
ready been conquered, and forfeited their 
lives, when Pelops came from Lydia and 
entered the lifts. Pelops previouſly bribed 
Myrtiius, the charicteer of Qinomaus, and 
entured himſelf the victory. Ia the race, 
Anomaus mounted on a broken chariot, 
which the corrupted Myrtilus had purpoſely 
provided tor him, was caſily overcome, and 
was killed in the courſe; and Pelops mar- 
ried Hippodamia, and avenged the death 
of QEnomaus, by throwing into the ſea the 
perhdious Myrtilus, who claimed for the 
reward of his treacherv, the favor which 
Hippodamia could grant only to her huſ- 
band. Hippodamia became mother of 
Atreus and Thyeſtes, and it is ſaid that ſhe 
died of grief ior the death of her father, 
which her guilty corretpondence*with Pe- 
lops and Myrtilus had occaſioned. Firg. 
G. 3, v. 7.—Hygin. fab. 84.—-Pauf. 5, c. 
14, &C.— Died. 4.—Ovid. Heroid. 8 & 17. 
A daughter of Adraſtus, king of Ar- 
gos, who married Pirithous, king of the 
Lapithæ. The feftivity which prevailed on 
the day of her marriage was interrupted by 
the attempts of Kurytus to offer her violence. 
[Fil Piriiiaus.] Ovid, Met. 12.—Plit. ie 
lhef. A daughter of Danaus. Ap. 
＋A pricſteſs of Achilles, daughter of 
Briies.—A daughter of Ancuiles, who 


e Alcathous. Homer. I. 13. 


mn wv, tre kn ſe's fountain, Ovid, 3. 


——— * 
DS 


HippG- . 


r -_ 


* 
— a . 


—— — rr rnetige— »* — — 


— — 


— 


M3 


HiryGrAmuYs, a man of Miletus, who 
ſettled a republic without any previous- 
xnowledge of government. Ariſtot. 2. Po- 


* 
1 © 
1147 


A Pythagorean philoſopher. An 
Athenian who gave his houſe to bis country 
when he knew ſuch a conceſſion would im- 
prove the port of the Piræus. An Arthe- 
diam archon. A man famous for his vo- 
rac ious appetite. 

Htrröpick, one of the Danaides. Apol- 
104d. 

HreyornaGarrs, a ſon of Hercules. 14. 
A Theil:hian, who fucceeded ina ſchool! 
at Athens, in the age of M. Antony.” 
Per. A place where horſe races 
were exhibited. Martial. 12, ep. 50. 

HrPyGLa, atown of Peloponneſus. Pauſ. 
Ys C. 29, 

Hirpb6Lfcnus, a fon of Bellorophon, 
father to Glaucus. Homer, II. 6. A fon 
df Antimachus flain in the Trojan war. 
Hd: 11. ; 

Hrey6LYTE, a queen of the Amazons, 
given in marriage to Theſeus by Hercules, 
who had conqueres her, and taken away 
her girdle by order of Euryſtheus. [d. 
F-rowules, ] She had a ton by Theſeus, called 
Hippolytus. Pl. in [heſ.—Propert. 4, 
eL . The wife of Acaſtus, who fell in 
love with Pelcus, who was in exile at her 
huſband's court. Ske accuſed him of in- 
continence, and of attempts upon her virtue, 
before Acaſtus, only becauſe he refuſed to 
gratity her defires. She is alſo called Aſtyo- 
chia. [Fid. Acaßes.]— A daughter of 
Cretheus. Apol/cd. 

Hryp6L\Tvus, a fon of Theſcus and Hip- 
polyte, famous tor his virtues and his miſ- 
fortunes. His ſtep-mother Phxdra fell in 
love with him, and when he retuſed to pol- 
tute his father's bed, ſhe accuted him of 
offering violence to her perſon before The- 
feus. Her accuſation was readily believed, 
and Theſeus entreated Neptune ſeverely to 
puniſh the incontinence of his fon. Hippv- 
Iytus fled from the reſentment of his father, 
and, as he purſued his way along the ſea 
ſhore, his horſes were ſo frightened at the 
noiſe of ſea-calves, which Neptune had pur- 
poſcly ſent there, that they ran among the 
rocks till his charivt was broken and his 
body turn to pieces. Temples were raiſed 
to his memory, particularly at Trœzene, 
where he received divine honors. Accord- 
ing to ſome accounts, Diana reſtored him to 
life. Ovid. Faſt. 3, v. 268. Met 15, v. 
469 —Pirg. An. 7, v. 761, &c. A ſon 
of a king of Sicyon, greatly beloved by 


Apollo, Plut. in Num. A giant, killed 
by Mercury. A fon of A*gyptus. Apcl- 
fold. 1 & 2. A chriſtian writer in the 


third century, whoſe works have been 
e@tcd by Fabricius, Hamb. fol, 1716, 


| 


hy! 

HirrGmacrers, a muſician, who ſev o!p 
rebnked one of his pupils, becauſe he way 
praiſed by the multitude, and obſerved, that 
it was the greateſt proof of his ignorance, 
lian. 2. V. H. c. 6. 

HireGMitfpon, a ſon of Niſimachus and 
My thidice, who was one of the ſeven chief; 
who went againſt Thebes. He was killed 
by Iſmarus, ſon of Acaſtus. Apollod. 3, 
e, 6.—Fauſ. 2, c. 36. | 

HieyomEepUsA, a daughter of Danaus. 
Apoltod. 

HrypSmFwes, an Athenian archon, whe 
expoſed his daughter Limone to be devoured 
by horſes, becauſe guilty of adultery. O. 
in 1b. 459. A ſon of Macareus and Me- 
rope, who married Atalauta, [ Vid. Atalanta. 
with the aſſiſtance of Venus. Theſe two fond 
lovers were changed into lions by Cy bele, 
whoſe temple they had profaned in their 
impaticnce to conſummate their nuptials. 
Ovid. Met. 10, v. 585, &c. The father 
of Megareus. N 

HrieyoMOLGH, a people of Scythia. Dia- 
ny/. Ferieg. 

Hiyypox & Hiro, a town of Africa. 

HryPoNA, a goddeſs who prefided over 


horſes. Her ſtatues were placed in horſes' 
fables. Juv. 8, v. 157. 


HiyPoxAx, a Greek poct, born at Ephe- 
ſus, 540 years before the Chriitian era, He 
cultivated the ſame ſatyrical poetry as Ar- 
chilochus, and was not inferior to him in the 
beauty or vigor of his lines. His ſatyrical 
raillery obliged him to fly from Epheſus. As 
he was naturally deformed, two brothers, 
Buphalus and Anthermus, made a ſtatue of 
him, which, by the deformity of its features, 
expoſcd the poet to univerſal ridicule. Hip- 
ponax reſolved to revenge the injury, and he 
wrote ſuch bitter invectives and ſatyrical 
lampoons againſt them that they hanged 
themſelves in deſpair. Cic. ad famil. 7, 
ep. 24. 

HreppowlATES, a bay in the country of 
the Brutli. 

HieyGN1UM, a city in the country of the 
Brutii, where Agathocles built a dock. 
Strab. 

Hiyeonorv's, the father of Peribœa and 
Capancus. He was killed by the thunder- 
bolts of Jupiter before the walls of Thebes. 
., e. . 3, ©. 1: The firit 
name of Bellcrophon. A ſon of Priam. 

Hirrorspks, a people of Scythia, who 
have horſes feet, Dionyſ. Perieg. 

HipyosTRATVUS, a favorite of Lais. 

HIrPGHADEs, the patronymic of Aolus, 
grandſon of Hippotas, by Segeſta, as alfo of 
Amaſtrus, his ſon, who was killed in the 
Rutulian war. Mirg. An. 11, . 674 — 
Ovid. Me“. It, v. 431. 

Hiro As or Hirrörks, a Trojan 

prince, 


prince 
lus: 
Hr! 
1. {1d} 
Echin: 
ſon na 
One o 
daugh! 
Hrp 
Alope, 
woods 
tne go. 
Her th 
ordered 
change 
was pr. 
tlygin, 
Hip 
alan tri 
Hippot 
Hie 
Ajax it 
— 4 
— A 
the hun 
Met. ty 
Hip 
Trojans 
I. 13 4 
Hter 
e. 7. 
Hrpr 
Hes 


race de 
ep. 16. 
HIN I 
10, v. 2 
Hir 
tius, Tt 
adherent 
dignity i 
HikT 
who ath{ 
by Anto! 
were but 
in Aug. 
Sth bool 
Wars, as 
Spaniſh » 
inferior t 
The auth 
Ciccro's 
than the 
H1s89 
Virg. FN 
HrsÞ £ 
called KY 


ep. 32, 


H 1 | 
prince, changed into a river. Vid. Crini- 
tus: | 

HriyPoTHO#, a daughter of Meftor and 
Lylidice, carried away to the iſlands called 
Echinades by Neptune, by whom ſhe had a 
ſon named Taphius. polled, 2, c. 4. 
One of the Nereides. Id. 1, c. 2. 


A 


daughter of Pelias. Id. 


Hipp3THooN, a fon of Neptune and 
Alope, daughter of Cercyon, expoſed in the 
woods by his mother, that her amours with 
ine god might be concealed from her father. 
Her ſhame was diſcovered, and her father 
ordered her to be put to death. Neptune 
changed her into a fountain, and the child 
was preſerved by mares, whence his name. 
Hygin, fab. 187.—Pauſ. 1, c. 38. 

HippoTHooONTI13, one of the 12 Athe- 
dian tribes, which received its name from 
Hippothoon. 

HiePG6THOUS, a ſon of Lethus, killed by 
Ajax in the Trojan war. Homer. I. 2 & 17. 
— A fon of Priam. Apollad. 3, c. 12. 
—— A ſon of Agyptus. #4.——One of 
the hunters of the Calydonian boar. Ovid. 
Met. t, v. 307. 

HippSTION, a prince who aſſiſted the 
Trojans, and was killed by Merion. Homer. 
J. 13 & 14. 

Hier ü RIS, one of the Cyclades. Mala. 2, 
e. 7 

Hiepvs, a river falling into the Phaſis. 

HriPsiDEs,a Macedonian, & c. Curt.7,c. 7. 

Hrza, a maritime town of Peloponncſus. 
Homer, II. 12. 

HixrIxt, a people of the Samnites. 
Sal. 8, V. 570. 

Q. Hr ixus, a Roman, to whom Ho- 
race dedicated his 2 0d. 11. and allo I. 
ep. 16. 

HizTUs, a debauched fellow, &c. Tur. 
ID, v. 222. 

Hix TIA LEx de magiftratibus, by A. Hir- 
uus. It required that noue of Pompey's 
adherents ſhould be raiſed to any office or 
dignity in the ſtate. 

Htxrtus AULUS, a conſul with Panſa, 
who aſſiſted Brutus when beſicged at Mutina 
by Antony, They defeated Antony, but 
were both killed in battle B. C. 43. Suet. 
'n Aug. 10. — An hiſtoriau to whom tlie 
8h book of Cæſar's hiſtory of the Gallic 
Wars, as alſo that of the Alexandrian and 
Spaniſh wars, is attributed. The ſtile is 
inferior to that of Cæſar's Commentaries. 
The author who was Czſar's friend, and 
Cicero's pupil, is ſuppoſed to be no other 
than the conſul of that name. 

Hissox, a Rutulian, killed by Pallas. 
Virg. An. 10, v. 384. 

HrsÞAL1s, an antient town of Spain, now 


called Seville, Plin, 3, c. 3.-—Cz/. Fam. 10, 


ep. 32, 


| 


jection. 


- oh 


H1sPANta or HISsYANI&, called by the 
poets Iheria, Heſperia, & Heſperia Ultima, a 
large country of Europe, ſeparated from Gaul 
by the Pyrencan mountains, and beunded 
on every other ſide by the fea. Spain was 
firſt known to the merchants of Phœnicia, 
and from them paſſed to the Carthaginians, 
to whote power it long continued in fub- 
The Romans became ſole maſters 
of it at the end of the ſecond Punic war, 
and divided at firſt into citerior and u/terior, 
which laſt was afterwards ſeparated into H- 
tica and Lufitania by Auguttus. The Hiſ- 
pania citerior was alſo called 7 arraconen/ts, 
The inhabitants were naturally warlike, and 
they often deftroyed a life which was be- 
come uſeleſs, and even burdenſome, by its 
infirmities. Spain was ſamous for its rich 
mines of filver, which employed 40,009 
workmen, and daily yielded to the Romans 
no leſs than 20,000 drachms. Theſe have 
long fince failed, though in the floriſhing 
times of Rome, Spain was ſaid to contain 
more gold, filver, braſs and iron than the 
reſt of the world. It gave birth to Quin- 
tilian, Lucan, Martial, Mela, Silius, Seneca, 
&c. Tuſtin. 44.—Strab, 3 —NMeta. 2, c. 6. 
—Plin, 3, c. 1 & 20. 

IIIsy AN us, a native of Spain; the word 
Hiſpanienſis was alſo uſed, but generally 
applied to a perſon living in Spain and not 
born there. Martzal. 12, pref. 

HisPELL UM, a town ot Umbria. 
HrsPo, a noted debauchee, &c. PFuv. 2, 
v. 58. e 

H1sPULLA, a laſcivious woman. Juv. 6, 
v. 74. 

HisTASPEs, a relation of Darius III. 
killed in a battle, &c. Curt. 4, c. 4. 

HisTER, a river. Vid. Iſter. 

HIS TER PAcuvius, a man diſtinguiſhed 
as much by his vices as his iinmenſe riches, 
Jud. 2, V. 58. 

Hi1isT1&4, a city of Eubaa, anciently 
called Talantia. It was near the promon- 
tory called Ceneum. Hemer. II. 2. 

H1sT1=0T1s, a country of Theſſaly, ſi- 
tuate below mount Olympus and mount, 
Offa, anciently called Doris, trom Dorus the 
fon of Deucalion, and inhabited by the Pe- 
laſgi. The Pelaſgi were driven from the 
country by the Cadmeans, and theſe laſt 
were aiſo diſpoſſeſſed by the Perrhæbeans, 
who gave to their newly acquired poſſeſſions 
the name of Hiſtiæotis, or Eſtizotis, from 
Eftizea, or Hiſtiæa, a town of Eubœa, which 
they had then lately deſtroyed, and. whoſe 
inhabitants they had carried to Theſſaly 
with them. Strab.—Heradot, 4.——A 
{mall country of Eubea, of which Hiſtiæa, 
or Eſtiæa, was the capital. 

Hrst1&AUs, a tyrant of Miletus, whe 

| excited 


— 4 Ao 


H 0 


excited the Greeks to take up arms againſt 
Perfia. Herodor, 5, &c,——An biftorian 
of Miletus. 

HrsTRr1A. Vid. Iſtria. 

Hoprvs, a herald in the Trojan war. 

Hol ckxo, a mountain of Macedon, 

Homtrvs, a celebrated Greek poet, the 
mott ancient of all the profane writers. The 
ave in which he lived is not known, though 
ſome ſuppoſe it to be about 168 years after 
the Trojan war, or, according to others, 160 
years hefore the foundation of Rome. Ac- 
cording to Paterculus, he floriſhed 9658 years 
before the Chriſtian era, or 884, according 
to Herodotus, who ſuppoſed him to be co- 
temporary with He ſiod. The Arundelian 
Muitles fix his era 907 veirs before Chriſt, 
and make him alfo cotemporary with He- 
fod. This diverfity of opmions proves the 
amiquity of Homer; and th: uncertainty 
prevails alfo concerning the place ot his 
nativity. No leſe than ſcven illuſtrious cities 
diſputed the right of having given Þ::th to 
the greateſt of pucts, as it is Well expretied 
in thieſe lines: 


Smyrna, Chios, Colophon, Salumit, R Rhodos, 
Ps | rg" iy ths * Tr, 
Orbis ae patria CC? tat, F/: "Ky eg 7. 


He was called Meleſinenet, becauſe ſup— 
poſed to be born on tlie borders of the river 
Meles. There prevailed a report that ke 
kad eftabliſhed a ſchool at Chios in the latter 
part of lis life 3 and, indeed, this opinion is 
favored by the preſent inhabitants of the 
ifNand, who ſtill glory in ſhowing to travel- 
lers the ſcats where the venerable matter and 
his pupils fat in the hollow of a rock, at the 
diſtance of about four miles from the mo- 


dern capital of the itiand. Thefe difhculties | 


and doubts have not been rienioved, though 
Ariſtotle, Herodotus, Plutarch, and others, 
have employed their pen in Writing ius life. 
Ii his two celebrated poems called the Riad 
and Odyſſey, Homer has diſplaycd the moſt 
eomſummatic knowledge of human nature, 
and rendered himſelſ immortal by the ſub- 


Iimity, the ſire, ſweetneſs, and elegance of 


Bis poctry. He deſerves a gicater ſhare of 
admiration when we conſider that ne wrote 
without a model, and that none of his poe- 
tical imitators have been able to ſurpaſs, or, 
pernaps, to equa} their great maſter. If 
there are any taults found in his poctry, 
they ate to be attributed to the age in which 
he lived, and not to him; and we muſt ob- 
ſerve, that tic world is indebed to Homer 
for his happy ſucceſſor Virgil. In his Iliad, 
Homer has deſcribed the reſentment of 
Achilles, aad its fatal conlequerees in the 
Gruen army betorg the walls ul roy, In 


3 
N the Odyſſey, the poet has for his ſubject the 


return of Ulyſſes into his country, with the 
many misfortunes which attended his voy- 
age after tne fall of Troy. Theſe two poems 
are each divided into 24 books, the ſame 
number as the letters of the Greek alphabet, 
and, though the Iliad claims an unconteſted 
ſuperiority over the Odyſſey, yet the ſame 
torce, the ſame ſublimity and elegance, 
prevail, though diveſted of its more power- 
ful fire; and Longinus, the moſt refined of 
critics, beautifully compares the Thad to the 
mid-day, and the Odyſſey to the ſetting 
ſun, and obſerves, that the latter ſtill pre- 
ſerves its original ſplendor and mayeſty, 
thongh deprived of its meridian heat. The 
poetry of Homer was fo univerſally ad- 
mired that, in ancient times, every man of 
learning could repcat with facility any paſ- 
ſage in the Iliad or Odyſſey ; and, indeed, 
it was a ſufficient authority to ſettle dif. 
putecd boundaries, or to ſupport any argu- 
ment. The poems of Homer are the com- 
poſitions of a man who travelled and ex- 
amined with the moſt critical accuracy 
whatever deſerved notice and claimed atten- 
tion. Modern travellers are aſtoniſhed to ſec 
the different ſcenes which the pen of Homer 
deſcribed about 3000 years ago, ſtiil exiſting 
inthe ſame unvaried form, and the ſailor who 
ſteers his courſe along the Ægean, fees all 
tne promontories and rocks which appeared 
to Neſtor and Menelaus, when they returned 
victorious from the Trojan war. The an- 
cients had ſuch veneration for Homer, that 
they not only raiſed temples and altars to him, 


—— — — — 


— a —— 


an god. The inhabitants of Chios celebrated 
feſtivals every fiſth year in his honor, and 
medals were ſtruck, which repreſented him 
fitting on a throne, holding his Iliad and 
Odyſſey. The inhabitants of Cos, one of the 
Sporades, boaſted that Homer was buried in 
their iſland; and the Cyprians claimed the 
ſame honor, and ſaid that he was born of- 
Themiſto, a female native of Cyprus. A- 
| lexander was ſo ond of Homer, that he ge- 
| Nnera}ly placed his compoſitions under his pil- 
i 
| 


luw, with his ſword; and ke carefully depo- 
ſited the Iliad in one of the richeſt and molt 
valuable caſkets of Darius, obſerving, that 
the muſt perſect work of human genius ougtt 
to be preſerved in a box the moſt valuable 
and precious in the world. It is ſaid, that 
Piſiſtratus, tyrant of Athens, was the firſt 
who collected and arranged the Iliad and 
Odyſſey in the manner in which they now 
appcartous;and that it is to the well directed 
purſuits of Lycurgus that we are indebted 
fur their preſervation. Many of the ancients 
| have written the life of Homer, yet their 


| engunies and labors have nut much contri» 


buted 


. 


but offered ſacrifices, and worſhipped him as» 


buted te 
tage, an 
have rep 
tne Iliad 
ing to tt 
upon Ar 
beſides t 
Lliad, th 
mvomac 
the gods 
very im 
by thoſe 
6 Strom. 
or that, a 
he took | 
an epic p 
at the ve 
emed cit 
according 
of tae po 
delicate. 
mg, and 
he ejecte 
taries pu 
thius, bif 
moſt exte 
tions of 
perhaps, 
Cantab. 
tol. 17 58 
Amit 170 
2 vols. 4. 
and that « 
taining th 
Herodot. þ 
Poet. 8 
Pauf. 2, 
HM. 13.— 
10, 12.— 
lat. in . 
poets call 
. al 
loft, 9 
inferior nc 
Hong! 
once the 
A. 75 U 
Hou! 
Homo 
Xanthis, 
Homor 
Thebes, 
Homo) 
Ho xd 
empire of 
Theodoſiu 
Cadius, ] 
but he wa 
tion, uni 
danger. 
means of } 
and his 
wo took 
ters indul 


1 


puted to prove the native place, the paren- 
tige, and connections, of a man whom ſome 
have repreſented as deprived of fight. Beſides 
the Iliad and Odyſſey, Homer wrote, accord- 
ing to the opinion of ſome authors, a poem 
upon Amphiarus“ expedition againſt Thebes, 
peſides the Phoceis, che Cercopes, the ſmali 
lliad, the Epicichlides, and the Batracho- 
myomachia, and many hymns to ſome of 
the gods. The merit of originality is taken 
very improperly, perhaps, from Homer, 
by thoſe who ſuppoſe, with Clemens Alex. 
6 Strom. that he borrowed from Orpheus, 
or that, according to Suidas, | voce (/9rimnws ] 
he took. his plan of the Iliad from Corinnus, 
in epic poet, who wrote on the Trojan war, 
4 the very time the Greeks beſieged that 
med city. Agathon, an ancient painter, 
according to ZElian, repreſented the merit 
of the poet in a manner as bold as it is in- 
delicate. Homer was repreſented as vomit- 
mz, and all other poets as ſwallowing what 
he ejected. Of the numerous commen- 
taries publiſhed on Homer, that of Euita- 
thius, biſhop of Theſſalonica, is by far the 
moſt extenſive and erudite. The beſt edi- 
tons of Homer's Iliad and Odyſſey may, 
perhaps, be found to be Barnes, 2 vols, 4to. 
Cantab. 1711; that of Glaſgow, 2 vols. 
fl. 1758; that of Berglerus, 2 vols. 12mo. 
Amſt 1707 ; that of Dr. Clarke, of the Iliad, 
2 vols. 4to. 1729, and of the Odyſicy,1740: 
and that of Oxford, 5 vols. 8vo. 1780, con- 
taining the ſcholia, hymns, and an index. 
Herodot. 2, c. $3.—Theecrit, 16.— Arifict. 
Poet. — Strab. — Dio. Chryf. 33 OCrat.— 
Pauſ. 2, 9, 10.—Heliodor, 3z.— Alian LY, 
H. 13.— Val. Max. 8, c. 8.—(Quinti!. 1, $, 
10, 12.—Paterc. I, c. 5.— Dionyſ 11 1.— 
Pla. in Alex. &c. One of the Greek 
poets called Pleiades, born at Hicrapolis, 
B. C. 263. He wrote 45 tragedics, al! 
loſt,—— There were ſeven other poets, of 
inferior note, who bore the name of Homer. 
Hon LE, a lofty mountain of Theifaly, 
once the reſidence of the Centaurs. Jg. 
fn. 7, v. 675. 
Hon La, a mountain of Magnefia, 
HomoLipeus, a ſon of Hercules and 
Xanthis, Apollod. 
HomoLortpzs, one of the ſeven gates of 
Thebes, Stat. Cheb. 7, v. 252. 
HoMoNADENSES, a people of Cilicia. 
Ho xd RIUs, an emperor of the weſtern 
empire of Rome, who ſucceeded his father 
Theodoſius the Great, with his brother Ar- 
cadius. He was neither bold nor vicious, 
but he was of a modeſt and timid diſpohi- 
tion, unfit for enterpriſe, and fearful of 
danger, He conquered tas enemies by 
maus of his generals, and ſuticred himſe]! 
and his people to be governed by: miniſters 
Why took advantage of their imperial maſ- 
ter's indulence and inactivity. He died 51 


7 


| 


H O 


| a dropſy in the 39th year of his age, tx 


of Auguſt, A. D. 423. He left no iſſue, 
though he married two wives, Under him 
and his brother the Roman power was di- 
vided into two different empires. The 
lucceſſors of Honorius, who fixed their reſi- 
dence at Rome, were called the emperors of 
the welt, and the ſucceſſors of Arcadius, who 
lat on the throne of Conſtantinople, were 
diſtinguiſhed by the name of emperors of 
the eaſtern Roman empire. This divifion of 
power proved fatal to both empires, and they 
ſoon iooked upon one another with indiffer- 
ence, contempt, and jealouſy. 

io ka, a goddeſs at Rome, ſuppoſed to 
be Herſilia, who married Romulus. She 
was ſaid to prefide over beauty. Ovid, Mer. 
14, v. 351. 

Hon aActræ, a people near Illyricum. 

Hong rollo, a Greek writer, whoſe age 
is unknown. His Hierog/yphica, a curious 
and entertaining book, has been edited by 
Corn. de Pauw. 4tv. Ultraj. 1727. 

HoR-#, three ſiſters, daughters of jupiter 
and Themis, according to Hehod, called Eu- 
nomia, Dice, and Irene. They were the 
ſame as the ſeaſons who preſided over the 
ſpring, ſummer, and winter, and were re- 
pretented by the poets as opening the gates 
of heaven and of Olympus. Homer. II. 5. 
— Pauſe. 5.--Heficd. Thee. 

HoRAT IA, the filter of the Horatii, killed 
by her brother for mourning the death of the 
Curiatit. Cc. de inv. 2, c. 20. 

HR ATIs Cocks. Vid. Cocles . 


N. Flascus, a celebrated poet, born at Ve- 


nuſia. His father was a freed-man, and, 
thougl poor in his circumſtances, he liberally 
educited his fon, and ſent him to learn phi- 
Ie ſophy at Athens, after he had received the 
leftons of the bet maſters at Rome. Horace 
followed Brutus from Athens, and the timi- 
dity which he betrayed at the battle of Phi- 
lippi ſo effectually diſcouraged him, that he 
forever abandoned the profeſſion of arms, and, 
at his return to Rome, he applied himſelf to 
cultivate poetry, His rifing talents claimed 
the attention of Virgil and Varius, who re- 
commended kim tothecareof Mecznas and 
Auguſtus, the moſt celebrated patrons of li- 
terature. Under the foſtering patronage of 
the emperor and of his miniſter, Horace gave 
himſelt up to indolence and refined pleaſure. 
He wasa follower of Epicurus, and, while he 
liberally indulged his appetites, he neglected 
the calls of ambition, and never ſuffered him- 
ſelf to be carried awey by the tide of popula- 
rity or public employments. He even refuſed 
to become the ſecretary of Auguſtus, and the 
- 22 
emperor was not offended at nis refuſal, He 
lived at the table of his illuſtrious patrons 
as if he were in his own houſe; and Auguſ- 
tus, while fitting at his meals with Virgil at 


| bis right band, and Horace at his left, often 


ridiculed 


— ̃ 8 mn dnl 


8 8 — 
— - 
2 — 


H 0 


H O 


ridiculed the ſhort breath of the former, and | eaſily ſeparated his antagoniſts, and, in at- quence 
the watery eyes of the latter, by obſerving | tacking them one by one, he was enabled to 1 
that he ſat between tears and fighs, Ego ſum | conquer them all. As he returned victori- ſpeaks 
inter ſuſpiria & l/acrymas. Horace was warm | ous to Rome, his iter rebel h. powers 
in his friendſhip, and, if ever any 11-judged with the murder of one voi (ty Curiati, to hike on 
reflection had cauſed offene, the poet imme- whom ſhe was pron.ncd in marriage, He r 
diately made every conceſſion which conld | was incented at tne rebuke, and killed his 0 wee 
effect a reconciliation, and not deſtroy the hſter. This violence raiſed 1 acutznation e, 
good purpoſes ot friendly {ocicty. Horace | of the people ; he when 2 and capitally conſul; 
died in the 57th year of his age, B. C. 8. condemned. His —_— 4 — how- 1024 
| His gaicty was tuitable ty the livelmets and ever, pleaded n his avor ; the ſentence of Quintili 
| difiipation of a court; and his familiar inti- death was exchanged for a more moderate preat co 
| macy with Mecznas has induced ſome to but more ISNOMINIOUS Bam ene and he liberally 
| believe that the death of Horace was violent, | Was only compelied to paſs unde: the yoke, Was ver) 
and that he baftencd himſelf out of the world | A trophy Wii raiſed in the Roma, forum, on 32 
| ro accompany his friend. The 17th ode of } which he lulpended the ſpoils of the con- aller af 
nis ſecond book, which was written during quered Curiatii Cie. dc 3 2, C. 26 of amorc 
| the laſt illneſs of Mecznas, is too ſerious to | Liv. 1, c. 24, &e.—Diongſ. Hal. 3, c. 3. in Brut, 
be conſidered as a poetical rhapſody or un- A Roman conſul, who Cefeated the I. K z, 
mea: ing e uſion; and, indeed, the poet Sabines. A conſu,, who dedicated the the rd. 
ſurvived the patron only three weeks, and | temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. During the afciviout 
ordered his bones to be buried near thofe of | ceremony he was infor med of the death « tle eldes 
his friend. He left all his poſſeſſions to | his ſon, but he did not forget the facred ins. 
Auguſtus. The poetry of Horace, ſo much | character he then bore for the feelings "5" 
[ commended for its elegance and {weetnels, of d parent, and continued re Gedication vor of ( 
is deſervedly cenſured for the licentious ex- after ordering the body to be buried, adit w 
preſſions and indelicate thoughts which he Liv. 2. 2 entered tl 
too frequently introduces. In his odes he has] Horcras, the general of JOCO Macedo- but that l 
imitated Pindar and Aracreon; and if he nians, who revolted from Antigonus in Car- the greate 
has confeſſed himſelf to be inferior to the | padocia. Pelyan. 4. SS A, 1 
former, he has ſhown that he bears the palm HorMIsDAs, a name which fore of the tomb. 7 
over the latter by his more ingenious and re- Perſian kings bore in the reign of the Ronan Macedon, 
fined ſentiments, by the eaſe and melody of | emperors. 98 keutenant; 
| kis expreſſions, and by the pleafing variety of Hokker!, a people of Britain, ſuppoſed WE 
| his numbers. In his ſatires and epiſtles, | to be the inhabitants of Eſkdale now in ome. 1 
Horace diſplays much wit, and much ſatiri- Scotland. Tacit. Ag. 38. ; he was on 
cal humor, without much poetry, and his HoRRATUS, a Macedonian ſoldier, who 1 
file, ſimple and unadorned, differs little from | fought with another private folder in ſigle fines of the 
profaical compoſition. In his art of poetry | of the whole army of Alexander. Curt. 9, 1 
| he has ſhown much taſte and judgment, and | c. 7. of the "hs 
| has rendcred in Latin hexameters, what | HorTEws1A, a celebrated Roman lady, EY 
| Ariſtotle had, ſome ages before, delivered to | daughter of the orator Hortenſius, whoſe co. 883 By ; 
his pupils in Greek proſe. The poet gives | quence ſhe had inherited in the moſt _ nies of ll. 
judicious rules and uſeful precepts to the moſt | degree, When the triumvirs had obliged ſtate requin 
powerful and opulent citizens of Rome, who, | 14,000 women to give upon oath an _ pine. 
in the midſt of peace and enjoyment, wiſhed | of their poſſeſſions, to defray the 1 6 deTLL? 
| 10 cultivate poetry and court the muſes, The | the ſtate, Hortenſia undertook to plead ther ad. Aan. 2 
| beſt editions of Horace will be found to be | cauſe, and was fo ſucceſsful in her attemy!, 1 5 
that of Baſil, fol. 1580, illuſtrated by eighty that 1000 of her temale fellow-ſufferers el peſented w. 
commentators ; that of Baxter's, edited by | caped from the avarice of the triumvirate, Jus, for his 
Geſner, 8vo. Lipf. 1752; and that of Glaſ- Val. Max. 8, c. 3. —_ Diayſ. Hal. 
gow, 1210. 1744. Suect. in Aug. Ovid. Trift, | HoKRTENSIA LEX, by Q. Hortenſius, * in the age © 
4. el. 10, v. 49. Thrce brave Romans, dictator, A. U. C. 867. It ordered ths 5 
| born at the ſame birth, who fought againſt | whole body of the Roman people to pay _— raded the A 
the three Curiatii, about 667 years before | plicit obedience to whatever Was enacted by ury, and c 
Chriſt. This celebrated fight was fought be- | the commons. The nobility, befure wa they pave th 
tween the hoſtile camps of the people of | law was enacted, bad claimed an abſoluts e. 
Alba and Rome, and on their ſucceſs de- | exemption. b the myclæ, in 
pended the victory. In the fiſt attack two HokTaA, or HoRTINUM, Bat 4; ap thus and Aj 
of the Horatii were killed, and the only | Sabines, on the confluence of the Nar an Ws, durin 
ſurviving brother, by joining artifice to | the Tiber. Virg. An, 7, v. 716. 5 People was N 
valor, obtained an honorable trophy: by Q. HoRTEnsius, a Dee N bus, that th, 
pretending to fly from the held of battle, af who began to diſtinguiſt. himſclf by his 00 galands dd 
8 d dec 


H I 


quence, in the Roman forum, at the age of 
nineteen. His friend and ſucceſſor Cicero 
ſpeaks with great eulogium of his oratorical 
powers, and mentions the uncommon extent 
of his memory. The affected actions of Hor- 
tenſius at the bar procured him the ridicu- 
lous firname of Dronyfea, a celebrated ſtage 
dancer at that time. He was prætor and 
conſul, and died 50 years before Chriſt, in 
his 63d year, His orations are not extant. 
Quitihian mentions them as undeſerving the 
great commendations which Cicero had ſo 
liberally beſtowed upon them, Hortenſius 
was very rich, and not leſs than 10,000 
aſks of Arviſfitan wine were found in his 
cellar after his death. He had written pieces 
of amorous poetry, and annals, all loft, Cc. 
in Brut, ad Attic. de Orat, &'c.—PVarro de 
LA. S- 4 Corbio, a grandſon of 
the orator of the ſame name, famous for his 
laſciviouſneſs. A rich Roman, who aſked 
tlie elder Cato his wife, to procreate chil- 
dren, Cato gave his wife to his friend, and 
took her again after his death. This beha- 
viour of Gato was highly cenſured at Rome, 
and it was obſerved, that Cato's wife had 
entered the houſe of Hortenſius very poor, 
but that the returned to the. bed of Cato in 
the greateſt opulence. Plut. in Cat. 
ARowman, flain by Antony on his brother's 


tomb. Id. A prætor, who gave up 
an Macedonia to Brutus. Id. One of Sylla's 
1 heurenants, Id A Roman, the firſt 
e who introduced the eating of peacoc ks at 
_ Rome. This was at the feaſt he gave when 
lie was Created augur. 
by HokTONA, a town of Italy, on the con- 
dae haes of the Equi. Iv. 3, c. 30. 
9 Hosus, a ſon of Ifis, one of the deities 
of the Egyptians. A king of Aſſyria. 
dr, HosTtLYa LEX was enacted A. U. C. 
wh 583. By it ſuch as were among the ene- 
1 mies of the republic, or abſegt when the 
iged tate required their aſſiſtance, were guilty 
uns df rapine. 
es Of Hos11l1A, a large town on the Po. Ta- 
— it, Ann, 2, C. 40. lin. 21, c. 12. 


HosT1us HoSTIL1US, a warlike Roman, 
peſented with a crown of boughs by Romu- 


ate Jus, for his intrepid behaviour in a battle. 
* Dianyſ. Hal. A conſul. ALatin poet, 
«ep in the age of J. Cæſar. 
6.90 Huxxt, a people of Sarmatia, who in- 
* _ vaded the empire of Rome in the fifth cen- 
ed UF ury, and ſettled in Pannonia, to which 
, they gave the name of Hungary. | 
ſojuts YACINTHIA, an annual ſolemnity at 
of the amp cle, in Laconia, in honor of Hyacin- 
* us and Apollo. It continued for three 
1 as, during which time the giief of the 
a people was ſo great for the death of Hy acin- 
ee thus, that they did not adorn their hair with 
gabe balands Curing their ſeſtivals, nor cat 
dene 


5 i 
bread, but fed only upon ſweetmeats. They 


did not even ſing pæans in honor of Apollo, 


or obſerve any of the ſolemnities which were 
uſual at other ſacrifices. On the ſecond day 
of the feſtival there were a number of dif- 
ferent exhibitions. Youths, with their gar- 
ments girt about them, entertained the 
ſpectators, by playing ſometimes upon the 
flute, or upon the harp, and by ſinging ana- 
peſtic ſongs, in loud echoing voices, in ho- 
nor of Apollo. Others paſſed acroſs the 
theatre mounted upon horſes richly adorned, 
and, at the ſame time, choirs of young 
men came upon the ſtage ſinging their un- 
couth ruſtic ſongs, and accompanied by per- 
ſons who danced at the ſound of vocal and 
inſtrumental muſic, according to the anci- 
ent cuſtom. Some virgins were alſo intro- 
duced in chariots of wood, covered at the 
top, and magnificently adorned, Others 
appeared in race chariots, The city began 
then to be filled with joy, and immenſe 
numbers of victims were offered on the al- 
tars of Apollo, and the votaries liberally 
entertained their friends and flaves. During 
this latter part of the feſtivity, all were ea- 
ger to be preſent at the games, and the 
city was almoſt deſolate, and without inha- 
bitants. Atlien. 4. 
HvAciNrTRHus, a ſon of Amyclas and 
Diomede, greatly beloved by Apollo and 
Zephyrus. He returned the former's love, 
and Zephyrus, incenſed at his coldneſs and 
indifference, reſolved to puniſh his rival. 
As Apollo, who was entruſted with the 
education of Hyacinthus, once played at 


quoit with his pupil, Zephyrus blew the 


quoit, as ſoon as it was tnrown by 
Apollo, upon the head of Hyacinthus, 
and he was killed with the blow. Apollo 
was ſo diſconſolate at the death of Hya- 
cinthus, that he changed his blood into 
a flower, which bore his name, and placed 
his body among the conſtellations. The 
Spartans alſo eſtabliſhed yearly feſtivals in 
honor of the nephew of their king. [Id. 
Hyacinthia.] Pauſ. 3, c. 19.— Oh. Met. 

to, v. 185, &c.—Aplad. 3, &c. 
HyAves, five daughters of Atlas, king 
of Mauritania, who were ſo diſconſolate at 
the death of their brother Hyas, who bad 
been Killed by a wild boar, that they pined 
away and died. They became ftars after 
death, and were placed near Taurus, one 
of the 12 ſigns of the Zodiac. They 
received the name of Hvades from their 
brother Hyas. Their names are Pha- 
ola, Ambroſia, Eudora, Coronis, and 
Polyxo. To theſe ſome have added 
Thione and Prodice, and they maintained, 
that they were daughters of Hyas and 
Ethra, one of the, Oceanides. Euripides 
calls them daughters of Erechtheus. The 
B ancients 


. * 


8 
” 
2 4 — 5 - 
* 9 as 1 " oy 
— - 0 * _ OY 
. _—_—_— — dr 2 8 4 — 
= . 2 . : 
- \ 4 * 


H 


ancients ſuppoſed that the riſing and ſetting 
ot the Hyades was always attended with 
much rain, whence the name (uw plus). 
Ovid. Faft. 5, v. 165. —lygin. fab. 182.— 
Eurip. in Ton, 

Hy X6owts, a Phrygian, father of Marſyas. 
He invented the flute. Plat. de Muſic. 

HYXLA, a city at the mouth of the In- 
dus, where the government is the ſame as 
at Sparta. One of Diana's attendant 
nymphs. Ovid. 

 HyameGLis, a city of Phocis, on the 
Cephiſus. Herodot. 8. 

HyYaxTnxs, the ancient name of the 
inhabitants of Bœotia, from king Hyas. 
Cadmus is ſometimes called Hyanthius, be- 
cauſe te is king of Bœotia. Ovid, Met. 3, 


B 


of Eneas, killed in the Rutulian war. Virg, 
En. 10, v. 747. 

Hy DURA, a celebrated monſter, which in- 
feſted the neighhourhood of the lake Lerna 
in Peloponneſus. It was the fruit of Echid- 
na's union with Typhon. It had an hun- 
dred heads, according to Diodorus ; fifty, 
according to Simonides ; and nine, accord- 
ing to the more received opinion of Apol- 
lodorus, Hyginus, &c. As ſoon as one of 
theſe heads was cut off, two immmediately 
grew up if the wound was not ſtopped by 
fire, It was one of the labors of Hercules 
to deſtroy this dreadful monſter, and this he 
eaſily effected with the aſſiſtarce of lolaus, 
who applied a burning iron to the wounds 
as ſoon as one head was cut off. While 


v. 147. 
HyaxTis, an ancient name of Bœotia. 


HNYAY PTA, a man who endeavoured to 
imitate Timogenes, &c. Heorat, 1, ep. 19, 
V. 15. 

Hy at, 2 fon of Atlas, of Mauritania, by 
Athra. His extreme fonanets for ſhooting 
ros ed fatal to him, and, in his attempts to 
rob a lonefs of het helps, he was killed by 
the enraged animal. Some ſay that he died 
by the bite of a ſerpent, and others that he 
was killed by a wild boar. His ſiſters mourned 
luis death with ſuch conſtant lamentations, 
that Jupiter, in compaſtion of tt eir ſorrow, 
changed them into ſtars. | Vid, Hyades. ] Ily- 
gin. fab. 192.-—Ovid, Faft, 8, v. 170. 

HLA, a mountain in Sicily, called af- 
terwards Megara, where thy me and odorifer- 
as flowers of all forts grew in abundance, 
It is famous for its honey. There is, at the 
foot of the mountain, a town of the ſame 
rame. There 1s alſo another near mount 
Ana; and a third near Catana, Pauſ. 5, 
C 23.,—Strab., 6.—/\Ncla. 25 C. 7.—Cic. 
Verr. 3, c. 42. |. 5, c. 25.— S,. 14, v. 26. 
Stat. 14, v. 201. A city of Attica 
bears alſo the name of Hy bla. 

HyB&EAs, an vrator of Caria, &c. Straub. 
13. . 

HvYBRIANEs, a people near Thrace, 

HyCcCARGN, (plur. 4), a tuwn of Sicily, 
the native place of Lais. | 

Hypba & Hr, a town of Lydia, un- 
der mount Traolus, which ſome ſuppoſe to 


Hercules was deſtroying the hydra, Juno, 
jealous of his glory, ſent a ſea- crab to bite 
his foot. This new enemy was ſoon dif- 
patched ; and Juno, unable to ſucceed in 
her attempts to leſſen the fame of Hercules, 
placed the crab among the conſtellations, 
where it is now called the Cancer, The 
conqueror dipped his airows in the gall of 
the hydra, and, from that circumſtance, 
all the wounds which he gave proved incu- 
rable and mortal. Heſſod. Theog, — Apelled, 
2, c. $,—Pauf. 5, c. 17.--0vid. Met. 9, 
v. 69.—lHeorat. 4, od. 4, v. 61.—Pirg. An, 
6, v. 276. J. 7, v. 658. 

HyYDpRAOTES, a river of India, crefſed by 
Alcxander. 

HynpRoPHGRIA, a feſtival obſerved it 
Athens, called av Tov e bd, n 
carrying water, It was celebrated in com- 
me moration of thoſe who periſhed in tz 
deluge. 

HypeunTuUM & HyDRUs, a city of C- 
labria, 50 miles ſouth of Brundufium. 45 
the diſlance from thence to Greece wasc 
60 miles, Pyrrhus, and afterwards Vairo, 
Pompey's licutenant, meditated the build 
ing here a bridge acroſs the Adriatic. Though 
ſo favorably fituated, Hydrus, now cailed 
Otranto, is but an infignificant town, ſcatet 
containing 3000 inhabitants. Plin. 3, C. 
11.—Cic, 15. Att. 21. 1. 16. . 5 
can. 5, v. 375. 

Hv DRUSA, a town of Attica. Strab. g. 

HyFra, a town of Lucania. Strab. 6. 


be the ſame as Sardes. 

HrDARA, a town of Armenia. Straß. 
12. 

HV DARNESs, one of the ſeven noble Per- 
fans who conſpircd to deſtroy the uſurper 
Smerdis, & HU{lerodct, 3 & 6,—Strab, 11. 

HyDASPES, a river of Aſia, flowing by 
Suſa. Another in India, now Heut, or 
Chelum, the boundaries of Alexander's con- 
queſts in the eaſt, It falls into the Indus. 
Curt. 5, c. 2.—Lucan. 8, v. 227, —tlorat. 
I, od. 22, v. 7.— Stab. 15.—A friend 


. Hxrurs al, a ſon of Micipſa, brother 
to Adherbal, murdered by Tugurtha, after 
the death of his father. Salluft. de Jig. 
bell. 

HyeTTVs, a town of Bœotia. PIN 
c. 24. 


of Æſculapius, held in great venefatich 
among the ancients. Her ſtatues repreſented 
her with a veil, and the matrons uſual) 
conſecrated their locks to her. She W 


allo repreſented on monuments like a you 
woman 


Hvorta, the goddeſs of health, daugbtet 


GGG 


H IV 


woman holding a ſerpent in one hand, and 
in the other a cup, out of which the ſerpent 
ſometimes drank. According to ſome au- 
thors, Hygeia is the ſame as Minerva, who 
received that name from Pericles, who erect- 
ed her a ſtatue, becauſe in a dream ſhe had 
told him the means of curing an architect, 
whoſe aſſiſtance he wanted to build a temple. 
Plur. in Pericl.— Pauſ. 1, c. 23. 

HyGctANA, a town of Peloponneſus. 

C. Jur. Heis, a grammarian, one 
of the freed men of Auguſtus. He was a 
native of Alexandria; or, according to 
ſome, he was a Spaniard, very intimate 
with Ovid. He was appointed librarian to 
the library of mount Palatine, and he was 
able to maintain himſelf by the liberality of 
C. Licinius, He wrote a mythological hiſ- 
tory, which he called fables, and Poeticon 
OI beſides treatiſes on the cities 
of Italy, on ſuch Roman families as were 
deſcended from the Trojans, a book on 
agriculture, commentaries on Virgil, the 
lives of great men, &c. now loſt. The 
beſt edition of Hyginus is that of Munke- 
rus, 2 vols. 8vo. Amit. 1681. Theſe com- 
poſitions have been greatly mutilated, and 
their incorrectneſs and their bad Latinity, 
have induced ſome to ſuppoſe that they are 
ſpurious. Sueton. de Gram. 

HyLa&RHyYLas,a riverof Myſia, where 
Hylas was drowned. Virg. G. 3, v. 6. 
A colony of Phocis. 

HyLAacToR, one of Actæon's dogs, 
from his barking (uvaaztw /atro). Ovid. 
Met. 3. 

HyL =vs, a name given to ſome centaurs, 
killed at the nuptials of Pirithous. Virg. 
nu. 8, v. 294. One of Actæon's dogs. 

HyLas, a ſon of Thiodamus, king of 
Myſia and Menodice, ſtolen away by Her- 
cules, and carried on board the ſhip Argo 
to Colchis. On the Afiatic coaſt the Ar- 
gonauts landed to take a ſupply of freſh | 
water, and Hylas, following the example 
of his companions, went to the fountain 
with a pitcher, and fell into the water and 
was drowned. The poets have etnbellifhed 
this tragical ſtory, by ſaying, that the 
nymphs of the river, enamoured of the 
beautiful Hylas, carried him away ; and that 
Hercules, diſconſolate at the loſs of his fa- 
vorite youth, filled the woods and moun- 
tains with his complaints, and, at laſt, 
abandoned the Argonautic expedition to go 
and ſeek him. Apolled. 1, c. g9.—Hygin. 
fab. 14, 271.,-Virg. Ect. 6.—Propert. 1, 
el. 20. A river of Bithynia, Pin. 5, 
e. 32. 

* rg: a dog mentioned in Virgil, 

cl. 8, : 

HyL =, a {mall town of Bœotia. Plin. 
4, c. 7, | 


| - Fs 


HyL1AS, a river of Magna Græcia. 

HyLLAarcus, a part of Peloponneſus, 
near Meſſenia. ; 

HyLLtvus, a ſon of Hercules and Deja- 
nira, who, ſoon after his father's death, 
married Iole, He, as well as his father, 
was perſecuted by the envy of Euryſtheus, 
and obliged to fly from the Peloponneſus. 
The Athenians gave a kind reception to 
Hyllus and the reſt of the Heraclidz, and 
marched againſt Euryſtheus. Hyllus ob- 
tained a victory over his enemies, and killed 
with his own hand Euryſtheus, and ſent his 
head to Alcmena, his grandmother. Some 
time after he attempted to recover the Pe- 
loponneſus with the Heraclidz, and was 
killed in ſingle combat by Echemus, king 
vf Arcadia, [ Vid. Heraclidz, Hercules. 
Herodot. 7, c. 204, & c.— Strab. 9.—Diod. 
4 —Ovid. Met. 9, v. 279. A river of 
Lydia, flowing into the Hermus. It is 
called alſo Phryx. Liv. 37, c. 38.—Here- 
dt. 1, c. 180. | 

HyLonGme, the wife of Cyllaras, who 
killed herſelf the moment her huſband was 


murdered by the Lapithz, Ovid. Met. 12, 
V. 405. 

HyLoPHAci, a people of Ethiopia. 
Died. 3. 


. HymEnzvus & Hur, the god of 
marriage among the Greeks, was ſon of 
Bacchus and Venus, or according to others, 
of Apollo and one of the muſes. Hyme- 
næus, according to the more received opi- 
nions, was a young Athenian of extraordi- 
nary beauty, but ignoble origin. He be- 
came enamoured of the daughter of one of 
thericheſt and nobleſt of his countrymen, 
and, as the rank and elevation of his miſtreſs 
removed him from her preſence and conver- 
ſation, he contented himſelf to follow her 
wherever ſhe went. In a certain proceſ- 
fion, in which all the matrons of Athens 
went to Eleuſis, Hymenzus, to accompany 
his miſtreſs, diſguiſed himſelf in woman's 
cloaths, and joined the religious troop. 
His youth, and the fairneſs of his features, 
favored his diſguiſe. A great part of the 
proceſſion was ſeized by the ſudden arrival 
of ſome pirates, and Hymenzus, who 
ſhared the captivity of his miftreſs, encour- 
aged his female companions, and aſſaſſinated 
their raviſherswhile they were afleep. Im- 
mediately after this, Hymenzus repaired 
to Athens, and promiſed ta reſtore to liberty 
the matrons who had been enſlaved, pro- 
vided he was allowed to marry one among 
them who was the object of his paſſion. 
The Athenians conſented, and Hymenzus 
experienced ſo much felicity in his mar- 
riage ſtate, that the people of Athens inſti- 
tuted feſtivals in his honor, and ſolemnly 


| invoked him at their nuptials, as the Latins 


Bbz Cas 


18 


3 


did their Thalaſſius. Hymen was generally þ cold climate. Plin. 4, c. 12.1. 6, c. 17.— 


repreſented as crowned with flowers, chicfly 
with marjoram or roles, and holding a 
burning torch in one hand, and in the other 
a veſt of a purple color. It was ſuppoſed 
that he always attended at nuptials; for, if 
not, matrimonial connections were fatal, 
and enced in the moſt ereadful calamities; 
and hence pcople.ran about, calling aloud, 
Hymen! Hymen! &c. Ovid. Medea. Met. 

2, v. 215.—Pirg. u. 1, &c.—Catull. 
ep. 62. 

HyMETTUS, a mountain of Attica, about 
22 miles in circumference, and about two 
miles from Athens, ſtill famous for its bees 
and excellent honey. There was alfo a quarry 
ef marble there. Jupiter had there. a 
temple; whence he is called Hymettius. 
Strab. 9,—-[tal. 14, v. 200.—Plin. 36, c. 
3.—Heorat. 2, od. 18, v. 3. Sat. 2, 2, v. 
1 5.—Cic. 2. fin. 34. 

Hy>zyA or IrxP #, now Berli, a town 
of Lydia, ſacred to Venus, between mount 
Tmolus and the Cayftrus. Strab, 13.— 
Ovid. Met. 11, v. 152. 

Hyr 514, a country of Peloponneſus. 

HyyAx1s, a river of European Scythia, 
now called Bog, which falls into the Boryſ- 
thenes, and with it into the Euxine, He- 
rodert. 4, c 52, &c..—Ovid, Met. 15, v. 
235. A river of India. Another of 
Pontus. Cic. Tuſe. 2, c. 39. A Tro- 
jan who joined himſelf to neas, and 
was killed by his own people, who took 
him for one of the enemy in the night that 
Troy was burned by the Greeks. Firg. An. 
2, v. 428. 

Hvyakxli vs, a ſon of Dion, who reigned 
at Syracuſe for two years after his father. 
The father of Dion. 

HyrATEs, a river of Sicily, near Ca- 
marina. Ital. 14, v. 231. 

HyPATuA, 2 town of Theſſaly. Liv. 
41, 6. 25. 

HYFENOR, Aa Trojan killed by Diomedes 
at Troy. Homer. II. 5. 

HvyERBIUs, a ſon of AEgyptus. Apellod. 

HYBr KBGRET, a nation in the northern 
parts of Europe and Ahe, who were taid to 
live to an incredible age, even to a thoutand 
ears; and in the entoy ment of all poſiible 
felicity. The ſun was laid to riſe and ſet 
to them but once a year, and therefore per- 
haps they are placed by Virgil under the 
north pole. The word ſignifies people nvho 
inkabit beyond the wind Boreas, Thrace 
was the reſidence of Boreas, according to 
the ancients, Whenever the Hy perboreans 
made offerings they always ſent them to- 
wards the ſouth, and the people of Dodona 
were the firſt of the Greeks who received 
them. The werd Hyperborcans is applied, 
in gencial, to ail thoſe who inhabit any 


= 


Mela, 3, c. 5.—Virg. G. 1, v. 240. l. 3, v. 
169 & 381.— Herodot. 4, c. 13, &c.—Cic. 
ND. 3, 6. 83. 1.4; e. 1. 

HVPEREA & HyYPERIA, a fountain of 
Theſſaly, with a town of the ſame name. 
Strab. g. Another in Meſſenia, in Pe- 
loponneſus. Flace 1, v. 375. 

HyPERESIA, atown of Achaia. Srrab. 8. 

HyyPeERIDEs, an Athenian orator, diſci- 
ple to Plato and Socrares, and long the rival 
of Demoſthenes His father's name was 
Glaucippus. He diſtinguiſhed himſelf by 
his eloquence, and the active part he took 
in the management of the Athenian repub- 
lic. After the unfortunate battle of Cra- 
non, he was taken alive, and, that he might 
not be compelled to betray the ſecrets of his 
country, he cut off his tongue, He was 
put to death by order of Antipater, B. C. 
322. Only one of his numerous oration 
remains, admired for the ſweetneſs and ele- 
gance-of his ſtile. It is ſaid, that Hype- 
rides once defended the courtezan Phryne, 
who was accuſed of impiety, and that, when 
he ſaw his eloquence ineffectual, he unveiled 
the boſom of his client, upon which the 
judges, influenced by the fight of her 
beauty, acquitted her. Plat. in Demoſft.— 
Cic. in Orat. 1, &c.—Quintil. 10, &c. 

HyPERIon, a ſon of Cœlus and Terra, 
who married Thea, by whom he had Auro- 
ra, the ſun and moon. Hyperion is often 
taken by the poets for the ſun itſelf, He- 
od. Theog,— Apollod. 1, c. 1 & 2. Homer. 
hymn. ad Ap. A ſon of Priam. Apollod 
I, Co 2. 

HyPERMNESTRA, one of the fifty daugh- 
ters of Danaus, who married Lynceus, fon 
of Ægyptus. She diſobeyed her father's 
bloody commands, who had ordered her to 
murder her huſband the firſt night of her 
nuptials, and ſuffered Lynceus to eſcape 
unhurt from the bridal bed. Her father 
ſummoned her to appear before a tribunal 
for her diſobedience, but the people acquitted 
her, and Danaus was reconciled to her and 
her huſband, to whom he left his kingdom 
at his death. Some ſay, that Lynceus re- 
turned to Argos with an army, and that he 
conquered and put to death his father-in-law, 
and uſurped his crown, Vd. Danaides. 
Paus. 2, c. 19.,—Apolled. 2, c. 1,—0vid. 
Heroid, 14,—— A daughter of Theſtius. 
.1pollod. 

HyYPERBATUSs, a pretor of the Achæans, 
B. C.-224, 

HyeEKSCHUS, a mar who wrote a poe- 
tical hiſtory of Cuma. Par. 10, c. 12. 

Hye EUs, a mountain of Campania. 
Put. in Syl. 

Hvrsa, now Belici, a river of Sicily fall- 
ing into tLe Criniſus. 174“. 14, v. 228. 


- 


| HYP3£ 4g 


Queer 
Kinge 
ſpired 
Thoat 
daugh 
leized 
King ( 
the ca 
BUS ; 
againf 
Ob]! YN 
Ne 
More & 
on the 
Killed 
reyenge 


WY 


HyPsEA, a Roman matron, of the fa- 
mily of the Plautii. She was blind, accord- 
iag to Horace; or, perhaps, was partial to 
ſome lover, who was recommended neither 


by perſonal nor mental excellence. Horat. 1, 


fat. 2, v. 91. 
HyyPsEwoR, a prieſt of the Scamander, 
killed during the Trojan war. Hemer. II. 5. 
HyPsevs, a ſon of the river Peneus, 
A pleader at the Roman bar before the age 
of Cicero. Cic. de Orat. 1, c. 36. 
HyPs1CRATEA, the wife of Mithridates, 
who accompanied her huſband in man's 
cloaths, when he fled before Pompey. Plut. 
in Pomp. : 
HyPs1cRATEs, a Phoenician, who wrote 
an hiſtory of his country, in the Phœnician 
language. This hiſtory was ſaved from the 
flames of Carthage, when that city was 
taken by Scipio, and tranſlated into Greek. 
Hvrstelpks, a Macedonian in Alexan— 
der's army famous for his friendſhip for 
Menedemus, &c. Curt. 7, c. 7. 
HVvrsIrFLE, aqueenof Leinnos, daughter 
of Thoas. During her reign, Venus, whoſe 
altars had been univerſally ſlighted, puniſhed 
tie Lemnian women, and rendered their 
mauths and breath ſo extremely offenſive to 
the ſmell, that their huſbands abandoned 
them and gave themſelves up to ſome female 
ſlaves, whom they had taken in a war againſt 
Thrace. This contempt was highly reſented 
by all the women of Lemnos, and they re- 
ſolved on revenge, and all unanimouſly put 
to death their male relations, Hypſipyle alone 
excepted, who ſpared the life of her father 
Thoas. Soon after this cruel murder, the 
Argonauts landed at LEmnos, in their expe- 
dition to Colchis, and remained for ſome 
time in the iſland. During their ſtay the Ar- 
gonauts rendered the Lemnian women mo- 
thers, and Jaſon, the chief of the Argonautic 
expedition, left Hypſipyle pregnant at his 
departure, and promiſed her eternal fidelity. 
Hypſipyle brought twins, Euncus and Ne- 
brophonus, whom ſome have called Deiphi- 
lus or Thoas. Jaſon forgot his vows and 
promiſes to Hypſipy le, and the unfortunate 
queen was ſoon after forced to leave her 
Kingdom by the Lemnian women, who con- 
ſpired againſt her life, ſtill mindful that 
Thoas had been preſerved by means of his 
daughter. Hypſipyle, in her flight, was 
leized by pirates, and ſold to Lycurgus, 
King of Nemaa. She was entruſted with 
the care of Archemorus, the ſon of Lycu- 
zus; and, when the Argives marched 
againſt Thebes, they mer Hypſfipyle, and 
obliged her to ſhow them a fountain, where 
they might quench their thirſt. To do this 
more expeditiouſly, ſhe laid down the child 
on the graſs, and, in her abſence, he was 
Killed by a ſerpent, Lycurgus attempted to 
revenge the death of his ſon, but Hypfipy le 


0p 4 


was ſcreened from his reſentment by Adraſ- 
tus, the leader of the Argives. Ovid. Heroid. 
6.—Fpollon, 1.—Stat. 5. Theb.—Flac. 2. 
—Apellod. 1, c. 9. 1. 3, c. 6. Hygin. fab, 
I5, 74, &c. Vid. Archemorus. | 

HyrcAnia, a large country of Aſia, at 
the norta of Parthia, and at the weſt of Me- 
dia, abounding in ſerpents, wild beaſts, &c, 
It is very mountainous, and unfit for draw- 
ing acavalry in order of battle. Virg, An. 4, 
v. 367.—Cic. Tuſe. 1, c. 45.—Strab. 2 & 
IT, A town of Lydia, deſtroyed by a 
violent earthquake in the age of Tiberius. 
Liv. 37, c. 38. 

HyRCANUM MARE, a large ſea, called 
alſo Caſpian. Vid. Caſpium mare. 

HyxcaNnvus, a name common to ſome of 
the high prieſts of Juda a. Jeſeplus. 

Hy RIA, a country of Bœotia, near Aulis 
with a lake, river, and town of the ſame 
name. It is more probably ſituate near 
Tempe. It received its name from Hyrie, 
a woman, who wept ſo much for the loſs of 
her ſon, that ſhe was changed into a foun=- 


tain. Ovid. Met. 7, v. 372.— Herodot. 7, 
c. 170. A town of Iſauria, on the Caly - 
cadnus. 


Hyritvs & HynRevs, a peaſant, or, as 
ſome ſay, a prince of Tanagra, who kindly 
entertained Jupiter, Neptune, and Mercury, 
when travelling over Be&otia. Being child- 
leſs, he aſked of the gods to give him a ſon 
without his marrying, as he promiſed his 
wife, who was lately dead, and whom he ten- 
derly loved, that he never would marry 
again. The gods, to reward the hoſpitality 
of Hyreus, made water in the hide of a bull, 
which had been ſacrificed the day before to 
their divinity, and they ordered him to wrap 
it up and bury it in the ground for nine 
montns. At the expiration of the nine 
months, Hyrcus opened the earth, and 
found a beautiful child in the bull's hide, 


whom he called Orion. Vid. Orion. 


HyrzMiNnA, a town of Elis, in Pelopon- 
neſus. Strab. 8. 

HVYVRNETO & HYRNETHO, a daughter 
of Temenus, King of Argos, who married 
Deyphon, ſon of Celeus. She was the fa» 
vorite of her father, who greatly enriched 
her nuſband. 4ps//ed. 2, c. 6.—Pauf. 2, c. 19. 

HyRNITHIUM, a plain of Argos, fertile 
in olives. 

HvRTAcus, a Trejan of mount Ida, 


father to Niſus, ane of the companions 


of Eneas. Virg. An. q, v. 177 & 406. 
Hence the patronymic of Hyrtacides is af « 
plied to Nifus, It is alſo applied to Hip- 
pocoon. Id. 5, v. 492. 

Hs IA, a town of Bœotia, built by Nyc- 
teus, Antiope's father. A village of Ar- 
gos. A city of Arcadia, The royal 
reſidence of the King of Parthia. 

Hys?a, a river ot Sicily, 174. 14, v. 228, 

B b 3 | HyYssVs, 


3 


Hyssvs & Hyss1, 2 port and river 


Cappadocia on the Euxine ſea, 
HYSTASPES, a noble Perſian, of the fa- 
mily of the Achzmenides. His father's 
name was Arſames. His ſon Darius 
reigned in Perſia after the murder of the 
uſurper Smerdis. It is ſaid, by Cteſias, 
that he wiſhed to be carried to ſee the royal 
monument which his ſon had built between 
two mountains, The prieſts who carried 
him, as reported, ſlipped the cord with 


which he was ſuſpended in aſcending the 


wr 


1 


mountain, and he died of the fall. Hyſ- 
taſpes was the firſt who introduced the 
learning and myſteries of the Indian Brach- 
mans into Perſia, and to his reſearches in 
India the ſciences were greatly indebted, 
particularly in Perſia. Darius is called 
Hyftaſpes, or ſon of Hyſtaſpes, to diflinguiſh 
him from his royal ſucceſſors of the ſame 
name. Herodot. 1, c. 209. 1. 5, c. 83. 
—(tefias Fragm. 
HysT1Evs, Vid. Hiſtizus, 


— 11 — 


1 K 


A, the daughter of Midas, who married 
Atys, &c. f 

IA c cus, a ſirname of Bacchus, ab aye, 
from the noiſe and fouts which the Baccha- 
nals raiſed at the feſtivals of this deity, 
Virg. Ecl. 6, G. 1, v. 166.—Ovid. Met. 
4, 15- Some ſuppoſe him to be a fon 
of Ceres ; becauſe in the celebration of the 
Eleuſinian myſteries, the word Iachus was 
frequently repeated. Herodot. 8, c. 65.— 
—Pauf. 1, c. 2. 

IAD ER, a river of Dalmatia. | 

IALEMUs, a wretched finger, ſon of the 
muſe Calliope. Athen. 14. 

IALMENUS, a ſon of Mars and Aſtyoche, 
who went to the Trojan war, with 30 ſhips, 
with his brother Aſcalaphus. Homer. II. 2. 

IAi.Ysus, a town of Rhodes, built by Ia- 
lyſus, of whom Protogenes was making a 
beautiful painting when Demetrius Poliorce- 
tes took Rhodes. The Telchines were born 
there. Ovid. Met. 7, fab. 9.—Pl:n. 35, c. 6. 
—Cic. 2, ad Attic. ep. 21.—Plut. in Dem. 
w— /Elian. 12, c. 5. 

IAVuRE, a ſervant maid of Metanira, wife 
of Cclcus, king of Eleuſis, who tried to ex- 
bilarate Ceres, when ſhe travelled over At- 
tica in queſt of her daughter Proſerpine. 
From the jokes and ſtories which ſhe made 
uſe of, free and ſatyiical verſes have been 
called ſambics. Apvlled. 1, c. e. 

TaMBLICUs, a Greck author, who wrote 
the life of Pythagoras, and the hiſtory of his 
followers, an cxhortation to philoſophy, a 
treatiſe againſt Porphyry's letter on the 
myſteries of the Egyptians, & c. He was a 
great favorite with the emperor Julian, and 
died A. D. 363. 

JAMENUS, a Trojan, killed by the Greeks, 
Hemer. 

Tamipe, certain prophets among the 
Greeks, deſcended from Jamus, a ſon of 
Apollo, who received the gift of prophecy 


from his father, which remained among his 


poſterity. Pauf. 6, c. 2. 
3 


] A 


JaxnictLum & Janicularius mons, one 
of the ſeven hills at Rome, joined to the city 
by Ancus Martius, and made a, kind of ci- 
tadel, to protect the place againſt an inva- 
ſion. This hill, (vid. Jams) which was 
on the oppoſite ſhore of the Tiber, was 
joined to the city by the bridge Sublicius, 
the firſt ever built acroſs that river, and 
perhaps in Italy, It was lefs inhabited 
than the other parts of the city, on account 
of the groſſneſs of the air, though from its 
top, the cye could have a commanding view 
of the whole city. It is famous for the burial 


| of king Numa and the poet Italicus., Por- 


ſenna, king of Etruria, pitched his camp on 
mount Janiculum, and the ſenators took re- 
fuge there in the civil wars, to avoid the re- 
ſentment of Octavius. Liv. 1, c. 33, &c. 
Dic. 47.—Ovid. 1, Faſt. v. 246.—Virg. 8, 
v. 358.— Mart. 4, ep. 64. l. 7, ep. 16. 

IAN IRA, one of the Nereides. 

IAN THEM agirlof Crete, who married Iphis. 
[ Vid. Iphis. ] Owid. Met. 9, v. 714, &c. 

IAN THA; one of the Oceanides. One 
of the Nereides. Pauſ. 4, c. 30 —-Ilomer. 
JI. 8. 

Jaxvs, the moſt ancient king who reigned 
in Italy. He was a native of Theſſaly, and 
ſon of Apollo, according to ſome, He came 
to Italy wheic he planted a colony and built 
a ſmall! town on the river Tiber, which he 
called Janiculum. Some authors make him 
ſon of Cœlus and Hecate ; and others make 
him a native of Athens. During his reign, 
Saturn, driven from heaven by his ſon Jupi- 
ter, came to Italy, where Janus received him 
with much hoſpitality, and made him his 
colleague on the throne. Janus is repreſcnted 
with two faces, becauſe he wus acquainted 
with the paſt and the future; or, according 
to others, becauſe he was taken for the ſun 
who opens the day at his riſing, and huts it 
at his ſetting. Some ftatues repreſented Ja- 
nus with four heads. He ſometimes appeared 


| with a beard, and ſometunes without. In 
religious 


reli gio 
invoke 
gates d 
only tl 
gods. 
appear 
rod in 
numbe 
65, to! 
winch t 
ſuppoſe 
Celus ; 
Call hin 
volution 
bitteren 
rends, b 
6 uu 
over W: 
Clarfues, 
were OP 
ſhut in 
worſhip 
he had 
Janus B 
The tem 
four equi 
dows on 
embiems 
Lic three 
three mo 
ther, the 
Was gene! 
man. Af 
the gods, 
tion Whic: 
inhabitan 
always 01 
three tim 
Numa, 2 
during th; 
were Cont 
Faf.. 1, v. 
Jarre de 
ſtreet at R 
was gene 
money-br. 
their ſhop 
INVITES 
Terra, Wh. 
others, Ch 
lenœtius 
The Greeh 
of all ma 
Patronymie 
. 63 1 fanned 
IAeis, ; 
upon the b 
37 v. 475. 
from whor 
the power e 
V. 391, 
Iayyni, 
Carnicla. 


Ui. Bull. | 


1 A 1A 
religious ceremonies, his name was always IArF IA, a country on the confines of 
invoked the firſt, becauſe he preſides over all | Italy in the form of the peninſula between 
gates and avenues, and it is through him | Tarentum and Brunduſium. It is caled by 
only that prayers can reach the immortal | fome Meſſapia, Peucetia, and Sateniinu m. 
gods, From that circumſtance, he often Plin. 3, c. 11.—Strab, 6. 
appears with a key in his right hand, and a IayYx, a ſon of Dædalus, who conquered 
rod in his left. Sometimes he holds the | a part of Italy, which he called Tapygia. 
number zoo in one hand, and in the other | Ovid. Met. 14, v. 458. A wind which 
65, to ſhew that he preſides over the year, of | blows from Apulia, and is favorable to ſuch 
which the firſt month bears his name. Some | as ſailed from Italy towards Greece. It was 
ſoppoſe that he is the ſame as the world, or | nearly the ſame as the Caurus of the Greeks, 
Cœlus; and, from that circumſtance, they | Herat. 1, od. 3, v. 4. I. 3, od. 7, v. 20. 
call him Eanus, ab eunds, becauſe of the re- LARBAS, a fon of Jupiter and Garaman- 
volution of the heavens. He was called by | tis, king of Gztulia, from whom Dido 
difecent names, ſuch as Confrvius a Conſe- | bought land to build Carthage. He courted 
ali, becauſe he prefided over generation; | Dido, but the arrival of Aneas prevented his 
(uirinus or Martialis, becauſe he preſided | ſucceſs, and the queen, rather than marry 
over war. He is alſo called Patulcius & | Iarbas, deſtroyed herſelf. Vid. Dido. Virg. 
(/ayfies, becauſe the gates of his temples | Zn. 4, v. 36, &c.—TFuftin. 18, c. 6.— 
were opened during the time of war, and | Ovid. Faſt. 3, v. 552. 
ſhut in time of peace, He was chiefly IARCHAS & JARCHAS, a celebrated In- 
worſhipped among the Romans, where | dian philoſopher. His ſeven riags are fa- 
he had many temples, ſume erected to | mous for their power of reſtoring old men to 
Janus Bifrons, others to Janus Quadrifrons. | the bloom and vigor of youth, according to 
The temples of Quadrifrons were built with | the traditions of Pkilotr. in Apoll. 
four equal des, with a door and three win- IAR DAN Us, a Lydian, father of Omphale, 
dows on each ſide. The four doors were the | the miſtreſs of Hercules. Herodet. 1, c. 7. 
emblems of the ſour ſeaſons of the year, and A river of Arcadia. Another in 
tic three windows in each of the fides the | Crete. Homer. II. 7. 
three months of each ſeaſon, and, all toge- IasiDpes, a patronymic given to Palinurus 
ther, the twelve months of the year. Janus | as deſcended from a perſon of the name of 


- 


1 
was generallyrepreſcnted in ſtatues as a young 2 Virg. An. 5, v. 843. —alſo of Ja- N . 
man. After death, Janus was ranked among | ſus. Id. 12, v. 392. 


the gods, for his popularity, and the civiliza- Iis1on & Iastvs, a ſon of Jupiter and 
tion which he had introduced among the wild | Electra, one of the Atlantides, who reigned | 
inhabitants of Italy. His temple, which was | over part of Arcadia, where he diligently | 
always open in times of war, was ſhut only | applied himſelf to agriculture, He married 
three times during above 700 years, under | the goddeſs Cybele or Ceres, and all the gods | | 
Numa, 234 B. C. and under Auguſtus, and | were preſent at the cclebration of his nupti- 
during that long period of time, the Romans | als. He had by Ceres two ſons, Philomelus 
were continually employed in war. Ovid. | and Plutus, to whom ſome have added a 
Faſt. 1, v. 65, &c,—Virg. An. 7, v. 607.— | third, Cory bas, who introduced the worthip 
Varro de L. L. 1.—Macreb, Sat. 1. A | and myſteries of his mother in Phrygia. He | 
ſtreet at Rome, near the temple of Janus. It | had alſo a daughter whom he expoſed as | 
was generally frequented by uſurers and | ſoon as born, ſaying that he would raiſe only 
money-brokers, and bookſcliers alſo kept | male children. The child, who was ſuckled 
their ſhops there. Horat. 1, ep. 1- by a ſhe-bear and preſerved, rendered her- 
JaytTvs, a ſon of Cœlus or Titan, by | ſelf famous afterwards under the name of 
Terra, who married Aſia, or, according to | Atalanta, Jafion was Killed with a thun- 
others, Clymene, by whom he had Atlas, | derbolt of Jupiter, and ranked among the 
Menœtius, Prometheus, and Epimetheus. | gods after death by the inhabitants of Ar- 


- — . * 
8 
— — ads ow = 63— . 


ee» 
—— — 22 bs 
N * 
. 0 s 


— — — N — 


3 Le. — —— 
1 : . P 1 
- = i 
—— Pn - . 1 
2 >< * * — = * 


* w —— —— — . A; — 
- py 


— - 


. a =} 


2 


— 


The Grecks looked upon him as the father | cadia, Heſiod. Theog—Virg, Ain. 3, jt | 

; of all mankind. His ſons received the | v. 168.—Hygin. Poet. 2, c. 4. 4. 

; patronymic of Japetionides, Ovid. Met. 4, | Isis, a name given to Atalanta daughter {14% 

; v. 631.—Heficd. Theog.—Apolled, 1, c. 1. | of laſius. 1: I 

, laets, an Ztolian, who founded a city Iasivs, a ſon of Abas, king of Argos, 

2 upon the banks of the Timavus, Vg. G. A ſon of Jupiter. Vid. Iaſion. 

4 35 v. 475. A Trojan favorite of Apollo, JA80N, a celebrated hero, fon of Alcime- 

4 from whom he received the knowledge of | de, daughter of Phylacus, by Æſon the fon 

g the power of medicinal herbs. Id. A. 12, | of Cretheus and Tyro t be daughter of Sal- 

n V. 391, moneus. Tyro, before her connection with 

it IarVpIA, a diſtrict of Illyricum, now | Cretheus the fon of olus, had two ſons, vi | 
al Carnicla, Liv. 43, c. 5.— Tibull, 4, v. 109. | Pelias and Neleus by Neptune. fon was a 1 iv | 
4 U. Balb, 1 4. king of Iolchos, and at his death the throne | 11 14 
In Bb 4 way +118. 
us wh 


14 


1 A 


was uſurped by Pelias, on account of- the | had feet and horns of braſs, and to plough 
tender youth of Jaſon, the lawful ſucceſſor. | with them a field ſacred to Mars. After 


The education ot young Jaſon was entrufled 


to the care of the Centaur Chiron, and he | 
; whole fury would be converted againſt him 
uſurper, who had been informed by an oracle | who ploughed the held. He was alfo to kill 


a monſtrous dragon who watched night and 


was removed from the preſence of the 


that one of the deſcendants of olus would 
dethrone him. After he had made the moſt 
rapid progreſs in every branch of ſcience, 
Jaſon left the Centaur, and by his advice 
went to conſult the oracle. He was ordered 
to go to Iolchos his native country covered 
with the ſpoils of a leopard, and dreſſed in 
the garmen:cs of a Magneſian. In his jour- 
ney he was ſtopped by the inundation of 
the river Evenus or Enipeus, over which he 
was carried by Juno, who had changed her- 
ſelf into an old woman. In croſſing the 
ſtreams, he loſt one of his ſandals, and, at 
his arrival at Iolchos, the fingularity of his 
dreſs and the fairneſs of his complexion 


attracted the notice of the people, and 


drew a crowd around him in the market 
place, Pelias came to ſee him with the reſt, 
and as he had been warned by th: oracle to 
beware of a man who ſhould appear at Iolchos 
with one foot bare, and the other ſhod, the 
appearance of Jaſon, who had loſt one of his 
ſandals alarmed him. His terrors were ſoon 
after augmented, Jaſon, accompanied by his 
friends, repaired to the palace of Pelias, and 
boldly demanded the kingdom w:iich he had 
unjuſtly uſurped, The boldneſs and, popula- 
rity of ſaſon intimidated Pelias; he was un- 
willing to abdicate the crown, and yet he 
feared the reſentment of his adverſary. As 
1 was young and ambitious of glory, 

elias, at once, to remove his immediate 
claims to the crown, reminded him that Ee- 
tes King of Colchis had ſeverely treated, and 
inhumanly murdered their common relation 
Pi:ryxus. He obſerved that ſuch a treatment 
calied aloud for puniſhment, and that the 
undertaking would be accompanied with 
much glory and fame. He farther added that 
his old age had prevented him from aveng- 
ing the death of Paryxus, and that if Jaſon 
would undertake the expedition, he would 
r:ig1 to him the crown of Tolchos when he 
returned victorious from Colchis. Jafon 
readily accepted a propoſal w ici ſeemed to 
promiſe ſuch military tame. His intended 
expedition was made known in every pait 
of Greece, and te youngeſt and braveit of 
the Greeks aſſembled to accompany him, and 
ſhare his toils and glory. They embarked 
on board a ſhip called Argo, and after a 
ſeries of adventures they arrived at Colchis. 
(Vid. Argonautz.) HMetes promiſed to 
reſtore the golden fleece, which was the 
cauſe of the death of Phryzus, and of the 
voyage of the Argonauts, provided they 
ſubmitted to his conditions. Jaſon was 
to tame bulls who breathed flames, and who 


this he was to ſow in the ground the teeth of 
a ſerpent from which armed men would ariſe, 


day at the foot of the tree on which the gol- 
den fleece was ſuſpended. All were concern- 
ed for the fate of the Argonauts ; but Jung, 
Who watched with an anxious eye over the 
ſafety of Jaſon, extricated them from all theſe 
' difficulties. Medea, the King's daughter, 


fell in love with Jaſon, and as her know. 
ledge of herbs, enchantments and incanta— 
tion was uncommon, ſhe pledged herſelf to 
| deliver her lover from all his dangers if he pro- 
miſed her eternal fidelity. Jaſon, not inſen. 
ſible to her charms and to her promiſe, vowed 
eternal fidelity in the temple of Hecate, and 
received from Medea whatever inſtruments 
and herbs could protect him againſt the ap. 
proaching dangers. He appcared in the feld 
| of Mars, he tamed the fury of the oxen, 
ploughed the plain, and ſowed the dragon's 
| teeth. Immediately an army of men ſprang 
| from the field, and ran towards ar He 
threw a ſtone among them, and they fell one 
upon the other till all were totally deſtroyed, 
The vigilance of the dragon was lulled to 
ſleep by the power of herbs, and Jaſon took 
from the tree the celebrated golden fleece, 
which was the ſole object of his voyage. 
Theſe actions were all performed in the pre- 
ſence of Metes and his people, who were all 
equally aſtoniſhed at the bo!dnefs and ſucceſs 
of Jaſon, After this celebrated conqueſt, 
gum immediately ſet ſail for Europe with 
edea, who had been ſo inſtrumental in his 
preſervation, Upon this Æetes, deſirous to 
revenge the perfidy of his daughter Medea, 
ſent his ſon Abſyrtus to purſue the fugitives, 
Medea killed her brother, and ſtrewed his 
limbs in her father's way, that ſhe might 
more eaſily eſcape, while he was employed 
in collecting the mangled body of his for, 
(Vid. Alſyrtus.) The return of the Argo- 
nauts in Theſſaly was celebrated with uni-4 
verſa] feſtivity; but AEſon, Jaſon's father, 
was unable to attend on account of the in- 
fir mities of old age. This ohſtruction was 
removed, and Medea, at the requeſt of her 
huſband, reſtored Eſon to the vigor and 
ſprightlineſs of youth. Vid. Aon. } be- 
lias the uſurper of the crown of Iolchos,wiſh- 
ed alſo tg ſee himſelf reſtored to the flower 
of youth, and his daughters, perſuaded by 
Medea, who wiſhed to avenge her huſband's 
wrongs, cut his body to pieces, and placed 
his limbs in a cauldron of boiling water. 
Their creduliry was ſeverely puniſhed. Me- 
dea ſuffered the fle ſh to be conſumed to the 
bones, and Pelias was never reſtored to life. 


This inhuman action drew the 1 


— — 


the pop 
Corinth 


lived in 
ſucceſh 
ce, the 
afterwa! 
pineſs, 
might n 
penſitie: 
gedby N 
her chil 
(Vid. N 
Medea, 
choly lit 
bimſelf 
carried 
his head 
tragical 
before by 
ſome au 
returned 
kingdon 
Eurip i 
xc.— D 
c. 9.—0 
— Strah, 
—Pinda 
—Fenec. 
&c.—1, 
who wr 
books, v 
ander. 
A tyrant 
with the 
ſhip of 
who wro 
of the ki 
Tasvs 
his fathe1 
ſon of A 
of Argus 
gus of A 
of the ſar 
bay adjoi 
Se. 18. 
IAXAR 
Sog diana, 
Tanais. 
Pian ſea. 
Man. 
Iazis 
Palus M3 
Tris. 2, \ 
IBERI. 
chis on th 
governed 
made gre: 
obliged tl 
the wood: 
It is nov 
Anton, & 
V. 166.— 
name of 8 


Lacan, 6, 


r = WW a EE * ww 


rgo- 
uni- 
ther, 
in- 
Was 
f her 
and 
Pe- 
V iſh- 
Ower 
d by 
and's 
laced 


vater. 
Me- 
to the 
2 life, 
cnt ot 
tlic 


I B 


the populace upon Medea, and ſhe fled to 
Corinth with her huſband Jaſon, where they 
lived in perfect union and, love during ten 
ſucceſſive years. Jaſon's partiality for Glau- 
ce, the daughter of the king of the country, 
afterwards diſturbed their matrimonial hap- 
pineſs, and Medea was divorced that Jaion 
might more freely indulge his amorous pro- 
nſities. This infidelity was ſevercly reven- 
ged by Medea, Vid. Glauce who deſtroyed 
her children in the preſence of their father. 
id. Medea. After his ſeparation from 
. ew: lived an unſettled and melan- 
choly life. As he was one day repoſing 


timſelf by the fide of the ſhip which had 
carried him to Colchis, a beam fell upon | 


his head, and he was cruſhed to death. This 
tragical event had been predicted to him 
before by Medea, according to the relation of 
ſome authors. Some ſay that he afterwards 
returned to Colchis, where he ſeized the 
kingdom, and reigned in great ſecurity. 
Eurip. in Med. - Ovid. Met. 7, fab. 2, 3, 
&c.—Diod. 4.—Pauf. 2, & 3.—Apolled. 1, 
c. 9.—Cic. de Nat. 3.—Ovid. Triſe. 3, el. 9. 
—Strab. 7. — Apoll. Flacc.— Hygix. 5, &c. 
— Pindar, Jz Nem.— Tuſtin. 42, C. 2, &c. 
—Senec. in Med.—Tzetz. ad Lycophr. 175, 
&c.—Athen, 13. A native of Argos 
who wrote an hiſtory of Greece in four 
books, which ended at the death of Alex- 
ander. He lived in the age of Adrian. 
A tyrant of Theſſaly who made an alliance 
with the Spartans, and cultivated the friend- 
ſhip of Timotheus. Trallianus, a man 
who wrote tragedies, and gained the eſteem 
of the kings of Parthia. Pu. 7. 

Iasuvs, a king of Argos, who ſucceeded 
his father Triopas. Par. 2, c. 16. A 
ſon of Argus father of Agenor. A ſon 
of Argus and Iſmena.——A {ſon of Lycur- 
gus of Arcadia. An ifland with a town 
of the ſame name on the coaſt of Caria. The 
bay adjoining was called Taſius finus. Plin, 
$,c. 28,—-Liv. 32, c. 33. J. 37, c. 17. 

IaxaRTEs, now Sir or Sion, a river of 
Sogcliana, miſtaken by Alexander for the 
Tanais, It falls into the eaſt of the Caſ- 
pan ſea, Curt, 6 & 7.—Plin. 6, c. 16,— 
an. 4, c. 15. 

lazices, a people on the borders of the 
Palus Mæotis. Tacit. A. 12, c. 29.— Ovid. 
Tri. 2, v. 191. Pont. 4, el. 7, v. 9. 

IBERIA, a country of Aha, between Col- 
chis on the weſt, and Albania on the caſt, 
governed by kings. Pompe y invaded it, and 
made great flaughter of the inhabitants, and 
obliged them to ſurrender by letting fire to 
the woods where they had fled for ſafety, 
It is now called Georgia. Plut. in Lac. 
Anton. & c.— Dio. 36.— Flar. 3,—Flacc. 5, 
V. 166. — ph. Parthic. An antient 
name of Spain, derived from the river Iberus. 
Lacan, 6, *. 258.—Iorat. 47 od. 14 V. 50. 


1e 


Ebro, which formerty ſeparated the Roman 
from the Carthaginian poſſeſſions in that 
country. Lucan. 45 V. 335.— lin. 3, C. 3. 
Horat. 4, od. 14. v. 50. A river of 
Iberia in Aſia, flowing from mount Cau- 
caſus into the Cyrus. Strab. 3. A fa- 
bulous king of Spain. 

Ist, an Indian nation. | 

IBIS, a poem of the poet Callimachus, in 
which he bitterly ſatyrizes the ingratitude of 
his pupil the poet Apollonius. Ovid has alſo 
written a poem which bears the ſame name, 
and which in the ſame ſatyrical language 
ſeems, according to the opinion of ſome, to 
inveigh bitterly againſt Hyginus the ſuppoſed 
hero of the compoſition. 

IsYcus, a lyric poet of Rhegium about 
540 years before Chriſt. He was murdered 
by robbers, and at the moment of death he 
implored the aſſiſtance of ſome cranes which 
at that moment flew over his head. Some 
time after as the murderers were in the mar- 
ket place, one of them obſerved ſome cranes 
in the air, and ſaid to his companions, 
ai lCuxov exTizor mraptio:y, there are the birds 
that are conſcious of the death of Ibycus. Theſe 
words and the recent murder of Ibycus raiſæd 
ſuſpicions in the people: the aſſaſſins were 
ſeized and tortured, and they confeſſed their 
guilt. Cc. 4. Tuſe. c. 43.—-Alian. V. H. 
The huſband of Chloris whom Horace 
ridicules, 3 od. 15. 

Ic Aptus, a robber killed by a ſtone, &c. 
Cic. Fat. 3. 

Ic ARIA, a ſmall ifland in the Egean ſea, 
near Samos. Strab. ro & 14. 

Ic ARIS & IcARIOTISs, a name given to 
Penelope as daughter of Icarius. 

ICARIUM MARE, a part of the Ægean 
ſea near the iſlands of Mycone and Gyaros. 
Vid. Icarus. 

IcArivs, an Athenian, father of Erigone. 
He gave wine to ſome peaſants who drank it 
with the greateſt avidity, ignorant of its in- 
toxicating nature. They were ſoon deprived 
of their reaſon, and the fury and reſentment 
of their friends and neighbours were immedi- 
ately turned upon Icarius, who periſhed by 
their hands. After death he was honored 
with public feſtivals, and his datighter was 
led to diſcover the place of his burial by 
means of his faithful dog Mœra. Erigone 
hung herſelf in deipair, and was changed 
into a conſtellation called Virgo, Icarius 
was Changed into the ſtar Bootes, and the 
dog Mera into the ſtar Canis. Hygin. fab. 
130.—pollod. 3, c. 14. A ſon of 
CEbalus of Lacedzmon. He gave his daugh- 
ter Penelope in marriage to Ulyſſes king of 
Ithaca, but he was ſo tenderly attached ta 
her, that he wiſhed her huſband to ſettle 
at Lacedemon. Ulyſſes refuſed, and when 


| he ſaw the caznelt petitious of Icarius, he 


* 


Iszxvs, a river of Spain, now called 


told 


— 
— 


— 


223 2 — 2 


by f 
E_z — — — 


; = — 
= = 2. * 
K Ser — 

oy — 


— * ou 


1 
þ 
4 
7 
i 
- 
if 
N 


8 


k, 


— 


—_— 


I 2 * at * dt. 
— - — 


3 


told Penelope as they were going to embark, 

that ſhe might chooſe freely either to follow 

him to Ithaca, or to remain with her father. 

Penelope bluſhed in the deepeſt ſilence, and 

co :ered her head with her veil. Icarius 
upon this permitted his daughter to go to 

Ithaca, and immediately erected a temple 
to the goddeſs of modeſty, on the ſpot 
where Penelope had covered her bluſhes 
with her veil. Homer, Od. 

Iciarvs, a ſon of Dædalus, who, with 
his father, fled with wings from Crete to 
eſcape the reſentment of Minos. His flight 
being too high proved fatal to him, the tun 
melted the wax which cemented his wings, 
and he fell into that part of the Mgean ſea 
which was called after his name. | Vid. Dx- 
dalus.] Ovid. Met. 8, v. 178, &c. A 
mountain of Attica. 

Iccivs, a lieutenant of Agrippa in Sicily. 
Horace writes to him, 1 cd, 29, and ridj- 
cules him for abandoning the purſuits of 
philoſophy and the muſes, for military em- 
ploy ments. One of the Rhemi in Gaul, 
ambaſlador to Cæſar. Czf. B. G. 2, c. 3. 

IcELos, one of the ſons of Somnus, who 
changed himſclf into all ſorts of animals, 
whence the name (exenog femilis). Ovid. 
Met. 11, v. 640. 

IcEv1, a people of Britain who ſubmitted 
to the Roman power. They inhabited the 
modern counties'of Suffolk, Norfolk, Cam- 
bridge, & c. Tacit. An. 12, c. 31,—Cef. 
e . 

Ickras, a man whoobtained the ſupreme 
power at Syracuſe after the death of Dion. 
He attempted to aſſaſſinate Timoleon, for 
Which he was conquered, &c. B. C. 340. 
C. Nep. in Tim. | 

Icunz, atown of Macedonia, whence 
Themis and Nemeſis are called Ichnæa. 

IcHNUSA, an ancient name of Sardinia, 
which it reccived from its likeneſs to a hu- 
man foot. Pauſ. 10, c. 17.—ltal. 12, v. 
358.—Plix. 3, c. 7. 

IcyonuPHis, a prieſt of Heliopolis, at 
whoſe houſe Eudoxus reſided when he viſi- 
ted Egypt with Plato. Diog. 

IcHTHYOPHAG1, a people of AÆthiopia, 
who received this name from their eating 
fiſhes. There was alſo an Indian nation of 
the ſame name who made their houſes 
with the bones of ſiſhes. Diod. 3.—Strab. 
2, &c.—Plin. 6, c. 23. Il. 18. c. 7. 

Icnruxs, a promontory of Elis in Achaia. 
Strab. 11. 

L. IciLius, a tribune of the people who 
made a law A. U. C. 397, by which mount 
Aventine was given to the Roman people 
to build houſes upon. Liv. 3, c. 54. 
A tribune who made a law A. U. C. 261, 
that forbad any man tv oppoſe or interrupt 
a tribune while he was ſpeuking in an aſ- 


I D 


ſignalized himſelf by his inveterate enmity 
againſt the Roman ſenate. He took an 
active part in the management of affairs 
after the murder of Virginia, &c. 

Icivs, a harbour in Gaul from which 
Cæſar croſſed into Britain. 

Icontrum, the capital of Lycaonia, now 
Kiniech. Plin. 5, c. 27. 

Ic os, a ſmall iſland near Eubœa. Strab. g. 
IcTinus a celebrated architect 430 be- 
fore Chriſt. He built a famous temple to 
Minerva at Athens, &c. 

IceTUMULORUM VICUsS, a place at the 
foot of the Alps abounding in gold mines, 
IcuLISMA, a town of Gaui, now Augen- 
leſme, on the Charente. 

IDa, a nymph of Crete who went into 
Phrygia, where ſhe gave her name to a 
mountain of that country. Firg. An. 8, 
v. 177. The mother of Minos 2d.— 
A celebrated mountain, or more properly 
a ridge of mountains in Troas, chiefly in 
the neighbourhood of Troy. The abuz- 
dance of its waters became the ſource of na- 
ny rivers, and particularly of the Simois, 
Scamander, Aſepus, Granicus, &c. It 
was on mount Ida that the ſhepherd Paris 
adjudged the prize of beauty to the goddeſs 
Venus, It was covered with green wood, 
and the elevation of its top opened a fine cx- 
tenſive view of the Helleſpont and the adja- 
cent countries, from which reaion the poet; 
ſay that it was frequented by the gods dur- 
ing the Trojan war. Lerab. 13.—Mela. 1, 
c. 18.— Homer. Il. 14. —Virg. An. 3, 5, 
& c.— Ovid. Faſt. 4, v. 79.— Horat. 3, od. 
11. A mountain of Crete the higheſt in 
the iſland, where it is reported that Jupiter 
was educated by the Corybantes, who, on 
that account, were called Idzi. Strab. 10, 

In&a, the ſirname of Cybele becauſe the 
was worſhipped on mount Ida. Lucret. 2 
v. 611, 

Ip æus, a firname of Jupiter. — 4. 
armbearer and charioteer of king Priam, 
killed during the Trojan war. Virg. 4". 
6, v. 487. One of the attendants df 
Aſcanius. Id. 9, v. 500. 

IvaL1s, the country round mount Ida. 
Lucan, 3, v. 204. ; 

ID&Lvs, a mountain of Cyprus, at the 
foot of which is Idallum, a town with 2 
grove ſacred to Venus who was called Idalæa. 
Virg. Ain. 1, v. 6$5.—C atull. 37 & 62.— 
Propert. 2, cl. 13. 

IDANTHYRSUS, a powerful king of Scy- 
thia, who refuſed to give his daughter in 
marriage to Darius the 1ſt, king of Perha. 
This refuſal was the cauſe of a war between 
the two nations, and Darius marched againſt 
Idanthyrſus, at the head of 700,009 men. 
He was defeated and retired to Perſia, af tet 
an inglorious campaign. SV. 13. 


ſembly. L/ V. 2, c. 58. — A tribune who 


IDARNEs, an officer of Darius, by era 
| 4515 


gligence th 
urt. 4 bY 
InAs, a ſo 
ous for his“ 
1s among | 
Marpetſa the 
Folia, Ma 
pollo, and 1 
ith hows ane 
eſtore her. 

A pollodorus, | 
afociated Wit 
way ſome HO 
ained a ſuffic 
eſulec to div. 
-oroked the 
illed by Caſf 
rother's deat 
bad in his turn 
Jux. - Accord! 
he quarrel be 
thoſe of Apha 
uſe: Idas an 
going to celebi 
and Hilaira tl 
us; but Call 
Invited to pa 
Fered violenc 
them away. 
attempt to rec. 
—Hygin. fa 
5 v. 700.—1 
KI. 5, c. 18.— 
Trojan Killed 
v. 675. 

Ivza or Ip. 
who became 
King of Bithyn 
by Scamander 

Iokssa, at 
of Colchis. St 

Intx, a ſm 
near Bunonia, 

[DISTAVISL 
were German 
Oldendorp on 
Tait, A. 2, c. 

Invox, ſor 
te prophet 0 
Killed in hunt 
Where his body 
Tal, He had 
er ot his deat! 
— A dyer o 
ne. Ovid. Me: 
zicus, killed h. 
A ſon of A* 
Vid. Danaides 

IvomEns, 
married Amyt 

IvoMENEy: 
calion on the t 
panied the Gr. 
a fleet of 90 f 


3 


zugence the Macedonians took Miletus. 
«rt. 4 C. 5. 

Io As, a ſon of Aphareus and Arane, fa- 
ous for his valor and military glory. He 
% among the Argonauts, and married 
Marpetſa the daughter of Evenus king of 
7-olia, Marpeſſa was carried away by 
vollo, and Idas purſued his wife's raviſher 
ich bows and arrows, and obliged him to 
tore ber. [ Vid. Marpeſſu.] According to 
Apollodorus, Idas with his brother Lynceus 
ciated with Pollux and Caſtor to carry 
way ſome Hocks 3 but when they had ob- 
«ined a ſufficient quantity of plunder, they 
fuſed to divide it into equal ſhares, This 
-roked the ſons of Leda, Lynceus was 
led by Caſfor, and Idas, to revenge his 
rother's death, immediately killed Caſtor, 
bnd in his turn periſhed by the hand of Pol- 
ux. According to Ovid and Pauſanias, 
he quarrel between the ſons of Leda and 
thoſe of Aphareus aroſe from a more tender 
uſe: Idas and Lynceus, as they ſay, were 
going to celebrate their nuptials with Phe&be 
and Hilaira the two daughters of Leucip- 
us; but Cattor and Pollux, who had been 
Invited to partake the common feſtivity, 
gered violence to the brides, and carried 
them away. Idas and Lynceus fell in the 
tempt to recover their wives. Homer, II. 
q—{Hygin. fab 14, 100, &c.—Ovid. Faſt. 
& v. 700.—Apellod. 1 & 3.—Pauf. 4, c. 2, 
KI. 5, c. 18. A ſon of Agyptus. A 
Trojan killed by Turnus. Firg. An. 9g, 
v. 575. 

Iorà or Ip A, a daughter of Dardanus, 
who became the ſecond wife of Phineus 
king of Bithynia. The mother of Teucer 
by Scamander. Apollod. 

Ioxssa, a town of Iberia on the confines 
of Colchis. Strab. 11. 

Intx, a ſmall river of Italy, now Juice, 
near Bunonia, 

[pisTavisus, a plain, now Haftenback, 
were Germanicus defeated Arminius, near 
Oldkendorp on the Weſer in Weſtphalia. 
Tait, A. 2, c. 16. 
uox, ſon of Apollo and Aſteria, was 
te prophet of the Argonauts, He was 
Killed in hunting a wild boar in Bithynia, 
Where his body received a magriificent fune- 
nal, He had predicted the time and man- 
ner ot his death. Apollod. 1, c. y.—Orphens. 
——A dyer of Colophon, father to Arach- 
ne. Ovid, Met. 6, v. 8. A man of Cy- 
zicus, killed by Hercules, &c. Flacc. 3. 
A lon of Agyptus, killed by his wife. 
Vid. Danaides. 

IvdMENe, a daughter of Pheres, who 
married Amythaon. Apollod. 1, c. 9. 


5 


i100MENEUs, ſucceeded his father Deu- 
canon on the throne of Crete, and accom - 
panicd the Greeks to the Trojan war, with 


a ficet of 90 ſhips, During this celebrated 


1E 


war he rendered himſelf famous by his va- 
lor, and ſlaughtered many of the enemy. At 
his return he made a vow to Neptune in a 
dangerous tempeſt, that if he eſcaped from 
the fury of the ſeas and ſtorms, he would 
offer to the god whatever living creature firſt 
preſented itfelf to his eye on the Cretan 
ſhore. This was no other than his ſon, wha 
came to congratulate his father upon his ſafe 
return. Idomeneus performed his promiſe 
to the god, and the inhumanity and raſh- 
neſs of his ſacrifice rendered him ſo odious 
in the eyes of his ſubjects, that he left Crete, 
and migrated in queſt of a ſettlement. He 
came to Italy and founded a city on the coaft 
of Calabria, which he called Salentum. He 
died in an extreme old age, after he had had 
the ſatisfaction of ſeeing his new Kingdom 

floriſh, and his ſubjects happy. According 

tothe Greek ſcholiaft of Lycophron, v. 1217, 

Idomeneus, during his abſence in the Trojan 

war, entruſted the management of his king» 

dom to Leucos, to whom he promiſed his 

daughter Clifithere in marriage at his return. 

Leucos, at firft ggverned with moderation; 

but he was perſuaded by Nauplius, king of 
Eubcea, to put to death Meda the wife of his 

maſter, with her daughter Clifithere, and to 

ſeize the kingdom. After theſe violent mea- 

ſures, he ſtrengthened himſelf on the throne 

of Crete; and Idomeneus, at his return, found 

it impoſhble to expel the uſurper. Or'Z. 

Met. 13, v. 358.—tygin. 92.— Homer. II. 

II, Sc. Od. 19.—Pauf. 5, c. 25.— rg. 

En. 3, v. 122. A ſon of Priam. A 

Greek hiſtorian of Lamplacus, in the age of 

Epicurus. He wrote an hiſtory of Samo- 

thrace. 

IDSTHEA, a daughter of Prœtus, king of 
Argos. She was reſtored to her ſenſes with 
her ſiſters, by Melampus. Vid. Pretides.} 
Homer. Od. 11. A daughter of Proteus, 
the god who told Menelaus how he could 
return to his country in ſafety. Homer. Od. 
4. One of the nymphs who educatcd 
Jupiter.“ 

Ip Rios, the ſon of Euromus of Caria, 
brother to Artemiſia, who ſucceeded to 
Mauſolus, and invaded Cyprus. Died. 16. 
— Polyen. 7. ; 

IDUBEDA, a river and mountain of Spain. 
Strab. 3. 

Ipü ur & IDUMEA, a country of Syria, 
famous for palm trees. Gaza is its capi- 
tal, where Cambyſes depoſited his riches, 
as he was going to Egypt. Lucan. 3, v. 
216.—Sil, 3, v. 600.—Firg. G. 3, v. 12. 

IDy1A, one of the Oceanides, who mar- 
ried etes king of Colchis, by whom ſhe 
had Medea, &c. Hygin.—tefiod. —Cic. d: 
Nat. D. 3. | 

IENIsus, a town of Syria. Herodot. 3, 
Co 5. 

J.. one of the Nereides. Homer. II. 18. 

JERICHO, 


2 


* 


— 


1 


JznxYcno, a city of Paleſtine, beſieged 
and taken by the Romans, under Veſpa- 
ſian and Titus. Pin. 5, c. 14.—Strab, 

ERNE, a name of Ireland. Strrab. 1. 

. & IE Rox uus, a Greek df 
Cardia, who wrote an hiſtory of Alexander. 
A native of Rhodes, diſciple of Ariſto- 
tle, of whoſe compoſitions ſome few hiſtori- 
cal fragments remain. Dlonyſ. Hal. 1. 

ERVSALEM, the capital of Judea. Vid. 
Hicroſoly ma. 

IE T, a place of Sicily. Tal. 14, v. 
272. 

IcEv1, a people of Britain. Tacit. 12, & 
Ann. 

IcrL1ivuM, now Giplis, an iſland of the 
Mediterranean, on the coaſt of Tuſcany. 
Mela. 2, c. 7.—Cæſ. B. C. 1, c. 34. 

IcnAT1ivs, an officer of Craſſus in his 
Parthian expedition. A Biſhop of An- 
tioch, torn to pieces in the amphitheatre at 
Rome, by lions, during a perſecution, A. D. 
107. His writings were letters to the 
Epheſians, Romans, &c. and he ſupported 
the divinity of Chriſt, and the propriety of 
the epiſcopal order, as ſuperior to prieſts and 
deacons. The beſt edition of his works is 
that of Oxon, in 8vo, 1708. 

Icuvium, a town of Umbria, on the 
via Flaminia, now Cubio. Cic. ad Att. 
7, ep. 13.— 8. 8, v. 460. 

ILAl RA, a daughter of Leucippus, cu- 
ried away with her ſiſter Phœ be, by the ſons 
of Leda, as ſhe was going to be married, 
&c. 

ILE A, an ifland of the Tyrrhene ſea, two 


miles from the continent. Vg. An. 10, 


v. 173. 

ILECAoONES & ILECAONENSES, a people 
of Spain. Liv. 22, c. 21 

ILEXDA, now Lerida, a town of Spain, 
the capital of the Llergetes, on an eminence 
on the right banks of the river Sicoris in 
Catalonia. Ziv. 21, c. 23: - 1.22, e. 21. 
Lucan. 4, V. T3: 

ILEkGETEs. Vid. TLERDA, 

ILIA or RHEA, a daughter of Numitor, 
king of Alba, conſecrated by her uncle 
Amulius to the ſervice of Veſta, which 
required perpetual chaſtity, that ſhe might 
not become a mother to diſpoſſeſs him of 
his crown, He was however diſappointed ; 
violence was offered to Ilia, and ſhe brought 
forth Romulus and Remus, who drove the 
uſurper from his throne, and reſtored the 
crown to their grandfather Numitor, its 
lawful poſſeſſor. Ilia was buried alive by 
Amulius, for violating the laws of Veſta; 
and becauſe her tomb was near the Tiber, 
ſome ſuppoſe that fhe married -the god of 
that river. Horat. 1, od. 2.—Pirg, Au 1, 
v. 277.—0vid. Faſt. 2, v. 598,—-—A wife 
of Sylla. 


| 


1 E 
IL1A&c1 LUDt, games inſtituted by Au. 


guſtus, in commemoration of the Victory by 


had obtained over Antony and Cleopar 
They are ſuppoſed to be the ſame 2; 4, 
Trojani ludi and the Afia; and Virgil * 
they were celebrated by Aneas, not only 
becauſe they were” inſtituted at the tiny 
when he wrote his poem, but becauſe he 
wiſhed to compliment Auguſtus, by maki 
the founder 4 Lavinium ſolemnize gang 
on the very ſpot which was, many centuriz 
after, to be immortalized by the trophies d 
his patron. During theſe games, were ext. 
bited horſe races, and gymnaſtic exerciſes, 
Virg. An. 3, v. 280. 

IL1Acvs, an epithet applied to ſuch a 
belong to Troy. Virg. n. 1, v. tor. 

It.1Xpes, a ſirname given to Romulus, 
as ſon of Ilia, Ovid. A name gixen 
to the Trojan women. PFirg, .. I, v. 
484. 

IL1as a celebrated poem compoſed by 
Homer, upon the Trojan war. It delineate 
the wrath of Achilles, and all the calamities 
which befell the Greeks, from the refuſal 
of that hero to appear in the field of battk, 
It finiſhes at the death of Hector, whom 
Achilles had ſacrificed to the ſhades of his 
friend Patroclus. It is divided into 24 
books. Vid. Homerus. A firname of 
Minerva. 

IL1rxsSEs, a people of Sardinia. Liv. yo, 
c. 19. Il. 41, c. 6 & 12. 

ILion, a town of Macedonia. Liv. zi, 
e: 27. Vid. Ilium. 

ILi6Nx, the eldeſt dayghter of Priam, 
who married Polymneſtor, king of Thrace. 
Virg. An. 1, v. 657. 

ILi5Nntvs, a Trojan ſon of Phorhas, 
He came into Italy with Æncas. Ving. #n, 
„ A ſon of Artabanus, made 
priſoner by Parmenio, near Damaſcus. Gt, 
3s © 3.3 One of Niobe's ſons. Ovid, 
Met. 6, fab. 6. 

ILiPA, a town of Bætica. Liv. 35. C. l. 

ILissus, a ſmall river of Attica, falling 
into the ſea near the Piræus. There was à 
temple on its banks, ſacred to the Mules. 
Stat, Theb. 4, v. 52. 

ILITuvIA, a goddeſs called alſo Juso 
Lucina. Some ſuppoſe her to be the ame 
as Diana, She prefided over the travails 0 
women; and in her temple, at Rome, it Was 
uſual to carry a ſmall piece of money as al 
offering. This cuſtom was firſt eſtabliſhed 
by Servius Tullius, who by enforcing k. 
was enabled to know the exact number ot 
the Roman people. Heſiod. —Heomer. I. 11 
Od. 19.—Apellod. 1 & 2.—Horat. ca 
ſecul.—Ovid. Met. 9, v. 283. 

ILium or IL10Nn, a citadel of Ta 
built by Tus, one of the Trojan kings, fan 


whom it received its name. It 1s 3 


. 


K 


ken for Troy 
ed that the 
he adjacent co 
1. 35, C. 4 
En. 1, Sc.— 
505. — Hora 

J. 31, C. 8 

ILIISERIS, 

nich Hannib⸗ 
Italy. 

ILLICE, no 
ith a harbou! 
Llicttanut, NOW 
ILLIPULAy 
which is callec 
or. 

ILLITUR GT! 
pf Spain, near 
wer Betis, de: 
volted to the 
9. J. 24% . 4 
ILozcis, NO 
Pln, 3, c. 3. 
ItLYRICUM 
ountry border! 
white Italy, wi 
ferent at dir 
Loman provinc 
ken conquered 
ww forms p 
Klavonia, Se, 
Mela. 2, c. 2 
iiYricus: 
be which is © 
ILLYzIUS, : 
one, from wi 
ame, Apol/od, 
ILva, now 
bene ſea, celeb 
ople are calle 
Firg, En. 
3d, c. 14. 
ILYRG13, a 
w Lora, Poly 
ILvzo, now 
d France, 

Urs, the gt 
ws by Callir 
e Cauphter of 
hemis, who 1 
n the father © 
Kr embelliſhec 
ſo Troy, from 
Ire him the Pa 
Minerva, an 
ſemained in 
Wn remain im; 
of Minerva 
o the middle 
num, for whi 
ls fight by 1 
2 it ſom 
V. 33. 2 6, 


1 5d 


a for Troy itſelf; and ſome have ſup- | canius, while he was at Troy. Virg. An 


3 that the town was called Ilium, and 
J L 


J. e adjacent country Troja. Vid. Tiga.) 
ry be ' 35 C- 43- I. 37. C-.9 & 37.—irg. 
Patra, Do 1 Se. Strab. 13.— uiid. Met. 13. 
as the WL. $05.—Horet. 3, 9d. 3.— Juin. 1, c. 


l ſay, . 31, c. 8. 
t only 11118815, a town of Gaul, through 


time BM. nich Hannibal paſſed, as he marched into 

iſe he raly 

\aking IL Lick, now Elche, a town of Spain 
game Ih a harbour and bay, Sinus & Portis 
Nuri Llicttanut, NOW Alicant. Plin, 35 C. Js 

hies <> urn, two towns of Spain one of 


- cxbi. 


hich is called Major, and the otber Mi- 
rciſez 5 


Runen, Iliturgis, or Ilirgia, a city 
if Spain, near the modern Andujar on the 
ver Betis, deſtroyed by Scipio, for having 
volted to the Carthaginians. Liv. 23, c. 
9. I. 24, c. 41. J. 26, c. 17. 

[Loxcts, now Lorca, a town of Spain. 
Nin. 3, C. 3. 

Ittygfcum, ILLYRIS, & ILLYRIA, a 
ountry bordering on the Adriatic fea, op- 
white Italy, whoſe boundaries have been 
rent at different times. It became a 
Loman province, after Gentius its King had 
ken conquered by the prætor Anicius; and 
ww forms part of Croatia, Boſnia, and 
khvonia, Strab. 2 & 7,—Pauſ, 4 C. 35. 
Mela, 2, c. 2 Sc, Flor. 1, 2, Sc. 
urtzlcus six us, that part of the Adri- 
tic which is on the coaſt of Illyricum. 
Itiyzius, a fon of Cadmus and Her- 
one, from whom Illyricum received its 
ame, Apollod. 

Lua, now Elba, an ifland in the Tyr- 
bene (ea, celebrated for its iron mines. The 
ole ace called Nuates. Liv. 30, c. 39. 
Firg, En, IC, V. 173.—Plin, 35 C. 6. 
3d, c. 14. 

ILYzc13, a town of Hiſpania Betica, 
w Lora, Pelyb. 

2 now OCleron, a town of Gaſcony 
d France, 


uch as 

I. 

nulus, 
giren 
1, v, 


ed by 
neates 
mities 
refuſal 
battle, 
whom 
of his 
ito 24 
me of 


iv. 40, 
iv, or 


Priam, 


Thrace, 


horhas, 
g. E. 
;, made 
5. Curt, 


nil. 


32 lus, the 4th king of Troy, was ſon of 
| was a vs by Callirhoe. He married Eurydice 
"Maſes e aughter of Adraſtus, by whom he had 


hem, who married Capys, and Laome- 
n the father of Priam. He built, or ra- 
Kr embelliſhed, the city of Ilium, called 
lo Troy, from his father Tros. Jupiter 
2 re tim the Palladium, a celebrated ſtatue 
cot BUY Minerva, and promiſed that as long as 
ey as an... P - 
liſhed. mained in Troy, ſo long would the 
„remain impregnable. When the tem- 


ſo Juno 
he lame 
àvails 0i 


cing U, . ' 

2 * Minerva was in flames, Ilus ruſhed 
on” 0 the middle of the fire to ſave the Pal- 
„ , for which action he was deprived 


ae ſight by the goddeſs; though he re- 

»f Tm =e it ſome time after. Homer, I!.— 

nl [3-—Apolled. 3, e. 12,—0vid. Faſt. 

33. 1. 6, v. 419. A name of Aſ- 
I 


gs, from 
generally 
take 


1 
1 


—— ——— — — 


1N 


% v. 272. A friend of. Turnus, killed by 
Pallas. Virg. Au. 10, v. 400. 

IMANUENTIVUS, a king of part of Britain, 
killed by Caſſivelaunus, &c. Cæſ. bell. 
6.3. | 

Ix Aus, a large mountain of Scythia, 
which 1s part of mount Taurus. It divides 
Scythia, which is generally called Intra 
Imaum, and Extra Imaum. It extends, ac- 


. cording to ſome, as far as the boundaries of 


the eaſtern ocean, Plin. 6, c. 17.— 
Strab, | 

IR ARuvs, a part of mount Taurus, in 
Armenia, | 

IMBRACITDES, a patronymie given to 
Aſius, as fon of Imbracus. Virg. An. 10, 
v. 3. 

Id BRA Mos, a patronymic given to 
Glaucus and Lades, as ſons of Imbraſus. 
Virg. u. 12, v. 343. 

IunRAsus, or Parthenius, a river of 
Samos. Juno, who was worthipped on the 
banks, received the firname of {mbrafia. 
Pauf. 7, c. 4. The father of Pirus, the 
leader of the Thracians during the Tro- 
jan war. Firg, An. 10 & 12.— Homer. 
Il. 4. 

IMBREUS, one of the Centaurs, killed 
by Dryas at the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid. 
Met. 12, v. 310. 

IMBRIUS, a Trojan killed by Teucer, 
ſon of Mentor. He had married Medeſi- 
caſte, Priam's daughter. Homer. IL. 13. 

IMBRIVIUM, a place of Samnium. 
IMBROS, now Embro, an iſland of the 
Agean ſea, near Thrace, 32 miles from 


of the ſame name. Imbros was governed 
tor ſome time by its own laws, but after- 
wards ſubjected to the power of Perſia, 


— 


Athens, Macedonia, and the kings of Per- 
gamus. It afterwards became a Roman 
province. Thucyd, 8.—Plin. 4, c. 12.— 
Homer. II. 13.—Strab. 2.— Mela. 2, c. 7. 
-—Ovid. Tri. 10, v. 18. 

IxAcut, a name given to the Greeks, 
particularly the Argives, from king Ina» 
chus. | 

INACHIA, a name given to Peloponneſus, 
from the river Inachus. A feſtival in 
Crete in honor of Inachus; or, according 
to others, of Ino's misfortunes. A cour- 
tetan in the age of Horace, Eped. 12 

Ix Achlipæ, the name of the eight firſt 
ſucceſſors of Inachus, on the throne of 
Argos. 

InAcalpes, a patronymic of Epaphus, 
as grandſon of Inachus. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 
704. And of Perſeus deſcended from 
Inachus. 4d. 4, fab. 11. 

IV Acts, a patronymic of Io, as daugha 


* 


ter of Inachus. Ovid. Faſt. 1, v. 454. 
INACHIUM, a toyn of Peloponneſus. 
IN Acu us, 


Samothrace, with a ſmall river and town 


— 


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I N 


InXcnvs, a ſon of Oceanus and Tethys, 
father of Io. He founded the kingdom of 


Argos, and was ſucceeded by his fon Pho- 


roneus, B. C. 1807, and gave his name to 
a river of Argos, of which he became the 
tutelar deity. He reigned 60 years. Firg. 
G. 3, v. 151.—Apslled; 2, c. 3,—Pauſ. 
A river of Argos. Another in Epirus. 

IVAM Aus, a river in the caſt of Aſia, 
as far as which Semiramis extended her 
empire. Pelyæn. 8. 

IN AR Tur, an iſland near Campania, with 
a mountain, under which Jupiter confined 
the giant Typhœus. It is now called 1/chia, 
and is remarkable for its fertility and popu- 
lation. There was formerly a volcano in the 
middle of the ifland. Firg. An. q, v. 
716. 

Iv ARUs, a town of Egypt, in whoſe 
neighbourhood the town of Naucratis was 
built by the Mileſians. A tyrant of 
Egypt, who died B. C. 456. 

INC1TATUS, 2 horſe of the emperor Ca- 
ligula, made high prieſt. 

InvaTHyYRrSUs. Vid. Idanthyrſus. 

Invia, the moſt celebrated and opulent 
of all the countries of Aſia, bounded on 
one fide by the Indus, from which it de- 
rives its name. It is ſituate at the ſouth of 
the Kingdoms of Perſia, Parthia, &c. along 
the maritime coaſts. It has always been 
Teckoned famous for the riches it contains; 
and ſo perſuaded were the antients of its 
wealth, that they ſuppoſed that its very 
ſands were gold. It contained gooo differ- 
ent nations, and ooo remarkable cities, ac- 
cording to geographers. Bacchus was the 
hrſt who conquered it. In more recent 
ages, part of it was tributary to the power 
of Perſia. Alex ander invaded it; but his 
conqueſt was checked by the valor of Po- 
rus, one of the Kings of the country, and 
the Macedonian warrior was unwilling or 
afraid to engage another. Semiramis alſo 
extended her empire far in India. The 
Romans knew little of the country, yet 
their power was ſo univerſally dreaded, that 
the Indians paid homage by their ambaſſa- 
dors to the emperor Antoninus, Trajan, &c. 
India is divided into ſeveral provinces. 
There is an India extra Gangem, an India 
intra Gangem, and an India propria; but 
theſc divihons are not particularly noticed 
by the antients. Dicd. 1. —Strab. 1, Sc. 
— Mela. 3, c. 7.—Plin. 5, c. 28.—Curt. 8, 
c. 10.— Jin. 1, c. 2. I. 12, c. 7. 

INDIBIL1s, a princeſs of Spain, be- 
trothed to Albutius. 

INDiGETEs, a name given to thoſe deities 
who were worfhipped only in ſome particu- 
lar places, or who were become gods from 
men, as Hercules, Bacchus, &c. Some 
gerive the word flom inde & geniti, born 


I N 


at the ſame place where they received ite 
worſhip. Virg. G. 1, v. 498.—0vid, ., 
14, v. 608. ö 

InDIGET1, a people of Spain. 

InDvs, now Side, a large river of AG, 
from which the adjacent country hag 1 
ceived the name of India. It falls into th 
Indian ocean by two mouths, According 
to Plato, it was larger than the Nile; and 
Pliny ſays, that 19 rivers diſcharge then. 
ſelves into it, before it falls into the & 
ic. N. D. 2, c. $2.—Strab, 15.— Curt. 
c. 9. Died. 2.— Ovid. Faſt. 3, v. 770. 
Plin, 6, c. 20. A river of Caria. I 
38, C. 14. 

InnUuTIOMARUS, a Gaul conquered by 
Cæſar, &c. Cæſ. B. G. 

InrERUM MARE, the Tuſcan ea. 

Ivo, a daughter of Cadmus and Hy 
monia, who nurſed Bacchus, She marie 
Athamas, king of Thebes, aftet he had 
vorced Nephele, by whom he had tw 
children, Phryxus and Helle. Inv becam 
mother of Melicerta and Learchus, and 
ſoon conceived an implacable hatredagain 
the children of Nephele, becauſe they we 
to aſcend the throne in preference to! 
own. Phryxus and Helle, were informe 
of Ino's machinations, and they eſcapedt 
Colchis on a golden ram. Vid. Phyns, 
Juno, jealous of Ino's proſperity, reſolve 
to diſturb her peace; and more particular 
becauſe ſhe was of the deſcendants of bf 
greateſt enemy, Venus. Tiſiphone 
ſent, by order of the goddeſs, to the hay 
of Athamas ; and ſhe filled the whole p 
lace with ſuch fury, that Athamas tat. 
Ino to be a lioneſs, and her children vis 
purſued her and daſhed her fon Lai 
againſt a wall. Ino eſcaped from tbe f 
of her huſband, and from a high rock 
threw herſelf into the ſea, with Melice! 
in her arms. The gods pitied her fate, 4 
Neptune made ker a ſea deity, wii 
afterwards called Leucothoe. Melicerta 
came alſo a ſea god, known by the name 
Palzmon. Homer, od. 5.—Cic. Ti. 
Nat. D. 3, c. 48.—Plut. Symp. 5,—0v 
Met. 4, fab. 13, &c.—Pauſ. I, 2» Ke. 
Apallod. 2, c. 4.—Hygin. fab. 12, 
& 15, 

Ina, feſtivals in memory of Ino, c 
brated yearly with ſports and ſacrifices 
Corinth. An anniverſary ſacrifice 
alſo offered to Ino at Megara, where 
was firſt worſhipped, under the name 
Leucothoe. Another in Lacony 
honor of the ſame. It was uſual at the 
lebration, to throw cakes of flour I 
pond, which, if they funk, Were . 
of proſperity ; but if they ſwam on Pt 
face of the waters, they were inauipl 
and very unlucky. 


1x0 


to 
Palæm 
823. 
Ixt 
habit? 
from 
banks 
Plia. 
6.—P 
Ivs 
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Gallic 
the R 
ptov in 
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411, 
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feath, 
Place, 
who pal 
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w1om | 
ther; a 
niihmer 
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have an 
ther we 
death. 
IVTE 
Cie. Din 
IxvrE 
the birt] 
of the e 
ſituate k 
{inter a 


L. 4, c. 


colony o 
Liris 
Ixrt 
Inte 
Rome, 
the gove 
till the 
Was cxe 
none c 
five day: 
I2 hour 
Roman | 
lus, whe 
Sabines 
There w 
conſular 
only to! 


ved the 
Id. My, 


of Affa, 

has re. 
s into the 
\ ccordin 
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ge them. 
o the { 
Curt. g 
v. 720, 


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quered by 


ea, 

and Hv 
1e married 
he had di 
had tw 
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hus, and 
ed again 
they wel 
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nts of bf 
hone 1 
the hou 
whole p 
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en wie 
| Lear 
n the fu 
h rock 
- Melicet 
or fate, al 
which 
elicerta 
he nam? 
„ Tuſc. 
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25 Kc. 
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Ino, C 
ſacnhces 
erifice 
F where 
ne name 
aconia, 
1} at the 
Jour In! 
exe pſt 
1 on {he 
inauſps 


180 


I N 


tos, a patronymic given to the god 

Pilzmony as ſon of Ino. Vg. An. 8, v. 
Ro a river of Delos, which the in- 
habitants ſuppoſe to be the Nile, coming 
from Egypt under the ſea, Ir was near its 
banks that Apollo and Diana were born. 
Plin, 2, c. 103.—Flace. 5, v. 105.—Strab, 
6.— Pauſ. 2, C. 4. 

InsUBRES, the inhabitants of Inſubria, 
2 country near the Po, ſuppoſed to be of 
Gallic origin. They were conquered by 
the Romans, and their country became a 
province, where the modern towns of Mi- 
un and Pavia were built. Strab. 5.—Tactt. 
A. 11, c. 23. —Plin. 3, c. 17.—Liv. 5, 
6. 34- 

INTAPHERNES, one of the ſeven Perſian 
noblemen who conſpired againſt Smerdis, 
who uſurped the crown of Perha. He was 
ſo diſappointed for not obtaining the crown, 
that he fomented ſeditions againſt Darius 
who had been raiſed to the throne after the 
death of the uſurper. When the king had 
ordered him and all his family to be put to 
feath, his wife, by frequently viſiting the 
palace, excited the compaſhon of Darius, 
who pardoned her, and permitted her to re- 
deem from death any one of her relations 
w1om ſhe pleaſed. She obtained her bro- 
ther; and when the king expreſſed his aſto- 
nihment, becauſe ſhe preferred him to her 
huſband and children, ſhe replied that ſhe 
could procure another huſband, and chil- 
ercen likewiſe ; but that ſhe could never 
have another brother, as her father and mo- 
ther were dead. Intaphernes was put to 
death. Herodot. 3. 

INTEMELIUM, a town near the Alps. 
Cie, Div. 8, c. 14. 

ISTERAMNA, an ancient City of Umbria, 
the birth place of the hiſtorian Tacitus, and 
of the emperor of the ſame name. It is 
ſituate between two branches of the Nar, 
{inter amnes } whence. its name. Varro. L. 
L. 4, c. 5.—Tacit. Hiſt. 2, c. 64. A 
_ on the confines of Samnium, on the 

iris. 

IxrFtRATIA, a town of Spain. 

INVTTRREX, a ſupreme magiſtrate at 
Rome, who was entruſted with the care of 
the government after the death of a king, 
till the election of another. This office 
Was exerciſed by the ſenators alone, and 
none continued in power longer than 
five days, or, according to Plutarch, only 
I2 hours. The firſt interrex mentioned in 
Roman hiſtory, is after the death of Romu- 
lus, when the Romans quarrelled with the 
Sabines concerning the choice of a King. 
There was ſometimes an interrex during the 
conſular government ; but this happened 
only to hold aſſemblies in the abſence of the 


ſhe had CEdipus. 
] 


1 09 
magiſtrates, or when the election of any of 
the acting officers was diſputed. Liv. r, 
c. 17.— Dionyſ. 2. 

IxvicasTrRUM. Vid. Caſtrum Inui. It 
received its name from Inu divinity 
ſuppoſed to be the ſame as t aunus of 
the Latins, and worſhipped in this city. 

Ixv cus, a city of Sicily. Herodot. 

Io, daughter of Inachus, or, according 
to others, of Jaſus or Pirene, was prieſteſs 
of Juno at Argos, jupiter became ena- 
moured of her; but Juno, jealous of his 
intrigues, diſcovered the object of his affec- 
tion, and ſurpriſed him in the company of 
Jo. Jupiter changed his miſtreſs into a 
beautiful heifer ; and the goddeſs, who well 
knew the fraud, obtained from her huſband 
the animal, whoſe beauty ſhe had conde- 
ſcended to commend. Juno commanded 
the hundred-eyed Argus to watch the heifer; 
but Jupiter anxious for the ſituation of Io, 
ſent Mercury to deſtroy Argus, and to re- 
ſtore her to liberty. Vid. Argus.) lo, 
freed from the vigilance of Argus, was now 
perſecuted by Juno; who ſent one of the 
furies, or rather a malicious inſet, to tor- 
ment her. She wandered over the greateſt 
part of the earth, and croſſed over the ſea, 
till at laſt ſhe ſtopped on the banks of the 
Nile, ſtill expoſed to the unceaſing torments 
of Juno's inſet, Here ſhe intreated ſu- 
piter to reſtore her to her ancient form; 
and when the god had changed her from 
a heifer into a woman, ſhe brought forth 
Epaphus. Afterwards ſhe married Tele- 
gonus king of Egypt or Offris, according to 
others, and ſhe treated her ſubjects with 
ſuch mildneſs and humanity, that, after 
death, ſhe received divine honors, and was 
worſhipped under the name of Iſis. Ac- 
cording to Herodotus, Io was carried away 
by Phoenician merchants, who wiſhed to 
make repriſals for Europa, who had been 
ſtolen from them by the Greeks. Some 
ſuppoſe that Io never came to Egypt. She 
is ſometimes called Phoronis, trom her bro- 
ther Phoroneus. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 748.— 
Pauf. 1, c. 25. l. 3, c. 18. Moſchus.— 
Apollod. 2, c. 1,—Virg. An. 7, v. 789.— 
Hygin. fab. 145. 

IoBATEs & JoBATES, a king of Lycia 
father of Stenobæa, the wife of Pratus, 
king of Argos. He was ſucceeded on the 
throne by Bellorophon, to whom he had 
given one of his daughters, called Philonoe, 
in marriage. (Vd. Bellorophon.) Apollod. 
2, c. 2.— Hygin. fab. 57. 

Io Es, a fon of Hercules by a daughter 
of Theſpius. He died in his youth. Apel- 
Au. , . 7. 

JocasTa, a daughter of Menceceus, who 
married Laius, king of Thebes, by whom 
She afterwards married 


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her ſon CEdipus, without knowing who he 

as, and had by bim Eteocles, Polynices, 
&c. (Vid. Laius, dipus.) When ſhe diſ- 
covered that ſhe had married her own ſon, 
and had been guilty of inceſt, ſhe hanged 
herſelf in deſpair. She is called Epicaſta by 
ſome mythologitts. Stat. Theb. 8, v. 42.— 
Senec. & Sopſiacl. in Oedip.— Apollod. 3, c. 5. 
— Hygin. fab. 66. &c.— Homer. Od. 11. 

IoLAlA, a feſtival at Thebes, the ſame 
as that called Heracleia. It was inſtituted 
in honor of Hercules and his friend Jolas, 
who aſſiſted him in conquering the hydra. 
It continued during ſeveral days, on the firſt 
of which were offered ſolemn ſacrifices. The 
next day horſe races and athletic exerciſes 
were, exhibited, The following day was ſet 
apart for wreſtling; the victors were crown- 
ed with garlands of myitle, generally uſed at 
funeral ſolemnities. They were ſometimes 
rewarded with trigods of braſs. The place 
where the exerciles were exhibited was call- 
ed Iolaion, where there were to be ſeen the 
monument of An:phitryon, and the cenotaph 
of Iolas, who was buried in Sardinia, Theſe 
monuments were ſtrewed with garlands and 
flowers on the day of the feſtival. 

I8 LAs or IoL Aus, a ſon of Iphiclus, king 
ef Theſſaly, who aſſiſted Hercules in con— 
qucring the hydra, and burat with a hot 
ron the place where the heads had been cut 
of, to prevent the growth of others. (Vid. 
Hydra.) He was reitored to his youth and 
vigor by Hebe, at the requeſt of his friend 
Hercules. Some time afterwards, lolas 
aſſiſted the Heraclidæ againſt Euryſtheus, 
and killed the tyrant with his own hand. 
According to Plutarch, Iolas had a monu- 
ment in Bœotia and Phocis, Where lovers 
uſed to go and bind themſelves by the moſt 
ſolemn oaths of fidelity, confidering the 
place as ſacred to love and friendſhip, Ac- 


_ cording to Diodorus and Pauſanias, Iolas 


died and was buried in Sardinia, where he 
had gone tv make a. ſettlement at the head 


of the ſons of Hercules by the fifty daugh- 


ters of Theſpius. Ovid. Met. 9. v. 399.— 
Apolled. 2, c. 4.—Pauſ. 10, c. 17.——A 
compiler of a Phoenician hiſtory A 
friend of Amneas, killed by Catillus in the 
Rutulian wars. FVirg. An. 11, v. 640. 
A ſon of Antipater, cup-bearer to Alexan- 
der. Plut. 

Ion.Ccaos,a town of Magnehfia, above De- 
metrias, wheie Jaſon was horn. It was 
founded by Cretheus, ſon of Æolus and Ena- 
retta. Apollo. 1, c. 9.—Strab. 8.—Mcla, 
'Z, C, 3.—Lucan. 3, v. 192. 

IGL, a daughter of Eurytus, king of 
CEchalia, Her father promited her in mar- 
riaze to Hercules, but he retuſed to perform 
his engagements, aud Iole was carried away 
by force. (Vid, Eurytus.) It was i extin- 


139 


guiſh the love of Hercules for Tole, that 
Dejanira ſent him the poiſoned tunic, which 
cauſed his death. {Vid Hercules & Dejanira. ) 
After the death of Hercules, Iole married 
his ſon Hyllus, by Dejanira. Apollod. 2, c. 3. 
— Ovid. Met. 9, v. 279. 

Io x, a ſon of Xuthus and Creuſa, daughter 
of Erechtheus, who married Helice, the 
daughter of Selinus, king of Zgiale. He 
ſucceeded on the throne of his father-in-law, 
and built a city, which he called Helice, on 
account of his wife. His ſubje&s from him 
received the name of Ionians, and the coun- 
try that of Tonia. (Vid. Iones & lonia,) 
Apollod. 1, e. 7. —Pauſ. 7, c. 1.—Strab, 5. 
Herodot. 7, c. 94, &c. A tragic poet 
of Chios, whoſe tragedies, when repreſented 
at Athens, met with univerſal applauſe, 
He is mentioned and greatly commended by 
Ariſtophanes and Athenzus, &c. Ather, ic, 
&c.——A native of Epheſus, introduced in 
Plato's dialogues as reaſoning with Socrates, 

Ione, one of the Nereides. 

I6Nntxs, a name originally given to the 
ſubjects of Ton, who dwelt at Helice, 
the age of Ion the Athenians made a x 
againſt the people of Eleuſis, and implored 
his aid againſt their enemies. Ion conquered 
the Eleuſinians and Eumolpus, who way at 
their head; and the Athenians, ſenſible of 
his ſervices, invited him to come and ſettle 
among them; and the more ſtrongly to 
ſhow their affect ion, they aſſumed the name 
of Ionians. Some ſuppoſe that, after this 
victory, Ion paſſed into Aſia Minor, at the 
head of a colony. When the Achæans wee 
driven from Peloponneſus by the Heraclidz, 
eighty years after the Trojan war, they came 
to ſettle among the Jonians, Who were then 
maſters of Ægialus. They were ſoon diſ- 
poſſeſſed of their territories by the Achzans, 
and went to Attica, where they met with 4 
cordial reception. Their migration from 
Greece to Aſia Minor was about 60 pes 
after the return of the Heraclidz, B. C. 1044 
and $0 years after the departure of the As- 
lians ; and they therefore finally ſettledthem- 
telves, after a wandering life of about 30 years. 

Io NA, a country of Aſia Minor, bounded. 
on the north by Zolia, on the we it by the 
Zgean and Icarian ſeas, on the fouth by 
Caria, and on the eaſt by Lydia and part of 
Caria. It was founded by colonies from 
Greece, and particularly. Attica, by the lo- 
nians, or ſubjects of Ion. Ionia was divided 
into twelve ſmall ſtates, which formed a ce- 
lebrated confederacy, often mentioned by 
the ancients. Theſe twelve ſtates were Priene, 
Miletus, Colophon, Clazomenz, Epheſus, 
Lebedos, Teos, Phocza, Erythræ, Smyma, 
and the capitals of Samos and Chios. The 
inhabitants of Ionia built a temple, which 


they called Pan Iauum, from the concen 


Q 


E33 — 


of p 
of It 
time 
were 
by ( 
mal 
but 
to tl 
Wel 
liver 
and! 
The) 
the d 
celeb 
the f1 
nius 
Strat 
C. I.- 
or Ac 
rehde 
Io: 
nean 
ing by 
of the 
of Tor 
and n 
autho 
from 
had 1 
Strab, 
lör 
ſuitors 
Clan, | 
v. 74. 
Iop 
of Phe 
accord 
forty | 
was re 
quente 
of the 
16, &. 
daught 
ut. 
18 P 
his fat 
of his 
Crete. 
Jer 
in ſacr 
anus, 
Samac 
atter a 
Sen. 
Jo 
the Go 
Tos, 
ſea, cel 
Homer 
c. 12. 
Tos 
born in 
tary abi 


10 10 
of people that flocked there from every part ſeven days againſt Veſpaſian and Titus, in a 
of Ionia, After they had enjoyed for ſome | ſma]l town of Judæa. When the city ſur- 
time their freedom and independence, they | rendered there were found not leſs than 
were made tributary to the power of Lydia | 40,000 Jews ſlain, and the number of cap- 
by Crœſus. The Athenians-afſifted them to | tives amounted to 1,200. Joſephus ſaved his 
ſhake off the ſlavery of the Aftatic monarchs; | life by flying into a cave, where 40 of his 
but they ſoon forgot their duty and relation | countrymen had alſo taken refuge. He diſ- 
to their mother country, and joined Xerxes | ſuaded them from committing ſuicide, and, 
when he invaded Greece, They were de- | when they had all drawn lots to kill one 
livered from the Perſian yoke by Alexander, | another, Joſephus foztunately remained the 
and reſtored to their original -independence. | laſt, and turrendered himſelf to V eſpaſian. 
They were reduced by the Romans under | He gained the conqueror's eſteem, by fore- 
the dictator Sylla. Ionia has been always | telling that he would become one day the 
celebrated for the ſalubrity of the climate, | maſter of the Roman empire. ſoſephus was 
the fruitfulneſs of the ground, and the ge-| preſent at the ſiege of Jeruſalem by Titus, 
nius of its inhabitants. MAerodee. r, &c.— | and received all the ſacred books which it 
Strab. 14.—Mela. 1, c. 2, &c.— Panſ. 7, contained from the conqueror's hands. He 
e. I: An ancient name given to Hellas, | came to Rome with Titus, where he was 
or Achaia, becauſe it was for ſome time the | honored with the name and privileges of a 
reſidence of the Iionians. Roman citizen, - Here he made himſelf 
Iox1UM MARE, a part of the Mediterra- | eſteemed by the emperors Veſpaſian and 
nean ſea, at the bottom of the Adriatic, ly- | Titus, and dedicated his time to ſtudy. He , 
ing between Sicily and Greece. That part | wrote the hittory of the wars of the Jews, 
of the Ægean ſea which lies on the coaſts | firſt in Syriac, and afterwards tranſlated it 
of Ionia, in Aſia, is called the ſea of Tonia, | into Greek. This compoſition ſv pleaſed 
and not the Ionian ſea, According to ſome | Titus, that he authenticated it by placing 
authors, the Ionian ſea receives its name | his ſignature upon it, and by preſerving it 
from Io, who ſwam acroſs there, after ſhe | in one of the public libraries. He finiſhed 
had been metamorphoſed into a heiter:; | another work, which he divided into 20 
Strab, 7, &c.—Dionyſ, Perieg. . books, containing the hiſtory of the Jewiſh 
Ioyas, a king of Africa, among the | antiquities, in ſome places ſubverſive of the 
ſuitors of Dido. He was an excellent muſi- | authority and miracles mentioned in the 
cian, poet, and philoſopher, Virg. An. r, | Scriptures. He alſo wrote two books to de- 
v. 744. fend the Jews againſt Apion, their greateſt 
lore & JopPA, now Fafa, a famous town | enemy; beſides an account of his own life, 
of Phœnicia, more ancient than the deluge, &c. _ Jolephus has been admired for his 
according to ſome traditions. It was about] lively and animated ſtile, the bold propriety 
forty miles from the capita} of Judza, and | of his expreſſions, the exactneſs of his de- 
was remarkable for a ſca-pprt much tie-| ſcriptions, and the perſuaſive eloquence of 
quented, though very dangerous, on account | his orations. He has been called the Livy 
of the great rocks that lis before if.” -S7rab. | of the Greeks. Though, in ſome caſes, ini- 
16, &c,—Propert. 2, el. 28, v. 51. -A | mical to the Chriflians, yet he has com- | 
daughter of Iphicles, who married Thefeus. | mended our Saviour ſo warmly, that St. ; 
Plut. erome calls him a Chriſtian writer. Jo- 10 
Is ruo, a ſon of Sophocles, who accuſed | ſæphus died A. D. 93, in the 56th year of 1 
his father of imprudence in the management | his age. The beſt editions of his works are 
of his affairs, &c. A poet of Gnoſſus, in | Hudſon's, 2 vols. fol. Oxon 1720, and Ha- - 
Crete, Pau. 1, c. 34. vercamp's, 2 vols. fol. Amſt. 1726. Suetong 
a. J*ADANEs, a river of Judza, illuſtrious | in Feſp. Sc. 


Cy 
rn — 
yy 
— * 


which born in Jeruſalem, who ſignalized his mili- | months and twenty days after his aſcenſion, | 
courle rary abilities in ſupporting a ſiege of forty-4 and was found in his bed ſuffocated by the | 
of ; Cc vapor | 


in ſacred hiſtory. It riſes near mount Li- 
lanus, and after running through the lake 
Samachonitis, and that of Tiberias, it falls, 
atter a courſe of 150 miles, into the Dead 
Sex, Strab, 16. 

JoRNANDES, an hiſtorian, who wrote on 
the Goths, He died A. D. 552. 

Ios, now Nie, an ifland in the Myrtoan 
ſea, celebrated, as ſome ſay, for the tomb of 
Homer, and the birth of his mother. Plin. 4, 
©: 465 


Joszruus FLAVIUS, a celebrated Jew, 


ld. 


Joviaxve .lavins Claudius, a native of 
Pannonia, elected emperor. of Mme by the 
ſoldiers after the death of Julian. He at firſt 
refuſed to be inveſted with the imperial pur- 
ple, becauſe his ſubjects followed the reli- 
gious principles of the” late emperor; but 
they removed his groundleſs apprehenſions, 
and, when they aſſured him that they were 
warm for Chriſtianity, he accepted the crown. 
He made a diſadvantageous treaty with the 


Perſians, againſt whom Julian was march- 


ing with a victorious army. Jovian died ſeven 


= - 
- - _ 
YZ - . = as — 
— — . 212 — a 
- eo__wStr 2 a 5 


2 — 
— }"—_——— 
— 
—ů A... 
* 1 
— 41 — 


— —— öU—üUi 


1 


vapors of charcoal, which had been lighted 
in his room, A. D. 364. Some attribute his 
death to intemperance, and ſay that he was 
the ſon of a baker, He burned a celebrated 
library at Antioch. Marcellin. 

IrurAxAtssA, a daughter of Prœtus, king 
of Argos, who, with her ſiſters Tphinoe and 
Lyſippe, ridiculed Juno, &c. Vid. Proetides. 
be wife of Endymion. 

IrnfcLvs, or IznicLEs, a ſon of Am- 
phitiyon and Alcmena, born at the ſame 
birth with Hercules. As theſe two chiidren 
were together in the cradle, Juno, jealous of 
Hercules, ſent two large ſerpents to deſtroy 
him. At the ſight of the ſcrpents Iphicles 
alarmed the houic, but Hercules, though not 
a year old, boldly ſeized them, one in each 
hand, and ſqueezed them to death. Apol- 
tod. 2, c. 4.— 1 heecrit, A king of Phy- 
lace, in Phthiotis, ſon of Philacus and Cly- 
mene. He had bulls famous for their big- 
neſs, and the monſter which kept them. 
Melampus, at the requeſt of his brother, 
[ Vid. Melampus] attempted to ſteal them 
away, but he was caught in the fact, and 
impriſoned. Iphictus ſoon received ſome 
advantages from the prophetical knowledge 
of his priſoner, and not only reffored him to 
liberty, but alſo preſented him with the 
oxen. Iphiclus, who was childleſs, learned 
from the ſoothſayer how to become a father. 

He had married Automednſa, and after- 
wards a daughter of Creon, king of Thebes, 
He was father to Podarce and Proteſilaus. 
Hemer. Od. 11. I. 134.-—Apolled. 1, c. 9.— 
Pauſ. 4. c. 36. — A ſon of Theſtius, king 
of Pleuron. Apollod. 2, c. 1. 

IypuIc RATES; a celebrated general of 
Athens, who, though ſon of a ſhoemaker, 
roſe from the loweit ſtation to the higheſt 
offices in the ftate. He made war againſt the 
Thracians, obtained ſome victories over the 
Spartans, and aſſiſted the Perſian king againſt 
Egypt. He changed the dreſs and arms of 
his ſoldiers, and rendered them more alert 
and expeditious in uſing their weapons. He 
married a daughter of Cotys, king of Thrace, 
and died 380 B. C. When he was once re- 
proached of the mannes of his origin, he 


obſerved, that he would be the firſt of bis 


family, but that his detrator would be the 


laſt of his own. C. Nep. in Iphic.——-A 


ſculptor of Athens. An Athenian, ſent 
to Darius the Third, king of Perſia, &c. 
Curt. 3, © 13. 

Ip nlp Amuvs, a fon of Antenor, Killed by 

' Agamemnon. #eoner, Il. II. 

Iphip lui A, a Thelſalianwoman, ravithed 
by the Naxians, &c. 

Iruiolxia, a daughter of Agamemnon 
and Clytemneſtra. When the Greeks, going 
to the Trojan war, were detained by con- 
trary winds at Aulis, they were informed 


| 


SF 


by one of the ſoothſayers, that, to appeaſe 
the gods, they muſt ſacrifice Iphigenia, 
Agamemnon's daughter, to Diana. Vid. 
Agamemnon.] The father, who had pro. 
voked the goddeſs by killing her favorite 
ſtag, heard this with the greateſt horror 
and indignation, and rather than to ſhed the 
blood of his daughter, he commarided one of 
his heralds, as chief of the Gresian forces, 
to order all the aſſembly to depart each to 
tis reſpective home. Ulyſſes and the other 
generals interfered, and Agamemnon con- 
ſented to immolate his daughter for the 
common cauſe of Greece. As Iphigenia 
was tenderly loved by her mother, the 
Greeks ſent for her on pretence of giving 
her in marriage to Achilles. Clytemneftra 
gladly permitted her departure, and Tphi. 
genia came to Aulis: here ſhe ſaw the 
bloody preparations for the ſacrifice ; he 
implored the forgiveneſs and protection cf 
her father, but tears and cutreaties were 
unavailing. Calchas took the knife in his 
hand, and, as he was going to ſtrike the 
fatal blow, Iphigenia faddenly diſappeared, 
and a goat of uncommon fize and beauty 
was found in her place for the facrifice, 
This ſupernatural change animated the 
Greeks, the wind ſuddenly became favor- 
able, and the combined fleet ſet ſail from 
Aulis. Iphigenia's innocence had raiſed 
the compaſſion of the goddeſs on whoſe 
altar ſhe was going to be ſacrificed, and ſhe 
carried her to Taurica, where ſhe entruſted 
her with the cate of her temple. In this 
ſacred office Iphigenia was obliged, by the 
command of Diana, to ſacrifice all the 
ſtrangers which came into that country. 
Many had already been offered as victims 
on the bloody altar, when Oreſtes and Py- 
lades came to Taurica. Their mutual and 
unparalleled friendſhip, [ Vid. Pylades & 
Oreſtes] diſcloſed to Iphigenia that one « 
the ſtrangers whom ſhe was going to lacrifce 
was her brother; and, upon this, ſhe con- 
ſpired with the two friends to fly from the 
barbarous country, and carry away the ſtatue 
of the goddeſs. They ſucceſsfully effected 
their enterpriſe, and murdered Thoas, who 
enforced the human ſacrifices. According 
to ſome authors, the Iphigenia who was 
ſacrificed at Aulis was not a daughter of 
Agamemnon, but a daughter of Helen, by 
Theſeus. Homer does not ſpeak of the 
ſacrifice of Iphigenia, though very minute 
in the deſcription of the Grecian forces, ad- 
ventures, &c. The ſtatue of Diana, which 
Iphigenia brought away, was afterwards 


placed in the grove of Aricia in Italy 
Pauſ. 2, c. 22.1. 3, c. 16,—O0vid. Met. 127 
V. 31,—/irg. Eu. 2, V. 116.— Acc.. 
uripid. 

Irulukpia, a daughter of Triopas, who 


marric 


marrie 
her hu 
Ephial 
Homer 
e. 7. 
Ip 
ina W 
clidæ. 
Ira 
Danau 
naides. 
Iph! 
Lemno 
males c 
Thraciza 
One of 
of a dif 
pus, | 
Ipnn 
Inn 
ther on 
Polynic 
raus in 
Eriphyl 
Harmor 
betrayec 
I, 3, & 
mis, of 
moured 
contemp 
perate t 
law him 
tion, an 
Ovid, N. 
Theſpius 
troclus, | 
9——4 
of Crete, 
Ligqus « 
it proved 
couid n 
Charge, 
alarmed 
obeyed, 
dream to 
thuſa bro 
given to 
cer the n 
ignorant 
come tot 
ſolved to 
beautiful 
celebrate 
Telethuſa 
anxious te 
all was un 
ance of J 
Iphis hae 
Was move 
and, on tl 


ſummated 
Met, 9, V 


' BY 4 


married the giant Alœus. She fled from 
her huſband, and had two ſons, Otus and 
Ephialtes, by Neptune, her father's father. 
Homer. Od. 1 1. —Pauſ. 9, e. 22.—Apollod. 1, 
? Lan do, a ſon of Euryſtheus, killed 
in a war againſt the Athenians and Hera- 
clide. Apollod. 

Irnlukpösa, one of the daughters of 
Danaus, who married Euchenor, Vid. Da- 
naides. 

Irn1NnoF, one of the principal women of 
Lemnos, who conſpired to deſtroy all the 
males of the iſland after their return from a 
Thracian expedition. Flace. 2, v. 163,—— 
One of the daughters of Prœtus. She died 
of a diſeaſe while under the care of Melam- 
pus. Vid. Proetides, 

Ipn1novs, one of the centaurs, Ovid. 

Irxrs, ſon of Alector, ſucceeded his fa- 
ther on the throne of Argos. He adviſed 
Polynices, who withed to engage Amphia- 
raus in the Theban war, to bribe his wife 
Eriphyle, by giving her the golden collar of 
Harmonia. This ſucceeded, and Eriphy le 
betrayed her huſband. Apollod. 3.—Flace, 
4, 3, K 7. A beautiful youth of Sala- 
mis, of ignoble birth. He became ena- 
moured of Anaxarete, and the coldneſs and 
contempt he met with rendered him ſo deſ- 
perate that he hung himſelf. Anaxarete 
ſaw him carried to his grave without emo- 
tion, and was inftantly changed into a ſtone, 
Ovid, Met. 14, v. 703. A daughter of 
Theſpius. Apollod. A miitreſs of Pa- 
troclus, given him by Achilles. Homer. II. 
9—A daughter of Ligdus and Telethuſa, 
of Crete. When Telethuſa was pregnant, 
Ligdus ordered her to deſtroy her child if 
it proved a daughter, becauſe his poverty 
could not afford to maintain an uſeleſs 
charge. The ſevere orders of her huſband 
alarmed Telethuſa, and ſhe would have 
obeyed, had not Ifis commanded her in a 
dream to ſpare the life of her child. Tele- 
thuſa brought fort® a daughter, which was 
given to a nurſe, and paſſed for a boy, un- 
Gr the name of Iphis. Ligdus continued 
ignorant of the deceit, and, when Iphis was 
come to the years uf puberty, her father re- 
ſolved to give her in marriage to lanthe, the 
beautiful daughter of Teleſtes. A day to 
celebrate the nuptials was appointed, but 
Telethuſa and her daughter were equally 
anxious to put off the marriage; and, when 
all was unavailing, they implored the aſſiſt- 
ance of Iſis, by whoſe advice the life of 
Iphis had been preſerved. The goddeſs 
was moved, ſhe changed the ſex of Iphis, 
and, on the morrow, the nuptials were con- 
ſimmated with the greateſſ rejoicings. Ovid. 


Met. 9, V. 666, & c. 


3 


IpHITrION, an ally of the Trojans, killed 
by Achilles. Homer. L. 20. 

IpniTvs, a ſon of Eurytus, king of - 
chalia. When his father had promiſed his 
daughter Iole to him who could overcome 
him or his ſons in drawing the bow, Her- 
cules accepted the challenge, and came off 
victorious. Eurytus refuſed his daughter to 
the conqueror, obſerving, that Hercules had 
Killed one of his wives in a fury, and that 
Iole might perhaps ſhare the ſame fate. 
Some time after, Autolycus ſtole away the 
oxen of Eurytus, and Hercules was ſuf- 
pected of the thefr., Iphitus was ſent in 
queſt of the oxen, and, in his ſearch, he 
met with Hercules, whoſe good favors he 
had gained by adviſing Eurytus to give Iole 
to the conqueror. Hercules aſſiſted Iphitus 
in ſeeking the loſt animals; but, when he 
recollected the ingratitude of Eurytus, he 
killed Iphitus by throwing him down from 
the walls of Tyrinthus. Hemer. Od. 21.— 
Apolled, 2, c. 6. A Trojan, who ſur- 
vived the ruin of his country, and fled with 
Aneas to Italy. Virg. Anu. 2, v. 340, &c. 
——— A king of Elis, fon of Praxonides, in 
the age of Lycurgus. He re- eſtabliſhed 
the Olympic games 338 years after their in- 
ſtitution by Hercules, or about 884 years 
before the Chriftian era, This epoch is fa- 
mous in chronological hiſtory, as every 
thing previous to it ſeems involved in fabu- 
lous obſcurity. Paterc. 1, c. 8.—Pauf. 5, 
e. 4. 

IPHTHIME, a ſiſter of Penelope, who 
married Eumelus. She appeared to her 
ſiſter in a dream, to comfort her in the ab- 
ſence of her ſon Telemachus. Hom. Od. 4. 

IrskA, the mother of Medea. Ovid. He- 
roid, 17, v. 232. 

Irs us, a place of Phrygia, celebrated for 
a battle which was fought there about 301 
years before the Chriſtian era, between An- 
tigonus and his ſon, and Seleucus, Ptolemy, 
Ly ſimachus, and Caſſander. The former 
led into the field an army of above 70,000 
foot and 10,000 horſe, with 75 elephants. 
The latter's forces conſiſted of 64,000 in- 
fantry, beſides 10,500 horſe, 400 elephants, 
and 120 armed chariots, Antigonus and 
his ſon were defeated Plut. in Demetr. 

Ira, acity of Meſſenia, which Agamem- 
non promiſed to Achilles, if he would re- 
ſume his arms to fight againſt the Trojans, 
This place is famous in hiſtory as haying 
ſupported a ſiege of eleven years againſt the 
Lacedzmonians, Its capture, B. C. 67r, 
put an end to the ſecond Meſſenian war. 
Hom. Il. 9.—Strab. 7. 

IRENE, a daughter.of Cratinus the pains 
ter. Plin. 35, c. 11. One of the ſeaſons 


among the Greeks, called by the mgderns 
Ccz Hy. 


— 


— 


— 


— 


, \ 
bo 
: 
- 
1 
\ . 
bl 


LM 


Horz, Her two ſiſters were Dia and Eu- 
nomia, all daughters of Jupiter and Themis. 
Apollod. 1, C. 3. 

Inznavs, a native of Greece, diſciple 
of Polycarp, and biſhop of Lyons in Frange. 
He wrote on different ſubjects; but, as what 
remains is in Latin, ſome fuppoſe he com- 

oſed in that language, and not in Greek. 
— of his works in Greek are how- 
ever preſerved, which prove that his ſtile 
was fimple, though clear and often ani- 
mated. His opinions concerning the foul 
are curious. He ſuffered martyrdom A. D. 
202. Tue beſt edition of his works is that 
of Grabe, Oxon. fol. 1702. 

IrtsUs, a delightful ſpot in Libya, near 
Cyrene, where-Battus fixed his reſidence, 
The Egyptians were once defeded there by 
the inhabitants of Cy1ene, Herodot. 4, c. 
158, &c. 

Izx1s, a daug' ter of Thaumas and Electra, 
one of the Occanides, meſſenger of the gods, 
and more particularly ef Juno. Her office 
was to cut the thread which ſeemed to de- 
tain the ſoul in the body of thoſe that were 
expiring. She is the ſame as the rainbow, 
and, from that circumſtance, the 1s repre- 
ſented with all the variegated and beautiful 
colors of the rainbow, and appears ſitting 
behind Juno ready to execute her com- 
mands. 
plying the clouds with water to deluge 
the world. Heſfod. Theag,—Ovid, Met. 
2, v. 271 & ſeq. l. 34, v. 480. l. 11, v. 
88 5. -g. An. 4, v. 694. A river 
of Afia Minor, riſing in Cappadocia and 
falling into the Evxine fea. Flacc. 5, v. 

121. A river ef Pontus. 

Iz us, a beggar of Ithaca, who executed 
the commiſions of Penelope's ſuitors. When 
Ulvſles returned home, diſguiſed in a beg- 
gar's drefs, Irus hindered him from entcr- 
ing the gates, and even challenged him. 
Uiyzfles brouglit him to the ground with a 
blow, and dragged him out of the houſe. 
Flom. O.. 8.-—Ovid. T. 3, el. 7, v. 42. 
A mountain of India. 

Is, a ſmall river falling into the Euphra- 
tes. Its waters Abound with bitumen. He- 
redot. t, c. 179. A imail town on the 
river of the ſame name. IA. ib. 

IsADAS, a Spartan, who, upon ſeeing the 
Thebans entering the city, ſtripped himſelf 
naked, and, with a ſpear and ſword, en- 
gaged the enemy, He was rewarded with 
a cron for his valor. Flu. 

Is 2 A, one of the Nerzides. 

Is Vs, an oratcr of Chalcis, in Eubea, 
who came to Athens, and became there the 
Pepi ot Lyſtas, and ſoon after the maſter of 
DemGoithene*. Some ſuppoſe that he re- 
wwrmcd the diſhpation and imprudence of his 
*atly years by trugality and temperance. 
6 


« 


She is likewiſe deſcribed as ſup- 


I 8 


| Demoſthenes imitated him in preference to 
Iſocrates, becauſe he ſtudied force and 
energy of expreſſion rather than floridneſs 


of ſtile, Ten of his fixty-four orations are 
extant. Juv. 3, v. 74.-—Plut. de 10 Orat, 
| Dem, Another Greek orator, who came 
to Rome A. D. 17. He is greatly recom. 
mended by Pliny the younger, who obſerves, 
that he always poke extempore, and wrote 
with elegance, unlabored eaſe, and great 
correct neſs. 

Is Aus, a rwer of India, 

ISANDER, a on of Bellerophon, killed in 
| the war which his father made againk the 
Soly mi. Homer. I. 6. 

Isis, a river of Umbria. Lucan, 2, 
v. 406. 

Is AR & IsARA, the Ifore, a river of 
Gaul, where Fabius routed the Allobroges, 
It riſes at the eaſt of Savoy, and falls into 
the Rhone near Valence. Plin. 3, c.4-. 
Lucan, 1, v. 399. Another called the 
Oyſe, which falls into the Seine below Pa- 
11S. 

IsAR & Is vs, a river of Vindlicia, 
Strab. 4. 

Isaxcurs, an Athenian archon, B. C. 
424. 

IsAURA, (, or orum), the chicf town 
of Iſauria. Plin. 5, c. 27. 

FsAURTA, a country of Aſia Minor, near 
mount Taurus, whoſe inhabitants were bold 
and warlike. The Roman emperors, pat- 
ticularly Probus and Gallus, made war a- 
gainſt them and conquered them. Fl. 3, 
c. 6.— Stab. —Cic. 15, Fam. 2 


— 


Is AuRkicus, a firname of P. Sewilius, 
from his conqueſts over the Iſaurians. vid, 
I. Faſt, 594.—Cic. 5. At. 21. 

IsauRUs, a river of Umbria, falling into 
the Adriatic. Another in Magna Grech. 
Lucan. 2, v. 406. 

IscHENIA, an annual feſtive! at Omya, 
in honor of Iſchenus, the grandſon of Ma- 
cury and Hierea, Who, in a time 0 u- 
mine, devoted himfelf for his country, nd 
was honored with a monument near Ohm 
pia. P 

ILschoL Aus, a brave and prudent gene- 
ral of Sparta, &c. Polyan. 

IschoMACaus, a noble athlete of Co- 
tona, about the conſulihip of M. Valeri 
and P. Potthumius. 

Is cHoPVL 15, a town of Pontus 

Iscia. id. Otnotrides. | 

Is1A,. certain feſtivals obſerved in honda! 
of Is, which continued nine days. It was 


uſual to carry veſſels full ot wheat and bar- 
ley, as the goddeſs was luppoſed to he the 
firſt who taught mankind the ule of com 
Theſe feſtivals were adopted by the Romaiy 
among whom they ſoon degenerated 15 
| licent. duſueſſ. They were ee q 

CLev 


decree © 
were int 
der, by 
Ir 
ed, by 
Theodo 
yeat, . 
1514 
ſho! C of 
Is i 94 
age of 
hittoric? 
Partnia 
ed "lt 
his epiſt 
Wit CO 
edition 1 
Chriſtian 
th cen 
His wot 
Paris 16 
Isis, 
daughte; 
Diodoru 
be the 1; 
Cow, an 
Eoypt, | 
gorerne 
ty, for \ 
honors 
tradition 
ried her 
him eve: 
womb. 
authos « 
and all t 
the Ver 
Athens, 
Ceres of 
the Diar 
mans, 8 
jointly i 
phon, t! 
this ſovi 
The ox: 
and Ifis 
earth, h 
cultivati 
Its was 
tne ſun, 
globe in 
of corn. 
yearly A) 
proceede 
Its ſhed 
phon hay 
accordin; 
en that a 
tues of 
words: 
and ngne 
#y vel, 


ce to 

and 
Ineſs 
s are 
Orat, 
came 
com- 
ves, 
Wrote 
great 


led in 
{ the 


an, 2, 


er of 
roges, 
into 
4 — 
d the 
Pa- 


clicia. 
3 
town 


r, near 
e bold 
„ par- 
Var a» 


ur. 37 


vilius, 


did. 
n 


"g into 
irc. 


ympa, 
f Mere 
ot u- 
* nd 


WT 


Olym- 
t gene- 


of Cro-, 


{ a1criv5 


n honor 

It was 
nd bar- 
3 be the 
of com. 
omas, 
ed 108 


ed by! 
ages 


1. 8 
decree of the ſenate, A. U. C. 696. They 


were introduced again, about 200 years af- 
ter, by Commodus. ö \ : 

IvEGERD=ES, a king Perſia, appoint- 
ed, by the will of Arcadius, guardian to 
Theodofus the Second, Lie died in his 31ſt 
year, A D. 408. 

Is1ac RUM PORTUS, a harbour on the 
ſhore of the Euxine, near Dacia. 

[5:96RUS, a native of Charax, in the 
age of P:otemy Lagus, who, wrote ſome 
hiftorical treatiles, befides a deſcription of 
Partiia, A diſciple of Chr ſoſtom, call- 
ed , from his living in Egypt. O. 
his epiſties 2012 remain, written in Greek, 
with conciſeneſs and elegance. The beſt 
gfition is that of Paris, fol. 1638. A 
Chriſtian Greek writer, who floriſhed in the 
«th century. He is firnamed Hiſpelenfis. 
His works have been edited, fol. de Breul, 
Paris 160. 

[515, a celebrated deity of the Egyptians, 
daughter of Saturn and Rnea, according to 
Diodorus of Sicily. Some ſuppoſe her to 
be the ſame as Io, who was changed into a 
cow, and reſtored to her human form in 
Egypt, where ſhe taught agriculture, and 
povernea the people with mildneſs and equi- 
ty, for which reaſons the received divine 
honors after death. According to ſome 
traditions mentioned by Plutarch, Ins mar- 
ried her brother Qirris, and was pregnant by 
him even before ſhe had left her mother's 
womb. Theſe two ancient deities, as ſume 
authois obſerve, comprehended ail nature 
and all the gods of the heathens. Ifis was 
the Venus of Cyprus, the Mincrva cf 
Athens, the Cybele of the Phrygians, the 
Cores of Elcuſis, the Proſerpine of Sicily, 
the Diana of Cite, the Bellona of the Ro- 
mans, &c. Oſiris and Iſis reigned con- 


2»»— 


jointly in Egypt; but the rebellion of Ty- 
phon, the brother of Oſiris, proved fatal to 
this ſovereign. [ Vid. Gi & Typhen.} | 
The ox and cow were the ſymbols of Oſiris 
and Iſis, becauſe theſe deities, while on 
earth, had diligently applied themſelves in 
cultivating the earth. [ Vid. Apis.] As 
lis was ſuppoſed to be the moon as Oſiris 
tne ſun, ſhe was repreſented as holding a 
globe in her hand, with a veſſel full of ears 
of corn, The Egyptians belteved that the 
yearly and regular inundations of the Nile 
proceeded from the abundant tears which 
Las ſhed for the loſs of Oſiris, whom Ty- 
phon had baſely murdered. The word %s, 
according to ſome, fignifies antient, and, 
on that account, the inſcriptions on the ſta- 
tues of the goddeſs were often in theſe 
words: I am all that has been, that fhall be, 
and none among mortals has hitherto taken off 
dell. The worſhip of Iſis was univerſal 


| 


£. 


in Egypt; the prieſts were obliged to ob- 
ſerve perpetual chaſtity, their head was 
cloſely ſhaved, and they always walked 
barefooted, and clothed themſelves in linen 
garments, They never cat onions, they ab- 
ſtained from falt with their meat, and were 
forbidden to eat the fleſh of ſheep and of 
bogs. During the night they were em- 
ployed in continual devotion near the ſtatue 
of the goddeſs. Cleopatra, the beautiful 
queen of Egypt, was wont to dreſs herſelf 
like this goddeſs, and affected to be called 
a ſecond Iſis. Cic. de Div. 1.--Ptut. de 
Iſid. & Ofirid. Died. 1. Dio, < Tat, 1. 
Herodot. 2, c. 590 — L, , v. $31, 

Is MARUs (IAR, .) a rugged 
mountain of Thrace, covered with vines 
2n'l olives, near the Hebrus, with a town 
of the ſame name. Its wines are excellent. 
The word Ifmarins is indiſcriminately uſed 
for Thracian. Homer. Od. 9. Virg. G. 2, 
v. 37. Eu. 10, v. 35T. A Theban, ſon 
of Aſtacus. A fon of Eumolpus. po/- 
lod. A Lydian who accompanied /Eneas 
to Italy, and fought with great vigor againſt 
the Rutuli. Virg. An. 10, v. 139. 

ISMENnE, a daughter of CEdipus and Jo- 
caſta, who, when her ſiſter Antigone had 
been condemned to be buried alive by Creon, 
for giving hurial to her brother Polvnices, 
againſt the tyrant's poſitive orders, declared 
herſelf as guilty as her fiſter, and inſiſted 
upon being equally puniſhed with her. This 
inſtance of generoſity was ſtrongly oppoſed 
by Antigone, who wiſhed not to fee her 
ſiſter involved in her calamities. Sophocl. in 
AAntig.— Apellel, 3, C. 5. A daughter 
of the river Aſopus, who married the hun- 
dred- eyed Argus, by whom the had Jalus. 
Apelled. 2, c. 1. 

ISMEnNIas, a celebrated muſician of 
Thebes. When he was taken priſoner by the 
Scythians, Atheas, the King vi the country, 
obſerved, that he liked the muſic of Iſme- 
nas better than the braying of an als. Pur. 
in Apopk. A Theban, bribed by Tims- 
crates of Rhodes, &c. P.. 3, c. 9,———A 
Theban general, tent to Perſia with an em- 
baiſy by his countrymen. As none were ad- 
mitte into the King's preſence without proſ- 
trating themſelves at his cet, Iſmenias had 


recourſe to artifice to avoid doing an ation, 


which would prove diſgraceful to his country, 
When he was introduced he dropped his 
ring, and the motion be made to recgy*r it, 
from the ground was miſtaken for the molt 
ſubmiſſive homage, and Iſmcnias had a ſa- 
tistactory audience of the munazch. A. 
river of Bœotia, falling into the Euripus, 
where Apollo had a temple, from which he 
was called Iſmenjus. A youth was yearly 
choſen by the Bœotians to be the prieſt of 

Cc3 the 


hy - 
OR 7 
2 


8 — — 4 ws Ae 
* r 4 
8 4 r 
— * 


„— 


* o 
8 
— 


— — 


oy 


the god, an vffice to which Hercules was 
once appointed. Pauſ. 9, c. 10.—Ovid, Met. 
2,—Strab g. ; 

IsMENTDEs, an epithet applied to the The- 
ban women, as being near the Iſmenus, a 
river of Bœotia. Ovid. Met. 4, v. 31. 

IsMENnUs, a ſon of Apollo and Melia, one 
of the Nereides, who gave his name to a river 
of Bœotia, near Thebes, falling into the Aſo- 
pus, and thence into the Euripus. Pau. 9. c. 
10. A ſon of Aſopus and Metope. Apol- 
lod. 3, c. 12. A ſon of Amphion and 
Niobe, killed by Apollo. Id. 3, c. 5.— 
Ovid. Met. 6, fab. 6. 

Is6CRATEs, a celebrated orator, fon of 
2 rich muſical inſtrument maker at Athens. 
He was taught in the ſchools of Gorgias 
and Prodicus, but his oratorical abilities were 
never diſplayed in public; and Iſocrates was 
prevented by an unconquerable timidityfrom 
ſpeaking in the popular aſſemblies. He 
opened a ſchool of eloquence at Athens, 
where he diſtinguiſhed himſelf by the num- 
ber, character, and fanie, of his pupils, and 
by the immenſe riches which he amaſſed. 
He was intimate with Philip of Macedon, 
and regu'/arly correſponded with him; and 
to his familiarity with that monarch the 
Athenians were indebted for ſome of the 
few peaceful years which they paſſed. The 
aſpiring ambition of Philip, however, diſ- 
pleaſed Ifocrates, and the defeat of the 
Athenians at Cheronza had ſuch an effect 
upon his ſpirits, that he did not ſurvive the 
diſgrace of his country, but died, after he 
had been four days without taking any ali- 
ment, in the g9gth year of his age, about 
338 years before Chriſt. Iſocrates has al- 
ways been much admired for the ſweetneſs 
and graceful ſimplicity of his ſtile, for the 
harmony of his expreſſions, and the dignity 
of his language. The remains of his ora- 
tions extant inſpire the world with the high- 
eſt veneration for his abilities, as a moraliſt, 
an orator, and, above all, as a man. His 
merit, however, is leſſened by thoſe who 
accuſe him of plagiariſm from the works of 
Thucydides, Lyſias, and others, ſeen par- 
ticularly in his panegyric. He was ſo ſtudi- 
ous of correctneſs that his lines are ſome» 
times poctry: The ſevere conduct of the 
Athenians againſt Socrates highly diſpleaſed 
him, and, in ſpite of al} the undeſerved un- 
popularity of that great philoſopher, he put 
on mourning the day of his death. About 
1 of his orations are extant. Iſocrates was 
Fox after death with a brazen ſtatue by 
Timotheus, one of his pupils, and Aphareus, 
his adepted ſon, The beſt editions of Iſo- 
crates are that of Battic, 2 vols. 8vo. Can- 
tab. 1729, and that of Auger, 3 vols. 8vo. 
Paris 1782. Plut. de 10 Orat. &c.—Cic,Orat, 
20 de Inu. 2, c. 126. in Brut. c. 15. de Orat, 


18 


25 C. 6. —-Quintil. 2, &c,—Paterc, r,c. 16. 
One of the officers of the Peloponne. 
ſian fleet, &c. Thucyd. One of the diſ. 
ciples of Iſocrates. A thetorician of Syria 
enemy to the Romans, &c. ; 

IssA, now Liſſa, an iſland in the Adriatic 
ſea, on the coaſt of Dalmatia, A town of 
Illyricum. Mela, 2, c. 7.—Strab, 1, &c, 
— Marcel. 26. c. 25. 

Issk, a daughter of Macareus, the ſon of 
Lycaon. She was beloved by Apollo, who 
to obtain her confidence, changed himſelf 
into the form of a ſhepherd to whom: ſhe was 
attached. This metamorphoſis of Apollo 
was repreſented on the web of Arachne, 
Ovid. Met. 6, v. 124. 

Issvs, now Aiffe, a town of Cilicia, on the 
confines of Syria, famous for a battle fought 
there between Alexander the Great and the 
Perſians under Darius their king, in Octo- 
ber, B. C. 333, in conſequence of which it 
was called Nicopolis. In this battle the 
Perſians loſt, in the field of battle, 100,000 
foot, and 10,000 horſe, and the Macedo. 
nians only 300 foot, and 150 horſe, ac- 
cording to Diodorus Siculus. The Perſian 
army, 1 to Juſtin, conſiſted of 
400,000 foot and 100,000 horſe, and 61,009 
of the former, and 10,000 of the latter, 
were left dead on the ſpot, and 40,000 were 
taken priſoners. The loſs of the Macedo- 
nians, as he farther adds, was no more than 
130 foot and 150 horſe. According to 
Curtius, the Perſian ſlain amounted to 
loo, ooo foot, and 10,000 horſe ; and thoſe 
of Alexander to 32 foot, and 150 borſe, 
killed, and 504 wounded, This ſpot is 
likewiſe famous for the defeat of Niger by 
Severus, A. D. 194. Plat. in Alex, —Fuſ- 
tin. 11, c. 9.— Curt. 3, c. 75.,—Artian— 
Died. 17.—Cic. 5, Att. 20. Fam, 2, ep. 
10. 

Is TER & IsTRUS, an hiftorian, diſciple 
to Callimachus. Diog. A large river of 
Europe, falling into the Euxine ſea, called 
alſo the Danube, [ Vid. Danubius.]—A 
ſon of gyptus. Ape/lrd, 

IsTHMIA, ſacred names among theGreeks, 
which received their name from the iſth- 
mus of Corinth, where they were obſzrved. 
They were celebrated in commemoration of 
Melicerta, who was changed into a ſea deity, 
when his mother Ino had thrown herſelf 
into the ſea with him in her arms. The 
body of Melicerta, according to ſome ta- 
ditions, when caſt upon the ſea-ſhore, te- 
ceived an honorable burial, in memory 
of which the Ifthmian games were inſti- 
tuted, B. C. 1326. They were interrupted 
after they had been celebrated with great 
regularity during ſome years, and Theſous 
at laſt reinſtituted them in honor of Nep- 


tune, whom he publicly called his father. 
| These 


Theſe 
rather 
inviol 
could 
Corin 
Rom: 
the u 
were 
which 
of the 
every 
were 1 
Some 
and th 
wither 
by the 
25 ame 
vernmi 
Theſ. 
IST. 
Pauf. 4 
IsT. 
joins a 
ſea fro 
that of 


cum, 7 
inhabit. 
lived or 
to Rom 
tion of 
— Liu. 
9, c. 2. 
IsTz 
mouth 
colony. 
Is us 
latter 50 
cubine. 
they fec 
they we 
againſt 
by Aga 
of Bœo 
ITXL 
boundet 
ſeas, an 
been CC 
oa ma 
periods, 
notriz 
Ria, anc 
from It 
Italos, ; 
er, ana 


Farope, 


1 


Theſe games were obſerved every third, or 
rather fifth, year, and held ſo ſacred and 
inviolable, that even a public calamity 
could not prevent the celebration. When 
Corinth was deſtroyed by Mummius, the 
Roman general, they were obſerved with 
the uſual ſolemnity, and the Sicyonians 
were entruſted with the ſuperintendence, 
which had been before one ſe os privileges 


n of of the ruined Corinthians. Combats of 

rho every kind were exhibited, and the victors 

ſelf were rewarded with garlands of pine leaves. 

_ Some time after the cuſtom was changed, 

— and the victor received a crown of dry and 
e. 


withered parſley, The years were reckoned 
by the celebration of the Iſthmian games, 
25 among the Romans from the conſular go- 


rernment. Pauſ. Corint, &c,—Plut. in 
Theſ. 

ISTHMIUS, a king of Meſſenia, &c. 
Pauſ. 4, c. 3. 


Isrumvs, a ſmall neck of land which 
joins a country to another, and prevents the 
ſea from making them ſeparate, ſuch as 
that of Corinth, called often the Iſthmus 
by way of eminence, which joins Pelo- 
ponneſus to Greece. Nero attempted to 
cut it acroſs, and make a communication 
between the two ſeas, but in vain. It is now 
C'ked Hexamili, Strab. 1.— Mela. 2, c. 
2,—Plin, 4, c. 4.—Lucan. 1, v. 101. 

IsT1£0T1s, a country of Greece, near 
Oſſa. Vid. Hiſtizotis. 

Is RIA, a province at the weſt of Illyri- 
cum, at the top of the Adriatic ſea, whoſe 
inhabitants were originally pirates, and 
lived on plunder. They were not ſubje ed 
to Rome till fix centuries after the founda- 
tion of that city. Strab. 1.—Mela. 2, c. 3. 
—Liv. 10, &c.— Pia, 3, c. 19.—- Tuſtin. 
9, c. 2. 


mouth of the Iſter, founded by a Mileſian 
colony. Plin. 4, c. 11. | 

Is us & ANTiPHUs, ſons of Priam, the 
latter by .Hecuba, and the former by a con- 
cubine. They were ſeized by Achilles, as 
they fed their father's flocks on mount Ida: 
they were redecmed by Priain, and fought 
againſt the Greeks, They were both killed 
by Agamemnan. Hamer. Il. 11. A city 
of Bœotia. Strab. . 

[TXL1a, a celebrated country of Europe, 
tounded by the Adrjatic and Tyrrbene 
ſeas, and by the Alpine mountains, It has 
been compared, and with ſome ſimilitude, 
to a man's leg. It has borne at different 
periods, the differgat names of . Saturnia, 
CEnotria, Heſperia, Auſonia, and Tyrrhe- 
nia, and it received the name of Italy either 
from Italus, a king of the country, or from 
Italus, a Greek word which ſignifies an 
I an animal very common in that part of 


Garope, The boundaries of Jtaly appeared 


IsTzoPBL 1s, a city of Thrace, near the 


"HK 4 


to have been formed by nature itſelf, which 
ſeems to have been particularly careful in 
ſupplying this country with whatever may 
contribute not only to the ſupport, but alſo 
to the pleaſures and luxuries, of life, It 
has been called the garden of Europe; and 
the panegyric which Pliny be ſtows upon it 
leems not in any degree exaggerated. The 
ancient inhabitants called themſelves Aberi- 
gines, offspring of the ſoil, and the country 
was ſoon after peopled by culonies from 
Greece, The Pelaigi and the Arcadians 
made ſettlements there, and the whole 
country was divided into as many different 
governments as there were towns, till the 
rapid increafe of the Roman power [ Vid. 
Roma] changed the face of Italy, and united 
all its ſtates in ſupport of one common 
cauſe. Italy has been the mother of arts as 
well as of arms, and the immortal monu- 
ments which remain of the eloquence and 
poetical abilities of its inhabitants are uni- 
verſally known. It was divided into eleven 
{mall provinces or regions by Auguſtus, 
though ſometimes known under the three 
greater div iſions of Ciſalpine Gaul, Italy pro- 
perly ſo called, and Magna Græcia. The ſea 
above was called Syperum, and that at the 
ſouth Inferum. Ptal. 3, c. 1.--Dionyſ. Hal. 
Diod. 4.— Juin. 4, &c.—C. Nep. in 
Dion. Alcib. &c. - Liu. 1, c. 2, &c.— 
*arra de R. R. 2, c. 1 & 5,—Pirg. An. 1, 
&c.—Pclyb. 2.— Flor. 2.— lian. FV. H. 1, 
c. I6.—Lucan, 2, v. 397, &c.—Plin. 3, 
c. 5 S8. 

IrArica, a town of Italy, called alfa 
Cortinium A town of Spain, now Se- 
villa la Vieja, built by Scipio, for the ac» 
commodation of his wounded ſoldiers. Gell. 
16, c. 13.—ppien. Hiſp. | 

ITALICUS, a poet. Vid. 85 


» IrarLvs, a ſon of Telego Hygin. fab. 
127. An Arcadian prince, v 74 to 
Italy, where he cttabliſhed a kin „ calle 
ed after lum. It is ſuppotes that | . :ceived 


1 


divine honors after de, as as Calls 
upon him among the leni to whom de 
paid his aduration wh 1 |; -red Italy. 
Virg. An. 7, v. ace, whoſe 
daughter Rm. cas or Aſca- 
nius. Plat. in H A. king of the + 
Cheruſci, &c. c, en. 1, c. 16. 

ITARGE1>, + Germany. 

Ira, „f Danaus, Hein. 
fab. 170. 

ITEM aT old man who expoſed 
CEdipus on wmodat Cithzron, &c, Hygin, 
fab. 65. 

= a. celchtated iſland in the Io- 
nian ſea, on the weſtern parts of Greece, with 
a city of the ſame game, famous for being 
part of the kingdoyn of Ulyſſes. It is very 
rocky and, mountajnous, meaſures about 25 


—  - 


miles in Wenn,, and is now known 
v4 


„ 


7.5 


by the name of Iſola del Compare, or Thiack:, 
Hom, Il, & Od4.—Strahb, 1 & 8.—Mela. 2, 
C. 7. 

ITruHA cs, three iſlands oppoſite Vibo, 
on the coaſt of the Brutii.— Baiæ was call- 
ed alſo Ithaceſia, becauſe built by Bajus 
the pilot of Ulyſſes. S.. 8, v. 540. L 12, 
v. z. 

ITHokALvs, a king of Tyre, who died 
B. C. 595. Joſephus. 

ITHoME, a town of Phthiotis. Homer. 
J. 2. Another of Meſſenia, which ſur- 
readered, after ten years ſiege, to Lacedz- 
mon, 724 years before the Chriſtian era, 
Jupiter was called 1thomates, from a temple 
which he had there, where games were alſo 
celebrated, and the conqueror rewarded 
with an oaken crown. Pauſ. 4, c. 32.— 
Stat. Theb. 4, v. 179.—Strab. 8. 

ITnomAla, a feſtival in which muſicians 
contended, obſerved at Ithome, in honor of 
Jupiter, who had been nurſed by the 
nymphs Ithome and Neda, the former of 
whom gave her name to a city, and the lat- 
ter to a river. 

ITHYPHALLUs, an obſcene ſirname of 
Priapus. Ceolume!l, 1o. 

ITrus Pokrus, a town of Gaul, now 
Wetſand, or Boulogne in Picardy. Cæſar 
ſet (ail from thence on his paſſage into 
Britain, Cæſ. G. 4, c. 21. l. 5, c. 2 & 5. 

ITowra, a ſirname of Minerva, from a 
place in Beotia, where ſhe was worſhipped. 

IToxus, a king of Theſſaly, ſon of Deu- 
calion, who firſt invented the manner of po- 

liſhing metals. Lucan. 6, v. 402. 
 _Irvxa, a river of Britain, now Eden in 
Cumberland. 5 | 


IT) a country of. Paleſtine, whoſe 
inbabne were very ſkilful in drawing the 
bos can, 7, v. 290 & 514 —irg. 
G. 23 5 —Ftrab. 17. . 

tri , a town of Umbria. LEE 

ra a {11 Zetheus, and AÆdon, 
Killed ty „iacta „ 

IryR&1, « peopir of Paleſtine. Vid. 

iturza. 


Irys, a fon o lercus, King of Thrace, 
by Procne, daug\cer of Fond.on, king of 
Athens. He wan ey his mother 
when he was abogt i veu!s vid, and ſerved 
up as meat before i father. He was 
changed into a phxaſavt, is other into 
a ſwallow, and his fat into an owl. 
{ Vid. Phitemela.) Ovid. Net. 6, v. 620. 
Amor. 2, el. tg, v. 20.—lorat. 4, od. 12. 
—— A Trojan, who came to Italy with 
'FEneas, and was Killed by Turnus. Ving. 
An. g, v. 574 | 

 JvBa, a king of Nutnidia and Maurita- 
nia, who ſucceeded his father Hiempſal, and 
favored the cauſe of Fompey againſt ]. 
Cæſar. He defeated Curio, whom Cæſar 


had ſent to Africa, and after the battle of 


1 


Pharfalia, he joined his forces to thoſe of 
Scipio, He was conquered in a battle at 
Thapſus, and totally abandoned by his 
ſubjects. He killed himſelf with Petreius, 
who had ſhared: his good fortune and his 
adverſity. His kingdom became a Roman 
province, of which Salluſt was the firſt go. 
vernor. Plut. in Pomp. & Cæſ.— Fler. 4, 
c. 12.—Suet. in Cz. c. 35.— Dion. 41.— 
Mela. 1, c. 6. Lacan. 3, &c.— ( ſar. de 
bell. civ. 2.—Paterc. 2, c. 54.— be 
ſecond of that name was the ſon of Juba 
the Firft, He was led among the captives 
to Rome to adorn the triumph of Cæſar. 
His captivity was the ſource of the greateſt 
honors, and his application to ſtudy procured 
him more glory than he could have obtain. 
ed from the inheritance of a kingdom. He 
gained the heart of the Romans by the cour- 
teouſneſs of his manners, and Auguſtus re- 
warded his fidelity by giving him in mar- 
riage Cleopatra, the daughter of Antony, 
and conferring upon him the title of king, 
and making him maſter of all the territories 
which his father once poſſeſſed. His popu- 
larity was ſo great, that the Mauritanians te- 
warded his benevolence by making him one 
of their gods. The Athenians raiſed him a 
ſtatue, and the Æthiopians worſhipped him 
as a deity. Juba wrote an hiſtory of Rome 
in Greek, which is often quoted and com- 
mended by the ancients, but of which only 
few fragments remain, He alſo wrote on 
the hiſtory of Arabia, and the antiquities 
of A ſſyria, chiefly collected from Beroſus. 
Beſides theſe, he compoſed ſome treatiſes 
upon the drama, Roman antiquities, the 
nature of animals, painting, grammar, &c. 
now loft. Strab. 17.—Suet. in Cal. 26,— 
Plin. 5, c. 25, & 32.— Dion. 51, &c. 

Ju pa uius, a native of Aſculum, cele- 
brated for his patriotiſm, in the age of Pom - 


pey, &c. 


Jupz4, a famous country of Syria, 


| bounded by Arabia, Egypt, Phcenicia, the 


Mediterranea u ſea, and part of Syria. The 
inhabitants, w hoſe hiſtory is beſt collected 
from the Holy Scriptures, where chiefly go- 
verned, after the Babylonith captivity, by 
the high prieſts, who raiſed themſelves to 
the rank of princes, B. C. 153, and con- 
tinued in the enjo ment of regal power till 
the age of Auguſi'us. Plat. de Ofir.— 
Strab. 16.— Dion. 3 .—Tacit. Hiſt. 5, c. 6, 
— Lucan. 2, v. ; 
JucanTEs, ER of Britain. Tacit, 
Ann. 12, c. 32 

Jvcartvs, a ſtreet in Rome, below the 
capitol, | 
| r the illegitin date ſon of Ma- 
naſtabal, the brother of Mi.cipſa. Micipſa 
and Manaſtabal were the ſons of Mafiniſſa, 


king of Numidia, Micipſa, who had inhe- 
rited his father's Kingdom, educ Acc yon 


ien 
emp! 
poli! 
to th 
ing! 
ambi 
of hi 
Jugu 
and e 
Mici; 
dom 
the fa 
gurtli; 
Ahe 
to fly 
liſtene 
Adhe 
among 
narch, 
the (n; 
Was at 
firmne 
Numi 
Ins ſa 
and Sy 
equa] 
by his 
he clai 
into th 
war of 
vicw o 
chains 
He w: 
he dic 
106, 
have k 
Salluſt. 
Pater. 
Jus 
Cæſar, 
freedon 
Roman 
judges, 
throug! 
ambadſl: 
during 
tic exp 
ſcheme 
provinc 
public 
nors the 
unleſs t: 
by the 
ſhould 4 
dominic 
var, wi 
comma! 
— 
Auguſt 
Viſtons 
pointed 
200 ſeſt 
GW 390; 


1 

ew with his two ſons Adherbal and Hi- 
empſal; but, as he was of an aſpiring diſ- 
po!:tiony he fent'him with a body of troops 
to the aſſiſtance. of Scipio, who was beſieg- 
ing Numantia, hoping to loſe a youth whoſe 
ambition ſeemed to threaten the tranquillity 
of his children. His hopes were fruſtrated, 
ogurtha ſhowed himſelf brave and acta, 
and endeared himſelf to the Roman general, 
Micipſa appointed him ſucceſſor to his king- 
dom with his two ſons, but the kindnets of 
the father proved fatal to the children. Ju- 
gurtla deſtroyed Hiempſal, and ftripped 
Adherbal of his poſſeſſions, and obliged him 
to fly to Rome for ſafety. The Romans 
litened to the well grounded complaints of 
Adherbal, but Jugurtha's gold prevailed 
among the ſenators, and the ſuppliant mo- 
narch, forſaken in his diſtreſs, periſhed by 
the ſnares of his enemy. Cæcilius Metellus 
was at laſt ſent againſt Jugurtha, and his 
firmneſs and ſucceſs ſoon reduced the crafty 
Numidian, and obliged him to fly among 
his ſavage neighbours for ſupport. Marius 
and Sy lla ſucceded Metellus, and fought with 
equal ſucceſs. ſugurthà was at laſt betrayed 
by his father-in-law Bacchus, from whom 
he claimed aſſiſtance, and he was delivered 
into the hands of Sylla, after carrying on a 
war of five years. He was expoſed to the 
view of the Roman people, and dragged in 
chains to adorn the triumph of Marius. 
He was afterwards put in a priſon, where 
he died fix days after of hunger, B. C. 
106, The name and the wars of Jugurtha 
have been immortalized by the pen of 
Silluſt, Salluft. in Fug. — Flor. 3, c. 1.— 

Paterc. 2, c. 10, &c.— Plut, in Mar, 
Julia LEX, prima de provincits, by |. 
Cæſar, A. U. C. 691. It confirmed the 
freedom of all Greece; it ordained that the 
Roman magiſtrates thould act there as 
Judges, and that the towns and villages 
through which the Roman magiſtrates and 
ambaſſadors paſſed, ſhould maintain them 
during their ftay ; that the governors, at 
tlie expiration of their office, ſhould leave a 
ſcheme of their accounts in two cities of their 
province, and deliver a copy of it at the 
public treaſury ; that the provincial gover- 
nors ſhould not accept of a golden crown 
unleſs they were honored with a triumph 
by the ſenate ; that no ſupreme commander 
mould go out of his province, enter any 
dominions, lead an army, or engage in a 
war, without the previous approbation and 
command of the Roman ſenate and people. 
Another, de ſumptibus, in the age of 
Auguſtus. Ir limited the expence of pro- 
Viſions on the dies profeſti, or days ap- 
pointed for the tranſaction of buſineſs, to 
200 ſeſterces; on common calendar feſtivals 
to zoo; and, on all extraordinary occaſions, 


| 


can liberty. 


J U 

ſuch as marriages, births, &c. to 1090, —=- 
Another, d. provinciis, by J. Czſar Dictator. 
Ir ordained that no pretorian province ſhould 
be held more than one year, and a conſular 
province more than two years. Another, 
called alſo Campana agraria, by the ſame, 
A. U. C. 691. It required that all the lands 
of Campania, formerly rented according to 
the eſtimation of the ſtate, ſhould be divided 
among the plebeians, and that all the mem- 
bers of the ſenate ſhould hind themſelves 
by an oath to eſtabliſh, confirm, and protect, 
hat law, Another, de chtate, by L. J. 
Cæſar, A. U. C. 664 It rewarded with 
the name and privileges of citizens of Rome 
all ſuch as, during the civil wars, had re- 

mained the conſtant friends of the republi- 
When that civil war was at 
an end, all the Tralians were admitted as 

free denizens, and compoſed cight new 
tribes,-—— Another, de judicibus, by J. Cæ- 

far, It confirmed the Pompeian law in a 

certain manner, requiring the judges to be 

choſen from the richeſt people in every cen- 

'ury, allowing the fenators and Knights in 

the number, and excluding the tribuni zras ' 
rit. Another, de ambitu, by Auguſtus. 

It reſtrained the illicit meaſures uſed at 

elections, and reſtored to the comitia their 

ancient privileges, which had been de- 
ſtroyed by the ambition and bribery of 

J. Cæſar.— Another, by Auguſtus, de 

adulterio & pudicitia. It puniſhed aduitery 

with death. It was afterwards confirmed 

and enforced by Domitian. Juvenal. Sat. 2, 

v. 30, alludcs to it. Another, called 

alſo Papia, or Papia Poppæœa, which was 
the ſame as the following, only enlarged by 

the conſuls Papius and Poppzus, A. U. C. 

762.-——Another, de maritandis ordintbus, 

by Auguſtus, Ir propoſed rewards to ſuch 

as engaged in matrimony, of a particular 
deſcription. It inflifted puniſhment on 

celibacy, and permitted the patricians, the 

ſenators and fons of ſenators excepted, to 

intermarry with the /ibertin;, or children of 

thoſe that had been Viberti, or ſervants 

manumitted. Horace alludes to it when he 

ſpeaks of ler marita, Another, de 

majefiatc, by J. Cæſar. It puniſhed with 

aque & ignis interdifticall ſuch as were found 

guilty of the crimen meye/tatis, or treaſon 

againſt the ſtate. 

JvL1a, a daughter of J. Cæſar, by Cor- 
nelia, famous for her perſonal charms and for 
her virtues. She married Corn. Cæpio, whom 
her father obliged her to divorce to marry 
Pompey the Great. Her amiable diſpoſition 
more ftrongly cemented the friendſhip of the 
father and of the ſon- in- law; but her ſudden 
death in child-bed, B. C $3, broke all ties 
of intimacy and relationſhip, and ſoon pro- 
duced a civil war, Plut,——The mother 


————.—ß5— . — 


— — — 


—— n ” 

CU — SOR 

— - PX —_— * 
*_ | «= 


- 


$7. 


of M. Anteny, whoſe humanity is greatly 
celebrated in ſaving her brother-in-law ]. 
Cælar from the cruel proſecutions of her ſon, 
——- f An aunt of J. Cæſar, who married 
C. Marius. Her funeral oration was pub- 
licly pronounced by her nephew. The 
only daughter of the emperor Auguftus, re- 
markable for her beauty, genius, and de- 
baucheries. She was tenderly loved by her 
father, who gave her in marriage to Marcel- 
Jus; after whoſe death ſhe was given to 
Agrippa, by whom ſhe had five children. 
She became a ſecond time a widow, and was 
married to Tiberius. Her laſciviouſneſs and 
de baucheties ſo diſguſted her huſband, that 
he retired from the court of the emperor; 
and Auguſtus, informed of ber luſtf} pro- 
penſities and infamy, baniſhed her from His 
fight, and confincd her in a ſmall iſiand on 
the coaſt ot Campania, She was ſtarved to 
death, A. D. 14, by order of Tiberius, who 
had ſucceeded to Auguſtus as emperor of 
Rome. Pl. A daughter cf the emperor 
Titus, who proftituted herſelf to her brother 
Domitian. A daughter of Julia, the wite 
of Agrippa, who married Lep:dus, and was 
baniſhed for her licentiouſneſs. A daugh- 
ter of Germanicus and Agrippina, born in the 
land of Leſbos, A. D. 17. She married 
a ſenator called M. Vinucius, at the age of 
16, and enjoyed the moſt unbounded favors 
in the court of her Þrother Caligula, who is 
accuſed of being her firſt ſeducer. She was 
baniſhed by Caligula, on ſuſpicion of con- 
ſpiracy. Claudius recalled her; but ſhe was 
ſoon after baniſhed by the powerful intrigues 
of Meſſalina, and put to death about the 24th 
year of her age. She was no ſtranger to the 
debaucherics of the age, and ſhe 'proftituted 
herſelf as freely to the meaneſt of the people 
as to the nobler companions of her biother's 
extravagance. Seneca, as ſome ſuppoſe, was 
baniſhed to Corſica for having ſeduced her. 
IA A celebrated woman, born in Phœnicia. 
She is alſo called Domna. She applied her- 
felf to the ſtudy of geometry and philoſophy, 
&c. and rendered herſelf conſpicuous, as 
much by her mental as by her perſonal 
charms. She came to Rome, where her 
learning recommended her to all the literati 
of the age. She married Scptimius Severus, 
who, twenty years. after this matrimonial 
connection, was inveſted with the imperial 
purple. Severus was guided by the pru- 
dence and advice of Julia, but he was blind 
to her foibles, and often puniſhed with the 
greateſt ſcverity thoſe vices which were 
enormous in the empreſs. She 1s even ſaid 
to have conſpired againſt the emperor, but 
fhe reſolved to blut, by patronizing litera- 
ture, the ſpots which her debauchery and 
extravagance had rendered -ind<lible in the 


eyes of virtue. Her influence, after the | 


1 


death of Severus, was for ſome time pro- 
ductive of tranquillity and cordial union 
between his two ſons and ſucceſſors. Geta 
at laſt, however, fell a ſacrifice to his brother 
Caracalla, and Julia was even wounded in 
the arm while ſhe attcmpted to ſcreen her 
favorite ſon from his brother's dagger. Ac- 
cording to ſome, Julia committed inceſt 
with her ſon Caracalla, and publicly mar- 
ried him. She ſtarved herſelf when her 
ambitious views were defeated by Macrinus, 
who aſpired to the empire in preference to 
her, after the death of Caracalla A 
town of Gallia Togata. 

Jrrracum, a town of Germany, now 
Julie, 5. 

Jor1Awvs, a ſon of Julius Conſtantius, 
the brother of Conſtantine the Great, born 
at Conſtantinople. The maſlacre which at- 
tended the elevation of the ſons of Conſtan- 
tine the Great to the throne, nearly proved 
fatal toJulian and to his brother Gallus, The 
two brothers were privately educated to- 
gether, and taught the doctrines of the 
Chriſtian religion, and exhorted to be mo- 
deſt, temperate, and to deſpiſe the gratifica- 
tion of all ſenſual pleaſures. Gallus re- 
ceived the inſtructions of his pious teachers 
with deference and ſubmiſſion, but _ 
ſhowed his diſlike for Chriſtianity by ſe- 
cretly cheriſhing a defire to become one 
of the votaries of Paganiſm. He gave ſuf- 
hcient procfs of this propenſity when be 
went to Athens in the 24th year of his age, 
where he applied himſelf to the ſtudy of 
magic and aſtrology. He was ſome time 
after appointed over Gaul, with the title of 
Czſar, by Conſtans, and there he ſhewed 
himſelf worthy of the imperial dignity by his 
prudence, valor, and the numerous victories 
he obtained over the enemies of Rome in 
Gaul and Germany. His mildneſs, as well 
as his condeſcenſion, gained him the hearts 
of his ſoldiers, and when Conſtans, to whom 
Julian was become ſuſpected, ordered him 
to ſend him part of his forces to go into the 
eaſt, the army immediately mutinied, and 
promiſed immortal fidelity to their leader, by 
refuling to obey the orders of Conſtans. They 
even compelled Julian, by threats and en- 
treaties, to accept of the title of independent 
emperor and of Auguſtus; and the death cf 
Conſtans, which ſoon after happened, left 
him ſcle maſter of the Roman empire, A. P. 
361. Julian then diſcloſed his religious ſen- 
timents, and publicly diſavowed the doctrines 
of Chriſtianity, and offered ſolemn ſacriſices 
to all the gods of ancient Rome. Thi? 
change of religious opinion was attributed to 
the auſterity with which he received the pre- 
cepts of Chriſtianivy, or, according to others, 
to the literary converſation and perſuaſive 
eloquence of ſome of the Athenian philoſo- 

| j ptr 


a 


the | 
men 
him 

ule « 
rathe 
ſwor 
deri{: 
ha uc 
Calle, 
tated 


2 Ao Zo AG Ak 


1 VU 


phers- Frum this circumſtance, therefore, 

ulian has been called Apeſtate. After he 
bat made his public entry at Conſtantinople, 
ke determined to continue the Perſian war, 
and check thoſe barbarians,who had for ſixty 
years derided the indolence of the Roman em- 
perors. When he had croſſed the Tigris, he 
burned his fleet, and advanced with boldneſs 
into the enemy's country. His march was 
that of a conqueror, he met with no oppoſi- 
tion from a weak and indigent enemy; but 
the country of Aſſytria had been left deſolate 
by the Perſians, and Julian, without corn or 
proviſions, was obliged to retire. As he 
could not convey his fleet again over the 
ſtreams of the Tigris, he took the reſolution 
of marching up the ſources of the river, and 
imitate the bold return of the ten thouſand 
Greeks. As he advanced through the coun- 
try he defeated the officers of Sapor, the 
king of Perſia; but an engagement proved 
fatal to him, and ne received a deadly 
wound as he animated his ſoldiers to battle. 
He expired the following night, the 27th of 
Janes A. D. 363, in the 32d year of his age, 

is laſt moments were ſpent in a converſa- 
tion with a philoſopher about the immor- 


tality of the ſoul, and he breathed his laſt 


without expreſſing the leaſt ſorrow for his 
fate, or the ſuddenneſs of his death. Julian's 
character has been admired by ſome, and 
cenſured by others, but the malevolence of 
his enemies ariſes from his apoſtacy. As a 
man and as a monarch he demands our warm- 
eſt commendations ; but we mult blame his 
idolatry, and deſpiſe his bigotted principles. 
He was moderate in his ſucceſſes, merciful 
to his enemies, and amiable in his charac- 
ter, He aboliſhed the luxuries which 
reigned in the court of Conſtantinople, and 
diſmiſſed with contempt the numerous of- 


ficers which waited upon Conſtantius, to 


anoint his head or. perfume bis body. He 
was frugal in his meals, and flept little, 
repoſing himſelf on a ſkin ſpread on the 
ground. He awoke at midnight, and ſpent 
the reſt of the night in reading or writing, 
and ifjued early from his tent to pay his 
daily viſit to the guards around the camp. 
He was not fond of public amuſemeuts, but 
rather dedicated his time to ſtudy and ſoli- 
tude, When he paſſed through Antioch in 
his Perſian expedition, the inhabitants of 
the place, offended at his religious ſenti- 
nents, ridiculed his perſon, and lampooned 
him in ſatyrical verſes. The emperor made 
we of the ſame arms for his defence, and 
rather than deſtroy his enemies by the 
ſword, he condeſcended to expoſe them to 
deriſon, and unveil their follics and de- 
baucheries in an humorous work, which he 
called Miſopogon, or beard hater, He imi- 
tated the virtuous example of Scipio and 


| 


1 


Alexander, and laid no temptation for his 
virtue by viſiting ſome female captives that 
had fallen into his hands. In his matrimonial 
connections, Julian rather conſulted policy 
than inclination, and his marriage with the 
ſiſter of Conſtantius aroſe from his unwilling- 
neſs to offend his bene factor, rather than to 
obey the haws of nature. He was buried at 
Tarſus, and afterwards his body was con- 
veyed to Conſtantinople. He diſtinguiſhed 
himſelf by his writings, as well as by his 
military character. Beſides his Miſopogon, 
lie wrote the hiſtory of Gaul. He alſo wrote 
two letters to the Athenians ; and, beſides, 
there are now extant ſixty- four letters on va- 
rious ſubjects. His Cæſars is the muſt famous 
of all his compoſitions, being a ſatire upou 
all the Roman emperors from J. Cæſar to 
Conſtantine, It is written in the form of a 
dialogue, in which the author ſeverely at- 
tacks the venerable character of M. Aurelius, 
whom he had propoſed to himſelf as a pat- 
tern, and ipeaks in a ſcurrilous and abufive 
language of his relation Conſtantine. It has 
been obſerved of Julian, that, like Ceſar, he 
could employ at the ſame time his hand to 
write, his ear to liſten, lus eyes to read, and 
his mind to dictate. The beſt edition of his 
works is that of Spanheim, fol. Lipſ. 2696; 
and of the Cæſars, that of Heufinger, 8vo. 
Gothz, 1741. Julian. — Socrat.— Eutrep. 
Anm. Liban. Sc. A ſon of Conſtan- 


tine. A maternal uncle of the emperor 
Julian. A Roman emperor. [ Vid. 
Didius.] A Roman, who proclauned 


himſelf emperor in Italy during the reigu 
of Diocletian, &c. A governor of Afri- 
ca. A counſellor of the emperor Adrian. 
A general in Dacia, in Domitian's 
reign. 

JuL 11, a family of Alba, brought to Rome 
by Romulus, where they ſoon role to the 
greateſt honors of the ſtate, . Cæſar and 
Auguſtus were of this family; and it was 
ſaid, perhaps through flattery, that they 
were lineally deſcended from Aneas, the 
founder of Lavinium. 

JuLiomAGus, a city of Gaul, now Aa- 
gers in Anjou. 

TJuL1oyGLI1s, a town of Bithynia, ſup» 
poted by ſome to be the ſame as Tarſus of 
Cilicia. 

Jö urs, a town of the iſland of Cos, which 
gave birth to Simonides, & c. The walls of 
this city were all marble, and ti ere are now 
ſome pieces remaining entire above 12 feet 
in height, as the monuments of its ancient 
ſplendor. Plin. 4, C. 12. 

[urius Cæ&SsAR. Vid. Cæſar Agri- 
cola, a governor of Britain, A. C. 80, whe 
hiſt diſcovered that Britain was an ifland by 
failing roundit, His ſon-in-law, the hiſtorian 
Tacitus, has written an account of his life. 
Tac. 


—— — ——_—_— 


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— A — 
© I b » 
= i . - — — 
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— a> — 2 
K | * 
— — 222233 * 
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— 


1 — 
o 


1 


Tacit. in Agric, —Obſequens, a Latin 
writer, who floriſhed A. D. 214. The beſt 
edition of his book de prodigiis is that of 
Oudendorp, 8vo. L. Bat. 1720.—8. a 
prætor, &c. Cic. ad Her. 2, c. 13.—— 
Agrippa, 'baniſhed from Rome by Nero, 
after the diſtovery of the Piſonian conſpi- 
racy. Tacit. Ann. 15, c. 71. Solinus, 
a writer, Vid. Solinus. Titianus, a 
writer in the age of Diocl&tian. His ſon 
became famous for his oratorical powers, 
and was made preceptor in the family 
of Maximinus. Julius wrote a hiſtory of 
all the provinces of the Roman empire, 
greatly commended by the ancients, He alſo 
wrote ſome letters, in which he happily 
imitated! the ſtile and elegance of Cicero, 
for which he was called the ape of his age. 
Africanus, a chror ologer, who floriſhed 
A. D. 220.-——-Conhnntius, the father of 
the emperor Julian, was Killed at the ac- 
ceſſion of the ſons of Conſſantine to the 
throne, and his (on neariy bared his fate. 
Pollux, agrammarian of Naupag um, in 
Egypt. Vid. Pollux. Canus, 2 celebrated 
Roman, put to death by order of Caracalla. 
He bore the undeſerved puniſt. ment in- 
flicted on him with the greateſi reſig nation, 
and even pleaſure — Proculus, a Roman, 
who ſolemnly declared to his countrymen, 
after Romulus tad diſappeared, that he 
had ſeen him above an human ſhape, and 
that he had ordered him to tell the Komans 
to honor him as a god. Julius was be- 
lieved. Plut. in Rom. —0vid, Florus. 
Vid Florus. L. Cæſar, a Roman conſul, 
uncle to Antony the triunuvir, the father of 
Cæſar the diftator. He died as he was put- 
ting on his ſhoes ——Celſlas, a tribune 
impriſoned for conſpiring againft Tiberius. 
Tacit. Ann. 6, c. 14. Maximinus, a 
Thracian, who, from a ſhepherd, became an 
emperor of Rome. Vid. Maximinus, 

IrLvs, the name of Aſcanius, the ſon of 
Fneas. Vid. Aſcanius. A ſon of Aſca- 
nius, born in Lavininm. In the ſuccettion 
to the kingdom of Alba, /Encas Sylvius, the 
ſon of Auea and Lavinia, was preferred to 
him. He was, however, made chief prieſt. 
Dionyſ. T. A ſon of Antony the triumvir 
and Fulvia. Vid. Antonius Julius. 

UNIA LEX Sacrata, by L. Junius Brutus, 

the firſt tribune of the people, A. U. C. 260. 
It ordained that the perſon of the tribune 
ſhould be held facred and inviolable ; that 
an appeal might be made from the conſuls 
to the tribune; and that no ſenator ſhould 
be able to excerciſe the office of a tribune, 
Another, A. U. C. 627, which excluded 
all foreigners from enjoying the privileges 
or names of Roman citizens. 

Junia, a niece" of Cato of Utica, who 
married Caſſius, and died 64 years atter her 


— 


13 


hufband had killed himſelf at the battle of 
Philippi. Calvina, a beautiful Roman 


lady, accuſed of inceſt with her brother Si- 


lanus. She was deſcended from Auguſtus, 
She was baniſhed by Claudius, and recalled 
by Nero. Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 4. Junius 
Blæſus, a proconful of Africa under the 
emperors. Tacit. Ann, 3, c. 38. 
Lupus, a ſenator who accuſed Vitellius of 
aſpiring to the ſovereignty, & c. Tacit. Aun. 
12, c. 42.— 0D. Silanus, a Roman who 
committed adultery with julia, the grand- 
daughter of Auguſtus, & c. Tacit, Ann, z, 
c. 24. Brutus. Vd. Brutus. 

Juno, a celebrated deity among the an- 
cients, daughter of Saturn and Ops. She was 
hſter to Jupiter, Pluto, Neptune, Veſta, Ce- 
res, & c. She was born at Argos, or, accord 
ing to others, in Samos, and was entruſted 
to the care of the Seafons, or, as Homer and 
Ovid mention, to Oceanus and Tcethys, 
Some of the inhabitants of Argolis ſuppoſed, 
that he had been brought up by the three 
daughters of the river Afſterion ; and the peo- 
ple of Stymphalus, in Arcadia, maintained, 
that ſhe had been educated under the care of 
Temenus, the ſon of Pelaſgus. Juno was 
devoured by Saturn, according to ſome my- 
thologiſts; and, according to Apollodorus, 
ſhe was again reſtored to the world by means 
of a potion which Metis gave to Saturn, to 
make him give up the ſtone which his wife 
had given him to {wallow inftead of Jupiter, 
L. Saturnus.) Jupiter was not inſenſible 
to the charms of his ſiſter; and the more 
powerfully to gain her confidence, he changed 
himſelf into a cuckoo, and raiſed a great 
ſtorm, and made the air unuſually chill 
and cold. Under this form he went to the 
goddeſs, all ſhivering. Juno pitied the 
cuckoo, and took him into ber boſom, 
When jupiter had gained theſe advantages, 
he reſumed his original form, and obtaincd 
the gratification of his deſires, after he had 
made a ſolemn promiſe of marriage to his 
ſiſter. The nuptials of Jupiter and Juno 
were celebrated with the greateſt ſolemnity; 
the gods, ail mankind, and all the brute cre- 
ation, attended. Chelone, a young woman, 
was the only one who refuſed to come, and 
who derided the ceremony. For this im- 
picty, Mercury changed her into a tortoiſe, 
and condemned her to perpetual ſilence; from 
which circumſtance the tortoife has always 
been uſed as the ſyrabolof ſilence among the 
ancients. By her marriage with Jupiter Juno 
became the queen of all the gods, and miſ- 
treſs of heaven and earth. Her conjugal hap- 
pineſs, however, was frequently diſturbed by 
the numerous amours of her huſband, and 
ſhe ſhewed herſelf jealous and inexorable in 
the higheft degree. Her ſevetity to the miſ- 
treiſcs and illegitimate children of her yy 

al 


plain 
recoi 


niſhe 


upon 
from 
tying 
punti 
gradi 
from 
by th 
than 
it, a1 
ſpire 
but 7 
racy, 
Briar 
niſhe 
ſpirac 
differ 
unive 
ter, 
fices 
Shen 
Sam. 
The 
an eu 
mont 
becat 
when 
Wich 
the ge 
called 
ercd 


niſhed the cruelties which ſhe had exerciſed | 


_ Univerſal, and even more than that of Jupi- 


: 8. 
pand was unparallel-d. She perſecuted Her- 
cules and his deſcendants with the moſt inve- 
terate fury ; and her reſentment againſt Paris, | 
who had given the golden apple to Venus in 
preference to herſelf, was the cauſe of the 
Trojan war, and of all the miferies which 
happened to the unfortunate houſe of Priam. 
Her ſeverities to Alcmena, Ino, Athamas, 
Semele, & c. are alſo well known, Juno had 
ſome children by Jupiter. According to 
Heſiod, ſhe was mother of Mars, Hebe, and 
Ilitnya, or Lucina; and beſides theſe, ſhe 
brought forth Vulcan, without having any 
commerce with the other ſex, but only by 
ſmelling a certain plant. This was in imi— 
tation of Jupiter, who had produced Minerva 
from his brain. According to others, it was 
not Vulcan, but Mars, or Hebe, whom the 
brought forth in this manner, and this was 
after cating ſome lettuces at the table of 
Apollo. The daily and repeated debaucheries 
of Jupiter at laſt provoked Juno to ſuch a 
degree, that ſhe retired to Eubœa, and te- 
ſolved for ever to forſake his bed. Jupiter 
produced a reconciliation, after he had ap- 
plied to Cithzron for advice, and after he 
bad obtained forgiveneſs by fraud andaititice. 
[Vid. Dædala.] This reconciliation, how- 
ever cordial it might appear, was ſoon dit- 
ſolved by new offences; and, to ſtop the com- 
plaints of the jealous Juno, Jupiter had often 
recourſe to violence and blows. Heeven pu- 


— — 


upon his ſon Hercules, by ſuſpending ner 
from the heavens by a golden chain, and 
tying a heavy anvil to her feet. Vulcan was 
puniſhed for aſſiſting his mother in this de- 
grading fituation, and he was kicked down 
trom heaven by his father, and broke his leg 
by the fall. This puniſhment rather irritated 
than pacified Juno. She reſolved to revenge 
It, and ſhe engaged ſome of the gods to con- 
ſpire againſt Jupiter and to impriſon , him, 
but Thetis delivered him from this conſpi- 
racy, by bringing to his aſſiſtance the famous 
Briareus, Apollo and Neptune were ba- 
niſhed from heaven for joining in the con- 
ſmiracy, though ſome attribute their exile to 
different cauſes. The worthip of Juno was 


ter, according to ſome authors. Her ſacri- 
hces were offered with the greateſt ſolemnity. 
She was particularly worſhipped at Argos, 
Samos, Carthage, and afterwards at Rome. 
The ancients generally offered on her altars 
an ewe lamb and a fow the firſt day of every 
month. No cows were ever immolated to her, 
becauſe the aſſumed the nature of that animal 
when the gods fled into Egypt in their wat 
with the giants. Among the birds the hawk, 
tñe gooſe, and particularly the peacock, often 


3 
the Fly, were ' her favorite flowers. The 
latter flower was originally of the color of 
the crocus; but, when Jupiter placed Het- 
cules to the breaſts of Juno while aſleep, 
ſome of her milk fell down. upon earth, and 
changed the color of the lilies from purple to 
a beautiful white. Some of the milk alſs 
dropped in that part of the beavens which, 
from its whiteneſs, ſtill retains the name of 
the milky way, lackea via. As Juno's 
power was extended over all the gods, ſhe 
often made utc of the goddeſs Minerva as 
her meſſenger, and even had the privilege of 
hurling the thunder of Jupite® when ſhe 
pleaſed. Her temples were numerous, the 
moſt famous of wh:ch were at Argos, Olym- 
pia, &c. At Rome ſo woman of debauched 
cnaracter was permitted to enter her temple, 
or even to touch it. The ſirnames of Juno 
are vatious, they are derived either from the 
fun ion or things over which ſhe preſided, 
or from the places were her worthip was 
eſtabliſhed; She was the queen of the hea- 


vens ; ſhe protected chanlinets, and prefided 


over marriage aud Child-birth, and particu 


larly patroniſed the moſt faithful and virtugus 


at the lex, and ſeverely puniſhed incontinence 
and lewdneſs in matruns. She was the god- 
dafs of all power and empire, and ſhe was 
alſo the patroneſs of riches. - She is repre- 
ſented fitting on a throne with a diadem on 
her head, and a golden ſceptre in her right 
hand. Some peacocks generally ſat by her, 
and a cuckoo often perched on her ſceptre, 
while Iris behind her diſplayed the thouſand 
colors of her beautiful rainbow. She is ſome- 
times carried through the air in a rich chariot 
drawn by peacocks. The Roman conſuis, 
when they entered upon office, were always 
obliged to offer her a ſolemn ſacri ice. The 
Juno of the Romans was called Matrona or 
Romana. She was generally*repreſented as 
veiled from head to foot, and the Roman 
matrons always imitated this manner of 
dreſſing themſelves, and deemed it indecent 
in any married woman to leave any part-of 
her body but her-face uncovered. She has 
received the ſirname of Olympia, Samia, 
Lacedzmonia, Argiva, Telchinia, Candrena, 
Reſcinthes, Proſymna, Imbraſia, Acrea, 


| Cithzronia, Bunea, Ammonia, Fluonia, 


Anthea, Migale, Gemelia, Tropeia, Boopis, 
Parthenos, Teleia, Xera, Egophage, Hyper- 
chinia, Juga, Ilithyia, Lucina, Pronuba, 
Caprotina, Mena, Populonia, Lacinia, Soſ- 
pita, Monera, Curis, Domiduca, Februa, 


&c,—Aps/lod, 1, 2, 3.—Apelien. 1. Argon. 
— Hom. Il.1, &c.—Virg: Au. 1, &c.— 
Herodot. 1, 2, 4, &c.—Sil. 1. Dianyſ. 
Hal. 1. Liv. 23, 24, 27, &c.— Ovid. Met. 


called Funonia avis, [ Vid. Argus.) were ſa- 
ercd to her, The dittany, the poppy, and 


| 457 el. I 3.—Athen, I 5,—-P in. 34. » 
} 


1, &c. Faſt. 5. —Plut. gueſt, Rem.— T;bull. 


JuxoNs 


Opigenia, &c. Cic. de Nat. D. 2.—Pauſ. 28. 


OS —— 


* — 
4 7 __ 
= * = * — — 22 
Wa" — ů — — 2X 9 2 0 — — — 
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1 
Jonoanitra & Jononta, feſtivals at 
ome in honor of Juno, the ſame as the 
Herza of the Greeks. Vid. Herza. 
Junonss, a name of the protecting genii 
of the women among the Remains. They 
generally ſwore by them, as the men by 
their genii. There were Itars often erectec 
to their honor. Pin. 2, c. 7.—Senrca, ep. 
TIP. 
Junxgnra, two iſlands, ſuppoſed to be 
2mong the Fortunate iſlands. A name 
which Graechus gave to Carthage, when he 
went with 6000 Romans to rebuild it. 
Jounpx1s promontorium, a promontory 
of Pejoponneſus. Laciniæ templum, a 
temple of Juno in Italy, between Crotona 
and the Lacinian promontory. 
Jürg, the moſt powerful of all the 
gods of the ancients. According to Varro, 
there were no leſs than 3co perſons of that 
name ; Diodorus mentions two; and Cicero 
three, rwo of Arcadia, and one of Crete. 
To that of Crete, who paſſed for the fon of 
Saturn and Ops, the act ions of the reſt have 
deen attributed, According to the opinion of 
The mythologiſts, Jupiter was ſaved from 
deſiruciion by his mother, and entruſted to 
the care of the Corybantes. Saturn who had 
received the kingdom of the world from his 
brotker Titan on condition of not raiſing male 
children, devoured all his ſons as ſoon as 
Lorn ; but Ops, offended at her huſband's 
cruetty, ſecreted Jupiter, and gave a ſtone to 
Saturn, which he devoured on the ſuppoſition 
that it was a male child. Jupiter was edu- 
cated in a cave on mount Ida, in Crete, and 
fed upon the milk of the goat Amalthæa, or 
upon honey, according to others. He received 
the name of Jupiter, quaſi jurvans pater. His 
cries were drowned by the noife of cymbals 
and drums, which the Corybantes beat at the 
expreſs command of Ops. { Vid. Corybantes, 
As ſoon as he was a year old, paper found 
himſelf ſufficiently ſtrong to make war againſt 
the Titans, who had impriſoned his father 
becauſe he had brought up male chilcren. 
The Titans were conquered, and Saturn ſet 
at liberty by the hands of his ſon. Saturn 
however, ſoon after, apprehenſive of the 
power of Jupiter, conſpired againſt his life, 
and was, for this treachery, driven from his 
Kingdom, and abliged to fly for ſafety into 
Latium. Jupiter, now become the ſole matter 
of the empire of the world, divided it with his 
brothers. He reſerved for himſelf the king- 
dom of heaven, and gave the empire of the 
ſca to Neptune, and that of the infernal re- 
gions to Pluto The peaceful beginning of 
bis reign was ſoon interrupted by the rebellion 
of the giants, who were ſons of the carth, 
and who withed to revenge the death of their 
relations the Titans, They were ſo powerful 


| Ba 


1 upon mountains, to ſcale heaven, ſo 
that all the gods to avoid their fury fltd to 
Egypt where they eſcaped from the danges 
by aſſuming the form of different animals, 
Jupiter, however, animated them, and, 
| the aſſiſtance of Hercules, he totally over. 
powered the gigantic race, which had proved 
tuch tremendous enemies. Vid. Gigantes,] 
Jupiter now fried from every apprehenſion, 
ave himſelf up to the purſuit of pleaſures, 
He married Metis, Themis, Euronyme, 
Ceres, Mnemoſyne, Latona, and Juno. 
[Vid Juno. ] He became a Proteus to gratify 
his paſſions. He introduced himſelf to Da- 
nae in @ ſhower of gold, he corrupted Anti- 
ope in the form of a ſatyr, and Leda in the 
form of a ſwan, he became a bull to ſeduce 
Europa, and he enjoyed the company of 
Agina in the form of a flame of fire. He 
aſſumed the habit of Diana to corrupt Cal. 
liſto, and became Amphitryon to gain the 
affections of Alcmena. His children were 
alſo numerous as well as his midſtreſſes. 
Accordi g to Apollodorus t, c. 3, he was 
father of the ſeaſons, Irene, Eunomia, the 
Fates, Clotho, Lacheſis, and Atropos, by 
Themis; of Venus, by Dione; of the 
Graces, Aglaia, Euphroſyne, and” Thalia 
by Eurynome, the daughter of Oceanus; af 
Proſerpine, by Styx; of the nine Muſes, by 
Mnemoſyne, &c. [id. Niobe, Laedamia, 
Pyrrha, Protogenia, Electra, Maia, Semel:, 
Sc.] The worſhip of Jupiter was univerſal; 
he was the Ammon of the Africans, the Belus 
of Babylon, the Oſiris of Egypt, &c. His ſir- 
names were numerous, many of which ne re- 
ceived from the place or function over which 
he preſided, He was ſeverally called Jupiter 
| Feretrius, Inventor, Elicius, Capitolinus, 
Latialis, Piſtor, Sponſor, Herceus, Anxurus, 
Victor, Maximus, Optimus, Olympius, 
Fluvialis, &c. The worſhip of Jupiter ſur- 
paſſed that of the other gods in ſolemnity. 
His altars were not tike thoſe of Saturn and 
Diana, flamed with the blood of human 
victims, but he was delighted with the ſa- 
crifice of goats, ſheep, and white bulls. The 
oak was ſacred to him becauſe he firſt taught 
mankind to live upon acorns. He 1s gene- 
rally repreſented as fitting upon a golden or 
ivory throne, holding, in one hand, thunder- 
bolts juſt ready to be hurled, and, in the 
other, a ſceptre of cypreſs. His looks ex- 
preſs majeſty, his beard flows long and 
neglected, and the eagle ſtands with ex- 
panded wings at his fect. He is ſometimes 
repreſented with the upper parts of his body 
naked, and thoſe below the waiſt carefully 
covered, as if to ſhow that he is viſible to the 
gods above, but that he is concealed from the 
fight of the inhabitants of the earth. Jupiter 
had ſevetal oracles, the molt celebrated of 
which were at Dodona, and Ammon, in 


that they hurled rocks, and heaped up moun- 


Libya- 


Libya. 
of god 
over ti 
yient t 
manki 
miſeric 
quainte 
future. 
a crow! 
variega 
larly by 
the rop 
hand. 
withou! 
maſter « 
tal eu 
equaily 
cedæme 
he mig] 
the ditfe 
were da 
the cart 
armed 
Vulcan 
Liv, Iy 
l, 5, & 
Urphens, 
I, 3, Ff. 
Scat, I 
. 4—.ä— 
ele. r, 
ſours 
ing the | 
zerland f 
JosT! 
torian in 
mized t: 
Tuis epi 
Was the 
of Trogt 
tiftory 0 
Macedor 
neat and 
many Ju 
harangue 
dulous, ; 
minute ly 
i few We 
tency of 
ly cenſure 
ae that 
1719, tha 
that of 1] 
Martyr A 
p\:vſoph 
Egypt, an 
dans bei. 
treatiſes, 
The beſt | 
of Paris, | 
8%0. 170c 


with Try 
An Empc 
and died, 4 


JU 


Libya. As Jupiter was the king and father 
of gods and men, his power was extended 
over the deities, and every thing was ſubſer- 
vient to his will, except the Fates. From him 
mankind reccived their bleſſings and their 
miſeries, and they looked upon him as ac- 
tinted with every thing, paſt, preſent, and 
future. He was repreſented at Olympia with 
a crown like olive branches, his mantle was 
variegated with different flowers, particu- 
lurly by the lily, and the eagle perched on 
the top of the ſceptre which he held in his 
band. The Cretans repreſented Jupiter 
withou? cars, to ſignify that the ſovereign 
maſter of the world onght not to give a par- 
tal ear to any particular perſon, but be 
quaily candid and propitious to all. At La- 
cdzmon he appeared with four heads, that 
ke might ſeem to hear with greater readineſs 
the different prayers and ſolicitations which 
were daily poured to him from every part of 
the earth, It is ſaid that Minerva came all 
armed from his brains when he ordered 
Vulcan to open his head. Par. 1, 2, &c.— 
Liv. 1, 4, 5, Kc. — Died. 1 & 3.— Homer. I.. 
1, 5, &c. Od. 1, 4, &c. Hymn. ad /. 
Urphous, —Callimac, Jau. — Pindar. Camp. 
T, 2, 5.—Apollon. I, & c.— Heſiod. T heog. in 
S-vt, Here, Oper. & Dies —Lycophron is 
% rg. Ax. 1, 2, &c. G. 3.— Cu 
tit, fab. 1, &c.— Horat. 3, od. 1, &c. 
[uRA, a high ridge of mountains ſepatat- 
ing the Helvetii from the Sequani, or Swit- 
zerland from Burgundy. ' Cef. G. 1, c. 2. 
JousTixus M. Juxranvs, a Latin hii- 
torian in the age ot Antoninus, who epito- 
mized the. hiftory of Trogus Pompeius. 
Tis epitome, according to ſome traditions, 
was the cauſe that the comprehenſive work 
of Trogus was loſt. It comprehends the 
tifory of the Aſſyrian, Perſian, Grecian, 
Macedonian, Roman empires, &c. in a 
n:at and elegant ftile. It is repleat with 
many judicious reflections, and animated 
harangues; but the author is often too cre- 
dulous, and ſometimes examines events too 
minutely, while others are related only in 
ifew words too often obſcure, The inde- 
tency of many of his expreſhons is deſerved- 
ly cenſured. The beſt editions of Juſtin 
are that of Ab. Gronovius, 8vo. L. Bat. 
1719, that of Hearne, $vo. Oxon, 1703, and 
that of Barbou, 12mo. Paris, 1770. 
Martyr a Greek father formerly a Platonic 
piu:voſopher, horn in Paleſtine. He died in 
Egypt, and wrote two apologies for theChriſ- 
tans behdss his dialogue with a Jew; two 
treatiſes, &c. in a plain and unadorned ſtile. 
The beſt editions of Juſtin Martyr are that 
of Paris, fol. 1636. Of his apologies, 2 vols. 
Fro. 1700, aad 1703, and ſebb's dialogue 
with Trypho, publiſhed in London, 1722.— 
An Emperor of the caſt who reigned ꝙ years, 
and died, A. D. 326. Another, who died, 


9 


— —  -—— 
. wü 


19 
A. D. 564, after a reign of 38 years. 
Another, who died, 577, A. D. atter a reign 
of 13 years. 

Jv1vrxA, a ſiſter of Turnus, king of the 
Rutuli. She heard with contempt the ad- 
dreſſes of Jupiter, or, according to others, 
ſhe was raviſhed by him, and mi de im- 
mortal. She was afterwards changed into 
a fountain of the ſame name near the Nu- 
micus, falling into the Tiber. The waters 
of that fountain were uſed in ſacrifices and 
particularly in thoſe of Veſta. They had 
the power to heal diſeaſes. Farro de C. I.. 
ty c. 10,—O0vid. Faſt. 1, v. 708.1. 2, v. 585, 
irg. An. 12, v. 139.—Cic. Cluent. 36. 

Ju vxSVAUIs, Decius Junius, a poet born 
at Aquinum in Italy. He came early to 
Rome, and paſſed ſome time in declaiming; 
after which he applied himſelt to write ſatires, 
16 of which are extant. He ſpoke with 
virulence againſt the partiality of Nero for 
the pantomine Paris, and though all his 
ſatire and declamation were pointed againſt 
this ruling favorite of the emperor, yet 
Juvenal lived in ſecurity during the rein of 
Nero. After the deathof Nero, the etfects 
of the reſentment of Paris were ſeverely felt, 
and the ſatiriſt was ſent by Domitian as go- 
vernor on the frontiers of Egypt. Juvenal 
was then in the 8oth year of his age, and he 
ſuffered much from the trouble which 
attended his office or rather his exile. 
He returned, however, to Rome after the 
death of Paris, and died in the reign of 
Trajan, A. D. 128. His writings are fiery 
and animated, and they abound with hu- 
mor. He is particularly ſevere upon the 
vice and diſſipation of the age he lived ing 
but the groſs and indecent manner in which 
he expoſes to ridicule the follies of man- 
kind, rather encourages than diſarms the 
debauched and licentious. He wrote with 
acrimony againſt all his adverſaries, and 
whatever ditpleaſed or offended him was 
expoſed to his ſevereſt cenſure. It is to be 
acknowledged, that Juvenal is far more 
correct than his contemporaries, a circum- 
ſtance, which ſome have attributed to his 
judgment and experience, which were un- 
commonly mature, as his ſatires were the 
productions of old age. He may be called, 
and with reaſon, perhaps, the laſt of the 
Roman poets. After him poetry decayed, 
and nothing more claims our attention as a 
perfect poctical compoſition. The beſt 
editions are thoſe of Caſaubon, 4to. L. Bat. 
1695, with Perſius, and of Hawkey, Dublin, 
12 mo. 1746, and of Grævius cum notis 
variorum, Svo. L. Bat. 1684. 

JuvanTAs or [UYENTUS, a goddeſs at 
Rome, who preſided over youth and vigor. 
She is the ſame as the Hebe of the Greeks, 


and repreſented as a beautiful nymph, ar- 
rayed in variegated garments, | 
JuveRe 


D CORES CO" IS AY WW 
* 2 — = 9 2 "= . 


ä 8 


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vv, or Hintrnita, an iſland at | trodnced bim at the tables of the god: nava 
the weſt of Britain, now called Ireland. | Such a favor which ought to haveawakene d He 
Fur. 2, v. 160. gratitude in Ixion, ſerved only to inflame hi med 
Ix1BATA, a people of Pontus. luſt, be became enamoured of juno, and. obſc 
Ixion, a king of Theſſaly, ſon of Phle- | attempted to ſeduce her. Juno was willing the f 
gas, or, according to Hyginus, of Leontes, or | to _ gratify the paſſion of Ixion, theligh of H 
according to Diodorus, of Antion by Peri- | according to others ſhe informed Jupiter of only 
mela daughter of Amychavn. He married | the attempts which had been made upon her ſchol 
Dia, daughter of Eioneus or Deioneus, and | virtue. Jupiter made a cloud in the ſhape Pria; 
promiſed his father-in-lay a valuable pre- | of Juno, and carried it to the place where L. 
ſent for the choice he had made of him to | Ixion had appointed to meet Juno. Ixion famo! 
be his daughter's huſband. His unwilling- | was caught in the ſnare, and from his em- panto 
meſs, however, to fulfil his promiſes ob- brace” with the cloud, he had the Centaurs, act or 
liged Deioneus to have recourſe to violence | or according to others Centaurus, [Vid poet 
to obtain it, and he ſtole away ſome of his | Centauri. ] Jupiter, diſpleaſed with the inſo- he ſh! 
horſes. Ixion concealed his reſentment un- lence of Ixion, baniſhed him from heaven; of the 
der the maſk of friendſhip; he invited his | but when he heard that he had ſeduced Juno, upon 
father-in-law to a feaſt at Lariſſa, the ca- | the god ſtruck him with his thunder, and ence a 
pital of his kingdom, and when Deioneus | ordered Mercury to tie him to a wheel in reſtore 
was come according to the appointment, | hell, which continually whirls round, -The he had 
he threw him into a pit, which he, had | wheel was perpetually in motion, therefore to his 
previouſly filled with wood and burning | the puniſhment of I. n was eternal. Di, his ſe: 
eoals. This premeditated treachery ſo irri- | 4.—Hygin. fab. 62.—Vindar, 2. Pyth. 2. to ma 
tated the neighbouring princes that all of | —Virg. G. 4, v. 484. An. 6, v. bot— Cicer 
them refuſed to periyrm the uſual ceremony, | Ovid. Met. 12, v. 210, & 3 38. One of rem. 
by which a man was then purified of mur- | the Heraclidz who reigned at Corinth for 57 tion 2 
der, and Ixion was ſhunned and deſpiſed by |, or 37 years. He was ſon of Alethes. upon | 
all mankind. Jupiter had compaſſion upon Ix16NnIipes, the patronymic of Pirithous viour 
him, and he carried him to heaven, and in- 1 ſon of Ixion. Propert. 2, el. 1, v. 38. Pomp 
52 ſedes, / 
— — — died te 
lar, 1 
1 1 Macro 
— Sen 
AANDER, a youth brother to Nico- According to Statius his father's name was — 
crates, tyrant of Cyrene, &c. Po- Phœnix. His deſcendants were called Lab- Exſar 
Han. 8. J dacides, Stat, Theb. 6. v. 451.—4/pld, q, Bell. C 
LAARCHvus the guardian of Battus of | c. 5. —Pauſ. 2, c. 6. l. 9, c. 5. La 
Cyrene. He uſurped the ſovereign power for LABDALON, a promontory of Sicily, near Italy, 
ſome time, and endeavoured to marry the | Syracuſe, Diod. 13. and T 
mother of Battus the better to eſtabliſh his LABEAL1sS, a lake th Dalmatia, now colony 
tyranny. The queen gave him a friendly | Scutari, of which the neighbouring inhabt- An, 7 
invitation and cauſed him to be aſſaſſinated, | tants were called Labeates. Liv. 44, Cc. 31. 7. 
and reſtored the power to Battus, Poly". I. 45, c. 26. | Lis 
LARBARIS, a king of Egypt after Seſoſ- LA4Bto, Antiſtius, a celebrated lawyer Wars 
tris, the age of Auguttus, whoſe views he oppoit, anel w. 
LaBDa, a daughter of Amphion one of | and whoſe offers of the conſulſhip he refuſed. Ceſ. B 
the Bacchiadæ, born lame. She married | His works are loſt. He was wont to enjvy A Roz 
Ection by whom ſhe had a ſon whom ſhe | the company and converſation of the learned Brutus 
called Cypſelus, becauſe ſhe ſaved his life in | for fix months, and the reſt of the year of the 
a coffer, [Vid. Cypſelus.) This coffer was | was ſpent in writing and compoſing. His conque 
preſerved at Olympia. Ferodcr. 5, c. 92, | father, of the ſame name, was one of Czfar's Strab, 1 
Ariſiot. Polit. 5. murderers, He killed himſelf at the battle * torian a 
LaBDacipes, a name given to CEdipus | of Philippi. Horace, 1, Sat, 3, v. 82, has Auguſt 
as deſcended from Labdacus. unjuſtly taxed him with inſanity, becaulc n to be 
LaBDAcus, a ſon of Polydorus by Nyc- | doubt he inveiged againſt his patrons. = content 
teis, the daughter of Nycteus, king of | pian. Alex. 4.—Suzt. in Aug. 43. — Ar the loſs 
Thebes. His father and mother died dur- | bune of the people at Rome, who condemned Over. 
ing his childhood, and he was left to the | the cenſor Metellus to be thrown down from 
care of Ny cteus who at his death left his | the Tarpeian rock, ' becauſe he had gxpeiled Baby1., 
kingdom in the hands of Lycus, with orders] him from the ſenate. This rigorous ſen- Las 
to reſtore it to Labdacus as ſoon as of age, | tence was ſtopped by the interference of ano- $:-4h 
He was father to Laius. It is unknown | ther of the tribunes. Q. Fabius, a Ro- made u 
whether he ever ſat on the tl:rouc of Thebes. | man conſul, A. U. C. 50%, who 2 : Las 
* 


> inſo- 
-aven; 
Juno, 
r, and 
vel in 
. "The 
erefore 

Daa. 
th. 2. 
601.— 
One of 


for 57 


rithous 


8. 


me Was 
-d Lab- 
lad. 5 


ly, near 


2, now 
inhabi- 


Ly c. 3. 


wyer in 
poſed, 
refuſed. 
to enjoy 


learned 
the year 
1g. His 
* Caeſar's 
he battle 
82, has 
ecaulc no 
ns. Ap* 
A 
ndemned 
wn from 
expeiled 
rous ſen- 
e of ano: 
s, a Ro- 
btained a 
naval 


* torian and orator at Rome, in the age of 


L A 


naval victory over the fleet of the Cretans. 
He afiſted Terence in compoſing his co- 
medies, according to ſome. Actius, an 
obſcure poet who recommended himſelf to 
the favor of Nero by an incorrect tranſlation 
of Homer into Latin. The work is loſt, and 
only this curious line 1s preſerved by an old 
ſcholfaſt, Perſeus, 1, v. 4. Crudum manducus 
Priamum, Priamique Piſiunas. 

LAsIRtus, J. Decimus, a Roman knight 
famous for his poetical talents in writing 
pantomimes. J. Cæſar compelled him to 
act one of his characters on the ſtage. The 
poet conſented with great reluctance, but 
he ſhewed his reſentment during the acting 
of the piece, by throwing ſevere aſperſions 
upon J. Cæſat, and by warning the audi- 
ence againſt his tyranny, Cæſar, however, 
reſtored him to the rank of knight, which 
he had loſt by appearing on the ſtage; but 
to his mortification when he went to take 
his ſeat among the knights, no one offcred 
to make room for him, and even his friend 
Cicero ſaid, Rere piſſem te nifi anguſie ſede- 
rem. Laberius was offended at the affecta- 
tion and inſolence of Cicero, and reflected 
upon his unſettled and puſillanimous beha- 
viour during the civil wars of Czfar and 
Pompey, by the reply of Mirum / angufie 
ſedes, qui ſoles duabus ſellis ſedere. Laberius 
died ten months after the murder of J. Cæ- 
ſar. Some fragments remain of his poetry. 
Macrob. ſat. 2. c. 3 & 7.—Herat. 1, ſat. 10. 
—Senec, de controv. 18.—Suet, in Cœſ. 39. 
— . Durus, a tribune of the ſoldiers in 
Exſar's legions, Killed in Britain. Cæſ. 
Bell. G. : 

LanicuM, now Colonna, a town of 
Italy, called alſo Lavicum, between Gahii 
and Tuſculum, which become a Roman 
colony about four centuries B. C.—/irg, 
An. 7, v. 796.— Liv. 2, c. 39. l. 4, c. 
47. 
LAsikxus, an officer of Cæſar in the 
wars of Gaul. He deſerted to Pompey, 
and was killed at the battle of Munda. 
Ceſ. Bil. G. 6, Sc. - Lican. z, v. 346. 
A Roman who followed the intereſt of 
Brutus and Caſſius, and became general 
ot the Parthians againſt Rome. He was 
conquered by the officers of Auguſtus. 
Strab,12 K 14.—Dio. 48 Titus, an biſ- 


Auguſtus, The ſenate ordered his papers 
to be burnt on account of their ſeditious 
contents ; and Labienus, unable to ſurvive 
the loſs of his writings, deſtroyed himielt. 
Suet.— Seneca. 

Lasixzros or LABYNETUS, a king of 


L A 


Caria. The word is derived from /abrys, 
which in the language of the eountry ſigni- 
fies an hatchet, which Jupiter's ſtatue held 
in its hand. Plut, 

LaBRoN, a part of Italy on the Medi- 
terranean, ſuppoſed to be Leghorn. Cic, 2, 
ad. fra, 6. 

LisYrINTHUS, a building whoſe nu- 
merous paſſages and perplexing windings 
render the eſcape from it difficult, and al- 
moſt impracticable. There were four very 
famous among the antients, one near the 
city of Crocodiles or Arſinoe, another in 
Crete, a third at Lemnos, and a fourth in 
Italy built by Porſenna. That of Egypt 
was the moſt antient, and Herodotus, who 
ſaw it, declares that the beauty and the art 
of the building were almoſt beyond belief. 
It was built by twelve kings who at one 
time reigned in Egypt, and it was intended 
for the place of their burial, and to com- 
memorate the actions of their reign, It wag 
divided into 12 halls, or according to Pliny, 
into 16, or as Strabo mentions, into 27, 
The halls were vaulted according to the re- 
lation of Herodotus. They had each fix 
doors, opening tothe north, and the ſame 
numberto the ſouth, all ſurrounded by one 
wall. The edifice contained 3000 cham- 
bers, .1500 in the upper part, and the ſame 
number below. The chambers above were 
ſeen by Herodotus, and aſtoniſhed. him be- 
yond conception, but he was not permitted 
to ſee thoſe below, where were buried the 
holy crocodiles and the monarchs whoſe 
munificence had raiſed the edifice. The 
roofs and walls were incruſted with marble, 
and adorned with ſculptured figures. The 
halls were ſurrounded with ſtately and po- 
liſhed pillars of white tone, and according 
to ſome authors, the opening of the doors 
was artfully attended with a terrible noiſe 
like peals of thunder. The labyrinth of 
Crete was built by Dzdalus, in imitation 
of that of Egypt, and it is the moſt famous 
of all in claſſical hiſtory. It was the place 
of confinement for Dædalus himſelf, and 
the priſon of the Minotaur, According to 
Pliny the labyrinth of Lemnos ſurpaſſed 
the others in grandeur and magnificence. 
It was ſupported by forty columns of un- 
common height and thickneſs, and equally 
admirable for their beauty and ſplendor. 
Modern travellers are {till aſtoniſhed at the 
noble and magnificent ruins which appear 
of the Egyptian labyrinth, at the ſouth of 
the lake Mcoris, about 30 miles from the 
ruins of Arſinoe. Mela. 1, c. 9.—Plin, 
36, c. 13.,—Strab, 10.— Died. 1.—Heredot. 


Babylun, &c. Herodot. t, c. 74. 


ABOTAS a river near Antioch in Syria. | 
Strab, 16, 


made war againſt Argos, &c. 


LA#RADEUS, a name of Jupiter in! LACED AMON, 530 and Tay- 


A ſon of Echeſtratus, who | 


2, c. I48.—Virg. Zn. 5, v. 588. 

LAcANA, an epithet applied to a female 
native of Laconia, and, among others, to 
Helen. Virg. An. 6, v. $11, 


geta 


L A 


geta the daughter of Atlas, who married 
Sparta the daughter of Eurotas by whom 
he had Amyclas and Eurydice the wife of 
Acriſius. He was the firſt who introduced 
the worſhip of the Graces in Laconia, and 
who built them a temple. From Lacedæ- 
mon and his wife, the capital of Laconia 
was called Lacedzmon and Sparta, Apol- 
ted. 3, c. 10.—Hygin. fab. 15 5.— Pauſ. 3, 
e. I. A noble city of Peloponneſus, the 
capital of Laconia, called alſo Sparta, and 


now known by the name of Miſatra. It 


has been ſeverally known by the name of | a Roman province. 


Lelegia, from the Leleges the firſt inhabi— 
tants of the country, or from Lelex one of 
their kings; and Qi from CKbalus the 
fixth king en Eurotas. It was allo called 
Hecatompolis from the hnncted cities which 
the whole province once contained, Lelex 
is ſuppoſed to have been the firſt King. His 
deicendants, 13 in number, reigned ſucceſ- 
ſively after him, till the reign of the ſons of 
Oreſtes, when the Heraclidez recovered the 
Peloponneſus, about 80 years after the Tro- 
ian war. Procles and Euryſthenes, the de- 
ſcendants of the Heraclidz, enjoyed the 
crown together, and after them it was de- 
creed that the two families thould always fit 
on the throne together. [d. Em. 
Theſe two brothers began to reign B. C. 
1102, their ſucceftors in the family of Pro- 
cles were called Proclidæ, and atterwards 


Hurypontidæ, and thoſe of Euryſthenes, | 


Luſinenidæ, and afterwards Agidæ. The 
ſucceſſors of Procles on the throne began to 
reign in the following order: Sous, 1000 


B. C. after his father had reigned 42 | tercourſe with effeminate nations. The 


years: Eurypon, 1028: Prytanis, 1021 : 


Eunomus, 986: Polydectes, 907 : Lycur- educated, rendered them undaunted in tis 
gus, 898: Charilaus, 873: Nicander, Sog: | 


Theopompus, 770: Zeuxidamus, 723: Anax- 
idamus, 690: Archidamus, 651: Agaſi- 
cles, 605 : Ariſton, 564 : Demaratus, 526: 
Leotychides, 491: Archidamus, 496: 
Agis, 427; Ageſilaus, 397 : Archidamus, 


—— — ͤ —HW—Gä— —— — 


L A 


menes, 238: Ageſipolis, 219. Under tte 
two laſt kings, Lycurgus and Ageſipolis, 
the monarchical power was aboliſhed, though 
Machanidas the tyrant made himſelf abſo- 
lute, B. C. 210, and Nabis, 206, for 14 
years. In the year 191, B. C. Lacedæmon 
joined the Achzan league, and about 

years after the walls were demoliſhed by 
order of Philopemen. The territories of 
Laconia ſhared the fate of the Achæan con- 
tederacy, and the whole was conquered by 
Mummius, 147 B. C. and converted into 
The inhabitants of 
Lacedzmon have rendered themſelves illuſ- 
trious for their courage and intrepidity, for 
their love of hanor and liberty, and for their 
averſion to floth and luxury. They were 
inured from their youth to labor, and their 
laws commanded them to make war their 
profeſſion. They never applied tnemſely:; 
to any trade, but their only employmen 
was arms, and they leſt every thing eifet 
the care of their flaves. [F:id. Helatæ. 
They hardened their body by ſtripes and 
other manly exerciſes, and accuſtomed 
themſelves to undergo hardthips, and even 
to die without fear or regret. From their 
valor in the held and their moderation and 
temperance at home, they were courted aud 
revered by all the neighbouring princes, and 
their aſſiſtance was ſeverally implored to 


; protect the Sicihans, Carthaginians, Tün- 
cians, Egyptians, Cyreneans, &c. bey 
| were forbidden by the laws of their country, 
[d. Lyeurgus,] to viſit foreign ſtates, t 
| their morals ſhould be corrupted by an in- 


* 


which 
to mat! 
Lac 
habit 
mon, 
Lic 


Clitori; 
father's 


Lic 


ae wh 


art. 7 


361: Agis 2d. 338: Eudamidas, 330: 
Archidamus, 295: Eudamidas 2d. 268: 
Agis, 244: Archidamus, 230: Euclidas, 
2.25 : Lycurgus, 219 :—The tuccefſors of 
Ewyfthenes were Agis, 1059: Echeſtratus, 
1058: Labotas, 1023: Doryſſus, 985: 
Agefilaus, 957: Archelaus, 913: Tele- 
clus, 853 : Alcamenes, 813: Polydorus, 
776 : Eurycrates, 724: Anaxander, 687: 
Eurycrates 2d. 644: Leon, 607: Anaxan- 
drides, 563: Cleomenes, 530: Leonidas, 491; 
Pliſtarchus, under guardianſhip of Pauſa- 
nias, 480: Pliſtoanaxs 466: Pauſanias, 
408 : Ageſipolis, 397; Cleombrotus, 380: 
Ageſipolis 2d. 371: Cleomenes 2d. 370: 
Aretus or Areus, 309 : Acrotatus, 265 ; 
Arcus 2d. 264: Leonidas, 257: Cleom- 
brotus, 243: Leonidas reſtored, 241: Clev- 


auſtere manner in which their children wer "og 
tield of battle, and from this circumſtance, K 
Leonidas with a ſmall band was enabled de in diſcs, 
reſiſt the millions of the army of Xerxes chen 

Thermopylæ. The women were as cout taken pri 
geous as the men, and many a mother i and eſca 
celebrated with feſtivals the death ot tidates U 
ſon who had fallen in battle, or has cou into allia 
put him to death if by a ſhameful flight a tondemnd 
loſs of his arms, he brought diſgrace up" tian burie, 
his country. As to domeſtic manners Licus 
Lacedz#monians as widely differed fron of Epamir 
their neigubours as in political concerns, ab nian ſent + 
their nobleſt women were not aſhamed 9 In the fit 
appear on the ſtage hired for money. In Sicily Rog 
the affairs of Greece, the intereſt of 4 þ ©. 3.— 
Lacedzmonians was often powertul, Z loſſus of ] 
obtained the ſuperiority for 500 years. Then Licuts 
jeatouſy of the power and greatneſs of name is 0 
Athenians is well Known. The ate 3, 4, © 81 
of their monarchs was checked by de tepreſenteg 
watchful eye of the Ephori, who had 1 TT accordin 
power of impriſoning the Kings themſehe lie generg 
if guilty of miſdemeanors. [ Vid. Epi" t varic 


The Lacedzmoniags are remarkable = 
0 
3 


of 


L. A 


nenor and reverence which they paid to old 


tle age. The names of Lacedarmon and Sparta are 
lis, promiſcuouſly applied to the capital of La- 
ugh conia, and often confounded together. The 
o- latter was applied to the metropolis, and 
14 the former was reſerved for the inhabitants 
non of the ſuburbs, or rather of the country 
at 3 contiguous to the walls of the city. This 
by propriety of diſtinction was originally 
5 of obſerved, but in proceſs of time it was to- 
con- rally loft, and both appellatives were ſoon 
d by ſynonymous and indiſcriminately applied 
into to the city and country. [Vid. Sparta, 
ts of Laconia.) The place where the city ſtood 
illuſ- is now called Paſes Chori, {the old te von, 
„ for and the new one erected on its ruins at 
their ſome diſtance on the weſt is called Mitra. 
' were Liv. 34, c. 33. J. 45, c. 28.—Strab, 8 
| their Taucyd. 1. - Pauſ. 3.— Fuftin. 2, 3, &0.— 
r their Herodot. 1 , &c,—Plut. in Lyc. &c.— Died. 
ſelve3 — Mela. 2. There were ſome feſtivals 
y ment celebrated at Lacedemon the names of 
elſe n which are not known. It was cuſtomary 
late. for the women to drag all the old bache- 
Yes and lors round the altars and beat them with 
(tomed their fiſts, that the ſhame and ignominy to 
1d even which they were expoſed might induce them 
m their to marry, &c. Athen. 13. 
on and Lickpamiwit & LickD mowers, the 
ted aud inhabitants of Lacedemon. Vid. Lacedæ- 
ces, and mon. 
lored w LAclpæubxtvs, a ſon of Cimon by 
„ Thins Clitoria, He received this name for his 
* They father's regard for the Lacedæmonians. Plut. 
Count!7s LACERTA, a ſoothſayer in Domitian's 
ates, kü 22e who acquired immenſe riches by his 
y an mn. art. Juv. 7, v. 114. 
ns. Tie LACETANIA, a diſtrict at the north of 
dren wer Spain, Liv.21, c. 23. 
ed in tis LacaiREs, a man who ſeized the ſu- 
amitanct, preme power at Athens when the city was 
-nabled di in diſcord, and was baniſhed B. C. 296. 
Xerxes Fehæn. 4. An Athenian three times 
as cor taken priſoner. He deceived his keepers, 
nother E and eſcaped, & c. Id. 3. A ſon of Mith- 
ch ol 3 ridates king of Boſphorus. He was received 
has cov into alliance by Lucullus.——A robber 
ub fle condemned by M. Antony. An Egyp- 
grace 1p" tin buried in the labyrinth near Arſinoe. 
anners dle Lacats, an Athenian general in the age 
ered fron of Epaminondas. Died. 12.——An Athe- 
ncerns, r nian ſent with Carias at the head of a fleet 
\(hamcd n the firſt expedition undertaken againſt 
noney- - Sicily in the Peloponneſian war. Fuſtin. 
reſt of "8 4, c. 3.-— An artiſt who finiſhed the Co- 
werful, 3 loſſus of Rhodes. 
rears, TIC Licutsrs, one of the Pareæ. Her 
nels o. name is derived from Mayer, to meaſure out 
he autbor' t She preſided over futurity, and was 
ked by "OE tepreſented as ſpinning the thread of life, 
ho bad W cr «cording to others, holding the ſpindle. 
$ tens we generally appeared covered with a gar- 
i. BP 


. \ 

L A 

| ſpindles in her hand. [ Vid. Parcz.] Stat? 
Theb, 2, v. 249. 

Lacipas, a Greek philoſopher of Cy- 
rene who floriſhed B. C. 24r. His father's 
name was Alexander, He was diſciple of 
Arceſilaus whom he ſucceeded in the go- 


greatly eſleemed by king Attalus who gave 
him a garden where he ſpent his hours in 
ſtudy. He taught his diſciples to ſuſpend 
their judgment, and never ſpeak. decifively. 
He diſgraced himſelf by the magnificent 
funeral with which he honored a favorite 
gooſe. He died through exceſs of drinking. 
Diog. 4. 

Lacivrs, a village near Athens, where 
Ceres and Proſerpine had a temple. Par. 
I, e. 37. 

LAcixIA, a firname of Juno from her 
temple at Lacinium in Italy, which the 
Crotonians held in great veneration, and 
where there was a famous ſtatue of Helen 
by Zeuxis. [id. Zeuxis.] On an altar 
near the door were aſhes, which the wind 
could not blow away. Fulvius Flaccus took 
away a marble piece from this ſacred place 
to finiſh a temple that he was building at 
Rome to Fortuna Equeſtris; and it is ſaid 
that for this ſacrilege he afterwards led a 
miſerable life, and died in the greateſt ago- 
nies. Strav. 6.— Ovid. 15. Met. v. 12 & 
702.— Lit. 42, c. 3.—-FVal. Max. 1, c. 1. 

LAcivizxszs, a people of Liburnia. 

Lacinium, a promontory of Magna 
Græcia now cape Colonna, the ſouthern 
boundary of Tarentum in Italy, where 
Juno Lacinia had a temple, held in great 
veneration, It received its name from La- 
cinius a famous robber killed there by 
Hercules. Liv. 24, c. 3. l. 27, c. 5. I. 303 
c. 20,—Virg. An. 3, v. 552. 

Lacmon, a part of mount Pindus where 
the Inachus flows. Herodot. g, c. 93. 

Laco, a favorite of Galba, mean and 
cowardly in his character. He was put to 
death. An inhabitant of Laconia or La- 
cedzmon, 

LacoBRrIGA, Aa city of Spain where 
Sertorius was beſieged by Metellus. 

Lacdnia,Laconica& LaceDamMon, 
a country on the ſouthern parts of Pelopon- 
neſus, having Argos and Arcadia on the 
north, Meſſenia on the weſt, the Mediter- 
ranean on the ſouth, and the bay of Argos 
at the eaſt. Its extent from north to 
fouth was about 50 miles. It is watered 
by the river Burotas. The capital is called 
Sparta, or Lacedemon. The inhabitants 
never went on an expedition or engaged an 
enemy but at the full moon. [ id. Late- 
demon.) The brevity with which they al- 
ways expreſſed themſelves is now become 


die for f ment variegated with ſtars, and holding 
Kkable iv © 
vi : 


proverbial, and by the epithet of Zaconic 
| D d a 


Wwe. 


vernment of the ſecond academy. He was 


— 


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= 
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- — — — 
is. A * 
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— — = 


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L X 


we underſtand whatever is cenciſe and not 
loaded with unneceffary words. The word 
Laconicum is applied to ſome hot baths uſed 
among the antients, and firſt invented at 
Lacedzmon. Cic. 4, Att. 10.—Strab, 8.— 
Ptel. 3, c. 16. - Mela. 2, c. 3. 

LacrATEs, a Theban, general of a de- 
tachment ſent by Artaxerxes to the aſſiſtance 
of the Egyptians. Died. 16. 

Lacrinss, a Lacedzmonian ambaſſa- 
dor to Cyrus. Herodot. 1, c. 152. 

LACTANTIUS, a celebrated Chriſtian 
writer whoſe principal works are de ird di- 
wind, de dei aperibus, and his divine inflitu- 
tions, in 7 books, in which he proves the 
truth of the Chriſtian religion, refutes ob- 
jections, and attacks the · illuſions and ab- 
ſurdities of Paganiſm, The expreſſive pu- 
rity, elegance, and energy of his ſtile have 
gained him the name of the Chriſtian Ci- 
cero, He died A. D. 325. The beſt 
editions of his works are that of Sparke, 
8vo. Oxon. 1684, that of Biineman, 2 vols. 
8vo. Lipſ. 1739, and that of Du Freſnoy, 
2 vols. gto. Paris, 1748. 

LAcTER, a promontory of the iſland of 
Cos. 

LacyDEs, a philoſopher. d. Lacidas. 

Lacynus, an effeminate king of Argos. 

LaDas, a celebrated courier of Alex- 
ander, born at Sicyon. He was honored 
with a brazen ſtatue, and obtained a crown 
at Olympia. Martial, 10, ep. 10.— Ju. 
13, v. 97. 

Lays, an iſland of the /Egean ſea, on 
the coaſt of Aſia minor, where was a naval 
battle between the Perſians and Ionians. 

Lapks, a ſon of Imbraſus Killed by 
Turnus. Virg. An. 12, v. 343. 

LA Dock, a village of Arcadia, Pau. 

Lavon, a river of Arcadia falling into 
the Alpheus. The metamorphoſhis of 
Daphne into a laurel, and of Syrinx into a 
reed, happened near its banks. Strab. 1. 
— Mela. 2, c. 3.—Pauſ. 8, c. 25.—Qvid. 
Met. 1, v. 659. An Aicadian who fol- 
lowed Aneas into Italy, where he was 
killed. Virg. An. 10, v. 413. One of 
Actæon's dogs. Ovid. Met. 3. : 

Le&Lays, one of Actaon's dogs. Ovid. 
Met. 3. The dog ot Cep!aluz given kim 
by Procris. Vid. Le:aps, &c. Id. Met. 7. 

LI ia, a vclial virgin. 

Lies, a general, proclaimed em- 
peror Gaul by Lis folciers, A. D. 268, 
after te Gc.'} ot Gallenus, His triumph 
was mot; te wis cConguered and pat to 
deati: after a i months reiga by another 
general calleq Fotthumus, who atpired to 
the imperial purple as wel as bimteff. 

C. LTi, a Roman conſul, A. U. C 
G12, Iran en, o niimate witt 


Adricanus the yopnger, thet Cicero repre-, 


ſents hn in tis ticailic De Amicitia, Us 


5 


explaining the real nature of friendſhip, 
with its attendant pleaſures. He made war 
with ſucceſs againſt Viriathus. It is ſaid, 
that he aſſiſted Terence in the compoſition 
of his comedies. His modeſty, humanity, 
and the manner in which he patronized let- 
ters, are as celebrated as his greatneſs of 
mind and integrity in the eharacter of a 
ſtateſman. Cic. de Orat. Another con- 
{ul who accompanied Scipio Africanus the 
elder in his campaigns in Spain and Africa. 
Archelaus, a famous grammarian, Sue, 

Lana & LENA, the miſtreſs of Har- 
modius and Ariftogiton. Being tortured 
becauſe ſhe refuſed to diſcover the conſpi- 
rators, ſhe bit off her tongue, totally to 
fruſtrate the violent-efforts of her exccutio- 
ners. A man who was acquainted with 
the conſpiracy formed againſt Cæſar. 

L&NEvs, a river of Crete, where ſu— 
piter brought the raviſhed Europa. Sab. 

LAÆPA MAGNA, a town of Spain, A- 
4. 3, e. 1. 

LAERTES, a king of Ithaca, fon of Ar- 
ceſius and Chalcomeduſa, who marricd 
Anticlea the daughter of Autolycus. An- 
ticlea was pregnant by Siſyphus when ſh: 
married Laertes, and eight months after h« 
union with the king of Ithaca ſhe brought 
forth a ſon called Ulyſſes, [ Vid. Anticlea.] 
Ulyſſes was treated with paternal care by 
Laertes though not really his ſon, and La- 
ertes ceded to him his crown and retired 
into the country where he ſpent his time in 
gardening, He was found in this mean 
employment by his ſon at his return from 
the Trojan war, after 20 years abſence, and 
Ulyſſes, at the ſight of his father, whoſe 
dreſs and old age declared his ſorrow, long 
heſitated whether he ſhould ſuddenly intro- 
duce himſelf as his ſon, or whether be 
ſhould, as a ſtranger, gradually awaken the 
paternal feelings of Laertes, who had be- 
lieved that his ſon was no more. This lad 
meaſure was preferred, and when Laertes 
had burſt into tears at the mention which 
was made of his ſon, Ulyſſes threw himſe!t 
on his neck, exclaiming, 4 O father, Jan 
he whom you weep.” This welcome de- 
claration was followed by a recital of all 
the harcthips which Ulyſſes had ſuffered, 
and immediately after the father and {on 
repaired to the palace of Penelope the wie 
of Ulyſſes, whence all the tuitors who daily 
Importunec the piincets, were forcibly fe- 
moved Laertes was one of the Argonauts, 
according to Apl{odorus, I, “. g.— Homer, 
Od. 11. & 24. —0vid, Met. 13, v. 32. He. 
raid. 1, v. 98. A city of Cilicia which 
gave birth to Divgenes, firnamed £4ertius 
from the p.uce'at his birth, 

Latk7ius DioGEtNEsS, a Writer bori 2 
Laeries, I'd Diogenes. 


LESTRY GUN LS, the moſt ancient inha- 
bitants 


celeb 
ſentit 
L. 
ſons 
ſecur! 
inſant 
made 
of pe 
de Off 
La 
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ror Se 
to the 
accout 


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daught 
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Againſt 
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Lagus, 
and cal! 
as his 1; 
erved, 


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hip, 
war 
aid, 
tion 
ty, 
let- 
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of a 
con- 

the 
rica. 
8 uet, 
Har- 
ured 
nſpi- 
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utio- 
with 


> Ju- 
Ftrab, 
Me- 


f Ar- 
arricd 
An- 
en ſhe 
ter he 
rought 
iclea.) 
are by 
1d La- 
retircd 
ime in 
mean 
n from 
ce, and 
wWhoſe 
v, long 
y intro- 
ther be 
ken bt 
had be- 
This lall 
Laertes 
n which 
himſeli 
, Ian 
me de- 
11 of all 
ſuſtered, 
and ſon 
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bo daily 
cibly re- 
gonauts, 
_ 2716 
32. Her 
1 which 


| Laertiui 


er bora a 


cnt 1 1 has 
bitants 


3 


pitants of Sicily. Some ſuppoſe them to 
be the ſame as the people of Leontium, and 
to have been neighbours to the Cyc]ops. 
They fed on human fleſh, and when Ulyſ- 
ſes came on their coalts, they ſunk his 
ſhips and devoured his companions. [id. 
Antiphates.] They were of a gigantic ſta- 
ture, according to Homer's deſcription. A 
colony of them, as ſome ſuppoſe, paſſed 
over into Italy, with Lamus at their head, 
where they built the town of Formiz, 
whence the epithet of Læſtrygonia is often 
uſed for that of Formiana, Plin. 3, c. 5.— 
Ovid. Met. 14, v. 233, &&c. Faſt. 4. ex 
Pont. 4, ep. 10.— Tzetz, in Lycophr. v. 662 
& $18.— Homer. Od. 9, &c.—Sil. 7, v: 276. 

LTA, the wife of the emperor Gratian, 
celebrated for her humanity and generous 
ſentiments, 

L&=ToRIA Lex ordered that proper per- 
ſons ſhould be appointed to provide for the 
ſecurity and the poſſeſhons of ſuch as were 
inſane, or ſquandered away their eſtates, It 
made it a high crime to abuſe the weakneſs 
of perſons under ſuch circumſtances. Cic. 
de Offic. 3. 

LzTus, a Roman whom Commodus 
condemned to be put to death. This vio- 
leace raiſed Lætus againſt Commodus ; he 
conſpired againſt him, and raiſed Pertinax 
to the throne. A general of the empe- 
ror Severus, put to death for his treachery 
to the emperor ; or according to others on 
account of his popularity. 

Lzxv1, the antient whabitants of Gallia 
Tranſpadana. 

Lxvinus, a Roman conſul ſent againſt 
Pyrrhus, A. U. C. 472. He informed the 
monarch that the Romans would not accept 
him as an arbitrator in the war with Taren- 
tum, and feared him not as an enemy. He 
was defeated by Pyrrhus. P. Val. a man 
deſpiſed at Rome, becauſe he was diſtinguiſh- 
ed by no good quality. Horat. 1. Sat. 6, v. 12. 

LacAR1a, atown of Lucania. 

Laicia, a name of the ifland Delos. 
Vid. Delos. 

Lacives. Vid. Lagus. 

Lactwia, a town of Caria, 
 Lagvs, a Macedonian of mean extrac- 
non. He received in marriage Arſinoe the 
daughter of Mcleager, who was then preg- 
nant of King Philip, and being willing to 
hide the diſgrace of his wife, he expoſed 
the child in the woods. An eagle pre- 
ſerved the life of the infant, fed him with 
her prey, and ſheltered him with her wings 
againſt the inclemency of the air. This 
uncommon preſervation was divulged by 
Lagus, who adopted the child as his own, 
and called him Ptolemy, conjecturing that 
as his life had been ſo miraculouſly pre- 
ſerved, his days would be ſpent in grandeur 
«ndattluence. This Piolemy became king 


L A 


of Egypt after the death of Alexander. 
According to other accounts, Arſinoe was 
nearly related to Philip king of Macedonia, 
and her marriage with Lagus was not con- 
ſidered as diſhonorable, becauſe he was 
opulent and powerful. The firſt of the 
Ptolemies is called Lagus, to diſtinguiſh 
him from his ſucceſſors of the ſame name. 
Ptolemy the firſt of the Macedonian kings 
of Egypt, wiſhed it to be believed that he 
was the legitimate ſon of Lagus, and he 
preferred the name of Lagides to all other 
appellations. It is even ſaid, that he eſtab- 
liſhed a military order in Alexandria, which 
was called Lageion. The firname of La- 
gides was tranſmitted to all his deſcendants 
on the Egyptian throne till the reign of 
Cleopatra, Antony's miſtreſs. Plutarch 
mentions an anecdote, which ſerves to 
ſhew how far the legitimacy of Ptolemy 
was believed in his age. A pedantic gram- 
marian, ſays the hiſtorian, once diſplaying 
his great knowledge of antiquity in the 
preſence of Ptolemy, the king ſuddenly 
interrupted him with the queſtion of, Pray, 
tell me, Sir, who was the father of Peleus ? 
Tell me, replied the grammarian without 
hefitation, tell me, if you can, O king ! Whe 
the father of Lagus was? This reflection 
on the meanneſs of the monarch's birth did 
not in the leaſt irritate his reſentment, though 
the courtiers all glowed with indignation. 
Ptolemy praiſed the humor of the gramma- 
rian, and ſhewed his moderation and the 
mildneſs of his temper, by taking him 
under his patronage, Pauſ. Attic. — Tuſtin, 
I 3,—CGurt, 4.—Plut. de ird cohib,—Lucan. 
I, v. 684.—[tal. 1, v. 196. A Rutu- 
lian, killed by Pallas ſon of Evander. V:rg. 
Eu. 10, v. 381. . 

Lacvsa, an ifland in the Pamphylian 
ſea, Another near Crete. Strab. 10.— 
Plin. 5, c. 31. 


La1as, a king of Arcadia who ſuceceded 
his father Cypſelus, &c. Pauſ. 8, c. 5. 
A king of Elis, &c. 

Lars, a celebrated courtezan, daughter 
of Timandra the miſtreſs of Alcibiades, 
born at Hyccara in Sicily, She was carried 
away from her native country into Greece, 
when Nicias the Athenian general invaded 
Sicily. She firſt began to ſell her favors at 
Corinth for 10,000 drachmas, and the im- 
menſe number of princes, noblemen, phi- 
loſophers, orators, and plebetans who courted 
her embraces, ſhow how much commenda- 
tion is owed to her perſonal charms, The 
expences which attended her pleaſures, gave 
riſe to the proverb of Non cuivis komini con- 
tingit adire Corinthum. Even Demoſthenes 
himſelf viſited Corinth for the ſake of 
Lais, but when he was informed by the 


| courtezan, that admittance to her bed was 
Dd 3 to 


LAGYRA, a city of Taurica Cherſoneſus. . 


2 _ — 
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to be bought at the enormous ſum of about 
200 l. Engliſh money, the orator departed, 
and obſerved, that he would not buy re- 
pentance at ſo dear a price, The charms 
which had attracted Demoſthenes to Co- 
rinth, had no influence upon Xenocrates. 
When Lais ſaw the philoſopher unmoved 
by her beauty, ſhe viſited his houſe herſelf ; 
but there ſhe had no reaſon ts boaſt of the 
licentiouſneſs or eaſy ſubmiſſion of Xeno- 
Crates. Diogenes the cynic was one of her 
warmeſt admirers, and though filthy in his 
dreſs and manners, yet he gained her heart 
and enjoyed her moſt unbounded favors. 
The ſculptor Mycon alſo ſolicited the fa- 
vors of Lais, but he met with coldneſs : 
he, however, atuibuted the cauſe of his 
1] reception to the whiteneſs of his hair, 
and dyed it of a brown color, but to no 
Purpoſe :; Foal that thou art, (aid the courte- 
zan, 7 aſk what I reſuſed yeſterday to thy 
father, Lais ridiculed the auſterity of 
Philoſophers, and laughed at the weakneſs 
of thoſe who pretend to have gained a ſupe- 
riority over their paſſions, by obſerving that 
the ſage and philoſophers of the age were 
not above the reſt of mankind, for ſhe 
found them at her door as often as the reſt 
of the Athenians. The ſucceſs which her 
debaucheries met at Corinth encouraged 
Lais to paſs into Theſſaly, and more parti- 
cularly to enjoy the company of a favorite 
youth called Hippoſtratus. She was, how- 
ever, diſappointed : the women of the place, 
Jealous uf her charms, and apprehenſive of 
her corrupting the fidelity of their huſbands, 
aſſaſſinated her in the temple of Venus, 
about 340 ycars before the Chriſtian era. 
Some ſuppoſe that there were two perſons 
of this name, a mother and her daughter, 
Cic. ad Fam. q, ep. 26.— Ovid. Amor. 1, 
el. 5.— Hit. in Alcih,-Pauf. 2, c. 2. 

LarXDes, a patronymic of CEdipus fon 
of Laius. Ovid. Met. 6, Fab. 18. 


LArvs, a ſon of Labdacus, who ſuc- 
' ſtatues of an olive tree given them by the 


ceeded to the throne of Thebes, which his 
grandiather NyCtcus had left to the care of 
His brother Lycus, till kis graudſon came 
of age He wa mien from his kingdom 
by Amphion and Zetbus, who were in- 
cenſed againſt Lycus for the indignitics 
which Antiope had ſuffered, He was af- 


— — — u — — 


| 


terwards reflored, and married Jucaſta the 


daughter of Creon. An ovracle informed 
him that he ſhould periſh by the hand of his 
ſon, and in conſequence of this dreadful 
intelligence he refolv ed never to approach 
his wife A day ſpent in debauch and in- 
toxication made him violate his vow, and 
Tocaſts brounht forth a fon. The child as 
Tron 15 hom was given to a ſervant, with 
T'e ſervant 


= 
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£ Sy 422 26 111 2 4 * 


| 
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Wa motted WI: 


on, and only ex- 


L £2 
poſed him on mount Cithæron, where hj4 
life was preſerved by a ſhepherd. The child 
called CE.dipus was educated in the court os 
Polybus, and an unfortunate meeting with 
his father in a nairow road proved his ruin. 
CEdipus ordered his father to make way for 
him without knowing who he was; Laius 
refuſed, and was inftantly murdered by his 
irritated ſon. His arm hearer or charioteer 
ſhared his fate [Yid. CEdipus.] Sophec/, 
in Oedip..-tlygin. © & 66.— Diod. 4.— 
Apolled. 3, c. 5. - Pauſ. 9, c. 5 & 26.— 
Plut. de Curioſ. 

LALAck, one of Horace's favorite miſ- 
treſſes. Horat, 1, od. 22, &C.—-Propert, 
4, el. 7. 

Larassrs, a river of Iſauria. 

LAamAcuvs, a ſon of Xenophanes, ſent 
into Sicily with Nicias. He was killed 
B. C. 414, before Syracuſe, where he diſ- 
played much courage and intrepidity. Pur, 
in Alcih, A governor of Heraclea in Pon- 
tus, who betrayed his truſt to Mithridates, 
after he had invited all the inhabitants to 
a ſumptuous feaſt. 

LAMALMON, a large mountain of thi. 
opia. 

LAMVRANI, a people of Italy near the 
Lambrus. 

LamMBRus,a river of Ciſalpine Gaul, fall. 
ing into the Po. 

LANMIA, a town of Theſſaly, at the bct- 
tom of the Sinus Maliacus or Lamiacus, 
and north of the river Sperchins, famous for 
a ſitge it ſupported after Alexander's death, 
[Vid. Lamiacum.] Diod. 16, &c.,—Pai|. 
9.6. 6 A river of Greece, oppoſite 
mount ta. A daughter of Neptune, 
mother of Hierophile, an antient Sibyl, by 
Jupiter. Pauſ. 10, c. 12. A famou; 
courtezan, miſtreſs to Demetrius Poliorce- 
tes. Put. in Dem. 

LAMA & AvuxESIA, two deities cf 
Crete, whoſe worſhip was the.ſame as at 
Eleuſis. The Epidaurians made them two 


Athenians, provided they came to offer 4 
ſacrifice to Minerva at Athens. Pau. 2, 
c. 20, &c, 

LAMiAcun Brlrun happened after 
the death of Alexander, when the Greeks, 
and particularly the Athenians, incited by 
their orators, reſolved to free Greece from 
the garriſons of the Miccdonians, Leoſ- 
thenes was appointed commander of a nu- 
meruus force, and marched againſt Anti- 
pater, who then preſided over Macedonn. 
Antipater entered T'effaly at the head of 
13,00 foot and Coo horſe, and was beaten, 
by the ſuperior force of the Athenians and 
of tlicir Greek confederates. Antipater 
after this blow fed to Lainia, B. C. 323; 


where he reſolved, with all the courage and 
ſagacity 


eſca] 
Carrie 
tongi 
him 
—7 
L. 
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lebrat 
Lam. 
who. 
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Accor 
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whom 
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mitian, 


Las 


his 
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4— 
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miſ- 


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June, 
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3235 
ge and 
gacity 


L A 


fagacity of a careful general, to maintain a 


gene with about the 8 or gooo men that 
had eſcaped from the field of battle. Leoſ- 
thenes, unable to take the city by ſtorm, 
began to make a regular ſiege. His opera- 
tions were delayed by the frequent fallies of 
Antipater ; and Leoſthenes being killed by 
the blow of a ſtone, Antipater made his 
eſcape out of Lamia, and ſoon after, with 
the aſſiſtance of tne army of Craterus 
brought from Afia, he gave the Athenians 
battle near Cranon, and though only 500 
of their men were lain, yet they became 
ſo diſpirited, that they ſued for peace from 
the conqueror. Antipater at laſt with dif- 
ficulty conſented, provided they raiſed taxes 
in the uſual manner, received a Macedonian 
garriſon, defrayed the expences of the war, 
and laſtly delivered into his hands Demoſ- 
thenes and Hyperides, the two orators 
whoſe prevailing eloquence had excited 
their countrymen againſt him. Theſe diſ- 
advantageous terms were accepted by the 
Athenians, yet Demoſthenes had time to 
eſcape and poifon himſelf, Hyperides was 
carried before Antipater, who ordered his 
tongue to be cut off, and afterwards put 
him to death. Put, in Demaſi.— Diod. 17. 
— Tuſtin. 11, &c. 

Limiz, ſmall iſlands of the ZEgean, 
oppoſite Troas, Plin. 5, c. 31. A ce- 


lebrated family at Rome, deſcended from 


Lamas. Certain monſters of Africa, 
who had the face and breaſt of a woman, 
and the reſt of the body like that of a ſer- 
pent. They allured ſtrangers to come to 
them, that they might devour them, and 
though they were not endowed with the fa- 
culty of ſpeech, yet their hiſſings were 
pleaſing and agreeable. Some believed them 
to be witches, or rather evil ſpirits, who, 
under the form of a beautiful woman, en- 
ticed young children and devoured them, 
According to ſome, the fable of the Lamiæ 
i derived from the amours of Jupiter with 
a certain beautiful woman called Lamia, 
whom the jealouſy of Juno rendered de- 
tormed, and whoſe children the deſtroyed; 
upon which Lamia became inſane, and fo 
deſperate that ſhe eat up all the children 
that came in her way. They are alſo called 
Lemures, [Vil. Lemures.] Philejtr. in 
Ap. Horat. Art. Poet. v. 340.—Plut. de 
Curioſ.— Dion. 

Limias Altus, a governor of Syria 
under Tiberius. He was honored with a 
public funeral by the ſenate ; and as having 
been a reſpectable and uſeful citizen, Ho- 
race has dedicated his 26 od. lib. 1, to his 
praiſes, as alſo 3 ed. 17.— Tacit. Ann. 6, c. 
27. Another, during the reign of Do- 
mitian, put to death, &c. 

Lamikus, a ſon of Hercules by lole. 


„ 


Lamrtno, a woman of Lacedzmottg 
who was daughter, wife, ſiſter, and mother 
of a king. She lived in the age of Alci- 
biades. Agrippina, the mother of Clau- 

us, could boaſt the ſame honors. Tacit. 
Ann. 12, c. 22 & 37. 

LamPETIA, a daughter of Apollo and 
Nezra. She with her ſiſter Phaetuſa guarded 
her father's flocks in Sicily when Ulyſſes 
arrived on the coaſts of that iſland. Theſe 
flocks were fourteen in number, ſeven herds 
of oxen and ſeven flocks of ſheep, conſiſt- 
ing each of fifty. They fed by night as 
well as by day, and it was deemed unlaw- 
ful and ſacrilegious to touch them. The 
companions of Ulyſſes, impelled by hun- 
ger, paid no regard to their ſanity, or to 
the threats and intreaties of their chief; 
but they carried away and killed ſome of 
the oxen. The watchful keepers complain- 
ed to their father, and Jupiter, at the re- 
queſt of Apollo, puniſhed the offence of 
the Greeks. The hides of the oxen ap- 
peared to walk, and the fleſh which was 
roaſting by the fire began to bellow, and 
nothing was heard but dreadful noiſes and 
loud lowings. The companions of Ulyſſes 
embarked on board their ſhips, but here the 
reſentment of Jupiter followed them, A 
ſtorm aroſe, and they all periſhed except 
Ulyſſes, who ſaved himſelf on the broken 
piece of a maſt, Homer. Od. 12, v. 119. 
— Propert. 3, el. 12. According to 
Ovid. Met. 2, v. 349, Lampetia is one of 
the Heliades, who was changed into a 
poplar tree at the death of her brother 
Phacton. 

LamveTo & LAMPEDo, a queen of the 
Amazons, who boaſted herſelf to be the 
daughter of Mars, She gained many con- 
queſts in Aſia, where ſhe founded ſeveral 
cities, She was ſurprized afterwards by a 
band of barbarians, and deitroyed with her 
temale attendants. Jin. 2, c. 4. 

LamyEus & LAMpIA, a mountain of 
Arcadia. Stat. 8. 

LAurox, LAupos, or LAup vs, one 
of the horſes of Diomedes.— Of Hector. 
Of Aurora. Hemer. I. 8. Od. 23. 
A ſon of Laomedon father of Dolops. 
A ſoothſaycr of Athens in the age of So- 
crates. Plut. in Pericl, 

LamMPonia & LAMPONIUM, a city of 
Troas. Herodot. 5, c. 26. An iſland 
on the coaſt of Thrace, Strab. 13. 

LAurodius, an Athenian general, ſent 
by his countrymen to attempt the conqueſt 
of Sicily.— Jun. 4, c. 3. | 

LamPRibivs AElivs, a Latin hiſtorian 
in the fourth century, who wrote the hves 
of ſome of the Roman emperors. His ſtile 
is inelegant, and his arrangement injudici- 


ous. His life of Commodus, Heliogaba- 


D d 4 dus 


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Jus, Alexander Severus, &c. is ſtill extant, | 
and to be found in the works of the Hi 
tor Auguſte Scriptores. 

Lau kus, a celebrated muſician, &c. 
— (0, Nep. in Epam. - 

LamysAcus & LAMPSACUM, now 
Lamſati, a town of Aſia Minor on the bor- 
ders of the Propantis at the north of Aby- 
dos. Priapus was the chief deity of the 
place, of which he was reckoned by ſome 
the founder, His temple there was the 
aſylum of lewdneſs and debauchery, and 
exhibited ſcenes of the moſt unnatural luſt, 
and hence the epithet Lampſacius is uſed to 
expreſs immodeſty and wantonneſs. Alex- 
ander reſolved to deſtroy the city on account 
of the vices of its inhabitants, or more pro- 
bably for its firm adherence to the intereſt 
of Perſia. It was, however, ſaved from 
ruin by the artifice of Anaximenes. [ Fd. 
Anaximenes.) It was formerly called 
Pityuſa, and received the name of Lampſa- 
cus, from Lampſaces, a daughter of Man- 
dron, a king of Phrygia, who gave infor- 
mation to ſome Phoceans who dwelt there, 
that the reſt of the inhabitants had con- 
ſpired againſt their life. This timely infor- 
mation ſaved them from deſtruction. The 
city afterwards bore the name of their pre- 
ferver. Mela, 1, c..19.—Strab. 13.—Pau, 
9, c. 31.—lerodot. 5, c. 117.— C. Nep. in 
Themiſft. c. 10.—Ovid. 1. Trift. 9, v. 26. 
Fa. 6, v. 345.— Liu. 33, c. 38. I. 35, 
c. 42.— Martial. 11, ep. 17, 52. 

LAMPTERA, a town of Pliocæa in Ionia, 
Liv. 37, e, 31. 

LAMPTEKRIA, a feſtival at Pellene in 
Achaia, in honor of Bacchus, who was ſir- 
named Lampter from Mayer, to hine, be- 
Fauſe during this ſolemnity, which was ob- 
ſerved in the night, the worſhippers went to 
the temple of Bacchus, with lighted torches 
in their hands, It was aiſo cuſtumary to 
place veſſels full of wine in ſeveral parts of 
every Prect in the city. Pauſ. 4, c. 21. 

Lupus, a ſun of Agyptus. A man 
of Elis. A ſon of Prolaus. 

LAmvus, a king of the Lzirygones, who 
25 luppoled by ſome to have founded For- 
miæ in Italy. The family of the Lamiz 
at Rome was, according to the opinion of 
ſomc, deſcended from him. erat. 3, od. 
I7. A. ſon of Hercules and Omphale, 
who ſucceeded his mother on the throne of 
Lydia. Ovid. Heroid, g. A Latian chief 
killed by Niſus. Firg. An. q, v. 334. 
A river of Bœotia. Pau/. 9, c. 31. 
A Spartan general hired by Nectanebus 
king of Egypt. Dis. 16. A city of 
Cilicia. A town near Formiz, built by 
the Læſtrygoncs. 

LAimYRrus, on, a firname of one of 
the Ptvlemies, —— One of the auxiliarics of 


L -A 


Turnus, killed by Niſus. Virg. Mn, 9, 
v. 334. 

LANASsA, a daughter of Cleodæus, who 
married Pyrrhus, the ſon of Achilles, by 
whom ſhe had eight children. Plur, in 
Pyrr.—Tuftin. 17, c. 3. A daughter of 
Agathocles, who married Pyrrhus, whom 
ſhe ſoon after forſook for Demetrius. Plur, 

LANCEA, a fountain, &c. Pau. 

LANCIA, a town of Lufitania, For. 
4, c. 12. 

LawvDr, a people of Germany conquer- 
ed by Cæſar. 

LAN SIA, a river of Peloponneſus, fall- 
ing into the bay of Corinth. 

LAN GOBARDI, a warlike nation of Ger- 
many, along the Sprhe, called improperly 
Lambards by ſome. Tacit. An. 2, c. 45. 
G. 40. 

LANGOBRIGA, a town of Luſitania. 

Lanuvium, a town of Latium, about 
16 miles from Rome on the Appian road, 
Juno had there a celebrated temple which 
was frequented by the inhabitants of Italy, 
and particularly by the Romans, whoſe 
conſuls on firſt entering upon office offered 
ſacrifices to the goddeſs. The ſtatue of the 
goddeſs was covered with a goat's ſkin, and 
armed with a buckler and ſpear, and wore 
ſhoes which were turned upwards in the 
form of a cone. Cic. pro Mur. de Nat. D. 
I, c. 29. pro Milon. 10,—Liv, 8, c. 14— 
Ital. 13, v. 364. 

LaoBoTASUrLABOTAS, a Spartan king, 
of the family of the Agidz, who ſucceeded 
his father Echeſtratus, B. C. 1023. Dur- 
ing his reign war was declared againſt Ar- 
gos, by Sparta, He ſat on the throne for 
37 years, and was ſucceeded by Doryſſus 
his ſon. Pau. 3, c. 2. 

LIS coo, a ſon of Priam and Hecuba, 
or according to others of Antenor or of 
Capys. As bcing piieſt of Apollo, he was 
commiſſioned by the Trojans to offer a bul- 
lock to Neptune to render him propitious. 
During the ſacrifice two enormous ſerpents, 
iſſued from the ſea, and attacked Laocoon's 
two ſons who ſtood next to the altar. The 
father immediately attempted to defend bis 
ſons, but the ſerpents talling upon him 
ſqueezed him in their complicated wreathes, 
ſo that he died in the greateſt agonies. 
This puniſhment was inflicted upon him 
for his temerity in difſuacling the Trojans 
to bring into the city the fatal wooden horle 
which the Greeks had conſecrated to Mi- 
nerva, as alſo for his impiety in hurling 2 
Javelin againſt the ſides of the horſe as it 
entered within the walls. Hyginus attri- 
butes this to his marriage againſt the con- 
ſent of Apollo, or according to others, 
for his polluting the temple, by his com- 
merce with his wife Antiope, before the 


ſtatue 


ſtatue © 
201.— 
Lao 
the Phe 
Vlytfes 
mindfu 
fuſed tl 
64, 7,— 
Pau. 9 
LAG 
Aſtyda 
ſon of I 
The de; 
jan war 
waen ſt 
hand of 
To kee 
whom 
ed a wo 
ly place 
of her 
that his 
by an u 
ed his < 
the inte 
wooden 
diſhpati; 
not ſucc 
the flam 
This cir 
bulous t 
mention 
life, and 
that whe 
infernal 
accompa 
Ovid. H. 
Gaughte! 
daughter 
by Jupite 
herſelf te 
with her 
to her, 
the godd 
A daugt 
by Olyn 
was aſſat 
Where ſh 
tion. H 
ttr rurne 
and Kill 
LAöp 
cuba, W. 
ſon of 1 
medes f, 
embaſſy 
len. Sh 
Frati ficat 
Plilebia 
town of 
dor had 
mas, wh 
Wards n 


95 


who 
| by 
- 
er of 
hom 


Plut, 
Flor. 
juer- 
fall- 


Ger- 
perly 
e. 45. 


A, 
about 
road, 
which 
Iraly, 
whoſe 
tered 
of the 
n, and 
1 wore 
n the 
at. D. 


14— 


1 king, 
ceeded 

Dur- 
iſt Ar- 
Ine for 


ory ſſus 


lecuba, 
or of 
he was 
à bul- 
pitious. 
erpents, 
vcoon's 
r. The 
fend his 
»n him 
reathes, 
agonies. 
on him 
Trojans 
en horſe 
to Mi- 
urling 2 
'fe as it 
s attri- 
the con- 
others, 
1s com- 


ſore the 
ſtatue 


L A 


fatue of the god. Neg. s. 2, v. 41 & 
201. Hygin. fab. 135. 

LaoDAMas, a ſon of Alcinous, king of 
the Phzeacians, who offered to wreſtle with 
Plyffes, while at his father's court. Ulyſſes, 
mindful of the hoſpitality of Alcinous, re- 
fuſed the challenge of Laodamas. Homer. 
61. 7,——A ſon of Eteocles, king of Thebes. 
Pau. 9, c. 15. a 

LAG DAMIA, a daughter of Acaſtus and 
Aſtydamia, who married Proteſilaus, the 
ſon of Iphiclus king of a part of Theſſaly. 
The departure of her huſband for the Tro- 
jan war was the ſource of grief to her, but 
wacn ſhe heard that he had fallen by the 
hand of Hector her ſorrow was enereaſed. 
To keep alive the memory of a huſband 
whom ſhe had tenderly loved, ſhe order- 
ed a wooden ſtatue to be made and regular- 
ly placed in her bed. This was ſeen by one 
of her ſervants, who informed Iphiclus, 
that his daughter's bed was daily defiled 
by an unknown ftranger. Iphiclus watch- 
ed his daughter, and when he found that 
the intelligence was falſe, he ordered the 
wooden image to be burned, in hopes of 
diſipating his daughter's grief He did 
not ſucceed. Laodamia threw herſelf into 
the flames with the image, and periſhed. 
This circumſtance has given occaſion to fa- 
bulous traditions related by the poets, which 
mention, that Proteſilaus was reſtored to 
life, and to Laodamia for three hours, and 
that when he was obliged to return to the 
Infernal regions, he perſuaded his wife to 
accompany him. 2 Eu. 6, v. 447.— 
Ovid. Her. ep. 13, Hygin. fab. 104.— A 
daughter of Bellcrophon by Achemone the 
daughter of king Iobates. She had a ſon 
by Jupiter, called Sarpedon. She dedicated 
herſelf to the ſervice of Diana, and hunted 
with her, but her haughtineſs proved fatal 
to her, and ſhe periſhed by the arrows of 
the goddeſs. Hemer. II. 6, 12, & 16. 
A daughter of Alexahder, king of Epirus, 
by Olympia the daughter of Pyrrhus. She 
was aſſaſſinated in the temple of Diana, 
here ſhe had fled for ſafety during a ſedi- 
ton, Her murderer, called Milo, ſoon af- 
ur turned his dagger againſt his own breaſt 
ant Killed himſelf, Tuſtin, 25, Co 3. 

LAGbIict, a daughter of Priam and He- 
cuba, who became enamoured of Acamas, 
lon of Theſeus, when he came with Dio- 
medes from the Greeks to Troy with an 
embaſſy to demand the reſtoration of He- 
len. She obrained an interview and the 
gratification of her defires-at the houſe of 
Philebia the wife of a governor of a ſmall 
town of Troas which the Greek ambaſſa- 
dor had viſited. She had a ſon by Aca- 
mos, whom the called Munitus. She after- 
Wat married Melicaen ſon of Antenor, 


L A 


and Telephus king of Myſia. Some call 
her Aſtyoche. According to the Greek 
ſcholiaſt of Lycophron, Laodice threw her- 
lelf down from the top of a tower and was 
killed when Troy was ſacked by the Greeks. 
* Cret. 1,—Pauf, 13, c. 26.— Homer, II. 
35 One of the Oceanides. A 
daughter of Cinyras, by whom Elatus had 
fome children. Apo/lod. 3, c. 14: A 
daughter of Agamemnon, called alſo Ele&ra. 
Homer. Il. g. A fitter of Mithridates 
who married Ariarathes king of Cappadocia, 
and afterwards her own brother Mithridates. 
During the ſecret abſence of Mithridates, 
ſhe proftituted herſelf to her ſervants, in 
hopes that her huſband was dead; but when 
ſhe ſaw her expectations fruſtrated, ſhe at- 
tempted to poiſon Mithridates, for which ſhe 
wasput to death, A queen of Cappadocia, 
put to death by her ſubjects for poiſoning 
hve of her children. A fiſter and wife 
of Antiochus 2d. She put to death Bere- 
nice, whom her huſband had married. [ Vid. 
Antiocſius 2d.] She was murdered by order 
of Ptolemy Evergetes, B. C. 246. A 
daughter of Demetrius ſhamefully put to 
death by Ammonius the tyrannical miniſter 
of the vicious Alexander Bala, king of Syria. 
A daughter of Seleucus. The mo- 
ther of Seleucus. Nine months before ſhe 
brought forth ſhe dreamt that Apollo had 
introduced himſelf into her bed, and had 
preſented her with a precious ſtone, on which 
was engraved the figure of an anchor, com- 
manding her to deliver it to her ſon as ſoon 
as born, This dream appeared the more 
wonderful when in the morning the diſco- 
vered in her bed a ring anſwering the ſame 
deſcription. Not only the fon that ſhe 
brought forth, called Seleucus, but alſo all 
his ſucceſſors of the houſe of the Seleucidz, 
had the mark of an anchor upon their thigh. 
Tuſtin. — Appian in Syr. mentions this an- 
chor, though in a different manner. 

Laovicta, now Lad:ih, a city of Aſia, 
on the borders of Caria, Phrygia, and Lydia, 
celebrated for its commerce, and the fine 
wool of its ſheep. It was originally called 
Dioſpolis, and afterwards Rhoas; and re- 
ceived the name of Laodicea in honor of 
Laodice, the wife of Antiochus. Plin. F, 
c. 29,—Strab. 12.— Mela. 1, c. 12.—Cic. 5, 
Att. 1 5. pro Flac. Another in Media de- 
ſtroyed by an earthquake in the age of Nero. 
Another in Syria, called by way of 
diſtinction Laodicea Cabioſa, or ad Libanum. 
Another on the borders of Cœleſyria. 
Strab, 


LASDpicetve, a province of Syria, which* 


receives its name from Laodicea, its capt- 

tal. 
LaopScuvs, a ſon of Antenor, whoſe 
form Minerva borrowed ts adviſe Pandarus 
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to break the treaty which ſubſiſted between 
the Greeks and Trojans. Hamer. II. 4. 
An attendant of Antilochus. A ſon of 
Priam. Apolled., 3, c. 12. A ſon of 
Apollo and Pithia. Id. 1, c. 7. 

LaoGcdNnuts, a ſon of Bias, brotlier to 
Dardanus, Homer. V. A prieſt of Ju- 
piter, killed by Merion in the Trojan war. 
Homer. L. 16. 

LaoGSras, a king of the Dryopes, who 
accuſtomed his ſubjects to become rodbers, 
He plundered the temple of Apollo at Del- 
phi, and was killed by Hercules. Apallad. 2, 
© 7. 

Look, a daughter of Cinyras and 
Metharme, daugliter of Pygmalion, She 
died in Egypt. Id. 3, c. 14. 

Las Mut DoN, ſon of Ilus king of Troy, 
marfied Strymo, called by ſome Placia, 
or Leucippe, by whem he had Podarces, 
afterwards known by the name of Priam, 
and Heſione. He built the walls of Troy, 
and was aſſiſted by Apollo and Neptune, 
whom Jupiter had banifhed from heaven, 
and condemned to be ſubſervient to the will 
of Liomedon for one year. When the walls 
weile hnithed Laomedon retuſed toteward the 
labors of the gods, and ſoon after his terri- 
tories were laid waſte by the god of the ſea, 
and his ſubjects were viſited by a peſtilence 
ſent by Apollo. Sacrihces were offered to 
the offended divinities, but the calamities of 
the Trojans encreaſed, and nothing could 
appcaſe the gods, according to the words of 
the oracle, but annually to expoſe to a lea 
monſter a Trojan virgin. Whenever the mon- 
ſter appeared the marriagcable maidens 
were aſſembled, and the lot decided which 
of them was doomed to death tor the good 
of her country. When this calamity had 
continued for five or {1x years, the lot fell 
upon Heftone, Laomedon's daughter. The 
king was unwilling to part with a daugh- 
ter whom he loved with uncommon tender- 
neſs, but his refuſal would irritate more 
ſtrongly the wrath of the gods. In the 
midtt of his fears and heſitation, Hercules 
came and offered to deliver the Trojans 
from this public calamity, if Laomedon 
promiſed to reward him with a number 
of fine horſes. The king conſented, but 
when the mounſer was deſtroyed, he refuſed 
to fulfil his engagements, and Hercules was 
obliged to behiege Troy and take it by force 

of arms. Laomedon was put to death af- 
ter a reign of 29 years, his daughter Heſione 
was given in marriage to Telamon, one of 
the conqueror's attendants, and Podarces 
was tanſomed by the Trojans and placed 
upon his father's throne. According to Hy- 
z:aus, the wrath of Neptune and Apollo 
was kindled againſt Laomedon becaufe he 
eſuſed to offer on thew Altars, as a fact ice, 


|. 


all the firſt born of his cattle, according to 
a vow he had made. Hemer. Il. 21,—V;,p 
Eu. 2 & 9.— rid. Met, 11, fab, 6.— 
Apolled. 2, ©, 5. —Pauf. 75 C. 20 —Horat, 35 
od. 3.—-Iiygiu. 89. A demagogue of 
Mefiana in Sicily. A ſatrap of Phani. 
cla, &c. Curt. 10, c. 10. An Athe. 
nian, &c. Plut. An Orchomenian, Id. 

Lai5MFDoNTEUS, an epithet applied to 
the Trojans from their king Laomedon, 
Virg. An. 4, v. 542. I. 7, v. 105. J. 8, 
v. 18. 

LIS NMLIDOoNH AD, a pattonymic given 
ro the Trojans from Laomedon their King. 
Vig. An. z, v. 248. 

LaoNG ME, the, wife of Polyphemus one 
of the Argonauts. 

Laovö tet, a daughter of Theſpius, 
by whom Hercules had two ſons, Teles and 
| Menippides, and two daughters, Lyſidice 
and Stentedyc:. Apnliod. 2, c. 7. 

LaTaor, a daughter of Altes, a king of 
the Leleges, who married Priam, and be- 
came mother of Lycaon and Poly dorus. 
Homer. I. 21.-——One of the daughters of 
Theſpius, mother of Antidus, by Hercules, 
Aprilcd. 2, c. 7. 

Laous, a river of Lacedzmon. 

LayATHvs, a city of Cyprus. 

LAURA, a firname of Diana at Patre 
in Achaia, where the had a temple with 2 
ftatue of gold and ivory which repreſented 
her in the habit of a huntreſs. Thus name 
was given to the goddeſs from Laphnus, the 
ſon of Delphus, who conſecrated the ſtatue 
to her. There was a feſtival of the godcels 
there, called alſo Laphria, of which J,. 
c. 18, gives an account. 

LarnvsTiuM, a mountain in Bœotis, 
where Jupiter had a temple, whence he wi 
called Laphy/tins. It was here that Athama 
prepared to immolate Phryxus and Hells 
whom Jupiter ſaved by ſending them a golden 
ram. Pauf. 9, c. 34. 

LaP1DEvVs, a ſirname of Jupiter amo} 
the Romans. 5 

Lirirnz, a people of Theſſaly. P's 
Lapithus, 

LAriruo, a city of Cyprus. 

Lxriruvs, a fon of Apollo, by Stilte. 
He was brother to Centaurus, and marie 
Orfmome, daughter of Eurony mus, by whom 
he had Phorbas and Periphas. The name 
of Lapithe was given to the numerous chile 
dren of Phorbas and Periphas, or rather 
to the inhabitants of the country of wi 
they had obtained the ſovereignty- The 
chief of the Lapithz aſſembled to celebrate 
the nuptials of Pirithous, one of their num- 
ber, and among them were Theſcus, Di. 
as, Hopleus, Mopſus, Phalerus, Exadius 
Prolochus, Titarefius, &c. The Centaur? 


DV i U 
| were allo invited to partake the comme 
fetten 


feſti 
beer 
of tl 

to H 
Lapi 
tauts 
the « 
in ble 
taurs 
ed to 
ſnewe 
portin, 
alſo w 
chaſtit 
from t 
thous 
the ot! 
nuptial 
the inf 
feſt've 
has deſc 
Lzpitha 
manner 
for horſe 
b. „ V. 
rid. 


/ L. tod 14 


—trah 
Layer 

C. 20, 
Lara 
daughter 
mous for 
wach he: 
ret, but 
amours of 
tr which 
videred N 
erm reg 
tell in lov 
tied his 5 
two child 
pad divin 
V4 ſome, u 
but, 2, v. 
Laizex 
tan in the 
Likes, 
Who pre ſic 
ry were 

Lara. 
their powe 
touſes but 
ca, and I 
Ger the Cit 
lici over th 
Ways, Mar; 
ads, Patel 
mon of lum 
Who are fa 
Manes, ariſe 
it Romans 


their dead 


E , « 


* feſtiwity, and the amuſements would have 
8.7 been harmleſs and innocent, had not one 
"ow of the intoxicated Centaurs offered violence 

a. 37 to Hippodamia, the wife of Pirithous, The 

e of Lapithz reſented the injury, and the Cen- 

4x4 taurs ſupported their companions upon which 

\the- the quarrel became univerſal, and ended 

n. 1d, in blows and flaughter. Many of the Cen- 

ed to taurs were {lain, and they at laſt were oblig- 

edon. ed to retire. Theſeus among the Lapithæ, 

1. 8, ſhewed himſelf brave and intrepid in ſup- 
, parting the cauſe of his friends, and Neſtor 
gwen alſo was not leſs active in the protection of 
king. chaſtity and innocence. "This quarrel aroſe 

from the reſentment of Mars, whom Piri- 

us one thous forgot or neglected to invite among 
, the other gods, at the celebration of his 
eſpius, nuptials, and therefore the divinity puniſhed 
es and the inſult by ſowing diſſenſion among the 

y ſidice fettive aſſembly. [ Fid. Centauri.] Heſiod 
has deſcribed the battle of the Centaurs and 

king of Lapithz, as alſo Ovid, in a more copious 

nd be. manner. The invention ot bits and teidles 
ydorus, for horſes 15 attributed to the Lapithæ. Vg. 

hters of C. 3, v. 115. x. 6, v. Gor. |. 7, v. 305. 

ercules —Ovid. Met. 12, v. 530. Il. 14, v. 670.— 

H:ſnd, in Scut.— Died, 4. —Pind. 2. Pyth. 
—Strab. 9. Stat. Theb. 7, v. 304. 
» Pits LariTHEVM,a town of Arcadia. Pau. 3, 
rg c. 20. 

With 2 Lata or LARAN PDA, one of the Naiads 

reſented daughter of the river Almon in Latium, fa- 

_— mous for her beauty and her loquac:ty, 

Thus, tix which her parents long endeavoured to cor- 

he _ e&, but in vain, She revealed to Juno the 

15 17 anours of her huſband Jupiter with Juturna, 

Tauſ. for which the god cut off her tongue, and 

; ordered Mercury to conduct her to the in- 

Beeotih ternal regions. The meſſenger of the gods 

TE * kl in love with her by the way, and grati- 
51 * tied his paſſion, Lara became mother of 

1 iden two children, to whom the Romans have 

n a gold pud divine honors according to the opinion 

1 v. ſme, under the name of Lares. Ovid. 

ter amen Fal. 2, v. 599. 

W. LARENTIA & LAURENTIA, a conrte- 
ay. tan in the firſt ages of Rome. Vid. Acca. 

Likes, gods of inferior power at Rome 

bõy Stde. vdo pre ſided over houſes and , families. 

„* They were two in number, ſons of Mercury 
1d mattes by Lara. [ Vid. I. In ſs of time 

' by who f Lara, (Vid. Lara.) In proceſs of time 

2 ame ur power was extended not only over 
2 wales but alſo over the country and the 

mee ſen, and we find Lares Urban to preſide 
7 which er the cities, Famil/iares over houſes, R 

F. The it over the country, Gompitales over croſs 

pntys Ways, Marini over the fea, Viales over the 


ads, Uate/larii, &. According to the opi- 
uon of ſume, the worſhip of the gods Lares, 
Who are ſuppoſed to be the ſame as the 
Manes, ariſes from the ancient cuſtom among 
Romans and other nations of burying 
their dead in their houſes, and frora their 


their num: 
eſeus, DIY" 
„ Exadv 


e Centaur u 
\e common 
fenen 


L A 

belief that their ſpirit continually hovered 
over the houſes, for the protection of its in- 
habitants. The ſtatucs of the Lares re- 
ſembling monkeys, and covered with the 
ſkin of a dog, were placed in a niche be- 
hind the doors of the houſes, or around the 
hearths. At the feet of the Lares was the 
figure of a dog barking to intimate their 
care and vigilance. Incenſe was burnt on 
their altars, and a ſow was alſo offcred on 
particular days. Their feſtivals were ob- 
ſerved at Rome in the month of May, when 
their ſtatues were crowned with garlands 
of flowers, and offerings of fruit preſented. 
The word Lares ſeems to be derived from 
the Etruſcan word Lars, which ſignifies 
conductor, or leader. Ovid. Faſt, 5, v. 129. 
— Put. in Queefl, Rom. —Varre? de L. I. 4, 
C. 10. —Horat. 3, od. 23.— Plaut. in Aud. 
& Cf. 

Lana, a well known proftitute in Ju- 
venal's age. Juv. 4, v. 25. 

Laxs us, a Latin poet who wrote a poem 
on the arrival of Antenor in Italy, where 
he built the town of Padua. He compoſed 
with eaſe and elegance. Ovid. ex Pont. 4, ep. 
IG, Vo: 09% 

Laripes, a ſon of Daucus or Daunus 
who aſſiſted Turnus againſt Aneas, and 
had his hand cut off with one blow by 
Pallas the fon of Evander. Firg. Ar. 10, 
v. 391. | 

LAxziNna, a virgin of Italy, who accom- 
panied Camilla in her war againſt Zneas, 
Virg. An. 11, v. 655. 

LArInNUM or LARINA, now Larino, a 
town of the Frentani on the Tifernus before 
it falls into the Adriatic. The inhabitants 
Were called Lari nates. Tal. 1 55 V. 565.— Cc. 
Clu. 63, 4 Att. 12. 1. 7, ep. 13.—Liv. 22, 
c. 18. 1. 27, c. 40.—-Cæſ. C. 1, c. 23. 

LaRissA, a daughter of Pelaſgus, who 
gave her name to ſome cities in Greece, 
Pauſ. 2, c. 23. A city between Paleſtine 
and Egypt, where Pompey was murdered 
and buricd, according to ſome accounts. 
A large city on the banks of the Tigris. 
It had a ſmall pyramid near it, greatly in- 
ferior to thoſe of Egypt. A city of Aſia, 
Minor, on the ſouthern confines of Troas. 
Strad. 13. Another in ZEolia, 70 ſtadia 
from Cyme. It is firnamed Piriconis by 
Strabo, by way of diſtinction. Strab. 13. 
— Homer. Il. 2, v. 640. Another ncar 
Epheſus. Another on tne borders of the 
Peneus in Theſſaly, alſo called Cremaſte from 
its fituarion, / Penſilis, } the moſt famous of 
all the citi:s of that name. It was here 
that Acrifius was inadvertently killed by 
his grandſon Perſeus. Jupiter had there a 
famous temple, on account of which he is 
called Lariſſæus. The tame epithet is alſo 
applied w Achilles, „ho reigned _ 


mm_— 


L A 


E is ſtill extant, and bears the ſame name. 
Ovid. Met. 2, v. 542.—Virg. n. 2, v. 197. 
—Lucan. 6.— Liv. 31, c. 46. l. 42, c. 56. 
A citadel of Argos built by Danaus. 

LAkISss US. Vid. Lariſſa. 

LARIssus, a river of Peloponnefus flow- 
ing between Elis and Achaia. Strab. 8.— 
Liv. 27, c. 31. 

Lax1vs, a large lake of Ciſalpine Gaul, 
through which the Addua runs in its way 
into the Po, above Cremona. FVirg. G. 2, 
v. 159. 

LARNos, a ſmall deſolate ifland on the 
coaſt of Thrace, 

LARONIA, a fhameleſs courtezan in Ju- 
venal's age. Ju. 2, v. 86. 

Lars ToLumN1vs, a king of the Vei- 
entes conquered by the Romans, and put to 
death, A. U. C. 329. Liv. 4, c. 17 & 
19 


— 


T. LaxTrvs FLorvs, a conſul, who ap- 
peaſed a ſedition raiſed by the poorer citi- 
zens, and was the firſt dictator ever choſen 
at Rome, B. C. 498. He made Spurius 
Caſſius his maſter of horfe, Liv. 2, c. 18. 
Spurtus, one of the three Romans who 
alone withſtood the fury of Porſenna's army 
at the head of a bridge while the commu- 
nication was cutting down behind them. 
His companions were Cocles and Hermi- 
nius. Vid. Cocles. Liv. 2, c. 10 & 18. 
— Dienyſ. Hal. — Val. Max. 3, c. 2.— The 
name of Lartius has been common to many 
Romans. p 

LarToLETANT, a people of Spain. 

Larxvz, a name given to the wicked 
ſpirits and apparitions which, according to 
the notions of the Romans, iſſued from their 
graves in the night and came to terrify the 
wort. As the word larva ſignifies a maſk, 
whoſe horrid and uncouth appearance often 
ſerves to frighten children, that name has 
been given to the ghoſts or ſpectres which 
ſuperſtition believes to hover around the 
graves of the dead. Some call them Lemures. 
Servinus in Virg, u. 5, v. 64. I. v. 152. 

LaryMNA, a town of Bœotia, where 
Bacchus had a temple and a ſtatue. 
Another in Cari. 

LaxysIUuM, a mountain of Laconia. 
Pau, 3, ©. 22. 

Lass1a, an antient name of Andros. 

Lassvs, or Lasus, a dithyrambic poet 
born at j}ermione in Peloponneſus, about 
£00 years before Chriſt, and reckoned among 
rhe wile men of Greece by ſome. He is par- 
ticularly known by the anſwer he gave to a 
man who aſked him what cothd beſt render 
life pleaſant and confortable? Experience, 
He was acquainted with muſic. Some frag- 
ments of his poetry are to be found in A- 
thenæus. He wrote an ode upon the Cen- 
taurs and an hymn to Ceres without infit- 


1 


ing the letter 8 in the compoſition, Ather, 
10. 

LasTHENEs, a governor of Olynthus cor. 
ruptcd by Philip king of Macedonia. _—A 
Cretan demagogue conquered by Metellus 
the Roman general. A cruel miniſter 
at the court of the Seleucidz, Kings of 
Syria, 

LasTHENTA, a woman who diſguiſed 
herſelf to come and hear Plato's leſſons. 
Diog. 

LaTtXGcvus, a king of Pontus who aſſiſted 
ZEctes againſt his enemies, &c. Flac, z, 
&c. One of the companions of nens 
killed by Mezentius. Virg. An. 10, 
v. 697. 

LaTEtrAnvs PLAUTUS, a Roman con- 
ful elect A. D. 65. A conſpiracy with Piſo 
againſt the emperor Nero proved fatal to 
him. He was led te execution, where he 
refuſed to confeſs the aſſociates of the con- 
piracy, and did not even frown at the exe- 
cutioner who was as guilty as himſelf, bu: 
when a firſt blow could not ſever his head 
from his body, he looked at the executioner 
and ſhaking his head he returned it to the 
hatchet with the greateft compoſure and it 
was cut off. There exiſts now a celebrated 
palace at Rome which derives its name 
trom its ancient poſſeſſors, the Laterani. 

LATERIUM, the villa of Q. Cicero at 
Arpinum, near the Liris. Cic. ad Attic, 
Io, ep. I. |. 4, ep. 7. ad. fr. 3, ep. 1.— 
Plin. 15, c. 15. 

LAT1AL1s, a firname of Jupiter who 
was worſhipped by the inhabitants of Li 
tium upon mount Albanus at ſtated times 
The feſtivals which were firſt inſtituted by 
Tarquin the Proud, laſted 15 days. Liv. 21. 
Vid. Feriæ Latinz. 

LATIN1, the inhabitants of Latium. Fi, 
Latium. | 

La1Tinius LATIARISs, a celebrated in- 
former, &c. Tacit. | 

LaTInus, a ſon of Faunus by Mara 
king of the Aborigines in Italy, who from 
him were called Latini. He married Aman 
by whom he had a ſon and a daughter. Tit 
ſon dicd in his infancy, and the daughte 
called Lavinia, was ſecretly promiſed i 
marriage by her mother to Turnus king d 
the Rutuli, one of her moſt powerful ad. 
mirers. The gods oppoſed this union, and 
the oracles declared that Lavinia muſt be- 
come the wife of a foreign prince. Tit 
arrival of Aneas in Italy ſeemed favorablt 
to this prediction, and Latinus, by offering 
his daughter to the foreign prince and 
making him his friend and ally, feeme 
to have fulfilled the commands of the olacke. 
Turnus however diſapproved of the conduct 
of Latinus, he claimed Lavinia as his H- 


ful wife, and prepared to ſupport his 7 


by ar 
de fer 
war. 
that 
two I 
ter to 
victo! 
after 
law. 
&c. J 
Liv. | 
ſon of 
He w 
ceeded 
his ſu: 
* 4 
LX 
rirer 
cumlc; 
to Cir, 
ed the 
nici, 4 
hr{t in 
receive 
their ! 
is deri; 
turn co 
rejentn 
was the 
of Lati 
Alba 1 
Latias, 
their ne 
when ] 
Rome 
v. 38. 
Hal. 
Pin. 
LAT 
Stat. 5. 
LAT 
letus. 
Endym| 


Corinth: 
Lat: 
LarTi 

dauglite 

near Ep 
LAT. 
LAT. 
and Pho 
turn. 8 
celebrate 
to ſupite 
band's a 
her veng 
to diſtur 
Wia wa 


At hen, 


is cor- 
— 4 
etellus 
uniſter 
ngs of 


ſguiſed 
leſſons. 


aſſiſted 
lac, Jz 
Eneas 
1. 10, 


an con- 
ith Piſo 
fatal to 
here he 
de con- 
he exe- 
elf, bu: 
1s head 
cutioner 
it to the 
and it 
lebrated 
s name 
-ranl. 

icero at 


1 Altic, 
p. 1— 


ter who 
of Ia 
d timei. 
tuted by 
Liv. 11. 


um. id, 
rated in» 


Maries 
pho from 
d Amau 
ater, The 
daughtef 


miſed in 


king d 


erful ad- 
nion, and 
muſt be- 
e Tie 
favorable 
y offering 
ince and 
E ſeemed 
he olacle. 
Cc conduct 
his w- 
his cawe 

b 


L A 


by arms. Fneas took up arms in his own 
defence, and Latium was the ſeat of the 
war, After mutual loſſes it was agreed, 
that the quarrel] ſhould be decided by the 
two rivals, and Latinus promiſed his daugh- 
ter to the conqueror. Æneas obtained the 
victory and married Lavinia. Latinus ſoon 
after died and was ſucceeded by his ſon- in- 
law. Virg. An. , &c.—Ovid. Met. 13, 
xc. Faſt. 2, & c.— Dionyſ. Hal. 1. c. 13.— 
Liv. 1, e. 1, &c,—Juftin. 43, c. 1. A 
ſon of Sylvius Æneas ſirnamed alſo Sylvius. 
He was the 5th king of the Latins and ſuc- 
ceeded his father. He was father to Alba 
his ſucceſſor. Dionyſ. 1, c. 15.— Liv. 2, 
6 3 


river Tiber. It was originally very cir- 
cumſcribed, extending only from the Tiber 
to Circeii, but afterwards it comprehend- 
ed the territories of the Volſci, Aqui, Her- 
nici, Auſones, Umbri, and Rutuli. The 
firſt inhabitants were called Aborigines, and 
received the name -of Latini from Latinus 
their king. According to others the word 
is derived from /ateo, to conceal, becauſe Sa- 
turn concealed himſelf there when flying the 
reſentment of his ſon Jupiter, Laurentum 
was the capital of the country in the reign 
of Latinus ; Lavinium under Anecas, and 
Alba under Aſcanius. (Vid. Alva.) The 
Latias, though originally known only among 
their neighbours, ſoon roſe in conſequence 
when Romulus had founded the city of 
Rome in their country. irg. An. 7, 
v. 38. | 8, v. 322.—Strab. 5.—D:ony/. 
Ha. —Juſtin. 20, c. 1. — Pt. in Romul, 
—Plin, 3, c. 12.—Tacit. 4. Aun. 8. 

Larius, a ſirname of Jupiter at Rome, 
Stat. 5. Sylv. 2, v. 392. 

Laruus, a mountain of Caria near Mi- 


letus. It is famous for the refidence of | it gave. 
Endymion, whom the moon regularly vitit- | 


ed in the night, whence he is often called 
Latmius Heros. [ Vid. Endymion. ] Mela. 1, 
c. 17.— Ovid. Trift. 2. Art. Am. 3.— 
Plin, 5, c. 29.—Strab. 14.—Cic. 1. Tu. 28. 

LaToB1vus, the god of health among the 
Corinthians, 

LaTtoBRICG1, a people of Belgic Gaul. 

LaTo1s, a name of Diana as being the 
daugliter of Latona. A country houſe 
near Epheſus. 

LATOMIE. Vid. Latumiæ. 

Larô Na, a daughter of Cœus the Titan 
and Phœbe, or, according to Homer, of Sa- 
turn. She was admired for her beauty, and 
celebrated for the favors which ſhe granted 
to Jupiter, Juno, alwaysjealous of her huſ- 
band's amours, made Latona the object of 
ber vengeance, and ſent the, ſerpent Python 
to diſturb her peace and perſecute her. La- 
toua wandered from place to place ia wy 


LiTriuM, a country of Italy near the | 


L A 


time of her pregnancy, continually alarmed 
for fear of Python. She was driven from hea- 
ven, and Terra, influenced by Juno, refuſed 
to give her a place where ſhe might find reſt 
and bring forth. Neptune, moved with com- 
paſſion, ſtruc k with his trident, and madz 
immoveable the iſland of Delos which be- 


ed ſometimes above, and ſometimes below, 
the ſurface of the fea. Latona, changed 
into a quail by Jupiter, came to Delos, 
where ſhe reſumed her original ſhape, and 
gave birth to Apollo and Diana, leaning 
againſt a palm tree or an olive, Her re- 
poſe was of ſhort duration, Juno diſcover- 
ed the place of her retreat, and obliged her 
to fly. from Delos. She wandered over 
the greateſt part of the world, and in Caria, 
where her tatſgue compelled her to ſtop, 
ſhe was inſulted and ridiculed by peaſants 
of whom ſhe aſked for water, while they 
were weeding a marſh. Their refuſal and in- 
folence provoked her, and the intreated 
Jupiter to puniſh their barbarity. They 
were all changed into frogs. She was ex- 
poſed to repeated infults by Niobe, who 
boaſted herſelf greater than the mother of 
Apollo and Diana, and ridiculed the pre- 
ſents which the piety of her ncighbours had 
offered to Latona. [id. Nicbe.}] Her 
beauty proved fatal to the giant Tityus, 
whom Apollo and Diana put to death. 
Vid. Tityus.] At laſt, Latona, though per- 
ſecuted and expoſed to the reſentment of 
Juno, became a powerful deity, and faw 
her children receive divine honors, Her 
worthip was generally eſtabliſhed where 
her children received adoration, particu- 
larly at Argos, Delos, &c. where the had 
temples. She had an oracle in Egypt, ce- 
lebrated for the true decifive anſwers whick 


Diod. 5. — Herodot. 2, c. 155, 
Pauf. 2 & 3.— Homer. Il. 21. Hymn. in Ap. 
& Dian.—tHeſfiod. Theog.— Apoiiod. 3, c. 5 
S 10.—Ovid. Met. 6. v. 160.—Hygin. fab. 
140. N 

LaToPGL1s, a city of Egypt. Strab. 

LaTovus, a name given to Apollo as fon 
of Latona. Ovid. Met. 6, fab. 9. 

LATREUS, one of the Centaurs, 
Ovid, 

LAUDAMIA, a daughter of Alexander 
king of Epirus and Olympias daughter of 
Pyrrhus, Killed in a temple of Diana, by 
the enraged populace. Fuftin, 28, c. 3. 
The wife of Proteſilaus. IId. Laoda- 


&C. 


mia, 

Lavupice. Vid, Laodice. 

LAVERNA, the goddcſs of thieves and 
diſhoneſt perſons at Rome. She did not 
only preſide over robvers, called from her 
Lawerniones, but ſhe protected ſuch as 
deccived others, or formed their fecret 

macht- 


fore wandered in the Ægean, and appear- 


{ 


8 


CY 


— 


3 


— 


L A 


machinations in obſcurity and ſilenee. Her 
worſhip was very popular, and the Romans 
raiſed her an altar near one of the gates 
of the city, which, from that circumſtance, 
was called the gate of Laverna. She was 
generally repreſented by a head without a 
body. Herat. 1, ep. 16, v. 60.—-Varro de 
L. L. 4. A place mentioned by Plut. &c. 

LAvERNIUM, a temple of Laverna, near 
Formiz. Cie. 7. Att. 8. 

LAUFELLA, a wanton woman, &c. Juv. 
6, v. 319. 

LAVIANA, a province of Armenia Mi- 
nor. 

LAXMNtA, a daughter of king Latinus 
and Amata. She was. betrothed to her re- 
lation King Turnus, but becauſe the oracle 
ordered her father to marry her to a fo- 
reign prince, ſhe was given to ZEneas after 
the death of Turnus. [Fid. Latinus.] At 
her huſbaud's death ſhe was left pregnant, 
and being fearful of the tyranny of Aſca- 
nius her ſon-in-law, the fled into the woods, 
where ſhe brought forth a ſon called Æneas 
Sylvius. Dionyſ. Hal. 1.—FVirg. An. 6, 
& 7.—Ovid, Met. 14, v. 507.,—Liv. 1, c. 1. 

LaviniumorLavixuM,a town of Italy, 
built by Encas, and called by that name 
in honor of Lavinia, the founder's wife. It 
was the capital of Latium during the reign 
of Ancas, Virg. An. 1,'v. 262.—Strab. 5, 
—Dioenyſ. Hal. 1.—Liv. 1, c. 2.—Tuſtin, 
43s c. 2. 

LAURA, a place near Alexandria in 
Egypt. 

LavuREacum, a town at the confluence 
of the Ens and the Danube, now Lorch. 

LAURENTALIA, certain feſtivals cele- 
brated at Rome in honor of Laurentia, in the 
calends of January. They were, in proceſs 
of time, part of the Saturnalia. Ovid. Faſt, 3, 
V. 57. 

LauRENTES AGR1, the country in the 
neighbourhood of Laurentum. Tibull, 2, 
„ „ v. 4t----- 

LAUREN TIA. Vid. Acca. 

LAURENTINA, the inhabitants of Latium. 
They received this name from the great num- 
ber of laurcls which grew in the country. 
King Latinus found one of uncommon large- 
neſs and beauty, when he was going to 
build a temple to Apollo, and the tree 
was conſecrated to the god. Vg. An. 7, 
v. 59. | 

LauxEN Tum now Paterno, the capital 
of the kingdom of Latium in the reign of 
Latinus. Vid. Laurentini. Strab. 5.—Mela. 
2, C. 4. 

LAUKENTIUS, belonging to Laurentum 
or Latium. Virg. An. 10, v. 709. 

LAu RTO, a place of Attica, where were 
gold mincs, from which the Athenians drew 
conſiderable revenues, and with which they | 


L E 


built their fleets by the advice of The. 


miſtocles. Theſe mines failed before the Har 
age of Strabo. Thucyd. 2.—Parſ. x, c. 1 142.— 
—Strab. 9. Le! 


Lugo, a town of Spain, where Pom. with 1 


a [[crat. 


pey's ſon was conquered by Cæſar's army. c. 26. 
Lavs, now Laine, a town on a river of Le. 
the ſame name, which forms the ſouthern in the 
boundary of Lucania. Szrab. 6. Met 
Laus PomyEla,a town of Italy, founded Le 

by a colony ſent thither by Pompey, rinth, | 
Lavsvs, a ſon of Numitor, and brother v. 381 

of Ilia. He was put to death by his uncle Lec 
Amulius, who uturped his father's throne, ſeparat 
Ovid, Faſt. 4, v. 54. A ſon of Mezentius, c. 37+ 
king of the Tyrrhenians, killed by AEnez Lec 
in the war which his father and Turn: Löt 
made againſt the Trojans. Virg, An, 75 Furytt 
v. 649. I. 10, v. 426, &c. Sparta 
LauTivum, a city of Latium. Eurota 
LautTumiz or LAT OMT, a priſon 2 days a 
Syracuſe cut out of the ſolid rock by Diony- fruck 
hus, and now converted into a ſubterrancoy: her. 
garden filled with numerous thrubs, floriſh- into ar 
ing in luxuriant variety. Cic. Fer. 5, c. 27 a ſwan 
— Liv. 26, v. 27. |. 32, c. 26. piter, : 
LrAbks, a ſon of Aſtacus, who killed "the bit 
Eteoclus. Apollod. arms C 
LE AI, a nation of Pæonia, near Mate- trembl 
donia. rior er 
LE: NA, an Athenian barlot. Vid. Lzna. naked 
LEANDER, a youth of Abydos, famous fir ter to 
his amours with Hero. [id. Hero. ]-—A month 
Mileſian, who wrote an hiſtorical commen- darust 
| tary upon his country. ſprang 
LEeAaNnDRE, a daughter of Amyclas, who Caſtor 
married Arcas. (polled. were d 
LEeANDRIAS, a Lacedæmonian refugee :! others 
Thebes, who declared, according to an ancient dome 
oracle, that Sparta would loſe the ſuperiotij Neme 
over Greece when conquered by the Te- mentic 
bans at Leuctra. Died. 15. educa! 
LEANIRAa, a daughter of Amyclas. Jil the ey 
Leandre. Helen, 
LEARCHUSsS, a ſon of Athamas and Ing nions, 
cruthed to death againſt a wall by his fathe) aume 
in a fit of madneſs. [ Vid. Athamas.] O Heſio 
Faſt. 6, v. 490. phoſis 
Les Apa, now Lioadias, a town d ave | 
Bœotia, near mount Helicon. It received theſe t 
this name from the mother of Aſpledon, and ſince ; 
became famous for the oracle and cave 0 9 
Trophonius. No moles could live there, llz; 
according to Pliny. Strub. g,—Plin. 16, © 2.— 
36.—Paruſ. 9, c. 59. | te ag 
LezEDus or LEBEDos, a town of Ions, Le 
at the north of Colophon, where feſtiv4s &, ; 
were yearly obſerved in honor of Bacchus, 325. 
and where Trophonius had a cave and 3 Le 
temple. Lyſimachus deſtroyed it, and cat: the TT 
ried part of the inhabitants to Epheſus. It L. 
had been founded by an Athenian colony, 2 
under one of the ſons of Codrus. Srab. 14 Willey, 


L E E E 


Lr wo Ffirat. t, cp. tr, V. 7. Herodot. I, C. conſiſted of 3000 foot and zoo horſe, and was 
4 $42. —(1c. I. Div. 33. ſoon after augmented to 4000, after the ad- 

Ley£xAa, a commercial town of Crete, | miſſion of the Sabines into the city. When 
ere Pom. with atemple ſacred to /Elculapius. Pauſ. 2, | Annibal was in Italy it conſiſted of 5000 ſol- 


r's army. c. 26. f | diers, and afterwards it decreaſed to 4000, 
a river of Lis1vTRoOS & LenyYNTHOS, an iſland | or 4500. Marius made it conhft of 6200, 
e ſouthern in the Egean fea, near Patmos. Strab. ro, beſides 700 horſe. This was the period of 
— Mela. 2, c. 7.—Ovid. Met. 8, v. 222. its greatneſs in numbers. Livy ſpeaks of ten, 
„founded Lrchæ UM, now Pelago, a port of Co- and even eighteen, legions kept at Rome. 
y. rinth, in the bay of Corinth. Stat. Taeb. 2, During the conſular government it was uſual - 


1d brother v. 381.—Liv. 32, L. 23. to levy and fit up four legions, which were 
his uncle Lreruu, a promontory, now cape Baba, dis ided between the two conſuls. This num- 
's throne. ſeparating T roas from Eolia. Liv. 37, ber was however often increaſed, as time 
lezentius, c. 37. and occaſion required, Auguſtus maintained 
by Enes LECYTHUVS, a town of Enaboa. a ſtancling army of twenty-three or twenty = 
d Turnus Lib, a daughter of king Theſpius and | fave legions, and this number was ſeldom di- 
, Fn, 5, Furythemis, who married TynGarus, King of |miniined, In the reign of Tiberius there 


Sparta. She was ſeen bathing in the river were 27 legions, and the peace eſtabliſhment 

Eurotas by Jupiter, when ſhe was ſome few |of Adrian maintained no leſs than 30 of theſe 

priſon 2 days advanced in her pregnancy, and tie god | formidable brigades. They were diſtributed 
by Diony- fruck with her beauty, reſolved to deceive |over the Roman empire, and their ſtations 
erraneous her. He perſuaded Venus to change herſelf | were ſettled and permanent. The peace of 
s, floriſh- into an eagle, while he aſſumed the form of | Britain was protected by three legions; ſix- 
85 e. 27. a ſwan; and, after this metamorphoſis, ſu- | teen were ſtationed on the banks of the Rhine 
piter, as if fearful of the tyrannical cruelty of | and Danube, viz. two in Lower, and three in 

tho killed the bird of prey, fled through the air into the | Upper, Germany; one in Noricum, one iu 
arms of Leda, who willinzly ſheltcred the Rhætia, three in Motta, four in Pannonia, 

ir Mace- trembling (wan from the aſſaults of his ſupe- and two in Dacia. Eight were ſtationed on 
rior enemy. The carefſes with which the [the Euphrates, fix of which remained in Syria, 

id, Lang naked Leda received the twan, enabled ſupi- and two in Cappadocia, while the remote 
amous for ter to avail himſelf of his fituation, and, nine [provinces of Egypt, Africa, and Spain, were 
5 1—4 months after this adventure, the wife of Tyn- |guarded each by a fingle legion. Beſide: 
coramens darus brought forth two eggs, of one of which ſtheſe, the tranquillity of Rome was preſerved 
ſprang Pollux and Helena, and of the other | by 20,000 ſoldiers, who, under the titles ot 

clas, who Caſtor and Clytemneſtra. The two former | city cohorts and ot prætorian guards, watched 
were deemed the offspring of Jupiter, and the | over the ſatety of the monarch and of the ca- 

refugee v others claimed Tyndarus for their father. pital. The legions were diſtinguiſhed by dif- 
an ancient Some mythologiſts attribute this amour to | ferent appeilations, and generally borrowed 
uperioriy Nemeſis, and not to Leda; and they further | their name from the order in which they were 
the The» mention, that Leda was entruſted with the | tirit raiſed, as prima, /errnda, tertia, uarta, 


las, Vid 


education of the children which ſprang from 
the eggs brought forth by Nemeſis. | F:d. 
Helena.) To reconcile this diverfity of opi- 


&c. Beſides this diitinction, another more 
expreſſive was generally added, as from the 
name of the emperor h embodied them, as 


and Inv nions, others maintain that Leda received the Hu], Claudiunag, Galliana, Flavia, Ulpiay Y 14 
his father, name of Nemeſis after death. Homer and | [rajana, Aintoniaua, & c. from the provinces » 1 
s.] 0 Heſiod make no mention of the metamor- [or quarters where they were ſtationed, as Bi- ö | 
phoſis of Jupiter into a ſwan, whence ſome | tanmnica, Cyrenica, Gallica, &c. from the pro- Fl 
town al have imagined that the fable was unknown to | vinces which had heen ſubdued by their valor, 1 
received theſe two ancient poets, and probably invented |as Partkica, Scythica, Arabica, Africana, & c. $ 2288 
don, and lince their age. £/polled. 1, c. 8. l. 3, c. 10. | from the names the deities Wem their ii a 
cave 0 w"Jyid, Met, 6, . og. Holl. . 5 5. gencrals particul 1\ worſhipped, = Money = l | 1 | 
ve there, gi. fab. 77. —Iſocr. in Hel. —-Iemer. Od. | via, Apol/inaris, Sc, or from more trifling 1:7 


l.-Eurip, in Hel.-——e——A famous dancer in 


1. 16, IT 
de age of Juvenal 6, v. 63. 


acc dents, as M »''o, Fulminatrix, Kapaxy 
Adjutrix, &c. Loch legion was divided into 


of Lon, Le bAA, an epithet given to Hermione, ton coſtar ts, each cohort into three m / ulis 
feſtivals ke. as related to Leda. Firg. Zn. 3, v. and every manipulus into three centuries or 
Bacchus, 328. ordines, The chief commander of the legion 
e and 3 LtDus now Lex, a river of Gaul near | was cailed /-gatus, lieutenant. The ſtand- 
and cat- the modern Montpelicr. Mela. 2, c. 5. ards horn by the legions were various. In | 
eſus. It Lig10, a corps of ſoldiers in the Roman j the firſt ages of Rome a wolf was the ſtand- : 
1 colunyy armies, whoſe numbers have been different at | ard, in honor of Romulus; after that 2 nog, 
rab. 14. dlillerent times. The legion under Romulus | becauſe that animal was generally facriticed 


Ilcrai. 


| at 


——— ow 4 FE, — 


L E 


at the concluſion of a treaty, and therefore 
it indicated that war is undertaken for the 
obtaining of peace. A minotaur was 
ſometimes the ſtandard, to intimate the 
ſecrecy with which the general was to act, 
in commemoration of the labyrinth. Some- 
wmes a horſe or a boar was uſed, till the 
age of Marius, who changed all theſe for 
the eagle, being a reprefentation of that bird 
in ſilver, holding ſometimes a thunderbolt in 
its claws. The Roman eagle ever after re- 
mained in uſe, though Trajan made uſe of 
the dragon, | 

Lrir us, one of the five Bœotian generals 
who came to the Trojan war. Homer. II. 2. 
One of the Argonauts, ſon of Alector. 
Apolled. 2, c. 9. 

LrLArs, a dog that never failed to ſeize 
and conquer whatever animal he was ordered 
to purſue. It was given to Procris by Diana, 
and Procris reconciled herſelf to her hufband 
by preſenting him with that valuable preſent. 
According o ſome, Procris had received it 
from Minos, as a reward for the dangerous 
wounds of which ſhe had cured him. Hygin. 
fab. 128.—Ovid. Met. 7, v. 771.—Pauſ. , 
c. 19. One of Actæon's dogs. 

LELEGEs, (a x, to gather) a wandering 
people, compoſed of different unconnected 
nations. They were originally inhabitants of 
Caria, and went to the Trojan war with 
Altes their king. Achilles plundered their 
country, and obliged them to retire to the 
neighbourhcod of Halicarnaſſus, where they 
fixed their habitation, The inhabitants of 
Laconia and Megara bore this name for ſome 
time, from Lelex, one of their kings. Strad. 


7 & S.— Homer. J. 21.—Virg. Ax. 8, v. N 


72 5.—Pauſ. 3. c. 1. 

Lreteceis, a name applied to Miletus 
becauſe once poſſeſſed by the Leleges. Pin. 
5, C. 29. 

Lirrx, an Egyptian, who came with a 
colony to Megara, where he re:gned about 
200 years before the Trojan war. His ſub- 
jects were called from bim Leleges, and the 
place Lelegeia mania, Pauſ. 3, c. 1. A 
Greek, who was the fiſt king of Laconia in 
Peloponneſus. His ſubjects were alſo called 
Leleges, and the country where he reigned 
Lelegia, Id. 

Lemanis, a place in Britain, where 
Cz1ar is ſuppoſed to have firſſ landed, and 
therefore placed by ſome at Lime in Kent. 

Lemanwus, a lake in the country of the 
Aliobroges, through which the Rhone flows. 
It is now called the lake of Geneva or 
Lauſanne. Lucan. 1, v. 396.—Mela. 2, 
6. 5. 

LEemnos, an iſland in the Ægean ſea, be- 
tween Tenedos, Imbros, and Samothrace. It 
was ſacred to Vulcan, called Lemmus ater, 


who tel there when kacked dowu from hea- 


1 


L E 


ven by Jupiter. [ Vid. Vulcanus.] It was ce- 
lebrated for two horrible maſſacres, that of 
the Lemnian women murdering their huf- 
bands, [ Vid. Hipſipyle.] and that of the Lem- 
nians, or Pelaſgi, in killing all the children 
they had had by ſome Athenian women, whom 
they had carried away to become their wives, 
Theſe two acts of cruelty have given riſe to 
the proverb of Lemnian ations, which is ap. 
plied to all barbarous and inhuman deeds, 
The firſt inhabitants of Lemnos were the Pe. 
laſgi, or rather the Thracians, who were 
murdered by their wives. After them came 
the children of the Lemnian widows by the 
Argonauts, whoſe deſcendants were at la} 
expelled by the Pelaſgi, about 1100 year 
before the Chriſtian era. LenTnos is about 
112 miles in circumference, according ty 
Pliny, who ſays, that it is often ſhadowed ly 
mount Athos, though at the diſtance of 7 
miles. It has been called Hip/epyle, fron 
queen Hipſipyle. It is famous for a certain 
kind of earth or chalk, called terra Lemnia, 
or terra frgillata, from the ſeal or impreſſica 
which it can bear. As the inhabitants were 
black\ſmiths, the poets have taken occaſion u 
fix the forges of Vulcan in that iſland, aud 
to confeerate the whole country to his dis 
nity. Lemnos is alſo celebrated for a laby- 
rinth, which, according to ſorge traditions, 
ſurpaſſed thoſe of Crete and Egypt. Som: 
remains of it were ſtill viſible in the age d 
Pliny. The iſland of Lemnos, now called 
Sta/imene, was reduced under the power d 
Athens by Miltiades, and the Carians, wi 
then inhabited it, obliged to emigrate. Py, 
n. 8, v. 454.— Homer. Il. 1, v. 593.6. 
ep. in Milt. — Strab. 1, 2, & 7.—Hertdh, 
6, c. 140.— J ſela. 2, c. 7. Apollon. 1, ag 
— Flac, 2, v. 78.— Ovid. Art. Am. 3— 
Stat, 3. Hieb. 274. 

Lemovices, a people of Gaul, now 
Lemoufin & Limoges. Caf. G. 7, C. 4 

Lremovii, a nation of Germany. Tacil 
de Germ. 

Lud ks, the manes of the dead. The 
ancients ſuppoſed that the ſouls, after death, 
wandered all over the world, and diſturbed 
the pcace of its inhabitants. The good (puts 
were called Lares familiares, and the evil 
ones were known by the name of Larue, 
or Lemures, They terrified the good, and 
continually haunted the wicked and impi- 
ous; and the Romans had the ſuperſtition 
to celebrate feſtivals in their hanor, called 
Lemuria or Lemuralia, in the month of May: 
They were firſt inſtituted by Romulus fo 
appeaſe the manes of his brother Remus 
from whom they were called Remi, and, 
by corruption, Lemuria. Theſe ſolemn 
ties continued three nights, during which 
the temples of the gods were ſhut, and Mr 


e prohilited. It was uſual for the 
people 


maria. 
into L 
of Mit 
LES 
wuch 
monwe 
Corn. 
who d 
Umbri 
trained 
eſcaped 
Jus, fir: 
conſpir; 
Allobrc 
nate by 
terwarc 
umphec 
tulus, 


ſul, A. 


mention 
great an. 
theſe, tl 
ls only n 
Wis not 
Thecont 
tun in 1 
5 th, 5 5 
L 

Lio, 


riſhed ? 
His Phil 
Ceared þ 
always ll 
% ambaf 


Pulp, k 


L E 


was Ct. ople to throw black beans on the graves 
that of ot the deceaſed, ur to burn them, as the 
err huf- Cmell was ſuppoted ty be inſupportible to 


he Lem - them, They allo muttered magical words, 
children and, by beating kettles and drums, they 
n,whom believed that the ghoſts would depart, and 
1r wives, no longer come to ter! ify their relations upon 
n riſe to earth, Ovid. Faſt. 5, v. 421, &c. 

ch is ap- LimoUria & LEmORALIA. Vid. Le- 
n deeds, mures. 9 ; f 


Li us, a firname of Bacchus, from 
Amos 4 wine preſs, There was a feſtival, 
called Lenæa, celebrated in his honor, in 


e the Pe. 
ho were 
em Came 


ys by the which the ceremonies obſerved at the other 
re at laſt feſtivals of the god chiefly prevailed. There 
oo years were, beſides, poetical contentions, &c. 
is about Pauſ.—Virg. G. 2, v. 4. Ex. 4, v. 207. 
rding to l)vid, Met. 4, v. 14. A learned gram- 
lowed by marian, ordered by Pompey to tranſlate 


into Latin ſome of the phyſical manuſcripts 
of Mithridates, King of Pontus, 


ce of 8 
yle, from 


" a certain LexTULvUs, a celebrated family at Rome, 
a Lemnia, uch produced many great men in the com- 
mpreſſica monwealth. Tre moſt illuſt rious were L. 
ants were Corn. Lentulus, a conſul, A. U. C. 428. 
ccaſion v who diſperſed ſome robbers who infeſted 


Umbria, Batiatus Lentulus, a man who 
trained up ſome gladiators at Capua, which 
eſcaped from his ſchool. Corn. Lentu- 
lus, ſirnamed Sura. He joined in Catiline's 


land, and 
> his dini. 
or a laby - 
traditions, 


t. Some conſpiracy, and aiſiſted in corrupting the 
the age ek Allobroges. He was convicted in full ſe- 
ow called nate by Cicero, and put in priſon, and af- 
power | terwards executed. A conſul who tri- 
ans, wis umphed over the Samnites. Cn. Len- 
ate. Vin, tulus, irnamed Gætulicus, was made con- 
593.— ſul, A. D. 26, and was, ſome time after, 
— Hertdit put to death by Tiberius, who was jealous 
lon. 1, an, of his great popularity. He wrote an hiſ- 
Am. 3— tory, mentioned by Suetonius, and attempted 


L. Lentulus, a friend of 
P. 


allo poetry. 
Pompey, put to death in Africa. 


aul, now 


„5 Corn, Lentulus, a prætor, defeated by the 
iy. Tacil Rvelious flaves in Sicily. Lentulus 
Spinther, a ſenator, kindly uſed by J. Cæ- 
ead. The lan, Kc. A tribune at the battle of 
ifrer death, Cinnz, P. Lentulus, a friend of Brutus, 
4 diſturbed mentioned by Cicero (de Orat. 1, c.43.) as a 
good (puts peat and conſummate itateſman.—-Beſides 
the evil theſe, there are a few others, whoſe name 
of Larue, 5 only mentioned in hiſtory, and whole life 
good, and V3 not marked by any uncommon event. 
and impi- Theconſulſhip was in the family of the Len- 
ſuperſtition Wi in the years of Rome 428, 477, 515, 
nor, called Sich 551, 553, 594, 5965, &c. Tacit. Ann, 
ith of May. For. Plin.—Plut.—Eutrop. 
 omulus 0 o, a native of Byzantium, who flo- 
er Remus, nihed 350 years before the Chriſtian era. 


His Philoſuphical and political talents en- 


1a, and, 
1 deared hj ; d h 
im to his countrymen, and he was 


ſe ſolemn” 


wing whic ways {ent upon every important occaſion 
t, and maf- pl hn bl. dor to Athens, or to the court of 
al for the lp, king of Macedonia, This monarch, 
le 
peop! 


* 


L E 


well acquainted with the abilities of Leo; 
was ſenſible that his views. and claims to 
Byzantium would never ſucceed while it was 
Protected by the vigilance of ſuch a patriotic 
citizen, To remove him he had recourſe t) 
arzhce and perfdy. A letter was forged, in 
which Leo made ſolemn promiſes of betrays 
ing his country to the king of Mucedonia 
for money. This was no ſooner known than 
the people ran enraged to the ho.ufe of Leo, 
and the philoſopher, to avoid their fury, and 
without attempting tis juſtification, ſti angled 
himſelf, He had written ſome treatiſes upon 
piyſic and hiſtory, which have been loſt. 
Plat, ACorinthian at Syracuſe, &c. 
A King of Sparta, —— A ſoa of Earycrates, 
Athen. 12, Phil;ftr. An emperor of the 
eaſt, ſirnamed the Taracian, He reigned 17 
years, and died A.D. 474, being ſucceeded 
by Leo the Second for io months, and after- 
wards by Zeno. 

Leocokion, a monument erected by the 
Athenians to Paſithea, Theope, and Eubule, 
daughters of Leos, who immolated them- 
ſeives when an oiacle had ordered that, to 
ſtop the raging peſtilence, ſome of the 
blood of the citizens mult be ſhed. lian. 
12, c. 28, Cic. N. D. 3, c. 19. 

LzeocrATEs, an Athenian general, wha 
floriſhed B. C. 460, &c, Died. 11. 

LrobAMas, a ſon of Etevcles, one of the 
ſeven Theban chiefs who defended the city 
againſt the Argives. He killed Zgialeus, 
and was himſclf killed by Alcmzon,—— 
A fon of Hector and Andromache, Dify/ſ. 
Cret, 

Lob cus, one of the Argonauts, Flace. 

LEOGGRASs, i Athenian debauchee, who 
maintained the courtezan Myrrhina 

Lrox, a king of Sparta. Ilerodot. 7, c. 204. 
A town of Sicily, near Syracuſe, Liv. 
46 6. 24. 

Lro NA, a courtezan, called alſo Læna. 
Fil. Læaa. 

LEeowATus, one of Alexander's generals. 
His father's name was Eunus. He diſtin- 
guithed himſelf in Alexander's conqueſt of 
Aſia and once ſaved the King's lite in a 
dangerous battle. After the death of Alex- 
ander, at the general diviſion of the pro- 
vinces, he received for his portion that part 
of Phrygia which borders on the Helleſpont. 
He was empowcred by Perdiccas to aſſiit 
Eumenes in making himſelf maſter of the 
province of Cappadocia, which had been 
allotted to him. Like the reſt of the ge- 
nerals of Alexander, he was ambitivus of 
power and dominion. He atpired to the 
ſovereignty of Macedonia, and ſecretly com- 
municated to Bumenes the ditterent plans 
he meant to purſue to execute his deſigns. 
He paiſed from Aſia into Europe to aſſiſt 
Antipater againſt the Athenians, and was 


| E e Killed 


a ta. was tw. 
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killed in a battle which was fought ſoon 
after his arrival. Hiſtorians have mentioned, 


mon, of the family of the Euryſthenicæ, ſent 


L E 


as an inſtance of the luxury of Leonatus, 
that he employed a number of camels to 
procure ſome earth from Egypt to wreſtle 
upon, as, in his opinien, it ſeemed better 
calculated for that purpole. Put. in Alex. 
—Curt,—Diecd. 18.—C. Nep. in Eum. 
A Macedonian with Pyrrhus in Italy againſt 
the Romans. 

' Lrontpas, a celebrated king of Lacedæ- 


by his countrymen to oppoſe Xerxes, king of 
Perſia, who had invaded Greece with about 
five millions of ſouls. He was offered the 
kingdom of Greece by the enemy, if he 
would not oppoſe his views; but Leonidas 
heard the propoſal with indignation, and ob- 
ſerved, that he preferred death for his coun- 
try, to an unjuſt though extenhve dominion 
over it. Before the engagement Leonidas ex- 
horted his ſoldiers, and told them all to dine 
heartily, as they were to ſup in the realms of 
Pluto, The battle was fought at Thermo- 
pylz, and the 300 Spartans, who alone had 
refuſed to abandon the ſcene of action, with- 
ſtood the enemy with ſuch vigor, that they 
were obliged to retire, wearted and conquered 
during three ſucceſſive days, ti Ephialtes, a 
Tracbinian, had the perfidy to conduct a Ce- 
tachment of Perſians by a ſecret path up the 
mountains, whence they ſudcenly fell upon 
the rear of the Spartans, and cruthed them 
to pieces. Only one eſcaped of the 300; he 
returned home, where he was treuted with 
inſult and reproaches, for flying inglorioufly 
from a battle in which his brave companions, 
with their royal leader, had periſhed. This 
celebrated battle, which happened 480 years 
before the Chriſtan era, taught the Greeks to 
deſpiſe the numbers of the Perſians, and to 
rely upon their own ſtrength and intrepidity. 
Temples were raited to the fallen hero, and 
feſtivals, called Leonidea,y early celebrated at 
Sparta, in which tree-born youths coutended. 
Leonidas, as he departed ſor the battle from 
Lacedæmon, gave no other injunction to his 
wife, but, after his death, to marry a man 
of virtuc and honor, to raiſe from her chil- 
dren deſerving of the name and greatneſs of 
her firſt huſband. Herodot. 7, c. 120, &c.— 
C. Nep. in Them, —Tuflin. 2.—Val. Max. 1. 
c. 6b.—Pauſ. 3, c. 4. —Plut. in Lyc. & Uleom, 
A king of Sparta after Areus II. 257 

cats before Chriſt. He was driven from his 
e by Cleombrotus, his ſon-in-law, 
and afterwards re-eſtabliſhed. A pre- 
ceptor to Alexander the Great. A friend 
ot Parmeniv, appointed commander, by 
Alexander, of the ſoldiers who lamented 
the death of Parmenio, and who formed a 
ſeparate cohort. Curt. 7, C. 2 A learn- 
ed man of Ruodes, greatly commended by 


L E 


LroxntTiuM & LEONIH It, a town of 


Sicily, about five miles diſtant from the ſea- 


ſhure. It was built by a colony from Chal. 
cis, in Eubœa, and was, according to ſome 
accounts, once the habitation of the Læſtiy. 
gones, for which reaſon the neighbouring 
fields are often called Lefirygonii campi, 
The country was extremely truitful, whence 
Cicero calls it the grand magazine of Sicily, 
The wine which it produced was the beſt of 
the iſland. The people of Leontium im- 
plored the aſſiſtance of the Athenians againſt 
the Syracuſans, B. C. 427. Thucyd, 6.— 
[ 9 8 7. Ovid. Faſt. 4, v. 467.— Ital. 14, 
v. 126. 

LreonTituM, a celebrated courtezan of 
Athens, who fiudied philoſophy under Epi. 
curus, and became one of his moſt renown. 
ed pupils. She proſtituted herſelf to the 
philoſopher's ſcholars, and even to Epicutus 
himſelf, if we believe the reports which 
were raiſed by ſome of his enemies. (/ 
E picurus.] Metrodotus ſhared her favors in 
the moſt unbounded manner, and by bim 
ſhe had a ſon, to whom Epicurus was { 
partial that he recommended him to his a- 
ecutors on his dying bed. Leontium not 
only profeſſed herſelf a warm admirer and 
follower of the doctrines of Epicurus, but 
the even wrote a book in ſupport of them 
againſt Theophraſtus. This book was va 
luable, if we believe the teſtimony and cri 
ticiim of Cicero, who praiſed the purity ard 
elegance of its ſtile, and the truly Attic tun 
of the expreſſions. Leontium had al; 
daughter called Danae, who married 85. 
phron. Cic. de Nat. D. 1, c. 33. 

LEeonTOCEPHALUS, a ſtrongly fortifec 
city of Phrygia. Put. 

LEeexToN or LEONTOPGLISs, a town of 
Egypt, where lions are worſhipped. Aan. 
H. In. 12, c. 7.—Plin. 5, c. 10. 

LeonTYCHIDES. Vid. Leotychides. 

Lxos, a ſon of Orpheus, who immolatel 
his three daughters for the good of Arhes 
Vid. Leocorion. 

LEeoSTHENES, an Athenian general, wh, 
after Alexander's death, drove Antipater to 
Theſſaly, where he beficged him in the tom 
of Lamia. The ſucceſs which for a whil 
attended his arms was ſoon changed by a f- 
tal blow which he received from a font 
thrown by the beſieged, B. C. 323. It 
death of Leoſthenes was followed by a tc 
defeat of the Athenian forces. The func 
oration over his body was pronounced a 
Athens by Hyperides, in the ablence d 
Demoithenes, who had been lately banifacd 
for taking a bribe from Harpalus. [“ 
Lamiacum.)] Diod. 17 & 18S. —Sirad. 9. 
Another general of Athens, coudembes 
on account of the bad ſuccels Which atten 
ed his arms againſt Peparethos. 


Strabo, &c. 


LreoTYCHIDEs, a King of Sparta, 011 « 
Menace 


Met 
was 
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low 
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to the 
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of 211 
abilitie 
derers 
with 
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is cru 
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to he | 
Virate, 
in the 


wn of 
he ſca- 
; Chal- 
o ſome 
Lzftry- 
bouring 
campi. 
whence 
Sicily. 
beſt of 
im im- 
$ againſt 
yd, 6.— 
Hal. 14, 


ezan of 
der Epi- 
renown» 
to the 
Epicurus 
$ Which 
. [Fd 
favors in 
1 by bim 

was ſo 
© his ex- 
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Irus, but 
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rried 80 


fortified 


1 town of 


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-hides, 
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ral, who, 
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Menates 


L E 
Menares, of the family of the Proclidæ He 
was ſet over the Grecian fleet, and, by his 
courage and valor, he put an end to the Per- 
ſian war at the famous battle of Mycale. It 
is ſaid that he cheared the ſpirits of his fel- 
tow ſoldiers at Mycale, who were anxious 
for their countrymen in Greece, By raifing 
2 report .that a battle had been fought at 
Platza, in which tke barbarians had been 
defeated. This ſucceeded, and though the 
information was falſe, yet a battle was 
fought at Platza, in which the Greeks ob- 
tained the victory the ſame daythat the Perſian 
fleet was deſtroyed at Mycale. Leotychi- 
des was accuſed of a capital crime by the 
Ephori, and, to avoid the puniſhment which 
his guilt ſeemed to deſerve, he fled to the 
temple of Minerva at Tegea, where he pe- 
riſhed, B. C. 469, after a reign of 22 years. 
He was ſucceeded by iis grandſon Archida- 
mus. Par. 3, c. 7 & 8.— Diod. 11. 
A ſon of Agis, king of Sparta, by Timæa. 
The legitimacy of his birth was diſputed by 
ſome, and it was generally believed that he 
was the fon of Alcibiades. He was pre- 
vented from aſcending the throne of Sparta 
by Lyſander, though Agis had dcelared him 
upon his death-bed his lawful ſon and heir, 
and Ageſiluus was appointed in his place, 
C. Nep. in Ageſ.— Plut.—Parſ. 3, c. 8. 
LeyiDa, a noble woman, accuſed of at- 
tempts to poiſon her huſband, from whom 
ſhe had been ſeparated for 20 years. She was 
condemned under Tiberius. Tacit, Ann. 3, 
e. 22. A woman who married Scipio. 
— Domitia, a daughter of Druſus and 
Antonia, great niece to Auguſtus, and aunt 
to the emperor Nero. She is deſcribed by 
Tacitus as a common proftitute, infamous 
in her manners, violent in her temper, and 
yet celebrated for her beauty. She was put 
to death by means of ker rival Agrippina, 
Nero's mother. Tucit. A wife of Galba 
the emperor,-——A wife of Caſſius, &c. 
Lrripus M. Amiltivs, a Roman, cele- 
brated as being one of the triumvirs with 
Auguſtus and Antony. He was of an il- 
ufrious family, and, like the reſt of his 
contemporaries, he was remarkable for his 
ambition, to which was added a narrowneſs 
of mind, and a great deficiency of military 
abilities. He was ſent againſt Ceſar's mur- 
derers, and, ſome time after, he leagued 
with M. Antony, who had gained the heart 
of his ſoldiers by artifice, and that of their 
commander by his addreſs, When his in- 
vence and power among the ſoldiers had 
Made him one of the triumvirs, he ſhewed 
tis cruelty, like his colleagues, by his pro- 
{crptions, and even {uftercd his own brother 
to he ſacrificed to the dagger of the trium- 
Virate, He received Africa as his portion 
in the diviſion of the empire ; but his iudo- 


LE 


lence ſoon rendered him deſpicable in the 
eyes of his ſoldiers and of his colleagues ; and 
Auguſtus, who was well acquainted with the 
unpopularity of Lepidus, went to his camp 
and obliged him to reſign the power to which 
he was entitled as being a triumvir. After 
this degrading event, he ſunk into obſcurity, 
and retired, by order of Auguſtus, to Cerceii, 
a ſmall tuwn on the coaſt of Latium, where 
he ended his days in peace, B. C. 13, and 
where he was forgotten as ſoon as out of 
power. Appian.—Plut, in Aug. —Fler. 4, 
c. 6 & 7. A Roman conſul, ſent to be 
the guardian of young Ptolemy Epiphanes, 
whom his father had left to the care of the 
Roman people. Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 67.— 
Tuſtin. 30, c. 3z.— A ſon of Julia, the 
grand-daughter of Auguſtus. He was in- 
tended by Caius as his ſucceſſor in the Roman 
empire. He committed adultery with Agrip- 
pina when young. Dion. 59. An orator 
mentioned by Cicero in Brut. A cenſor, 
A. VU. e. 934 

LEePHYKIiuM, a City of Cilicia. 

Ley1Nnvs, a mountain of Italy. Co/um. 10, 

LeeonTir, a people at the fource of the 
Rhine. Pin. 3, c. 20. 

LIP REOs, a ſon of Pyrgeus, who, built a 
town in Elis, which he called after his own 
name. He laid a wager that he would eat as 
much as Hercules ; upon which he killed an 
ox and cat it up. He afterwaids challenged 
Hercules to atrial of ſtrength, and was killed. 
Pau. 55 Co 5. 

LrypRIUM or LEPREg9S, a town of Elis. 
(ic. 6. Att. 2.—Plin. 4, c. 5. 

LeyeTINEs, a general of Demetrius, who 
ordered Cn. Octavius, one of the Roman am- 
baſſadors, to be put to death A ſon of 


Hermocrates, of Syracuſe, brother to Dio— 
nyſius. He was ſent by his brother againſt 
| the Carthaginians, and experienced ſo much 
ſucceſs that he ſunk fifty of their ſhips. He 
was afterwards defeated by Mago, and ba- 
niſhed by Dionyſius. He always continued 
a faithful friend to the intereſts of his bro- 
ther, though naturally an avowed enemy to 
tyranny and oppreſſion. He was killed in 
a battle with the Carthaginians, D#cd. 15. 
A famous orator at Athens, who ex- 
deavoured to unload the people from op- 
preſſive taxes. He was oppoſed by De- 
moſthenes. A tyrant of Apollonia, in 
Sicily, who ſurrendered to Timolcon. Died. 
16. 

Lryris, the name of two cities of Africa, 
one of which, called Major, now Lebida, 
was near the Syites, and had been built by 
a Tyrian or Sidonian colony. The other, 
called Minor, now Lemta, was about eigh- 
teen Roman miles from Adrumetum. It 
pajd every day a talent to the 2 of 
Carthage, by way of tribute, £Zucan. 2, 

Eez v. 251. 


— — — 


—ů — — 


as Ku 
KK Ig oe oe ooo 


SU 


— —————ñ—kK 
* —— —„—„Tt Baths 
* a 2 — 


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< 
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o 


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S 
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L E 
7. 231.—Plin, 5, c. 19. — Salluſt. in Jug. 
77. Aſela. x, c. 8.—Strab. 3, v. 256.— 
Cæſ. C. 2, c. 38.—Cic. 5. Verr. 59. 

Lexria, an iſland in the /Egean Sea, on 
the coaſt of Caria, about eighteen miles in 
circumference. Its inhabitants were very 
diſhoneſt. Szrab. 10. —-Herodet. 5, c. 125. 

LERINA or PLAN ASIA, a ſmall iſland in 
the Mediterrancan, on the coalt of Gaul. 
Tacit. Ann. 1, c. 3. 

LENA, a country of Argolis, celebrated 
For a grove and a lake, where, according to 
the poets, the Danaides threw the heads of 
their murdered huſbands. It was there alſo 
that Hercules killed the famous hydra. Vg. 
En. 6, v. 803. & lib, 12.—Strab. 8.—Mela. 
2, c. 3.—Ovid. Met. 1, v. $97.—Lucret. 5. 
— Stat. Theb. 4, v. 638.—Apolled. 2, c. 15. 
There was à feſtival, called Lernæa, 
celebrated there in honor of Bacchus, Pro- 
ſerpine, and Ceres. The Argives uſed to 
carry fire to this ſolemnity from a temple 
upon mount Crathis, dedicated to Dana. 
Pauſ. 

Lero, a ſmall iſland on the coaſt of 
Gaul. 

LEeros. Vd. Leria. 

Lr$B0s, a large iſland in the Ægean ſea, 
now known by the name of Metelin, 168 
miles in circumference. It has been ſeve- 
rally called Pe/aſgia, from the Pelaſgi by 
whom it was firſt peopled, Macaria from 
Macareus who ſettled in it, and Leſbas from 
the ſon-in-law and ſucceſſor of Macareus 
who bore the ſame name. The chief towns 
of Leſbos were Methymna and Mitylene. 
Leſbos was originally governed by Kings, 
but they were afterwards ſubjected to the 
neighbouring powers. The wine which it 
produced was greatly eſteemed by the an- 
tients, and ſtill is in the ſame repute among 
the moderns. The Leſbians were fo de- 
bauched and diſſipate, that the epithet of 
Leſbian was often uſed to ſignify debauckery 
and extravagance, Leſbos has given birth 
to many illuſtrious perſons, ſuch as Arion, 
Terpander, &c. The beſt verſes were by 
way of eminence often called Leſteum car- 
men, from Alcæus and Sappho, who diſtin- 
gurthed themſelves for their poetical com- 
poſitions, and were allo natives of the 
place, Died. 5, —Strab. 13.—Virg. G. 2, 
v. 90.—Horat. 1, ep. 11.—Heroder. 1, c. 
160. 

Lrsrus or Lrs os, a ſon of Lapithas, 
grandion of Aolus, who married Methym- 
na daughter of Macareus. He ſucceeded 
his father-in-law, and gave his name to the 
xiand over which he reigned. 

Lescnmes, a Greck poet of Leſbos, who 
goriſhed B. C. 600. Some ſuppoſe him to 
be tle author of the little Thad, of which 


N 


L. E 


only few verſes remain quoted by Pauſ. 10 
c. 25. F 
LesTRYGGnes. d. Lzftrygones, 

LETANUM, a town of Propontis, built: 
by the Athenians, 

LETH=vs, ariver of Lydia flowing by 
Magneha into the Mzunder. 
Ec. 
Crete. 

Lirnt, one of the rivers of hell, whoſe 
waters the ſouls of the dead drank after 
they had been confined for a certain ſpace 
of time in Tartarus. It had the power of 
making them forget whatever they had 
done, ſeen, or heard before, as the name 
implics, O, oblivion. Lethe is a ri- 
ver of Africa, near the Syrtes, which rung 
under the ground, and ſome time after riſes 
again, whence the origin of the fable of 
the Lethean ſtreams of obHhvion. Thete 
is alſo a river of that name in Spain. 
Another in Bœotia, whoſe waters were 
drunk by thoſe who conſulted the oracle of 
Trophonius. Lucan. q, v. 355.—Gwid, 
Trift. 4, el. 1, v. 47.—Virg. G. 4, v. 545. 
En. 6, v. 714. —ltal. 1, v. 235. l. 10, 
v. 555. — Pauſ. 9, c. 39.—Herat. 4, od. 7, 
v. 37. 

Lrrus, a mountain of Liguria, Liv, 
41, c. 18. 

LEVXNA, a gocdeſs at Rome, who pre- 
ſided over the action of the perſon who 
took up from the ground a newly bom 
child, after it had been placed there by the 
midwife. This was generally done by the 
father, and ſo religiouſly obſerved was this 
ceremony, that the legitimacy of a child 
could be difputed without it. 

LEeuCaA, a tuwn of the Salentines neara 
cape of the ſame name in Italy. Lucan, 
$6, v. 376. A town of Ionia——d 
Crete of Argolis. Stradb. 6, &c, 

Eeucas or LEeUuCaDia, an ifland of the 
Tonian ſea now called St. Maura, near the 
coaſt of Epirus, famous for a promontory 
called Leucate, Leucas, or Leucates, where 
deſponding lovers threw themſelves into the 
| ſea. Sappho had recourſe to this leap to free 
herſelf from the violent paſſion which ſhe 
entertained for Phaon, The word is de- 
rived from >euxog, white, on account of the 
whiteneſs of its rocks. Apollo had a 
temple on the promontory, whence he is 
often called Leucadius. The ifland was for- 
merly joined to the continent by a narrow 
iſthmus, which the inhabitants dug through 
after the Peloponneſian war. Ovid. Heroid. 
15, v. I71,—Strab. 6, &c.— Lal. 15, v. 
302.—Virg. An. 3, v. 274. 1. 8, v. 677.— 
A town of Phœnicia. 

LEvcCaAsSI0N, a village of Arcadia. Pau/. 
8, e. 25. 


Strab. 105 
Another of Macedonia. Or 


LEV cAsTIs, 


ſian | 
felicii 
their 

explo 
From 
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cor diu 
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diſciple 
invente 
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fully e 
curus. 

adopte. 
Diagen 
of Tyn 
Philodi 
he kad 
Known 
They \ 
Cattor 
celebra: 
and Id: 
I) C. 1 
lon of 

Non. 
of bis 
check « 
Telolver 
Mother 
himſel 
Or ren 
rather: 
loved, 0 
ent he 


arms of 
father r 
Marriag 


L X 


uilt 
LrycAsprs, a Lycian, one of the com- 
by panions of Eneas, drowned in the Tyr- 
10 rhene ſea. / irg. 2&7. 6, v. 334. 
Or Lit Ark. Vd. Leucas, 

Leuct, a ſmall itland in the Euxine fea, 
hoſe of a triangular form, between the mouths 
after of the Danube and the Boryſthenes, Ac- 
pace cordi.1g to the poets, the 'ouls of the anci 
er of ent heroes were placed there as in the Ely- 

had fan fields, where they enjoyed perpetual 
ame felicicy, and reaped the repoſe to which 
a ri- their benevolence to mankind, and their 
runs exploits during life, ſeemed to entitle them. 
* riſes From tat circumſtance it has often been 
le of calle the iſland of the blefſed, &c. Ac- 
Thee coding to ſome accounts Achilles ceie- 
. rated : ere his nuptials with Tphigenia, or 
were rather Helen, and ſhared the pleaſures of the 
cle of place with the manes of Ajax, &c, Strab. 
Ovid. 2.— Jelu. 2, c. 7.— Tmmian. 22.— . Ca- 
545. lab. 3, v 773. One of the Occanides 
I. 10, whom Pluto carried into his kingdom. 
od. 7, Lruci, a people of Gaul, between the 
Moſeile and the Macſe, Their capital is 
Lino, now called T. C B. G 1, c 40. 
Mountains on the weft of Crete, appearing 
10 pre- at a diſtance like whkire clouds, whence the 
n who name. 
y bon LevciPPe, one of the Oceanides. 
by the LeucieyiDes, the daughters of Leucip- 
by the pus. J. Leucippus. 
ras this LeucippUs, a celebrated philoſopher of 
2 child Ahdera, about 428 years before Chrift, 
diſciple to Zeno, He was the firſt who 
near a mvented the famous ſyſtem of atoms and 
Lucan. of a vacuum, which wies afterwards more 
—— of fully explained by Democritus and Epi- 
ce. curus, Many of his hypotheſes have been 
d of the adopted by the moderns, with advantage. 
near the Diagenes has written his life. A brother 
nontoty of Tyndarus, king of Sparta, who married 
, Where Pailodice daughter of Inachus, by wnom 
into the he had two daughters, Hilaira and Phoebe, 
p to free known by the pattonymie of Leucippides. 
hich the They were carried away by their couſins 
d is de- Cattor and Pollux, as they were going to 
t of the celebrate their nuptials with Lynceus 
had 3 and Idas. Ovid. Faſt. 5, v 701.—pollod. 
ce he 15 5 c. 10. &c.—Pauſ. 3, 17 & 26,——A 
was for- of Xanthus, deſcended from Bellero- 
narrow dan. He became deeply enamoured of one 
' through of tis ſiſters, and when he was unable to 
. Heroid. en or reftrain his unnatural paſhion, he 
J. 15, V+ relohed to gratify it. He acquainted his 
77 — mother with it, and threatened to murder 
imlelf if the attempted to oppoſe his views 
a. Pau. or remye his affection. The mother, 
| rather than loſe a ſon whom ſhe tenderly 
U CASPLSS loved, cheriſhed his paſſion, and by her con- 


wt her daughter yielded herſelf to the 
ums of her brother. Some time after the 


ather reſolved to give his daughter in 
Matriage to a Lycian prince. The future 


L E 


huſband was informed that the daughter of 
Xanthus ſecretly cntertained a lover, and he 
communicated the intelligence to the father, 
Xantbus upon this ſecretly watched his 
daughter, and when Leucippus had intro- 
duced himſelf to her bed, the father, in 
his eagerneſs to diſcover the ſeducer, oc- 


 Cahoned a little noiſe in the room. The 


daughter was alarmed, and as ſhe attempt-, 
d to eſcape the received a mortal wound 
from ler father, who took her to be the 
oer. Leucippus came to her aſſiſtance, 
and ſtabbed his father in the dark, without 
knowing who he was. This accidental 
parricide obliged Leucippus to fly from 
his country. He came to Crete, where the 
inhabitants refuſed to give him an aſylum, 
when acquainted with the atrociouſneſs of 
his crime, and he at laſt came to Epheſus, 
where he died in the greateſt miſery and 
remorſe. Hermeftanax apud Parthen, c. 5. 
A ſon of CEnomaus, who became 
enamoured of Dapline, and to obtain her 
confidence diſguiſed himſelf in a female 
dreſs, anti attended his miſtreſs as a com- 
panion. He gained the affections of Daphne 
by his obſequiuvuſneſs and attention, but 
his artifice at laſt proved fatal, for when 
Daphne and her attendants were bathing 
in the Ladon, the ſex of Leucippus was 
diſcovered, and he periſhed by the darts 
of the females. Parthen, Erotic. c. 15.— 
Pauf. 8, c. 20. A fon of Hercules by 
Matſe, one of the daughters of Theſpius. 
Apelled. 3, c. 7. 

LxUc&SUA, a part of Cyprus. 

Loco, a tyrant of Boſphorus, who 
lived in great intimacy with the Athenians. 
He was a great patron of the uſeful arts, 
and greatly encouraged commerce. Stra“. 
Diod. 14. A ſon of Athamas and The- 
miſto. Pauſ. 6, c. 22. A king of Pontus 
killed by his brother, whoſe bed he had de- 
filed. Ovid. in Ih. 3. A town of Africa 
near Cyrene. Herodot. 4, c. 160. 

LU c NR, 2 daughter of Aphidas, who 
gave her name to a fountain of Arcadia, 
Pau,. 8, c. 44. 

LeucoNEs,.a ſon of Hercules. Apolled. 

LEeucoNnot, a daughter of Lycambes. 
The Leuconoe to whom Horace addreſſes 
his 1 od. r, ſeems to be a fictitious name, 

LeucoPETRA, a place on the iſthmus of 
Corinth, where the Achæans were defeated 
by the conſul Mummius. A promontory 
fix miles caſt from Rhegium in Italy, 
where the Apeninnes terminate and fink 
into the ſea. ; 

Lx Vc pHAR As, a temple of Diana, with 
a city of the ſame name, near the Mzan- 
der. An ancient name of Tenedos. Pau. 
IO, c. 14. 

LeucoP3Lis, a town of Caria. 

: Ee 3 


Lzvcos, 


— 


% a 


— — —— — — — +5 


_— 


4 


* 
— 


— — 
= —_—— 
_ 


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— 3 * 
7 


L E 


Levcos, a river of Macedonia near 
Py dna. A man, & c. Vid. Idomeneus. 

LzvcosIA, a ſmall iſland in the Tyr- 
rhene ſea, It received its name from one 
of the companions of ZEneas, who was 
drowned there, or from one of the Sirens, 
who was thrown there by the ſea, Szrab. 5. 
— Ovid. Met. 15, v. 708. 

LEUcosLRIt, a people of Aſia Minor, 
called afterwards Cappadocians. Strab. 12. 
The ſame name is given to the inhabitants 
of Cilicia where it borders on Cappadocia. 
G. Nep. 14, C. I: 

LEeucizTnot or LrvucoTHEA, the wife 
of Athamas, changed into a ſca deity. [ Vid, 
e.] She was called Matura by the 
Romans, who raiſed her a teinple, Where 
all the people, particularly women, offered 
vows for their brother's children. They 
did not entreat the deity to protect then 
own children, becauſe Ino had been un- 
fortunate in her's. No female ſlaves were 
permitted to enter the temple, or if their 
curioſity tempted them to tranſgreſs this 
rule, they were beaten away with the 
greateſt ſeverity. To this ſupplicating for 
other people's children, Ovid alludes in 
theſe lincs; Faſt. 6. 


Non tamen hanc pro ftirpe ſua pia mater adtrat, 
Ipſa parum felix viſa fuiſſe parens. 
— -A daughter of king Orchamus by Eu- 
rynome. Apollo became enamoured of her, 
and to introduce himſelf to her with greater 
facility, he aſſumed the ſhape and features 
of her mother. Their happineſs was com- 
plete, when Clytia, who tenderly loved 
Apollo, and was jealous of his amours with 
Leucothoe, diſcovered the whole intrigue 
to her father, who ordered his daughter to 
be buried alive. The lover, unable to fave 
her from death, ſpringled nectar and am- 
broua on her tomb, which penetiating as 
far as the body changed it into a beautiful 
tree which bears the frankincenſe. Ovid, 
Met. 4, v. 196. An illand of the Tyr- 
rhene ſca, ncar Caprez. A fountain of 
Samos A town of Egypt, —of Ara- 
bia. Mela. 2, c. 7. A part of Aſia 

which produces frank incenſe. 

LEUCTRA, a village of Ba:otia, between 
Platæa and Theſpia, famous for the victory 
which Epaminondas the Theban general ob- 
tained over the ſuperior force of Tleombry- 
tus, king of Sparta, on the Eth of July, B. C. 
371. la this famous battle 4900 © pirtans 
were killed, with their king Cleombrotus, 
and no more than 200 Thebans. Fiom that 
tirac the Spartans loi the empire of Greece, 
which they had obtained tor near 500 years, 
Plut. in Pelop. & _— Nep. in Fpam, 

C 


wn Fujiin, 6, c. 6.— 


id. 15. —Pauſ. Lacon.— Cic. de Hic. 1„ 


L I 


c. 18 Tuſc. Ig E. 46. Att. 6, 5. 1, 
Strab. g. 

LEeucTRUM, atown of Laconia. Strab,$. 

Lrvucus, one of the companions of 
Ulyfles. 

LEeucYANTAS, a river of Peloponneſus, 
flowing into the Alplcus. Par. 6, c. 21. 

Levinus. Vid Levinus. 

LteuTycCHniDes, a Laccdzmonian, made 
king of Sparta on the expulſion of Dema- 
ratus. Herodot. 6, c. 65, &c,—Vid, Leo- 
tychides. 

Lx xOVII, a people of Gaul, at the mouth 
of the Seine, conquered with great flaugh- 
ter by a licutenant of J. Cæſar. Ce, 
Bell . 

LIAN IUs, a celebrated ſophiſt of Anti- 
och in the age of the emperor Julian. He 
was educated at Athens, and opened a 
ichool at Antioch, which produced ſome 
of the beſt and mivil uf the literary charac- 
ters of the age. Libanius was naturally 
vain and arrogant, and he contemptuouſly 
refuled the otters of the emperor Julian, 
who wiſhed to purchaſe his friendſhip and 
intimacy by rating him to offices of the 
greateit ſplendor and atiluence in the em- 
pire. When Julan had impriſoned the 
ſenators of Antioch for their impertinence, 
L:banius undertovok the defence of his fel- 
low Citizens, and paid a viſit to the empe- 
ror, in which he aſtoniſhed him by the 
boldneſs and independence of his expret- 
tions, and the firmneſs and reſolution of his 
mind. Some of his orations, and abort 
1600 of his letters are extant; they diſcov 
much affectation and obſcurity of ſtile, and 
we cannot perhaps much regret the loſs of 
writings which afforded nothing but a di- 
play of pedantry, and quotations from Ho- 
mer. Julian ſubmitted his writings to the 
judgment of Libanius with the greateſt 
confidence, and the ſopluſt freely rejedcd 
or approved, and ſhowed that he was mt 
attached to the pei ſon than the fortune and 
greatneſs of his prince. The time of n 
death is unknoan. The beſt edition d 
Libanius ſecms to be that of Paris, fol. 
1606, with a ſecond volume publiſhed by 
M-rell, 1627. His epiſtles have been edited 
by Wolf. fol. 1738. 

LiBAxnus, a high mountain of Sy" 
famous for its cedars, Straß. 6. 

LIEENITIi Na, a firname of Venus, Who 
had a temple at Rome, where the young 
women uſed to dedicate the toys and chil- 
dith amuſements of their youth, when at. 
rive at nubile years. Varro. 1 

Listk, a fürname of Bacchus, which 
fignifics free. He received this name from 
his delivering ſome cities of Bœotia from 


nophon. Hijt. Gra. | ſlavery, or according to others, becaule 


wine, of wlich kc was the patron, delivered 
manKkul 


over 
eitize 
of the 
and u 
Lt 
famoy 
floriſh 
tian ＋ 


Li 


unt 


1 — 


rab, 8. 


ns of 


neſus, 
e. 31s 


made 
Dema- 
. Leo- 


aturally 
)tuouſly 
Julian, 
hip and 
of the 
he em- 
ned the 
'tinence, 
his fel- 
e empe- 
by the 
| Exprel- 
on ot E 
1d aboit 
' diſcover 
ſtile, and 
e loſs of 
ut a dif 
rom Ho- 
85 to the 
greateſt 
7 rejebed 
vas mate 
tune and 
1e of Iu 
dition dt 
Arts, fol. 
liſhed by 
en edited 


of Syn 


nus, Who 
he youſs 
and chil- 
when at- 


us, which 
ame from 
.otia from 

becauſe 
dclivercd 


mankil 


L I 


mankind from their cares, and made them 
ſneak with freedom and unconcern. The 
word is often uſed for wine itſelf. Senec. 
de trang- anim. 

LisERA, a goddeſs, the fame as Profer- 
pine. Cic in Ver. 4, c. 48. A name 
given to Ariadne by Bacchus, or Liber, 
when he had married her, Ovid. Faſt. 3, 


v. 513. 

Frskazria, feſtivals yearly celebrated 
in honor of Bacchus the 17th of March. 
Slaves were then permitted to ſpeak with 
freedom, and every thing bore the appear- | 
ance of independence. They are much the 
ſame as the Dionyha of the Greeks. Varrs. 

LiBERTAS, a goddeſs of Rome, who had | 
a temple on mount Aventine, raiſed by T. | 
Gracchus. She was repreſented as a wo- | 
man in a light dreſs, holding a rod in one 
hand, and a cap in the other, both ſigns of 
independence, as the former was uſed by | 
the magiſtrates in the manumiſſion of ſlaves, | 
and the latter was worn by ſlaves, who were 
ſoon to be ſet at liberty. Sometimes a cat 
was placed at her feet, as this animal is 
very fond of liberty, and impatient when 
confined. Liv. 24, c. 16. |. 25, c. 7.— | 


| 
| 


[1 
' 


1 


Lißu RNA, a town of Dalmatia, 

LI BVENIA, now Croatia, a country of 
Illyricum, between Iftria and Dalmatia, 
whence a colony cameto ſettle in Apulia in 
Italy. There were at Rome a numberof men 
whom the magiſtrates employed as public 
heralds, who were called Lilurni, probably 
from being originally of Liburnian extrac- 
tion. Some ſhips of a light confirution 


but with ſtrong beaks were alſo called Li- 


burnian. Propert. 2, el. 11, v. 44.—Tuv. 4, 
v. 75.— Martial. 1, ep. 50, v. 33.—Herat, 
I, od, 37s V. 30. F ped. I, V. 1. Lucan. 3, 
v. 534.— Fin. 6, ep. 16.— Mela. 2, c. 3. 
—Strab, 7. 

Lizuknitpes, an ifland on the coaſt of 
Liburnia, in the Adriatic. Szrab, 5. 

LikURN UNd MARE, the ſea which bor- 
ders on the coaſts of Liburnia. 

LisURNUS, a mountain of Campania. 

LIS YA, a daughter of Epaphus and Caſ- 
ſiopca, who became mother of Agenor and 
Belus by Neptune. Aps/led. 2, c. 1. 1. 3, 
c. I, —Pauf. A name given to 


\ A 1, 44- 
Africa one of the three grand divifions of 
the ancient globe. Libya, properly ſpeak- 
ing, is only a part of Africa, bounded on 


Ovid. Trift. 3, el. t, v. 72.—Plut. in Grac, | the eaſt by Mgypt, and on the weſt by that 


Dio. Caf. 44. 

LiskruRA, a fountain of Magneſia in | 
Theſſaly or of Bœotia according to ſome, 
ſacred to the Muſes, who from thence are 
called Libethrides, FVirg, Ecl. 7, v. 21.— 
Plin. 4, c. 9.—Mela. 2, c. 3.—Strab. 9 
+ Wd 

LiBETHRIDES, a name given to the 


part called by the moderns the kingdom of 
Tripoli. The ancients, according to ſome 
traditions, mentioned by Herodotus, and 
others, ſailed round Africa, by ſteering 
weſtward from the Red Seca, and entered the 
Mediterranean by the columns of Hercules, 
after a perilous navigation of three years. 
From the word Libya, are derived the epi- 


Muſes from the fountain Libethra, or from | thets of Libys, Libyſſa, Libyfis, Libyſtis, 


mount Libethrus in Thrace. 
Lisicr, LIBE, or LIBRI, a people 


of Gaul who paſſed into Italy, A. U. C. 
364.—Liv. 5, c. 35. l. 21, c. 38.—Plin. 3, | 


c. 17,—Polyb. 2. 

LiBiTINA, a goddeſs at Rome who pre- 
ſided over funerals. According to ſome, the | 
is the ſame as Venus, or rather Proſerpine. 


Servius Tullius firſt raiſed her a temple at 
Rome, where every thing neceſſary for fu- 
nerals was expoſed to ſale, and where the 
reziſters of the dead were uſually kept. 
Dionyſ. Hal. 4.— Liv. 40, c. 19.—Val. Max, 
55 c. 2,—Plut. Queſt. Rom. 

Liso, a friend of Pompey, who watched 
over the fleet, &c. Plut.— A Roman 
citizen, & c. Horat. x, ep. 19. A friend 
of the firſt triumvirate, who killed himſelf 
ad was condemned after death, 

LizoNn, a Greek architect who built the 
famous temple of Jupiter Olympius. He 
forihed about 450 years before the Chriſ- 
tian era. 

LisorH Nicks, the inhabitants of the 
country near Cartkage, 


Libycus, Libyſticus, Libyſlinus, Libyſtæus. 
Firg. An. 4, v. 106 l. 5, v. 37.—Lucan, 
4.— Salut. Sc. 

LiBYcuM MARF, that part of the Medi- 
terranean Which lies on the coaſt of Cyrene. 
Strab. 2. 

Lis vcus & LypisT1s. d Lybia,) 

Li vs, a ſailor, &c. Ovid. Met. 3. 

LIE VSSsA, a river of Bithynia, with a 
town of the ſame name, where was the 
tomb of Annibal ſtill extant in the age of 
Pliny. 

L1iCcaTEs, a people of Vindelicia, 

Licna, a city near Lycia. | 

Licu Ap, ſmall iilands near Cæneum, 
a promontory of Eubœa, called from Li- 
chas. Vid. Lichas, Orwid. Met. 9, v. 155, 
218.—Strab. g. 

Lichas, a ſervant of Herculeswho brought 
him the poiſoned tunic from Dejanira. He 
was thrown by his maſter into the ſea with 
great viglence, and changed into a rock in 
the Eubœan ſea, by the compaſſion of the 
gods, Ovid, Met. 9, v. 211. 

LiCHEsS, an Arcadian, who found the 


Ee 4 


bene 


— - - — — 
3 —— 
— => — 
— by. > 
_— oo. k — 
— OP  . OR eo" eo 


> — 
* - * * = — 
, W a , 


> 8 4 — 


2 * 3 4 2 * 2 A beds 


. 


— . 8 5 
＋ - 


— — — 


— — — 


— —ũ—ä—ä— ee 


— 'à a. 


1 


bones of Oreſtes buried at Tegea, &c. He- 
rculdt. 

LicIvIATLxx, was enacted by L. Licinius 
Craſſus, and Q. Mutius, conſuis, A. U. C. 
657. It ordered all the inhabitants of Italy 
to be enrulled on the liſt of citizens in 
their reſpective cities. Another by C. 
Licinius Craſſus the tribune, A. U. C 608. 
It transferred the right of chuſing prieſts 
from the college to the people, It was pro- 

ſed but did not paſs. Another by C. 
Leinius Stolo the tribune, It forbad any 
perſon to poſſeſs 500 acres of land, or Keep 
more than 1009 head of large catth, or Foo 
of ſmall. Another by b. Licinus Varus, 
A. U. C. 545, to ſctile the day for the 
celebration of the Lud: .{p{linares, which 
was before wceitaimn., Another by F 
Licinius Ccaſſus Dives, B C. ig. It was the 
ſame as the Fannian law, 214 fartherrequirec 
that nu morc than 30 s ſhould be ſpent 
at any table on the calends, nones, or nun- 
dinz, and only three pounds of freſh anc 
one of ſalt meat, on ordinary days, Nonc 
of the fruits of the earth were forbidden, 

Another de ſodalitiis, by M. Licinius 
the conſul 690. It impoſed a ſevere penalty 

on party clubs, or ſocieties aſſembled or 
frequented for election purpoſes, as coming 

under the definition of amvitui, and of of- 
fering violence in ſome degree to the free- 
dom and independence of the people. 
Another called alſo Abutia, by Licinns 
and Abutius the tribunes. It cricted, 
that when any law was preferted witli re- 
ſpe& to any ofhce or power, the perion who 
propoſed the bill, as well as his colicagues 
in office, his friends and relations ſhould b. 
declared incapable of *Leiag inveſted with 
the ſaid office or power. 

Lrctw1a, the wife of C. Gracchus, Who 
attcmpted to diſſunde ber huſt, aud from his 
ſeditious meaſures by a pathetic ſpeech. 
She was deprived of her dowry aftcr the 
death of Caius. A veſtal virgin accuſcc 
of incontinence, but acquitted, A U. C 
636. Another veal, put to death for 
her laſciviouſneſs under Trajan. The 
wife of Mecænas diſtinguiſhed for conjuga! 
tenderneſs, She was ter to Proculeius, 
and borc alſo the name of Lerentia. Herat; 
2, od 12, v. 13. 

C. Liciwivs, a tribune of the people 
celebrated for the conſequence of tis family, 
Fr his in rigues and abilities. He was a 
plebeian, and was the fist of that body who 
was railed to the office ot a maſter of horſe 
to the dictator. He was firnamed Stele, or 

! wſelrſs ſprout, on account of the law, which, 
| he had enacted during h tribuncſhip. [V. 

vr Licinia lex by Stole. ] He afterwards made 
Þ a la v which permitted thc plebeians to ſhare 
| the conlylar dignity with the particians, 


— , 
— "os. . ˙ — —— oos 4 — 
od * 2 2 — 2 
8 - ; oO = 2 — 


33 
A. U. C. 388. He reaped the benefits of this 


law, and was one of the firſt plebe ian conſuls, 
This law was propoſed and paſſed by Licini. 
us, as it is reported, at the inſtigation of his 
:mbitious wife, who was jealous of her ſiſter 
who had married a patrician, and H ſeemed 
to be of a higher dignity in being the wife 
of a conſul. Liv. 6, c. 34.— Pt.. 
Calvus, a celebrated orator and poet in the 
age of Cicero. He diſtinguiſhed himſelt by 
nis eloquence in the forum, and his poetry, 
which ſome of the ancients have compared 
to Catullus. His orations are greatly com- 
mended by Quintihan. Some believe that 
1e wrote annals quoted by Dionyſus of Ha- 
Iicarnaſſus. He died in the 3oth year of 
his age. Quintil,—(ic. in Brut. $1.—. 
Macer, a Roman acruſed by Cicero when 
pretor. He: derided the power of his 
accuſer, but n he ſaw himſelf condemned 
ne grew {o deſperate that he killed himſelf, 
Plut. P. Craflus a Roman ſent againſt 
Perſeus king of Macedonia. He was at firſt 
deteated, but afterwards repaired his loſſes 
and obtained a complete victory, &c.— 
A conſul ſent agaiaft Annibal. Another 
Wo defcarcd the robbers that infeſted the 


Alps. A ingh prieſt. A conſul, &c, 
Lucullus. Vid. Lucullus. Craſ- 
ſus. Vid. Craſſus. Mucianus, a Ro- 


man who wrote about the hiſtory and 
geography of the caſtern countries, often 
quoted by Pliny. He lived in the reign of 
ſpaſian. P. Tegula, a comic poet of 
Rome about 200 years before Chriſt. He 
is ranked as the fourth of the beft comic 
poets which Rome produced. Few lines 
of his compoſitions are extant. He waiote 
an ode which was ſung all over the city of 
Rome by nine virgins during the Macedonian 
war. Liv. 31, c. 12.—Varro Murzna, 3 
brother of Proculcius, who conſpired againſt 
Auguſtus with Fannius Cæpio and ſutfered 
for his crime. Horace addieſſed his 2 od. 10, 
o him and recommended cquanimity in 
every ſituation. Dis. 54 C. Flaviu 
Valeriauus a cclebrated Roman emperc. 
His father was a poor peaſant of Dalmatia, 
and himſelf a common ſoldier in the Roman 
armies. His valor recommended him to the 
notice of Galerius Maximianus, who had 
once ſhared with him the inferior and ſub- 
ordinate offices of the army, and had late- 
ly been inveſted with the imperial purpie 
by Diocletian. Galcrius loved him for his 
friendly ſervices, particularly during the 
Per ſian war, and he ſhowed his regard for 
his merit by taking him as a colleague in 
the empire, and appointing him over the 
province of Pannonia and Rhætia. Conſtan- 
tine, who was alſo one of the emperors, 
courted the favor of Licinius, and made his 
intimacy more durable by giving * * 

iter 


Aſter 
The 
cular] 
pride, 
greatr 
ſecuti. 
Conſt; 
and I 
two b 
near / 
made 
the ret 
them; 
battle 
tune a. 
querec 
the co 
to ref; 
of Cor 
huſbar 
bulent 
hands, 
gled at 
was u 
licent ic 
conſpic 
enemy 
procvec 
the ruf 
Conſta 
in ho 
ſcarce 
his fath 
ot Con 
Lic! 
zuſtus, 
Cignity 
td Pon 
Lic 
brother 
his old 
aways 
fon of 
to his d 
fortuna! 


be toil, 
Was par 
3 
by ene 
eren 
Ua 
orm, 
Warc. 9 
2 | 
Ligs 
Lis 


j ir 2 1 ” 


f this 
nſuls, 
ieini. 
of his 
ſiſter 
emed 
wife 
— . 
in the 
elt by 
vetry, 
pared 
com- 
e that 
of Ha- 
ear of 
— 
when 
F his 
emned 
imſelf. 
againſt 
at firſt 
s loſſes 


| comic 
W lines 
c wrote 
> City of 
edonian 
rena, 2 
| againſt 
ſutfered 
> od. 10, 
mity in 
Flaviu 
mperoi. 
1lmatia, 
Roman 
m to the 
ho had 
nd ſub- 
ad late- 
| purple 
for his 
ing the 
gard for 
ague in 
over the 
oniftane 
nperors, 
nade his 
him bis 
ſiſtet 


e md 


L I 


iter Conſtantia in marriage, A. D. 313. 
The continual ſucceſſes of Licinius, parti- 
cularly againſt Maximinus, encreated his 

ride, and rendered him jealous of the 
greatneſs of his brother-in-law, The per- 
ſecutions of the Chriſtians, whoſe doctrines 
Conſtantine followed, ſoon cauſed a rupture, 
and Licinius had the mortification to loſe 
two battles, one in Pannonia, and the other 
near Adrianopolis. Treaties of peace were 
made between the contending powers, but 
the reſtleſs ambition of Licinius ſoon broke 
them; after many enzagements a decifive 
battle was fought near Chalcedonia. IIl- for- 
tune again atrended Licinius, he was con- 
quered, and fled to Nicomecia, where ſoon 
the conquetor obliged him to ſurrender, and 
to rehgn the imperial purple. The tears 
of Conſtantia obtained forgiveneſs for her 
huſband, yet Conſtantine knew what tur- 
bulent and active enemy had fallen into his 
hands, therefore he ordered him to be ſtran- 
gled at Theffalonica A. D. 324. His family 
was involved in his rum. The avarice, 
licentiouſneſs and cruelty of Licinius, arc as 
conſpicuous as his misforiunes. He was an 
enemy ti learning, and this averſion totally 
proc-eded from his ignorance of letters, and 
the ruiticity of his eclucation. His fun by 
Conftantia bore allo the ſame name. He 
ww; honored with the title of Cæſar, when 
ſcarce 20 months old. He was involved in 
lus father's ruin, and put to death by orde: 
ot Conſtantine. 

Liciwus, a barber and freedman of Au- 
guſtus, raiſed by his maſter to the rank and 
cignity of a ſenator, merely becauſe he hat- 
ed Pompey's family. Horat. Art. P. 301. 

LicyMN1Us, a fon of Electryon and 
brother of Alcmena. He was ſo infirm in 
his old age, that when he walked he was 
aways ſupported by a ſlave. Triptolemus, 
ſon of Hercules, ſeeing the ſlave inattentive 
to his duty threw a ſtick at him, which un- 
fortunately killed Licymnius. The mur- 
deer fled to Rhodes. Apollo. 2, c. 7.— 
Did. 5. — Homer, I. 2.—Pind. Olymp. 7. 

Live, a mountain of Caria, Herod. 1, 


Q. Licarivs, a Roman pro-conſul of 
Aſrica, after Conhdius. In the civil wars 
be followed the intcreſt of Pompey, and 
ws pardoned when Cæſar bad conquered 
ty enemies. Ceſar, however, and his 
Werents were determined upon the rum 
C& Lyarius; but Cicero, by an eloquent 
n, fill extant, defeated his accuſers 
and te was pardoned. He became atter- 
Ward, one of Cezſar's murderers. Cic. pro 
ig —Plut. in CA ſur. 


Licea, one of the Nereides. Hrg. G. 4. 


tg. in. 10, v. 370. 


LioEx, a Rutulian killed by Aneas. 


L I 


Lioxxor Ltokxis, now La Loire, a 
arge river of Gaul falling into the ocean. 
crab. 4.—Plin. 4, c. 18.—Cæſ. G. 7, 
c. 55 & 75, 

Lic6Ras, an officer of Antiochus king 
of Syria, who took the town of Sardis by 
ſtratagem, &c. 

LicUREs, the inhabitants of Liguria. 
Vid. Liguria, 

L1ctuR1a, a country at the weſt of Ita- 
ly, bounded on the eaſt by the river Macra, 
vn the ſouth by part of the Mediterranean 
called the Liguſtic ſea, on the weſt by the 
Varus, and on the noith by the Po. The 
commercial town of Genoa was anciently 
and is now the capital, of the country. 
The origin of the inhabitants is not known. 
According to ſome they were deſcended 
from the ancient Gauls or Germans, or, as 
others ſupport, they were of Greek origin, 
perhaps the poſterity of the Ligyes men- 
tioned by Herodotus. Liguria was ſubdued 
by the Romans, and its chief harbour now 
bears the name of Leghorn, Lucan. 1, 
v. 442.—Mela. 2, c. 1.—Strab. 4, &c.— 


Facit. ttt. 2, c. 15.—Plin. 2, c. 5, &c. 
—Liv. 5, c. 35. J. 22, c. 33. I. 39, c. 6, 


& c -C. Nep. in Ann. — Flor. 2, c. 8. 
LiovRINUs, a poet. Martial. 3, ep. 50. 


4, Od. I, v. 33. 

Licus, a woman who inhabited the 
Alps. She conccaled her ſon from the 
purſuit of Otho's ſoldiers, &c. Tacit. Hi. 
1 
LI OVSAI e Ars, a part of the Alps 
which borders on Liguria, ſometimes called 
Maritimi, 

LicusTicuM Maxx, the north part of 
the Tyrrhene fea, now the gulf of Genoa. 
Nin. 2, c. 47. 

Lis vs, a people of Aſia who inhabited 
the country between Caucaſus and the river 
Plaus. Some ſuppole them to be a colony 
of the Ligyes of Europe, more commonly 
called Ligures. Herodot. 7, c. 72. 

LicyRGuM, a mountain of Arcadia. 

LILA, a town of Achaia near the Ce- 
philus. Sat. Te“. 7, v. 348. 


LiLFV EAV, now Bocs, a promontory of 


Sicily, with a town of the ſame name near 
the ZEgates now Marſalla. The town was 
itrong and very confiderable, and it maintain- 
ed long ſieges againit the Carthaginians, Ro- 
mans, &c. particularly one of ten years againſt 
Rome in the hrit Punic war. It had a port 
large and Capacious, which the Romans, in 
the wars with Carthage, endeavourcd in vain 
to flop and fill up with ſtones, on account 
of its convenience and vicinity to the coaſt 
of Africa. Nothing now remains of this 
once powerful city but the ruins of temples 


| ny aqueducts. Vg. Ar. 3, v. 706.— 


Mela. 


A beautiful youth in the age of Horace, 


U WB ———— p — q 


2 ; * = 
— — - 6? — D—ͤ— . 


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— 
. 1 
ts. 


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ata on — — „„ N 


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1 I 


Mela. 2, c. 7.—Strab. 6.-Cic. in Verr. 5. 
(of. de bell. Afric.— Diod. 22. 

Linea, a river of Luſitania. Sa. 3. 

L1iMENIA, a town of Cyprus. Id. 14. 

LinNxz, a fortified place on the borders 
of Laconia and Meſſenia. Par, A 
town of the Thracian Cherſoneſus. 

LiMnAxuUM, a temple of Diana at 
Etranz. 

LimMNATIDIA, a feſtival in honor of 
Diana; ſirnamed Limnatirt, from Limnæ, 
a ſchool of exerciſe at Trœzene, where ſhe 
was worſhipped, or from A:pya:y pord:, be- 
cauſe ſhe preſided over hſhermen. | 

Liu NdIAcx, the daughter of the Ganges, 
mother of Atys. Ovid, Met. 5, v. 45. 

Limxoxta, one of the Nercides. Homey, 
JJ. 18. 

L1Mox, a place of Campania between 
Neapolis and Putcoli. Srat. 3. SV. 1. 

LimoxuM, a town of Gaul, afterwards 
Pictavi, Poitiers. Ca. G. 8, c. 26. 

LrwYRA, a town of Lycia at the mouth 
of the Limyrus. Owuid, Met. 9, v. 645. 
Vil. 2, c. 102. 

L.1ivcas1, a people of Gaul Narbo— 
nenſis. 

LinuUM, a colony of Britain, now 
Lincoln, 

Lixpus, a city at the ſouth-eaſt part of 
Rhode, built by Cercaphus ſon of Sol and 
Cydippe. The Danaides buiit there a tem- 
ple to Minerva, and one ot its colonies 
founded Gela in Sicily. It gave birth to 
Cleobulus, one of the ſeven wiſe men, and 
to Chares and Liches, who were employed 
in making and finiſhing the famous Coloſ— 
ſus of Rhodes. Strab. 14. —Homer. II. 2. 
Mela. 2, c. 7.—Plin. 34. —Heredet. 7, 
c. 153. A grandſon ot Apollo. Cic. de 
Nat. D. 3. 

LixnG6Nnets, now Langres, a people of 
Gallia Belgica, marle tributary to Rome 
by J. Cæſar. They paſſed into Italy, 
where they made ſome ſettlement near the 
Alps, at the head of the Adriatic. Tacit. H. 
4, c. 55. — Martial. II, ep. 57, v. 9.1. 14, 
ep. 159.—Lucan. 1, v. 398.—Cæſ. bell. 
1, . 36, 

LixnTERNA PALUS, a lake of Campa- 
nia. Ital. 7, v. 273. 

LiNTERNUM, a town of Campania 
where Scipio Africanus died and was bu— 
ried: Liv. 34, c. 45.— S.]. 6, v. 654. |. 7, 
v. 278.—Gic. 10. Alt. 13.— id. Met. 
15, v. 713. 

Linus. This name is common to dif- 
ferent perſons whoſe hiſtoay is confuſed, 
who are often taken one tor the other. 
One was ſon of Urania, and Amphimarus 
the ſon of Neptune. Another was ſon of 
Apollo by Plammathe daughter of Croto- 
pus king of Argos. Martial mentions 
him in his 78, cp. 1. 9. The third, fon of 


prevent abortion. Pin. 31, c. 2. 


* | 


Ifmenius, and born at Thebes in Bœotia, 
taught muſic to Hercules, who in a fit of 
anger, ſtruck him on the head with his 
lyre and killed him. He was ſon of Mer. 
cury and Urania, according to Diogenes, 
who mentions ſome of his philoſophical 
compoſitions, in which he aſſerted that the 
world had been created in an inſtant. He 
was killed by Apollo, for preſuming to 
compare himſelf to him. Apollodorus, 
however, and Pauſanias mention that his 
ridicule of Hercules on his awkwardneſs 
in holding the lyre was fatal to him, 
polled. 2, c. 4 —Dieg. 1.—Virg. Ecl. 4, 
—Pauſ. 2, c. 15. |. 9, c. 20. A foun- 
tain in Arcadia, whoſe waters were ſaid to 


L1opts, one of Penclope's ſuitors, killed 
by Ulyſſes. Homer. Od. 22, &c. 
LirAaBA, the large of the Holian 
i\12nds on the coaſt of Sicily, now called the 
Liar. It had a city of the ſame name, 
which according to Diodorus it received from 
T.iparus the fon of Auſon, king of theſe 
Hands, whoſe daughter Cyane was mar- 
red by his ſucceſſor Molus, according to 
Plmy. The inhabitants of this ifland were 
powerful by ſea, and from the great tributes 
which they paid to Dionyſius, the tyrant of 
Syracuſe, they may be called very opulent 
Tac Hand was celebrated for the variety of 
Its f. uits, and its raifins are ſtill in genen 
repute. It had ſome convenient harbours, 
and a fountain whoſe waterswere much fit- 
quented on account of their medicinal poy- 
ers. According to Diodorus, /Eolus reigned 
at Lipara beforc Liparus. Liv. 5, c. 28. 
lin. 3, c. 9.—ltal. 14, v. 57.— in. 
n. 1, v. 56. 1.8, v. 417. Mela. 2, c.) 
—Strab. 6. A town of Etruria. 

LieARis, a river of Cilicia, whoſe wa. 
ters were like oil. Plin. 5, c. 27, —FVims. 
"Nt uy. 

Lirurun, a town of the Aqui, take 
by the Romans. 

Liropokus, one of the Greeks ſette 
in Aſia by Alexander, &c. 

LiauENTIA, now Liwvenza, a river d 
Ciſalpine Gaul, falling into the Adriatic ſea. 
Pn, 3, c. 18. 

Likc&vUs, a fountain near Nemæa. S. 
Theb. 4, v. 711. 

LikiGye, one of the Oceanides, mo- 
ther of Narciſſus by the Cephiſus. 0:4 
Met. 3, v. 311. A fountain of B&vu 1 
on the borders of Theſpis, where Narcil- 
ſus was drowned according to {.me ac- 
counts, 

Lik1s, now Garigliano, a river of Cam- 
pania, which it ſeparates from Latium. It 
falls into the Mediterranean ſea. Mela. 2, 


c. 4. —Horat. 3, od. 17. - Lucan. 2, v. 424 
—— A warrior killed by Camilla, & c. Fe: 


Lu. 11, v. 670. | 
LIN 


nia or 
4. 22. 


1 
—— . 


AEgca 
ca. 
when 


23 0 
LI. 
ſiſted 
C. 71 
As 
LI 
Trœz. 
who C 
by the 
ſtonce 
ſolem 
LI 
Strub 


thre: 
mar 
He 
tie 2 
ted | 
aſlva 
are 
peri; 
Wer 
and, 


Bœotia, 
a fit of 
rich his 
f Mer. 
iogenes, 
ſophical 
that the 
nt. He 
ning to 
lodorus, 
that his 
ardneſs 
o him, 
Ecl. 4 
A foun- 
e ſaid to 


55 killed 
ZFolian 


illed the 
e name, 
ed from 
ot theſe 
s mar- 
ding to 
nd were 
tributes 
tyrant of 
opulent. 
ariety of 

gener 
1arbours, 
ach fits 
12] pow 
s reigned 
. i 
Pin, 
1. 45 c. 


hoſe w- 


Fim. 
i, taken 
s ſetti 


river d 
iatic ſea. 


ea. Stat, 


s, mo- 

04d. 
Bev 1a 
Narcil- 
me d 


f Cam- 
um. It 
Mela. 2, 


v. 424 
c. Fire. 


IN1A 5g 


1 


Leixtas, a town of Theſſaly, Liv. 32, 


2 / * 

©" [1550 a river of Sicily. 

Lissus, now Alſo, a town of Macedo- 
"iz on the confines of Illyricum. Pin. 3, 
c. 22. Liv. 44, c. 10. Lucan. 5, v. 719 
A river of Thrace, falling into the 
Agcan fea, between Thaſos aud Samothra- 
ca, It was dried up by the army of Xerxes, 
when he invaded Greece. Sab. 7.— Herodot 
-, c. 109. 

LisTA, a town of the Sabines, whoſe 
inhabitants are called Liſtini. 

LiTABRUM, now uitraps, a town of 
Spain Tarraconenſis. Liv. 32, c. 14. 
. 35, c. 23. 

Lir Axa, a wood in Gallia Togata. Liv. 
e. £4. 

LiTavicus, one of the dui, who aſ- 
ſiſted Cæſar with 10,000 men. Ca. bel!. 
e. . 

LITERNUM, a town of Campania. 

LiTHOBGLIA, a fcitival celebrated at 
Trezene in honor of Lamia and Auxcha, 
who came from Crete, and were ſacrificed 
by the fury of the ſeditious populace, and 
ſtoned to death. Hence the name of the 
ſolemnity, x. S. Coma, lapidation. 

LitHRUS, a town of Armenia Minor. 
Straub. : 

LiruB1vuM, a town of Liguria. Liv. 32, 
e. 29. 

LiTtYERSASs, the legitimate ſon of Mi- 
das king of Phrygia. He made ſtrangers 
prepare his harveſt, and afterwards put 
them to death. Theocrit. 

Livia Lex, do ſociis, propoſed to make 
all the inhabitants of Italy free citizens of 
Rome. . M Livius Druſus who framed it, 
was found murdered in his houſe before it 
paſled. Another by M. Livius Drutus 
the tribune A. U. C. 662, Which required 
that the judicial power thuuld be lodged 
in the hands of an equal number of knights 
and ſcnators. ; 

Livia Daus1LLA, a celebrated Roman 
lady, daughter of L. Druſus Calidianus, 
She married Tiberius Claudius Nero, by 
whom ſhe had the emperor Tiberius and 
Druſus Germanicus. The attachment ot 
her huſband to the cauſe of Antony was the 

inning of her greatneis. Auguſtus faw 
her as the fled from the danger which 
threatened her huſband, and he reſolved to 
marry her, though ſhe was then pregnant. 
He divorced his wife Scribonia, and, with 
ne approbation of the augurs, he celebra- 
ted his nuptials with Livia. She now took 
advantage of the paſſion of Augultus, in the 
ſhare that ſhe enjoyed of his power and im- 
perial dignity. Her children by Drutus 
were adopted by the cemplying emperor; 


and, that ſhe might make the ſucceſſion of 


L. I 


Livia is accuſed of ſecretly involving in one 
common uin, the heirs and neareſt rela- 
cons of Auguſtus. Her cruelty and ingra- 
titade are ſtill more ſtrongly marked, when 
he is charged with having murdered her 
own huſband, to haſten the elevation of 
Tiberius. If the was anxious for the aggran- 
dizement of her ſon, Tiberius proved un- 
zratetul, and hated a woman to whom he 
owed his life, his elevation, and his greatneſs. 
Livia died in the 86th year of her age, A. D. 
29. Tiberius ſhewed himſelf as wnautitul 
after her death as before, tor he neglected 
her funeral, and expreſsly commanced that 
no honors, either private or public, ſhould be 
paid to her memory. Tacit. mn. 1, c. z. 
—Suet. in Aug. & Tib.— Dion. C4. 
Another { Vid. Drufil/a.] Another called 
Horeſtilla, &c. She was debauched | by 
Galba, as ſhe was going to marry Pito. 
duct. in Gal. 25 —— Another, called al 
Occ llina. She was Galba's ſtepmother, and 
committed adultery with him. II. 76, 3. 
Livixtivs, a friend of Pompcy, &c. 
Tacit. nn. 3, c. 11, Sc. 
LiviLLAa, a daugliter of Druſus. 
ſiſter of Caligula, Sc. Vid. Juli. 
Livius ANDRONICUS, a dramatic poet 
who floriſhed at Rome. about 240 years 
before the Chriſtian cra. He was the frit 
who turned the perſonal fityres and feſcen-— 
nine verſes, ſo long the admiration of the 
Romans, into the form of a proper dialogue 
and regular play. Though the character or 
a player, ſo valued and applauded in Greece, 
was reckoned vile and delpicable among 
the Romans, Andronicus acted a part in 
his dramatical compoſitions and engaged 
the attention of lus audience, by repcating 
what he had laboriouſly formed after the 
manner of the Greeks. Andronicus was 
the freedman of M. Livius Salinator, whoſe 
children he educated, His poetry was 
grown obſolete in the age of Cicero, whote 
nicery and judgment would not even re- 
commend the reading of it. Some tew of 
his verſes are preſerved in the Corpus Peeta- 
rem. M. Salinator, a Roman conſul 
(cnt againſt the Illyrians. The ſucceis with 


A 


victory which ſome years atter he obtained 
over Aſcrubal, who was paſhng into Itahy 
with a reinforcement for his brother Annibal, 
ſhow how deſerving he was to be at the 
head of the Roman armics. Lv. 
Druſus, a tribune who joined the patricians 
in oppoſing the ambitious views of C. 
Gracchus. Plut. in Grace, An uncle of 
Cato of Utica. Plut. Titus a native of 
Padua, celebrated for his writi:zgs. He 
paſſed che greateſt part of his life at Naples 
and Rome, but more particularly at the 


cou 


her fon Tiberius more eaſy and undiſputed, 


a 
1 

| 
1 
| 
* 


which he finiſhed his campaign, and the. 


L I 


court of Anguſtus, who liberally patronized 


the learned, and encouraged the progreſs of 
literature. Few particulars of his life are 
known, yet his fame was ſo univerſally 
ſpread even in his life time, that an inhabitant 
of Gades traverſed Spain, Gaul, and Italy, 
merely to ſee the man whoſe writings nad 
given him ſuch pleaſure and fativtaction in 
the peruſal. Livy died at Padua, in his 67th 
year, and according to ſume, on that ſame 

ay Rome was alſo deprived of another of 
its brighteſt ornaments by the death of the 
poet Ovid, A. D. 17. It is faid that Livia 
had appointed Livy to be the preceptor to 


young Claudius the brother of Germanicus, | 
but death prevented the hiſtorian from en- 


joying an honor to which he was particular- 


ly entitled by his learning and his univerlal 


knowledge. The name of Livy is rendered 
immortal by his hiſtory of the Roman 
empire. Beſides this he wrote ſome philo- 
ſophical treatiſes and dialogues, with a letter 
addreſſed to his ſon, on the merit of authors, 
wich ought to be read by young men. 
This letter is greatly commended by Quin- 
tilian, who expatiates with great warmth 
on the judgment and candor of the author, 
His Roman hiſtory was comprehended in 
140 books, of which only 35 are extant. It 
began with the foundation of Rome, and 
was continued till the death of Druſus in 
Germany. The merit of this hiſtory is well 
known, and the high rank which Livy 
holds among hiſtorians will never be diſ- 
puted. He is always great, his ſtile is clear 
and inteiligible, labored without atfectation, 
diffuſive without tediouſneſs, and argumen- 
tative without pedantry. In his harangues 
he is bold and animated, and in his narra- 
tions and deſcriptions, he claims a decided 
ſuperiority. He is always elegant, and 
thoug' many have branded his provincial 
words with the nanieof Patavinity, yet the 
exprefions, or rather the orthography of 
words, which in Livy are ſuppoſed to diſ- 
tinguiſh a native of a province of Italy 
from a native of Rome, are not loaded with 
obſcurity, and the perfect claſſic is as 
familiarly acquainted with the one as with 
the other. Livy has been cenſured, and per- 
haps with juitice, for being too credulous, 
and burdening his hiſtory with vulgar no- 
tions and ſuperititious tales. He may dil- 
guſt when he mentions that milk and Llood 
were rained from heaven, or that an ox 
ſpoke, or a woman changed her ſex, yet he 
candidly confeſſe: that be recorded only 
what made an indelible impreſſion upon 
the minds of a creduluus age, His candor 
has alſo been called in queition, and hc has 
ſometimes ſhown himſelf too partial to his 
countrymen, but every where he is an in- 


6 


— — 
— 


— 


- — 


— — — —— — —H 


— _— 


| city of the ſame name. 


—— 


gium. 


— — — ̃ᷓꝓ— —ʒ—ö—f— : — —äz—Ü— 


L O 


de fatigable ſunporter of the cauſe of juſtice 


and virtue. The works of Livy have been 
divided by ſome of the moderns into x 

decades, each conſiſting of en books, The 
firſt decade comprehends the hiſtory of 460 
years. The ſecond decade is loft, and the 
third comprehends the hiſtory of 11+ ſ-cond 
Punic war which includes about 15 years, 
In the fourth decade, Livy treats of the 
wars with Macedonia and Antiochus, 
which contain about 23 years. For the firſt 
kve hooks of the fifth decade, we art in. 
debted to the reſearciies of the moderns. 
They were found at Worms, A. D. 1431. 
Theſe are the books that remain of Livy's 
hiſtory, and the Joſs which the celebated 
work has ſuſtained by the ravages „f time, 
has in ſome meaſure been compentated by 


| the labors of J. Freinſhemius, who with 
great attention and induſtry has made an 


epitome of the Roman hiftory, which is 
now incorporated with the remaining books 
of Livy. The third decade ſeems to be 
luperior to the others, yet the author has 
not ſcrupled to copy from his contempo- 
raries and predeceſfors, and we find many 
paſſages taken word for word from Poly- 
bius, in which the latter has ſhown himſelf 
more informed in military affairs and ſu- 
perior to his imitator. The beft editions of 
Livy will be found to be thoſe of Mait- 
taire, 6 vols, 12vo. London, 1722; of Dra- 
kenborch, 7 vols. 4to. Amſt. 1738, and of 
Ruddiman, 4 vols. 12vo. Edin. 1751.— 
A governor of Tarentum who delivered 
his truſt to Annibal, &c. A high prieſt 
who devoted Decius to the Dii Manes.—— 
A commander of a Roman fleet ſent againſt 
Antiochus in the Helleſpont. 

Lixvs, a river of Mauritania with a 
Antæus had 2 
palace there, and according to ſome accounts 
it was in the neighbourhood that Hercules 
conquered him. Tral. 3, v. 258.—Mela. 3, 
c. 10.—Strab.. 2.— A fon of Ægyptus. 
Apollod. 

Lokox, a native of Argos, who wrote a 
book concerning poets. Dreg. 

Locus, a man who conſpired againſt 
Alexander with Dymaus, &c. Curt. 6, c. 7. 

Locna, a large city of Africa, taken and 
plundered by Scipio's ſoldiers. 

Lockx1as, a promontory and citadel of 
Egypt near Alexandria. 

Locki, a town of Magna Græcia in 
Italy on the Adriatic not far from Rhe- 
It was founded by a Grecian colony 
about 757 years before the Chriſtian era, as 
ſome ſuppoſe. The inhabitants were called 
Lacri or Locrenſei, Virg. Ain. 3, v. 399-— 
Strub. in. Liu. 22, c. 6.1. 23, c. 30. 
A town af Locris in Greece. 


Lockis, 


Lock 
habitants 
Or, F 
of the ( 
their we 
the bay 
miles no 
rated fro 
Phocis © 
« called N 
at the nc 
of Malia 
They rec 
of their 
Cnemis. 
had the 
the cou! 
Opuntii 
chiet city 
bot ders F 
Eubaa,. 
Piol.—/ 
Pau. 
Loc v 
in tavot 1 
and Brit. 
deſtroy : 
executed 
Suet in N 
Loc u 
LoLL 
Who ma 
Caligula, 
Ceath by 
u, c. I, 
LoLL 
claimed 
and toon 
ul, &c. 
M. L. 
C. Cæſa 
was conf 
avaciry 
dreſſed 1 
lacit. 4 
Lo vr 
ed as ſo 
lus Cæſ. 
alled 7 
Wanus c 
preſznitec 
Wnmer 


counts 
ercules 


gy Ptus. 


Wrote 4 


againſt 
6, C. 7+ 
cen and 


adel of 


cia in 
Rhe- 
colony 
era, as 


called 


399.— 
e. 30. 


* C RIS, 


— —— ——A— 


1 0 


Lockis, a country of Greece, whoſe in- 
habitants are known by the name of 
Or, Epicnemidii, and Opuntii. The country 
of the Ozolz, called alſo Ep/zephyrii from 
their weſterly ſituation, was at the north of 
the bay of Corinth and extended above 12 
miles northward. On the welt it was ſepa- 
rated from /Etohia by the Evenus, and it had 
Phocis at the eaſt, The chief city was 
called Naupactus. The Epicnemidii, were 
at the north of the Ozolæ, and had the bay 
of Malia at the eaſt, and (Eta on the north. 
They received their name from the ſituation 
of their reſidence near a mountain called 
Cnemis. They alone of all the Locrians, 
had the privilege of ſending members to 
the council of the Amphictyons. The 
Opuntii who received their name from their 
chief city called Opus, were ſituated on the 
borders of the Euripus, and near Phocis and 
Eubaza. Plin. 3, c. 5.—Strab. 6, &c.— 
Pre. Mela. Liv. 26, c. 26. Il. 25. c. 6. 
—Pauſ. Ach. & Phoc, 

LocUsSTA, a celebrated woman at Rome 
in tavot with Nero. She poitongd Claudius 
and Britanaicus, and at lait attempted to 
defroy Nero himſelf, for which the was 
executed. Tacit, Ann. 12, c. 66, &c.— 
Suet in Ner. 33. 

LocuTtivs. Vd. Aius. 

LoLLta PAULLINA, a beautiful woman 
who married Caius Cæſar, and afterwards 
Caligula, She was divorced and put to 
teath by means of Agrippina. Tacit. Au. 
u, c. I, &&Cc. 

LoLLIANUS Spots, a genetal pro- 
claimed emperor by his foldiers in Gaul 
and {von after murdered, &c. A con- 
ul, &c. 

M. LoLLius, acompanion and tutor of 
C. Cxſar the ſon-in-law of Tiberius. He 
was conſul and offended Auguſtus by his 
rpacity in the provinces. Horace has ad- 
felled two of his epiitles to him, &c. 
lacit, Ann, 3. 

Lo xv NU, the capital of Britain found- 
ed as ſome ſuppoſe between the age of Ju- 
lus Cæſar and Nero. It has been ſeverally 
alled Lon. linium, Lundinum, &c. Am- 
Wanus calls it vetuſtum oppidum. It is re- 
preſented as a conſiderable, opulent, and 
ammercial town, in the age of Nero. 
lit, Ann, 14, c. 33. Ammian. 
LovGARENUS, a man guilty of adultery 
Wi Fauſta, Sylla's daughter. Horat, 1. 
W.2, v. 67. 

WGIMANUS, a firname of Artaxerxes 
fron his having one hand longer than the 
otbe. The Greeks called him Macrockir, 
C, Ny, in Keg. 

oi x us, Dionyſus Caſſius, a celebrate 
& Greek philoſopher and critic of Athens, 

© #3 preceptor of the Greck language, 


L U 


and afterwards miniſter, to Zenobia, the 
famous queen of Palmyra, and his ardent 
zeal and ſpirited activity in her cauſe 
proved, at laſt, fatal to him. When the 
emperor Aurelian entered vietowious the 
gates of Palmyra, Longinus was ſacrificed to 
the fury of the Roman ſoidiers, A. D. 273. 
At the moment of death he thowed himſelf 
great and reſolute, and with a philoſophical 
and unparalleled firmneſs of mind, he 
even repreſſed the tears aud fighs of the 
ſpectators who pitied his miſerable end. 
Longinus rendered his name immorta! by 
his critical remarks on ancient authors, 
His treatiſe on the ſublime, gives the world 
reaſon to lament the oſs of his other valu- 
able compoſitions. The beft editions of this 
author are that of Tollius, to. Traj. ad 
Rhen. 1694, and that of Toup, 8vo. Oxon, 
1778. Caſſius, a t:ibune driven out of 
the ſenate for favoring the intereſt of J. Cæ- 
far. He was made governor of Spain by 
Cæſar, &c. A governor of Judza, 
A pro-conſul. A lawyer whom, though 
blind and reſpected, Nero ordered to be 
put to death, becauſe he had in his poſſeſſion 
a picture of Catius, one of Cæſar's murder- 
ers. Juv. IO, v. 16. 

Lo NOBARUI, a nation of Germany. 
Tacit. de Germ. | 

LoxctLa, a town of Latium on the 
borders of the Volſci. Liv. 2, c. 33 & 39. 
I. 9, c. 39. 

LonGUNTICA, a maritime city of Spain 
Tarraconenſis. Liv. 22, c. 20. 

Lox Gus, a Roman conſul, &c. A 
Greek author who wrote a novel called the 
amours of Daphnis and Chloe. The age in 
which he lived is not preciſely known. The 
beſt editions of this pleaſing writer are that 
of Paris, 4to. 1754, and that of Villoiſon, 
8vo. Paris, 1778. 

Loz v1, a people of Illyricum. 

LokxYMa, a town of Dotis. Liv. 37, 
C39» 

Loris or LoTos, a beautiful nymph, 
daughter of Neptune. Priapus offered her 
violence, and to ſave herſelf from vis im- 
portunities ſhe inyplored the gods, who 
changed her into a tree called Lotus, Ovid, 
Met. Q, V. 348. 

Lororuxdt, a people on the coaſt of 
Africa ncar the Syrtes. They received this 
name irom their living upon the lotus. 
Ulyſſes vihted their country, at his return 
from the Trojan war. Herodot. 4, c. 177. 
Strub. 17. Mela. 1, c. 7. — lin. 5 & 23. 

Lo us or Aovus, a river of Macedonia 
near Apollonia, 

Lua, a goddeſs at Rome, who preſide 
over things which were purified by luſtrations, 
waence the name {a luende }. 

Luca now Lucca, a City of Etruria — 

© 


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the river Auſer. Liv. 21, c. 5. 1. 41, e. 
13.—Cic. 13, fam. 13. | 
LucaGuUus, one of the friends of Turnus 
Killed by Encas. Virg. An. 10, v. 575. 

Ltcini, a people of Italy, deſcended 
from the Samnites, or from the Brutii. 

ELtcavla, a country of Italy between 
the Tyrrhene and Sicilian feas, and hounded 
by Picenum, Pucetia, and the country of 
the Brutii. The country was famous for 
its grapes. Strab 6,—Plin, 3, c. 5,— Me- 
la 2, C.4.—Liv. 8, c. 17. I. 9, c. 20. l. 
10, c. 11.— Horat. 2, ep. 2, v. 178. 

Q. Lucaxivs, a centurion in Czfar's 
army, &c. Cæſar. bell. G. 5. 

Lt AN us, M. AxxN us, a native of 
Cordubain Spain. He was early removed 
to Rome, where his riſing talents and more 
particularly his Javiſhed praiſes and pancgy- 
rics, recommended him to the emperor 
Nero. This intimacy was ſoon produc - 
tive of honor, and Lucan was raiſed to the 
diznity of an augur and quzftor before he 
had attained the proper age. The poet had 
the imprudence to enter the liſts againſt his 
imperial patron ; he choſe for his ſubject 
Ocpheus, and Nero took the tragical ftory 
of Niobe. Lucan obtained an eaſy victory, 
but Nero became jealous of his poetical 
reputation, and reſolved upon revenge. 
The inſults to which Lucan was daily ex- 
Poſed, provoked at jaft his relentment, 
and he joined Piſo in a contpiracy againti 
the emperor. The whole was diſco- 
vered, and the poet had nothing left but 
to chuſe the manner of his execution. He 
bad his veins opened in a warm bath, and 
as he cxpired he pronounced with grea. 
energy the lines which, in his Pharſajia I. 
3, v. 639—642, he bad put into the month 
of a ſoldier, who died in the fame manner 
as himiclf. Some have accuſed him ot pu- 
fGllanimity at the moment of his death, and 
ſay that, to free himſe!t from the puniſhment 
which threatened him, ke accuſed his own 
mother, and involved her in the crime of 
which he was guilty. This circumſtance, 
which throws an indelible blot upon the 

haracter of Lucan, is not mentioned by 
tome writers, who obſerve that he expired 
With all the firmneſs of a philoſopher. He 
cliccl in his 26th year, A. D. 65. Of all 
his compolitions none but his Pharſalia le- 
mains. This poem, which 1s an account 
of the civil wars of Cæ far and Pompey, is 
unfiniſhed. Opinions are various as to the 
merit of his poetry. He poſſeſſes neither 
the fire of Homer, nor the melodious num- 
bers of Virgil. If he had lived to a greater 
age, his judgment and genius would have 
matured, and hc might have claimed a 
more exalted rank among the poets of the 


ly 


are bold and animated, his poetry entertain- 
ing, though his nregularities are numerous, 
and to uſe the words of Quintilian, he is 
more an orator than a poet. He wrote x 
poem upon the burning of Rome, now loſt. 
It is ſaid that his wife Polla Argentaria, 
not only athſted him in the compoſition of 
his poem, but even corrected it after his 
death. Scaliger ſays, that Lucan rather 
barks than ſings. The beſt editions of 
Lucan are thoſe of Oudendorp, 4to. I. 
Bat. 1728, of Bentley, 4to. printed at 
Strawhery-hill, 1760, and of Barbou, 12mo 
Paris, 1767. Quintil. 10.—Suet.—Tacit 
Ann. 15, &c Martial. 7, ep. 20.— 
Ocellus or Ucellus, an antient Pythagorean 
philotopher, whoſe age is unknown. He 
wrote, in the Attic dialect, a book on the 
nature of the univerie which he deemed 
eternal, and from it were drawn the ſy{- 
tems adopted by Ariſtotle, Plato, and Phil: 
Judzus. This work was firſt tranſlate 
into Latin by Nogarola. Another book d 
Ocellus on laws, written in the Doric din. 
lect, was greatly eſteemed by Archytas and 
Plato, a fragment of which has been pre. 
lerved by Stobzus, of which, however, 
Ocellus is diſputed to be the author. Ther 
is an cd\tion of Ocellus, with a learned 
commentary, by C. Emman. V1zzaniuy 
Bononiz, 1646, in 4to. 

LUcARtaorLUCERIAgfeftivals at Romy, 
celebrated in a large grove between tk 
Vun Salaria and the Tiber, where the R. 
mans hid themſelves when beſieged by the 
Gauls. Tacit. Ann. 1, c. 77. 

L. Lucceivs, a celebrated hiſtorian, 
' aſked by Cicero to write a hiſtory of þs 
conſulſhip. He favored the cauſe of Pon- 
pey, but was afterwards pardoned by |. 
Cæſar. Cic. ad Fam. 5, ep. 12, &c. 

Luccervs ALBIivus, a governor dt 
Mauritania after Galba's death, & c. Tat, 
Hiſt. 2, c. 58. | 

LuCtexnTUM, (or ia) a town of Spa 
now Alicant. 

LuUcFrrs, a body of horſe compoſedt 
Roman knights, firſt eſtabliſned by Ro 
lus and Tatius. It received its name eit 
from Lucums, an- Etrurian who aflitted tit 
Romans againſt the Sabines, or from /1%i, 3 
grove where Romulus had erected an aq. 
or a place of refuge for all fugitives, flats 
homicides, &c. that he might people #5 
city. The Luceres were ſome of theſe mem 
and they were incorporated with the legion, 
Propert, 4, el. 1, v. 31. 

Luctria, a town of Apulia, famous 
for wool. Liv. 9, c. 2 & 12. |. 10, c. 35 
—Horat, 3, od. 15, v. 14.—Lucan. 2, , 
473. 
LvczT1vs, a Rutulian, killed by Flv 
neus. Firg, Au. 9, v. 570 


Auguttan age. His expieihons, however | 
7 


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| FE: - | 


Lvc1ANus, a celebrated writer of Sa- 
moſata. His father was poor, in his circum- 
ſtances, and Lucian was early bound to one 
of kis uncles, who was a ſculptor. This 
employment highly diſpleaſed him, he made 
no proficiency in the art, and reſolved to 
ſeek his livelihood hy better means. A 
dream in which Learning ſecmed to draw 
him to her, and tv promiſe fame and im- 
mortality, confirmed his reſolutions, and 


he began to write. The artifices and unfair 
dealings of a lawyer, a life which he had 


embraced, diſguſted him, and he hegan to | 


ſtudy philoſophy and eloquence. He vitit- 
ed different places, and Antioch, Ionia, 
Greece, Italy, Gaul, and more particularly 
Athens, became fſuccefhvely acguainted 
with the depth of his learning and the power 
of his eloquence. Tie emperor M. Aurc- 
lius was ſenſible of his merit, and appointed 
him regiſter to the Roman governor of 
Egypt. He died, A. D. 180, in his goth 
year, and ſome of the moderns have aſ- 
ſerted that he was torn to pieces by dogs for | 
his impiety, particularly for ridicuting the | 
religion of Chriſt. The works of Lucian, | 
which are numerous, and written in the 
Attic dialect, conſiſt partly of dialogues, 
m which he introduces different characters, | 
with much dramatic propriety. His file is | 
eaſy, ſimple, elegant, and animated, and | 
he has ſtored his compoſitions with many 
lively ſentiments, and much of the true 
Attic wit. His frequent obſcenities, and 
his manner of expoſing to ridicule not only 
the religion of his country, but alfy that of 
every nation, have defervedly drawn upon 
him the cenſure of every age, and branded 
him with the appellation of atheiſt and blaſ- 
phemer. He alſo wrote the life of Suſtra- 
tes, a philoſopher of Bœotia, as allo that 
of the philoſopher Demonax. Some have 
alſo attributed to him, with great impropric- 
ty, the life of Apollonius Thyanens. The 


— 


— — — —— —ä—ñ 


beſt editions of Lucan are that of Grævius, 
2 vols. 8vo. Amſt. 1687, and that of Reitzi- | 
LuctirsR, the name of the planet Ve-| 
nus, or morning ſtar. It is called Lucifer, 
when appearing in the morning before tlic 
im; but when it follows it, and appears 
ſome time after its ſetting, it is called He/- 
perus. According to ſome mythologiſts, 
Lucifer was ſon of Jupiter and Aurora. 
A chriſtian writer whoſe work was edited 
ty the Coleti, fol. Venet. 1778. 
LucirERqt FANYM, a town of Spain. 
C. LuciLtivs, a Roman knight born 
at Aurunca. He lived in the greateſt in- 
Umacy with Scipio the firſt Africanus, and 
eren attended him in his war againſt Nu- 
wantia. He is looked upon as the founder 
ot latice, and as the fuſt great fatyrica) 


— — —— 


L U 


| writer among the Romans. He was ſupe- 


rior to his poetical predeceſſors at Rome, 
and though he wrote with great roughneſs 
and inelegance, but with much facility, he 
gained many admirers, whoſe praiſes have 
heen often laviſhed with too liberal a hand, 
Horace compares him to a river which rolls 
upon its waters precious ſand, accompanied 
with mire and dirt. Of the thirty ſatires 
which he wrote, nothing but a few verſes 
remain, He died at Naples, in the 46th year 
of his age, B. C. 103. His fragments have 
been collected and publithed with notes by 
Fr, Douſu, 4to. L. Bat. 1597, and laſtly by 
the Vulpii, &vo. Patav. 1735. Qruint7/, 10, 
e. I.—Gic. de Orat. 2.— Horat. Luci- 


nus, a famous Roman, who fled with Bru- 


tus aſter the battle of Philippi. They were 
ſoon after overtaken by a party of horſe, 
and Lucius ſuffered himſelf to be ſeverely 
wounded by the dart of the, enemy, ex- 
claiming that he was Brutus. He was taken, 
and carried to the conquerors, whoſe cle- 
mency ſpared his life. Plat. A tribune 
who attempted in vain to ele Pompey to 
the dictatorthip. A centurion, &Cc. 
A governor of Afia under Tiberius. 
friend of Tiberius. 

LucritLita, a daughter of M. Aurelius, 
celebrated for the virtues of her youth, her 
beauty, debaucheries, and misfortunes. At 
the age of ſixteen her father ſent her to Syria 
to marry the emperor Verus, who was 
then employed in a war with the Parthians 
and Arm-nians. The conjugal virtues of 
Luciila were great at firſt, but when ſhe 
aw Verus plunge himſelf into debauchery 
and difipation, the followed his example, 
and proftituted herſelf, At her return to 
Rome the ſaw the inceſtuous commerce of 
her huſhand with her mother, &c. and at 
laſt poiſoned kim. She afterwards married 
an old but virtuous ſenator, by order of her 
father, and was not aſhamed ſoon to gratify 
the criminal ſenſualities of her brother Com- 
modus, The coldneſs and indiffererce 
with which Commodus treated her after- 
wards determined her on revenge, and ſhe 
with many . illuſtrious ſenators conſpired 
againſt his life, A. D 185. The plot was 
diſcovered, Lucilla was baniſhed, and ſoon 
after put todeath by her brother, in the 38th 
year of her age. 

Lü ci NA, a goddeſs, daughter of Jupiter 
and Juno, As her mother brought her inte 
the world without pain, ſhe became the 
goddeſs whom women in labor invoked, 
and the preſided over the birth of children. 
Sbe receives this name either from lues, or 
from lux, as Ovid explains it: 


A 


Gratia Lucinæ, dedit hes tibi nomine lucus; 
Aut quia principium tu, Dea, lugis habes. 


Some 


— 


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L U 


Tome ſuppoſe her to be the ſame as Diana 
and Juno, becauſe theſe two goddeſſes were 
alſo ſometimes called Lucina, and prefided 
over the labors of women. Sne 1s called 
Ilithya by the Greeks. She had a famous 
temple at Rome, raiſed A. U. C. 396. 
Varr. de L. L. 4.— Lic. de Nat. D. 2, c. 
27.—0vid. Faſt. 2, v. 449.— erat. Carm. 
Sec. 

Lucius, a Roman ſoldier Killed at the 
fiege of Jeruſalem, by ſaving in his arms 
a man who jumped down from one of the 
walls. "4 6 ger brother of M. Anto- 
ny. [Vid. L. Antonius. ] A Roman 
general, who defeated the Etrurians, &c. 
A relation of J. Cæſar. A Roman 
ambaſſador, murdered by the Iliyrians. 
A conſul, &c. A writer, called by 
ſome Saturantius Apulcius, He was born 
in Africa, on the borders of Numidia. He 
ſtudied poetry, muſic, geometry, & at 
Athens, and warmly embraced the tenets 
of the Platonifts. He cultivated magic, 
and ſome miracles are attributed to his 
knowledge of enchantments. He wrote in 
Greek and Latin, with great eaſe and ſim- 
plicity ; his ſtile, however, is ſometimes 
affected, though his eloquence was greatly 
celebrated in his age. Some fragments of 
his compoſitions are ſtill extant. He flo- 
riſhed in the reign of M. Aurelius. A 
brother of Vitellius, &c.-—A ſon of 
Agrippa adopted by Auguſtus. A man 
put to death for his incontinence, &c. 
The word Lucius is a prænomen common 
to many Romans, of whom an account is 
given under their family names 

Lückfria, # celebrated Roman lady, 
daughter of Lucretius, and wife of Tarqui- 
nius Collatinus. Her accompliſhments 
proved fatal to her, and the praiſes which 
a number of young nobles at Ardea, among 
whom were Collatinus and the ſons of Tar- 
quin, beſtowed upon the domeſtic virtues of 
their wives at home, was productive of a 
revolution 11 the ſtate, While every one 
was warm witn the idea, it was univerſally 
agreed to leave the camp and to go to Rome, 
to alcertain the veracity or their reſpective 
aſſertions. Collatinus had tae pleaſure to 


ſee his expectations fulfilled in the higheſt. 


degree, and, while the wives of the other 
Romans were involyed in the riot and diſſi- 
ation of a jeaſt, Lucretia was found at 
8 employed in the midſt of her female 
ſervants, an! eaſing their labor by ſharing 
it herſelf. The beauty and innocence of 
Lucretia inflamed the paſſion of Sextus, the 
ſon of Tarquin, who was a witneſs of her 
virtues and induſtry, He cherithed his 
flame, and he ſecretly retired from the 
camp, and came to the houſe of Lucretia, 
where he met with a kind reception. He 


1 


ſhowed himſelf unworthy of ſuch a twat, 


ment, and, in the dead of night, he intro. _ 
duced himſelf to Lucretia, who refuſed to hette 
his intreaties what her fear of ſhame granted have 
to his threats. She yielded to her raviſher lived 
when he threatened to murder her, and Ne beft 
ſlay one of her ſlaves, and put him in her Cree 
hed, that this apparent adultery might ſeem camp 
to have met with the puniſhment it ge. that « 
ſerved. Lucretia, in the morning, ſent for 2, e. 
her huſband and her father, and, after ſhe Quin! 
had revealed to them the indignities the had becau 
iufercd from the ſon of Tarquin, and en. which 
treated them to avenge her wrongs, ſhe ſeeme 
ſtabbed herſelf with a dagger which ſhe had Ce. t 
previouſly concealed under ber cloaths, Veſpil 
This fatal blow was the gn of rebellion, cretia, 
The bony of the virtuous Lucretia was ex. after t 
poicd to the eyes of the icnate, and the died | 
violence and barbarity of Sextus, joined ef hir 
with the unpopularity and oppreſſion of his — 
tatner, fo irritated the Roman populace, —0 
that that moment they expelled the Tarquing becauſ 
for ever from Rome. Brutus, who wa; withou 
preſent at the tragical death of Lucretia, Lr 
Kindled the flames of rebellion, and the Lvc 
republican or conſular government wa eppoſit 
eſtabliſhed at Rome A. U. C. 244. Ly, made 
I, c. 57, E&c.—Dionyſ Hal. 4, c. 15. Italy v 
Ovid, Faſt. 2, v. 741.—Val. Max. 6, c. 1, with ex 
— Put. Tune wife of Numa. Put. guſtus | 
LUcRkETILIs, now Libretti, a mountait famed 
in the country of the Sabines, hanging ove Julius 
a pleaſant valley, near which the houle and peared 
farm of Horace were fituate. Horat. 1, 4 in a vio! 
17, v. I.—Cic. 7, Att. 11. (pot a n 
T. Lücxzrius CARus, a celebrated and abe 
Roman poet and philoſopher, who wa the mic 
early ſent to Athens, where he ſtudied u- b,—\M: 
der Zeno and Phadrus. The renets d C. L 
Epicurus and Empedocles, which then pre Conſul | 
vailed at Athens, were warmly embraced league } 
by Lucretius, and when united with th: Cimbric, 
infinite of Anaximander, and the atomsd well as 
Democritus, they were explained and e- lulthip, 
cidated in a poem, in fix books, which! convinc 
called De rerum naturd. In this poem bt litory! 
matterly genius and unaffected elegance d F. 
the poet are every where conſpicuous ; but Man cor 
the opinions of the philoſopher are jultly dun fle: 
cenſured, who gives no exiſtence of power Lec 
to a Supreme Being, but is the devoted ad- tie Gree 
vocate of atheiſm and impiety. This com- dhaved 
poſition, which has little claim to be called 10 his pr 
a heroic poem, was written and finithed Lucy 
while the poet labored under a vi#lent de- ſituate n 
lirium, occaſioned by a philtre, which tne Gol 
jealouſy of his miſtreſs or his wife Lucilia Miſcny, 
had adminiſtered, It is ſaid that he deſ- Ann. 6 
troyed himſelf in the 44th year of his age, Loc 
about 54 years before Chritt, Cicero, after ceſehrate 
his death, reviſed and corrected his poems, for his f 
which had been partly written in the lucid Ing 


intervals 


a treat. 
ie intro. 
fuſed to 
granted 
aviſher, 
and to 
in her 
ght ſeem 
t it de- 
ſent for 
after ſhe 
s the had 
and en- 
Ngs, ſhe 
1 ſhe had 
cloaths, 
rebellion, 
| WAS ex- 
and the 
„ Joined 
on of his 
populace, 
Tarquing 
who was 
Lucretia, 
and the 
ident Way 
4. Lu. 
e. 15. 
e. 6, c. l. 
Plut. 
mountan 
ging ove 
houle and 
rat, 1, 6, 


celebrated 
who wi 
udied un- 
renets > 
then pre- 
embraced 
with tht 
Cc atoms d 
i and eb 
„ whicts 
poem it 
legance & 
uous; but 
are jultly 
> of power 
voted ad- 
This com- 
o be called 
d finithed 
viglene de- 
which tne 
ife Lucilia 
ar he det- 
»f his age, 
icero, atrer 
his poems, 
n the 1ycid 
intervals 


L 0 


Intervals of reaſon and of ſenſe, Lucretius, 
whoſe poem ſhows that he wrote Latin 
bettet than any other man ever did, would 
have proved no mean rival to Virgil, had he 
livedin the poliſhed age of Auguſtus. The 
beft editions of his works are that of 
Creech, $vo. Oxon. 1695 ; that of Haver- 
camp, 2 vols. 4to, Lug. Bat. 1725; and 
that of Glaſgow, 12mo. 1759. Paterc. 
2, c. 36, —Quintil. 3, c. t. I. 10, c. 1. 
Quintus, a Roman, who killed himſelf 
becauſe the inhabitants of Sulmo, over 
which he was appointed with a garriſon, 
ſeemed to favor the cauſe of J. Cæſar. 
Ceſ. bell. Civ. 1, c. 18. He is alfo called 
Veſpillo. Sp. Tricipitmus, father of Lu- 
cretia, wife of Collatinus, was made conſu] 
after thg death of Brutus, and ſoon after 
died himſelf. Horatius Pulvillus ſucceed- 
ed him. Liv. 1, c. 58.— Put. in Pub. 
— An inter-rex at Rome. A conſul. 
—— Ofclla, a Roman, put to death by Sylla 
becauſe he had applied for the conſulſhip 
without his permiſſion. Plut. 

LYckINUM, a town of Apulia. 

Lückixvus, a ſmall lake of Campania, 
eppoſite Puteoli. Some believed that it was 
made by Hercules when he paſſcd through 
Italy with the bulls of Geryon. It abounded 
with excellent oyſters, and was united by Au- 
guſtus to the Avernus, and a communication 
ſumed with the ſea, near a harbour called 
Julius Portus. The Lucrine lake diſap- 
peared on the zoth of September, 1538, 
in a violent earthquake, which raiſed on the 
ſpot a mountain 4 miles in circumference, 
and about xo00 fcer high, with a crater in 
the middle. Cic. 4. Att. 10.—Strab. 5 & 
6b,— Mela. 2, C. 4. Horat. 2, od, 15. 

C. Lucr Artus CaTULUs, a Roman, 
coaſul with Marius. He aſſiſted his col- 
league in conquering the Cimbrians. [Vid 
Cnbricum bellum.] He was eloquent as 
well as valiant, and his hiſtory of his con- 
Whip, which he wrote with great veracity, 
Onvinces'us of his literary talents. That 
liſtory is loſt, Cic. de orat.— Varro de L. 
Fler. 2, &. 2.——C. Catulus, a Ro- 
Man contul, who deſtroyed the Carthagi- 
dan fleet, Vid. Catulus. 

LUCULLEA, a feſtival eſtabliſhed by 
fe Greeks in honor of Lucullus, who had 
*aved with great prudence and propriety 
lis province. Put. in Luc. 

LycuLLtnorTtl, gardens of Lucullus 
te near Neapolis, & c. Tacit. Anni, 
. illa, a country ſeat near mount 

lens, where Tiberius died. Tactr. 
*. 65 C. 50. 
LveutL ns, Lucius Licinius, a Roman 
Clebrated for his fondneſs of luxury and 
or his military talents. He was born a- 

«e115 years befoe the chriſtian era, and 


L U 
ſoon diſtinguiſhed himſelf by his proficien · 
cy in the liberal arts, particularly eloquence 
and philoſophy. His firſt military cam- 
paign was in the Marſian war, where his 
valor and cool intrepidity recommended him 
to public notice, His mildneſs and con- 
ſtancy gained him the admiration and con- 
tidence of Sylla, and from this connection 
he derived honor, and during his quzſtor- 
ſhip in Afia, and pretorſhip in Africa, ke 
rendered himſelf more conſpicuous by his 
juſtice, moderation, and humanity, He 
was raiſed to the conſulſhip A. U. C. 678, 
and entruſted with the care of the Mithri- 
datic war, and firſt diſplayed his military 
talents in reſcuing his colleague Cotta, 
whom the enemy had beheged in Chaſce- 


donia. This was ſoon, followed by a cele- 


brated victory over the forces of Mithri- 
dates, on the borders of the Granicus, and 
by the conqueſt of all Bitbhynia. His vic- 
tories by tea were as great as thoſe by Jand, 
and Mithridates loſt a powerful fleet near 
Lemnos. Such conſiderable loſſes weak 
ened the enemy, and Mithridates retired 
with precipitation towards Armenia, to the 
court of king Tigranes, his tather-in-law, 
His flight was perceived, and Lucullus 
croſſed the Euphrates with great expedition, 
and gave battle to the numerous forces 
which Tigranes had already aſſembled to 
ſupport the cauſe of his ſon-in-law. Ac» 
cording to the exaggerated account of Plu- 
tarch no leſs than 100,000 foot, and near 
55,000 horſe, of the Armenians, loſt their 
lives in that celebrated battle, All this car- 
nage was made by a Roman army mount- 
ing to no more than 18,000 men, of whom 
only five were killed and 100 wounded 
during the combat. The taxing of Tigra- 
nocerta, the capital of Armenia, was. the 
conſequence of his immortal victory, and 
Lucullus there obtained the greateſt part of 
the royal treaſures, This continual fuce 
ceſs, however, was attended with ſerious 
conſequences. The feverity of Lucullus, 
and the haughtineſs of his commands, of- 
tended lis ſoldiers, and diſpleaſed his ad- 
herents at Rome. Pumpey was ſoon after 
ſent to ſucceed him, and to continue the 
Mithridatic war, and the interview which 
he had with Lucullus began with acts of 
mutual kindneſs, and ended in the moſt 
inveterate reproaches, and open enmity.” 
Lucullus was permitted to retire to Rome, 
and only 1600 of the foldiers who had 
ſhared his fortune and his glories were ſuf- 
fered to accompany him. He was received 
with coldneſs at Rome, and he obtained 
with difficulty a triumph which was dee 
ſervedly claimed by his fame, his ſucceſſes, 
and his victories. In this ended the days 


of his glory ; he retired to the enjoy ment 
F £ of 


of enfe and peaceful ſociety, and no longer 
intereſted himſelf in the commotions which 
diſturbed the tranquillity of Rome. He 
dedicated his time to ſtudiaus purſuits, and 
to literary converſation. His bouſe was 
enriched with a valuable libraty, which 
was opened for the ſervice of the curious, 
and of the learned. Lucullus fell into a de- 
lirium inthe laſt part of his life, and died 
in the 67th or 68th year of his age. The 
people ſhowed their reſpe& for his merit, 
by their wiſh to give him an honorable bu- 
rial in the Campus Martius; but their of- 
fers were rejected, and he was privately 
buried, by his brother, in his eſtate at Tuſ- 
culum. Lucullus has been admired for his 
many accompliſhments, but he has been 
cenſured for his ſeverity and extravagance. 
The expences of his mcals were immode- 
rate, his halls were diſti.guiſhed by the 
different names of the gods ; and, when 
Cicero and Pompey attempted to ſurpiiſe 
him, they were aſtoniſhed at the coſtlineſs 
of a ſupper which had been prepared upon 
the word of Lucullus, who had merely 
faid to his ſervant that he would ſup in the 
hall of Apollo. In hisfetirement Lucullus 
was fond of artificial variety; ſubterrane- 
ous caves and paſſages were dug under the 
hills on the coaſt ot Campania, and the fea 
water was conveyed round the houſe and 
pleaſure grounds, where the ſiſnes flocked 
in ſuch abundance that nut leſs than 25, 00 
pounds worth were ſold at his death. In 
his public character Lucullus was humane 
and compaſſionate, and he ſhewed his tenſe 
of the viciſſitudes of human affairs by 
ſmedding tcars at the ſiglit of one of the ci- 
tres of Armenia, which his ſoldiers re- 
duced to athes, He was a perfect maſter 
of the Greek and Latin languages, and he 
employed himſelf for ſome time to write a 
conciſe hiſtory of the Marh in Greek hex- 
ameters. Such are the firiking charactc- 
riſtics of a man who meditated the con- 
queſt of Parthia, and, for a while, gained 
the admiration of all the inhabitants of the 
eaſt, by his juſtice and moderation, and 
who might have diſputed the empire of the 
world with a Czſar or Pompey, had not, 
at latt, his fondneſs for retirement with- 
drawn him from the reach of ambition, 
Flut. in Vita.—Þ lor, 35 C. 5.— Sera. — 
Appian in Mitkr. & c.—Orofius 6, &C. 
A cuntul, who went to Spain, &c. A 
Roman, put to death by Domitian. A 
brother of Lucius Lucullus, lieutenant un- 
ger Sylla. A pratur of Macedonia, 

Lu c, the firlk name of Tarquinius 
Priſcus, afterwards changed into Lucius, 
The audi Etrurian, aud fignifics prince 
** chief. 


* 


Lvcvs, a king of antient Gaul._4 
town of Gaul, at the foot of the Alps. 
LuGDUNENS!IS GALLIA, a part of Gaul 
which received its name from Lugdunum, 
the capital city of the province. It was 
anciently called Celtica. Vid. Gallia. 

LucpunuM, a town of Gallia Cel. 
tica, built at the confluence of the 
Rhone and the Arar, or Saone, by 
Manutius Plancus, when he was go. 
vernor of the province. This town, now 
called Lyons, is the ſecond city of France 
in point of population. Tuv. 1, v. 44 
Strab. 4. Batavorum, a town on the 
Rhine, juſt as it falls into the ocean, It is 
now called Leyden, and is famous for its 
univerſity. Convenarum, a town at the 
foot of the Pyrences, now St. Bertrand in 
Gaſcony. 

Luxa, (the moon) was daughter of Hy. 
perion and Terra, and was the ſame, ac. 
cording to fome mythologiſts, as Diana, 
She was worſhipped by the ancient inha- 
bitants of the earth with many ſuperſtitious 
forms and ceremonies. It was ſuppoſed 
that magicians and enchanters, particularly 
thoſe of Theſſaly, had an uncontrolz#le 
power over the moon, and that they gould 
draw her down from heaven at plealure by 
the mere force of their incantations, Her 
eclipſes, according to their opinion, pr» 
ceeded from thence ; and, on that accout, 
it was uſual to beat drums and cymbabhs 
eaſe her labors, and to render the power d 
magic leſs eſtectual. The Arcadians be- 
lieved that they were older than the moon, 
Ovid. Met. 12, v. 263, &c.— Tibull, ind. 
8, v.21.—Heſiod. Theog. —Virg. Ecl. h.. 
69. A maritime town of Etruria, fi 
mous for the white matble which it po- 
duced, and called alſo Lunenfis portus. It 
contained a fine capacious harbour, and 
abounded in wine, cheeſe, &c. Tre n- 
habitants were naturally given to augurſy 
and the obſervation of uncummon phzno» 
mena. Mela. 2, c. 4.—Lucan. t, v. $6. 
Plin. 14, c. 6.— Liv. 34, c. $.-—S. 8, v. Bi. 

Lu A, {a fhe wolf} was held in ges 
veneration at Rome, becauſe Romulus and 
Remus, according to an ancient . tradition, 
were ſuckled and preſerved by one of the 
animals. This fabulous ory ariſes from 
the ſurname of Lupa, proſtitute, which wa 
given to the wife of the ſhepherd Fauſtulus 
to whole care and humanity theſe childtes 
owed their preſervation. Ovid, Faſt. 2, \ 
41 z. ut. in Romd, 

LuyERCAL, a place at the foot of mou 
Aventine, ſacted to Pan, where feſtival 
called Lupercalia were yearly celebrated. 
Virg. An. 8, v. 343 

LUPERCAL1A a yearly ſeſtiva! obſerve 


r 


HH aA. Ka {trDP4- « 


— 


n 
T 
P. 


— 4 w Rome the 15th of February, in honor of of the emperor Gallienus. He wrote ſome 
Alps. the god Pan. It was uſual firſt to ſacrifioe | grammatical pieces, which ſome have pre- 

of Gaul, two goats and a dog, and to touch with a | ferred to Herodian's compoſitions, 
gdunum, Hoody knife the forcheads of two illuftrious Luy1as or Luyia, now Lippe, a town 

It was rouths, who always were obliged to ſmile | of Germany, with a ſmall river of the 
Ilia, while they were touched. The blood was | fame name, falling into the Rhine, Tacit. 
Ia Cel- wiped away with ſoft wool dipped in milk. | Ann. 1, Sc. 

of the After this the ſkins of the victims were cut Luyvs, a general of the emperor Severus. 
zone, by into thongs, with which whips were made A governor of Britain. A quzſtor 

was ' go» for the youths. With theſe whips the | in the reign of Tiberius, &c. A comic 
wn, now youths ran about the ftreets all naked ex- | writer of Sicily, who wrote a poem on the 
of France cept the middle, and whipped freely all | return of Menelaus and Helen to Sparta, 
V. 44.— thoſe they met. Women in particular were | after the deſtruction of Troy. Ovid. ex 
a on the fond of receiving the laſhes, as they ſuperſti- | Pont. 4, ep. 16, v. 26.— P. Rut. a Ro- 
an. It is tiouſly believed that they removed barren- | man, who, contrary to the omens, marched 
us for its neſs, and eaſed the pains of child-birth. | againſt the Marſi, and was killed with his 
n at the This excurſion in the ſtreets of Rome was | army, He has been taxed with impiety, 
ertrand in performed by naked youths, becauſe Pan 1s | and was ſeverely cenſured an the Auguſtan 

always repreſented naked, and a goat was | age. Horat. 2 Sat. 1, v. 68. 

ter of Hy- ſacrificed, becauſe that deity was ſuppoſed LusfTANIA, a part of antient Spain, 

ſame, ac- to have the feet of a goat. A dog was | whoſe extent and ſituation have not been ac- 

as Diana, added, as a neceſſary and uſeful guardian of | curately defined by the antients. Accord- 
ient inha- the ſheepfold. This feſtival, as Plutarch | ing to the better deſcriptions, it extended 
uperititious mentions, was firſt inſtituted by the Ro- | from the Tagus to the ſea of Cantabria, | 
s {uppoſed mans in honor of the ſhe-wolf which ſuck- | and comprehended the modern kingdom | 
particularly led Romulus and Remus, This opinion is | of Portugal. The inhabitants were ware ' 
controlitle controverted by others, and Livy, with | like, and were conquered by the Romam "0 
they gould Dionyſius of Halicarnaſſus, obſerves, that | army under Dolabella, B. C. 99, with Lo 
plc ature by they were introduced into Italy by Evander. | great difficulty. They generally lived up- 1 | 
tions. Her The name ſeems to be borrowed from the | on plunder, and were rude and unpoliſhed 0 
mon, Pits Greek name of Pan, Lycæus, from zune, | in their manners. It was uſual among them #1 
hat accouth « wolf ; becauſe Pan, as god of ſhepherds, | to expoſe their fick in the high roads, that þ 
| cymbals protected the ſheep from the rapacity of the | their diſeaſes might be cured by the diree- 1 
he power wolves. The prieſts which officiated at | tions and advice of travellers. They were [7 
cadians de. the Lupercalia were called Luperci. Auguſ- | very moderate in their meals, and never eat v1 
n the mon. tus forbad any perſon above the age of four- | but of one diſh. Their cloaths were tom- 145 
Tibull. 50 teen to appear naked, er to run about the | monly black, and they generally warmed | h 
g. Ecl, b, 8, ſtreets during the Lupercalia. Cicero, in | themſelves by means of ſtones heated in 'Y 
Etruria, ft his Philippics, reproaches Antony for having | the fire. Srrab. 3.—Meta. 2, c. 6. I. 3, c. > 


hich it Pro- 


L U 


L U 


h diſgraced the dignity of the conſulſhip by 1.—Liv. 21, c. 43.1. 27, c. 20. (i. 
T _ running naked, and armed with a whip, Lusrvs, a river of Arcadia. Cic. de Nat, 10 | 
zarbour, 3 about the ſtreets, It was during the cele- | D. 3, c. 22.—Pearſ. Arc. 28. 919 
c. Tie tb bration of theſe feſtivals that Antony offered Lusoxks, a people of Spain, near the „ 
201 to aug a crown to J. Cæſar, which the indigna-Iberus. wo. 
mon oy ton of the populace ebliged him to retuſe, LusTzicus BrUTIANUS, a Roman | * F 
. Tz v. 5 . LuyERC1, a number of prieſts at Rome, | poet. Martial. 4, ep. 23. | T 
.. 8, . who aſſiſted at the celebration of the Luper- LuTaiTtius CATULus, a Roman who . 4 . 
held in ges Calia, in honor of the god Pan, to whoſe | ſhut the temple of Janus after peace had 1 
Romulus ſervice they were dedicated, This order of | been made with Carthage. Vid. Luctatius. "3 | 
cnt ares a prieſts was the moſt ancient and reſpectable LuTER1Us, a general of the Gauls, de- 10 C 1 
y one ol . of all the ſacerdotal offices. It was divided | feated by Cæſar, &c. q 3 

y ariſes 110 into two ſeparate colleges, called Fabiani & LUTETtA, a town of Belgic Gaul, on 1 


te, which wal 
erd Fauſtulus 
theſe childres 
id, Faft. 2, * 


foot of mou 
chere feſtival 
ly celebrated. 


Quintiliani, from Fabius and Quintilius, two | the confluence of the rivers Sequana and 

of their high prieſts. The former were in- Matrona, which received its name, as ſome * 

ltituted in honor of Romulus, and the latter | ſuppoſe, from the quantity of clay, /utum, af | 

ot Remus. To theſe two ſacerdotal bodies | which is in its neighbourhood. J. Cæſar "1 

J Czſar added a third, called, from him- | fortified and embelliſhed it, from which M21 

elt, the Julii, and this action contri- | circumſtance ſome authors call it Fulii Cie Fs 
14 


buted not a little to render his cauſe unpo- vitas. ſulian the apoſtate reſided there 
Pular, and to betray his ambitious and aſpir- | ſome time. It is now Paris, and is the 
ing views. [Vid. Lupercalia.) Plut. in | capital of France. Cæſar. de bell. C. 6 & 7. 
Rom. Dio. Caf. 45.—Firg. An. 8, v. 663. | —Streb. 4 — Ammian. 20. 
C. Lutozius PxIscus, a Roman 


ſtival obſerved 
ak | 
knighty 4 


Lurtacys, 2 grammatian in the reign 
g F F 3 


/ 7 


e L Y 


- 

kaight, put to death by order of Tiberius, | cæus, in honor of Jupiter. He had many 
becauſe he had written a poem in which he | wives, by whom he had a daughter, called 
had bewailed the death of Germanicus, | Caliſto, and fifty ſons. He was ſucceeded 
who then labored under a ſevere illneſs. | on the throne by Nyctimus, the eldeſt of 
Tacit. Ann, 3, c. 49, &c. his ſons. He lived about 1820 years be. 

Lyzvs, a ſirname of Bacchus. It is | fore the Chriſtian era. Apolled. 3.—Hygin, 
derived from en, ſohoere, becauſe wine, | fab, 176.—Catul. ep. 76.—Pauf. 8, c. 25 
over which Bacchus preſides, gives free- | &c. Another king of Arcadia, cele. 
com to the mind, and delivers it from all | brated for his cruelties. He was changed 
cares and melancholy. Horat. ep. 9,—Lu- | into a wolf by Jupiter, hecauſe he offered 


can. 1, v. 675. | human victims on the altars of the god 
Lyszas, one of the companions of Ulyſſes, Pan. Some attribute this metamorphoſis 
&c. to another cauſe. The fins- of mankind, 
LyBvYA or LYB15$Aga ſmall village of Bi- | as they relate, were become ſo enormous, 
thynia, where Annibal was buried. that Jupiter viſited the earth to puniſh 


LycXzas, an Etrurian, one of thoſe | wickedneſs and impiety. He came to Ar- 
who offcred violence to Bacchus, and were | cadia, where he was announced as a god, 
changed into dolphins. Ovid. Met. 4, v. and the people began to pay proper adora- 
624. One of the Lapithæ, who ran | tion to his divinity. Lycaon, however, 
away from the battle which was fought at | who uſed to ſacrifice all ſtrangers to his 


{ 

| 

the nuptials of Pirithous. Id. Met. 12, v. | wanton cruelty, laughed at the pious pray- \ 
302. ers of his ſubjects, and to try the divinity t 
LyCABETUS, a mountain of Attica, | of the god, he ſerved up human fleſh on a 
near Athens. Strat. his table, This impiety ſo irritated Jupiter, * 
Lyc#&a, feſtivals in Arcadia, in honor | that he immediately deſtroyed the houſe of p 
of Pan, the god of ſhepherds. They are | Lycaon, and changed him into a wolf. Ovid, Vi 
the ſame as the Lupercalia of the Romans. | Met. 1, v. 198, &c. Theſe two mo- 1 
A feſtival at Argos in honor of Apol- | narchs are often confounded together, though Iz 

lo Lyczus, who delivered the Argives from | it appears that they were two different cha- n 


wolves, &c. racters, and that not leſs than an age 
Lyczum, a celebrated place near the | elapſed between their reigns, A ſon of ea 
banks of the Iliſſus, in Attica. It was in | Priam and Laothe. He was taken by hc 
this pleaſant and ſalubrious ſpot that Ariſ- | Achilles and carried to Lemnos, whence re 
totle taught philoſophy, and as he generally | he eſcaped. He was afterwards Killed by pe 
iftzucted his pupils in walking, they were | Achilles in the Trojan war, Homer. II. 21, br. 
called Peripatetics, a mepwratiw, ambulo. | &c. The ſon of Pandarus, killed by be 
The philoſopher continued his inftructions | Diomedes before Troy. A Gnoſſian ar- T 
for 12 years, till terrified by the falſe accu- | tift, who made the ſword which Aſcanius ple 
ſations of Eurymedon, he was obliged to | gave to Euryalus. Virg. An. , v. 304. v. 
fly to Chalcis. Ly cA8 NIA, a country of Aſia, between I, 
Lyczvs, a mountain of Arcadia, ſa- | Cappadocia, Pihdia, Pamphylia, and Phiy- 1. 
cred to Jupiter, where a temple was built | gia, made a Roman province under Auguſ- ] 
in honor of the god Lyczus, by Lycaon, | tus. Strab. 109.—Mela. 1, c. 2.—Liv. 27,c. pit] 
the ſon of Pelaſgus. It was alſo ſacred to | 54. 1. 38, c. 39. Arcadia bore alſo that Mc 
Pan, whoſe feſtivals, called Lycæa, were ce- name from Lycaon, one of its kings. Vir 
lebrated there. Virg. G. 1, v. 16. En. | Dionyſ. Hal. An iſland in the Tyber. mir 
8, v. 343.—Strab. 8.—Horat. 1, od. 17, LYcas, a prieſt of Apollo, in the inte- Har 
v. 2.— vid. Met. 1, v. 698. reſt of Turnus. He was killed by Encas. L 
LYcamMBes, the father of Neobule. He | Virg. A. 10, v. 31s. Another officer L 
promiſed his daughter in marriage to the | of Turnus. Id. 10, v. 561. by a 
poet Archilochus, and afterwards refuſed LYcasTE, an ancient town of Crete, + 
to fulfil his engagement when ſhe had been | whoſe inhabitants accompanied Idomencus Meg 
courted by a man whoſe opulence had more | to the Trojan war. Homer. I. 2.——A Whe 
influence than the fortune of the poet. | daughter of Priam by a concubjne. She be ſa 
This irritated Archilochus; he wrote a | married Polydamas, the fon of Antenor. he fl. 
bitter invective againſt Lycambes and his A famous courtezan of Drepanum, mus 
daughter, and rendered them both ſo deſ- | called Venus on account of her great beauty. child; 
perate by the ſatire of his compoſition that | She had a ſon called Eryx by Butes, ſon of thron 
they hanged themſelves. erat. ep. 6, v. | Amycus. : whon 
13.— vid. in Ib. 52. N LyCasSTUM, a town of Cappadocia. Ly 
LYcion, the firſt king of Arcadia, ſon LyCcasTVs, a ſon of Minos I. He was ereta, 
of Pelaſgus and Melibea. He built a town | father of Minos II. by Ida, the daughter of thet 2 
called Lycoſura on the top of mount Ly- | Corybas..——A ſon of Minos and Pho» Lycia 


nome; 


— 


ANY 
led 
ded 
{ of 
be · 
in. 
„ 290 
cele- 
nged 
fered 
> god 
phofis 
kind, 
mous, 
puniſh 
o Ar- 
god, 
adora- 
wever, 
to his 
s prays 
livinity 
eſh on 
[upiter, 
1wuſe of 
* Ovid, 
vo mo- 
„though 
ent cha- 
an age 
\ ſon of 
ken by 
whence 
cilled by 
7. II. 21, 
tilled by 
offian ar- 
Aſcanius 
v. 304. 
between 
ind Phy- 
er Augul- 
Liv. 275. 
e alſo that 
its kings. 
e Tyber. 
a the inte- 
by Æncas. 


ther officer 


of Crete, 
Idomencus 


F Antenor. 
Drepanum, 
reat beauty 
utes, ſon 0 


padocia. 
1. He v. 
daughter of 


and Philo- 


nome, daughter of Nyctimus. He ſuc- 


ceeded his father on the throne of Arcadia, 
A A town of Crete. 


Lycex, one of the Amazons, &c, Flace, 
6, v. 374. 

L vers, a town of Macedonia, Liv, 
31, c. 33. 

Lyciunu. Vid. Lycæum. 


Lycunipvs, now Achrida, a city with 
2 lake of the ſame name, in Illyricum, 
Liv. 27, c. 32. 1. 44, c. 15. 

LYcia, a country of Afia Minor, 
bounded by the Mediterranean on the ſouth, 
Caria on the weſt, Pamphylia on the eaſt, 
and Phrygia on the north. It was anciently 
called Milyas, and Tremile, from the Milyæ 
or Solymi, a people of Crete, who came to 
ſettle there. The country received the name 
of Lycia from Lycus, the ſon of Pandion, 
who cſtabliſhed himſelf there. The inhabi- 
tants have been greatly commended by all the 
ancients for their ſobriety and juſtice, They 
were conquered by Crœſus, king of Lydia, 
and afterwards by Cyrus. Though they 
were ſubje& to the power of Perſia, yet they 
were governed by their own Kings, and on- 
ly paid a yearly tribute to the Perſian mo- 
narch. They became part of the Macedo- 
nian empire when Alexander came into the 
ealt, and afterwards were ceded to the 
houſe of the Seleucide, The country was 
reduced into a Roman province by the em- 
peror Claudius, Apollo had there his cele- | 
brated oracle at Patara, and the epithet - 
berna is applied to the country, becauſe the 
god was (aid to paſs the winter in his tem- 
ple. Virg. An. 4, v. 143, & 446. l. 7, 
v. $16,—Stat. Theb. 6, v. 686.—Herodst. 
I, c. 173,Strab, 13.— Liv. 37, c. 16. 
I. 38, c. 39. 


 Lyctpas, a centaur, killed by the La- ö 

pithæ at the nuptials of Firithous. Ovid, | 
Met. 12, v. 310.———A ſhepherd's name. 
Virg. Sed. A beautiful youth, the ad- | 
miration of Rome in the age of Horace. 
Herat. 1, od. 4, v. 19. 

LyciMNna, a town of Peloponneſus. 

Lycimnia, a ſlave, mother of Helenor 
by a Lydian prince. Virg. Au. 9, v. 446. 

Lys1sCus, an Athenian archon. A 
Meſſenian of the family of the Epytidæ. 
When his daughters were doomed by lot to 
be ſacrificed for the good of their country, 
he fled with them to Sparta, and Ariſtode- 
mus upon this chearfully gave his own 
children, and ſoon after ſucceeded to the 
tone. Pauſ. 4, c. 9. A youth of 
whom Horace was enamoured. 

LYcius, a ſon of Hercules and Toxi- 
creta.—4A fon of Lycaon. An epi- 
thet given to Apollo from his temple in 

da, Where he gave oracles, particularly 


* Paiara, where the appellation of Lycie | 


E * 
fortes was given to his anſwers, and even to 
the will of the Fates. Virg. n. 4, v. 346. 
＋A firname of Danaus. 

Lycdufoprs, a king of Scyros, an 
iſland in the Ægean ſea, fon of Apollo and 
Parthenope, He was ſecretly entruſted 
with the care of young Achilles, whom his 
mother Thetis had diſguiſed in woman's 
cloaths, to remove him from the Trojan 
war, where the knew he muſt unavoidabl 
periſh. Lycomedes has rendered himſelf 
famous for his treackery to Theſeus, who 
had implored his protection when driven 
trom the throne of Athens by the uſurper 
Mneſtheus. Lycomedes, as it is reported, 
either envious of the fame of his illuſtrious 
gueſt, or bribed by the emiſſaries of Mneſ- 
theus, led Theſeus to an elevated place, on 
pretence of ſhowing him the extent of his 
dominions, and perfidiouſly threw him 
down a precipice, where he was killed. 
Plut. in Theſ.—Pau. 1, c. 17. 1. 7, c. 4. 
— Apolled. 3, c. 13. An Arcadian, who, 
with 500 choſen men, put to flight 1000 
Spartans, and 500 Argives, &. Diod. 
15. A ſeditious perſon at Tegea, A 
Mantinean general, &c. An Athenian, 
the firſt who took one of the enemy's ſhips 
at the battle of Salamis. Pl/ut. 

Lycoxn, a philoſopher of Troas, in the 
age of Ariſtotle, He was greatly eſteemed 
by Eumenes, Antiochus, &c. He died in 
the 74th year of his age. Diog. in vit.—— 
A man who wrote the life of Pythagoras. 
A poet. A writer of cpigrams. 
A player, greatly eſteemed by Alexander, 
A Syracuſan who aſſiſted in mur2c;. 
ing Dion,——A. peripatetig philoſopher, 

Lycdve, a city of Thrace. A moun- 
tain of Argolis. Pau. 2, c. 24. 

I.Y©dPHRON, a ſon of Periander, king of 
Corinth. The murder of his mother Meliſſa 
by his father had ſuch an effect upon him, 
that he reſolved never to ſpeak toa man who 
had been ſo wantonly cruel againſt his rela- 
tions. This reſolution was ſtrengthened by 
the advice of Procles, his maternal uncle, 
and Periander at laſt baniſhed to Corcyra a 
ſon whoſe diſobedience and obſtinacy had 
rendered him odious. Cypſelus, the eldeſt 
{on of Periander, being incapable of reign- 
ing, Lycophron was the only ſurviving 
child who had any claim to the crown of 
Corinth. But, when the infirmities of Pe- 
riander obliged him to look for a ſucceſſor, 
Lycophron refuſed to come to Corinth while 
his father was there, and he was induced to 
leave Corcyra, only on promite that Peri- 
ander would come and dwell there while he 
remained the maſter of Corinth. This ex- 
change, lAvever, was prevented, The Cor- 
cyreans, who were apprehenſive of the ty» 
ranny of Periander, murdered Lycophron 

F £3 before 


— — — " 
.. — —B ron a ——— 
4 — ——_ 21 


&.4 8 


L Y 


before he left that iſland. Herodot. 3.— Ariſtot. 
—＋I ͤ brother of Thebe, the wife of Alex- 
ander, tyrant of Pheræ. He aſſiſted his ſiſter 
in murdering her huſband, and he afterwards 
ſeized the ſovereignty. He was diſpoſſeſſed 
by Philip of Macedonia. Pl/ut.— Died. 16. 
general of Corinth, killed by Nicias. 
Plut. in Nic. A native of Cythera, ſon 
of Maſtor. He went to the Trojan war with 
Ajax, the ſon of Telamon, after the acci- 
dental murder of one of his citizens. He 
was killed, &c. Homer. I. 15. A fa- 
mous Greek poet and grammarian, born at 
Chalcis, in Eubœa. He was one of the 
poets who floriſhed under Ptolemy Phila- 
delphus, and who, from their number, ob- 
tained the name of Pleiades. Lycophron 
died by the wound of an arrow. He wrote 
tragedies, the titles of twenty of which have 
been preſerved. The only remaining com- 
poſition of this poet is called Caſſandra or 
Alexandra, It contains 1474, verſes, whoſe 
obſcurity has procured the epithet of Tene- 
broſus to its author, It is a mixture of 
prophetical effuſions, which, as he ſuppoſ- 
es, were given by Caſſandra during the 
Trojan war. The, beſt editions of Lyco- 
phron are that of Baſil, 1546, fol. enriched 
with the Greek commentary of Tzetzes ; 
that of Canter, 8 vo. apud Commelin, x 596; 
and that of Potter, fol. Oxon. 1702. Ovid. 
in Ib, —Stat. 5. Sylv. 3. 

Lvycorsris, now Siut, a town of Egypt. 
It received this name on account of the im- 
menſe number of wolves, Mun, Which re- 
pelled an army of Æthiopians, who had in- 
vaded Egypt. Diod. 1 —Streb. 17. 

Lycopvs, an Ætolian, who aſſiſted the 
Cyreneans againſt Ptoiemy. Poly@n. 8. 

LyCcoREA, a town of Phocis at the top 
of Parnaſſus, where the people or Delphi 
took refuge during Deucalion's deluge, di- 
rected by the howlings of wolves. Pau. 
Phoc. 6. 

LYc681as, a nymph, &c. Firg. G. 4, 
V. 339- 

LYcoxrrs, a freedwoman of the fſengtor 
Volumnius alſo called Cytheris, and Folum- 
nia, from her maſter. She is celebrated for 
her beauty and intrigues. The poet Gallus 
was greatly enamoured of her, and his 
friend Virgil comforts him in his Toth 
eclogue for the loſs of the favors of Cythe- 
ris, who followed M. Antony's camp, and 
was become the Aſpaſia of Rome. 
charms of Cleopatra, however, prevailed 
over thoſe of Cytheris, and the unfortu- 
nate courtezan lot the favors of Antony 


and of all the world at the ſame time. Ly- 
eoris was originally a comedian. Vg. Ecl. 
19. 

LycorMaAs, a river of Ztolia, whoſe 
ſands were of a golden color, It was af- | 


3 


The | 


L Y 


terwards called venus from king Evenus 
who threw himſelf into it. Ovid, Met. 2 
v. 248. ; 

LYcoRTAS, the father of Polybius, who 
floriſhed B. C. 184. He was choſen ge- 
neral of the Achzan league, and he re- 
venged the death of Philopemen, &. 
Plut. 

LycosCRA, a city built by Lycaon on 
mount Lycæus in Arcadia. 

LycTus, a town of Crete, the country 
of Idomeneus, whence he is often called 
Lyfius. Virg. An. 3, v. 401. 

LycuRrGiDeEs, annual days of ſolemnity 
appointed in honor of the lawgiver of Spat- 
ta. The patrony mic of a fon of Lycur- 
gus. Ovid. in Ib. v. 503. 

Lycuxcus, a king of Nemæa, in pe- 
loponneſus. He was raiſed from the dead 
by AÆEſculapius. Stat. Theb. 5, v. 638.— 
A giant killed by Oſiris in Thrace. Diad. 
1. A king of Thrace, ſen of Dryas, 
He has been repreſented as cruel and im- 
pious, on account of the violence which he 
offered to Bacchus. He, according to the 
opinion of the mythologiſts, drove Bac- 
chus out of his kingdom, and aboliſhed 
his worſhip, for which impiety he was 
ſeverely puniſhed by the gods. He put 
his own ſon Dryas to death in a fury, 
and he cut off his own legs, miſtaking 
them for vine boughs. He was put to 
death in the greateſt torments by his ſub- 
jects, who had been informed by the oracle 
that they ſhould not taſte wine till Lycur- 
gus was no more. This fable is explained 
by obſerving, that the averſion of Lycur- 
gus for wine, over which Bacchus preſided, 
aroſe from the filthineſs and diſgrace of in- 
toxication, and therefore the monarch wiſely 
ordered all the vines of his dominions to he 
cut down, thai himſelf and his ſubjects might 
be preſerved from the extravagance and de- 
bauchery which are produced by too ſiee af 
uſe of wine. Hyg. rad. 132.— Hemer. I. 
6.—Apoll:d. 3, c. 5. — Ovid. Met. 4, v. 22. 
ing. An. 3, v. 14.—Hoeret. 2, od. 19. 
A ſon of Hercules and Praxithea, daugb- 
ter of Theſpius. Apollod. 2, c. 7,—— A on 
of Pheres, the ſon of Cretheus. Id. 1, c. 9. 
An orator of Athens, firnamed 16s, in 
the age of Demoſthenes, famous for his 
juſtice and impartiality when at the head of 
the government. He was one of the thirty 
orators whom the Athenians refuſed to de- 
liver up to Alexander, Same of his ora- 
tions are extant, He died about 330 years 
before Chriſt, Diced. 16. A king of 
Tegea, fon of Aleus, by Nexra, the 
daughter of Pereus. He married Cleophile, 
called alſo Eurynome, by whom he had 
Amphidamas, &c. Apollod. 3, e. 9.— He. 
mer, 1, 7.— A cclebrated Jawgiver of 


Spariay 


corru 
whic| 
folloy 
had m 
he ret 
tions « 
reigne 
the go 
to exe 
to the 
by the 
of ho! 
proved 
friend 
man. 
celehra 
no diffi 
fate, a 
moting 
ſanctior 
Years be 
hiſt eſt 
poled o 
lerved th 
tained 2 
lhe king 
the intru 
he ſediti 
diſtinct ic 
m equal 
Mong tt 
Lycur SU: 
the uſefu 
of gold or 
the intro 
Coin brou 
aud left e\ 
his effect 8 
violence. 
mon, and 
ulgence 0 
tercourſe ( 
forbidden, 


Vel, The 


untry 
-alled 


mnity 
Spa- 


e Bac- 
zoliſhed 
he was 
He put 
a fury, 
iſtaking 
put to 
his ſub- 
1e oracle 
| Lycur- 
xplained 
Lycur- 
preſided, 
ce of in- 
ch wiſely 
ons to be 
cts might 
e and de- 
00 free a 
Homer. I. 


fed to de- 
f his ora- 


* 
e. 9. 


awgiver d 
Sparta 


a” 


na, ſon of king Eunomus, and brother | 
He ſucceeded his brother 


to polydectes. 
an the Spartan throne ; hut when he ſaw 
that the widow of Polydectes was preg- 
nant, he kept the Kingdom not for himſelf, 
but till Charilaus, his nephew, was arrived 
to years of maturity. He had previouſly 
refuſed to marry his brother's widow, who 
withed to ſtrengthen him on his throne by 
deftroying her own ſon Charilaus, and leav- 
ing him in the peaceful poſſeſſion of the 
crown, The integrity with which he acted, 
when guardian of his nephew Charilaus, 
united with the diſappointment and the re- 
ſentment of the queen, raiſed him many ene- 
mies, and he at laſt yielded to their ſatire 
and malevolence, and retired to Crete. He 
travclled like a philoſopher, and viſited Aſia 
and Egypt without ſuffering himſelf to be 
corrupted by the licentiouſneſs and luxury 
which prevailed there, The cobfuſion which 
followed his departure from Sparta, now 
had made his preſence totally neceſſary, and 
he returned home at the earneſt ſolicita- 
tions of his countrymen. The diforder which 
reigned at Sparta, induced him to reform 
the government; and the more effectually 
to execute his undertaking, he had recourſe 
to the oracle of Delphi. He was received 
by the pricſteſs of the god with every mark 
of honor, his intentions were warmly ap- 
proved by the divinity, and he was called the 
friend of gods, and himſelf rather god than 
man. After fuch a reception, from the moſt 
celebrated oracle of Greece, Lycurgus found 
no difficulty in reforming the abuſes of the 
fate, and all were equally anxious in pro- 
moting a revolution which had received the 
lantion of heaven. This happened 834 
years before the Chriſtian era. Lycurgus 
hiſt eſtabliſhed a ſenate, which was com- 
poled of 28 ſenators, whoſe authority pre- 
lerved the tranquillity of the Rate, and main- 
tained a due and jul. quilibrium between 
te Kings and the people, by watching over 
the intruſions of the former, and checking 
tie ſeditious convulſions of the latter. All 
dſtinftion was deftroyed, and by making 
a equal and impartial diviſion of the land 
among the members of the commonwealth, 
Lycurgus baniſhed luxury, and encouraged 
the uſeful arts. The uſe of money, either 
"gold or filver, was totally forbidden, and 
the introduction of heavy braſs and iron 
coin brought no temptations to the diſhoneſt, 
and left every individual in the poſſeſſion of 
his effe&ts without any fears of robbery or 
Violence, All the eitizens dined in com- 
mon, and no one had greater claims to in- 
Culgence or luxury than another. The in- 
ercourſe of Sparta with other nations was 
forbidden, and few were permitted to tra- 
el. The youths were entruſted tothe pub- 


8 


lie maſter, as ſoon as they had attained 
their ſeventh year, and their education was 
left to the wiſdom of the laws. They were 
taught early to think, to anſwer in a ſhort 
and laconic manner, and to excel in ſharp 
repartee. They were inſtructed and en- 
couraged to carry things by ſurpriſe, but if 
ever the theft was diſcovered they were ſub- 
jected to a ſevere puniſhment. Lycurgus 
was happy and ſucceſsful in eftabliſhing and 
enforcing theſe laws, and by his prudence 
and adminittration the face of Lacedzmon 
was totally changed, and it gave riſe to a 
ſet of men diſtinguiſhed for their intrepidity, 
their fortitude, and their magnanimity. 
After this, Lycurgus retired from Sparta 
to Delphi, or according to others to Crete, 
and before his departure he bound all the 
citizens of Lacedzmon by a ſolemn oath, 
that neither they nor their poſterity, would 
alter, violate, or abaliſh the laws which he 
bad eſtabliſhed, before his return. He ſoon 
after put himſelf to death, and he ordered 
his aſhes to be thrown into the ſea, fearful 
leſt if they were carried to Sparta the citi- 
zens ſhould call themſelves freed from the 
oath which they had taken, and impowered 
to make a revolution. The wiſdom and the 
good effect of the laws of Lycurgus have 
been firmly demonſtrated at Sparta, where 
for 700 years they remained in full force, 
but the legiſlator bas been cenſured as cruel 
and impolitic. He has ſhewn himſelf in- 
humane in ordering mothers to deſtroy ſuch 
of their children, whoſe feebleneſs or de- 
formity in their youth, ſeemed to promiſe 
incapability of action in maturer ye ars, and 
to become a burden to the ſtate. His re- 
gulations about marriage muſt neceſſarily 
be cenſured, and no true conjugal felicity 
can be expected from the union of a man 
with a perſon whom he perhaps never knew 
before, and whom he was compelled to 
chooſe in a dark room, where all the mar- 
riageable women in the ſtate aſſembled on 
ſtated occaſions. The peculiar dreſs which 
was appointed for the females, might be 
termed improper; and the law muſt, for 
ever, be called injudicious, which ordered 
them to appear naked on certain days of 
feſtivity, and wreſtle in a public aſſembly 
promiſcuouſly with boys of equal age with 
themſelves. Theſe things indeed contri» 
buted as much to corrupt the morals of the 
Lacedzmonians, as the other regulations 
ſcemed to be calculated to baniſh diſſipation, 
riot, and debauchery. Lycurgus has been 
compared to Solon the celebrated legiſlator 
of Athens, and it has been judiciouſly ob- 
ſerved that the former gave his citizens mo» 
rals conformable to the laws which he had 
eſtabliſhed, and that the latter had given 


the Athenians laws, which coincided with 
| F | 


their 


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their cuſtoms and manners. The office of 
Lycurgus demanded reſolution, and ne 

ſhowed himſelf inexorable and ſevere. In 

Salon artifice was requiſite, and he ſhowed 

himſelf mild and even voluptuous, The 

moderation of Lycurgus is greatly com- 

mended, particularly when we recollect 

that he treated with the greateſt humanity 

and confidence Alcander, a youth who had 
put out one of his eyes in a ſeditious tumult, 
Lycurgus hag a ſon called Antiorus, who 
left no iſſue. The Lacedzmonians ſhewed 
their reſpect for their great legiſlator by 
yearly celebrating a feſtivel in his honor, 
ealledLycurgidz or Lyeurgides. The in- 
trududtion of money into Sparta in the 
reign of Agis the ſon of Archidamus, was 
one of the principal cauſes which cor- 
rupted the innocence of the Lacedæmoni- 
ans, and rendered them the prey of intrigue 
and of faction. The laws of Lycurgus 
were abrogated by Philopemen B. C. 188, 
but only for a litt!c time, as they were ſoon 
after re-eſtabliſhed by the Romans. Plur. 
in vita. Jin. 3, c. 2, &c.—Strab. 8, 
to, 15, &c.— Dionyſ. Hal, 2.—Pauſ. 3, 
e. 8. 

Lycvs, a king of Bootia, ſucceſſor to 
his brother Nycteus, who left no male iſſue. 
He was entruſted with the government only 
during the minority of, Labdacus the ſon of 
the daughter of Nycteus. He was farther 
enjoined to make war againſt Epopeus, who 
had carried away by force Antiope the 
daughter of Nycteus. He was ſucceſsful in 
this expedition, Epopeus was killed, and 
Lycus recovered Antwpe and married her 
though ſhe was his niece, This new con- 
nection highly diſpleaſed his firſt wife Dirce, 
ant Antiope was delivered to the unfeel- 
ing queen and tortured in the moſt cruel 
manner. Antiope at laſt eſcaped, and en- 
treated her fons, Zethus and Amphion, to 
avenge her wrongs, The children, incenſed 
on account of rhe cruelties which their mo- 
ther had ſuffered, beſieged Thebes, killed 
Lycus, and tied Dirce to the tail of a wild 
bull who dragged her till ſhe died. Pauſ. q, 
c. 5, Apolled. 3, c. 5. A king of Li- 
bya, who ſacrificed whatever ſtrangers came 
upon his coaft, When Diomedes, at his 
return from tle Trojan war, had been ſhip- 
wrecked tlie, the tyrant ſeized him and 
confined him. He, however, eſcaped by 
means of Callirhoe, the tyrant's daughter, 
who was enamoured of him, and who hung 
herſelf when ſhe faw herſelf deſerted. 
A ſun of- Neptune by Celæno, made king 
Ot a part of My ſia by Hercules. He of- 
tered violence to Megara, the wife of Her- 
cules, for Which he was killed by the in- 
cenſed hero, Lycus gave a kind reception 


Ih 


A ſon of Agyptus.—Of Mars.—Of Ly. 
caon, king of Arcadia, —Of Pandion, 
king of Athens. The father of Arce. 
ſilaus. One of the companions »of XAneag, 
Apollod. 2, c. 3.—Pauf. 1, &c,—Virg, An. 
I, &c.—Hyein. fab. 97 & 159. — An 
officer of Alexander in the intereſt of Lyfi- 
machus. He made himſelf maſter of Ep. 
ſus by the treachery of Andron, & c. Poly, 
5. One of the Centaurs. A ſon of 
Priam. A river of Phrygia, which if. 
appears near Coloſſe, and riſes again at the 
diſtance of about four ſtadia, and at laf 
falls into the Mxander. Ovid, Mer, 15, 
v. 273. A river of Sarmatia falling into 
the Palus Mzotis. Another in Paphla. 
gonia, near Heraclea. Ovid. 4, ex Pint, 
el. 1, v. 47. Another in Aſſy ria. 
Another in Armenia, falling into the Euxine 
near the Phaſis. Virg. G. 4, v. 367.— 
One of the friends of Æneas, killed by 
Turnus. Pirg. An. , v. $45 ——A 
youth beloved by Alczxus. Heorat. 1. od, 
32. A town of Crete. 

Lyve, the wife of the poet Antimachus, 
&c. Ormid. Triſl. 1, el. 5. A Woman 
in Domitian's reign, who pretended ſue 
could remove barrennets by medicines, 
Jeu. 2, v. 14m. 

Ly DIA, a celebrated kingdom of Aſa 
Minor, whoſe boundaries were different at 
different times, It was firſt bounded by 
Myſia Major, Caria, Phrygia Major, and 
Ionia, but in its more floriſhing times i: 
contained the whole country which lies 
between the Halys and the /Egean fea, It 
was anciently called M:zon/a, and received 
the name of Lydia from Lydus one of its 
kings. It was governed by monarchs wie 
after the fabulous ages reigned for 245 years 
in the following order : Ardyſus began to 
reign, 797, B. C. Alyattes, 761 ; Meles 
747; Candaules, 735; Gyges, 718; Ate 
dyſus 2d, 680; Sadyattes, 631 ; Alyattes 26, 
619, and Crœſus, 562, who was conquered 
by Cyrus, B. C. 548, when the kingdom 
became a province of the Perſian empire. 
There were three different races that reigh- 
ed in Lydia, the Atyadæ, Herachdz, and 
Mermnadæ. The hiſtory of the firſt 18 
obſcure and fabulous, the Heraclidz began 
to reign about the Trojan war, and the 
crown remained in their family for about 
505 years, and was always tranſmitted 
from father to ſon. Candaules was the lat 
of the Heraclide; and Gyges the firſt, and 
Creſus the laſt, of the Mermnadæ. Tit 
Lydians were great warriors in the reign d 
the Mermnadæ. They invented the art of 
coining gold and filver, and were the fil 
who exhibited public ſports, & c. Herodot. I 
& c. Strab. 2, 5 & 13.— Mela. 1, c. 2.— 


to the Axonauts. pellad. 3, c. 10. 


Plin, 3z C+ 5, Diomny/. Hal. . 


— 4 N 


Of Ly. 
Pandion, 
of Arce« 
f Æneas. 
irg. As. 
An 
of Lyſi 
of Epbe · 
. Pulyzn, 
A ſon of 
hich dif. 
in at the 
id at laft 
et. 15 
Uling into 
n Papbla- 
ex Pint, 
ſyria.— 
he Euxine 
367.— 
killed by 
45 —A 
at. 1. od. 


atimachus, 
A woman 
ended ſhes 
medicines, 


m of Aſa 
lifferent at 
ounded by 
Aajor, and 
g times |! 
which lies 
an ſca. It 
ad received 
one of its 
narchs wid 
oY 245 years 
is began to 
61; Meles 
718; At 
Alyattes 20, 
s conquered 
ie kingdom 
nan empire, 
; that reigh- 
-achdz, and 
the firſt 18 
\clidz began 
ur, and the 
ly for about 
tranſmitted 
was the laſt 
the firſt, and 
nadæ. Tit 
the reign 0 
ed the art of 


vere the fit 
. Herodot. In 
a, I, C. 2. 
1,—Dicd. 4 

Null. 


LF 


Tuſtin, 13, c. 4—A miſtreſs of Horace, 
&c. 1, Od 8. 

Lyb fas, a river of Macedonia. 

Lotus, an epithet applied to the Tyber 
becanle it paſſed near Etruria, whoſe inha- 
hitants were originally a Lydian colony. 
Vi. Au. 2, v. 781. l. 8, v. 479. 

LypUs, a fon of Atys, and Callithea, 
king of Maonia, which from him received 
the name of Lydia. His brother Tyrrhe- 
nus led a colony to Italy, and gave the 
name of Tyrrhenia to the ſettlement he 
made on the coaſt of the Mediterranean. 
Herodot. 7, c. 74. An eunuch, &c. 

Lrabauts or LVO DA uus, a man who 
made himſelf abſolute at Naxos. Pelyen. 
x general of the Cimmerians who paſſed 
into Aſha Minor, and took Sardis in the 
reign of Ardyes, king of Lydia. Callim. 
An athlete of Syracuſe, the father of Arte- 
miſia the celebrated queen of Halicarnaſſus. 
Herodot. 7, e. 99. A ſervant of the poet 
Propertius, or of his miſtreſs Cynthia. 


LyG1t, a nation of Germany. Tacit. de 
Perm. 42. 
Lycus. Vd. Ligus. 


LyYMIKE, a town of Lycia. Ovid. Met. 
Fab. 12. 

LuMAX, a river of Arcadia, Pauſ. 8, 
c. 41. 

LYNCIDES, a man at the court of Ce- 
rheus. Ovid. Met. 4. Fab. 12. 

LYNCEST #, a noble family of Macedo- 
nia, connected with the royal family. 
Tuſtin, 11, c. 2, &c. 

LyNCESTES, a ſon of Amyntas, in the 
army of Alexander, &c. Curt. 7, &c. 
Alexander, a ſon-in-law of Antipater, who 
conſpired againſt Alexander, and was put 
to death. 151d. 9 

IL yNCESTIUS, a river of Macedonia, 
whoſe waters were of an intoxicating qua- 
lity. Cuid. Met. 17, v. 329. 

LYNCEUs, ſon of Aphareus, was among 
the hunters of the Calydonian boar, and one 
of the Argonauts. He was ſo ſharp ſighted 
that, as it is reported, he could ſee through 
the earth, and diſtinguiſh objects at the 
diſtance of above nine miles. He ſtole ſome 
oxen with his brother Idas, and they were 
both killed by Caſtor and Pollux, when 
they were going to celebrate their nuptials 
with the daughters of Leucippus. Apollod. 1 
& 3.—lygin. fab.— Pauſ. 4, c. 2.—Ovid. 
Met. 3, v. 303.—Apollon. Arg. 1. A 
lon of Ægyptus who married Hypermneſ- 
tra, the daughter of Danaus. His life was 
ſpared by the love and humanity of his 
wife. [Vid. Danaides.] He made war 
againſt his father-in-law, dethroned him and 
i*12ed his crown. Some ſay that Lynceus 
Was reconciled to Danaus, and that he ſuc- 
ceeded him after his death, and reigned 
lrty- oue years, Apetlod, 2, C. 1.—Pauſ. 2, 


2 


| "0 


c. 19,—Ovid. Heroid. 14.——One of the 


companions of ZEneas killed by Turnus. 
Virg. An. , v. 768. 

Lyxcvs, Lynczvs, or Lynx, a crue! 
king of Scythia, or according to others, of 
Sicily. He received, with feigned hoſpi- 
tality, Triptolemus, whom Ceres had ſent 
all over the world to teach mankind agri- 
culture, and as he was jealous of his com- 
miſſion he reſolved to murder this favorite 
of the gods in his ſleep. As he was going 


to give the deadly blow to Triptolemus, he 


was ſuddenly changed into a lynx, an ani- 
mal which is the emblem of perfidy and of 
ingratitude. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 650. 

Lyxcvs, a town of Macedonia, of which. 
the inhabitants were called Lynceſtæ. Plir. 
2. c. 103. |. 4, c. 10. 

Lyxpus, a town of Sicily. 

Lc, a people of Scythia, who live 
upon hunting. 

LyRCæUs, a mountain of Arcadia. Vid. 
Lyczus. A fountain. Sat. Theb, 4, 
v. 711. 

LYRCFA, a town of Peloponneſus for - 
merly called Lyncea. Pau. 2, c. 35. 

Lyrcvs, a king of Caunus in Caria, &c, 
Parthen, 

LyKNEsSUS, a city of Cilicia the native 
country of Briſeis, called from thence Lyr- 
nefſeis. It was taken and plundered by 
Achilles and the Greeks, at the time of. the 
Trojan war, and the booty divided among 
the conquerors. Hemer. II. Ovid. Met.12, 
v.108. Heroid. 3, v. 5. Trift. 4, el. 1, v. 15. 


LV SANDER, a celebrated general of - 


Sparta, in the laſt years of the Peloponne= 
tian war. He drew Epheſus from the in- 
tcreſt of Athens, and gained the friendſhip 
of Cyrus the younger. He gave battle ts 
the Athenian fleet conſiſting af 120 ſhip:, 
at Ægoſpotamos, and deſtroyed it all, ex- 
cept three ſhips, with which the encmy's 
general fled to Evagoras king of Cyprus. 
In this celebrated battle, which happened 
405 years before the Chriſtian era, the Athe- 
nians loſt 2000 men, and with them their 
empire and influence among the neighbour- 
ing ſtates. Lyſander well knew how to 
take advantage of his victory, and the fol- 
lowing year Athens, worn out by a long war 
of 27 years, and diſcouraged by its misfor- 
tunes, gave itſelf up to the power of the 
enemy, and conſented to deſtroy the Pirzus, 
to deliver all its ſhips, except 12, to recall 
all thoſe that had been baniſhed, and in ſhort 
to be ſubmiſſive in every degree to the power 
of Lacedemon. Beſides theſe humiliating 
conditions the government of Athens was 
totally changed, and 30 tyrants were ſet over 
it by Lyſander. This glorious ſucceſs, and 
the honor of having put an end to the Pelo- 
ponueſian war, encreaſed the pride of Lyſan- 


| der, He had already begun to pave his wN 
to 


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founiverſa! power, by eſtabliſhing ariſtocracy | p2od. 1, c. 2.——A daughter of Epaphus, 
in the Grecian cities of Aſia, and now he at- mother of Buſirts. Id. 2, c. 5. 


t<mpted to make the crown of Sparta clec- 


I,\s1Aas, a celebrated orator, ſon of Ce. 


tive, In the purſuit of his ambition, he 4 phalus, a native of Syracuſe, His father 


— 


uſed prudence and artifice; and as he could 
not eaſily aboliſh a form of government 
which ages and popularity had confirmed, he 
had recourſe to the aſſiſtance of the gods. 
His attempt, however, to corrupt the oracles 
ef Delphi, Dodona, and Jupiter Ammon, 
proved ineffectual, and he was cven accuſed 
of ufing bribes by the prieſts of the Libyan 
temple, The ſudden declaration of war 

agamfſt the Thebans, ſaved him from the | 
accuſations of his adverſaries, and he was 

ſent, together with Pauſanias, againſt the | 
enemy. The plan of his military operations 
was diſcovered, and the Haliartians whofe 
ruin he ſecretly meditated, attacked him un- 
expectedly, and he was killed in a bloody 
battle, which ended in the defeat of his 
troops, 394 years before Chriſt. His body 
was recovered by his colleague Pauſanias, 
and honored with a magnificent funeral, 
Lyſander has been commended for his 
bravery, but his ambition deſerves the ſever- 
eſt eenſure, and his cruelty and his duplicity 
have greatly ſtained his character. He was 
arrogant and vain in his public as well as 
private conduct, and he received and heard 
with the greateſt avidity the hymns which 
his courtiers and flatterers ſung to his honor. 
Yet in the midſt of all his pomp, his am- 
bition and intrigues, he died extremely poor, | 
and his daughters were rejected by two 
opulent citizens of Sparta to whom they had 
been betrothed during the life of their father. 
This behaviour of the lovers was ſeverely | 
puniſhed by the Lacedemonians, who pro- 
rected from injury the children of a man 

whom they hated for his ſacrilege, his con- | 
tempt of religion, and his perhdy. The 

father of Lyſander, whoſe name was 
Ariſtoclites or Armiocrates, was deſcended 
hom Hercules, though not reckoned of 
the race of the Heraclidæ. Plur. & C. 
Nep. in vita. — Died. 13. One of the 
Ephori in the reign of Agis, &c. Plut. 
A grandſon of the great Lyſander. 
Pau, 

LysanpRa, a daughter of Ptolemy La- 
gus, who married Agathocles the ſon of Ly- 
f£machus. She was perſecuted by Al ſinoe, 
and fied to Seleucus for protection. Fan. 
, C. 9, & c. 

Lysanrax,a man made king of Ituræa 
ty Antony, &c. 

Lvse, a daughter of Theſpius. Apol/cd. 


* 


Ly+*rAnts, an Athenian, fon of Phedrus+ 
the philoſopher, &c. Cic. Philip. 5. 
An Athenian archon,——A tyrant of Me- 
g-lopolis who died B. C. 226. Plus. 

LYSlANASSA, one of the Nereides, A- 


left Sicily and went to Athens, where Lyſias 
was born and carefully educated. In his 
15th year he accompanied the colony which 
the Athenians ſent to Thurtum, and after a 
long reſidence there he returned home in his 
47th year. He iftinguithed himſelf by his 
eloquence, a by the ſimplicity, correct neſs, 
and pwity of his orations, of which he 
wrote no leſs than 425 according to Ply. 
tarch, though the number may with more 
probability be reduced to 230. Of theſe 
34 are extant, the beſt editions of which 
are that of Taylor, 8vo. Cantab. 1740, and 
that of Auger, 2 vols. $vo. Paris, 1783. 
He died in the 81 year of his age, 378 
years before the Chnſtian era. Plut. de 
Orat.— ic. de Brut. de Orat, —Quintil. 3, 
&c.— Dieg. 2. An Athenian general, 
& c. A town of Phrigia. Sab. 
Another of Syria, now Þerzic-k near Emeſa. 
A tyrant of Tarſus, B. C. 267. 

LysSicLEs, an Athenian ſent with Chares 
into Bœotia, to ftop the conqueſts of Philip 
of Macedonia. He was canquered at Chæ- 
ronæa, and ſentenced to death for his ill 
conduct there. 

Lyse, a daughter of Pelops and 
Hippodamia, who married Maſtor the fon 
of Perſcus and Andromeda. Apollad. 2, 
c. 4. —Pauf. 8, c. 14. A daughter of 
Theſpius. Apollad. 

LySsIMAcur, a daughter of Abas the 
ſon of Melampus. d. 1, c. G,——A 
daughter of Priam. I. 3, c. 12. 

LVZINACUIIA, now Hlexamili, a city on 
the Thracian Cherſoneſus. Pauf. 1, c. 9 
A town of tolia, built by Lyſima- 
chus. Strab, 7 & 10. Another in 
Aolia. Mela. 2, c. 2. 

Lys1MAcnuvs, a fon of Agathocles, who 
was among the generals of Alexander, 
After the death of that monarch, he made 
himſelf maſter of part of Thrace, where 
he built a town which be called Lyſima- 
chia. He fided with Caffander and Seleu- 
cus againſt Antigonus and Demetrius, and 
fought with them at the celebrated battle 
of Ipſus. He afterwards ſeized Macedonia, 
after expelling Pyrrbhus from the throne, 
B. C. 286; but his cruelty rendered hun 
odious, and the murder of his ſon Aga- 
thocles ſo offended his ſubjeRs, that the 
molt opulent and powerful revolted from 
im and abandoned the kingdom. He 
purſued them to Aſia, and declared war 
againſt. Selencus, who had given them 3 
kind reception. He was killed in a bloody 
battle, 281 vears before Chriſt, in the Soth 
year of lus 2ge, and his body was m— 


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general, 
VONO , wnn—nn— 


x Emeſa. 


7. 

h Chares 
of Philip 
at Chæ- 
r his ill 


lops and 
the ſon 
pollad. 2z 
1ghter of 


Abas the 
9— 4 


a city on 
15 e 
Lyſima- 

nother in 


xcles, who 
\lexander, 
he made 
de, where 
Luyßima- 
nd Seleu- 
trius, and 
ted battle 
lacedonia, 
1c throne, 
lered him 
ſon Aga» 
„that the 
ted from 
lm. He 
lared wal 
n them 3 
n a bloody 
1 the Soth 
s found in 


being informed of the inceſt, ordered the 


3 


the heaps of ſlain only by the fidelity of | 
little dog, which had carefully watched 
near it, It is ſaid that the love and reſpect 
of Lyſimachus for his learned maſter Cal- 
Iifthenes proved nearly fatal to him. He, 
25 Juſtin mentions, was thrown into the 
den of a hungry lion, by order of Alexan- 
der, for having given Calliſthenes poiſon, 
to ſave his life from ignominy and inſult ; 
and when the furious animal darted upon 
him, he wrapped his hand in his mantle, 
and boldly thruſt it into the hon's mouth, 
and by twiſting his tongue, killed an adver- 
ſuy ready to devour him. This act of 
courage in his ſelf-defence, recommended 
him to Alexander. He was pardoned, and 
ever after eſteemed by the monarch. Fuftin. 
1% c. 3, &c.—Died. 19, &c.—Paxſ. 1, 
c. 10. An Acarnanian,preceptor toAlex- 
ander the Great. He uſed to call himſelf 
Phoenix, his pupil Achilles, and Philip 
Peleus. Plut. in Alex. An hiſtorian of 
Alexandria. A ſon of Ariftides, re- 
warded by the Athenians on account of the 
virtue of his father. — A chief prieſt 
among the Jews, about 204 years before 
Chrift, &c. Toſephus, A phy ſician 
greatly attached to the notions of Hippo- 
crates,——A governor of Heraclea in 
Pontus, &c 

LVsIMELIA, a marſh of Sicily near Sy- 
nacuſe. 

Lys1nor, now Aglaſſon, a city af Aſia 
near Pamphylia. Liv. 38, c. 15. 

Lysteez, a daughter Prœtus. [Pid. 
Prætides.] A daughter of Theſpius. 

Lys1eyevs, a famous ſtatuary of Sicyon. 
He was originally a white-ſmith, and after- 
wards applied himſelf to painting, till his 
falents and inclination taught him that he 


vas born to excel in ſculpture, He fla- 
fied about 325 years before the Chriſtian | 


1 


1 


era, in the age of Alexander the Great. 
The monarch was ſo partial to the artiſt, 
that ne forbad any ſculptor but Lyfippus to 
make his ſtatue. Lyſippus excelled in ex- 
preſſing the hair, and he was the firſt who 
made the head of his ſtatues leſs large, and 
the body ſmaller than uſual, that they might 
appear taller. This was obſerved by one of 
his friends, and the artiſt gave for anſwer, 
that his predeceſſors had repreſented men in 
their natural form, but that he repreſented 
them ſuch as they appeared. Ly ſippus made 
no lefs than 600 ſtatues, the moſt admired 
oft which were thoſe of Alexander; one of 
Apollo of Tarentum 40 cubits high; one of 
a man coming out of a bath, with which 
Agrippa adorned his baths ; one of Socrates; 
and thoſe of the 25 horſemen who were 
drowned in the Granicus. Theſe were 1a 
valued, that, in the age of Auguſtus, -they 
were bought for their weight in gold. P/ut. 
in Alex. ic. in Brut, ad Her, Pa- 
terc. I, c. 11. —-Horat. 2, ep. I, v. 240. 
A comic poet, ſome of whoſe plays are 
mentioned by Athenæus. Plin. 7, c. 37. 
A general of the Achæan league. 
Lys1s, a Pythagorean philoſopher, pre- 
ceptor to Epaminondas. He floriſhed about 
388 years before the Chriſtian era. He is 
ſuppoſed by ſome to be the author of the 
golden verſes which are attributed to Pytha- 
goras, C. Nep. in Epam. 2. 
LyY$SISTRATUS, an Athenian paraſite, 
A brother of Ly ſippus. He was the 
firk artiſt who ever made a ftatue with 
war. Plin, 34, ©. 8. I. 3%, e. 12. 
Lys1THOVUS, a ſon of Priam. Apollod. 
Lyso, a friend of Cicero, &c. 
LySTRA, a town of Lycaonia, 
LyT&a, a daughter of Hyacinthus, 
put to death by the Athenians. poltog, 
LyzaANIas, a king of Chalcis, &c. 


M A 


AC Z, a people of Arabia Felix. 
Mela. 3, c. 8. They are placed in 
Africa near the larger Syrtis by Herodot. 4, 
V.175.—Sit, 3, v. 275. l. 5, v. 194. 
Macas, a ſon of Criahus or Crinacus, 
the firſt Greek who led a colony to Leſbos. 
His four ſuns took paſſeſſion of the four 
neighbouring iſlands, Chios, Samos, Cos, 
and Rhades, which were called the ſeats of 
the Macares or the bleſſed (panxap, Beatus). 
Dionyſ. Hal. 1.— Diod. 5.—Mela. 2, C. 7. 
MicXrevs, an ancient hiſtorian. 
A ſon of Aolus, who debauched his ſiſter 
Canace, and had a ſon by her. The father 


M A 


child to be expaſed, and ſent a ſword te 
his daughter, and commanded her to deſtroy 
herſelf. Macareus fled to Delplu, where 
he became prieſt of Apollo. Ovid, Met. 
Hereid. 11. in 1b. 563.-——One of the com- 


panions of Ulyfles, left at Caieta in. Italy, 


where Eneas found him. Ovid. Met. 14, 
v. 159.—A ſon of Lycaon, Apolled. 3, 
c. 8.—Pau/. 8, c. 3. 

MAcxRIA, a daughter of Hercules and 
Dejanira. After the death of Hercules, 
Euryftheus made war againſt the Heraclidz, 
whom the Athenians ſupported, and the 
oracle declared, that the deſcendants of Her- 


cules ſhould obtain the victory, if any * 


* 


i . "Ku 
"wy 
* 


p — — — 4 - 
s ls — 
——— — 4 , (— 
nnn _ — —— mg 
. —- m ⸗ĩT EI * 
— — — . _ 


M A 


ef them devoted himſelf to death. This 
was cheertully accepted by Macaria, and 
the Athenians obtained a victory. Great 
honors were paid to the patriotic Macaria, 
aid a fountain of Marathon was called by 
her name. Par. 1, c. 32. An ancient 
name of Cyprus. 

MACXR1s, an ancient name of Crete. 

MACEDNUs, a fon of Lycaen. Apsllad. 

MiAicEpo, a ſon of Ohris, who had a 
mare in the divine hanors which were paid 
to his father, He was repreſented cloathed 
in a wolt's fkin, for which reaſon the E- 
gy ptians held that animal in great venera- 
tion. Died. 1.—Plut in Ifid. & Of. A 
man who gave his name to Macedonia. 
Some ſuppoicd*him to be the ſame as the 
ſon or general of Oftris. 

MAcEpG6xia, a celebrated country, fitu- 
ated between Thrace, Epirus, and Greece. 
Its boundaries have been different at dii- 
ferent periods. Philip encreaſed it by the 
conqueſt of Theſſaly and of part of Thrace, 
and according to Pliny it contained no lets 
than 159 different nations. The kingdom of 
Macedonia, firtt founded B. C. $14, by Ca- 
ranus, a deſcendant of Hercules, and a native 
„: Argos, continued in exiſtence 646 years 
till the battle of Pydna. The family of Caranus 
remained in poſſeſſion of the crown until the 
death of Alexander the Great, and began to 
reign in the following order: Caranus, after 
a teign of 23 years, was ſucceeded by Cœnus 
who aſcended the throne 786 B. C. Thu- 
mas 774, Pei diccas 729, Argæus 678, Phi- 
lp 640, Mopas 602, Alcetas or Alectas 570, 
Amyntas 547, Alexander 497, Perdiccas4 54, 
Archelaus413,Amyntas 399, Pauſanias 398, 
Amyntas 2d, 397, Argzus the tyram 390, 
Amyntas reftored 390, Alexander 2d, 371, 
Proiemy Alorites 370, Perdiccas 3d, 366, 
Philip ſon of Amyntas 360, Alexander the 
Gicat 336, Philip Aridæus 3e 3, Caſſander 
316, Antipatcr and Alexander 298, Deme- 
trius King of Aha 294, Pyrrhus 287, Lyfi- 
machus 286, Ptolemy Cerannus 280, Mele- 
aher two months, Antipater the Eteſian 45 
days, Antigonus Gonatas 277, Demetrius 
243, Antigonus Doſon 232, Philip 221, 
Perſeus 179, conquered by the Romans 168 
B. C. at Pydna. Macedonia has been ſe- 
verally called /Emonia, Mygdonia, Pæonia, 
Edonia, Amathia, &c. The inhabitants of 
Macedonia were naturally warlike, and 
though in the infancy of their empire they 
were, litye known beyond the borders of 
their country, vet they ſignalized themſelves 
greatly in the reign of Philip, and added 
the Kingdom of Aſia to their European do- 
minions by the valor of Alexander. The 
Macedonian phalanx, or body of ſoldiers, 
was always held in the higheſt repute, and 
it reſiſted and ſubdued the repeated attacks 


| 


] 


M A 

of the braveit and moſt courageous enemies 
Liv. 44-—TJufl. 6, c. 9. 1.7, c. 1, xc. 
Strab. 7. Mela. 1, c. 3, &c.—Plin, 4e. 
Io, & c. — Curt. 3 & 4.— Pau. 8, c. 5. 

Macrpoxicuu BELLUM was under. 
taken by the Romans againſt Philip king x 
Macedonia ſome few months after the fe. 
cond Punic war, B. C. 200. The cauſe of 
this war originated in the hoſtilities which 
Philip had excrciſed againſt the Achzans, 
the friends and allies of Rome. The conſul 
Flaminius had the care of this war, ang 
he conquered Philip on the confines of Epi- 
rus, and afterwards in Theſſaly. The Ma. 
cedonian fleets were alſo defeated ; Eubes 
was taken; and Philip, after continu] 
loſſes, ſued for peace, which was granted 
him in the fourth year of the war. Tie 
ambition and cruelty of Perſeus, the (on 
and ſucceſſor of Philip, ſoon irritated the 
Romans. Another war was undertaken, 
in which the Romans ſuffered two defeats, 
This, however, did not diſcourage them; 
Paulus Emylius was choſen conſul in the 
both year of his age, and entruſted with 
the care of the war. He came to a general 
engagement near the city of Pydna, The 
victory fided with the Romans, and 20,000 
of the Macedonian ſoldiers were left on the 
field of battle, This decifive blow put an 
end to the war, which had already continued 
for three years, 168 years before the Chil. 
tian era. Perſeus and his ſons Philip and 
Alexander were taken priſoners, and carried 
to Rome to adorn the triumph of the con» 
queror. About fifteen vears after, new ſe- 
ditions were raiſed in Macedonia, and the 
falle pretenſions of Andiiſcus, who called 
himſelf the ſon of Perſeus, obliged the Ro 
mans to ſend am army to quell the com- 
motions. Andriſcus at firſt obtained many 


' conſiderable advantages over the Roman 


forces, till at laſt he was conquered and de. 
livered to the conſul Metellus, who canied 
him to Rome. After theſe commotions, 
which are ſometimes called the third Mace- 
donian war, Macedonia was finally reduced 
into a Roman province, and governed by 3 
regular proconſul, about 148 years beiure 
the Chriftian era, 

Macenonicus, a firname given to Me- 
tellus, from his conqueſts in Macedonia. lt 
was alſo given to ſuch as had obtained ay 
victory in that province, 

MACELLA, a town of Sicily, taken by 
the conſul Duilius. Liv. 26, c. 24. 

Mack AmyYLivs, a Latin poet of Ve- 
rona, who died B. C. 16. He wrote ſome 
poems upon ſerpents, plants, and birds, 
mentioned by Ovid. He alſo compoſed à 
poem upon the ruins of Troy, to ſerve 484 
ſupplement to Homer's Iliad. His compo» 


ſitious are now loft, Ovid. Trift. 4, el. 2 
Y, „ 


bitants 
cordin; 
As phy 
wound 
jam wa 
the we 
was Ki 
ſon of 
after de 
Homer, 
Yair 
v. 263 
M at 
vines, | 
Lucan, 
* C. 5 
Mat 
near t. 
. 45, 
bears tl 
Mat 
Eeypti; 
private 
in the: 
peror v 
ſoner b 
berality 
ons M 
with th 
of Ror 
tte em 
kad ſup 
eaſtern 
Marche 
Who ha 
deicate. 


Niniou 
be præ 
after th 
uman 
27. J 
lar; th 
ble ant 
un tg 


is enemies, 
1, &c.— 
Pin. 4 A 
„ e. 7. 
ras under. 
lip King of 
ter the ſe. 
he cauſe of 
ties which 
Achzang, 
The conſul 
s War, and 
nes of Epi- 
The Ma. 
'd; Eubez 
r Continual 
as granted 
War. The 
as, the ſon 
rritated the 
indertaken, 
wo defeats, 
Irage them; 
mul in the 
ruſted with 
to a general 
ydna. The 
and 20,008 
left on the 
blow put an 
ly continued 
e the Chill 
s Philip and 
and carried 
of the cons 
ter, new ſe- 
ia, and the 
who called 
ged the Ro 
11 the com- 
-2ined many 
the Roman 
red and de- 
who carried 
com motions, 
third Mace» 
ally reduced 
z»erned by 3 
years beture 


riven to Me- 
acedonia. It 
z1btained any 


ly, taken by 
> 6 be 
poet of Ve- 
wrote ſome 
and birds, 
compoſed à 
to ſerve as 4 
His coves 
I . 43 el. 103 
. 4 * 


M A 


v. 44. tx Pont. 2, ep. 10. —-NDuintil. 10, e. 1. 
I. Claudius a pro- prætor of Africa 
in the reign of Nero. He aſſumed the title 
of empctor, and was put to death by order 


of Galba. : ; 
MacyzRaA, à river of Africa, 


common cryer at Rome. Tuv. 7, v. 9. 

MacuanTſpaAs, a man who made him- 
{cf abſolute at Sparta. He was killed by 
Philopeemen, after being defeated at Man- 
tinea, B. C. 208. Nabis ſucceeded him. 
lut. 

Kiten len, a celebrated phyſician, ſon 
of Aſculapius and brother to Podalirus. 
He went to the Trojan war with the inha- 
bitants of Trica, Ithome, and CEchalia. Ac- 
cording to ſome he was king of Meſſenia. 
As phyſician to the Greeks, he healed the 
wounds which they received during the Tro- 
jm war, and was one of thoſe concealed in 
the wooden horſe. Some ſuppoſe that he 
was killed before Troy by Eurypylus, the 
ſon of Telephns. He received divine honors 
after death, and had a temple in Meflenia. 
Hemer. Il. 2, & c.— Ovid. ex Pont. 3, ep. 4. 
int. Smyr. 6, v. 409.—-Virg. x. 2, 
v. 263 & 426. 

Maca, a river flowing from the Apen- 
vines, and dividing Liguria from Etruria. 
Lucan, 2, v. 426.—Liv, 39, c. 32.— lin. 
3 C. 5. 

LM c Aut, a plain in Ciſalpine Gaul, 
near the river Gabellus. L. 41, c. 18. 
. 45, c. 12. A plain near Mutina 
bears the ſame name. Col. 7, c. 2. 

Maczianus, Titus Fulvius Julius, an 
Eeyptian of obſcure birth, who, from a 
private ſoldier, roſe to the higheſt command 
in the army, and proclaimed himſelf em- 
peror when Valerian had been made pri- 
loner by the Perſians, A. D. 260. His li- 
berality ſupported his uſurpation; his two 
buns Macrianus and Quietus were inveſted 
vith the imperial purple, and the enemies 
of Rome were ſeverally defeated either by 
the emperors or their generals. When ke 
ad ſupported his dignity for a year in the 
altern parts of the world, Macrianus 
Kurched towards Rome, to cruſh Gallienus, 
vdo had been proclaimed emperor, He was 
Kfeated in Illyricum by the lieutenant of 
Glllienus, and put to death with his ſon, 
* his own expreſſive requeſt, A. D. 262. 
Mackixus, M. Opilius Severus, a na- 
weot Africa, who roſe from the moſt igno- 
Minious condition to the rank of prefect of 
he pretorian guards, and at laſt of emperor, 
aſter the death of Caracalla, whom he in- 
umanly ſacrificed to his ambition, A. D. 
217. The beginning of his reign was popu- 
; the abolition of the taxes, and an atfa- 
le and compiaiſant behaviour, cndcared 


A 


M A 


pearances did no. long continue, and the 
timidity which Mactinus betrayed in buying 
the peace of the Perſians by a large ſum of 
money, {oon rendered him odious; and wile 
he aftected to imitate the virtuous Aurelius, 
without poſſeſſing the good qualitics of his 
heart, be became contemptible and infigni 
ficant. This affectation irritated the minds 
of the populace, and when ſevere puniſh- 
ments had been inflicted on ſome of the dif - 
orderly ſoldiers, the whole army mutinied 
and their tumult was encreaſfed by their con- 
ſciouſneſs of their power and numbers, 
which Macrinus had the imprudence to be- 
tray, by keeping almoſt all the military 
force of Rome encamped together in the 
plains of Syria, Heliogabalus was pro- 
claimed emperor, and Macrinus at tempted 
to fave his life by flight, He was, however, 
ſeized in Cappadocia, and his head was cut 
off and ſent to his ſucceſſor, June 7th A. D. 
218. Macrinus reigued about two months 
and three days. His ſon, called Diadume- 
nianus, ſhared his father's fate.——A friend 
of the poet Perſius, to whom his ſecond 
ſatire is inſcribed, 

Mac Ro, a favorite of the emperor Ti- 
berius, celebrated for his intrigues, pertidy, 
and cruelty. He deſtroyed Sejauus, and 
raiſed himſeſf upon the rums of that unfar- 
tunate favorite. He was acceſſary to the 
murder of Tiberius, and conciliated the good 
opinion of Caligula, by proftituting to him 
his own wife called Ennia. He ſoon after 
became unpopular, and was obliged by Ca- 
ligula to kill himſelf togetner with his wife, 
. 38. > 

MacrGRi, a prople of Athiopia, ce- 
lebrated for their juice and the innovence of 
their manners, Ti.cy generally lived to 
their 126th year; and, indeed, from their 
longevity they have obtained their name 
(AGanpse Bug, long life), to diſt inguiſh them 
more particularly from the other inhabi- 
tants of AÆthiopia. Herodot. 3, c. 17.— 
Mela. 3, c. 9.—Plix. 7, c. 48. — Lal. Max. 
„ . 3. 

MAczioB1Uus, a Latin writer who died 
A. D. 415. Some ſuppoſe that he was cham- 
berlain to the emperor Thecoduſius II. but 
this appears groundleſs, when we obſerve. 
that Macrubius was a follower of paganiſm, 
and that none were admitted to the conti- 
dence of the emperor, or tothe enjoy ment of 
high tations, except ſuch as were of the 
Chriſtian religion. Macrobius has rendered 
himſelf famous for a compoſition called 
Saturnalie, a miſcellaneous collect ion of an- 


been the reſult of a converſation of ſome of. 
the learned Romans during the celebraticn 
of the Saturnalia. This was written for the 


un to his ſubjects, Thele promiſing ap- 


uſe of hi$ ſou, and the bad latinity H ch the 
Fey author, 


tiquities and criticiſms, ſuppoſed to have... 


N - 


—_—_— 
Ld 


Ss 8 


SS 


— 


— — —ä—EÄ—— ̃ — 8 
I Ed bat a * 
A —_ — 


di 


M X 


author has often introduced, proves that he 
was not born in a part of the Roman empire 
Where the Latin tongue was ſpoken, as he 
himſelf candidly confefſes. The Saturnalia 
are uſeful for the learned reflections they 
contain, and particularly for ſome curious 
obſervations on the two greateſt epic poets 
of antiquity. Befides this, Macrobius wrote 
a commentary on Cicero's ſemmium Sci pionis, 
which is likewiſe compoſed for the im- 
provement of the author's ſon, and dedicated 
to him. The beſt editions are that of Grono- 
vius 8vo. L. Bat. 1670, and that of Lip. 
$vo. 1777. 

MAacRkGcHiR, a Greek name of Artax- 
erxes, the ſame as Longimanus, This fir- 
name ariſes from his having one hand 
longer than the other. C. Nep. in Reg. 

Mack6vwes, a nation of Pontus, on the 
confines of Colchis and Armenia. Flac. 5, 
v. 182.— Herodot. 

MAc1TokrIUM, a town of Sicily. 

MAcULdNxuUs, a rich and penurious Ro- 
man, &c. Tuv, 7, v. 40. 

MapAURA, a town on the borders of Nu- 
midia and Gætulia, of which the inhabitants 
were called Madaurenſecs, It was the native 
place of Apuleius. Apul. Mer. 11. 

MADESTES, a town of Thrace. 

MaADETES, a general of Darius, who 
bravely defended a place againſt Alexander. 
The conqueror teſolved to put him to death, 
though thirty orators pleaded for his life. 
Siſvgambis prevailed over the almoſt inexo- 
rable Alexander, and Madetes was pardon- 
ed. . Crt. 3, ©. 3. 

MADUATENI, a people of Thrace. Liv. 
38. c. 40. 

Mavyrs, a Scythian prince who pur- 
ſucd the Cimmerians in Aſia, and conquered 
Cyaxares, B. C. 623. He held for ſome 
time the ſupreme power of Aſia Minor. 
Herodot. 8, c. 103. 

MXAN DER, a ſon of Oceanus and Te- 
thys. A celebrated river of Aſia Minor, 
riſing near Celænæ, and flowing through 
Garia ang Ionia into the Agean ſea be- 
tween Miletus and Priene, after it has been 
encreaied by the waters of the Marſyas, 
Lycus, Eudon, Lethæus, &c. It is celc- 
Þrated among the poets for its windings, 
which amount to no leſs than 600, and 
from which all cbliquities have received 
the name of Meanders. It forms in its 
courſe, according to the obſervations of ſome 
travellers, the Greek letters g Fc & wo, 
and from its windings Dædalus had the firſt 
idea of his famous labyrinth. Ovid. Met. 8, 
v. 145, &c.—Virg. An. 5, v. 254 —Lucan. 
2 & 6. — Homer. Il. 2.— Herodot. 2, c. 29.— 
Ci, / 22.— Strub. 12, &c.— Mela. 1, c. 17. 

M#A4aNnDRIA, a city of Epirus. 

M#aT#, a people at the ſouth of Scot- 
land. Dic. 76, C. 12. 


M X# 


Mecrvas. Vid, Mecænas. 

Mx D1, a people of Madica, a diſtriq q 
Thrace near Rhodope. Liv. 26, c. 25. 
J. 40, c. 21. 

Malius, a Roman, thrown down from 
the Tarpeian rock, for aſpiring to tytanny 
at Rome, in the early ages of the republic 

MAMACTERIA, ſacrifices offered to Jy. 
piter at Athens in the winter month M . 
macterion. The god firnamed Myxmatn, 
was intreated to ſend mild and temperate 
weather, as he preſided over the ſeaſons, 
and was the god of the air. 

MxnXDes, a name of the Bacchantes, 
or prieſteſſes of Bacchus. The word is de- 
rived from jaavepeat, to be furious, becauſein 
the celebration of the feſtivals their geſtures 
and actions were thoſe of mad women, 
Ovid. Faſt, 4. v. 458. 

MxNALA, a town of Spain. 

MzxNnXLvUs, (plur. Mænala,) a mountain 
of Arcadia ſacred to the god Pan, and greatly 
frequented by ſhepherds. It received its 
name from Mznalus, a ſon of Lycaon. It 
was covered with pine trees, whoſe echo and 
ſhade have been greatly celebrated by all the 
ancient poets, Ovid. Met. 1, v. 216.—Vin, 
G. 1, v. 17. Ecl. 8, v. 24. — Pau. 8, c.] 
—Strab. 8. — Mela. 2, c. 3. A town of 
Arcadia. A fon of Lycaon,—Tie 
father of Atalanta. 

MzaNn1Uus, a Roman conſul.— A dictatot 
accuſed and honorably acquitted, &c,—A 
ſpendthrift at Rome. Horat. 1, ep. 13 
v. 26. 

Mx vo, a tyrant of Sicily, B. C. 285. 

Mus, a river of Germany now calel 
the Mayne, falling into the Rhine at Mg. 
ence. | 
MNIA, a country of Aſia Minor, tit 
ſame as Lydia. It is to be obſerved, that 
only part of Lydia was known by the name 
of Mzonia, that is, the neighbourhood 
mount Tmolus, and the country wateredty 
the Pactolus. The reſt on the (ca coaſt vu 
called Lydia. Strab. 12.—Ovid. Mit.— 
The Etrurians, as being deſcended from 2 
Lydian colony, are often called Monde 
{Virg. Ax. 11, v. 759.) and even the lake 
Thraſymenus in their country is called 
Mzaonius lacus, Sil. Ital. 15, v. 35. 

MN DR, a name given to the Muſes 
becauſe Homer, their greateſt and worthicl 
favorite, was ſuppoſed to be a native of Mz: 
onia. 

Mebvlprs, a ſirname of Homer, le 
cauſe, according to the opinion of ſome un. 
ters, he was born in Mzonia, or becauſe l 
father's name was Mzon, Ovid. 

Mö Nis, anepithet applied to Omphal 
as queen of Lydia or Mæonia. Ovid. „ 
epithet is alſo applied to Arachne ® 


native of Lydia. Id. Met. 6. 


Mao14, a people of Aſiatic 2 


diſtrict of 


6, c. 25, 


Own from 
0 tytanny 
republic 
red to ]u- 
Math Me- 
M zmaites 
temperate 
ie ſeaſons, 


acchantes, 
y ord is de- 
, becauſe in 
eir geſtures 
d women, 


a mountain 
and greatly 
received its 
Lycaon. It 
ze echo and 
d by all the 
216.— ig. 
auf. 8, c. 3, 
A town of 
on, —The 


A dictator 
ed, &c,—A 
, 1, ep. 15 


B. C. 285. 
y now called 
aine at May 


ja Minor, the 
bſerved, that 
n by the nant 
hbourhood df 
ry watered ij 
(ca coaſt wi 
id. Met. — 
nded from 1 
ed Moni 
ven the lake 
try 18 calle 
v. 35. 

to Jo Muſes 
and worthicl 
native of Mæ- 


f Homer, | 


atic Sarmai 


MON 


M A 


Mrörts Pal us, a large lake, or part of 
Yhe lea between Europe and Aſia, at thenortt; 
of the Euxine, to which it communicates 
by the Cimmerian Boſphorus, now called the 
fa of Azoph or Zaback. It was worſhipped 
23s a deity by the Maſſagetæ. It extends 
ahout 390 miles from ſouth-weſt to north- 
eaſt, and is about 600 miles in circumference. 
The Amazons are called Mz%tides, as living 
in the neighbourhood. Strab.—Mcla. 1, 
c. 1, &c,— Fuftin. 2, c. 1.—Curt, 5, c. 4. 
. 4 Faß. 3, el. oy 
ep. Sab. 2, v. 9.—Virg. Zn. 6, . 739. 

Mx$1A SYLvVA, a wood in Etruria, near 
the mouth of the Tiber. Liv. 1, c. 33. 

Mxv1a, an immodeſt woman. Juv. 1, 
v. 22. 

Mxvivus, a pbet of inferior note in the 
Auguſtan age, who made himſelf Known by 
his illiberal attacks on the character of the 
firſt writers of his time, as well as by his af- 
feed compoſitions. His name would have 
ſunk in oblivion if Virgil had not ridiculed 
him in his third eclogue, and Horace in his 
toth epode. 

MacAas, a king of Cyrene in the age of 
Ptolemy Philadelphus. He reigned 50 years, 
and dicd B. C. 257. Pelyæn. 2. 

MAGELLA, a town of Sicily. 

MAGETZ, a people of Africa. 

Ma cr, a religious ſect among the eaſtern 
nations of the world, and particularly in Per- 
fa, They had great influence in the poli- 
tical as well as religious affairs of the ſtate, 
and a monarch ſeldom aſcended the throne 
without their previous approbation. Zoro- 
alter was founder of their ſect. They paid 
particular homage to fire, which they deemed 
a deity, as pure in itſelf, and the purifier of 
all things. In their religious renets they had 
two principles, one good, the ſource of every 
thing good; and the other evil, from whence 
ſprung all manner of ills. Their profeſſional 
Kill in the mathematics and philoſophy ren- 
dered every thing familiar to them, and from 
their knowledge of the phznomena of the 
heavens, the word Magi was applied to al! 
learned men; and in proceſs of time, the 
Magi, from their experience and profeſſion, 
vere confounded with the magicians who 
impoſe upon the ſuperſtitious and credulous. 
Hence the word Magi and magicians became 
ſynonymous among the vulgar. Smerdis, 
oe of the Magi, uſurped the crown of Per- 
ha after the death 'of Cambyſes, and” the 

"aud was not diſcovered till the ſeven noble 
Petſians conſpired againſt the uſurper, and 
elefted Darius king. From this circum- 
Rince there was a certain day on which none 
of the Magi were permitted to appear in 
Public, as the populace had the privilege of 
murdering whomſoever of them they met. 


4.0. de Div. 1,» [leredet, 3, 6. 62, | 


M A 


Macrvs, a licutenant of Piſo, &c.—A 
man in the intereſt of Pompey, grandfather 
to the hiſtorian Vellcius Paterculus, &c. 
Paterc. 2, ©. 115. 

Macxna GRAN HA, a part of Italy. Vid, 
Græcia Magna. 

Macxa MATER, a name given to Cy- 
hele. 

Ma onenTtivs, an ambitious Roman who 
diſtinguithed himſelf by his cruelty and per- 
hdy. He conſpired againſt the life of Conſ- 
tans, and murdered him in his bed. This 
cruelty was highly reſented by Conſtantius; 
and the aſſaſin, unable to eſcape from the 
fury. of his antagoniſt, murdered liis own 
mother and the reſt of his relations, and af- 
ter wards killed himſelt by falling upon a 
ſword, which he had thruſt againſt a wall. 
He was the firit of the followers of Chriſti. 
anity who ever murdered his lawful ſove- 
reign, A. D. 353. 

MaGcNes, a young man who found him- 
ſelf detained by the iron nails which were 
under his ſhoes as he walked over a ftone 
mine. This was no other than the magnet, 
which received its name from the perſon 
who had been firſt ſenſible of its power. 
A fon of Aolus and Anaretta, who 
married Nais, by whom he had Pierus, &c. 
Apollod. 1, c. 7. A poet and muſician 
of Smyrna, in the age of Gyges king of 
Lydia. 

MacNnts1a, a town of Afia Minor on 
the Mzander, about 15 miles from Ephetus, 
now called Guze/hkizar. It is celebrated for 
the death of Themiſtocles, and for a battle 
which. was fought there 187 years before 
the Chriſtian era, between the Romans and 
Antiochus king of Syria. The forces of 
Antiochus amounted to 70,000 men, 
according to Appian, or 70,000 foot and 
12,000 horſe according to Livy, which have 
been exaggerated by Florus to 300,000 menz 
the Roman army conſiſted of about 28, or 
30,000 men, 2000 uf which were employed 
in guarding the camp. The Syrians loſt 
50,000 foot and 4000 horſe, and the Ro- 
mans only 3co killed with 25 horſe. It was 
founded by a colony from M :gneha in Ibeſ- 
ſaly, and was commonly called M.ugnefia ad 
Mrandrum, to diſtinguiſh it from another 
called Magneſiu ad Sipylum. in Lydia, at the 
foot of mount Sipylus. This laſt was de- 
ſtroyed by an earthquake in the reign of 
Tiberius. A country on the eaſtern parts 
of Theſſaly, at the ſouth of Offa. It was 
lometimes called Ammonia and Magnes 
Campus, The capital was alſo called Mag- 
neſia. A promontory of Magucſia in 
Theſſaly. Liv. 37.— Fer. 2. Appius. 

Maco, a Carthaginian general ſent a- 
gainſt Dionyſus tyrant of Sicily. He ob- 
tained a victory and granted peace to the 
conquered, Iu à battle, whici ſoon after ſol- 

lowed 


—— 


— —-— EET 
= — 9 — 22 a > be 1 
— — — 


a — 
- 
Wn 
wv 7, * - 
O 


— — 


22853 


— —— — 
. 


— 


_ 


—— — 


M A 


towed this treaty of peace, Mago was killed, 
His ſon of the ſame name ſucceeded to the 
command of the Carthaginian army, but he 
diſgraced himſelf by flying at the approach 
af Timoleon, who had come to aſſiſt the 
Syracuſans. He was accuſed in the Cartha- 
ginian ſenate, and he prevented by ſuicide 
the execution of the ſentence juſtly pro- 
nounced againſt him. His body was hung on 
a gibbet, and expoſed topublic ignominy,— 
A brother of Annibal the Great. He was 
preſent at the battle of Cannz, and was de- 
puted by his brother to carry to Carthage the 
news of the celebrated victory which had 
been obtained over the Roman armies. His 
arrival at Carthage was unexpected; and more 
powerfully to aftoniſh his countrymen on ac- 
count of the victory of Cannæ, he emptied 
in the ſenate houſe the three buſhels of gol- 
den rings which had been taken from the 
Roman knights ſlain in battle. He was 
afterwards ſent to Spain, where he defeated 
the two Scipios, and was himſelſ, in another 
engagement, totally ruined. He retired to 
the Baleares, which he conquered ; and one 
of the cities there ſtill bears his name, and is 
called Portus Magonis, Port Mahon. After 
this he landed in Italy with an army, and 
took poſſeſſion of pait of Inſubria. He 
was defeated in a battle by Quintilius Varus, 
and died of a mortal wound 203 years be- 
fore the Chriſtian era. L/ v. 30, &c.—C. Nep. 
in Ann. 8, gives a very different account of 
his death, and ſays, he either periſhed in a 
ſhipwreck or was murdered by his ſervants. 


| 


Perhaps Annibal had two brothers of that 


name. A Carthaginian more known by 
the excellence of his writings than by his mi- 


litary exploits. He wrote 28 volumes up- 


on huſbandry; theſe were preſerved by 
Scipio at the taking of Carthage, and pre- 
ſented to the Roman ſenate. They were 
tranſlated into Greek by Caſſius Dionyſius 
of Utica, andinto Latin by order of the Roman 
ſenate, though Cato had already written ſo 
copiouſly upon the ſubject; and the Ro- 
mans, as it has been obſerved, conſulted 
the writings of Mago with greater earneſt - 
neſs than the books of the Sibylline verſes. 
Columella,—»A Carthaginian ſent by his 
countrymen to aſſiſt the Romans againſt 
Pyrrhus and the Tarentines, with a fleet 
of 120 ſail. This offer was politely reful- 
ed by the Roman ſenate. This Mago was 
father of Aſdrubal and Hamilcar, Val. Max. 

Macon, a river of India falling into the 
Ganges. Arrian, 

MAcGonTIAcCOM or MAaGoNTEA, A 
large city of Germany, now called Mentx. 
Jewr. 4, Hift. 15 & 23. 

Macus, an othcer of Turnus, killed by 
Dueas. Virg. An. 10, v. 522. 

MAHERBAL, a Cathaginian who was at 
the ſiege of Saguatum, and Wh command- 


1 
| 
| 


— — — — —  — — 


M A 


ed the cavalry of Annibal at the battle of 
Cannz. He adviſed the conqueror immedi. 
ately to march to Rome, but Annibal re. 
quired time to conſider on fo bold a mea- 
ſure; upon which Maherbal obſerved, that 
Annibal knew how to conquer, but not how 
to make a proper uſe of victory. 

Maia, a daughter of Atlas and Pleione, 
mother of Mercury by Jupiter. She way 
one of the Pleiades, the moſt luminous of 
the ſeven ſiſters. [ Vid. Pleiades. ] Apollad. 
3, c. 10,—Firg, x. 1, v. 301.—4A 
ſirname of Cybele. 

MA 7JESTAS, a goddeſs among the Ro- 
mans, daughter of Honor and Reverence, 
Ovid. 5, Faſt. 5, v. 25. 

MaJjoR1ANUS, Jul. Valerius, an empe- 
ror of the weſtern Roman empire, raiſed to 
the imperial throne, A. D. 457. He fig- 
nalized himſelf by his private as well as 
public virtues. He was maſlacred after a 
reign of 37 years by one of his generals, whe 
envied in his maſter the character of an 
active, virtuous, and humane emperor, 

Majorca, the greateſt of the iſlands 
called Baleares, on the coaſt of Spain, in the 
Mediterranean. Strab. 

Marla ForTuNnAa, the goddeſs of evil 
fortune, was worſhipped among the Rumans, 
Cic. de Nat. D. 3. 

MALEA, a promontory of Leſbos.—An- 
other in Peloponneſus, at the ſouth of La- 
conia, The ſea is ſo rough and boiſterous 
there, that the dangers which attended a 


voyage round it gave riſe to che proverb of 


Cum ad NMaleam deflexeris, obliviſcere que 
ſunt domi. Strab. 8 & g.—Lucan. 6, v. 33. 
— Plut, in Arat. — irg. An. 55 V. 193. 
Mela. 2, c. 3.—Pauf. 3, c. 23. , 

MALEvEeNTUM, the ancient name of 
Beneventum. Liv. 9, c. 27. 

Malia, a city of Phthiotis near mou 
CEta and Thermopylæ. There were in its 
neighbourhood ſume hot mineral water? 
which the poet Catullus has mentioned. 
From Malia a gulf or ſmall bay in tie 
neighbourhood, at the weſtern extremities 
of the iſland of Eubœa, has received the 
name of the gulf of Malia, Maliacum Frein 
or Maliacus Sinus, Some call it the gulf of 
Lamia from its vicinity to Lamia. It 1s 
often taken for the Sinus Pelaſgicus of the 
antients. Pauſ. 1, c. 4.—Heroavt. 

Maino or Marne, a general of an 
army of Carthaginian mercenaries, 258 B. C. 

MAL11, a people of Meſopotamia 

Maris, a ſervant maid of Ompuhale, be- 
loved by Hercules. ; 

MalLEA or MALLIA Aqua. Fi 
Malia. i 

MAlit*Lus, a man who murderedlis 
mother, &c, Cic, ad Heren, 1, c. 13. 

Marlies, a Roman conſul defeated bY 
the Gauls, &c, 

Martes, 


Tecao 
dem 
the 

the ( 
eily. 
recei 
of JN 
hoſp 
habit 
city, 
ters, 


ittle of 
nmedi- 
bal re- 
a mea - 
d, that 
10t how 


Pleione, 
he way 
ous of 
Apolled, 
— A 


he Ro- 
VVETENCE, 


n empe« 
raiſed to 
He ſig- 
well as 
d after a 
rals, whe 
er of an 
cror. 

e iſlands 
in, in the 


ſs of evil 
Romans. 


os.— An- 
th of La- 
boiſterous 
zttended a 
proverb of 
iſcere que 
16. v. 38. 
v. 193.— 


name of 


car mount 
were in its 
ral Water 
mentioned. 
bay in tie 
extremities 
eceived the 
Clad Fretim 
the gulf of 
mia. It is 
TICS of the 
dot. 

eral of an 
, 2 58 B. C. 
ama 


mphale, he- 
ava. Fi 
wurderedlis 
as 2. by 


Malloy 


M A 
Mattos, a town of Cilicia. Lucan. 3, 
437 

b Hal rifxus, a name under which 

Horace has laſhed ſome of his friends or 

enemies. I, Sat. 2, V. 27. 

Mamavs, a river of Peloponneſus. 

MAMERCUS, a tyrant of Catana, who 
furrendered to Timoleon. His attempts to 
ſpeak in a public aſſembly at Syracuſe were 
received with groans and hiſſes, upon which 
he daſhed his head againſt a wall, and 
endeavoured to deftroy himſelf. The blows 
were not fatal, and Mamercus was ſoon 
afrer put to death as a robber, B. C. 340. 
Pelyæn. 5.—0. Nep. in Tim, —A Dictator 
at Rome, B. C. 437. 

MAaMERTHES, a Corinthian who killed 
his brother's ſon in hopes of reigning, upon 
which he was torn to pieces by his brother, 
Ovid. in Tb, 

MAMERTINA, a town of Campania, fa- 
mous for its wines. A name of Meſ- 
ſana in Sicily, Martial, 13, ep. 117.— 
Strab. 7. 

MAMERTINT, a mercenary band of ſol- 
diers which paſſed from Campania into Si- 
cily, at the requeſt of Agathocles. When 
they were in the ſervice of Agathocles, 
they claimed the privilege of voting at the 
election of magiſtrates at Syracuſe, and had 
recourſe to arms to ſupport their unlawful 
demands. The ſedition was appeaſed by 
the authority of ſome leading men, and 
the Campanians were ordered to leave Si— 
eily. In their way to the coaſt they were 
received with great kindneſs by the people 
of Meſſana, and ſoon returned per fidy for 
hoſpitality. They conſpired againſt the in- 
habitants, murdered all the males in the 
city, and married their wives and daugh- 
ters, and rendered themſelves maſters of 
the place. After this violence they aſſumed 
the name of Mamertini, and called their 
city Mamertina, from a provincial word, 
which in their language fignified martial, 
or war/ife, The Mamertines were after- 
wards defcated by Hiero, and totally diſa- 
bled to repair their ruined affairs, Plut. in 
P'yrrk. &c. 

MAMIL1a LEX de limitibus, by the tri- 
bune Mamilius. It ordained, that in the 


boundaries of the lands five or fix feet of 
land ſhould be left uncultivated, which no 
perion could convert into private property. | 
It alſo appointed commiſſioners to lee it car- 
ned into execution. 

AMIL11, a plebeian family at Rome. 
delcended from the Aborigines. They firk | 
avedat Tuſculum, from whence they came| 
to Rome. Liv. 3, c. 29. 

Mamitivs Oeravivs, a ſon-in-law of, 
Aquin, who behayed with uncommon 


M A 
bravery at the battle of Regillæ. He is 
alſo called Manilius: Vid. Manilius. 

Mammea, the mother ef the emperor 
Severus, who died A. D. 235. 

Mamivrius VETuRIUs, a worker in 
braſs in Numa's reign. He was ordered by 
the monarch to make a number of ancylia 
or ſhields, like that one which had fallen 
from heaven, that it might be difficult to 
diſtinguiſh the true one from the others. 
He was very ſucceſsful in his undertaking, 
and he aſked for no other reward, but that 
his name might be frequently mentioned in 
the hymns which were ſung by the Salii in 
the feaſt of the Ancylia, This requeſt was 
granted. Ovid. Faſt. 3, v. 392. 

MamuRrna, a Roman knight born at 
Formiz. He followed the fortune of J. 
Cæſar in Gaul, where he greatly enriched 
himſelf. He built a magnificent palace on 
mount Ceo:lius, and was the firſt who in- 
cruſted his walls with marble. Catullus 
has attacked him in his epigrams. Formiæ 
is ſometimes called Mamurrarum urbs, Plin. 
36, c. 6. 

M4aNASTABAL, ſon of Maſiniſſa, who 
was father to the celebrated Jurgurtha, 
Salluft. Tug. bell. 

C. Maxcivwvs, a Roman general, who, 
though at the head of an army of 30,000 
men, was defeated by 4000 Numantians, B. 
C. 135. He was dragged from the ſenate, 
Kc. Cic, in Orat. 1, c. 40. 

MANDANE, a daughter of king Aſtyages 
married by her father to Cambyles, an ig- 
noble perſon of Perſia, The monarch had 
dreamed that bis daughter's urine had 
drowned all his city, which had been in- 
terpreted in an unfavorable manner by the 
ſoothſayers, who aſſured him that his 
daughter's ſon would dethrone him. The 
marriage of Mandane with Cambyſes 
would in the monarch's opinion prevent 
the effects of the dream, and the children 
of this connection would like their father 
be poor and unnoticed The expectations of 
Aſtyages were fruſtrated. He was dethron- 
ed by his grandſon. Vid. Cyrus, Herodot. 
I, C. 107. 

MaxDANEs, an Indian prince and phi- 
loſopher, whom Alexander invited by his 
ambaſſadors, on pain of death, to come to 
nis banquet, as being the ſon of Jupiter. 
The philoſopher ridiculed the threats and 
promiſes ot Alexander, &c. Strab. 15. 

MANDELA, a village in the country of 
the Sabines, near Horace's country ſeat, 
Horat. 1, ep. 18, v. 105. 

MANDONIUS, a prince in Spain, who 


for ſome time favored the cauſe of the Ro- 


mans. When he heard that Scipio the Ro- 
man commander was ill, he raiſed commo- 
G tious 


— — — al” — 228 
2 — — - Vt : 
oy . £ - : . 
- 


2 n 
* 
— 
— 


— 5 
4 > "is Er. 
— - 


— — 
_ 
- 


i as wt 


M A 


tions in the provinces, for which he was 
ſeverely reprimanded and puniſhed, Liv. 
29. 
"darond CLES, a general of Artaxerxcs, 
&c. C. Nep. in Dat. 

MaAwnDRoN, a king of the Bebryces, &c. 
Polyen. 3 

MaxnuB11, a people of Gaul, (now 
Burgundy), in Cæſar's army, &c, C/. 
dell. G. 7, e. 78. 

MaxxDvrRATIUSs, a young Briton who 
came over to Cæſar in Gaul. His father 
Immanuentius was king in Britain, and 
had been put to death by order of Caſſive- 
Jaunus. Cf. bell. &. 5, c. 20. 

ManwncRiay a city of Calabria, near 
Tarentum, whoſe inhabitants were famous 
for eating dog's fleſh, In. 2, c. 103.— 
Liv. 27, e. 15. 

Mars, a ſun of Jupiter and Tellus, 
who reigned in Mæonia. He was father of 
Cotys by Callirrhoe, the daughter of 
Oceanus. 

Manes, a name generally applied by the 
antients to the ſouls when ſeparated from 
the body. They were reckoned among 
the infernal deities, and generally ſuppoſed 
to preſide over the burying places, and the 
monuments of the dead. They were wor- 
ſhipped with great ſolemnity, particularly 
by the Romans. The augurs always invoked 
them when they proceeded to exerciſe their 
ſacerdetat offices. Virgil introduces his 
hero as ſacrificing to the infernal deitics, 
and to the Rlancs, a victim whoſe blood 
was received in a ditch, The word manes, 
is ſuppoſed to be derived from Mania, who 
was by ſome reckoned the motker of thoſe 
rremendous deities. Others derive it from 
manare, quad per mia etherea terrenaque 
manubaut, becauſe they filled the air, parti- 
eulariy in the night, and were intent to 
moleſt and diſturb the peace of mankind. 
Some ſay, that manrs comes from mans, an 
old Latin word which ſignified good or pro- 
pitinus, The word manes is differently 
uſed by antient authors; ſometimes it is 
taken for the infernal regions, and ſome- 
times it is applied to the deities of Pluto's 
Kingdom, whence the epitaphs of the Rox 
mans were always ſuperſeribed with D. M. 
Dis Manibrus, to remind the ſacrilegious and 
profane, not to moleſt the monuments of 
the dead, which were guarded with ſuch 
fundtny. Propert. 1, el. 19.—Firg. 4, G. 
v. 469. An. 3, &c.—lHorat, 1. Set. 8, v. 
28. A river of Loeris. 

MaxtTao, a celebrated prieſt of Helio- 
polis in Egypt, B. C. 261. He wrote in 
Greek an hiitory of Egypt, which has been 
often quoted and commended by the antients, 
particularly by Joſephus, It was chiefly col- 
lected from the writings of Mercury, and 


M A 


from the journals and annals, which were 
preſerved in the Egyptian temples. This 
hiſtory has been greatly corrupted by the 
Greeks, The author ſupported, that alt 
the gods of the Egyptians had bten mere 
mortals, and had all lived upon earth. 
This hiſtory, which is now loſt, had been 
 epitomized, and ſome fragments of it are 
fill extant, There is extant a Greek poem 
aſcribed to Manetho, in which the power 
of the ſtars, which prefide over the birth 
and fate of mankind, is explained. The 
A poteleſmata of this author were edited in 
4to. by Gronovius, L. Bat. 1698. 

MANIA, a goddeſs, ſuppoſed to be the 
mother of the Lares and Manes. A fe. 
male ſervant of queen Berenice the daughter 
of Ptolemy. 

MANniLta LEx, by Manilius the tri. 
bune, A. U. C. 678. It required that all 
the forces of Lucullus and his province, to- 
gether with Bithynia, which was then under 
the command of Glabrio, ſhould be deliver- 
ed to Pompey, and that rhis general ſhould, 
without any delay, declare war againſt Mi- 
thridates, and ftill retain the command of 
the Roman. fleet, and the empire of the Me. 
diterranean, as before, Another which 
permitted all thoſe whoſe fathers had not 
been inveſted with public offices, to be em- 
ployed in the management of affairs —4 
woman famous for her debaucheries. J. 


| 6, v. 242. 


Minitivs, a Roman who married the 
daughter of Tarquin. He lived at Tuſcu- 
lum, and received his father-in-law in tis 
houſe, when baniſhed from Rome, &c. 
Liv, 2, e. 15. Caius, a celebrated m- 
the matician and poet of Antioch, who wrt 
a poetical treatiſe on aſtronomy, of Wich 
five books are extant, treating of the fixed 
ſtars. The ſtile is not elegant. The agen 
which he lived is not known, though ſome 
ſuppoſe, that he floriſned in the Auguſan 
age, No author, however, in the age ot 
Auguſtus has made mention of Maniliu. 
The beſt editions of Manilius are thoſe ol 
Bentley, 4to. London, 1739, and Stoebe- 
rus, Svo. Argentor. 1767. Titus, 2 
learned hiſtorian in the age of Sylla and Ma- 
rius. He is greatly commended by Cicero, 
pro Roſcio. Marcus, another mentioned 
by Cicere de Orat. 1, c. 48, as ſupporting 
the character of a great lawyer, and of aa 
eloquent and powerful orator. | 

Maxfur, a people in Germany. Tact. 
G. 43. 

MANLIA Lxx, by the tribune P. Man- 
lius, A. U. C. 557. It revived the office 
of treviri epulones, firſt inſtituted by Numa, 
The epulones were prieſts, who prepar 
banquets for Jupiter and the gods at pub- 
lic feſtivals, &c. 


MaN LTU! 


nnn 


wy wy, Gs oh. 


nich were 
es. This 
ed by the 
that alk 
den mere 
on earth, 
had been 
of it are 
reek poem 
the power 
the birth 
ned. The 
» edited in 
to be the 
A fe. 
e daughter 


is the tri- 
ed that all 
VINCE, to- 
then under 
he deliver- 
ral ſhould, 
gainſt Mi- 
mmand of 
of the Me- 
ther which 
rs had not 
, to be em- 
airs, —4 
ries. Juv, 


married the 
| at Tuſcu- 
-law in bis 
Nome, Ke. 
-bratcd ma- 
who wrote 
„ of Wich 
of the fixed 

The agen 
hough ſome 
e August 

the age of 
f Manilius. 
are thoſe ot 
and Stoebe- 
— 1 itus, 4 
lla and Ma- 
d by Cicero 
r mentione 
s ſupporting 
„and of al 


any. Tacil. 


me P. Man- 
d the office 
ed by Numa, 
ho prepare 
gods at pub- 


MANLES 


M A 


Mantrus TorqQuATvVs, à celebrated 
Roman, whoſe youth was diſtinguiſhed by 
a lively and chearful diſpoſition. Theſe 

romiſing talents were, however, impeded 
by a difficulty of ſpeaking ; and the father 
unwilting to expoſe his ſon's ruſticity at 
Rome, detained him in the country. The 
behaviour of the father was publicly cen- 
ſured, and Marius Pomponius the tribune 
eited him to anſwer for his unfatherly be- 
haviour to his fon. Young Maalius was in- 
formed of this, and with a dagger in his 
hand he entered the houſe of the tribune, 
and made him ſolemnly promiſe that he 
would drop the accuſation. This action 
of Manlius endeared him to the people, 
and ſoon after he was choſen military tri- 
bune, In a war againſt the Gauls, he ac- 
cepted the challenge of one of the enemy, 
whoſe gigantic ſtature and ponderous arms 
had rendered him terrible and almoſt in- 
vincible in the eyes of the Romans. The 
Gaul was conquered, and Manlius ftripped 
him of his arms, and from the collar /zor- 
quis} which he took from the enemy's 
neck, he was ever after firnamed Terquatus, 
Manlius was the firſt Roman who was 
raiſed to the dictatorſhip, without having 
been previouſly conſul. The ſeverity of 
Torquatus to his ſon, has been deſervedly 
cenſured. This father had the courage and 
heart to put to death his ſon, becauſe he 
had engaged. one of the enemy, and ob- 
tained an honorable victory, without his 
previous permiſſion. This uncommon rigor 
diſpleaſed many of theRomans; and, though 
Torquatus was honored with a triumph, and 
commended by the ſenate for his ſervices, 
yet the Roman youth ſhowed their diſap- 
probation of the conſul's ſeverity, by refuſ- 
ing him at his return the homage which 
every other conqueror received. Some time 
aiter the cenſorſhip was offered to him, but 
he refuſed it, obſerving, that the people 
could not hear his ſeverity, nor he the vices 
of the people. From the rigor of Torqua- 
tus, all edits and actions of ſeverity and 
Juſtice have been called Manliana edicta. 
Liv. 7, c. 10.--Val. Max. 6, c. 9. Mar- 
cus, a celebrated Roman, whoſe valor was 
Ciſplayed in the field of battle, even at the 
early age of 16. When Rome was taken 
by the Gauls, Manlius with a body of his 
countrymen fled into the capitol, which he 
detended when it was ſuddenly ſurpriſed in 
the night by the enemy. This action gained 
him the firname of Capitolinus, and the 
geeſe, which by their clamor had awakened 

im to arm hamſelf in his own defence, were 
ever after held ſacred. among the Romans. 
A law which Manlius propoſed to abolith 
the taxes on the common people, raiſed the 
lenators againſt him, The dictator, Corn. 


M A 


| Coſſus, ſeized him as a rebel, but the pes 


ple put on mourning, and delivered trom 
priſon their common father. This did not, 
in the leaſt, check his ambition; he con- 
tinued to raiſe factions, and even lecretly 
to attempt to make himſelf abſolute, till at 
laſt the tribunes of the people themſelves 
became his accuſers. He was tried in the 
Campus Martius; but when the diſtant 
view of the capitol which Manlius had. 
ſaved, ſeemed to influence the people in 
his favor, the court of juſtice was removed, 
and Manlius was condemned. He was 
thrown down from the Tarpeian rock, 
A. C. C. 371, and to render his ignominy 
{till greater, none of his family were after- 
wards permitted to bear the firname of 
Marcus, and the place where his houte had 
ſtood was deemed unworthy to be inhabit- 
ed. Liv. 5, &c.—Flor. 1, c. 13 & 26.— 
Val. Max. 6, c. 3.—Virg. u. 6, v. 825. 
—— I mperioſus, father of Manlius Torqua- 
tus. He was made dictator. He was ac- 
cuſed for detaining his ſon at home. Vid. 
Manlius Torquatus. Voiſo, a Romau 
conſul who received an army of Scipio in 
Aſia, and made war againſt the Gallo-gre- 


| clans, whom he conquered. He was ho- 


nored with a triumph at his return, though 
it was at firſt ſtrongly oppoſed. Fler. 3, 
c. 11.—Liv. 38, e. 12, &c. Another 
called alſo Cincinnatus. He made war 
againſt the Etrurians and Veientes with great 
ſucceſs. He died of a wound he had te- 
ceived in a battle. Another, who in his 
præetorſhip reduced Sardinia, He was after- 
wards made dicator. Another, who 
was defeated by a rebel army of flaves in 
Sicily,——A prztor in Gaul, who fought 
againſt the Boii, with very little fuccels. 
Another, called Attilius, who defeated 
a Carthaginian fleet, &c, Another, who 
conſpired with Catiline againſt the Roman 
republic, Another, in whoſe conſulſhip 
the temple of Janus was ſhut, Another, 
who was baniſhed under Tiberius for his 
adultery A Roman appointed judge 
between his ſon Silanus and the province of 
Macedonia. When all the parties had been 
heard, the father ſaid, © it is evident that 
my ſon has ſuffered himſelf to be bribed, 
therefore I deem him unworthy of the re- 
public and of my houſe, and I order him to 
depart from my preſence.” Silanus was ſo 
ſtruck at the rigor of his father, that he 
hanged himſelf. Val. Max. 5, Cc. 5. A 
learned man in the age of Cicero. 

ManNus, the ſon of Thiaſto, both fa- 
mous divinities among the Germans, 1acit, 
de Germ. c. 2. 

J. MansvETus, a friend of Vitellius, 
who entered the Roman armies, and lett 
his ſon then very young at home. The 


642 {vn 


M A 


ſon was promoted by Galba, and ſoon after 
met a detachment of the partizans of Vi- 
tellius in Which his father was. A battle 
was fought, and Manſuetus was wounded 
by the hand of his ſon, &c. Tacit. Hift. 3, 
e. 45. 

MANTINEA, a town of Arcadia in Pe- 
loponneſus. It was taken by Aratus and 
Antigonus, and on account of the latter it 
was afterwards called Antigonia. The em- 
peror Adrian built there a temple in honor 
of his favorite Alcinous. It is famous for 


the battle, which was fought there between . 


Epaminondas at, the head of the Thebans, 
and the combined force of Lacedzmon, 
Achaia, Elis, Athens, and Arcadia, about 
363 years before Chriſt, The Theban ge- 
neral was killed in the engagement, and 
from that time Thebes loſt its power and 
conſequence among the Grecian ſtates. 

MANTINEUS, the father of Ocalea, who 
married Abas the ſon of Lynceus and Hy- 
permneſtra. Apollod. 2, c. 9. 

MANTINORUM OPPIDUM, a town of 
Corſica, now ſuppoſed to be Baſtia. 

ManT1vs, a fon of Melampus. 

ManTo, a daughter of the prophet 
Tireſias, endowed with the gift of prophe- 
cy. She was made priſoner by the .Argives 
when the city of Thebes fell into their 
hands, and as ſhe was the worthieſt part of 
the booty, the conquerors ſent her to 
Apollo, the god of Delphi, as the moſt 
valuable preſent they could make. Man- 
to, often called Daphne, remained for ſome 
time at Delphi, where ſhe officiated as 
prieſteſs, and where ſhe gave oracles. From 
Delphi ſhe came to Claros in Ionia, where 
ſhe eſtabliſhed an oracle of Apollo. Here 
ſhe married Rhadius the ſovercign of the 
country, by whom ſhe had a ſon called 
Mopſus. Manto afterwards viſited Italy, 
where ſhe mariied Tiberinus the king of 
Alba, or, as the poets mention, the god of 
the river Tyber. From this marriage tprang 
Ocnus, who built a town in the neighbour- 
hood, which, in honor of his mother, he 
called Mantua. Manto, according to a 
certain tradition, was ſo ſtruck at the miſ- 
fortunes which afflicted Thebes, her native 
country, that ſhe gave way to het ſorrow, 
and "was turned into a fountain. Some ſup- 
poſe her tv be the ſame who conducted 
Encas into hell, and who ſold the Sibyl- 
line books to Tarquin the Proud. She re- 
ceived divine honors after death. Vg. An. 
I, v. 199. |. 10, v. 199. — Cid. Met. 6, 
v. 157. — Died. 4. — Applied. 3, c. 7.— 
Strah, 14 & 16. -a. 9, c. 10. 

Mas IVA, a tuwn of Italy beyond the 
Po, founded about 300 yeats before Rome 
by Binnor or Oc s, the fon of Manto. I! 
was the antient capital ot Etrutia, When 


3 


— 


— — — — —rÿ.w—.˖ — — 


M A 


Cremona, which had followed the intereſt 
of Brutus, was given to the ſoldiers of 
Octavius, Mantua alſo, which was in the 
neighbourhood, ſhared the common cala. 
mity, though it had favored the party of 
Auguſtus, and many of the inhabitants 
were tyrannically deprived of their poſſeſ. 
ſions. Virgil, who was among them, and a 
native of the town, and from thence often 
called Mantuanus, applied for redreſs to 
Auguſtus, and obtained it by means of his 
poetical talents. Strab. 5. —Virg. Fel. 1, 
&c. G. 3, v. 12. An. 10, v. 180.— Ovid. 
Amor. 3, el. 15. 

MARACANDA, a town of Sogdiana. 

MARATHA, a village of Arcadia, Par, 
8, c. 28. 

Mxs Arko, a village of Attica, 10 miles 
from Athens, celebrated for the victory 
which the 10,000 Athenians and 1000 Pla- 
tæans, under the command of Miltiades, 
gained over the Perſian army, conſiſting of 
100,000 foot and 10,000 horſe, or, accord- 
ing to Val. Maximus, of 300,000, or, as 
Juſtin ſays, of 600,000, under the com- 
mand of Datis andArtaphernes, on the 28th 
of Sept. 490, B. C. In this battle, accord- 
ing to Herodotus, the Athenians loſt only 
192 men, and the Perſians 6,300. TJuſlin 
has raiſed the loſs of the Perſians, in this 
expedition and in the battle, to 200,000 
men. To commemorate this immortal 
victory of their countrymen the Greeks 
raiſed ſmall columns, with the names in- 
{ſcribed on the tombs of the fallen heroes, 
It was alſo in the plains of Marathen that 
Theſeus overcame a celebrated bull, which 
plundered the neighbouring country. * Eri- 
gone is called Marathenia virgo, as being 
born at Marathon. Stat. 5 Sylv. 3, v. 74 
C. Nep. in Milt.— Herodot. 6, &c.—TJuſ- 
tin. 2, c. 9.—Val. Max. 5, c. 3.—Plut. in 
parall, A king of Attica, who gave his 
name to a ſmall village there. Pau. 2, C. l. 
A king of Sicyon. 

MaRATHOS, a town of Phœnicia. Mela, 
I, c. 12. 

MARCELLA, a daughter of Octavia the 
ſiſter of Auguſtus by Marcellus. She mar- 
ricd Agrippa. 

MARCELLINUSAMMIANVUS, a celebrated 
tiſtorian who carried arms under Conſtantius, 
Julian, and Valens, and wrote an hiſtory 
of Rome from the reign of Domitian, 
where Suetonius ſtops, to the emperor 
Valens. His ſtile is neither elegant nor 
labored, but it is greatly valuable for kits 
veracity, and in many of the actions he men- 
tions, the author was nearly concerned. 
This hiſtory was compoſed at Rome, Where 
Ammianus retied from the noiſe and trouvies 
of the camp, and docs not betray that ſe- 


emf agailutt the Chriſtians which other 
: WIItets 


conqo 


upon 

ume 
haved 
Zreate 
Wiich 
ure 


\tereft 
ers of 
in the 

cala- 
rty of 
bitants 
poſſeſ- 

and a 
often 
reſs to 
of his 
Fel. 1, 
— Ovid, 


Na. 


„ Par J. 


o miles 
victory 
500 Pla- 
liltiades, 
ſiſting of 
accord- 
„ or, as 
je com- 
the 28th 
accord- 
loſt only 
Juſtin 
3, In this 
200,000 
immortal 
» Greeks 
james in- 
n heroes. 
then that 
II, which 
try. Eri- 
as being 


o gave his 
17. 2, C. J. 


cia. Mela. 


)Aavia the 
She mar- 


celebrated 
onſtantius, 
an hiſtory 

Domitian, 

Ee emperor 
legant not 
able for us 
ms he men- 
CONCc! ned. 

me, Whete 

nd troubles 

ray that ſe- 
uich other 

writers 


M A 
writers have manifeſted, though the author 


was warm in favor of Paganiſm, the religion 
which for a while was ſeated on the throne, 


which only the eighteen laſt remain, begin- 
ning at the death of Magnentius. Ammi- 
anus has been liberal in his encomiums upon 
ſulian, whoſe favors he enjoyed, and who 
{0 eminently patronized his religion. The 
negligence with which ſome facts are ſome- 
times mentioned, has induced many to be- 
lieve that the hiſtory of Ammianus has ſuf- 
fered much from the ravages of time, and 
that it is deſcended to us mutilated and im- 
perfect. The beſt editions of Ammianus, 
are thoſe of Gronovius, fol. and 4to. L. Bat. 
1693, and of Erneſti, 8vo. Lipſ. 1773. 
An officer under Julian, 
MAaRCELL Us, Marcus Claudius, a famous 
Roman general, who, after the firſt Punic 
war, had the management of an expedi- 
tion againſt the Gauls, where he obtained the 
Spolia opima, by killing with his own hand 
Viridomarus the king of the enemy. Such 
ſucceſs rendered him popular, and ſoon af- 
ter he was entruſted to oppoſe Annibal in 
Italy, He was the firſt Roman who ob- 
tamed ſome advantage over this celebrated 
Carthaginian, and ſhowed his countrymen 
that Annibal was not invincible. The 
troubles which were raiſed in Sicily by the 
Carthaginians at the death of Hieronymus, 
alarmed the Romans, and Marcellus, in 
his third conſulſhip, was ſent with a pow- 
erful force againſt Syracuſe. He attacked 
it by ſea and land, but his operations 
proved ineffectual, and the invention and 
induſtry of a philoſopher [ Vid. Archimedes.) 
were able to baffle all the efforts, and to 
deſtroy all the great and ſtupendous ma- 
chines and military engines of the Romans, 
during three ſucceſſive years. The perſe- 
verance of Marcellus at laſt obtained the 
victory, The inattention of the inhabitants 
during their nocturnal celebration of the 
teftivals of Diana, favored his operations; 
ke forcibly entered the town, and made 
lumſelf maſter of it. The conqueror enriched 
ue capital of Italy with the ſpoils of Syra- 
tule, and when he was accuſed of rapaci- 
balels, for tripping the conquered city 
& all its paintings and ornaments, he con- 
feſſed, that he had done it to adorn the pub- 
lic buildings of Rome, and to introduce a 
tate for the fine arts and elegance of the 
Greeks among his countrymen. After the 
conqueſt of Syracuſe, Marcellus was called 
wot by his country to oppoſe a ſecond 
une Annibal. In this campaign he be- 
aved with greater vigor than before; the 
Seaelt part of the towns of the Samnites, 
* had revolted, were recovered by 
ace of arms, and 3000 of the ſoldiers of 


| 
| 


| 


miable prince. 


M A 


Annibal made priſoners. Some time after 
an engagement with the Carthaginian ge- 


neral proved unfavorable ; Marcellus had 
It was divided into thirty-one books, of 


the diſadvantage : but on the murrow a 
more ſucceſsful ſkirmiſh vindicated his mi- 
litary character, and the honor of the Ro- 
man ſoldiers, Marcellus, however, was 
not ſufficiently vigilant againſt the ſnares of 
his adverſary. He imprudently ſeparated 
himſelf from his camp, and was killed in an 
ambuſcade in the both year of his age, in his 
5th conſulſhip, A. U. C. 544. His body was 
honored with a magnificent funeral by the 
conqueror, and his aſhes were conveyed in 
a ſilver urn to his ſon, Marcellus claims 
our commendation for his private as well 
as public virtues; and the humanity of a 
general will ever be remembered, who, at 
the ſurrender of Syracuſe, wept at the 
thought that many were going to be ex- 
poſed to the avarice and rapaciouſneſs of 
an incenſed ſoldiery, which the policy of 
Rome and the laws of war rendered in- 
evitable. Virg. Eu. 6, V. 85 5.— Plut. in 
vita, &c. One of his deſcendants, who 
bore the ſame name, ſignalized himſelf in 
the civil wars of Cæſar and Pompey, by his 
firm attachment to the latter, He was ba- 
niſhed by Czſar, but afterwards recalled at 
the requeſt of the ſenate. Cicero undertook 
his defence in an oration which is ſtill ex- 
tant, The grandſon of Pompey's friend 
rendered himſelf popular by his univerſal 
benevolence and affability. He was ſon of 
Marcellus by Octavia the fiſter of Auguſtus, 
He married Julia that emperor's daughter, 
and was publicly intended as his ſucceſſor. 
The ſuddenneſs of his death, at the early 
age of 18, was the cauſe of much lamenta- 


; tion at Rome, particularly in the family of 
| Auguſtus, and Virgil procured himſelf great 


favors by celebrating the virtues of this a- 
[ Vid. Ofavia.] Marcellus 
was buried at the public expence. Vg. 
En. 6, v. 88 3.—Suet. in Aug. —Plut. in 
Marcell. —Senec. Conſol. ad Marc. — Paterc. 
2, c. 93. The ſon of the great Marcellus 
who took Syracuſe, was caught in the am- 
buſcade which proved fatal to his father, 
but he forced his way from the enemy and 
eſcaped. He received the aſhes of his father 
from the conqueror. Plat. in Marecll. 
A man who conſpired againſt Veſpaſian. 
The huſband of Octavia tne ſiſter of Auguſ- 
tus. A conqueror of Britain. An of- 
ficer under the emperor Julian, A man 
put to death by Galba. A man who gave 
Cicero information of Catiline's conſpiracy. 
A colleague of Cato in the quæſtorſhip. 
A native of Pamphylia, who wrote an 
heroic poem on phy fic, divided into 42 books. 
He lived in che reign of Marcus Aurelius, 
—— \ Roman drowned in a ſtorm, &c. 
88 MARC1aA 


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M A 


Maxcra Lrx, by Marcius Cenſorinus. 
It forbad any man to be inveſted with the 
office of cenſor more than once. 

Maxcta, the wife of Regulus, when 
ſhe heard that her huſband had been put to 
death at Carthage in the moſt excruciating 
manner, 1etorted the puniſhment, and ſhut 
up ſome Carthaginian priſoners in a barrel, 
which ſhe had previouſly filled with ſharp 
nails. The ſenate was obliged to flop her 
wantonneſs and cruelty. D7ed. 24. A 
favorite of the emperor Commodus, whom 
he poiſoned. A veſtal virgin, puniſhed 
for her incontinence. A daughter of 
Philip, who married Cato the cenſor. Her 
huſband gave ker to his friend Hortenſius for 
the ſake of procreating children, and after 
his death he took her again to his own houſe. 
An ancient name of the ifland of Rhodes. 
— A daughter of Cato of Utica. A 
ftream of water. V. Martia aqua. 

MaRCiAna, a ſiſter of the emperor Tra- 
jan, who, on account of her public and 
private virtues and her amiable diſpofition, 
was declared Auguſta and empreſs by her 
brother. She died A. D. 113. 

MarcianoyGlis, the capital of Lower 
Mo:ha in Greece. It receives its name in 
honor of the empreſs Marciana. 

MARC1iAwnvs, a native of Thrace, born 
of an obſcure family. After he had for 
ſome time ſerved in the army as a common 
ſoldier, he was made private ſecretary to 
one of the officers of Theodoſius. His 
winning addreſs and uncommon talents raiſ- 
ed him to higher ſtations; and on the death 
of Theodoſius the 2d, A. D. 450, he was 
inveſted with the imperial purple in the caſt. 
The ſubjects of the Roman empire had rea- 
fon to be {atished with their choice, Mar- 
cianus ſhowed himſelf active and reſolute, 
ard when Attila, the barbarous king of the 
Huns, aſked of the emperor the annual tri- 
bute, which the indolence and cowardice 
of his predeceſſors had regularly paid, the 
fucceſſor of Theodoſius firmly ſaid, that he 
kept his gold for his friends, but that iron 
was the meta} which he had prepared for 
hit enemies. In the midſt of univerſal po- 
pularity Marcianus died, after a reign of 
nix years, in the 6gth year of his age, as he 
was making warlike preparations againſt the 
barbarians that had invaded Africa, His 
death was lamentcd, and indeed his merit 
was great, ſince his reign has been diſtin- 
guiſhed by rhe appellation of the goldenage. 

Jarc'anus married Pulcheria the fifter of 
his predeceſſor. It is ſaid, that in the years of 
his obſcurity he found a man who had been 
murdered, and that he kad the humanity to 
give him a private burial, for which circum- 
ſtance he was accuſcd of the bumicide and 


2 


fines of Media, They were very poor, and 


| 


M A 


impriſoned. He was condemned to loſe hit 
life, and the ſentence would have been exe. 
cuted, had not the real murderer been dic. 
overed, and convinced the world of the in- 
nocence of Marcianus.— Capella a writer, 
Vid. Capella. 

M. MAaxervs SABINUS, wis the pro- 
genitor of the Marcian family at Rome, 
He came to Rome with Numa, and it was 
he who adviſed Numa to accept of the 
crown, which the Ramans offered to him, 
He attempted to make himſelf king of 
Rome, in oppoſition to Tullus Hoſtilius, 
and when his efforts proved unſucceſsful, 
he killed himſelf. His ſon, who married a 
daughter of Numa, was made high prieft by 
his father-in-law. He was father of Ancus 
Martius. Plut. in Numa. A Roman 
who accuſed Ptolemy Auletes, king of 
Egypt, of miſdemeanor, in the Roman ſe. 
nate. A Roman conſul, defeated by the 
Samnites. He was more ſucceſsful againſt 
the Carthaginians, and obtained a viRtory, 
&c. Another conſul, who obtained a 
victory over the Etrurians. Another, 
who defeated the Hernici. A Roman 
who fought againſt Aſdrubal. A man 
whom Catiline hired to aſſaſſinate Cicero. 

MARCc1IUusSALTUS, a place in Liguria, &t. 

MARCOMANNI, a pcople of Germany, 
who originally dwelt on the banks of che 
Rhine and the Danube. They proved pow- 
erful enemies to the Roman emperors. Au- 
guſtus granted them peace, but they were 
afterwards ſubdued by Antoninus and Tra- 
jan, &c. Paterc. 2, c. 109.—Tacit, A, 
2, c. 46 & 62. G. 42. 

Marcus, a prænomen common to many 
of the Romans. Vid. Emilius, Lepidus, 
& c. — A fon of Cato, killed at rows 
&c. Carynenſis, a general of the A- 
chæan league, 255 B. C. 

Mak pl, a people of Perſia, on the con. 


generally lived upon the fleſh of wild bealts, 
Their country, in later times, became the 
reſidence of the famous aſſaſſins deſtroyed 
by Hulakou the grandſon of Zingis Khan. 
Herodot. 1 & 3.—Plin. 6, c. 16. 

MARDIA, a place of Thrace, famous for 
a battle between Conſtantine and Licinius, 
A. N. 315. 

MaRDoNnivus, a general of Xerxes, who, 
after the defeat of his maſter at Thermo- 
pylæ and Salamis, was left in Greece with 
an army of 300,000 choſen men, to ſubdue 
the country, and reduce it under the powe! d 
Perſia. His operations were rendered uſelels 
by the courage and vigilance of the Greeks; 
and, in a battle at Platæa, Mardonius was de- 
feated and left among the flain, B. C. 479: 


# 


He had been commander of the _ 5 
| all 


loſe hit 
en Exe 
en diſ- 
the in- 
Writer. 


he pro- 
Rome, 
d it was 
of the 
to him. 
king of 
Joſtilius, 
acceſsful, 
narried a 
prieft by 
of Ancus 
\ Roman 
king of 
oman ſe- 
ted by the 
ful againſt 
a victory, 
btained a 
— Another, 
A Roman 
— A man 
Cicero. 
iguria, xt. 
Germany, 
naks of che 
roved pow- 
zerors. Au- 
they were 
15 and Tra- 
Tacit. An, 


von to many 
Sy Lepidus, 
at 
of the A- 


on the _ 
an 

File beaſts, 
became the 

ns deftroyed 
jingis Khan. 
6. 
by famous fot 
ind Licins 


Xerxes, who, 
at Therme- 
1 Greece with 
en, do ſubdue 
er the power d 
ndered uſeles 
F the Greeks 
donius was (tr 
in, B. C. 479; 


the armies ® 
aus 


M A 


Natius in Europe, and it was chiefly by his 
advice that Xerxes invaded Greece, He 
was ſon-in-law of Darius. Plut. in Ariſt, 
—Heradot. 6, 7, & 8.—Died. 11.—Tuftin, 
2, C. 135 & c. 
MarDuUs, a river of Media, falling into 
the Caſpian ſea. 

Mare MoRTVU Um, callcd alſo, from the 
bitumen it throws up, the lake 4ſphalt:tes, is 
ſituate in Judza, and near 100 miles long 
and 25 broad. Its waters are ſalter than 
thoſe of the ſea, but the vapors exhaled 
from them are not ſo peſti!ential as has been 
generally repreſented. It is {uppoſed that 
the 13 cities, of which Socom and Gomor- 
rah as mentioned in the Scriptures, were the 
capital, were deſtroyed by a volcano, and on 
the fite a lake formed, Volcanic appear- 
ances now. mark the face of the country, 
and earthquakes are frequent. Pin. 5, c. 6. 
Toſeph. F. bell. 4, c. 27,—Strah, 16, 
p. 764. —Tuftin. 36, c. 3. 

MAxköris, now Siwa, a lake in E- 
gypt, near Alexandria. Its neigaboutrhood 
is famous for wine, though ſome make the 
Mareoticum vimum grow in Epirus, or in a 
certain part of Libya, called alſo Marcotis, 
near Egypt. Virg. G. 2, v. 91.—tlorat. 1, 
od. 38, v. I4.—Lucan. 3 & 10,—Stras, 
17. 

MaRCINIA & MARGIANIA, a town 
and country near the river Oxus, at the eaft 
of Hyrcania, celebrated for its wines. The 
vines are ſo uncommonly large that two 
men can ſcarcely claſp the trunk of one of 
them, Curt. 7, c. 10,—Ptol. 5. 

MarGiTES, a man againſt whom, as 
ſome ſuppoſe, Homer wrote a poem, to 
ridicule his ſuperficial knowledge, and to 
expoſe his affectation. When Demoſthenes 
vithed to prove Alexander an inveterate 
enemy to Athens, he called kim agother 
Margites, 

Marcus, a river of Mœſia falling into 
the Danube, with a town of the ſame name, 
now Kaftolat VT, 

MariiBa, a city of Arabia, near the 
Red Sea, 

Marra LEx, by C. Marius, the tribune, 
A. U. C. 634. It ordered the planks called 
pntcs, on which the people ſtood up to give 
their votes in the comitia, to be narrower, 
tat no other might ſtand there to hinder 
the proceedings of the aſſembly by appeal, or 
ether diſturbances Another, called alſo 
Fercia, by L. Marius and Porcius, tribunes, 
A. U. C. 691. It fined a certain ſum of 
money tuch commanders as gave a falſe ac- 
count to the Roman ſenate ,of the number 
Alain in a battle, It obliged them to 
car to the truth of their return when they 


entered the city, according to the beſt com- 
Mutatun, 


M A 


| Mar1anxa, a Jewiſh woman, who mar- 
red Herodes, &c. 

MARIANaEA FOSSA, a town of Gaul Nar- 
bonenfis, which received its name from the 
] dyke //ofja}, which Marius opened from 

thence to the ſea, P/in. 3, c. 4.—Strab. 4. 

MARTANDYNUM, a place near Bithynia, 
where the poets feign that Hercules dragged 
Cerberus out of hell. Dienyy. 

Mar1Anus, a ſirname given to Jupiter, 
from a temple built to his henor by Marius. 
It was in this temple that the Roman ſenate 
aſſembled to recall Cicero, a circumſtance 
communicated to him in a dream. Val. 
Max. 1, c. 7. 

Manic, a nymph of the river Liris, 
near Mturnæ. She married king Faunus, 
by whom ſhe had king Latinas, and ſhe was 
afterwargs called Fauna and Fatua, and ho- 
nored as a goddeſs. A city of Campania 
bore her name. Some ſc ppoſe her to be the 
lame as Circe. Ig. An. , v. 47. A 
wood on the borders of Campania bore alſothe 
name of Mar ica, as being ſacred tothe nymph. 
Liu. 27, c. 37.—Horat. 3, od. 17, v. 7. 
Maxicus, a Gaui thrown to lions, in the 
reign of Vitellius, who refuſed to devour 
him, &c. Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 61. 

Maki Na, a daughter of Arcadius, &c. 
Maki, a friend of Tiberius, put te 
death, &c. 

Makro, a king of Tyre, in the age of 
Alexander the Great. 

MAR15SA, an opulent town of ſudæa. 
MARrITA LEX. Vid. Julia de Mari- 
tandis. 

Mats, a river of Scythia. 

MaRkisus, a river of Dacia. 

C. Makrrvus, a celebrated Roman, who, 
from a peaſant, became one of the moſt pow- 
ertul and cruel tyrants that Rome ever beheld 
during her conſular government. He wag 
born at Arpinum, of obſcure and illiterate 
parents. His father bore the ſame name as 
himſelf, and his mother was called Fulcinya. 
He forſook the meaner occupations of the 
country for the camp, and fignalized himſelf 
under Scipio at the ſiege of Numantia. The 
Roman general ſaw the courage and intrepi- 
dity of young Marius, and foretold the era 
of his future greatueſs. By his ſe ditions and 
intrigues at Rome, while he exerciſed the 
inſ-rior offices of the ſtate, he rendered him- 
ſeif known; and his marriage with Julia, 
who was of the family of the Czfars, contri - 
buted in ſome meaſure to raiſe iim to conſe- 
quence. He paſſed into Africa as lieutenant 
to the conſul Metellus againſt Jugurtha, 
and, after he had there ingratiated himſelf 
with the ſoldiers, and raiſed enemies to has 
friend and benefactor, be returned to Rome, 
and canvaſſed for the conſulſuip. The ex- 


| travagant promiſes he made to the people, 


Gg4 and 


M A 


and his malevolent inſinuations about the 
conduct of Metellus, proved ſucceſsful. He 
was elected, and appointed to finiſh the war 
againſt Jugurtha. He ſhowed himſelf capa- 
ble in every degree to ſucceed to Metellus. 
Jugmtha was defeated, and afterwards be- 
trayed into the hands of the Romans by the 
perfidy of Bocchus. No ſooner was Jugurtha 
conquered than new honors and freſh tro- 
phies awaited Marius. The provinces of 
Rome were ſuddenly invaded by an army of 
zoo, ooo barbarians, and Marius was the only 
man whoſe activity and boldneſs could reſiſt 
ſo powerful an enemy. He was elected con- 
ſul, and ſent againſt the Teutones. The 
war was prolonged, and Marius was a third 
and ſourth time inveſted with the conſulſhip. 
At laſt two engagements were fought, and 
not leſs than 200,000 of the barbarian forces 
of the Ambrones and Teutones were flain in 
the field of battle, and go, ooo made priſon- 
ers. The following year was alſo marked 
by a total overthrow of the Cimbri, anothe1 
horde of barbarians, in which 140,050 were 
flaughtered by the Romans, and 60,000 
taken priſoners. After ſuch honorable vic- 
ries, Marius, with his colleague Catulus, 
entered Rome in triumph, and, for his emi- 
nent ſervices, he deſerved the appellation of 
the third founder of Rome. He was elected 
conſul a fixth time; and, as his intrepidity 
had delivered his country from its forcign 
enemies, he ſought employment at home, 
and his reſtleſs ambition began to raiſe ſedi- 
tions, and to oppoſe the power of Sylla. 
This was the cauſe and the foundation of a 
civil war. Sylla refuſed to deliver up the 
command of the forces with which he was 
empowered to proſccute the Mithridatic war, 
and he refolved to oppoſe the authors of a 
demand which he conſidered as arbitrary 
and improper. Headvanced to Rome, and 
Marius was obliged to fave his lite by flight. 
The unfavorable winds prevented him from 
ſeeking a ſafer retreat in Africa, and he was 
left on the coaſts of Campania, where the 
emiſſaries of his enemy ſoon diſcovered him 
in a marſh, where he had plunged himſelf 
in the mud, and left only his mouth above 
the ſurface for reſpiration. He was vio- 
lently dragged to the neighbouring town of 
Migturnz, and the magiſtrates, all devoted 


M A 


priſon, and favored his eſcape to Africa, 
where he joined his fon Marius, who had 
been arming the princes of the country in 
his cauſe, Marius landed near the walls 
of Carthage, and he received no ſmall con- 
ſolation at the fight of the venerable ruins 
of a once powerful city, which, like himſc1f, 
had been expoſed to calamity, and felt the 
cruel viciſſitude of fortune. This place of 
his retreat was ſoon known, and the gover- 
nor of Africa, to conciltate the favors of 
Sylla, compelled Marius to fly to a neigh. 
bouring ifland. He ſoon after learned that 
Cinna had embraced his cauſe at Rome, 
when the Roman ſenate had tripped him 
of his conſular dignity and beſtowed it upon 
one of his enemies. This intelligence ani- 
mated Marius; he ſet ſail to aſſiſt his friend, 
only at the head of a thouſand men. His 
army, however, gradually encreaſed, and 
he entered Rome like a conqueror. His 
enemies were inhumanely ſacrificed to his 
fury, Rome was filled with blood, and he 
who had once been called the father of his 
country, marched through the fireets of the 
city, attended by a number of ailaflins, 
who immediately ſlaughtered ail thoſe 
whoſe ſalutations were not anſwered by 
their leader. Such were the ſignals for 
bloodſhed. When Marius and Cinna had 
ſufficiently gratified their reſentment, they 
made themiclves conſuls; but Marius, al» 
ready worn out with old age and infirmities, 
died fixtcen days after he had been honored 
with the conſular dignity for the ſeventh 
time, B. C. 86. His end was probably hal- 
tencd by the uncommon quantities of wine 
which hc drank when laboring under a dan- 
gerous diſeaſe, to remove, by intoxication, 
the ſtings of a guilty conſcience. Such was 
the end of Marius, who rendered himſelf 
conſpicuous by his victories, and by his 
crueity. As he was brought up in the miclt 
of poverty and among peaſants, it will not 
appear wonderful that he always betrayed 
ruſticity in his behaviour, and deſpiſed in 
others thoſe poliſhed manners and that ſtu- 
died addreſs which education had denied 
him. He hated the converſation of the 
learned, only becauſe he was illiterate, and, 
if he appeared an example of ſobiiety and 
temperance, he owed theſe advantages t0 


— 


to the intereſt of Sylla, paſſed ſentence of| the years of obſcurity which he had paſſed 


immediate death on their magnanimous pri- 
ſoner. A Gaul was commanded to cut off 
his head in the dungcon, but the ſtern coun- 

enance of Marius diſarmed the courage of 
the exccutioner, and, when he heard the 
exclumation of une, homo, audes nccidere Cui- 
um Marium, the dagger dropped from his 
hand. Such an uncommon adventure awak- 
ened the compaſhon of the inhabitants of 
Minturgx, They releaſed Marius from 


at Arpinum. His countenance was ſtern 
his voice firm and irmperious, and his dil. 
poſition untractable. He always betrayed 
the greateſt timidity in the public aſſemblies, 
as he had not been carly taught to make 
eloquence and oratory his purtuit. He was 
in the 0th year of his age when he died, 
and Rome ſcemed to rejoice at the fall of 
a man whoſe ambition had proved fatal to ſo 


many of her citizens, His only qualificativn 
wet 


Africa, 
who had 
untry in 
he walls 
nall con- 
ble ruins 
. himſclf, 
| felt the 
place of 
he gover- 
favors of 

a neigh» 
ned that 
it Rome, 
pped him 
d it upon 
ence ani- 
his friend, 
nen. His 
aled, and 
ror. His 
ced to his 
xd, and he 
her of his 
cets of the 
f aſſaſſins, 
all thoſe 
ſwered by 
ſignals for 
Cinna had 

ment, they 
Aarius, A- 
infirmities, 
en honored 
the ſeventh 
'obably haſ- 
ies of wine 
nder a dan- 
ntoxication, 
Such was 
red himſelf 
and by his 
in the mick 
it will not 
ys betrayed 
deſpiſed in 
nd that ſtu- 
had denied 
tion of the 
iterate, and, 
ſobriety and 
lvantages do 
had paſſed 
e was ſtern, 
ind his dil 
ays betrayed 
e aſſemblies, 
ht to make 
nit. He was 
hen he died, 


- the fall of 


ed fatal to ſo 


Jualificativns 
wes 


M A 


were thoſe of a great general, and with theſe 
he rendered himſelf the moſt illuſt-ious and 

mwerſul of the Romans, becauſe he was 
the only one whoſe ferocity ſeemed capable 
to oppoſe the barbacians of the north The 
manner of his death, according to ſome opi- 
nions, remains doubtful, though ſome have 
charged him with the crime of ſuicide. 
Among the inſtances which are mentioned 
of his firmneſs, this may be recorded: a 
ſwelling in the leg obliged him to apply to 
2 phyſician, who urged the neceſſity of cut- 
ting it of. Marius gave it, and ſaw the 
operation performed without a diſtortion of 
the face, and without a groan. The phy- 
fician aſked the other, and Marius gave it 
with equal compoſure, Plat. in vita.,— 
Paterc. 2, c. 9.— Fler. 3, c. 3.—Juv. 8, 
v. 245, &c. - Lucan. 2, v. 69. Caius, 
the fon of the great Marius, was as cruel as 
his father, and thared his good and his ad- 
verſe fortune. He made himſelf conſul in 
the 25th year of his age, and murdered al] 
the ſenators who oppoſed his ambitious 
views. He was defeated by Sylla, and fled 
to Preneſte, where he killed himſeif. Plut. 
in Maris, Priſcus, a governor of Africa, 
accuſed of extortionꝰin his province by Pliny 
the younger, and baniſhed from Italy. Pin. 
2, ep 11 —Fiv. 1, v. 48. A lover, &c. 
Vid. Hellas. One of the Greek fathers of 
the 5th century, whoſe wor ks were edited by 
Garner, 2 vols. fol. Paris, 167 3; and Baluzius, 
ib. 1684. M. Aurelius, a native of Gaul, 
who, from the mean employment of a black- 
ſmith, became one of the generals of Gallie 
nus, and at laſt cauſed himſelf to be fa- 
luted emperor, Three days atter this ele- 
vation, a man who had thared his poverty 
without partaking of his more proſperous 
fortune, publicly aſſaſſinated him, and he 
was killed by a ſword which he himſelf had 
made in the time of his obſcurity. Marius 
has been often celebrated for his great 
ſtrength, and it is confideatly reported that 
he could ſtop with one of his fingers only the 
wheel of a chariot in its moſt rapid courſe. 
Maximus, a Latin writer, who pub- 
liſhed an account of the Roman emperors 
from Trajan to Alexander, now loſt. His 
compolitions were entertaining, andexecuted 
with great exactneſs and fidelity. Some 
have accuſed him of inattention, and com- 
plain that his writings abounded with many 
fabulous and inſignificant ſtories. Celſus, 
a friend of Galba, ſaved from death by 
Otho, &c. Tacit. Hit. 1, c. 45. Sex- 
tus, a rich Spaniard, thrown down from 
the Tarpeian rock, on account of his riches, 
&c. Tacit. Ann. 6, C. 19. 
Maxukcus, the father of Pythagoras. 
Dicg. 

MARMARENSES, a people of Lycia, 


| 


M A 


MarxMArica. Vid. Marmaridæ. 

MaRMARI D, the inhabitants of that 
part of Libya called Marmarica, between 
Cyrene and Egypt. They were ſwift in run- 
ning, and pretended to poſſeſs ſome drugs 
or lectet power to deſtroy the poi ſonous et- 
tects of the bite of ſerpents. S. It. 3, v. 
300. |. 11, v. 182.—Lucan. 4, v. 680. 
I. 9. v. 894. 

MARMAR10N, a town of Eubcea, whence 
Apollo is called Marmarinus. Strab. 10. 

Mako. Vid. Virgilius. 

MazoBoput, a nation of Germany. 
Tacit. de Germ. 42. 

Mako, a high prieſt of Apollo, in Africa, 
& c. Homer, od. 9, v. 179. An Egyp- 
tian who accompanied Oſiris in his con- 
queſts, and built a city in Thrace, called 
from him Maronea, Mela. 2, c. 2. 

MARONEA, a city of the Cicones, in 
Thiace, near the Hebrus, of which Bac- 
chus 1s the chief deity. The wine has al- 
ways been reckoned excellent, and with 
it, it was ſuppoſed, Ulyſſes intoxicated 
tune Cyclops Polyphemus. P/in. 14, 4. 
Herodot. — Mela. 2, c. 2.—Tibull.g, el. 1, 
v. 57. a 

MareEsIA, a celebrated queen of the 
Amazons, who waged a ſucceſsful war 
againtt the inhabitants of mount Caucaſus. 
Tne mountain was called Marpeſius Mons 
from its female conqueror. Juſtin, 2, c. 4. 
Hrg. Au. 6. 

MaARPESSA, a daughter of the Evenus, 
who married Idas, by whom ſhe had Clco- 
patra, the wife of Meleager. Marpeſſa was 
tenderly loved hy her huſband ; and when 
Apollo endeavoured tocarry her away, Idas 
iollowed the raviſher with a bow and ar- 
rows, reſolved on revenge. Apollo and Idas 
were ſeparated by Jupiter, who permitted 
Marpeſſa to go with that of the two lovers 
whom the moſt approved of. She returned 
to her huſband. Homer. Il. 9g. — Apollod. 1, 
c. 7.,—Pauf. 4, c. 2. I. 5, c. 18. 

MaARPESUS, a town of Myſia. A 
mountain of Paros, abounding in white 
marble, whence Marpeſia cautes. The 
quarries are ſtill ſcen by modern travellers, 
Virg. Eu. 6, v. 471.—Plin, 4, c. 12,1. 36, 
e. 5. 

MaRrRes, a King of Egypt, who had a 
crow which conveyed his letters wherever he 
pleaſed. He raiſed a celebrated monument 
to this faithful bird near the city of Croco- 
diles. lian. An. 6,c. 7. 

MARKUCIN1, a people of Picenum. Si. 
lt. 15, v. 564. 

MARRUVvIUM or MARRUBIUM, now 
San Benedetto, a place near the Liris, in 
Italy. Virg. An. 7, v. 750.—Sil. I.. 8, 
v. 49 7. 

MaRs, the god of war amongſt the an- 

cients, 


= 
—— 2 a 
Fl — 1 4+” 4» 2 —— n 4 


— * 7 


M A X A 


ems, was the ſon of Jupiter er or the blood of the horſe, on account of hn 
of Juno alone, according to Ovid. This | warlike ſpirit, and of the wolf, on account 
goddeſs, as the poet mentions, wiſhed to | of his ferocity, Magpies and vultures were 
become a mother without the aſſiſtance of | alſo offered to him, on account of their 
the other ſex, like Jupiter, who had pro- Steedineſs and voracity. The Scythians ge. 
duced Minerva all armed from his head, ! nerally offered him aſſes, and the people of 
and ſhe was ſhown a flower by Flora in the | Caria dogs. The weed calied dog graſs wag 


Plains near Olenus, whoſe very touch made | ſacred to him, becauſe it grows, as it is com- 


women pregnant. [ Vid. Jun.] The edu- 
cation of Mars was entruſted by Juno tothe 
god Priapus, who inſtructed him in dancing 
and every manly exerciſe, His trial before 
The celebrated court of the Areopagus, ac- 
evording to the authority of ſome authors, 


monly reported, in places which are fit for 
fields of battle, or where the ground has 
been ſtained with the effufion of human 
blood. The firnames of Mars a:e got nu- 
merous, He was called Gradivus, Mzyors, 


Quirinus, Saliſubſulus, among the Romans. 


1 


for the murder of Hallirhotius, forms an in- The Greeks called him Ares, and he was the 


tereſting epoch in hiſtory, [ Vid. Arcopagite.}] 
The amours of Mars and Venus are greatly 
celebrated. The god of war gained the af- 
fect ions of Venus, and obtained the gratifi- 


awakened his ſuſpicions. 


Enyalus of the Sabines, ttc Camulus of the 
| Gauls, and the Mamers ot Carthage. Mars 
was father of Cupid, Anteros, and Harmo- 


nia, by the goddeſs Venus. He had Aſca- 


cation of his deſires; but Apollo, who was Japhus and lalmenus by Affyoche ; Alcippe 


eonſcious of their familiarities, informed 
Vulcan of his wife's debaucheries, and | 
Vulcan ſccretly | Agenor. 


by Agraulos ; Molus, Pylus, Evenus, and 
Theſtius, by Demonicc, the daughter of 
Beſides th eſe, he was the reputed 


laid a net around the bed, and the two lovers | farher of Romulus,Ci.nomaus, By this, Thrax, 


were expoſed, in each others arms, to the 


Diomedes of Thrace, &c. He preſided over 


vidicule and ſatire of all the gods, till Nep- | gladiztors, and was the god of hunting, and 
tune prevailed upon the huſband to ſet them | of whatever exerciſes or amuſements have 


at liberty. This unfortunate diſcovery ſo 
provoked Mars that he changed into a cock 


His favorite Alectryon, xhom he had ſtationed 


at the door to watch againſt the approach 


of the ſun, [ Vid. Alechi yon] and Venus alſo 
towed her reſentment by perſecuting with 
the maſt inveterate fury the children of 
Apollo. In the wars of Jupiter and the Ti- 
tans, Mars was ſeized by Orus and Ephialtes, 
and confined for fifteen months, till Mercury 
procured him his liberty. During the Tro- 


Jan war Mars interefted himſelf on the fide 
of the Tiajans, and defended the favorites 


et Venus with uncommon activity. The 


worſhip of Mars was not very en 
among the antients; his temples were not 
numerous in Greece, but in Rome he received 
the moſt unbounded honors, and the warlike 
Romans were proud of paying homage to a 
Ceity whom they eftcemed as the patron of 
their city, and.the father of the fil of their 
monarchis. His moſt celebrated temple at 
Rome was built by Auguſtus after the battle 
of Philippi. It was dedicated to Mars ultor, | 
er the avenger, His prieſts among the Ro- 
mans were called Salii; they were firſt inſti- 
tuted by Numa, and their chief office was to | 
guard the ſacred Ancylia, one of which, as 
was ſuppoſed, had fallen down from heaven. 
Mars was generally repreſented in the naked 
figure of an old man, armed with a helmet, 
a pike, and a ſhickd, Sometimes he ap- 
peared in a military drefs, and with a long 
flowing beard; and ſumetimes without, | 
He generally rode in a charivt dawn by 
furious horſes which the poets called Flight. 
and Terror, His altars were ſtained with | 
5 


tomething manly and warlike. Among the 
Romans it was uſual fur the conſul, before 
he went on an expedition, to viſit the tem- 
ple of Mars, where he offercd his prayers, 
and in a ſolemn manner ſhook the ſpear 
which was in the hand of the ſtatue of the 
god, at the ſame time exclaiming, Mars 
dg, Q pod of war, watch over the welfare 
and ſafety of this city.” Ord. Faſt. 5, 
v. 231. [rift. 2, v. g25.—bygin. fab. 148. 
ig. G. 4, v. 345. An. 8, v. 70l.— 
Lucian. in Ale&tr,—FVarro de L. L. 4, c. 10. 
— Homer. od. 1. II. 5. Flac. 6.— Apolda. 
I, &c. — Iced. Theog. — Pindar, od. 4. 
Pytha — Quint, Smyr, I4.—Pauſ. I,C. 21 & 
28.—Tuv. 9, v. 102. 

MAKRKSALA, a town of Sicily. 

Mazs&vus, a Roman, ridiculed by Ho- 
race, 1 Sat, 2, v. 55, for his prodigality to 
courtezans. 

MAxsk, a daughter of Theſpius. Apolled, 

MaRs1, a nation of Germany, who aſter- 
wards came to ſettle near the lake Fucinus 
in Italy, in a country chequered with foreſts 
abounding with wild boars, and other 
ferocious animals. They at firſt pioved 
very inimical to the Romans, but, inpro- 
ceſs of time, they became their firmeſt 
ſupporters. They are particularly cele- 
bratcd for the civil war in which they were 
engaged, and which from them has received 
the name of the Marſiun war. The large 
contributions they made to ſupport the in- 
tereſt of Rorne, and the number of men 
which they continually ſupplied to the te- 
public, rendered them bold and afpirivgs 


and they claimed, with the reſt of the Italian 
Rates, 


unt of ty 
n account 
turcs were 

of their 
thians ge- 
people of 
graſs was 
it is com- 
are fit for 
round hag 
of human 
e Not nu- 
„Mavors, 
Romans. 
ie was the 
lus of the 
ge. Mars 
d Harmo- 
had Aſca- 
 ; Alcippe 
enus, and 
ughter of 
e reputed 
11s, Thrax, 
1ded over 
ting, and 
ents have 
mong the 
al, before 
the tem- 
z prayers, 
the ſpear 
tue of the 
gy, © Mars 
ne welfare 
, Faſt. 5, 
fab. 148. 
v. 701. 
4, C. 10. 
— Apolled, 
ar, od. 4. 
1, c. 21 & 


d by Ho- 
digality to 


k Apolled, 
who aſter- 
e Fucinus 
ith foreſts 
nd other 
ſt proved 
it, 1npro- 
r firmeſ 
urly cele- 
they were 
$ received 
The large 
It the in- 
r of men 
to the re- 
| afpirivgy 
the Italian 

Rates, 


W-4-; 


M A 


Rates, a ſhare of the honor and privileges | pires. Each cxerted his utmoſt fkill, and 


yo B. C. 91 This petition, though ſup- 


orted by the inteceſt, the eloquence, and the 
integrity of the tribune Druſus, was receiv- 
ed with contempt by the Roman ſenate ; 
and the Mai, with their allies, ſhowed 
their diſſatisfaction by taking up arms, 
Their reſentment was increaſed when Dru- 
ſus, their friend at Rome, had been baſcly 
murdered by the means of the nobles : and 
they erected themſelves into a republ;c, and 
Corfinium was made the capital of their 
pew empire. A regular war was now be- 
gun, and the Romans led into the field an 
army of 100,000 men, and were oppoſed 
by a ſuperior force. Some battles were 
fought in which the Roman generals were 
defeated, and the allies reaped no inconſi- 
derable advantages from their victories. A 
battle, however, near Aſculum, proved fa- 
tal to their cauſe, 4000 of them were left 
dead on the ſpot, their general Francus, a 
man of uncommon experience and abilities, 
was ſlain, and ſuch as eſcaped from the 
held periſhed by hunger inthe Appennines, 
where they had ſought a ſhelter. After ma- 
ny defeats, and the loſs of Aſculum, one of 
their principal cities, the allies, grown de- 
ieted and tired of hoſtilities which had 
already continued for three years, ſued for 

ace one by one, and tranquillity was at 
aſt re-eftabliſhed in the republic, and all 
the ſtates of Italy were made citizens of 
Rome. The armies of the allies conſiſted 
of the Marſh, the Peligni, the Veſtini, the 
Hirpini, Pompeiani, Marcini, Picentes, 
Yenulini, Ferentanz, Apuli, Lucani, and 
Samnites. The Marſh were greatly addicted 
to magic. Horat. ep. 5, v. 76, ep. 17, 
#.29,—.1ppian,—Val. Max. $.—Paterc. 2. 
at. in Sert. Marie, &c.,—Cic. pro Baib, 
Sab. — Tucit. Ann. 1, e. 50 & 56. G. 2. 

MaxstoNxt, a people of Germany. Ta- 
ct, G. 43. 

MARSYABAy a town of Arabia. 

MaksvaAs, a celebrated piper of Celænæ, 
in Phrygia, ſun of Olympus, or of Hyagnis, 
or (Ezgrus, He was fo ſkilful in playing 
on the flute, that he is generally deemed 
the inventor of it. According to the opi- 
nion of ſome, he found it when Minerva 
had thrown it aſide on account of the diſ- 
tortion of her face when ſhe played upon it. 
Marſyas was enamoured of Cybele, and 
he travelled with her as far as Nyia, where 
he had the imprudence to challeuge Apollo 
to a trial of his ſkill as a muſician. The 
god accepted the challenge, and it was mu- 
tually agreed that he who was defeated 
ſhould be flead alive by the conquetror. 
The Muſes, or according to Diodorus, the 
Whabitants of Nyſa, were appointed um- 


ch were enjoyed by the citizens of | tue victory, with much difficulty, was ad- 


judged to Apollo. The god, upon this, 
tied his antagoniſt to a tiee, and flead him 
alive, The death of Marlyas was univer- 
lally lamented; the Fauns, Satyrs, and 
Dryads, wept at his fate, and, from their 
abundant tears, aroſe a river of Parygia, 
well known by the name of Marſyas. The 
unfortunate Marſyas 1 otten repteſented on 
monuments as tied, his tands behind bis 
back, to a tree, Wie Apollo ſtands before 
him with bis lyre in his hands. In indepen» 
dent cities among the ancients the ſtatue of 
Marſyas was generally erected in the forum, 
to 1epreſent the intimacy which ſubſiſted 
between Bacchus and Marſyas, as the em- 
blems of liberty. It was alſo erected at 
the entrance of the Roman forum, as a ſpot 
where uſurers and merchants reſorted to 
tranſact buſineſs, being principally intended 
in terrorem litigatorum; a circumſtance to 
which Horace ſcems to allude, 1 Sat. 6, v. 
120. At Celænæ, the ſkin of Marſyas 
was ſhown to travellers for ſome time; it 
was ſuſpended in the public place in the 


form of a bladder or a foot-Dall. Hygin. 
fab. 165.—0Ovid. Faſt. 6, v. 707. Met. 6, 


fab. 7.—Died. 3.—l1tal. 8, v. 503. Pauſ. 
10, c. 30.—Apellcd. 1, c. 4. The ſouces 
of the Marſyas were near thoſe of the Mæan- 
der, and thoſe two rivers had their con- 
fluence a little below the town of Celænæ. 
Liv. 38, c. 13.— Ovid. Met. 2, v. 265.— 
Lucan, 3, v. 208. A writer, who pub- 
iſhed an hiſtory of Macedonia, from the firſt 
origin and foundation of that empire till the 
reign of Alexander, in which he lived. 
An Egyptian, who commanded the armies 
of Cleopatra againſt her brother Ptolemy 
Phyſcon, whom ſhe attempred to dethrone, 
A man put to death by Dionyhus, the 
tyrant of Sicily. 

MaRTHA, a celebrated propheteſs of 
Syria, whoſe artifice and fraud proved of 
the greateſt ſervice to C. Marius in the nu- 
me rous cxp<ditions he undertwuk, Hut. in 
Mario. 

MaARTIA, a veſtal virgin, put to death 
for ler incontinence. Adaughter of Cato, 
Vid. Marcia, 

MARTIA AQUA, water at Rome, cele- 
brated for its clearneſs and falubrity. It was 
conveyed to Rome, at the diſtance of abovezo 


miles, from the lake Fucinus,by Ancus Mar- 
| tius, whence it received its name. Tibull, 
3, el. 7, v. 26.— lin. 31, c. 3. I. 36, c. 15. 

MART1ALES LUDI1, games celebrated 
at Ronic in honor of Mars, 

Mar TIALISs, Marcus Valerius, a native” 
of Bilbilis, in Spain, who came to Rome 
about the 2oth year of his age, where he 
recommended himſelf to notice by his page» 


tical 


M A 


vical genius. As he was the panegyrift of 
the emperors, he gained the greateſt honors, 
and was rewarded in the moſt liberal man- 
ner. Domitian gave him the tribuneſhip; 
but the poet, unmindful of the favors he 
received, after the death of his benefactor, 
expoſed to ridicule the vices and cruelties 
of a moniter, whom, in his life time, he 
had extolled as the pattern of virtue, good- 
nets, and excellence, Trajan treated the 
poet with coldnefs ; and Martial, after he 
had paiſed 35 years in the capital of the 
world, in the greateſt ſplendor and afflu- 
ence, retired to his native country, where 
he had the mortification to be the object of 
malevolence, ſatire, and ridicule. He re- 
ceived ſorne favors from his friends, and his 
poverty was alleviated by the liberality of 
Pliny the younger, whom he had panegyrized 
in his poems. Martial died about the 104th 
vear of the Chriſtian era, in the 75th 
vear of his age. He is now well known by 
the fourteen books of cpigrams which he 
wrote, and whoſe merit is now beſt deſcribed 
by the candid confeſſion of the author in 
this line, 

Sunt huna, ſunt quadam mediocria, ſunt mala 

plura, 

Nut the genius which he diſplays in ſome 
of his epigrams deſerves commendation, 
though many critics are liberal in their 
cenfure upon his ſtile, his thoughts, and 
particularly upon his puns, which are 
often low and deſpicable. In many of his 
epigtams the poet has ſhown himſelf a de- 
clared enemy to decency, and the book is 
to be read with caution which can corrupt the 
purity of morals, and initiate the votaries 
of virtue in the rayſterics of vice. 
been obſerved of Martial, that his talent 
was epigrams. Every thing he did was the 
ſubject of an epigram. He wrote inſcrip- 
tions upon monuments in the epigramma- 
tic ſtile, and even a new-year's gift was 
accompanied with a diſtich, and his poeti- 
cal pen was employed in begging a favor as 
well as fatirizing a fault. The beft editi- 
ons of Martial are thoſe of Rader. fol. Mo- 
gunt. 1627, of Schijverius, 1210. L. Bat. 
F619 ; andvf Smids, Svo.Amſt.1701. 
A tricnd of Otho. A man who con- 
ſpircd againſt Caracalla. 

MarTiixnus. Vid. Marcianvs. 

MArTINA,a woman Killed inthe know- 
ledge of poiſonous herbs, &c. Tac. An. 
2, C. 755 &c. 

MAKrTIiNianuys, an officer, made Cæſar 
by Licin:us, to oppoſe Conſtantine. He 
Was put to death by order of Conſtantine. 

ManTivus, a Roman conſul ſent againſt 
Perſcus, &c,——— A conſul againſi the Dal- 
mat ians, &c. Another, who defcated 
tne Caith:ginians in Spain. Another, 
who defcated the Privernates, &c., 

* 


It has 


M A 


Malus, a tribune of the people 
who tore the garlands which had been 
placed upon Cæſar's ſtatues, and who or- 
dered thoſe that had ſaluted him King to be 
impriſoned, He was deprived of his con. 
ſulſhip hy J. ear. . A gover- 
nor of judæa. A Latin poet in the age 
of M. Aurelius. He fatirized the emperor 
with great licentiouſneſs, but his invectivez 
were diſregarded, and himſelf deſpiſed. 

Marvs, (the Morava) a river of Germa. 
ny, which ſeparates modern Hungary and 
Moravia. Tacit, Ann. 2, c. 63. 

MassA BB, an informer at the court of 
Domitian, Jud. 1, v. 35. 

Mas =SYL11, a people of Libya, where 
Syphax reigned, Vid. Maſſyla. 

Masin1$sA, a king of a fmall part of 
Africa, who aſhſted the Carthaginians in 
their wars againſt Rome, He proved a 
moſt indefatigable and courageous ally, 
but an act of generoſity rendered him ami- 
cable to the intereſts of Rome. After the 
defeat of Aſdrubal, Scipio, the firſt Afri. 
canus, who had obtained the victory, found, 
among the prifoners of war, one of the 
nephews of Maſiniſſa. He ſent him back 
to his uncle loaded with preſents, and con- 
ducted him with a detachment for the ſafety 
and protection of his perſon. Maſiniſſa 
was ſtruck with the generous action of the 
Roman general, he forgot all former hoſ- 
tilities, and joined his troops to thoſe of 
Scipio, This change of ſentiments was 
not the effect of a wavering or unſettled 
mind, but Maſiniſſa ſhewed himſelf the 
moſt attached and the firmeſt ally the Ro- 
mans ever had. It was to his exertions 
they owed many of their victories in Africa, 
and particularly in that battle which proved 
fatal to Aſdrubal and Syphax. The Nu- 
midian conqueror, charmed with the beau- 
ty of Sophoniſba, the captive wife of Sy- 
phax, carried her to his camp and married 
her; but when he perceived that this new 
connection diſpleaſed Scipio, he ſent poiſon 
to his wife, and recommended her to det- 
troy herſelf, ſince he could not preſerve her 
life in a manner which became her rank, 
her dignity, and fortune, without offending 
his Roman allies. In the battle of Zama, 
Maſiniſſa greatly contributed to the defeat 
of the great Annibal, and the Romans, 
who had been ſo often ſpectators of his 
courage and valor, rewarded his fidelity 
with the kingdom of Syphax, and ſome of 
the Carthaginian territories. At his death 
Maſſiniſſa ſhewed the confidence he had in 
the Romans, and the eſteem he entertained 
tor the riſing talents of Scipio Amilianus, 
by entruſting him with the care of his King- 
dom, and impowering kim to divide !! 
among his ſons. Maſiniſſa died in the 97th 
year of his age, after a reiga of above H 

yeatoy 


year: 
He © 
rity, 
ne u 
oblig 
retre. 
his 2 
ginn 
lived 
mark 
the 1: 
head 
indet 
main 
back, 
verin} 
the le 
of m 
empe 
ſeen e 
tent, 
he hat 
the at 
ſons, 
epla, 
dom 
Scipio 
ecived 
ſents. 
bal {oc 
large p 
Pulyb.. 
Val, 4 
Fe. 
t. I. J. 
Ma: 
Alexar 
Ma: 
bad thi 
ents, 
puppec 
Wrics, 
heir p. 
general 
ili] N 
ure div 
(ir re 
upian 
ule, 2 
tte 2 


X A 


ears, 149 years before the Chriſtian eca, 
He experienced adverſity as well as proſpe- 


> people, rity, and, in the firſt years of his reign, 
1ad been he was expoſed to-the greateſt danger, and 
Who or- obliged often to fave his life by ſeeking a 
ing to be retreat among his ſavage neighbours. But 
his con- his alliance with the Romans was the be- 
A gover- ginning of his greatneſs, and he ever after 
1 the age lived in the greateſt affluence, He is re- 
» Emperor markable for the health he long enjoyed. In 
invectives the laſt years of his life he was ſeen at the 
piſed, head of his armies, behaving with the moit 
f Germa- indefatigable activity, and he often re- 
Ngary and mained for many ſucceſſive days on horſe- 
back, without a ſaddle under him, or a co- 
1e Count of vering upon his head, and without ſhewing 
the leaſt marks of fatigue. This ſtrength 
ya, Where of mind and body he chiefly owed to the 
emperance which he obſerved. He was 
11 part of ſeen eating brown bread at the doer of his 
1ginians in tent, like a private ſoldier, the day after 
proved a he had obtained an immortal victory over 
eous ally, the armies of Carthage. He left fifty-four 
him ami- ſons, three of whom were legitimate, Mi- 
After the epſa, Guluſſa, and Manaſtabal. The king- 
firſt Afti- 


dom was fairly divided among them by 
Scipio, and the illegitimate cluldten re— 
ecived, as their portion, very valuable pre— 
ſents, The death of Guluſſa and Manaita- 


ory, found, 
me of the 
him back 


„and con- bal ſoon after left Micipſa ſole maſter of the 
r the ſafety large poſſeſſions of Maſiniſſa. ral. 17.— 
Maſiniſſa Puyb.— Appian. Lybic.—Cic. de Seneci.— 


tion of the 
former hoſ- 
to thoſe of 
ments was 
r unſettled 
himſelf the 
Uy the Ro- 
s exertions 
>s in Africa, 
hich proved 
„The Nu- 
th the beau- 
wife of Sy- 
and married 
1at this new 
> ſent poiſon 
| her to def- 
preſerve her 
je her rank, 
ut offending 
le of Zama, 
to the defeat 
he Romans, 
ators of his 
his fidelity 
and ſome of 
At his death 
ce he had in 
e entertained 
AE milianusy 
of his Kking- 


to divide If 


Val. Max. 8.—Salluft. in Tug.-—Liv. 25, 
Ec,—Ovid. Faſt. b, v. 769.—Fuſtin. 33, 
6.1.1. 38, c. 6. 

Mass AA, a town of India, taken by 
Alexander the Great. 

Mass AHT, a people of Scythia, who 
kad their wives in common, and dwelt in 
ents, They had no temples, but wor- 
upped the fun, to whom they offered 
ries, on account of their ſwiftneſs, When 
heir parents had come to a certain age, they 
generally put them to death, and eat their 
lh mixed with that of cattle, Authors 
ue divided with reſpect to the place ot 
dir reüdence. Some place them near the 
apian ſea, others at the north of the Da- 
Woe, and ſome confound them with the 
at and the Scytinans. Herat. , od. 35, 
4.— Diony/. Her. 738. Herodot. 1, c. 
. —Strab. 1.—Mcla. 1, c. 2.—Lucan. 2, 
. 50.— Juſtin. ,1 10 
MAssAN A. Vid Maſſana. 

MassAxt, a nation at the mouth of the 
Daus ; 

Massfcus, a mountain of Campania, 

dar Minturnz, famous for its wine, which 

en now preſerves its anc.ent character. 

14, C. 6,-{Zorat. 1, o. 1, v. 19.— 

0. 2, v. 143. An Etruiian prince, 

Ved nens againit Turnus with 
Virp. A. 10, v. 166, &c. 


* 


= 


M A 


Narbonenſis, now called Marſeilles, founded 
B. C. 539, by the people of Phocæa, in 
Afia, who quitted their country to avoid 
the tyranny of the Perfians. It is celebrated 
for its laws, its fidelity for the Romans, and 
for its being long the ſeat of literature. It 
acquired great conſequence by its commer- 
cial purſuits during its infancy, and even 
waged war againſt Carthage. By becom- 
ing the ally of Rome, its power was eſtab- 
liſhed ; but in warmly eſpoufing the cauie 
of Pompey againſt Cæſar, its views were 
fruſtrated, and it was ſo much reduced by 
the infolenee and reſentment of the conque- 
ror, that it never after recovered its inde- 
pendence and warlike ſpirit. Herr, 1, 
C. 164.— /in. 35 C. 4. — 7 in. 375 Wm 
Strab. 1. Lis, 55 C. 3.— erat. 72 t6.— 
Flor, 4, c. 2.—Cic. Flac, 26. Off: 2, 8.— 
Tacit. A. 4, c. 44. Aar. 4. 

Massv uA, an inland part of Mauritania. 
When the inhabitants, called Majjyli, 
go on horſeback, they never uſe ſaddles 
or brifſies, but only ſticks. Some ſuppoſe 
them to be the ſame as the Maſæſylii, though 
others {ay bali the country belonged only 
to this laſt 1nentiuned people. Lit, 24, c. 
48:1 38, & 17. 1. 29, c. 32.—8¼¼. 3, v. 
282. 1. 16, v. 171.—Lucan; 4, v. 682. 
Virg. Ain. 4, v. 132. 

MasST&AMELAa, a lake near Marſcilles, 
mer de Martens, Hin. 3, c. 4. 

M&sUR1vs, Roman knight under Ti- 
berrus, learned, but poor. Perf. 5, v. 90. 

Mario, an infamous informer, patro- 
nized by Domitian. Fuv. 1, v. 32. 

MarT1EN1, a people in the neighbour- 
hood of Armenia. 

MATINUs,amountain of Apulia, abound- 
ing in yew-trces and bees. Lacan. 9, v. 
184.— erat. 4, cd. 2, v. 27, cp. 16, v. 28. 

Mart1sco, a town vi the Adui, in Gaul, 
now called Macon. 

MaATRAL1A, a feſtival at Rome, in 
honor of Matuta or Ino. Only ma- 
trons and freeborn women were admitted. 
They made offerings of flowers and car- 
ried their relations? children in their arms, 
recommending them to the care and patro- 
nage of the goddeſs whom they worſhipped. 
Varro. de L. L. 5, c. 22.—Owid. Faft. 6, v. 
47.—Plut. in Cam. 

MarRö NA, a river of Gaul, now called 
the Marne, falling into the Seine. Asen. 
Mef. 462. 

MATRONALIA, ſeſtivals at Rome in ho- 
nor of Mars, celebrated by married wo- 
men, in cymmemoration oi the rape of the 
Sabines, and of the peace which their iu- 
treaties had obtained between their fathers 
and huſbands, Flowers were then offered 
in the tempies of uno. Ovid. Taft. 3, v. 
229, -Plut. in Run. i 


rA, A maritime town of Gaul | 
| in the 97th 


above ſixty 
* Calls; 


MATTIACI, a nation of Germany, no 
Mas gurg 


M A 


Marpurg in Heſſe. The Mattiac aqute, 
was a ſmall town, now Wiſbaden oppoſite 
Mentz. Tacit; de Germ. 29. An. 1, c. 56. 

MaTUTA, a deity among the Romans, 
the ſame as the Leucothoe of the Greeks, 
She was originally Ino, who was changed 
into a ſea deity. [ Vid. Ino & Lenucothoe.] 
Only married women and free-born ma- 
trons were permitted to enter her temples at 
Rome, where they generally brought the 
child:en of their relations in their arms. 
Liv, 5, &c.—Cic. de Nat. D. 3, v. 19. 

Mavokxs a name of Mars. Vd. Mars. 

Mavo®T1A, an epithet applied to every 
country wnoſe inhabitants were warlike, 
but eſpecially to Rome, founded by the re- 
puted ſon of Mavors. Virg. Anu. 1, v. 280. 
and to Thrace. Id. 3, v. 13. 

Maui, the inhabitants of Mauritania, 
This name is derived from their black com- 
plexion (2vps.). Every thing among them 
grew in greater abundance and greater per- 
fect ion than in other countries. Streb. 17. 
— Martial. 5, ep. 29. 1. 12, ep. 67.— ll. 
Ttal, a, v. 569. l. 10, v. 402. — Mela. 1, c. 
5.—Juſtin. 19, c. 2.—Salluft, Jug.—Virg. 
Eu. 4, v. 206. 

MAavuR1TANIA, a country on the weſtern 

art of Africa, which forms the modern 
8 of Fez and Morocco, It was 
bounded on the weſt by the Atlantic, ſouth 
by Gztulia, and north by the Mediterrane- 
an, and is ſometimes called Mauruſia. It 
became a Roman province in the reign of 
the emperor Claudius. Vid. Mauri, 

MauRrvus, a man who floriſhed in the 
reign of Trajan, or according to others, of 
the Antonini. He was governor of Syene, 
in Upper Egypt. He wrote a Latin poem 
upon the rules of poetry and verſification. 

MauRUs11, the people of Mauruſia, a 
country near the columns of Hercules. It 
is alſo called Mauritania. Vid. Mauritania. 
Virg. A. 4, v. 206. 

Maruls0LUs, a king of Caria, His wife 
Artemiſia was ſo diſconſolate at his death, 
which happened B. C. 353, that ſhe drank 
up his aſhes, and reſolved to erect one ot the 
grandeſt and nobleſt monuments of anti- 
quity, to celebrate the memory of a huſ- 
band whom luc tenderly loved. This fa- 
mous monument, which pailed for one of 
the ſeven wonders of the world, was called 
Maiſ/cam, and fiom it all other magnifi- 
cent ſepulchres and tombs have received 
the ſame name, It was built by four 
different architects. Scopas erefted the 
fide whici faced tlie eaſt, Timotheus bad 
the ſouth, Leochares had the weſt, and 

Bruxis the north. Pithis was alſo employed 
iv rarfing a pyramid over this ſtately mo- 
numient, and the top was adorned by a cha- 


M A 


riot drawn by four horſes. The expetcey 
of this edifice were immenſe, and this gays 
an occaſion to the philoſopher Anaxagorag 
to exclaim, when he ſaw it, How muck me: 
ney changed into flones ! | Vid, Artemiſia.) 
Herodot. 7, v. 99. —Strab. 14 — Died. 16 


—Pauſ. 8, c. 16.— Flor. 4, c. 11.00, 

TO, c. 18.— Propert. 3, el. 2, v. 21. 
Suet, Aug. 100. f 
MaxtnTrvus, Marcus Aurelius Valeting - 
a ſon of the emperor Maximianus Hercules A 
Some ſuppoſe him to have been a ſuppoſi- | 
tit.o schild. The voluntary abdication gf 4 
Diocletian, and of his father, raiſed him in 0 
the ſtate, and he declared himſelf indepen- A 
dent emperor, or Auguſtus, A. D. 3<, an 
He afterwards incited his father to re-afſume fa 
his imperial authority, and in a perfidios hi 
manner deſtroyed Severus, who had deli. rel 
vered himſelf into his hands, and relied uy. pri 
on his honor for the ſafety of his life. Hisvic. rej 
tories and ſucceſſes were impeded by Gale. the 
rius Maximianus, who oppoſed him with z ane 
powerful force. The defeat and voluntary of ( 
death of Galerius ſoon reftored peace to ter 
Italy, and Maxentius paſſed into Africa, at 
where he rendered himfelf odious by his the 
cruelty and oppreſſion. He ſoon aſter n- had 
turned to Rome, and was informed that ed 
Conſtantine was come to dethrone him. He cer 
gave his adverſary battle near Rome, and, Ma 
atter he had loſt the victory, he fled back He 
to the city. The bridge over which be to li 
erofſed the Tiber was in a decayed ſituation, the 
and he fell into the river and was drowned, faith 
on the 24th of September, A. D. zu eret] 
The cowardice and luxuries of Marentiu he ſt 
are as conſpicuous as his cruelties. He q- by t 
preſſed his ſubjects with heavy taxes to g- Cont 
tify the cravings of his pleaſures, or th band 
avarice of his favorites. He was & Chin; 
bauched in his manners, and neither virtut in hi 
nor innocence were ſafe whenever he wa tions 
inclined to voluptuous purſuits, He ws heard 
naturally deformed, and of an unwie& be ry 
body. To viſit a pleaſure ground, or t ſecure 
exerciſe himſelf under a marble portico, « to del 
to walk on a ſhady terrace, was to him 4 lis ne 
Herculean labor, which required the great o M. 
eſt exertions of ſtrength and reſolution. He & 
Corn.,MAxiMILi3NAa, a veſtal vig 310 i 
buried alive for incontinency, A. D. 92. Was fc 
MaAaximiAanus, Herculius Marcus Aur tin ab. 
lius Valerius, a native of Sirmium, in Pal fury... 
nonia, who ſerved as a common foldier Dien, 
the Roman armies, When Dioclctian i Was en 
been raiſed to the imperial throne, he le en: 
membered the valor and courage of bed 
fellow ſoldier Maximianus, and reward eotice 
his fidelity by making him his college WM Diocle: 
the empire, and by ceding to bim t perial 1 
command of the provuices of Italy, A Caught 
; a Glee 


expence⸗ 
this gave 
\NAxagoras 
> muck mo 
Artemiſia. 
—Disd. 16. 
11.—Gell, 
3 v. ti 


us Valerias, 
Hercules. 
| a ſuppoſi- 
baication of 
aiſed him in 
elf indepen- 
A. D. 36, 
to re- aſſume 
a perfidious 
ho had deli- 
nd relied uy- 
life, His vic- 
ned by Gale- 
d him with a 
nd voluntary 
red peace to 
into Africa, 
1dious by lis 
ſoon after n- 
nformed that 
rone him. He 
r Rome, and, 
he fled back 


ver which be 
ray ed ſituation, 
Was drowned, 


„ A. D. zu 


s of Maxenti 
He q- 
vy taxes to pe 
caſures, or tit 

He was - 
d neither viitvt 
henever he wa 
He vn 
»f an unwielef 
ground, or d 
arble portico & 
>, was to him 4 
quired the grit 
1 reſolution. | 
„a veſtal vi 
cy, A. D. 9 
jus Marcus Aur 
Sirmium, in Pn 
ommon ſoldiet! 
en Diocletian l 
al throne, be * 
d courage 0 
us, and reward 
m his colle=gue 
ding to bim t 
ts of Italy, AR 


eltics. 


rſuits. 


M A 


ez, and Spain, and the reſt of the weſt- 
ern territories of Rome. Maximianus ſhowed 
the juſtneſs of the choice of Diocletian by his | 
idtories over the Barbarians. In Britain 
ſucceſs did not attend his arms; but in Africa 
he defeated and put to death Aurelius Ju- 
fanus, who had proclaimed himſelf em- 

ror. Soon after Dioclerian abdicated the 
imperial purple, and obliged Maximianus 
to follow his example, on the 1 of April, 
A. D. 304. Maximianus reluctantly com- 
plicd with the command of a man to whom 
he owed his greatneſs; but, before the firſt 
year of his reſignation had elapſed, he was 
rouſed from his indolence and retreat by the 
ambition of his ſon Maxentius. He re-aſ- 
ſumed the imperial dignity, and thowed 
his ingratitude to his ſon by wiſhing him to 
reſign the ſovereignty, and to fink into a 
private perſon. This propoſal was not only 
rejected with the contempt it deſerved, but 
the troops mutinied againſt Maximianus, 
and he fled for ſafety to Gaul, to the court 
of Conſtantine, to whom he gave his daugh- 
ter Fauſtina in marriage. Here he again 
acted a per fidious character, and re- aſſumed 
the imperial power, which his misfortunes 
had obliged him to relinquiſh, This offend- 
ed Conſtantine. Pat, when open violence 
icemed to fruſtrate tie anibitious views of 
Maximianus, he had recourſe to artifice. 
He prevailed upon his daughter Fauſtina, 
to leave the doors of her chamber open in 
the dead of night; and, when the promiſed 
faithfully to execute his commands, he ſe- 
cretly introduced himſelf to her bed, where 
he tabbed to the heart the man who ſlept 
by the fide of his daughter. This was not 
Conftantine: Fauſtina, faithful to ner huſ- 
band, had apprized him of her father's ma- 
chinations, and an eunuch had been placed 
in his bed. Conſtantine watched the mo- 
tioms of his father-in-law, and, wien he 
heard the fatal blow given to the eunuch, 
te ruſhed in with a band of ſoldiers, and 
keured the aſſaſün. Conitancine reſolved 
tb deſtroy a man who was ſo inimical to 
bis neareſt relations, and nothing was left 
bMirinanns but to chooſe ais own death. 
tle ſtrangled himſelf at Tarſeilles, A. D. 
310, in the both year of his age, His body 
Ws found ſreſh and entire in a leaden cof- 
a about the middle of the cleventh cen- 
Wy. ——3alerins Valerius, 2 native of 

Ca, who, in the firſt years of his life, 
Ws employed in keeping his father's flocks. 
le entered! the army, where his valor and 
bodily ſtrength recom mended him to the 
tice of his ſuperiors, and particularly to 
Diocletian, who inveſted him with the im- 
perla purple in the eaſt, and gave him his 
caugdter Valecia in marriage, Galerius 
del ved the confidence of his bencfactor. 


——— — 


1 


1 


a 


| 


M A 
He conquered the Goths, and Dalmatfans, 
and checked the inſolence of the Petſians. 
In a battle, however, with the king of Per- 
ſha, Galerius was defeated; and, to com- 
plete his ignominy, and render him more ſen- 
ſible of his diſgrace, Diocletian obliged bim 
to Walk behind his chariot arrayed in his 
imperial robes, This humiliation ſtung 
Galerius to the quick; he aſſembled another 
army, and gave hattle to the Perfians. He 
gained a complete victory, and touk the 
wives and children of his enemy. This 
ſucceſs elated Galerius to ſuch a degree, that 
he claimed the moſt dignified appellations, 
and ordered himſelf to be called the ſon cf 
Mars. Diocletian himſelf dreaded his 
power, and even, it is ſaid, abdicated the 
Imperial dignity by means of his threats. 
This reſignation, however, is attributed by 
ſome to 2 voluntary act of the mind, and to 
a deſire of enjoying ſolitude and retirement. 
As ſoon as Diocletian had abdicated, Gale- 
rius was proclaimed Auguſtus, A. D. 304, 
but his cruelty ſoon rendered him odious, 
and the Roman people, offended at his op- 
preſſion, raiſed Maxentius to the imperial 
dignity the following year, and Galerius 
was obliged to yield to the torrent of his 
unpopularity, and to fly before his more for- 
tunate adverſary, He died in the greateſt 
agonies, A. D. 311. The bodily pains and 


 {ufferings which preceded his death, were, 
according to the Chriſtian writers, the effects 
of the vengeance of an offended Providence 


for the cruelty which he had exerciſed againſt 

the followers of Chriſt. In his character 
Galerius was wanton and tyrannical, and he 
often feaſted his eyes with the ſight of dying 
wretches, whom his barbarity had delivered 
to bears and wild beaſts. His averſion to 
learned men aroſe from his ignorance of let- 
ters; and, if he was deprived of the benefits 
of education, he proved the more cruel and 
the more inexorable. 

Maximus, Caius Julius Verus, the ſon 
of a peaſant at Thrace, He was originally 
a ſhepherd, and, by heading his countrymen 
againſt the frequent attacks of the neighbour- 
ing barbarians and robbers, he inured himſelf 
to the labors and to the fatigues of a camp. 
He entered the Roman armies, where he gra- 
dually roſe to the firſt offices; andon the 
death of Alexander Severus he cauſed him- 
ſelf to be proclaimed emperor, A. D. 235. 
The popularity which he had gained when 
general of the armies, was at an end when 
ne aſcended the throne. He was delighted 
with acts of the greateſt barbarity, and no 
leſs than 400 perſons luſt their lives on the 
falſe ſuſpicion of having conſpired againſt 
the emperor's life. They died in the greateſt 
torments,and, that the tyrant might the better 
entertain himſelf with their ſufferings, ſome 

were 


M A 


were expoſed to wild beaſts, others expired by 
blows, ſome were nailed on croſſes, while 
others were ſhut up in the bellies of animals 
juſt killed. The nobleſt of the Roman citizens 
were the obje&s of his cruelty ; and, as if 
they were more conſcious than others of his 
mean origin, he reſolved to ſpare no means to 
remove from his preſence a number of men 
whom he looked upon with an eye of envy, 
and who, as he imagined, hated him for his 
oppreſſion, and deſpiſed him for the poverty 
and obſcurity of his early years. Such is the 
character of the ſuſpicious and tyrannical 
Maximinus. In his military capacity he 
afted with the ſame ferocity ; and, in an 
expedition in Germany, he not only cut 
down the corn, but he totally ruined and ſet 
fire to the whole country, to the extent of 
450 miles. Such a monſter of tyranny at 
lat provoked the people of Rome. The 
Gordians were proclaimed emperors, but 
their innocence and pacific virtues were un- 
able to reſiſt the fury of Maximinus. After 
their fall, the Roman ſenate inveſted twenty 
men of their number with the imperial dig- 
nity, and entruſted into their hands the care 
of the republic. Theſe meaſures fo highly 
irritated Maximinus that, at the firſt intel- 
ligence, he howled like a wild beaſt, and 
almoſt deſtroyed bimſelf by knocking his 
head againſt the walls of his palace, When 
his fury was abated, he marched to Rome, 
reſolved on ſlaughter. His bloody machi- 
nations were topped, and his ſoldiers, a- 


ſhamed of accompanying a tyrant whoſe The unpopularity of Gratian favored ti 
cruclties had procured him the name of | uſurpation, and he was acknowledged by 


Bufiris, Cyclops, and Phalaris, aſſaſſinated 
him in his tent betore the walls of Aqui- 
teia, A. D. 236, in the 65th year of his age. 
The news of his death was received with 
the greateſt rejoicings at Rome, public 
thankigivings were offered, and whole 
hecatombs flamed on the altars. Maximi- 


nus has been repreſented by hiſtorians as of | Theodofius to acknowledge him as his a 


a gigantic ſtature, he was eight fect high, 
and the bracelets of his wife jerved as rings 
to adorn the fingers of his hand. His vora- 
ety was as remarkable as his corpulence, he 
gencrally eat forty pounds of fleſh every day, 
and drank 18 bottes of wine. His ſtrength 
was proportionable to tis gigantic ſhape ; 
be could alone draw a londed waggon, and, 
witli: a blow of his fiſt, he often broke the 
tecth in à horſe's mouth; he broke the 
hardeſt ſtones between his fingers, and clett 
trees with his hand. Herddianus,— Yore 
nand. de reb. Get. —Capite/, 


ſoon as was inveſted with the purple, and 
his choice was unanimouſly approved by 
the ſenate, ity tne peopic, and by the army. 
— — -Galcrius Valerius, a ſhepherd of 
Thrace, who was raited to the imperial 


diguity by Diocletian, A. D. 305. He was 


M A 


nephew to Galerius Maximianus, by hig 
mother's fide, and to him he was indebted 
for his riſe and conſequence in the Roman 
armies. As Maximinus was ambitious and 
fond of power, he looked with an eye of 
jealouſy upon thoſe who ſhared the dignity 
of emperor with himſelf. He declared wer 
againſt Licinius, his colleague on the 
throne, but a defeat, which ſoon after fal. 
lowed, on the zoth of April, A. D. 313, 
between Heraclea and Adrianopolis, left 
him without reſources and without friends. 


His victorious enemy purſued him, and he 
fled beyond mount Taurus, forſaken and 
almoſt unknown. He attempted to put an 
end to his miſerable exiſtence, but his ef. 
forts were ineffectual, and, though his death 
is attributed by ſome to defpair, it is more 
univerſally believed that he expired in the 
greateſt agonies, of a dreadful diſtempet 
which conſumed him day and night with 


Maximinus | 
made his fon, of the fame name, empcror as betrayed by his ſuldiers, and the conguerth 


inex preſſible pains, and reduced him to x 
mere ſkeleton. This miſerable end, accord. 
| ing to the eccleſiaſtical writers, was the 
viſible puniſhment of heaven, for the ber- 
' barities which Maximinus had exerciſed 
| againſt the followers of Chriſtianity, and 
for the many blaſphemies which ke had 
| uttered, Latant.—FEuſeb. A miniſter 
of the emperor Valerian. One of the 
; ambaſſadors of young Theodoſius to Attila, 
| king of the Huns. 
| Maximus, Macwvs, a native of Spain, 
; who proclaimed himſelf emperor,A.D. 33; 


' his troops. Gratian marched againſt hin, 
but he was defeated, and ſoon after aflaſi- 
nated. Maximus refuſed the honors of 2 
| burial to the remains of Gratian; and, when 
be had made himſelf maſter of Biitan, 
Gaul, and Spain, he ſent ambaſſadors into 
the cat, and demanded of the empem 


' fociate on the throne, Theodoſius endes 
| voured to amuſe and delay him, but Max 
| mus reſolved to ſupport his claim by army 
and croiſec the Alps. Italy was laid Ct» 
| tolate, and Rome opened her gates to fit 
, Conqueror. Theodoſius now determined t0 
revenge the audaciouſneſs of Maximus, and 
had recourſe to artifice. He began to make 
| a naval armament, and Maximus, not 
| appear inferior to his adverſary, had alread 
; embarked his troops, when Theodoſius, bf 
; {ſecret and heftencd marches, fell upon hum, 
and beficged him at Aquileia. Maximus wi 


; moved with compaſſion at the fight of bi 
fallen and dejected enemy, granted him life 
but the multitude retuled him mercy, an. 
inftantly ſtruck off his head, A. D. 388. Hi 
ſon Victor, who ſhared the imperial digt 


with him, was ſoon after ſacrificed to fo 
ny 


. — ̃—˖r— 


M A 
furyof the ſoldiers. —Pertronius, a Roman, 


deſcended of an illuſtrious family. He cauſed ; 
VYalentinian III. to be aſſaſſinated, and aſ- 


„ by big 
indebted 
e Roman 
tious and 


an eye of cended the throne; and, to ſtrengthen his 
e dignity uſurpation, he married the empreſs, to whom 
lared wer he had the weakneſs and imprudence to be- 
on the tray that he had ſacrificed her huſband to his 
after fol. love for her perſon. This declaration irritated ' 
D. 313, the empreſs; ſhe had recourſe to the barba- 
polis, left rians to avenge the death of Valentinian, and 
ut friends, Maximus was ſtoned to death by his ſoldiers, 
n, and he and his body thrown into the Tyber, A. D. 
ſaken and 455. He reigned only 77 days. Pupia- 
| to put an nus. Vid. Pupianus. A celebrated cynic 
but his ef hiloſopher and magician of Epheſus, He in- 
h his death ſtructed the emperor Julian in magic; and, 
Barba an according to the opinion of ſome hiſtori- 
ired in the ans, it was in the converſation and compa- 
diſtemper ny of Maximus that the apoſtacy of Julian 
mg wn originated. The emperor not only viſited 
d him to 2 the philoſopher, but he even ſubmitted his 
nd, accord: writings to his inſpection and cenſure. 
„ was the Maximus refuſed to live in the court of 


or the bar- 
\d exerciſed 
tianity, and 


Julian, and the emperor, not diffatisfed 
with the refuſal, appointed him high pontif 
in the province of Lydia, an office which 


zich he had he diſcharged-with the greateſt moderation 
A miniſter and juſtice, When Julian went into the 
-One of the taſt, the philoſopher promiſed him ſucceſs, 
us to Attila, and even ſaid that his conqueſts would be 
more numerous and extenſive than thoſe of 
tive of Spain, the ſon of Philip. He perſuaded his impe- 
or, A. D. 383 nal pupil that, according to the doctrine of 
| favored hi Metempſychoſis, kis body was animated 
owledged bj by the ſoul which once animated the hero 
againſt hin, whoſe greatneſs and victories he was going 

| after afaſt- 


tocclipſe. After the death of Julian, Max- 
Imus was almoſt ſacrificed to the fury of the 
loldiers, but the interpoſition of his friends 


> honors of 3 


x of Brita ſaved his life, and he retired to Conſtanti- 
baſſadors un nople. He was ſoon after accuſed of magi- 

tne ww cal practices before the emperor Valens, and 
jim As us 4 


beheaded at Epheſus, A D. 366. He wrote 
ſome philoſophical and rhetorical treatiſes, 
lome of which were dedicated to julian. 
ey are all now loſt, Ammian. Tyrius, 

i Platonic philoſopher, in the reign of M. 
Aurelius. This emperor, who was naturally 
fond of ſtudy, became one of the pupils of 
Maximus, and paid great deference to his 
ions. There are extant of Maxmius 
forty-one diſſertations on moral and philoſo- 
Phical ſubjects, written in Greek. The beſt 


odoſius c:dete 
im, but Mau 
aim by army 
Vas laid ce. 
r gates to ts 
determined i 
| Maximus, an 

began 10 make 
kimus, not 5 
arv, had already 
Theodoſius, bſ 
„fell up him, 
1. Maximus 
d the conquer 


Cantab. 1703; ard that of Reiſke, 2 vols, 
bro. Lipſ. 1774.-——One of the Greek fa- 
thers of the 7th century, whoſe works were | 


the fight «2 edited by Combeſis, 2 vols. fol. Paris, 1675. | 

pranted wo - ——Paulus Fabius, a conſul with M. An- 

im mere, „'s fon. Horace ſpeaks of him, 4 od. 1, 
350. 


v. 30, as of a gay handſome 72 fond of 
aAure, yet induſtrious an indefatigable. 
An epithet applied to Jupiter, as being 


imperial d1gany 


Þ* thc 
cxiticed to 
fury 


editions of which are that of Davis, 8vo. | 


M E. 


the greateſt and moſt powerful of all the 
gods. A native of Sirmium, in Panno- 
nia. He was originally a gardener, but, 
by enliſting in the 1 army, he became 
one of the military tribunes, and his mar · 
riage with a woman of rank and opulence 
ſoon rendered him independent. He was 
father tothe empergg Probus. A general 
of Trajan, killed in the eaſtern provinces. 
One of the murderers of Domitian, &c. 
——A philoſopher, native of Byzantium, in 
the age of Julian the emperor. 

MazKXAca, a large city of Cappadocia, 
the capital of the province. It was called 
Cæſarca by Tiberius, in honor of Auguſ- 
rus. 

Mr icts, a Perſian governor of Mem- 
plus. He made a ſally againſt the Grecian 
ſoldiers of Alexander, and killed great num- 
bers of them. Curt. 4, C. 1. 

Mazezvs, a ſatrap of Cilicia, under Ar- 
taxerxes Ochus. Agovernor of Babylon, 
ſon-in-law to Darius. He ſurrendered to 
Alexander, &c. Curt. 5, c. 1, 

MAZ3SARES, a ſatrap of Media, who re- 
duced Priene under the power of Cyrus. 
Herodot. 1. c. 161. 

MazaxkEs, (fing. Mazax), a people of 
Africa, famous for ſhooting arrows. Lucas, 
4, v. 681. : 

MazEzas, a river of Hyrcania, falling 
into the Caſpian Sea. Plut. 

MaAzices and MAzYGEs, a people of 
Libya, very expert in the uſe of miſſile 
weapons. The Romans made uſe of them 
as couriers, on account of their great ſwift- 
neſs. Suet. in Ner. 30.—Lucan. 4, v. 684. 

ME cHANnevs, a firname of Jupiter, from 
his patronizing undertakings. 

MzEceanas or MEcanas, C. Cilnius, 
a celebrated Roman knight, deſcended from 
the Kings of Etruria. He has rendered him- 
ſelf immortal by his liberal patronage of 
learned men and of letters; and to his pru- 
dence and advice Auguſtus acknowledged 
himſelf indebted for the ſecufity he enjoyed, 
His fondneſs for pleaſure removed hin from 
the reach of ambition, and he preferred to 
die, as he was born, a Roman knight, to all 
the honors and dignities which either the 
friendſhip of Auguſtus or his own popula- 
rity, could heap upon him. It was from the 
reſult of his acvice, againſt the opinion of 
Agrippa, that Auguſtus reſolved to keep 
the ſupreme power in his hands, and not by 
a voluntary reſignation to plunge Rome 
into civil commotions. The emperor re- 
ceived the private admonitions of Mecœnas 
in the fame fiiendly manner as they were 
given, and he was not diſpleaſed with the 
liberty of his friend, who threw a paper to 
him with theſe wards, Deſcend from the 


[OE thou butcher ! while he fat in the 


Hh judge 


M E 


judgment- ſeat, and betrayed revenge and 
mpatlence in his countenance. He was 
firuck with the admonition, and left the 
tribunal without paſſing ſentence of death 
on the criminals. To the interference of 
Meccenas, Virgil owed the reſtitution of 
his lands, and Horace was proud to boaſt 
that his learned friend had obtained his for- 
giveneſs from the emperor, for joining the 
cauſe of Brutus at the battle of Phillppi. 
Mecœnas was himſelf fond of literature, 
and, according to the moſt received opinion, 
he wrote an hiſtory of animals, a journal of 
the life of Auguſtus, a treatiſe on the dif- 
ferent natures and kinds of precious ſtones, 
befides the two tragedies of Octavia and 
Prometheus, and other things, all now loſt, 
He died eight years before Chriſt ; and, on 
kis death-bed, he particularly recommended 
his poetical friend Horace to the care and 
conhdence of Auguſtus. Seneca, who has 
liberally commended the genius and abilities 
of Mecœnas, has not with-held his cenſure 
from his diſſipation, Andolence, and effemi- 
nate luxury. From the patronage and en- 
couragement which the princes of heroic and 
lyric poetry, among the Latins, received 
from the favorite of Auguſtus, all patrons of 
literature have ever ſince been called Meca- 
nates. Virgil dedicated to him his Georgics, 
and Horace his Odes. Suct. in Aug. 66, &c. 
ut. in Aug. Iſerodian. 7. —Senec. ep. 
19 & 92. 
Mxc1sTEUs, one of the companions of 


Ajax. He was killed by Polydamas. Ho- 
mer, Il, 6. A ſon of Lycaon. Apol- 
ted. 


MecRriDa, the wife of Lyſimachus. 
Polyen. 6. 
Mf A, a celebrated magician, daughter 
of Metes, king of Colchis. Her mother's 
name, according to the more received opi- 
nion of Heſiod and Hyginus, was Idyia, or 
according to others, Ephyre, Hecate, Aſte- 
rodia, Antiope, and Nexra. She was the 
niece of Circe. When Jaſon came to Col- 
chis in queſt of the golden fleece, Medea be- 
came enamoured of him, and it was to her 
well-direted laburs that the Argonauts 
owed their preſervation. [Fid, Jaſon & 
Argonaut#.) Medea had an interview with 
her lover in the temple of Hecate, where 
they bound themſelves by the moſt folemn 
eaths and mutually promiſed eternal fidelity. 
No ſooner had Jaſon overcome all the dif- 
ficultics which Eetes had placed in his 
way, than Medea embarked with the con- 
querors for Greece, To ſtop the purſuit of 
her father, the tore to pieces her brother 
Abſyrtus, and left his mangled limbs in the 
way, through which ZEetes was to pals. 
This act of Larbarity ſome have attributed 
te Jaſon, and not to her, When Jaſon 


Here they lived for ten years with much con- 


| avoid the puniſhment which her wic kedneſs 


M F. 


reached Tolchos, his native country, the 
return and victories of the Argonauts were 
celebrated with univerſal rejoicings; but 
ſon, the father of Jaſon, was unable to 
aſſiſt at the ſolemnity, on account of the 
infirmities of his age. Medea, at ber 


huſband's requeſt, removed the weakneſs of 


ſon, and by drawing away the blood from 
his veins, and filling them again with the 
juice of certain herbs, ſhe reſtored him to the 
vigor and ſprightlineſs of youth. This ſud- 
den change in Æſon aſtoniſhed the inhabi- 
tants of Tolchos, and the daughters of Pelias 
were alſo defirous to fee their father reſtored, 
by the ſame power, to the vigor of youth, 
Medea, willing to revenge the injuries which 
her huſband's family had ſuffered from Pe. 
lias, encreaſed their curioſity, and by cutting 
to pieces an old ram and making it again, in 
their preſence, a young lamb, the totally de- 
termined them to try the ſame experiment 
upon their father's. body. They accordingly 
killed him of their own accord, and boiled 
his fleſh in a cauldron, but Medea refuſed 
to perform the ſame friendly offices to Pelias 
which ſhe had done to ſon, and he wa 
conſumed by the heat of the fire, and even 
deprived of a burial, This action greatly 
irritated the people of Iolchos, and Medes, 
with her huſband, fled to Corinth to avoid 
the reſentment of an offended populace, 


jugal tenderneſs; hut the love of Jaſon for 
Glauce, the King's daughter, ſoon inter- 
rupted their mutual harmony, and Med 
was divorced. Medea revenged the infideli- 
ty of Jaſon by cauſing the death of Glauce, 
and the deſtruction of her family. [V 
Glauce.] This action was followed by mo- 
ther ſtill more atrocious. Medea killedtvo 
of her children in their father's preſence,and, 
when ng attempted to puniſh the barta- 
rity of the mother, ſhe fled through the at 
upon a chariot drawn by winged dragons. 
From Corinth Medea came to Atheny 
where, after ſhe had undergone the neceſſay 
purification of her murder, ſhe married king 
Egeus, or, according to others, lived in u 
adulterous manner with him. From ber 
connection with Ægeus Medea had a fon, 
who was called Medus. Soon after, when 
Theſeus withed to make himſelf known © 
his father, [ Vid. Ægeus. ] Medea, jealous 
his fame, and fearful of his power, attempt- 
ed to poiſon him at a feaſt which had been 
prepared for his entertainment. Her 4 
tempts, however, failed of ſucceſs, and the 
ſight of the ſword which Theſeus wore H 
his ſide convinced ZEgeus that the ftrang® 
againſt whoſe life he had ſo baſely conſpired 
was no leſs than his own ſon. The father 
and the fon were reconciled, and Medea, '0 


3 deſerved, 


— 


ntry, the appeared through the air. She came to Col- 
auts were chis, where, according to ſome, ſhe was re- 
ngs; but conciled to Jaſon, who had ſought her in 
unable to her native country after her ſudden departure 
nt of the from Corinth. She died at Colchis, as Juſtin 
„ at her mentions, when ſhe had been reſtored to the 
eakneſs or confidence of her family. Aſter death, ſhe 
lood from married Achilles in the Elyfian fields, ac- 
n with the cording to the traditions mentioned by Si- 
| him to the monides. The murder of Mermerus and 
This ſud- Pheres, the youngeit of Jaſon's children by 
the inhabi- Medea, isnot attributed to thejr mother, ac- 
rs of Pelias cording to Ælian, but the Corinthians them- 
der reſtored, ſelves aſſaſſinated them in the temple of Juno 
r of youth, Acræa. To avoid the reſentment of the 
uries which gods, and to deliver themſelves from the 
d from pe- peſtilence which viſited their country after 
d by cutting ſo horrid a maſſacre, they engaged the poct 


It again, in 
e totally de- 


experiment and repreſented Medea as the cruel aſſaſſin 
accordingly of her own children. And beſides, that 
„and boiled this opinion might be the better credited, 
dea refuſed 


ces to Pelias 

and he was 
re, and even 
tion greatly 


and Medes, rieg.— Milian. V. H. 5, c. 21.—Parſ. $, ©. 

inth to avoid 3. I. 8, c. 11. — Euripid. in Med. — Died. 
2d populace. 4. —Ovid. Met. 7, fab. 1, in Med. —Strab. 
th much con- 7,—Gic, de Nat. D. 3, c. 19.—Apollon. Arg. 
of Jaſon for 3 &c—Orphens,—Flace.—Lacan. 4, v. 
, ſoon inter- 856. 


4 
Y 


d the infidel- who married Imbrius ſon of Mentor. Ho- 
ath of Glauct, mer. Il, 3,-— Apelled. 3. 

family. [Vi MEDia, a celebrated country of Aſia, 
owed by an0- bounded on the north by the Caſpian Sea, 
dea Killed tus weſt by Armenia, ſouth by Perſia, and eaſt 
preſence,and, by Parthia and Hyrcania. It was originally 
uſh the bare called Aria till the age of Medus, the ſon 
through the af of Medea, who gave it the name of Media. 
nged dragons. The province of Media was firſt raiſed into 


e to Athens, 
e the neceſſa 
e married king 
rs, lived in u 
m. From bet 
lea had a (0 
on after, wil 
nſelf known 0 
edea, jealous d 
ower, attempt 
which had bees 
Her a 
ſucceſs, and tht 
*heſeus wore bf 
hat the ftrang* 
b aſely con ſpied 
The father 
. and Medea, 10 
\ her wickedhef 


1ent. 


n. 


LY 


and Medea 


M E 


deſerved, mounted her fiery chariot, and dif- 


Euripides, for five talents, to write a tra- 
gedy, which cleared them of the murder, 


feſtivals were appointed, in which the mo- 
ther was repreſented with all the barbarity 
of a fury murdering her own ſons. Vid. 
Herga,— Apolled. 1, c. 9. —Hygin. fab. 21, 
22, 23, &c.—Plut. in Theſ.— Dienyſ. Pe- 


MEveSICASTE, a daughter of Priam, 


2 kingdom by its revolt from the Aſſyrian 
monarchy, B. C. $20; and, after it had for 
lome time enjoyed a kind of republican 
government, Deioces, by his artifice, pro- 
cured himſclf to be called king, 700 B. C. 
After a reign of 53 years he was ſucceeded 
by Phraortes, B. C. 647; who was ſucceeded 
by Cyaxares, B. C. 625. His ſucceſſor was 
Aſtyages, B. C. 585, in whoſe reign Cyrus 

came maſter of Media, B. C. 551; and 
ever after the empire was transferred to the 
Perſians, The Medes were warlike in the pri- 
mitive ages of their power ; they encouraged 
Polygamy, and were remarkable for the ho- 
maze they paid to their ſovereigns, who were 
ſtiled kings of kings. This title was after- 
k2ds adopted by their conquerors, the Per- 

vs, and it was ſtill in uſe in the age of the 


M E 


Roman emperors. Juſtin. 1, e. 5. — Harn 
dot. 1 &c,—Polyb. 5 & 10,—Curt. 5, &. 
— Died. Sic. 13.—Cteſias. 
MEDp1as, a tyrant of Myſia, &c. 
Mplc us, a prince of Lariſſa, in Theſſaly, 
who made war againſt Lycophron, tyrant of 
Pherz. Died. 14. | 
Mtn1oLAanumy now Milan, the capital 
of Inſubria, at the north of the Po. Liv. 8, 
C. 34. I. 34, c. 46,——Aulercorum, a town 
of Gaul, now Evreux, in Normandy, 
Sant num, another, now Saintes, in Guienne. 
MEDIoMATKICES, a nation that lived on 
the borders of the Rhine, now Metz. Strab. 
4.—Cæſ. bell. G. 4, c. 10. 
MEDITERRANEUM MARE, a ſca which 
divides Europe and Aſia Minor from Africa. 
It receives its name from its fituation, medio 
terre, ſituate in the middle of the land, It 
has a communication with the Atlantic b 
the columns of Hercules, and with the Eux- 
ine through the Ægean. The word Mediter- 
raneum does not occur in the Claſſics ; but it 
is ſometimes called inter num noſtrum or medi- 
ws ligusr, and is frequently denominated in 
Scripture the Great Sea. The firſt naval 
power that ever obtained the command of 
it, as recorded in the fabulous epochs of 
the writer Caſtor, is Crete, under Minos. 
Afterwards it paſſed into the hands of 
the Lydians, B. C. 1179; of the Pelaſgi, 
1058; of the Thracians, 1000; of the 
Rhodians, 916; of the Phrygians, 893; of 
the Cyprians, 868 ; of the Pheenicians, $26 f 
of the Egyptians, 787; of the Milefians, 
753; of the Carians, 734 ; and of the Leſ« 
bians, 676, which they retained for 6a 
years. Horat, 3, od 3, v. 46.—Plin. 2, 
c. 69.-—Salluft, Jug. 17.—Cæſ. B. G. 5, 
c. 1. Liv. 26, c. 42. 
Mrplr Riva, the goddeſs of medicines, 
whole feſtivals, called Meditrinalia, were ce- 
e brated at Rome the laſt diy of September, 
when they made offerings of fruits. Varro. 
& L. I. 55 C. 3. 
MEepoacus or MEeDUacus, a river in 
the country of the Venet', falling into the 
Adriatic Sea. Liv. 10, c. 2. | 
MEDoBITHYNI, a people of Thrace. 
MEDoBR1GA, a town of Luſitania, now 
deſtroyed. Hirtjus. 48. 
MEponN, ſon of Codrus the 17th and laſt 
king of Athens, was the firſt archon that 
was appointed with regal authority, B. C. 
1070. In che election Medon was preferted 
to his brother Neleus, by the oracle of 
Delphi, and he rendered himſelf popular by 
the juſtice and moderation of his admini- 
ſtration. His ſucceſſors were called from 
him Medontidæ, and the office of archon 
remained for above 200 years in the family 


ot Codrus. under 12 perpetual archons. 


deſerved 


Pauf. 7, c. 2,—Paters, 1, c. 2. — A man 
Hh 2 killed _ 


M E 


Fineas faw him 
Virg. Mn. 6, 


killed in the Trojan war. 
in the infernal regions. 
v. 433. A ftatuary of Lacedzmon, who 
made a famous ſtatue of Minerva. Pau. 5, 
c. 17.——One of the Centaurs, & c. Ovid. 
Met. 12, v. 303- One of the Tyrrhene 
ſailors changed into dolphins by Bacchus. 
Id. Met. 3, v. 671. A river of Pelo- 


ponneſus. An illegitimate ſon of Ajax 
Oileus. - Homer. One of Penelope's 
ſuitors. Ovid. Heroid. 1. A man of 


Cyricus, killed by the Argonauts. A 
king of Mes, who died about 990 
years B. C. 

Mrpovi tas, a woman of Abydos, with 
whom Alcibiades cohabited as with a wife. 
She had a daughter, &c. Lyfras. 

MEDvuacvus, two rivers (Majr, now 
Brenta, and Miner, now Backilione) falling 
near Venice into the Adriatic Sea, Plin. 3, 
c. 16.— Liv. 10, c. 2. 

Mr, a river of Gaul flowing into 
the Ligeris, now the Mayne, Lucan. 1, 
v. 438. 

MEDULLINA, a Roman virgin raviſhed 
by her father, &c. Plut. in Parall. 
An infamous courtezan in Juvenal's age. 
6, v. 321. 

Mrs, now Kur, a river of Media, 
falling into the Araxes. Some take Me- 
dus adjectively as applying to any of the 
great rivers of Media. Strab. 15.— Horat. 
2, 0d. 9, v. 21. A ſon of Ægeus and 
Medea, who gave his name to a country of 
Aſia, Medus, when arrived to years of 
maturity, went to ſcek his mother, whom 
the arrival of Theſeus in Athens had driven 
away. [Vid. Medea.) He came to Col- 
chis, where he was ſeized by his uncle Per- 
ſes, who uſurped the throne of Retes, his 
mother's father, becauſe the oracle had de- 
clared that Perſes ſhould be murdered by 
one of the grandſons of Æetes. Medus al- 
ſumed another name, and called himſelf 
Hippotes, ſon of Creon, Man while Me- 
dea arrived in Colchis diſguiſed in the habit 
of a prieſteſs of Diana, and when ſhe heard 
that one of Creon's children was impri- 
ſoned, ſhe reſolved to haſten the deſtruct ion 
of a perſon whoſe family ſhe deteſted. To 
eflect this with more certainty, ſhe told the 
uſurper, that Hippotes was really a ſon of 
Medea, ſent by his mother to murder him. 
She begged Perſes to give her Hippotes, 
that ſhe might ſacrifice him to her reſent- 
ment. Perſes conſented. Medea diſcovered 
that it was her own ſon, and ſhe inſtantly 
armed him with the dagger which the had 
prepared againſt his life, and ordered him 
to ſtab the uſurper. He obeyed, and Me- 
dea diſcovered who ſhe was, and made ter 
ſon Medus fit on his grandfather's throne, 


5 


M E 


Heſſod. Tleog.— Pauſ. 2.— Apollod. 1.— 
Juſtin. 42.—Senec. in Med. — Died, 

Mrpbsa, one of the three Gorgons, 
daughter of Phorcys and Ceto. She was 
the only one of the Gorgons who was ſub. 
je& to mortality. She is celebrated for her 
perſonal charms and the beauty of her locks. 
Neptune became enamoured of her, and 
obtained her favors in the temple of Mi. 
nerva. This violation of the ſanctity af 
the temple provoked Minerva, and ſſe 
changed the beautiful locks of Meduſa, 
which had inſpired Neptune's love, imo 
ſerpents. According. to Apollodorus and 
others, Meduſa and her ſiſters came into 
the world with ſnakes on their heads, in. 
ſtead of hair, with yellow wings and brazen 
hands. Their body was alſo covered wit) 
impenetrable ſcales, and their very look; 
had the power of killing or turning to ſtones. 
Perſeus rendered his name immortal by the 
conqueſt of Meduſa, He cut off her head, 
and the blood that dropped from th: 
wound produced the innumerable ſerpent; 
that infeſt Africa, The conqueror placed 
Meduſa's head on the ægis of Miner, 
which he had uſed in his expedition. The 
head ſtill retained the ſame petrifying power 
as before, as it was fatally known in the 
court of Cepheus. [ Vid. Andromeda}. Some 
ſuppoſe, that the Gorgons were a nation of 
women, whom Perſeus conquered, Fd. 
Gorgones. Apolled. 2, c. 4. — Hefiod. They, 
Ovid. Met. 4, v. 618.—Lucan. , v. 624— 
Apollon. 4.— Hygin. fab. 151. A daugh- 
ter of Priam. A daughter of Sthenelus, 
Apallod. 

MEGAB1zr, certain prieſts in Diana“ 
temple at Epheſus. They were all eunucts, 
Quintil, 5, c. 12. 

Mroazrzus, one of the noble Perſians 
who conſpired againſt the uſurper Smerdis. 
He was ſet over an army in Europe by king 
Darius, where he took Perinthus and con- 
quered all Thrace. He was greatly efteem- 
ed by his ſovereign. Herodot. 3, &c.——A 
ſon of Zopyrus, ſatrap to Darius. He con- 
quered Egypt, &c. Herodot. 3, c. 160. 
A ſatrap of Artaxerxes. He revolted 
from his king, and defeated two large . 
mies that had been ſent againſt him. The 
interference of his friends reſtored him i 
the king's favor, and he ſhewed his attach- 
ment to Artaxerxes by killing a lion which 
threatened his life in hunting. This 20 
of atfe&tion in Megabyzus was looked upon 
with envy by the king. He was diſcarded 
and afterwards reconciled to the monarch 
by means of his mother. He died in the 
76th year of his age B. C. 447, greatly te- 
gretted, (as. 


MEeGACLzs, an Athenian archon whe 
iavolved 


involved t 
in the fact 
conſpiracy 
brother o 
againſt D 
mæon, W 
after the. 
He was « 
who exch 
aſſiſting t. 
killed in t. 
{ana in Si« 
mity to A; 
A man wi 
Mitylene, 
— A m: 
lives of illi 
grandfathe 
Mc Ac 
in the age 
ArxGAÆAI 
Nox and . 
from eye 
12, v. 846 
MEGAL 
rnth. He 
King Phil 
deſtroyed! 
MEtGAL 
juſtituted | 
at Rome in 
ſtatue of th 
nus. I. 
v. 337. 
MEGAL 
Near Neape 
MEGAL 
Peloponneſ 
joined the 
vas taken 
of Sparta, 
* gale palit 
Jau 95 E. 
Meg Au 
N. d. 
Ms.Gax 
Eleuſis in 4 
tolemus, te 
WA Attic: 
Cuived div; 
bad an alta 
where Cert 
mivedin / 
Wife of Ar 
MeG6ap 
Menclaus, 
hom the 
daughter ( 
's muthe 
Menclaus. 
Meg AR 
Thebes, gi 
«Ut he t 


M E 


molved the greateſt part of the Athenians 
in the ſacrilege which was committed in the 
conſpiracy of Cylon. Flut. in Sol. A 
brother of Dion, who aſſiſted his brother 
againſt Dionyſius, &c. A ſon of Alc- 


: mæon, who revolted with ſome Athenians 
v after the departure of Solon from Athens. 
. He was ejected by Piſiſtratus. A man 
of who exchanged drets with Pyrrhus when 
5 aſſiſting the Tarentines in Italy. He was 
0 killed in that diſguiſe. A native of Meſ- 
* ſana in Sicily, famous for his inveterate en- 
* mity to Agathocles, tyrant of Syracuſe. 
Mt A man who deſtroyed the leading men of 
* Mitylene, becauſe he had been puniſhed. 
as A man who wrote an account of the 
ith lives of illuſtrious perſons. The maternal | 
* zrandfather of Alcibiades. 
a MEGACLIDES, a peripatetic philoſopher 
the in the age of Protagoras. 
* M:G RA, one of the furics, daughter of 
the Nox and Acheron. The word is derived 
re from ueyarpte ⁵89 re, odifſe. Virg. An. 
* 12, v. 846. Vid. Eumenides. 
* MEGALEAS, a ſeditious perſon of Co- 
Tie enth. He was ſeized for his treachery to 
8 king Philip of Macedonia, upon which he 
the deſtroyed himſelf to avoid puniſhment. 
* MEGALESIA, games in honor of Cybele 
10 ſtiruted by the Phrygians, and introduced 
V4 at Rome in the ſecond Punic war, when the 
hee, itatue of the goddeſs was brought from Pel- 
es nus. Liv. 29, c. 14.—Ovid. Faſt, 4, 
ugh- v. 337. 8 : 
Aus MreALiA, a ſmall iſland of Campania, 
near Nrapolis. Stat. 2. Sylv. v. 80. 
112 1 MEcaLoPGLIs, a town of Arcadia in 
cha Pcloponneſus, huilt by Epaminondas. It 
janed the Achæan league B. C. 232, and 
ſans was taxen and ruined by Cleomencs, king 
ordis. ot Sparta, The inhabitants were called 
king Mgalepalitæ, or Megatlopetitani. Strab. 8, 
con- Pau, g, c. I4.—Liv. 28, C. 8. 
em M:cAMEDE, the wife of Tueſtius. A- 
N Nad. 
con- Mie Ax IRA, the wife of Celeus, King of 
160, Lleuſis in Attica. She was mother to Trip- 
volted blemus, to whom Ceres, as the travelled 
e u. der Attica, taught agriculture. She re- 
" The nech divine honors atter death, and ſhe 
um ie bad an altar raiſed to her, near the fountain 
ttach · Where Ceres had firſt been ſeen when ſhe 
which mivecin Attica. Pauſ. 1, c. 39. The 
is aft vite of Arcas. Apollod. 
1 upon MEGAPENTHES, an illegitimate ſon of 
carded Menclaus, who, after his father's return 
onarc rom the Trojan war, was married to a 
in the Gughter of Alector, a native of Sparta. 
tly te- K muther's name was Teridue, a flave of 
Menclaus. Homer, Od. 4.—Apuled. 3. 
n Moana, a daughter of Creon, king of 
volved ebes, given in marriage to Herculcs, be- 


«Be he had delivetr-d the Thebans from 


M E 


the tyranny of the Orchomenians. [ Vu. 
Erginus.) When Hercules went to hell 
by order of Euryſtheus, violence was offered 
to Megara by Lycus, a Theban exile, and 
ſhe would have yielded to her raviſher, had 
not Hercules returned that moment and pu- 
niſhed him with death, This murder diſ- 
pleaſed Juno, and ſhe rendered Hercules ſo 
delirious, that he Killed Megara and the 
three children he had by her in a fit of 
madneſs, thinking them to be wild beaſts. 
Some ſay that Megara did not periſh by the 
hand of her huſband, but that he after» 
wards married her to his friend Iolas. The 
names of Megara's children by Hercules 
were Creontiades, Therimachus, and Dei- 
coon. Hugin. fab. 82,—Senec.. in Herc.— 
Apolled. 2, c. 6.— Died. 4. 

MEGARa, (æ, & pl. orum, ) a city of 
Achaia, the capital of a country called Me- 
garis, founded about 1131 B. C. It is ſitu- 
ate nearly at an equal diſtance from Co- 
rinth and Athens, on the Sinus Saronicus. 
It was built upon two rocks, and is ſtill in 
being, and preſerves its ancient name. It 
was called after Megareus the ſon of Nep- 
tunc, who was buried there, or from Me- 
gareus a ſon of Apollo. It was originally 
governed by twelve kings, but became 
afterwards a republic, and fell into the 
lands of the Athenians, from whom it was 
reſcued by the Heraclide. At the battle 
of Salamis the people of Megara furniſhed 
20 ſhips for the defence of Greece, and at 
Platæa they had zoo men in the army of 
Pauſanias, There was here a ſect of phi- 
lotophers called the Mecgaric, who held the 
world to be eternal, Cic. Acad. 4, c. 42. 
Orat. 3, c. 17. Att. 1, ep. 8.—Pauſ. 1, 
c. 39.—Strab. 6.— Mela. 2, c. 3. A 
town of Sicily founded by a colony from 
Megara in Attica, about 728 years before 
the Chriitian era. It was deſtroyed by 
Gelon, king of Syracuſe ; and before the 
arrival of the Megarean colony it was called 
4. Strab. 26, &c,—Virg. An, 3, 
V. 589. 

MrGcAarrus, the father of Hippomenes, 
was ton of Oncheſtus. Ovid, Met. 10, 
v. 609. — 4 ſon of Apollo, 

M+:GAR1s, a ſmall country of Achaia, 
between Phocis on the weſt and Attica on 
the call. Its capital city was called Megara. 
Vid. Megara. 

MEGARvUs, a town. of Sicily, —of Cili- 
cia. A river of India. 

MztCASTHENES, a Greek hiſtorian in the 
age of Selcucus Nicanor, about 300 years 
before Chriſt. He wrote about the oriental 
nations, and particularly the Indians. His 
hiſtory is often quoted by the antients. What 
now paſſes as his compoſition is ſpurious. 

Mors, one of Helen's ſuitors, governo 


Hl 3 0 


7 


— — 


4. 


— neces the © _—_— 


8 


— — 


M E 


ok Dulichium and of the Fchinades. He | 
2 with forty ſhips to the Trojan war. Ho- 
h 2. 

MEG1LLA, a native of Locris, remark- 
able for beauty, and mentioned by Horat. 1, 
od. 27, v. 11. 

MEc1sSTtaA, an ifland of Lycia, with an 
harbour of the ſame name. Liv. 37, 
. 22. 

Me 61$sT1As, a ſoothſayer who told the 
Spartans that defended Thermopylæ, that 
they all ſhould periſh, &c. FHeroder. 7, 
c. 219, &c. A river. Vid. Mella. 

Mela Pourorius, a Spaniard who 
floriſhed about the 45th year of the Chiiſtian 
era, and diſtinguiſhed himſelf by his geogra- 
phy divided into three books, and written 
with elegance, with great perſpicuity and bre- 
vity. The beſt editions of this book, called 4. 
fitu orbis, are thoſe of Gronovius, Svo. I.. 
Bat, 1722, and Reinhold, 4to, Eton, 1761. 

MEL N=, a village of Attica. Stat. Tab, 
12, v. 619. 

MELAMPUS, a celebrated ſoothſaver and 
phyſician of Argos, fon of Amythaon and 
Idomenea, or Dorippe. He lived at Pylos 
in Pelopanneſus. His ſervants once killed 
two large ſerpents who had made their 
neſts at the hottom of a large oak, and 
Melampus paid ſo much regard to theſe 
two reptiles, that he raiſed a burning pile 
and burned them upon it. He alſo took 
particular care of their young ones, and 
fed them with milk. Some time after this 
the young ſerpents crept to Mclampus as 
he flept on the graſs near the oak, and, as 
if ſenſible of the favors of their benefactor, 
they wantonly playcd around him, and 
ſoftly licked his ears This awoke Me- 
Jampus, who was aſtoniſhed at the ſudden 
change which his ſenſes had undergone. 
He found himſelf acquainted with the 
chirping of the birds and with all their 
rude notes, as they flew around him. 
He took advantage of this ſupernatural 
gift, and ſoon made hiniſelf perfect in the 

nowledge of futurity, and Apollo alſo in- 
ſtructed him in the art of medicine. He 
had ſoon after the happincſs of curing the 
daughters of Prœtus, by giving them el- 
Jebare, which from this circumſtance has 
been called me/ampodium, and as a reward 

for his troubles he married the eldeſt of 
theſe princeſſes. [ Vid. Pretides.] The 
tyranny of his uncle Neleus, King of Py- 
los, obliged him to leave his native coun- 
try, and Pretus, to ſhew himſelf more 
ſenſible of his ſervices, gave him part of his 
kingdom, over which he eſtabliſhed himſelf, 
About this time. the perſonal charms of Pe- 
ro, the daughter of Neleus, had gained many 
aqmirers, but the father promiſed his daugh- 
fer only to him who brought into lis hands 


M E 


the oxen of Iphiclus. This condition dit. 
pleaſed many; but Bias, who was allo one of 
her admirers, engaged his brother Melampus 
to ſteal the oxen, and deliver them to him. 
Melampus was caught in the attempt, and 
impriſoned, and nothing but his ſervices as 
a ſoothſayer and phy ſician to Iphiclus would 
have ſaved him from deatii. All this pleaded 
in favor of Melampus, but when he had 
taught the cluldleſs Iphiclus how to become 
a father, he not only obtained his liberty, 
but alſo the oxen, and with them he com- 
pelled Neleus to give Pero in marriage to 
Bias. A ſevere diſtemper, which had ten- 
dered the women of Argos inſane, was to. 
tally removed by Melampus, and Anax:- 
gorat, who then fat on the throne, rewarded 
his merit by giving him part of his Kingdom, 
where he eſtabliſhed himſelf, and where lis 
poſterity reigned during fix ſucceſſive gene- 
rations, He received dieine honors after 
death, and temples were raiſed to his nie- 
mory. Homer. Od. 11.-—Herodvt, 2 & 9.— 
Apolind. 2, c. 2.—Pauſ. 2, c. 18. l. 4 
c. 3.,—Firg. G. z, v. 5$50.-——The father 
of Ciſſeus and Gyas. PFirg. An. 10.-— 
A fon of Priam. Apollod, 3. One of 
Actæon's dogs, Ovid. Met. 3. 

MIELANCHATES, one of Attzon's dogs, 
ſo called from his 6/ack hair. Ovid. Met. 

MFELANCHLANI, a people ncar the Cims 
merian Boſpharus. 

MELANCHRUS, a tyrant of Leſbos who 
dice! about 612, B. C. 

ML, the ſame as Samothrace. 

MrtAaNntus, a ſon of Eurytus, fron 
whom Eretria has been called Melancs 
A centaur. Ovid. Met. 12.-—0x 
of Actæon's dog's. 1d. 3. An Abi 
pian Killed at the nuptials of Perle, 
Id. 8. 

Murad, a firname of Venus. 

MEL ax1on, the ſame as Hipnomenty 
who married Atalanta according to ſome 
mytnologiſts, Apollad. 3. 

MELANIPPE, a daughter of Molus wi 
had two children by Neptune, for which be 


father put out both her eyes, and con fine 


her in a priſon. Her children, who be 
been expoſed and preſerved, delivered 
from confinement, and Neptune reflorel 
her to her eye-ſight. She afterwards mal 
ried Metapontus. Hygin, fab. 186.— 
nymph who married Itonus, ſon of Al 
phictyon, by whom ſhe had Baeotus, *. 
gave his name to Bœotia. Pauſ. 9, C.. 

ME1.ANIvPIDESs, a Greek poet aue 
520 years before Chriſt, His grandlo!, 
the ſame name, floriſhed about 60 J 
after at the court of Perdiccas the eco"? 
of Macedonia. Some fragments 0! 
poetry are extant. 


— 


MiLAstr Iss, a prick of Apoll 
GILL 


Errene, 
Lehen. 
the Theb 
of Theb! 
king of / 
deus, wh 
laſt was | 
his head 
venge of 
the head 1 
lowed th 
with his 
which ſh 
wound, a 
A.[ hyl. . 
A fon of 
Cometho, 
He conce: 
mriſhed h 
the ſanct! 
ſoon after 
Par. 7, 
Antilochu: 
15.— A 
Another 
Agrius.— 
of Theſeu: 
MELAN 
MtLan 
Samos. 
MELAN 
hiſtory of 
Sicyon. J 
very malev 
Phocion. 
Eury py lus 
— A ſho 
goat-herd ] 
return of U 
elegiac poet 
MEL aw 
viſhed by N 
phin. Hul. 
Penelope.'s ' 
MILAN 7 
a ſon of A 
were kings | 
lis paternal 
and canie to 
rchaned thi 
ſought a bat 
of the Bœo 
him. He 
Apaturia] 
Neleide, fat 
the age of C 
Crown 1128 
Years, Pau 
_ucus, Flac 
S2rmatia fall 
. 4, ep. 
Mx hay 
Wo Thr; 


M E 


Exrene, killed by the tyrant Nicocrates. 


M E 


Cherſoneſus, Another in Theſſaly, —in 
Acala, —in Bœotia, —in Sicily, —in Ionia, 
—in Cappadocia. A ſon of Neptune. 
Another, ſon of Proteus. A ſon of 
Phryxus. 

Ml, or Meldorum urbs, a city of 
Gaul, now Meaux in Champagne. 

MELFAGER, a celebrated hero of anti- 
quity, ſon of CEneus, king of ZEtolia by 
Althea, daughter of Theitius. Te Parcæ 
were preſent at the moment of bis birth, 
and predicted his future greatneſs. Clotho 
id, that he would be brave and courageaus; 
Lacheſis foretold his uncommon fir-::gth,and 
Atropos declared that he ſhould lin as long 
as that fire-brand, which was on the fre, re- 
mained entire and unconſumed. Althza, no 


' ſooner heard this, than ſhe ſnatched the 


dif Polyan. S. A ſon of Aſtapus one of 
Ce of the Thehan chiefs who defended the gates 
1pus of Thebes againſt the army of Adraſtus 
him, king of Argos. He was oppoſed by Ty- 
and deus, whom he ſlightly wounded, and at 
es 26 laſt was killed by Amphiaraus, who carried 
'ould his head to Tydeus. Tydeus, to take re- 
aded venge of the wound he had received, bit 
bad the head with fuch barbarity that he ſwal- 
come lowed the brains, and Minerva, offended 
xrty, with his conduct, took away the herb 
com- which ſhe had given to him to cure his 
ge fo wound, and he died. Apollo. 1, c. $.— | 
| ren- Aiſchyl. ante Theb.—Pauf. 9, c. 18. 
a5 te A ſon of Mars, who became enamoured of 
Naz Cometho, a prieſteſs of Diana Triclaria, | 
arded He concealed himſelf in the temple, and 
dom, nviſhed his miſtreſs, for Which violation of 
re lis the ſanity of the place, the two lovers | 
gene. ſoon after periſhed by a ſudden death, | 
; after Vanſ. 7, c. 19,——A Trojan Killed 4 
is mee Antilochus in the Trojan war. Hemer. II. 
& 9.— 
14 Another killed by Teucer. A ſon of 
fatlier Agrius. Another of Priam.—-—A fon 
— of Theſeus. 
One of MELANOSYRT, a people of Syria. 
MELANTHI1, rocks near the ifland of 
's dog) Samos. 
Met. 1 ME:LANTHIUS, a man who wrote an 
e Cim- hiſtory of Attica. A famous painter of 
Sicyon. Plin. 35. A tragic poet of a 
"0s who very malevolent diſpoſition, in the age of 
Phocion. Plut. A Trojan killed by 
be. Eurypylus in the Trojan war. Hamer. Od, 
„ from A ſhepherd in Thezcrit. Tall. A 
[clane1s goat-herd killed by Telemachus after the 
— Or return of Ulyfles. Ovid. 1 Heroid.———An | 
Abu elegiac poet. 1% t. 
Perlcos. MELAaNnTHO, a daughter of Proteus, ra- 
viſhed by Neptune uncer the form of a dol- | 
8. pun. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 12. One ol 
Jomeney Penelope's women. Homer. Il. 18, &c. 
to ſome MilANruus, Melanthes, or Melanthius, | 
a ſon of Andropompus, whoſe ant eſtors 
lus w. were kings of Pylos. He was driven from 
which be lis paternal kingdom by the Herachdz, | 
confin and canie to Athens, where king Thymcetes 
who be rchaned the crown to him, provided he 
-ered bt ſought a battle againſt Xanthus, a general 
 reflorel ef the Buzotians, why made war againſt 
rds mal bim. He fought and conquered, [ Fid. 
6.— Apaturia] and his family, ſirnamed the 
of Am Neleide, fat on the throne of Athens, till 
us, . the age of Codrus. He ſucceeded to the 
95 C.. crown 1128 years B. C. and reigned 37 
det avon Jears. Pauf, 2, c. 18. A man of Cy- 
andſon, 6 icus, Flacc, A river of European 
60 Je Sarmatia falling into the Boryſthenes. Ovid. 
ic {eco _ one. 4, ep. LO, v. $5, 
s of tie Mrs, (æ), a river of Peloponneſus. 
ct of Thrace, at the weſt of the Thracian 
| 


CM 


| 


tick from the fire, and kept it with the 
moiſt jealous care, as the life of her ſon was 
deſtined to depend upon its preſervation, 
The fame of Meleager increaſed with his 
years; he fignalized himſelf in the Argonau- 


1;5,——Another killed by Patroclus.—— | tic expedition, and afterwards delivered his 


country from the neighbouring inhabitants, 
who made war againſt his father at the in- 
itigation of Diana, whoſe altars CEncus had 
negle&ed. [ Vid. Qucus.] No ſooner were 
they deſtroyed than Diana puniſhed the neg- 
ligence of CEneus by a greater calamity. 
She ſent a huge wild boar, which laid waſte 
all the country, and tc emed invincible on ac- 
count of its immenſe fize. It became ſoon 
a public concern, all the neighbouring princes 
aſſembled to deſtroy this terrible animal, and 
nothing became more famous in mytho- 
logical hiſtory, than the hunting of the Ca- 
lydonian boar. The princes and chiefs that 
aſſembled, and which are mentioned by my - 
thologiſts, are Meleager ſon of ¶E neus, Idas 
and Lynceus, ſons of Aphareus, Dryas ſon 
of Mars, Caitor and Pollux, ſons of Jupiter 
and Leda, Pirithous ſon of Ixion, Theſeus 
fon of Egeus, Anceus and Cepheus, ſons of 
Lycurgus, Admetus ſon of Pheres, Jaſon ſon 
7 ion, Pelcus and Telamon, ſons of 
Aacus, Iphicles fon of Amphitryon, Eury- 
trion ſon of Actor, Atalanta daughter of 
Schencus, Iolas the friend of Hercules, the 
ſons of Theſtius, Amphiaraus ſon. of Oileus, 
Protheus, Cometes, the brothers of Althæa, 
Hippothous fon of Cercyon, Leucippus, 
Adraftus, Ceneus, Phileus, Echeon, Lelex, 
Phenix ſon of Amyntor, Panopeus, Hy- 
leus, Hippaſus, Neſtor, Mencetius, the fa- 
ther of Patroclus, Amphicides, Laertes the 
father of Ulyſſes, and the four ſons of Hip- 
pocoon, This troop of armed men, at- 
tacked the boar, with unuſual fury, and 
It was at laſt killed by Meleager. The con- 
qucror gave the ſkin and the head to Ata- 
lanta, who had firſt wounded the animal. 
This partiality to a woman, irritated the 
| Hh 4 others, 


£3 


NM E 


ethers, and particularly Toxeus and Plexip- 
pus, the brothers of Althæa, and they en- 
dea voured to rob Atalanta of the honorable 
preſent. Meleager defended a woman, of 
whom he was enamoured, and killed his un- 
cles in the attempt. Mean time the news 
of this celebrated conqueſt had already reach- 
ed Calydon, and Althza went to the temple 
of the gods to return thanks for the victory 
which her ſon had gained. As ſhe went ſhe 
met the corpſes of her brothers that 
were brought from the chace, and at this 
mournful ſpectacle ſhe filled the whole city 
with her lamentations. She was upon this 
informed that they had been killed by Me- 
leager, and in the moment of reſentment, 
to revenge the death of her brothers, ſhe 
threw into the fire the fatal ſtick, on 
which her ſon's life depended, and Mcleager 
died as ſoon as it was conſumed. Homer 
does not mention the fire-brand, whence ſome 
have imagined that this fable is poſterior 
to that poet's age. But he ſays that the 
death of Toxcus and Plexippus fo irritated 
Althza, that ſhe uttered the moſt horrible 
curſes and imprecations upon the head of her 
ſon, Meleager married Cleopatra, the daugh- 
ter of Idas and Marpefla, as alſo Atalanta, 
according to ſome accounts. Ap3l/od, 1, c. 8. 
Apollon. I, arg.—Flacc, 1 & 6.—Pauf. 10, 
e. 31.— Hein. 14.—O0vid. Met. 8.— Homer. 
1. 9. A general, who ſupported Aridæ us 
when he had been made king after the 
death of his brother Alexander the Great.— 
A. brother of Ptolemy, made king of Ma- 
cedonia B. C. 280 years. He was but two 
months inveſted with the regal authority. 
A Greek poet in the reign of Seleucus 
the laſt of the Scleucide, He was born at 
Tyre and died at Cos. It is to his well di- 
rected labors, that we are hdebted for the 
ant alagia, or collection of Greek epigrams, 
which he ſclected from 46 of the beſt and 
moſt eſteemed poets. The original collec- 
tion of Mclenger has been greatly altered by 
ſucceeding editors. The beſt edition of the 
aut lolagia is that of Brunck in three vols. 
q. and 8vo. Angentor. 1772. 
MELxAGRiDEs, the ſiſters of Meleager, 
daughters of neus and Althæa. They 
were ſo diſconſulate at the death of their 
brother Meleager, that they refuſed all ali- 
ments, and were, at the point of death, 
changed into birds called Meleagrides, whoſe 
feathers and eggs, as it is ſuppoſed, are of 
a different color. The youngeſt of the 
ſiſters Gorge and Dejanira, who had been 
married, eſcaped this metamorphoſis. Apel- 
ud. 1, c. 8.—Ovid. Met. 8, v. 540.— 
Plir. 
MELESANDER, an Athenian general who 
diet B. C, 414. 
MLS (E115) a river of Aſia Minor, in 


| 


M E 


Tonia near Smyrna. Some of the ancients 
ſuppoſed that Homer was born on the banks 
of that river, from which circumſtance they 
call him Melcfagenes, and his compoſitions 
Meletæ clartæ. It is even ſupported that 
he compoſed his poems in a cave near the 
ſource of that river. Strab. 12.—Stat. 2. 
Sylt. 7. v. 34.—Tibull, 4, el. 1. v. 201. 
„ ©. . A beautiful Athenian 
youth, greatly beloved by Timagoras, whoſe 
afleftions hc repaid with the greateſt cold. 
neſs and indifference, He even ordered 
Timagoras to leap down a precipice, from 
the top of the citadel of Athens, and Ti- 
magoras, not to diſoblige him, obcyed, and 
was killed in the fall. This token of true 
friendſhip and affection had ſuch an effect 
upon Mcles, that he threw himſelf down 
from the place, to atone by his death for 
the ingratitude which he had ſhewn to Ti- 
magoras. Pau. 1, c. 30. A king of 
Lydia, who ſucceeded his father Alyattes, 
about 747 years before Chriſt. He was fa- 
ther to Candaules. 

Mtr.vs1 GENES or MELESIGENA, a name 
given to Honger. Vid. Mees. 

Mul. 1A, 12 of Oceanus, who mar- 
ried Inachus, A nymph, &c. Apallad. 
A daughter of Oceanus, fifter to 
Caanthus She became motter of Itmarus 
and Tencrus by Apollo. Tenerus was en- 
dowed with the gift of prophecy, and the 
river Ladon in Beotia, aſſumed the name of 
Iſmarus. Pauſ. 9. c. 10. One of the 
Nercides. A daughter of Agenor. 

M#ELiB(Q&A, a daughter of Occanus, who 
married Pelaſgus. A daughter of Am- 
phion and Niche. Aplted. A mari- 
time town of Magncha in Theſſaly, at the 
foot of mount Offa, famous for dying wool. 
The epithet of Melibæus is applied to Phi- 
loctetes becauſe he reigned there. Pirg, 
En. 3, v. 401.1. 5, v. 251.—Heredst. 7e. 
188. Alſo an iſland at the mouth df 
the Orontes in Syria, whence Melibœa pure 
pura. Mel. 2, c. 3. 

Mirrbeus, a ſhepherd introduced in 
Virgil's eclogues. 

MELITCERTA, Melicertes, or Melicertus, 
a ſon of Athamas and Ino. He was ſaved 
by his mother, from the fury of his fathef, 
who prepared to daſh him againſt a wall as 
he had done his brotherLearchus. The mother 
was ſo terrified that ſhe threw herſelf into 
the fea, with Melicerta in her arms. Nep- 
tune had compaſſion on the migfortunces of 
Ino and her ſon and changed them both into 
ſea deities, Ino was called Leucothoe et 
Matuta, and Melicerta was known among 
the Greeks by the name of Palzmon, and 
among the Latins by that of Portumuus. 
Some ſuppoſe that the Iſthmian games, we 


in honor of Melicerta. Vid. Iſthmia. ps; 
my 


ted. 1, C + 
Ovid. Me 
Mcer1c 
near Sicil. 
Mrs 
ther of L 
Mrris 
Mrs 
of Crete, 
fed Jupite 
firſt found 
whence 
changed 1! 
word for | 
the Ocea 
whom the 
A daught 
ander, th 
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concubine 
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goddeſs It 
body. 
Merts. 
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the Samia 
ſeated hy 
A philoſo} 
that the 1 
and witho 
doctrines, 
ment upot 
vidence, a 
and mper 
pupils, 1 


| tore the C 


man of 1 
Auguſtus 
Font. 4. e: 
Mettt 
between Sj 
The ſoit v 
mous for i 
the Phoeni 
mere, anc 
Which now 
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and on v 
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Adriatic o 
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Jona of 
1530, by 
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Turks, £ 
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Op 


1. 1, c. 9. J. 3, c. 4.—Pauſ. 1, c. 44.— 

Ovid. Met. 4, v. 529, &c,—Plut. de Symp. 
Mericürts, one of the ZEolian iſlands 

near Sicily. 

 M*LixA, a daughter of Theſpius, mo- 

ther of Laomedon, by Hercules. 

MzLisaA, a town of Magna Gracia, 

MerissA, a daughter of Meliſſus, king 
of Crete, who with her ſiſter Amalthæa, 
ſed Jupiter with the milk of goats. She 
furt found out the means of collecting honey; 
whence ſome have imagined that ſhe was 
changed into a bee, as her name 1s the Greek 
word for that inſet. Colume/l. One of 
the Occanides, who married Inachus, by 
whom the had Phoroneus and Agialus. 
A daughter of Procles, who married Peri- 
ander, the ſon of Cypſclue, by whom, in 
her pregnancy, ſhe was killed with a blow 
of ais foot, by the falſe accuſation of his 
coneubines. Dieg. Laert.— Pauſ. 1, c. 28. 
A woman of Corinth, who refuſed to 
initiate others in the feſtivals of Ceres, aſter 
ſhe had received admiſſion. She was torn 
to pieces upon this diſobedience, and the 
goddeſs made a ſwarm of bees riſe from her 
body, 

Mzt1s8Us, a king of Crete, father to 
Melia and Amalthea. An admiral of 
the Samian fleet B. C. 441. He was de- 
ſeated by Pericles, &c. P/ut. in Per. 
A philoſopher of Samos, who maintained 
that the world was infinite, immoveable, 
and without a vacuum. According to his 
doctrines, no one could advance any argu- 
ment upon the power or attributes of pro- 
vidence, as all human knowledge was weak 
and mperfect. Themiſtocles was among his 
pupils, He floriſhed about 440 years be- 
tore the Chriftian era, Drog. A freed 
man of Mecænas, appointed librarian to 
Auguſtus He wrote ſome comedies. Ovid, 
Font. 4. ep. 16, v. 30. — Seton de Gram. 

Merlra, an iſland in the Libyan ſea, 
between Sicily and Africa now called Malta. 
The ſoil was fertile, and the country fa- 
mous for its wool. It was firſt peopled by 
tie Phoenicians. St. Paul was ſhipwrecked 
mere, and curſed all venomous creatures, 
nich now are not to be found in the whole 
land. Some, however, ſuppoſe that the 
ill ud on which the apoſtle was ſhipwrecked, 
was another iſland of the ſame name in the 
Acriatic on the coaſt of Illyricum. Malta 
s now remarkable as being the reſidence 
of the knights of Malta, formerly of St. 
Joha of Jeruſalem, ſettled there A. D. 
1530, by the conceſhon of Charles V th, 
Utter their expulſion from Rhodes by the 
Turks. Strab. 6.— Mela. 2, c. 7.— ic. 
* For. 4, c. 46. Another, on the coaſt 
o Illyricum in the Adriatic, now Me/-«e. 

lin, 3, e. 26. An antient name of Sa- 


M E 


mothrace. Serab. 10. One of the Ne- 
reides. Firg. Ru. 5, v. 825. 

Mi. ITF NI, a province of Armenia. 

Mrlr vs, a port and orator of Athens, 
who became one of the principal accuſers 
of Socrates, After bis eloquence had pre- 
vailed, and Socrates had been put ignomi- 
niouſly to death, the Athenians repented of 
their ſeverity to the philoſopher, and con- 
demned his accuſers. Melitus periſhed 
among them. His character wa? mean and 
inſidious, and his poems tad nothing great 
or ſublime. D772. 

Sy. Metivs, a Roman knight accuſed 
of aſpiring to tyranny, on account of his 
uncommon liberality to the populace, He 
was ſummoned to appear by the diftator 
L. C. Cincinnatus, and wien he refuted 
to obcy, he was put to death by Ahala, the 
maſter of horſe, A. U. C. 314.—Farre d. 
L. IL. 4—Pal. Max. 6, c. 3. N 

MELIXANDRUSsS, a Rlileſian, who wrote 
an account of the wars of the Lapithæ ang 
Centaurs. lian. J. H. 11, c. 2. 

MrrrA Or MrLa, a ſmall river of Ciſal- 
pine Gaul, falling into the Allius, and 
with it into the Po, Catull. 68, ». 33. 
—VJirg. G. 4. v. 278. 

MELLA ANYNEUs, the father of Lucan. 
Re was accuſed of being privy to Fiſo's 
conſpiracy againſt Nero, upon which he 
opened his veins, It. 16. Ausr. c. 17. 

MrLokösis, one of the Occanides. 

MELov, an aſtrologer, who feigned mad- 
neſs and burnt his houſe that he might not 
go to an expedition, which he knew wou'd 
be attended with great calamities. Aa 
interpreter of King Darius. Curt. 5, c. 13. 

MELos, now Mie, an land between 
Crete and Peloponneſus, about 24 miles 
from Scyllæum, about Go miles in circum - 
ference and of an oblong {igure. It enjoyed 
its independence for above 700 years before 
the time of the Peloponneſian war. Tl; 
iſland was originally peopled by a Lacedz- 
monian colony, 1116 years before the Chris- 
tian cra, From this reaſon the inhabitants 
refuſed to join the reſt of the iſlands and 
the Athenians againſt the Peloponneſians. 
This refuſal} was ſeverely punithed. The 
Athenians took Melos, and put to the ſword 
all ſuch as were able to bear arms. The wo- 
men and children were made flaves and the 
ifland left defolate. An Athenian colony 
repeopled it, till Lyſander reconquered it and 
re- eſtabliſned the original inhabitants in their 
poſſeſſions. The iſland produced a kind of 
earth ſucceſsfully employed in painting and 
medicine. Strab. 7. — ela. 2, c 7.—Plin, 
4, c 12.1. 35, c. 6.— Thacyd. 2, &c. 

MELPEs, now AZe/pa, a ler of Lu- 
cania, falling into the Tyrrhene ſea. Biz. 3, 


ES 


MELF1A, 


M K 


Mrty1a, a village of Arcadia. 
$, c. 38. 
Mrirö ux, one of the mules, daugh- 


Pauf. | 


M E. 


birds were called Memnonidet; and it has 
been obſerved by ſome of the ancients, that 
they never failed to return yearly to the 


ter of Jupiter and Mnemoſyne. She pre- 
ſided over tragedy, Horace has addrefled the 
fineſt of his odes to her, as to the patroneſs 
of Iyric poetry. She was generally repre- 
ſented as a young woman with a ſerious 
countenance, Her garments were ſplendid; 
the wore a buſkin, and held a dagger in one 
hand and in the other a ſceptre and crowns. 
Hereat. 2z ord, 4.— IId. I hrop, 

MEMACENt, a powerful nation of Aſia. 
&c. Cure. 

MIMNMIA SULPITIA, a woman who 
married the emperor Alexander Severus. 
She died when young. 

NITMMIA Lex, ordained that no one 
ſhould he entered on the calender of crime 
nals who was abſent on the public ac- 
counts. 

Mrunmtos, a Roman citizen, accuſcd 
of ambitus, Cic. ad fratrem. 3,——-A Ro- 
man knight, who rendered himfc lt ihHluſtri— 
wits for his eloquence and poctical talents. 
He was made tribune, prxtor, and atterwards 
governor of Bithynia. He was accuſed of 
extuition in his province and haniſhed by 
J. Czlar, though Ciccit vmndertook his de- 
tence. Lucretius dedicated his poem to 
him. (ic. in Brut. Regulus, a Roman 
orf whom Neto obſerved, that ne deſerved to 
be inveſted with the imperial purple. Tut. 
ann, 14, c. 47. —A Roman who accutcd 
Jugurtia before the Roman people, A 
hicutenant of Pumpey, &c. Ihe family 
of the Memmii were plebeians. They were 
deſcended, according to ſome accounts, from 
Mineftheus the friend of Wucas. Pirg. 
Mx. 5 V. 117. 

Muvox, a king of Athiopia, fon of 
Tithonus and Aurora. He came with a 
body of 10,000 men to aſuſt his uncle Priam, 
during the Trojan war, where he bchaved 
with great courage, and killed Antilochus, 
Neſtor's ſon. The aged father challenged 
the Athiopian monarch, but Memnon re- 
fuſed it on account of the venerable age of 
Neſtor, and accepted that of Achilles. He 
was killed in the combat in the fight of the 
Grecian and Trojan armies. Aurora was fo 
Ciſconſolate at the death of her fon, that ſhe 
few to ſupiter all bathed in tears, and begged 
the god to grant her ſon ſuch honois as might 
dliſtinguiſh him from other mortals. Jupiter 
conſented, and immediately a numerous 
fl ht of birds niued from the burning pile 
en which the body was laid, and, after they 
bad flown three times round the flames, they 
divided themſelves into two ſeparate bodies, 
and fought with ſuch acrimony that above 
bulf of them fell down into the fire, as vic- 
tims to appeaſe the maucs of Mcmuvn, Theſc 


tomb of Memnon, in Treas, and repeat the 
ſame bloody engagement, in honor of the 
| hero, from whom they received their name. 
The Atniopians or Egyptians, over whom 
Memnon reigned, erected a celebrated ſtatue 
to the honor of their monarch. This ſtatue 
had the wonderful property of uttering a 
melodious ſound every day, at ſun-rifing, ike 
that which is heard at the breaking of the 
ſtring of a harp when it is wound up. This 
was effected by the rays of the ſun when 
they fell upon it. At the ſetting of the ſun, 
{and in the night, the found was lugubrious, 
This is tupported by the teftimony of the 
geographer Strabo, who confeſſes himſelf 
ignorant whether it proccecied from the baſis 
of the fiatue, or the people that were then 
around it. This cclebrated ſtatue was diſ- 
nantled by order-of Cambyſes, when he 
conquered Egypt, and its ruins (till aſtoniſh 
modern travellers by their grandeur and 
beauty, Memnon was the inventor of the 
alphabet, according to Antichdes, a writer 
mentioned by Pliny, 7, c. 56. Meſh. in 
Pin, — Hi. Met. 13, v. 57, &c.— Alan, 
55 . 1.—Parſ, 1, c. 42.1. 10, c. 31.— Straß. 
3, & c.— Ju. 15, v. 5.— Philcfts. in Ap- 
polled. Pin. 36, c. 7.-—lomer. Od. 9.— 
Quint. (alab. A general of the Perſian 
forces, when Alexander invaded Aſia. He 
diſtinguiſhed himſelf for his attachment to 
the intereſt of Darius, his valor in the field, 
the ſounducſs of his counſels, and his great 
fagacity. He defended Rfiletus againſt 
Alexander, and died in the midſt of his 
ſucceſsful enterpriſes, B. C. 333. His wife 
Barſine was taken priſoner with the wite of 
Darius. Diod. 16. A governor of Cœlo- 
ſyria. A man appointed governor of 
Thrace by Alexander, — A man who 
wrote an hiſtory of Heraclea in Pontus, in 
the age of Auguſtus. 

Mupuis, a celebrated town of Egypt, 
on the weſtern banks of the Nile, above 
the Delta, It once contained many beau- 
tiful temples, particularly thoſe of the god 
Apis, (e Memphites), whaſe worſhip was 
obſerved with the greateſt ceremonies, 
[Vid. Ape; It was in the neighbourhood 
of Mcmphis that thoſe famous pyramids 
were built, whoſe grandeur and beauty ftill 
altonith the modern traveller, Theſe noble 
monuments of Egy ian vanity, which pals 
for one of the wonder of the world, are 
about 20 in number, thrce of which by their 
ſuperior ſize particularly claim attention. 
The largeſt of theſe is 481 fect in height 


meaſured perpendicularly, and the area of 


| 

| " 

| its baſis is on 450,249 ſquare teer or lum” 
| thing more than 11 Englith acres of 1 


* 


ſr has 
poliſhed 
and dept 
The (ma 
hiſtorian 
number 
ſervation 
js not 
The pla 
is noten 
grandcur 
beautify 
touring 
It. 14, 
— Diod. 
E .—7 
daughter 
by whor 
name tc 
ipollvd. 
Aps bod. 
M x wr 
king of 
his fathc 
MN, 
accordin 
MeV 
eclogues 
Mr. 
nian in 
ſeagnue. 
mans, 4 
Mex. 
of the A 
that here 
nation. 
received 
the quee 
ter of th 
viſhed h 
tired int 
from the 
had brot 
to remo\ 
Chiron. 
and call. 
aſſumed 
that of « 
tion aftc 
authors 
P. A, 2, 
a name 
general!) 
tors, 
Me. 
MN. 
Athers, 
was un! 
and recc 
New C 
compoſi 
and indi 


Pit his 


has 
that 
the 
the 
the 
we. 
10m 
atue 
atue 
ig 2 
like 
the 
This 
hen 
ſun, 
ous, 
the 
nſelf 
bai 
then 
diſ- 
1 he 
miſh 
and 
the 
iter 
h. in 
han, 
rab, 
p- 
rſian 
He 
nt to 
held, 
vreat 
ainſt 
t his 
wite 
fe of 
lo- 
or of 
who 
S, in 


t, 
bove 
au- 
god 
Mas 
nies, 
hood 
mids 
„ ſtall 
ble 
| pals 
ate 
their 
tion. 
eight 
ea of 
me- 
und. 


15 


M E 


It has ſteps all round with maſſy and 

poliſhed ſtones, ſo large that the breadth 
— depth of every tep i is one ſingle ſtone, 
The malle ſt ſtone according to an antient 
hiſtorian is not leſs than zo feet. The 
number of ſteps according to modern ob- 
ſervation amounts to 205, a number which 
is not always adhered to by travellers. 
The place where Memphis formerly ſtood 
is not now known, the ruins of its fallen 
erandeur were conveyed to Alexandria to 
beautify its palaces, or to adorn the neigh- 
touring citics. Tibwll, 1. el. 7, v. 23, —Stil, 
[t. 14, v. 660.—Strab. 17.-Mela, 1, c. 9. 
Diod. 1.—Plut. in lid. Herodot. 2, c. 10, 

— Toſeph. ant. Jud. 8. A nymph, 
daughter ot the Nile, who married Epheſus, 
by whom ſhe had Libya. She gave her 
name to the celebrated city of Memphis. 
Apslled. 2, c. x. The wife of Danaus, 
Apolthd. 2, c. 1. 

MEmMPHITIS, a ſon of Ptolemy Phyſcon 
king of Egypt. He was put to death by 
his father, 

Mixa or Mexes, the firſt king of Egypt 
according to ſome accounts, 

MEexNnALCAs, a ſhepherd in Virgil's 
cclogues. 

Mrxsabelpas, an intriguing Lacedæmo— 
nian in the time of the famous Achæan 
ſengne. He was accuſed before the Ro- 
mans, and he killed himſelf, 

MENALIPPE, a ſiſter of Antiope, queen 
of the Amazons, taken by Hercules when 
that hero made war againſt this celebrated 
nation, She was ranſomed, and Hercules 
received in * ah arms and belt of 
the queen. J. 8, v. 229. A daugh- 
ter of the Centaur Chiron, beloved and ra- 
viſhed by Aolus, fon of Hellen. She re- 
tired into the woods to hide her diſgrace 
from the eyes of her father, and when the 
had brought forth ſhe entreated the gods 
ty remove her totally from the purſuits of 
Chiron. She was changed into a mare, 
and called Ocyroe. Some ſuppoſe that the 
aſſumed the name of Menalippe, and loſt 
that of Ocyroe. She became a conſtella- 
tion after death, called the horſe. Some 
authors c: all her Hippe or Evippe. HUvgin. 

. A, 2, c. 18.—Pellux 4. Menalippe is 
a name common to other perſons, but it is 
generally ſpelt Mc/anippe by the beſt au- 
mers. Vid. Melanippe. 

MenaLiepus. Vid. Melanippus. 

MENANDER, a celebrated comic poet, o 
Athers, educated under Theophraſtus. He 
Was univerſally etecmed by the Creeks, 
and received the appellation of Prince of the 
New Comedy. He did not diſgrace his 
compoſitions like Ariftophanes, py mean 
and indecent reflections and illiberal ſatyr, 
but his writings were replete with cleganrce, 


M E 

refined wit, and judicious obſervations, 
Of 1058 comedies which he wrote, nothing 
remains but a few fragments. It is ſaid 
that Terence tranſlated all theſe, and in- 
deed we have cauſe to lament the loſs of ſuch 
valuable writings when we are told by the 
antients that the elegant Terence, ſo much 
admired, was in the opinion of his country- 
men reckoned inferior to Menander. It is 
laid that Menander drowned himſelf in the 
52q year of his age, B. C. 293, becauſe the 
compoſitions of his rival Philemon obtained 
more applauſe than his own. Only eight 
of his numerous comedies were rewarded 
with a poetical prize. The name of his 
father was Diopythus, and that of his mo- 
ther Hegiſtrata. His fragments, with thoſe 
of Philemon, were publiſhed by Clericus, 
8vo. 1709. Quintil. 10, c. 1.—Paterc, 1, 
6. #6 A man who wrote an account of 
embaſhes, &c.—A king of Bactria, whoſe 
aſhes were divided among his ſubjects, 
&ce,—fn tiftorian of Epheſus.—Another 
of Pergamus.—An Athenian general de- 
feated at Agoſputamos by Lyſander.—An 
Athenian ſent to Sicily with Nicias,—A man 
put to death by Alexander for deſerting a 
fortreſs of which he had the command.— 
An officer under Mithridates, ſent againſt 
Lucullus. 

MEeNAP1t, a people of Belgie Gaul, near 
the Moſa. C/ B. Gall. 

Mais, a Perſian exile made ſatrap of 
Hyrcania, by Alexander. Curt. 6, c. 4. 

Mexas, a freedman of Pompey the Great 
whodiſtinguithed himſelf by the active and 
perhdious part he took in the civil wars 
which were kindled between the younger 
Pompey and Auguſtus When Pompey 
invited Auguſtus to his galley, Menas ad- 
viſed his. maſter to ſeize the perſon of his 
enemy, and at the ſame time the Roman 
empire, by cutting the cables of his ſhip. 
No, replied Pompey, I would have approv- 
ed of the meaſure it you had done it with- 
out conſulting me; but I ſcorn to break my 
word. Suct. in Od. — Horace ep. eped. 4, 
has ridiculed the pride of Menas, and re- 
called to his mind his former meanneſs and 
obſcurity. 

MENCHERES, the 12th King of Mem- 
phis. 

MrNPDEs, a city of Egypt, near Lycopo- 
lis, on one of the mouths of the Nile, called 
the Mendeſian mouth. Pan under the form 
of a goat was worſhipped there with the 
greateſt ſolemnity. It was unlawful to Kill 
one of theſe animals, with which the Egyp- 
tians were not aſhamed to have public 
commerce to the diſgrace of human na- 
ture, from the ſuperſtitious notion that 
ſuch embraces had gis en birth to the great- 
eſt heroes of antiquitv, as Alexander, Sct- 

Pio, 


7 


M E 


pio, & c. Herodot. 2, c. 42 & 4$5.—Strab.! 


17.— Die i. 1. 

Mextetzs, an orator of Alabanda in 
Caria, who ſettled at Rhodes. 

MrnECLtDes, a detractor of the charac- 
ter of Epaminondas, C. Ne. in Epam. 

MENECEATES, a phvſician of Syracuſe, 
famous ſor his vanity and arrogance. He 
was generally accompanied by fome of his 
patients whoſe diſorders he had cured. He 
dilguiſed one in the habit bf Apollo, and 
the other in that of Aſculapius, while he 
reſerved for himſelf the title and name of 
Jupiter, whoſe power was extended over 
theſe infertor deities, He crowned himſelf 
like the maſter of the gods, and in a letter 
which he wrote to Philip king of Maccdon, 
ne titled himietf, in theſe words, Monecraies 
"YVujprter ro king Philip, preeting, The Mace- 
conumn monarch aniwered, Philip te Men- 
, greeting, and letter fene. Philip aiſo 
invited Lim to once of his icaſtz, but when 
e meats weit ferved up, 4 (llc was put 
irparate for the pnyſician, on which he Was 
jcrved only with pertumes and frankin- 
cenie, like the father of the gods. Tis 
entertainment diſpleaſed Menecrates ; he re» 
membeted that he was a mortal, and hur- 
rid away from the company. He lived 
ay ut 360 years before the Ctrittian æra. 
Ine book which he wrote on cures is loft, 
lian, H. 10, e. 5m. One of the gene- 
rats of Selcucus. A phyſician under Tibe- 
rits,—A Greek hiſtorian of Nyſa, diſciple 
ro Atiftarchus, B. C. 119. Strab. 16. 
An Ephſian who wrote on agriculture. 
ne de R. R An hiſtorian.—A man 
appointed to ſettle the diſputes of the A- 
themans and Laccdxmonians in the Sch 
year of the Peloponnefian war. His fa- 
ther's name was Amphidorus,—An officer 
in the flect of Pompey the ſon of Pompey 
tune Great. 

MExNBDEMUs, an officer of Alexander 
Kiiled by the Dahzx. Curt. 7, c. 6. A 
Socratic philoſopher of Etetria, Who was 
originally a tent maker, an employment 
which he left for the profeſſion of arms. 
The perſuaſive cloquence and philoſophical 
lectures of Plato lad ſuch an influence over 
him that he gave up his offices in the ſtate 
to cultivate literature. It is ſaid that he 
died through melancholy when Antigonus, 
on of Alexander's generals, had made him- 
ſelf maſter of bis country, EB. C. 3ol, in 
the 74th year of his age. Some attribute 
us death to a different cauſe, wid fay, that 
Lc was falſely accuſed of treaſon, for which 
tc became ſo deſperate that he died after 
he had paſſed ſeven days without taking 
any aliments. He was called the Eretr ian 
Bull, on account of his gravity. Sab. g. 


—Diog.——A Cynic philoſopher of Lamp- 


M E 


ſacus, who faid that he was come from 
hell to obſerve the fins and wickedneſs of 
mankind, His habit was that of the furics, 
and his behaviour was a proof of his inſan- 
ity. He was diſciple of Colotes of Lam 
lacus. Diag. An officer of Lucullus. 
A philoſopher of Athens. Cic. de 
ii.. 

MENEGETAS, a boxer or wreſtler in 
Philip of Macedon's army, &c. Polyan, 

MENELA1 PORTUS, an harbour on the 
coaſt of Africa, between Cyrene and Egypt, 
C. Nep. in Ageſ. 8.—Strab. 1. Mons, a 
hill near Sparta, with a fortification, called 
Menelaium; Liv. 34, C. 28. 

MiNxELAIA, a feſtival celebrated at The- 
rapnæ in Laconia, in honor of Menclaus, 
He had there a temple, where he was wor- 
ſhipped with his wife Helen as one of the 
ſapreme gods. 

MENELAUsS, a king of Sparta, brother to 
Agamemnon. His tather's name was A- 
treus, according to Homer, or according tg 
the more probable opinion of Heſiod, Apol- 
lodorus, &c, he was the fon of Pliithenes 
and Arope. [ Vid. Plifthenes,] He was edu- 
cated with his brother Agumemnon in the 
houſe of Atreus, but ſoon aſter the death of 
this monarch, Thyeſtes his brother uſurped 
the kingdom and baniſhed the two chil» 
dren of Plitthenes. Menclaus and Aga- 
memnon came to the court of Cineus King 
ot Calydonia, who treated them with ten- 
derneſs and paternal care, From Cal do- 
nia they went to Sparta, where, like the rcit 
of the Grecian princes, they ſolicited the 
marriage of Helen the daughter of king 
Tyndarus. By the artifice and advice of 
Ul;fes, Helen was permitted to choote 2 
huſband, and ſhe fixed her eyes upon e- 
nelaus and marricd him, after her numerous 
ſuitors had ſolemnly bound themſelves by 
an oath to defend her, and protect her per- 
ſon againſt the violence or afſault of every 
intruder, [Vid. Helena.) As ſoon as the 
nuptials were celebrated, Tyndarus reſigned 
the crown to his ſon-in-Jzw, and their hap- 
pincſs was complete. This was, however, 
of ſhort duration; Helen was the faiteſt 
woman of the age, and Venus had promiſed 
Paris the ſon of Priam to reward him with 
ſuch a beauty. [ Vid. Paris.) The arrival of 
Paris in Sparta was the cauſe of great te- 
| volutions, The abſcnce of Menelaus in 
Crete gave opportunities to the Tian 
prince to corrupt the fidelity of Helen, aud 
to carry away home what the goddeſs vt 
beauty had promited to him as his dus. 
This action was highly reſented by Mene- 
laus; he reminded tne Greek princes ef 
their oath and folemn engagements when 
they courted the daughter of Tyndarus, and 
immediately all Greece took up arms 


deſcud 


defend h 
aſſembled 
choſe Ag 
Calchas fi 
applicatio 
recovery 
marched 
During t! 
with grea 
muſt hav 
Venus in 
certain de 
to engage 
him from 
adverſary. 
jan war, 1 
the forgive 
nelaus by 
tne night 
into the cl 
had marri« 
perfidious 
her firſt | 
dim to Sp 
years, II. 
turn. He 
mione, an 
by Helen, 
by a concu 
went to Eg 
fan war to 
tained the! 
(Vid. Hele 
laus once 
days of P 
which had 
the people 
It, &c 
14& 19,— 
2&c.—Q:, 
&1 3.— lod Y 
Prepert. 2. 
Ptolemy ſet 
— A city 
thematician 
Trajan. 
Mentwr 
man who a 
the Infancy 
lepeating th 
aud limbs 
vman con 
e of Hora 
Mexkpn 
er violent 
ebanged int 
Mixes, 
built the toy 
3 at 
Populari 
4.2 ( 
MexesT 
Mnia Bœtic 
Mixssr 


erous 

5 by 

per- 

very 

5 the 

ned 
hap- 

ever, 
alteſt 
mailed 
with 
val of 
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us in 
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M E. 


defend his cauſe, The combined forces 
Aembled at Aulis in Bœotia, where they 
choſe Agamemnon for their general, and 
Calchas for their high prieſt; and after their 
applications to the court of Priam for the 
recovery of Helen had proved fruitleſs, they 
marched to meet their enemies in the field. 
During the Trojan war Menelaus behaved 
with great ſpirit and courage, and Paris 
muſt have fallen by mis nand, had not 
Venus interpoſed and redeemed him from 
certain death. He alſo expreſſed his with 
to engage Hector, but Agamemnon hindered 
him from fighting with o powerful an 
adverſary. In the tenth year of the Tro- 
jan war, Helen, as it is reported, obtained 
the forgiveneſs and the good graces of Me- 
nelaus by introducing him with Ulytles, 
the night that Troy was reduced to aſhes, 
into the chamber of Deiphobus whom the 
had married after the death of Paris. This 
perfidious conduct totally reconciled her to 
her firſt huſband, and the returned with 


mione, and Nicoſtratus according to ſome 
by Helen, and a ſon called Megapenthes 
by a concuhine. Some {ay that Menclaus 


— 


M E. . 


THFUs, a ſon of Pereus, who fo infinyated 
himſelf into the favor of the prope of 
Athens, that, during the long abſehce of 
Theſeus, he was elected King. The lawful 
monarch at his return home was expelled, 
and Mneſtheus eftablithed his uſurpation 
by his populzrity and great moderation. 
As he had been one of Helen's ſuitors, he 
went to the Trojan war at the head of the 
people of Athens, and died in his return in 


| the ifland of Melos. He reigned 23 years, 


t205,and was ſucceeded by Demophoon the 
ſon of Thefens. Plut, in Thoſ. A ſon 
of Iphicrates who diſtinguiſhed himſelf in 
the Athenian armies. C. Nep. in Tim. 

MrwxrsTHIVs, a Greek killed by Paris 
in the Trojan war, 

MrwtrTas, a man ſet governor over Ba- 
bylon by Alexander, Curt. 5, c. f. 

Mrninx or LororHwiI Iris INSULA, 
now Zu, an iſland on the coaſt of Africa 
near the Syrtis Minor. It was peopled by 


the people of Neritos, and thence called 
dim to Sparta, during a voyage of eight 
years, He died ſome time after his re- 
turn. He had had a daughter called Her- 


went to Egypt on his return from the Tro- | 


jan war to obtain Helen who had been de- 
tained there by the king of the country, 
(Vid. Helena.) The palace which Mene- 
laus once inhabited was ſtill entire in the 
days of Pauſanias, as we:l as the temple 
which had been raiſed to his memory by 
the people of Sparta. Homer. Or. 4, &c. 
I. i, &c. - Apollod 3, c. 10.—Paf. 3, c. 
14& 19.—Dictys. Cret. 2, &c. IJ irg. An. 
2&c—Quintil. Smyrn. 14. — 00:d. Yeroid, 5. 
& 13.— Hypin. fab. 79. Eurip. in Ip. — 
Propert. 2.—Sophocies. A lieutenant of 
Ptolemy ſet over Salamis. Polyan.—ZParſ. 
A city of Egypt. Strab. 14. A ma- 
thematician in the age of the emperor 
Trajan, 

Mentxnrus AGRIPPA, a celebrated Ro- 
man who appeaſed the Roman populace in 
the infancy of the conſular government by 
teyeating the well known fable of the belly 
ad limbs He floriſhed 495, B. C. A 
Roman conſul. ——An inſane perſon in the 
yt of Horace, 

MexEexgon, a man who attempted to 
offer violence to his own mother. He was 
changed into a wild beaſt, 

Mixes, the firſt king of Egypt. He 
built the town of Memphis as it is generally 
luppoſed, and deſerved, by his abilities and 
Popularity, to be called 2 god after death. 
Heradot. 2, c. I & 90.— Diod. 1. 

Menzsraki PoRTUS, a town of Hiſ- 
Pania Beetica, 

MixxsTEUs or MENESTRHECS or MNEs- 


_—— —— — — 


—— — — 


| 


| 


| 


Neritia, Plin. 5, c. 5.—Strab. 17.—Sil. 
ff. 3, v. 31. 

Mevrpr, one of the Amazons who 
Aſſiſted Aetes, &c. 

Mrrirpioks, a ſon of Hercules. A- 
pollnd, 
Mxwrppus, a Cynic philoſopher of 
Phonicta. He was originally a flave and 
obrained his liberty with a ſum of money, 
and became one of the greateſt uſurers at 
Thebes, He grew ſo deſperate trom the 
continu) reproaches and inſults to which 
he was daily expoſed on account of his 
mæœanneſs, that he deſtroyed himſelf. He 
wrote 13 books of ſatires which have been 
loft, M Varro compoſed Satyrs in imi- 
tation of his ſtile, and called them Menip- 
pt an. A native of Stratonice who was 
preceptor to Cicero for ſome time. 

MzeNnivs, a plebeian conſul at Rome. 
He was the firſt who made the roſtrum at 
Rome with the beaks (7H) of the enemy's 
ſhips. 

MzNxN15, a town of Aſſyria abounding 
in bitumen. Curt. 5, c. 1. 

MexoD6TUs, aphyſician. 
hiſtorian. 

Mrxœcrus, a Theban, father of Hip- 
ponome, Jocaſta, and Creon. A young 
Theban, ſon of Creon. He offered him- 


A Samian 


ſelf to death for the Di Manes, when an 


vracle had ordered the Thebans to ſacrifice 
one of the deſcendants of thoſe who ſprang 
from the dragon's tecth, and he killed him- 
ſelf near the cave where the dragon of Mars 
had formerly reſided. Stat. Theb,—Furip, 
Phan.—-Apolled, 3, c. 6.—Cic, Tuſe. 1, c. 98. 
—Sophecl, i Antig. 

MENG TEs, the pilot of the ſhip of Gyas, 
at the naval games exhibited by AZncas at 
the anniverſary of his father's death. He 


Was 


my 929 . 
* an, 06. 2 — ——— — 2 - 
— — 


— 


} 
( 
4 
. 


M E. 
Was thrown into the ſea by Gyas for his in- 
attention; and ſaved himſelf by ſwimming 


to a rock. Firs. An. 5, v. 161, &c. 
An Arcadian killed by Turnus in the war 
of Eneas. Id. 12, v. 517. 

MEenG&TIADES, IId. Mencetius. 

Mrxaiius, a ſon of Actor and Ægina 
after her amour with Jupiter, He left his 
mother and went to Opus where he had, by 
Sthenele, Patroclus, often called from him 
Menotiades, Menœtius was one of the 
Argonauts. Apzlled. 3. c. 14.—Hemer II. 
1, v. 307.—Hyezin. fab. 97. 

MExon, a Theſſalian commander in the 
expedition of Cyrus the younger againſt his 
brother Artaxerxes. He was diſmiſſed on 
the ſuſpicion that he had betrayed his fel- 
low ſoldiers. Dizd. 14.-—A Theſſalian 
refuſed the freedom of Athens, though he 
furniſhed a number of auxiliaries to the peo- 


Ple. The huſband of Semiramis. A 
ſophiſt in the age of Socrates. One of 


the firſt Kings of Phrygia. Dronyſ. IIal. 
A ſcholar of Phidias, &c. 

MEeNoePHiLus, an eunuch to whom Mi- 
thridates, when conquered by Pompey, en- 
truſted the care of his daughter. Meno- 
philus murdercd the princeſs for fear of her 
falling into the enemy's hands. Ammian. 15, 

MrNTA or MIVTUE. [| Vid. Minthe.] 

MEeNnTEs, a king of the Taphians in 
Ftolia in the time of the Trojan war, 

MxNrissA, a town of Spain. Liv. 26, 
c. 17. 

Mx rro, a Roman conſul, &c. 

Mx rox, a faithful friend of Ulyſſes. 
A ſon of Hercules. A king of Si- 
donia who revolted againſt Artaxerxes 
Ochus, and afterwards was reſtored to fa- 
vor by his treachery to his allies, &c. 
Died. 16. An excellent artiſt in poliſh- 
ing cups and engraving flowers on them. 
Plin. 33, c. 11.—Mart. 9, ep. 63, v. 16. 

MrNnyLLus, a Macedonian ſet over the 
garriſon which Antipater had ſtationed at 
Athens. He attempted in vain to corrupt 
the innocence of Phocion. Put. 

MERA, a prieſt of Venus. Stat. Theb. 8, 
v. 478. A dog of Icarius, who by his 
cries ſhewed Erigone where her murdered 
father had been thrown. Immediately af- 
ter this diſcovery, the daughter hung herſelf 
in deſpair, and the dog pined away, and 
was made a conſtellation in the heavens 
known by the name of Canis. Ovid. Met. 7, 
v. 363. —Hygin. fab. 130,—£clian, Hift. An. 
T7. 6. $6: 

MRA or M@&RA, one of the Atlantides 
who married Tegeates ſon of Lycaon. 
Pauſe. 8, c. 48. 

MEKkCUKkit PROMONTORIUM, a Cape 
ef Africa near Clypea. Liv. 26, c. 44, 
J. 29, c. 27 —Plin, 5, c. 4. 

MEKRCUR1us, a celcbrated god of anti- 


| quſty, called Hermes by the Greeks, The 


M E 


were no leſs than five of this name accord. «Ave. ! 
ing to Cicero; a ſon of Cœlus and Lux; 2 confinem: 
ſon of Valens and Coronis; a fon of the perior po 
Nile; a ſon of 1 and Maia; and ano. Danaide's 
ther called by the Egyptians Thaut. Some ke tied 1 
add a ſixth, a fon of Bacchus and Prefer. regions, 

pine. To the ſon of Jupiter and Maia, the Argus, I 
actions of all the others have been probably queen of 
attributed, as he is the moſt famous, and the tent « 
the beſt known. Mercury was the meſſen. ot his fon 
ger oi the gods, and of Jupiter in particular; Bacchus t 
he was the patron of travellers and of ſhep- had many 
herds; he conducted the ſouls of the dead called Cy 
into the infernal regions, and not only pre- from Ac: 
ded over orators, merchants, declaimers, Tricephalc 
but he was alſo the god of thieves, pick- Agoneus, 
pockets, and all diſhoneſt perſons. His are alſo n 
name is derived a mercibus, becauſe he was He was . 
the god of merchandize among the Latins. Myrtillus, 
He was Lorn, according to the more re- Echion ar 
cel ed opinion, in Arcadia, on mount Cyl. Pbalus, by 
lene, and in his infancy he was entruſted of Friapus 
to the care of the Seaſons, The day that he alſo father 
was born, or more probably the following of Eudort 
day, he gave an early proof of his cratti- Dryope, « 
neſs and diſhoneſty, in ſtealmg away the well eſtab 
oxen of Admetus which Apollo tendcd, Egypt anc 
He gave another proof of his thieviſh pro- Tanagra 1 
penſity, by taking alſo the quiver and ar- Criophorus 
rows of the divine ſhepherd, and he en- am on his 
creaſed his fame by robbing Neptune of his inhabit 
trident, Venus of her girdle, Mars of his _ to ca 
ſword, Jupiter of his ſceptre, and Vulcan * walls o 
of many of his mechanical inſtruments, chants yea 


Ith of M 
temple neat 
nant ſow vy 
a calf, and 
mals were 
ſprinkled tl 
ſe] leaves, 
ity, and in 
them, and 
lures, falſe 
uſed or ut 
Sometimes 
with a larg 
under his c 
power and 
tau, and 
Ryrelented 
0g in one 
other the cla 
te is like a 
dlding in 
utelary Gd, 
W his wrif 
ad at his te 
J. Some 


Theſe ſpecimens of his art recommended 
him to the notice of the gods, and Jupiter 
took him as his meflenger, interpreter, and 
cup-bearer in the aſſembly of the gods. 
This laſt office he diſcharged till the pro- 
motion of Ganymede. He was preſented 
by the King of heaven with a winged cap 
called petaſus, and with wings for his fect 
called talaria. He had alſo a ſhort ſword 
called kerpe, which he lent to Perſcus 
With theſc he was enabled to go into what- 
ever part of the univerſe he pleaſed with 
the greateſt celerity, and beſides he was 
permitted to make himſelf inviſible, and 
to aſſume whatever ſhape he pleaſed, As 
meſſenger of Jupiter he was entruſted with 
all his ſecrets.” He was the ambaſſador aud 
plenipotentiary of the gods, and he v3 
concerned in all alliances and treaties. He 
was the confident of Jupiter's amours, and 
he often was ſet to watch over the jealoulf 
and intrigues of Juno, The invention ® 
the lyre and its ſeven firings is aſcribed to 
him. This he gave to Apollo, and received 
in exchange the celebrated caduceus with 


« a; 
which the god of poetry uſed to drive the * rx 
flocks of king Admetus. [ Vid. Caduceus.] is lun * 
In the wars of the giants againſt the gods, thts 


1 
Mercury ſhowed himſelf brave, ſpirited, an 8, When 


ve 


"heed 
ord- 
X; 2 
f the 
ano- 
Some 
ere 
J the 
bably 
and 
eſſen- 
ular; 
ſhep. 
dead 
pre- 
mers, 
pick- 
His 
de Was 
Atins, 
re re- 
t Cyl- 
ruſted 
hat he 
Owing 
Cratti- 
wy the 
ended. 
h pro- 
nd ar- 
ne en- 
of his 
of his 
Vulcan 
ments, 
nended 
Jupiter 
r, and 
gods. 
he pro- 
eſemed 
ed cap 
115 fect 
| ſword 
2 erſcus. 
3 whats 
d with 
he was 


Irs, and 
jealoulf 
ion 0 
ribed do 
received 
us with 
ive the 
Accus. 
ie gods, 
ted, and 

active. 


N E 


ze. He delivered Mars from the long 
conbne ment which he ſuffered from the ſu- 
perior power of the Aloides. He purihed the 
Daaides of the murder of their huſbands, 
ke tied Ixion to his wheel in the internal 
regions, he deſtroyed the hundred-eyed 
Argus, he fold Hercules ro Omphale the 
queen of Lydia, he conducted Priam to 
the tent of Achilles, to redeem the body 
of his fon Hector, and he carried the infant 
Bacchus to the nymphs of Nyſa. Mercury 
had many ſirnames and epithets, He was 
called Cyllenius, Caduceator, Acacctos, 
from Acacus, an Arcadian; Acacchus, 
Tricephalos, Triplex, Chthonius, Camillus, 
Agoneus, Delius, Arcas, &c. His children 
are alſo numerous as well as his amours. 
He was father of Autolycus, by Chione; 
Myrtillus, by Cleobula ; Libys, by Libya; 
Echion and Eurytus, by Antianira; Ce— 
phalus, by Creuſa; Prylis, by Ia; and 
of Friapus, according to ſome. He was 
alſo father of Hermaplroditus, by Venus; 
of Eudorus, by Polimela; of Pan, by 
Dryope, or Penelope. His worthip was 
well eſtabliſhed, particularly in Greece, 
Egypt and Italy. He was worſhipped at 
Tanagra in Beœotia, under the name of 
Criophorus, and repreſented as carrying a 
am on his ſhoulders, becauſe he delivered 
the inhabitants from a peſtilence by telling 
fiem to carry a ram in that manner round 
the walls of their city. The Roman mer- 
chants yearly celebrated a feſtival on the 
5th of May, in honor of Mercurv, in a 
temple near the Circus Maximus. A preg- 
nant ſow was then ſacrificed and ſometimes 
a calf, and particularly the tongues of ani- 
mals were offered. After the votaries had 
ſprigkled themſelves with water with lau- 
iel leaves, they offered prayers to the divi- 
nity, and intreated him to be favorable to 
them, and to forgive whatever artful mea- 
ſures, falſe oaths, or falſehoods they had 
uled or uttered in the purſuit of gain. 
Smetimes Mercury appears on monuments 
with a large cloak round his arm or tied 
ander his chin. The chief enfigns of his 
power and offices are his caduceus, his 
prtaſus, and his talaria. Sometimes he is 
leprcſented fitting upon a cray fiſh, hold- 
ug in one hand his caduceus, and in the 
her the claws of the filh. At other times 
* 1s like a young man without a beard, 
dding in one hand a purſe, as being the 
ktelary God* of merchants, with a cock 
W his wriſts as an emblem of vigilance, 
ad at his feet, a goat, a ſcorpion, and a 
J Some of his ſtatues repreſented him 
% 2 youth faſcine eres, Sometimes he 
lts his foot upon a tortoiſe. In Egypt 
s ſtatues repreſented him with the head of 
i og, whence he was often confounded 


4 


M E. 

with Anubis, and received the ſacrifice of 4 
ftoik. Offerings of milk and honey were 
made becauſe he was the God of eloquence, 
whoſe powers were ſweet and perſuaſive. 
The Greeks and Romans offered tongues to 
him by throwing them into the fire, as he 
was the patron of ſpeaking, of which the 
tongue is the organ. Sometimes his ſtatues 
repreſent him as without arms, becauſe, ac- 
cording to ſome, the power of ſpecch can 
prevail over every thing even without the 
aſſiſtance of arms. Homer. Od. 1, &c. Il, 1, 
&c. Hymn, in Merc, — Lucian. in Mart. Dial, 
—Ovid. Faſt, 5. v. 667. Met. 1, 4, 17, 14.— 
Martial. g, ep. 3 5. — Sit. Theo. 4.—Parf. 1, 
7, 3 & . -e. -t. in Num. Jurte 
de J.. L. 6. Plato in PNA. Liv. 36.— 
Firg. G. 1. An. 1, v. 48.— Died 4 & 5. 
— polled. 1, 2, & 3.—Apillon, Arg. 1. 
Ilorat. 1, od. 10.—tlygin. fab. P. A. 2.— 
ITetz. in Lyc. 219.—Cic. de Nat. D.— 
LaQantins,— Phils) „ 27.— 
Manil.— Macrob. I, Sat. e. 19. Triſ- 
megiltus, a prieſt and philoſopher of Egypt 
who taught his countrymen how to culti— 
vate the olive, and meaſure their lands, 
and to underitand hieroglyphics. He lived 
in the age of Oſiris and wrote 40 books on 
theology, medicine, and geography, from 
which Sanchoniathon the Phoenician hiſto- 
rian has taken his theogonia, Drod. 1 & 
5. Flut. de Jil. & / —Cic. 3, de 
Nut. D. 

MEKR1GNEs, a charioteer of Idomeneus 
king of Crete during the Trojan war, ſon of 
Molus a Cretan prince, and Melphidis. He 
ſignalized himſelf before Troy, and fought 
with Deiphobus the ſon of Priam, whom 
he wounded. He was greatly admired by 
the Cretans, who even paid him divine ha- 
nors after death. Hcrat. 1, od. 6, v. 15.— 
Hamer. Il. 2, &c.— Diftys. Cret. 1, &c.— 
Ovid. Met. 13, fab. 1. A brother of 
Jaſon ſon of Aſon, famous for his great 
opulence and for his avarice. 

MERMERos, a Centaur. A Trojan 
killed by Antilochus. A ſon of Jaſon 
and Medea, who was father to Illus of 
Corinth, 

MERMNADE, a race of kings in Lydia 
of which Gyges was the firſt. They fat on 
the Lydian throne till the reign of Crœſus, 
who was conquered by Cyrus king of 
Perſia. They were deſcendants of the He- 
raclidz, and probably received the name of 
Mermnadæ from Mermnas, one of their 
own family. They were delcended from 
Lemnos, or according to others, from Age 
laus the ſon of Omphale by Hercules. 1e+ 
rodot. I, c. 7 & 14. . 

 Mtrot, now Nuabia, an iſland of 
Zthiopia with a town of the ſame name, 
celebrated for its wines, Its original name 
Was 


— 


M E 


was Saba, and Cambyſes gave it that of 
Meroe from his ſiſter. Strab. 17.—Herb- 
dot. 2. c. 31.—Plin. 2. c. 173.—Mela. 1. 
Lian. 10, v. 163 & 303. 

MrxrGpr, one of the Atlantides. She 
married Siſyphus ſon of olus, and, like 
her ſiſters, was changed into a conſtellation 
after death. [ Vid. Pleiades.) It is ſaid, that 
in the conſtellation of the Pleiades the ſtar 
of Merope appears more dim and obſcure 
than the reſt, becauſe ſhe, as the poets ob- 
ſerve, married a mortal, while her ſiſteis 
married ſome of the gods, or their deſcend- 
ants. Ovid, Faſt. 4, v. 175.— Dfad. 4.— 
Hyzin. fab. 192.— elle. 1, c. 9. A 
daughter of Cypſelus who married Creſ- 
phontes king of Meſſenia, by whom ſhe 
had three children. Her huſband and two 
of her children were murdered by Poly- 
phontes. The murderer obliged her to marry 
bim, and ſhe would have been forced to 
comply had not Epytus, or Telephontes her 
zd ſon, revenged his fatier's death by aſſuſ- 
finating Polyphontes. Apollad. 2. c. 6.— 
Par. 4, c. 3. A daughter of CEnopion 
beloved by Orion. Apzied. 1, c. 4. 
A daughter of the Cebrenus who married 
A#ſacus the fon of Priam. A daughter 
of Ercchtheus mother of Dædalus. Put. 
in IA. A daughter of Pandarus. 
A daughter of the river Sangarius who 
married king Priam. 

Mrsors, a king of the iſland of Cos, 
who married Clymenc, one of the Ocean- 
ifdef. He was changed into an eagle and 
placed among the conſtellations, Ovid. Mer. 
I, v. 763. —Apollod. 3,—Hygin. A ce- 
le brated ſoothſayer of Percoſus in Troas, 
who foretold the death of his ſons Adraſtus 
and Ampliius who were engaged in the 
Trojan war. They lighted their father's 
advice and were killed by Diomedes. He- 
mer I. 2.— One of the companions of 
Zneas, killed by Turnus. Firg. u. 9, 
v. 702. 

Mrkos, a mountain of India ſacred to 
Je. [t is called by Pliny, 6, c. 21, 

ya. Bacchus was educated upon it, 
whence aroſe the fable that Baechus was 
confined in the thigh (e) of his father. 
Mela. 2. c. 7.-Curt. 8, c. 10.—Died. 1. 

MrzatLla Corn. a Roman who fought 
againſt the Gauls, and was made conſul by 
Octavius in the place of Cinna. He ſome- 
time after killed himſelf in deſpair, &c. 
Plut. 

MEesABATEs, an cunuch in Perfia, flead 
alive by order of Paryſatis, becauſe he had 
cut of the head and right hand of Cyrus. 
Plut in Artax. 

Me$SAB1Us, a mountain of Bœotia hang- 
ing over the Euripus. Pauf. g, C..22. 

ME$SAPIA, an antient name of Bæotia. 


M E 
Mesaustus, a ſervant of Eumæus the 
ſteward of Ulyſſes. Homer. Od. 14, v. 449. 
MEsEMBRIA, now Miſeuria, a maritime 
Meſembriacy, 
Another 2 


city of Thrace. Hence 
Ovid. 1, Trift. 6, v. 37- 
the mouth of the Liſſus. 

MeseNs, an ifland in the Tigris, where 
Apamea was built, now Diſel. Plin.6. e. 25. 

Mxz$oMEDEs, a lyric poet in the age of 
the emperor Antoninus. 

Mesoro TAMA, a county of Afia which 
receives its name from its ſituation (at- 
Tolaju®) between the rivers Tigris and 
Euphrates, It 1s yearly inundated by the 
Euphrates, and the water properly conveyed 
over the country by canals. It is now cailed 
Diarbec, — 2._—-Mela. 1, e. 11.— Cr. 
de Nat. D. 2, c. 52. 

MExsSALA, a name of Valerius Corvinus, 
from his having conquered Meſſana in Si- 
cily. This family was very antient; the 
moſt celebrated was a friend of Brutus, 
who ſeized the camp of Auguſtus at Phi. 
lippi. He was afterwards reconciled to 
Auguſtus, and died A. D. 9, in his 77th 
year. Plut.— Another,conſul,&c.——Tiz 
father of Valeria who married the dictatot 
Sylla. 1d. A great flatterer at the court 
of Tiberius, A governor of Syria—— 
A tribune in one of the Roman legions 
during the civil war between Veſpaſian and 
Vitellius, of which he wrote an hiſtorical 
account mentioned by Tacitus Orat. 14 
A conſul with Domitius, &c.—4 
painter at Rome, who floriſhed, B. C. 235 
A writer whoſe book de Augufti pro 
genic was edited 12mo. L. Bat. 1648. 

MrssALINAVALEIIA, a daughter d 
Meſſala Barbatus. She married the empe- 
ror Claudius, and diſgraced herſelf by be 
eruelties and incontinence. Her huſband'z 
palace was not the only feat of her laſc- 
viouſneſs, but ſhe proſtituted herſelf in the 
public ftreets, and few men there were # 
Rome who could not boaſt of having c- 
joyed the favors of the impure Meſſalim. 
Her extravagances at laft irritated her huf- 
band; he commanded her to appear before 
him to anſwer, to all the accuſations which 
were broug ainſt her, upon which ihe 
attempted to deſtroy herſelf, and when bet 
courage failed, one of the tribunes, w“ bad 
been ſent to her, diſpatched her with hüt 
ſword, A. D. 48. It is in ſpeaking of ber 
debaucheries and lewdnels that a celebrated 
ſatiriſt ſays 


Et laſſata viris, necdum ſatiata, receſſt 


Juv. —Tacit. Ann.11,c.37.—Svet.'n Claud. 
— Dio. Another called alſo Statilia. Shs 
was deſcended of a conſular family ? 

married the conſul Atticus Viſtinus whom 
Nero murdered. She received with of 


uuRS Of 
zud ma 
hybands 
throne ; 
tired to! 
pations. 
muried! 
[1 his 1 
thetic al 
Ann, 

Me $54 
ficer in tl 
pointed g 
himſelf | 
and by hi 
of the ne 
company 
ditions, 
tian's infc 
peror Tib 

MessA 
town of * 
parate It: 
called Za 
before th 
being con 
tions of t. 
aſſiſtance 
ſus, and 
Aſter this 

nians ente 
macy with 
their nan 
Meſſenian 
Another : 
rant of I 
Zancleans 
nians of 
bad obtai 
the conque 
to his all 
Chriſtian 
Zancle, tl 
it and mac 
ing countr 
wards fell 
and was f 
puſſeſſions 
called Meſ 
In. The 
been look 
ally 6 
nyidiry of 
md violen 
Hrab. Ro. 
—Dicd, 4 
6 23. l. 7 
Mess Ap 
Trentum 
4 Calabr; 
Nele hus, 
Pall of BO 


ing of» 
eſſalim. 
zer huſ- 
r bcfore 
5 which 
nich the 
hen ber 
ho had 
ith bis 
g of het 
lebraicd 


M E 

-g1:ks of tenderneſs her huſband's murderer 
and married him. She had married four 
»,bands before ſhe came to the imperial 
throne and after the death of Nero ſhe re- 
rd to literary purſuits and peaceful occu- 
tions. Otho courted her and would have 
married her had he not deſtroyed himſelf. 
[1 his moments he wrote her a very pa- 
thetic and conſolatory letter, &c. Tacit. 
Ann, 

MessALiInus M. VarlteR. a Roman of- 
ficer in the reign of Tiberius. He was ap- 
pointed governor of Dalmatia, and rendered 
himſelf known by his oppohtion to Piſo, 
and by his attempts to perſuade the Romans 
of the neceſſity of ſuffering women to ar- 
company the camps on their different expe- 
ditions. Tacit. Ann. 3. One of Domi- 
tian's informers. A flatterer of the em- 
peror Tiberius, 

MessANaA, an ancient and celebrated 
town of Sicily on the ſtreights which ſe- 
parate Italy from Sicily. It was antiently 
called Zancle, and was founded 1600 years 
before the Chrittian era. The inhabitants, 
being continually expoſed to the deprada- 
tions of the people of Cuma, implored the 
aſiſtance of the Meſſenians of Peloponne- 
ſus, and with them repelled the encmy. 
After this victorious campaign, the Meſſe- 
nians entered Zancle, and lived in ſuch inti- 
macy with the inhabitants that they changer 
their name, and aſſumed that of the 
Meſſenians, and called their city Meſſana. 
Another account ſays, that Anaxilaus, ty- 
rant of Rhegium, made war againit the 
Zancleans with the aſſiſtance of the Meſſe- 
mans of Peloponneſus, and that after he 
tad obtained a deciſive victory, he called 
the conquered city Meſſana in compliment 
to his allies, about 494 years betore the 
Chriltian era. After this revolution at 
Zancle, the Mamertini took poſſeſſion of 
t and made it the capital of the neighbour- 
ing country, [ Vid. Mamertini.] It after- 
Wards fell into the hands of the Romans, 
and was for ſome time - the chief of their 
poſſeſſions in Sicily. The inhabitants were 
alled Meſſenii, Meſſanienſes, and Mamer- 
Im, The ſtreights of Meſſana have always 
been looked upon as very dangerous, eſpe- 
cally by the antients, on account of the 
apidity of the currents, and the irregular 
m1 violent flowing and ebbing of the fea, 
Strab, 6. — Mela. 2, c. 7.—Pauſ. 4, c. 23. 
Died. g.—Thucyd. 1, &c.—Heodet. 6, 
623, l. 7. c. 28. 

Mess apta, a country of Italy, between 
brentum and Brunduſium. It is the ſame 
„ Calabria, It received its name from 
[opus the ſon of Neptune, who left a 
2a of Burotia called M.ſſapia, and came 


NME 


to Italy, where he aſſiſted the Rutulians 
againſt Aneas. Ovid. Met. 14, v. 513. 
—Firg. An. 7, v. 691. 

3 a town of Achaia, Par. 7, 
c. 18. 

Messr, a town in the iſland of Cythera, 
Stat, 1. Theb. 4, v. 226. 

Messkis, a fountain of Theſſaly. 
Strab, 9. 

ME$+SENF, a daugliter of Triopas, king 
of Argos, who married Polycaen fon of 
Lelex, king of Laconia. . She encouraged 
her huſband to levy troops, and to ſeize a 
part of Peloponnetus, which, after it had 
been conquered, received her name, Ste 
received divine honors after her death. 
Pauſ. 4, c. 1, &c. 

Mess or Mrss®na, now Maura- 
Matra, a city in the Peloponneſus, the ca- 
pital of the country called Meſſenia. The 
inhabitants have rendered themſelves fa- 
mous for the war which they carried on 
againſt the Spartans, and which received 
the appellation of the Mieſſenian war. The 
hirit Me ſſenian war aroſe from the follow- 
ing ciucumſtances: The Meſſenians of- 
tered violence to ſome Spartan women who 
nad aſſerabled to offer ſacrifices in a temple, 
which was common to both nations, and 
which ſtood on the borders of their rc- 
ſpective territories, and beſides they killed 
Teleclus, the Spartan king, who attempted 
to defend the innocence of the females, 
This account, according to the Spartan 
traditions, is contradicted by the Mefle- 
nians, who obſerve that Teleclus with a 
choſen body of Spartans afſembled at the 
temple, before mentioned, diſguiſed in 
women's cloaths, and all ſecretly armed 
with daggers. This hoſtile preparation was 
to ſurprize ſome of the neighbouring inha- 
bitants ; and in a quarrel which ſoon after 
aroſe Teleclus and his affociates were all 
killed. Theſe quarrels were the cauſe of 
the firſt Meſſenian war, which began, B. C. 
743 years. It was carried with vigor and 
ſpirit on both ſides, and after many obſtinate 
and bloody battles had been fought and con- 
tinued for 19 years, it was at laſt finiſhed by 
the taking of Ithome by the Spartans, a 
place which had ſtood a ſiege of ten years, 
and been defended with all the power of the 
Meſſenians. The anſults to which the con— 
quered Metſenians were continually expoſed, 
at laſt excited their reſentment, and they 
reſolved to ſhake off the yoke, They ſud- 
denly revolted, and the ſecond Meſſenian war 
was begun 68<, B. C. and continued 14 years, 
The Meſſenians at firſt gained ſome advan- 
tages, but a fatal battle in the third year of 
the war ſo fotally diſheartened them that they 
Bed to Ita, where they retolved to maintain 

11 | 20 


4 WS — 


b 
1 
3 


ME 


an obſtinate fiege againſt their victorious 
purſuers. The Spartans were aſſiſted by the 
Samians in beficging Ira, and the Meſſeni- 
ans were at laſt obliged to ſubmit to the ſu- 
perior power of their adverſaries, The tak- 
ing of Ira, by the Lacedæmonians, after a 
ſiege of 11 years, put an end to the ſecond 
Meſſenian war. Peace was re-eſtabliſhed 
for ſome time in Peloponneſus, but after 
the expiration of 200 years, the Meſſenians 
attempted a third time to free themſelves 
from the power of Lacedæmon, B. C. 465. 
At that time the Helots had revolted from 
the Spartans, and the Meſſenians, by join- 
ing their forces to theſe wretched ſiaves, 
looked upon their reſpective calamities as 
common, and thought themſelves cloſely 
intereſted in cach other's welfare. The La- 
cedæmonians were aſſiſted by the Athe- 
nians, but they ſoon grew jealous of one 
another's power, and their political con- 
nection ended in che moſt inveterate enmity, 
and at laſt in open war. Ithome was the 
Place in which the Meſſenians had a fecond 
time gathered all their forces, and though 
ten years had already elapſed, both partics 
ſeemed equally contident of victory. The 
Spartans were afraid of ſtorming Ithume, 
az the oracle of Delphi had threatened 
them with the greateſt calamities, if they 
offcred any violence to a place which was 
gclicated to the ſervice of Apollo. The 
Meiſenians, however, were ſoon obliged to 
fubmit to their victorious adverſaries, B. C. 
453, and they conſented to leave their na- 
rive country, and totally to depart from 
el. e Peloponneſus, ſolemnly promiſing that 
if they ever returned into Meſſenia, they 
would ſufter themſelves to he fold as flaves. 
The Meſſenians, upon this, miſcrably ex- 
ied, applied to the Athenians for protec - 
tion, and were permitted to inhabit Nau- 
pactus, whence ſome of them were aſter— 
wards removed to take poſicſhon of their 
antient territorics in Meſſenia, during the 
Peloponneſian war. The third Mefſenian 
war was productive of great revolutions in 
Greece, and though almoit a private quarre], 
it ſoon engaged the attention of all the 
neighbouring ſtatcs, and kindled the flames 
of diſſenſion every where. Every ſtate 
took up arms as if in its own defence, vr 
to prevent additional power and dominion 
to be lodped in the hands of its rivals. 
The deſcendants of the Meſſenians at lat 
returned to Peloponneſus, B. C. 370, after 
4 long baniſhment of 300 years. 74, 
Mell. &c.—Juſtin. 3. c. 4, &c.—Strab, G, 
c. Thucyd. 1, &c.— Diod. 11, &c.— 
Plut. in Cim. &c.— Phan. 3.— Ley. 4, 
& G. 
Mz$3Z%1A, a province of Peloponneſus, 


« 
* 


M E. 


ſituate between Laconia, Elis, Arcadia, and 
the ſea. Its chief city is Meſſena. d. 
Meſſene. 

MEsToR, a ſon of Perſeus. 
rilaus. Of Priam. Apollod. 

MEsULA, a town of Italy, in the country 
of the Sabines. | 
Mrs, a tyrant of the Privernates 
He was father of Camilla, whom he con. 
crated to the ſervice of Diana, when he had 
been baniſhed from his kingdom by bis 
ſubjects. Virg. An. 11, v. 540. 

METAG1TNEA, a feſtival in honor of 
Apollo, celebrated by the inhabitants cf 
Melite, who migrated to Attica. It te. 
| ceives its name from its being obſerved in 
the month called Mctagitnion. 

METANIRA, the wife of Celeus, king 
of Eleuſis, who fuſt taught mankind ayri. 
culture. She is alſo called Meganin, 
Apollod. I, C. 5. 

METAPONTUM, a town of Lucania in 
Italy, founded about 1269 years, B. C. by 
Metabus, the father of Camilla, or Epeus, 
one of the companions of Neſtor. Pytla- 
goras retired there for ſome time, and 
periſhed in a ſedition. Annibal made it 
his head quarters when in that part of 
Italy, and its attachment to Carthage was 
afterwards ſeverely puniſhed by the Roman 
conquerors, who deſtroyed its liberties and 
independence. A few broken pillars of 
marble are now the only veſtiges of Meta- 
pontum. Strab. 5.—Mela, 2, c. 4— 
tin. 12, c. 2.— Liv. 1, 8, 25, 27, &c. 
| Mrravodros, a fon of Siſyphus, who 
married Theana. Vid. Theana, PHygin, 
fab. 186. 

METAURUs, now Metro, a town with a 
(mall river of the ſame name in the country 
of the Brutii, The river Metaurus tails 
into tne Adriatic, and is famous for the 

defeat of Aſdrubal. Horat. 4, od. 4, v. 38. 
— Mela. 2, ©. 4.— Lucan. 2, v. 495. 

Mira, the wife of Sylla. 

METEL1.1, the firname of the family cf 
the Cxcilii at Rome, the moſt known ef 
whom were—A general, who defeated the 
Achwans, took Thebes, and invaded Macc- 
donia, & G. Q. Cæcilius, who rendered 
aimſelf illuſtrious by his ſucceſſes againk 
Jugurtha the Numidian king, from which 
he was ſurnamed Numidicus. He took, n 
this expedition, the celebrated Marius, 46 
his lieutenant, and he had ſoon cauſe to e- 
peut of the confidence he had placed in 
him, Marius raiſed himſelf to power U. 
defaming the character of his benefactor, 
and Metellus was recalled to Rome and de- 
cuſed of extortion and ill management. 


Marius was appointed ſucceſlur to finiſh 


Of Pte. 


the Numidian war, and Metellus Was ac, 
qunt:e 


quittec 
for: t 
who 0 
Tife ani 
greater 
moſt p 
c. 48.— 
anothe! 
pallad! 
hre. E 
ſight a 
the ſena 
matted | 
nate ho 
one had 
gained 
nians in 
them el 
with th 
maſter o 
another 
ſpirited « 
nod Clo 
praced hi 
outneſs, 
He was 
ſhed tear 
faithful 
— L. C 
of J. Cz! 
cauſe of l 
he entere 
He refuſe 
temple, in 
lures, upo 
Cxſar, ar 
enced wit! 
prandſun « 
Palladium 
general, v 
and Mace 
He had 115 
hr ly menti 
rnamed 
the Balcare 
dena, but 
Lucius W1 
roma vict. 
during his 
*-Caius Ca 
Was conſul 
Tue fourth 
"ters it! 
wumphed 
woas is no 
epos, @ « 
Kuled C. 
Ad who alt 
ecto whe 
ner, wl 
ON of j 
ue koman 


ing 
gr 
nina. 


a in 
1 by 
eus, 
tha - 
and 
de it 
t of 
Was 
man 
ö and 
rs of 
Meta- 
Ju- 
who 
Iygin, 
yith 2 
zuntry 
> fails 
or the 


v. 38. 


nily ot 
wi Of 
ed the 
Macc- 
ndered 
againk 
which 
zok, in 
ius, as 
e to He: 
aced in 
wer by 
ctactor, 
and aC* 
gement. 
v finiſh 
Was Ac 
quntes 


M X 


quitted of the crimes laid to his charge be- 
% the tribunal of the Roman knights, 
who obſerved that the probity of his whole 
nie and the greatneſs of his exploits were 
greater proofs of his innocenece, than the 
moſt powerful arguments. (e. de Orat. 1, 
c. 48.—Salluft.de bell, Tug. L. Czcilius, 
another, who ſaved from the flames the 
palladium, when Veſta's temple was on 
fre. He was then high prieſt. He loſt his 
fight and one of his arms in doing it, and 
the ſenate, to reward his zeal and piety, per- 
mitted him always to be drawa to the ſe- 
nate houſe in a chariot, an honor which no 
one had ever before enjoyed. He aifo 
gained a great victory over the Carthagi- 
nians in the firſt Purfic war, and took from 
them elephants, Kc. He was honored 
with the dictatorſhip, and the office of 
maſter of horſe, &c. Q. Czcilius Celer, 
2nother who diſtinguiſhed himſeif by his 
ſpirited exertions againſt Catiline. He mar- 
ned Clodia the ſiſter of Clodius, who diſ- 
graced him by her incontinence and laſcivi- 
ouſneſs. He died 27 years before Chriſt. 
He was greatly lamented ,by Cicero, who 
ſhed tears at the loſs of one of his moſt 
faithful and valuable friends. Cic. de Ca). 
IL. Cæcilius, a tribune in the civil wars 
of J. Cæſar and Pornpey. He favored the 
cauſe of Pompey, and oppoſed Cæſar when 
he entered Rome with a victorious army. 
He refuſed to open the gates of Saturn's 
temple, in which were depoſited great trea- 
ſures, upon which they were broke open by 
Cxſar, and Metellus retired, when threat- 
ened with death. Q. Cæcilius, the 
gtandſon of the high prieſt who ſaved the 
palladium from the flames, was a warlike 
general, who, from his conqueſt of Crete 
and Macedonia, was ſurnamed Macedonicus. 
He had fix ſons, of which four are particu- 
ly mentioned by Plutarch.—Q. Czcilius, 
lrmamed Balearicus, from his conqueſt of 
the Baleares, —L. Cæcilius, firnamed Dia- 
dea, but ſuppoſed the ſame as that called 
Lucius with the ſirname of Dalmaticus, 
oma victory obtained over the Dalmatians, 
ring his conſulſhip with Mutius Scævola. 
(uus Cæcilius, ſirnamed Caprarius, who 
was contul with Carbo, A. U. C. 639.— 
lic fourth was Marcus, and of theſe four 
ders it is remarkable, that two of them 
'mnphed in one day, but over what na- 
eas is not mentioned by Eutrop. 4. 
epos, a conſul, &c. Another, who 
Kuted C. Curio, his father's detractor, 
ad who alſo vented his reſentment againſt 
ect when going to baniſhment. 
"iter, who, as tribune, oppoſed the am- 
on of Julius Cefar. A general of 
te Koman armies againſt the Sicilians and 


M E 


Carthaginians. Before he marched he of- 
fered ſacrifices to all the gods, except 
Veſta, for which negle& the goddeſs was 
ſo incenſed that ſhe demanded the bloud of 
his daughter Metella. When Metella was 
going to be immolated, the goddeſs placed 
a heifer in her place, and carried her to a 
temple at Lanuvium, of which ſhe became 
the prieſteſs. Lucius Czcilius or Quin- 
tus ſirnamed Cretu, from his conqueſt 
in Crete, B. C. 66, is ſuppoſed by ſome 
to be the fon of Metellus Macedonicus. 
Cimber, one of the conſpirators 
againft J. Caeſar, It was he who gave 
the ſignal to attack and murder the die- 
tator in the ſenate houſe. Pius, a ge- 
neral in Spain, againſt Sertorius, on whoſe 
head he ſet a price of too talents and 20,009 
acres of land; He diſtinguiſhed himſelf alſo in 
the Marfan war, and was high prieſt, He 
obtained the name of Pius from the ſorrow 
he ſhowed during the baniſhment of his 
father Metellus Numidicus, waom he cauſed 
to be recalled. A conſul who com- 
manded in Africa, &c. Val. Max,—Plin.— 
Plut.—Liv.—-Paterc. 2.— For. 3. c. $.— 
Pauſ. 7, c. 8 & 13.— Lic. in Tuſc. &c. 
Ju. 3, v. 138.—Appian. Civ. Cæſar. bell. 
Civ.—_S alluft. in Fug. 

METHARMA, a daughter of Pygmalion, 
king of Cyprus, and mother of Adonis by 
Cinyras, & c. ÞApz/lcd, 3, c. 14. 

Mrruion, the father of Phorbas, &c; 
O. Met. 5, fab. 3. 

Mz1H0D1Us, a biſhop of Tyre, who 
maintained a controverſy againſt Porphyry, 
The beſt edition is that of Paris, fol. 1657. 

METHGONE, a town of Peluponneſus, 
where King Philip gained his fürſt battle 
over the Athenians, B C. 360. A town 
of Macedonia, ſouth of Pella, in the ſiege 
of which, according to J 7, c. 6,Phi- 
lip loſt his right eye. Another in Mag- 
neſia. Homer, II. 2, v. 71. 

MeTHyYDRIU7, a town of Pcloponneſus 
near Megalopolis. Val. Flacc. 

METHYMNA, (now Porto Petero), a town 
of the iſland of Leſbos, which receives its 
name from a dauguter of Macareus, It is 
the ſecond city of the ifland in greatneſs, 
population, and opulence, and its territory 
s truitful, and the wines it produces, ex- 
cellent. It was the native place of Arion. 
When the whole ifland of Leſbos revolted 
from the power of the Athenians, Me- 
thymna alone remained firm to its au- 
tient allies. Diod. 5.—Thucyd. 3.— Ho- 
rat. 2. Sat. 8, v. 50. — Virg. G. z. 
v. 90. 

METiADUusA, a daughter of Eupalamus 
who married Cecrops, by whom the 'hac 
Pandion. Apollod. 3, c. 15. 

142 


MrTiL1A 


= 4 —— — 


225 ꝗ—ꝙ“ũũö — —— — 


. vey Wo 


— — — —— 
— —— 


M FE. 


TIA LExX, was enacted A. U. C. 
C36, to ſettle the power of the dictator, 
and of his maſter of horſe, within certain 
Lownds, 

Marin, a patrician family brought 
trom Alba to Rome, by Tullus Hottilius. 
Deny. Tal. 

Mr1ritivs, a man who accuſed Fabius 
ATaximue, before the ſenate, &c, 

XMrisenes, a fon of Miltiades, who 
was taken by te Phœnicians, and given to 
Darius king of Perſia. He was tenderly 
treated by the monarch, though his father 
had conquered the Perſian armi-s in the 
plains of Marathon. P/ut.—l(ler-dot. b, c 
41. An Athenian entruſted with the care 
of the roads, & c. Pi. 

MEgrTrow, a fon of Erechtheus, king of 
Athens and Praxithea, He mairied Al- 
cippe, daughter of Mars and Agraulos. 
Mis ſons drove Pandion from the throne of 
Athens, and were afterwards expelled by 
Pandion's children. polled. 3, c. 15.— 
Paul. 2, C. 6. 

Me115, one of the Oceanides. She was 
Tupiter's firit wife, celebrated for her great 
prudence and ſagacity above the reſt of the 
gods. jupiter, who was afraid left ſhe 


ſhould bring forth into the world a child 


more cunning and greater than himſelf, | rius, 
— — | 
devoured her in the firſt month of her 


pregnancy. Sometime after this adven- 
ture the god had his head opened, from 
which iſſued Minerva armed from head to 
foot. According to Apollodorus, 1, c. 2. 
Metis gave a potion to Saturn, and obliged 


! 


him to throw up the children he had de- 


\ med. Ie Had. 1 kt 7 ed ly LC. L e 
1. 21M , 

Ar.715Ct's, a Charioteer to Turnus. Jig. 
.. 12, v. 469. 


Mitte: CuRTiUs, one of the Sabines, 


who ſought againſt the Romans on accyunt 
of the ſtolen virgins. ——Sufictius, a die- 
tator of Alba, in the reign of Tullus Huit- 
Ims. He forpht againſt the Romans, and 
al laſt, tinally to {ettic their dlitputes, he pro- 
poſed a ſingle combat between the Horatii 
and Curatii. The Albans were conquered, 
and Metius promiled to aſſiſt the Romans 
againſt their enemies. In à battle againſt the 
Veientes and Fidenates, Met ius ſhowed his 
infidelity by forſaking the Romans at the 
firſt onlet, and retired to a neighbouring 
eminence, to wait for the event of the bat- 
tl-, and to fall upon whatever ſide proved 
vidtorious. The Romans obtained the vic- 
tory, and Tullus ordered Metis to be tied 
between two chariots, which were drawn 
by four borſes two ditterent ways, and t:15 
limbs were turn away from his body, a- 
bout 66% years before the Chriſtian era, 


——Ü— ———— — — — — 


M F 


Liv. 15 . 23; & c.—Plor. 15 C. 3.—Pirg Fx" 
8. v. 642. A critic. Vid. Tarps, 
Carus, a celebrated informer under Domi- 
tian who enriched himſelf with the plunder 
of thoſe who were ſacrificed to the empe- 
ror's ſuſpicion. 

Mr Toca, feſtivals inſtituted by The. 
ſeus in commemoration of the people ot 
Attica having removed to Athens. 

M+10N, an afiruloger and mathemati. 
can of Athens. His tather's name was Pau- 
fanias. He refuſcd to go to Sicily with his 
countrymen, and pretended to be inſane, 
becauſe he foreſaw the calamities that t 
tended that expedition. In a book called 
Enneadecaterides, or the cycle of 19 vears, 
he endeavoured to adjuf the courſe of the 
fun and of the moon, and ſupported that the 
{ular and lunar years could regularly begin 
from the ſame point in the heavens. This 
is called by the moderns the golden numbers, 
He floriſhed, B. C. 432. Fitruv, 1.—Plt, 
in Nicia. A native of Tarentum, who 
pretended to be intoxicated that he mig}: 
draw the attention of his country men, when 
he wiſhed to diſſuade them from making 
an alliance with king Pyrrhus. It. in 
Pyrr, 

Mröpr, the wife of the river Sanga- 
She was mother of Hecuba —— 
The daughter of Ladon, who married the 
A ſopus. A river of Arcacia. 

MrTRA, a daughter of Erefichthon, a 
Theflalian prince, beloved by Neptune. 
When her father had ſpent all his fortune 
to gratify the canine hunger under which 
he labored, ſhe proftituted herſelf to her 
neighbours, and received for reward oxen, 
coats, and ſheep, which ſhe preſented to Ei- 
ſichthon. Some (ay that ſhe had received 
from Neptune the power of changing her- 
et into whatever animal ſhe pleaſed, and 
that her father fold her continually to gra- 
tify his hunger, and that ſhe inftantly at- 
ſumed a different ſhape, and became again 
his property. Ovid. Met. 8, fab. 21. 

Mi1R0B1US, a play er greatly favored by 
Sy Un. Plut. 

Mr1RGCLES, a pupil of Theophraſtus, 
who had the care of the education of Cle. 
ombrotus and Cleomenes. He ſuffocated 
himſelf when old and infirm. Dig. 

METRrRODORUS, a phyſician of Chaos, 


B. C. 444. He was diſciple of Democritus, 


| and had Hippocrates among his pupils. His 
| compoſitions on medicine, &. are loft. 


He ſupported that the world was eternal 
and infinite, and denied the exiftence ot 
motion, Dig A painter and phlvlo- 


phcr of Stratonice, B. C. 171. Ile was 
ſent to Paulus Emylius, Who, after the con- 


e nes 
queſt of Perſcus, demauded of the At 
Ea 


mins 
mer te 
to ma 
trodot 
united 
35, e. 
Acad. 
Mithri 
king o 
his lex 
juſtice. 
maſter 
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Memor 
Mx 1 
dates, 
Mr 1 
the Ma 
Pharſal 
Met 
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Mei 
Men 
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Dis. 40 
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Firz, FE 4 
4000. 4 
Mice 
Philoden 
Lucius, 
Mrcr 
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Hyempſ; 
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dering hi 
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Mrcy: 
Diomedo 
made an 
. N. P. i 
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Mtv a: 
dius or 8 
life, accor 


a4 JC fre 


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egin 
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. in 


inga- 


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on, 2 
DUINE, 
tune 
which 
to her 
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to Eil- 
ceived 
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to gra- 
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ored by 


hraſtus, 
of Cle 
Focatcd 


1 
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0 critus, 
ils. His 
are loft. 
$ eternal 
Tence ot 
Philoſo- 
Ie was 
the con- 
16 Ate 
114 


M I 


mms a philoſopher and a painter, the for- 
met to inſtruct his children, and the latter 
to make a painting of his triumphs. Me- 
trodorus was ſent, as in him alone were 
united the philofopher and the painter. Pin. 
35, c. 11. —Cic. 5, de Finib. 1. de Orat. 4. 
Acad. — Diag. in Epic, A friend of 
Mithridates, ſent as ambaſſador to Tigranes, 
king of Armenia, He was remarkable for 
his learning, moderation, humanity, and 
juſtice. He was put to death by his royal 
maſter for his infidelity B. C. 72. Straub. 
—Plut. Another, of a very retentive 
memory. 

MEtTROPHANES, an officer of Mithri- 
dates, who invaded Eubcea, &c. 

METROPOLIS, a town of Phrygia on 
the Mzander.—Another of Theſſaly, near 
Pharſalia. 

MeETT1Us, a chief of the Gauls, impri- 
ſoned by J. Cæſar. C ſar. bell. G. 

MetTrTus. Vid. Metius. 

MEtrUuLUM, a town of Liburnia, in be- 
ſieging of which Auguſtus was wounded. 
Die. 49. 

MrivAxfA, now Bevapna, a town of 
Umbria, on the Clitumnus, the birth place 
of the poet Propertius. Lucan, 1, v. 47 3. 
—DPropert. 4, 1. 1, v. 124. 

Muvius, a wretched poct. Vid, Mæ- 
vius. 

MEZENTIUS, a king ef the Tyrrhenians 
when Arneas came into Italy. He was re- 
markable for his cruelties, and put his ſub- 
jects to death by flow tortures, or ſometimes 
tied a man to a dead corpſe face to face, 
and ſuflered him to die in that condition. He 
was expelled by his ſubjc&ts, and fied to 
Turnus, who employed him in his war a- 
punſt the Trojans, He was killed by A- 
Nea, with his ſon Lauſus. Dionyſ. Hul. ly 
C 15,—Tuftin. 43, C. 1. Lit. i, c. 2.— 
ig. Au. 7, v. 645. 1. 8. v. 482.—0Ovid. 
$aft. 4, v. 88 t. 

Mick, a virgin of Elis, daughter of 
Philodemus, murdered by a ſoldier called 
Lucius, &c. Plat. de cl. Mul. 

Miciysa, a king of Numidia, ſon of 
Maſiniſſa, whe, at his death, B. C. 119, leſt 
tis Kingdom between his ſons Adherbal and 
Hyempſal, and his nephew Jugurtha. Ju- 
guitha abuſed his uncle's favors by mur- 
dering his two ſons. Salluft, de Tug. —Þlor. 
3: c. 1. ur. 

Micvrubs, a youth, through whom 
Diomedon, by order of the Perſian king, 
made an attempt to bribe Epaminondas. 
Mp. in Apa. A ſlave of Anaxi- 
aus, of Rhegium: Hers det. 7, c 170. 
Mtvas, a king of Phrvgia, fon of Gor- 
Gus or Gorgias, In the early part of his 
"Ie, according to ſome traditions, de found 
Age treature, to which be ed ais gieat- 


185 


1 


nefs and opulence. The hoſpitality Le 
ſhewed to Silenus, the preceptor of Bac- 
chus, who had been brought to him by 
ſome peaſants, was liberally rewarded; and 
Midas, when he conducted back the old 
man to the god, was permitted to chuſe hat- 
ever recompence he pleaſed. He had the 
Imprudence and the avarice to demand of the 
god that whatever he touched might be turn- 
ed into gold. His prayer was granted, but 
he was ſoon convinced of his injudicious 
choice; and when the very meats which he 
attempted ta cat became gold in his mouth, 


| he begged Bacchus to take away a preſent 


which muſt prove ſo fatal to the receiver, 
He was ordered to waſh himſelf in the 
river Pactolus, whoſe ſands were turned 
into gold by the touch of Midas. Some 
time aiter this advemure Midas had the 
imprudence to ſupport that Pan was ſupe- 
rior to Apollo in ftinging and in playing 
upon the flute, for which raſh opinion the 
ofended god changed his cars into thote 
of an aſs, to ſhew his ignorance and ftupi- 
dity. This Midas attempted to conceal 
from the knowledge of his tubjects, but one 
of his ſervants ſaw the length of his ears, 
and being unable to keep the ſecret, and 
afraid to reveal it, apprehenſive of the king's 
retentment, he opened a hole in the carth, 
and after he had whiſpered there that Midas 
had the ears of an aſs, he covered the place 
as before, as if he had buried his words 
in the ground. On that place, as the poers 
mention, grew a number of reeds, which, 
when agitated by the wind, uttered the lame 
found that had been buried beneath, and 
putlithed to the world that Midas had the 
ears of an aſs. Some explain the fable of 
tie cars of Midas, by the ſuppoſition that 
ne kept a number of informers and ſpies, 


wig were continually empioycd in gather- 


ing every ſcditious word that might drop 
irom the mouths of his ſubieéts. Midas, 
according to Strabo, died of drinking bull's 
hot blood. This he did, as Plutarch men— 
tions, to free himſelf from the numerous 
ill-dreams which continually turmented 
him. Midas, according to fume, was fon 
of Cybele. He built a town, which he 
called Ancyræ. Ovid. Met. 11, ſab. 5.— 
Plat, de Superſt,-—Strab. 1.——lIygin. tab. 
I91.—Max, Tyr. 30.-—Pauf. 1, c. 4.— 
Val. Max. i, C. 6.—l[Jerocdet. Ty. e. 14— 
Wliun. V. H. 4 & 12.— Cc. de Div. 1, 
&. 

Mi pra, a town of Argolis. Pau/. 6, 
c. 20,—of Lycia. Stat, The". 4, v. 45.— 
Ot Bœbtia, drowned by the inundation» 
of the lake Copais. Strab. 8. — A 
nymph who had Aſpledon by Neprune, 
Pauj. 9. Cc, 38, -A mittrets oi Eleewyon, 


* 4 
ed. , 
] 


TW M11 avM10Ng 


M I 


Mir Axion, a youth who became ena- 
moured of Atalanta. Ovid. Art. Am. 2, 
v. 188. A ſon of Amphidamas. 

MiLEs11, the inhabitants of Miletus. 
Vid. Miletus. 

MiLEStoORUM MURUS, a place of Egypt 
at the entrance of one of the mouths of the 
Nile. 

MiLxs1vs, a firname of Apollo. 
native of Miletus. 

MiLFE TIA, one of the dauglters of Sce- 
da ſus, raviſhed with her ſiſter by ſome young 
Thebans. Flut. & Pau. | 

M1riET1ivUmM, a town of Calabria, built 
by the people of Miletus of Aſia. A 
town of Crete. 

MiLETUs, a ſon of Apollo, who fled 
from Ciete to avoid the wrati of Minos, 
whom he meditated to dethrone. He came 
ro Caria, where he built a city which he 
called by his cewn name. Some ſuppoſe 
that he only conquered a city there, winch 
aſſumed his name. They farther 1ay, that 
he put the inhabitants to the ſword, and 
divided the women among his ſoldiers. A 
woman called Cyanea fell to his ſhare. 
Strab. 14.—Ovid. Met .9, v 446. —Pauf. 7, 
c. 2.—Apullod. 3, c. 1.-—-A cclebrated 
town of Aſia Minor, the capital of all Ionia, 
fituate about ten {{adia ſouth of the mouth 
of the river Mzander near the ſea coaſt on 
the confines of Ionia and Caria. It was 
founded by a Cretan colony under Miletus, 
or, according to others, by Neleus, the fon 
of Codrus, or by Sarpedon, Jupiter's fon. 
It has ſucceſſively been called Lelegets, 
Pithyuſa, and Ana@oria, The inhabitants, 
called Mileſii, were very powerful, and long 
maintained an vbil:inate waragainſt the kings 
of Lydia, They early applied themſerves to 
navigation, and planted no leſs than 80 
colonies, or, according ta Seneca, 380, in 
different parts of the world. Miletus gave 
birth to Thales, Anaximencs, Anaximander, 

Hecatzus, Timotheus the muſician, Pittacus 
one of the ſeven wiſe men, &c. Miletus 
was alſo famous for a temple and an ctacle 
of Apollo Didyma us, and for its excellent 
woo!, with which weie made ſtutfs and gar- 
ments, held in the higheſt reputation, both 
for ſoftneſs, ciegance, and beauty, Tue 
words Mileſia fabulz, or Mil:ftaca, were 
uſed to expreſs wanton and Judicrovs plays. 
Ovid. Trift. 2, v. 413 —Capitslin, ia Alb, 11. 
—fbirg. G. 3, v. 306. —Stra0. 15.— . 7, 
c. 2.—Mela. 1, c. 17.— Pin. 5, c. 29.— 
Herodot. 1, & c. — Senec. de Conſol, ad 
Alb. 

MILIAS, a part of Lycia. 

MiLicubs, a fiecdman who diſcovered 
Pilo's conſpiracy againſt Nero. Tacit. 15 
Ann. c. 54. 

MyLIiNUS, a Cittan king, & 


A 


. 


Mrrtiowra, a town of the Samnites 
taken by the Romans. 

Miro, a celebrated athlete of Crotona 
in Italy. His father's name was Dootie 
mus. He early accuſtomed himtelf to carry 
the greateſt burdens, and by degrees be- 
came a monſter in ſtrength. It is ſaid that 
he carried on his ſhoulders a young bul- 
lock 4 years old, for above 40 yards, and 
afterwards killed it with one blow of his 
tilt, and cat it up in one day. He was leven 
times crowned at the Pythian games, and fix 
at Olympia. He preſented himſelf a ſeventh 
time, but no one had the courage or boldneſs 
to enter the liſts againſt him. He was one of 
the diſciples of Pythagoras, and to his un- 
common ſtrength the learned preceptor and 
his pupils owed their life. The pillar which 
ſupported the roof of the ſchool ſuddenly 
gave way, but Milo ſupported the whole 
weight of the building, and gave the philo- 
{opher and his auditors time to eſcape, In 
his old age Milo attempted to pull up a tree 
by the roots and break it. He partly ef- 
fected it, but his ſtrength being gradually 
exhauſted, the tree when halt cleft reunited, 
and his hands remained pinched in the body 
of the tree. He was then alone, and being 
unable to diſentangle himtelf, he was eaten 
up by the wild beaſts of the place, about 500 
years before the Chriſtian era, Ovid, Met, 
L 5.—Cic. de Seneft.—Val. Max. 9, c. 12.— 
Sirab, 16, —Pauf. C. c. 11. T. Annius, 
a native of Lanuvium, who attempted to 
obtain the conſuiſhip at Rome by intrigue 
and ſeditious tumuits. Claudius the tribune 
oppoſed his views, yet Milo would have ſue- 
ceeded, had not an unfortunate event to- 
tally fruſtrated his hopes. As he was going 
into the country, attended by his wife and a 
numerous retinue of gladiators and ſervants, 
he met on the Appian road his enemy 
Clodius, who was rctuining to Rome with 
three of his frieuds and ſome domettics com- 
pletely armed. A quarrel aroſe between the 
lervants. Milo ſupported his attendants, 
and the diſpute became general. Clodius 
received many fevere-wounds, and was 
obliged to retire to a neighbouring cottage. 
Milo purſued his enemy in his retreat, and 
ordered his ſervants to diſpatch him. Ele- 
ven of the ſervants of Clodius ſhared his 
fate, as alſo the owner of the houſe who had 
given them reception. The body of the 
murdered tribune was carried to Rome, 
and expoſed to public view, The enemies 
of Milo inveighed bitterly againſt the vo. 
lence and barbarity with which the ſacred 
perſon of a tribune had been treated, Ci- 
cero undertook the defence of Milo, but 
the continual clamors of the friends 0 
Clodius, and the ſight of an armed ſoldietYs 


| 


ba ſurrounded the feat of judgment, 10 


terrified 


errifi 
eſt pa 
he m2 
was Ci 
Cicere 
copy « 
in his 
have it 
it, exc 
fire my 
be nN97TL 
ſhip a 
were | 
miliar 
labors 
from b 
Co, pr 
Deo. 4c 
Pyrrhu 
rentum 
his dut 
him as 
VL red W 
Wuo hat 
to poiſo 
Ney. 
m Ulis, 
his ſubj 
v. 325. 
Mir. 
zecuſton 
Ihrat. q 
Mr.” 
in expla 
Mili 
ſelus, w 
race at 
lony of | 
The caut 
and fingy 
ralled by 
were dit 
take for. 
knew ret 
come uni 
tertainme 
the app; 
arms anc 
them to! 
with the 
obeyed, 
had appr 
the Dolor 
neſus, an 
with love 
be took 
of the A 
wall acro 
tabliſhed 
lis domir 
turned his 
*xpedition 
u an amb 


es 


Na 
Vie 
rry 
be- 
that 
als 
and 
his 
ven 
! fix 
enth 
Incſs 
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un- 
and 
zhich 
lenly 
vhole 
hilo· 
In 
a free 
y ef- 
luaily 
ted, 
body 
being 
eaten 
t $00 
Met. 
12.— 
unius, 
ted to 
trigue 
ribune 
e ſuc- 
ent to- 
; Tong 
e and 
rvants, 
enemy 
ze with 
$ com- 
een the 
ndants, 
lodius 
id was 
Cottages 
at, and 
* Ele- 
red his 
ho had 
of the 
Rome, 
enemies 
the vio» 
e ſacred 
d. Ci- 
110, but 
ends 0 
ſold1etY, 
nent, 1 
terrific 


oe: 


e:ificd the orator, that he forgot the great- 
ett part of his arguments, and the defence 
Me made was weak and injudicious. Milo 
was condemned, and baniſhed to Maſſilia. 
Ciccro ſoon after ſent his exiled friend a 
copy of the oration which he had delivered 
in his defence, in the form in which we 
have it now; and Milo, after he had read 
it, exclaimed, O Cicero, hadft thou ſpoten be- 
ſire my accuſers in theſe terms, Milo would not 
be now eating figs at Marſeilles, The friend- 
ſhip and cordiality of Cicero and Milo 
were the fruits of long intimacy and fa- 
miliar intercourſe, It was by the ſucceſsful 
labors of Milo that the orator was recal.ed 
from baniſhment and reſtored to his friends. 
Ci. pro Milon, -Paterc. 2, c. 47 & 68.— 
Dio. 40. A general of the forces ol 
pyrrhus. He was made governor of Ta- 
rentum, and that he might be reminded of 
kis duty to his ſovereign, Pyrrhus ſent 
him as a preſent a chain, which was co- 
wered with the ſkin of Nicias the phyfician, 
wuo had perfidiouſly offered the Romans 
to poiſon his royal maſter for a ſum of mo- 
ney. Polyæn. 8, &c. A tyrant of Piſa 
un Ulis, thrown into the river Alpheus by 


his ſubjects for his oppreſſion, Ovid. in Ih. 
v. 325. 

Mitlontus, a drunken buffoon at Rome, 
zecuſtomed to dance when intoxicated, 
Herut. 2, Sat. I, v. 24. 

MiLras, a ſoothſayer, who aſſiſted Dion 
in explaining prodig ies. &c. 

MiLriAbks, an Athenian, ſon of Cyp- 
ſclus, who obtained a victory in a chariot 
race at the Olympic games, and led a co- 
lony of his countrymen to the Cherſoneſus. 
Tie cauſes of this appointment are ſtriking 
and ſingular. The Thracian Dolonci, ha- 
raſſed by a long war with the Abſynthians, 
were directed by the oracle of Delphi to 
take for their king the firit man they met in 
their return home, who invited them to 
come under his roof and partake ot his en- 
tertainments, This was Miltiades, whom 
the appearance of the Dolonci, their ſtrange 
arms and garments, had firuck. He invited 
them to his houſe, and was made acquainted 


with the commands of the oracle. He | 


obeyed, and when the oracle of Delphi 
had approved a ſecond time the choice of 
the Dolonci, he departed for the Cherlo- 
nelus, and was inveſted by the inhabitants 
with ſovereign power. The firſt meaſure 
be took was to ſtop the further incurſions 
of the Abſynthians, by building a ſtrong 
wall acroſs the Iſthmus. When he nad et- 
tabliſthed himſelf at home, and fortihed 
lis dominions againſt fureign invaſion, he 
turned his arms againit Lampſacus. His 
expedition was unlucceſsful ; he was taken 


u an ambuſcade and made piitoner, His | to the Perſians. 


M Tt 


| friend Crœſus, king of Lydia, was in- 
tormed of his captivity, agd he procured 
his releaſe by threatening the people of 
Lampſacus with his ſevereſt diſpleaſure. 
He lived a few years after be had recovered 
his liberty. As he had no iſſue, he left 
his kingdom and poſſeſũons to Steſagoras 
the ſon of Cimon, who was his brother by 
the ſame mother. The memory of Milti- 
ades was g:ently honored by the Dolonci, 
and they regularly celebrated feſtivals and 
exhibited ſtews in commemoration of a 
man to whorn ney owed their greatneſs 
and preſervation. Some time after Steſa- 
gras died without iſſue, and Miltiades the 
ſon of C1mon, and the brother of the de- 
ceaſed, was ſent by the Athenians with one 
ſhip to take poſſeſſion of the Cherſoneſus. 
At his arri Miiciades appeared mourn- 
ful, as if lamenting tne recent death of his 
brother. The principal inhabitants of the 
country viſited the new governor to con- 
dule with him; but their confidence in his 
ſincerity proved fatal to them, Miltiades 
ſciged their perſons, and made himſelf ab- 
lolute in Cherſoneſus; and to ſtrengthen him- 
ſelf he married Hegefipyla, the daughter of 
Olorus the King of the Thracians. His 
proſperity however was of ſhort duration. 
In the third year of his government his do- 
minions were threatened by an invaſion of 
the Scythian Nomadcs, whom Darius had 
fome time before irritated by entering their 
country. He fled before them, but as their 
hoſtilities were but momentary, he was ſoon 
reſtored to his kingdom. Three years at- 
ter he left Cherſoneſus and ſet ſail for A- 
thens, where he uuns received with great 
applauſe. He was preſent at the celebrated 
battle oi Marathon, in which all the chief 
oficers ceded their power to him, and 
leit the event of the battle to depend upon 
tus ſuperior abilities. He obtained an im- 
portant victory [d. Marathon] over the 
more numerous torces of his adverſaries 
and when he had demanded of his fellow- 
citizens an olive crown as the reward of 
his valor in the field of battle, he was not 
only refuſed, but ſeverely reprimanded for 
preſumption. The only reward, therefore, 


that he received for a victory which proved 


ſo beneficial to the intereſts of univerſal 
Greece, was in itſelf ample and inconſider- 
able, though truly great in the opinion of 
that age. He was repreſented in the front 
of a picture among the reſt of the com- 
manders who fought at the battle of Mara- 
thon, and he emed to exhort and animate 
his ſoldiers to fight with courage and intree 


pidity. Some time after Miltiades was en- 


truſted with a fcet of 70 ſhips, and ordered 
to punith thoſe iſlands which had revolted 
He was ſucceſsful at firſt, 
114 but 


33 ——— 
2 


— 


— 
— ** 


— Ag A En 


© — 


M I 


coming to attack him, changed his opera- 
tions as he was beſieging Paros. He raiſed 
the ſiege and returned to Athens, where he 
was accuſed of treaſon, and purticularly of 
holding correſpondence with the enemy. 
The falfity of theſe accuſations might have 
appeared, it Miltrades had been able to come 
into the aftembly. A wound which he had 
received before Paros detained him at home, 
and his enemies, taking advantage of his ab- 
ſence, became more eager in their accuſa- 
tions and louder in their clamors. He was 


condemned to death, but the rigor of the 


{entence was retrafted on the recollection of 
his gteat ſervices to the Athenians, and he 


was put into priſon till he had paid a fine 


of go talents to the ſtate. His inability 
to diſcharge ſo great a ſum dctained him 
in confknement, and ſoon aſter his wounds 
became incurable, and he died about 489 
years before the Chriſtian era. His body 
was ranſomed by his fon Cimon, who was 
objiged to borrow and pay the 5o talents, 
tor give his father a decent burial. The 
erimes of Miltiades were probably aggra- 
vat. d in the cyes of his countrymen, when 
they remembered how he made himſelf 
abſolute in Cherſoneſus; and in condemn- 
ing the barbarnty of the Athenians towards 
a goneral, who was the ſource of their mi— 
Iitary proſperity, we mult remember the 
1ealoufy which ever reigns among a free 
and mdependent people, and how watch- 
tu! they are in defence of the natural rights 
which they ſee wreſted from others by vio- 
tence and oppreſſion. Cornelius Nepns 
das written the life of Miltiades the fon of 
mon, but his hiſtory is incongruous and 
not + thentic; and the author, by con- 
rountuug the actions of the ſon of Cimon 
with thoſe of the ſon of Cypſclus, has 
raade the Whole dark and unintclligible. 


| 


Greater reliance in reading the actions of | 


both the Miltiades is to be placed on the 


narration of Herodotus, whote veracity is 


conſumed, and who was undiſputedly more 
informed and more capable of giving an 
account of the life and exploits of men 
who florithed in his age, and of which he 
could fee the living monuments. Herv- 
dotus was born about ſix years after the 
tamous battle of Marathon, and C. Nepos, 
as a writer of the Auguſian age, flo- 
nſhed about 4<0 years after the age of the 
father of hiſtory, C. Nep. in vita. —Hers- 
Ant. 4, c. 137. |. 6, c. 34, &c.—Plut. in 
(um. Jul. Max. 5, e. 3.— Tuſtin. 2—Par. 
An archon at Athens. 

Miro, a favorite miftreſs of Cyrus the 


younger. Vid. Aſpaſia. 


Mitvtus, a paraſite at Rome, &. 


erat. 2. Sat. 7. — A hide at Rome 


1 


but a ſudden report that the Perſian fleet was! over the Tiber, now called Pont de Mol, 


(ic. ad Att. 13, ep. 33.— S. Cat. 42. 
— Tacit, A. 13, c. 47. N 

Mis, a country of Afia minor better 
known by the name of Lycia. Its inhat.. 
tants, called Mzlyades, and afterware; 
Solymi, were of the numerous nations nich 
formed the army of Xerxes in his inva. 
ſion of Greece, Herodor.—Gic. Ver, 1 
e. 38. 

MiINMALLo xs, the Bacchanals, who, 
when they celebrated the orgies of Bac. 
chus, put horns on their heads, They are 
alſo called Mimallonides, and ſome derive 
their name from the mountain Mimas, Pr; 
I, v. 99.—Ovid. AJ. A. v. 541.— Stat. The, 
4, v. 660. 

Minas, a giant whom Jupiter deſtroyed 
with thunder. erat. 3, od. 4.———A high 
mountain of Afia minor, near Colophon, 
Ovid. Met. 2, fab. 5. A Trojan, fon of 
Theano and Amycus, born on the ſame 
night as Paris, with whom he lived in gieat 
intimacy. He followed the fortune of 
Aincas, and was killed by Mezentius, 
Firg. 2. 10. v. 703. 

MiMNERMUS,a Greek poet and mufician 
of Colophon in the age of Solon. He chiefly 
excelled in clegiac poetry, whence ſome 
have attributed the invention of it to him, 
and, indeed, he was the poet who made 
elegy an amoruus poem, initcad of a mourn- 
ful and melancholy tale. In the expreſſion 
of love, Propertius prefers him to Homer, 
as this verſe ſhews : 


Plus in amore valet Mimnermi Verſus He 
Ns. 


In his old age Mimnermus hecame enamour- 
ed of a young girl called Nanno. Some 
few fragments of his poctry remain, co 
lected by Stobæus. He is ſuppoſed by 
ſome to be the inventor of the pentarneter 
verſe, which others however attribute t 
Callinus, or Archilochus. The firname cf 
Liguſtiades, Mut, ( farill voiced), has been 
applied to him, though ſome imagine the 
word to be the name of his father. $714. 
1 & 14.— 4. 9, c. 29.—Dieg. 1. 

Mincius, now Mincio, a river of Ve. 
netia, lowing from the lake Benacus, and 
falling into the Po. Virgil was born on 1t5 
banks. Virg. Ecl. 7, v. 13. G. 3, V. 15: 
n. 10, v. 206, 

MixpARus, a commander of the Spartan 
flect during the Peloponneſian war, He was 
dle fcated by the Fo wer thang and died 410 
RC. FN. 

Mixtivts, the daughters of Minyas 0! 
Mineus, king of Orchomenos, in Bœotä. 
They were three in number, Leuconoe, 
Leucippe, and Alcithoe Ovid calls the 


two firſt Clymene and Iris. They Gm 


the org 
the god 
able de 
art w I. 
her {on 
upon L 
Hippaſt 
the thre 
bats, | 
crime, i 
ans for 
fice was 
word, 
temple, 
up to. 
Queſt. 6 
Mix! 
and all | 
Jupiter 
god, as 
ſuperior 
reit of t 
the Chile 
2 more 
than the 
devoure. 
time aft 
{uFered 
cleave 1 
and gro\ 
immediz 
of the 
faithful 
power C 
ihe coul. 
long the 
prophec? 
one of a 
and con 
piter. 
rous, as 
endeared 
with Ne 
ng a na 
lerves at! 
lettled tk 
rerice to 
uſetul a 
tants of 
firuck t 
immedia 
Minerva 
the victe 
pods, WI 
embiem 
horſe, th 
f ne vid 
thing, : 
the place 
lous of 
Which 1 
Aracline 


The att 


Mol 


#44 


* 


\eftcr 
ab. 
Wards 
* nich 

nva- 
V's Bo 


who, 
Bac- 
ey are 
derive 
d Perf. 
« Theb, 


troyed 
A high 
ophon. 
ſon of 
ſame 
1 great 
ne of 
entius, 


uſician 
chiefiy 
* ſome 
o him, 

made 
nourn- 
preſſion 
lomer, 


us Her 


LMOour- 

Some 
n, col- 
led by 
ameter 
zute © 
ame 0 
25 been 
ne the 


Strab. 
of Ve- 


18, and 
n on its 
V. 15. 


zpartan 
He was 


ed 410 


was OT 
gotta. 


iconoe, 
ilis the 
derided 

the 


M 1 


we orgies of Bacchus, for which impiety 
te god infpired them with an unconquer- 
able defire of eating human fleſh, They 
irew lots which of them ſhould give up 
her ſon as food to the reſt. The lot fell 
upon Leucippe, and ſhe gave up her fon 
Hippaſus, who was inſtantly devuured by 
the three ſiſters. They were changed into 
hats, In commemoration of this bloody 
crime, it was uſual among the Orchomeni- 
ans for the high prieſt, as ſoon as the ſacri- 
fice was finiſhed, to purſue, with a drawn 
(word, all the women who had entered the 
temple, and even to kill the firſt he came 
up to. Ovid, Met. 4 fab. 12.—Plut. 
(Queſt. Gr. 

MixtRva, the goddeſs of wiſdom, war, 
and all the liberal arts, was produced from 
Jupiter's brain without a mother. The 
god, as it is reported, married Metis, whoſe 
ſuperior prudence and ſagacity above the 
relt of the gods, made him apprehend that 
the children of ſuch an union would be of 
2 more exalted naturc, and more intelligent 
than their father. To prevent this, Jupiter 
devoured Metis in her pregnancy, and, ſome 
time after, to relieve the pains which he 
ſutfered in his head, he ordered Vulcan to 
cleave it open. Minerva came all armed 
and grown up from her father's brain, and 
immediately was admitted into the aflembly 
of the gods, and made one of the moſt 
faithful counſellors of her father. The 
power of Minerva was great in heaven ; 
the could hurl the thunders of Jupiter, pro- 
long the life of men, beſtow the grit of 
prophecy, and, indeed, ſhe was the only 
one of all the divinities whoſe authority . 
and conſequence were equal to thoſe of Ju- 
piter. The actions of Minerva are nume- 
tous, as well as the kindneſſes by which ſhe 
endeared herſelf to mankind. Her quarrel 
with Neptune concerning the right of giv- 
ing a name to the capital of Cecropia, de- 
lerves attention. The aſſcmbly of the gods 
lettled the diſpute by promiſing the prefe- 
rerice to whichever of the two gave the molt 
uſetul and neceſſary preſent to the inhabi- 
tants of the earth. Neptune, upon this, 
ruck the ground with his trident, and 
immediately a horſe iſſued from the carth. 
Minerva produced the olive, and obtained 
tne victory by the unanimous voice of the 
pods, who obſerved, that the olive, as the 
embiem of peace, is far preferable to the 
borſe, the ſymbol of war and bloodihed. 


The victorious deity called the capital A- 


tiene, and became the tutclar goddeſs of 
the place. Minerva was always very jea- 
lous of her power, and the manner in 
Which ſhe puniſhed the preſumption of 
Arachne is well known. | Vid. .trachne.] 
The attempts of Vulcan to offer he 


X I 


violence, are ſtrong marks of her virtue. 
Jupiter had ſworn by the Styx to give to 
Vulcan, who made him a complete ſuit of 
armour, whatever he defired. Vulcan de- 
manded Minerva, and the father of tlie gods, 
who had permitted Minerva to live in pet- 
petual celibacy, conſented, but privately 
ad iſed his daughter to make all the reſiſt- 
ance the could to fruſtrate the attempts of 
her lover. The prayers and the force of 
Vulcan proved ingffectua], and her chaſtity 
was not violated, though the god left on 
her body the marks of his paſſion, and, 
from the impurity which proceeded from this 
ſcuffle, and which Minerva threw down upon 
earth wrapped up in wool, was born Frich- 
thon, an uncommon monſter. | Vid. Erich. 
thenius,) Minerva was the faſt who built a 
ſhip, and it was her zcal for navigation and 
her care fur the Argonauts, which placed 
the prophetic tree of Dodona behind the thip 
Argo, when going to Colchis. She was 
Known among the ancients by many name 
She was called Athena, Pallas, [VI. Paul- 
las ] Paithenos, from her remaining in 
perpetual celibacy ; Tritonia, becauſe wor- 
ſhipped near the lake Tritonis ; Glaucopis, 
from the blucneſs of her eyes; Agorea, 
om her preſiding over markets; Hippia, 
becaute ſhe firſt taught mankind how to 
manage the horſe ; Stratea and Area, from 
her martial character; Coryphagenes, be- 
caule born from Jupiter's brain; Sais, be- 
cauſe worſhipped ut Sais, &c. Some at- 
tributed to her the invention of the flute, 
whence the was ſirnamed Andon, Luſcinia, 
Muſica, Salpiga, &c. She, as it is reported, 
once amuſed heiſelt in playing upon her fa- 
vorite flute before Juno and Venus, but the 
goddeiſes ridiculed the diſtortion ot her face 
in blowing the inſtrument. Minerva, con- 
vinced of the juſtneſs of their remarks by 
looking at herſelf in a fountain near mount 
Ida, threw away the muſical iuſtrument, and 
denounced a melancholy death to him who 
tound it. Maiſyas was the miſerable proof 
of the veracity of her ex preſſions. The 
worſhip of Minerva was univerſally eſta- 
bliſhed ; ſhe had magnificent temples in 
Egypt, Pho:nicia, all parts of Creece, Italy, 
Gaul, and Sicily. Sais, Rhodes, and A- 
thens, particularly claimed her attention, 
and it is even ſaid, that Jupiter rained a 
ſhower of gold upon the iVaud of Rhodes, 
which had paid ſo much veneration and 
ſuch an carly reverence to the divinity of 
his daughter. The feſtivals celebrated in 
her honor were {ojemn and magnificent. 
[Vid. Panatherigt. She was invoked by 
every artilt, and particularly ſuch as worked 
in woo!, embroigery, painting, and ſculp- 
ture, It was the duty of almoſt every 
member of ſociety to implore the —_—_— 
an 


M 1 


and patronage of a deity who preſided over 
ſenſe, taſte, and reaſon, Hence the poets 
have had occaſion to ſay, 


Tu nikil invitd dices, ſacieſte Minerva, 
and, 
Qui lene placdrit Pallada, doctus erit, 


Minerva was repreſcnted in different ways, 
according to the different characters in which 
ſhe appcared. She generally appeared with 
a countenance full more of malculine firm- 
neſs and compoſure, than of ſoftneſs and 
grace, Mott utually ſhe was repretented with 
a helmet on her head, with a large plume 
nodding in the air. In one hand ſhe held 
a ſpear, and in the other a ſhield, with the 
dying head of Meduſa upon it. Some- 
mes this Gorgon's head was on her breaſt- 
plate, with living ſerpents writing roundat, 
a5 well 25 round ker ſhield and helmet. Tn 
moſt of her ſtatues ſhe is repreſented as 
titings, and ſometimes ſhe holds, in one 
band, a diſtaſt, witcad ot a ſpear. When 
the appeared as the goddeſs of the liberal 
arts, ihe was arnayed in a variegated veil, 
which the ancients called prpſum. Some- 
tines Minerva's helmet was covered at the 
top with the figure of = cork, a bd which, 
en account of his great courage, is properiy 
ficred to the goddeſs of war. Some of her 
ſtatues repreſented her helmet witten ſphinx 
m the middle, ſupported on either ſiae by 
griffins, In ſome medals, a chariot drawn 
hy four horſes, or ſometimes a dragon or 
a ſerpent, with winding {p'ires, appear at the 
top of her helmet. Sie was partial to the 
olive-tree ; the owl and the cock were ben 
favorite birds, and the dragon among reptiles 
was ſacred to her. The tunctwns,ofh cos, and 
actions, of Minerva, ſcem io numerous 
that they undoubtedly originate in more 
than one perſon. Cicero ſpeaks of me 
perſons of this name; a Minerva, mater 
of Ayoilo ; a daughter of the Nile, who was 
worihipped at Sus, in Egypt; a third, born 
from Jupiter's biain; a fourth, daugliter 
of Jupiter and Coryphe; and a fifth, 
Gauyiiter of Pallas, generally repreſented 
with winged ſhoes. This laſt put her father 
to death becauſe he attempicd her virtue. 
Pauf. 1, 2, 3, &c.— Horat. 1, od. 16. l. 3, 
od. 4. Fire. Au. 2, &c.— Sab. 6, 9 & 
13.—Phiiloft. Icon. 2.—Ovid. Faſt, 3, &c. 
Met. 6.-— (ic. de Nat. D. 1, e. 15. I. 3, 
„ — Apallad. I, & c. — Pindar, 
Ulymp. 7. - Iucan. 9,—Sophecl. U. — 
Iamer. Il. & c. Od. Ii) mn. ad Pall. — Did. 
5, —Hefrod. TAcag. A fehyl. in Eum.—- 
Lucian. Dial. — (lem. Alex. Strom. 2.— 
Orpheus, Hymn. 31. — C. Smyrn, 14. — 


alen. 1.-—tiygin, tab, 168. — Scat. 


M I 


Theb. 2, v. 721. I. 7, &c.—Callim. in Ceres, 
Aliun. J. H. 12. — C. Nep. in Pauſ... 
{ lut. in Lyc. &c.—Thucyd. 1.-—Herod:t, 5. 

MIN ERV CASTRUM, a town of Cala. 
bria, now Caſtro, Promontorium, a cape 
at the moſt ſouthern extremity of Can. 
pania. 

NMINFERVALIA, feſtivals at Rome in ho. 
nor of Minerva, celebrated in the months ct 
March and June. During the ſolemnity 
ſcholars obtained ſome relaxation from their 
ſtudious purſuits, and the preſent, which it 
was uſual for them to offer to their maſters, 
was called Minerval, in honor of the god. 
deſs Minerva, who patronized over literature, 
Varro de R. R. 3, c. 2. — Ovid, Trif, z, 
v. Sog. 

Mix10, now Minogne, a river of Etruria, 
falling into the Tyrrhene Sea. Vg. A», 
to, v. 183. One of the favorites f 
Antiochus, King of Syria. 

MixwNnz1, a people of Arabia, on tte 
Red fea. Flin. 12, c. 14. 

Mixoa, a town of Sicily, built by Minas, 
when he was purſuing Dædalus, and called 
alſo Herac/ca, A town of Peloponneſus, 
— — A town of Crete, 

Mixors, belonging to Minos. Cree 
called Mu regna, as being the leg Hator's 
kingdom. PFirg. Arn. 6, v. 14.— A pa- 
tronymic of Ariadne. Ovid, Met. 8, v. 157. 

Mios, a king of Crete, ſon of Jupiter 
and Europa, wo gave Jaws to his ſubjects, 
B. C. 1465, which ſtill remained in full 
force in the age of the philoſopher Plato, 
His juftice and moderation procured bim 
the appcllation of the favorite of the gods, 
the contident of Jupiter, the wiſe legiGator, 
in every city of Greece; and, according 70 
the poets, he was rewarded for his equity, 
aſter death, with the office of ſupreme and 
abhſolute judge in the infernal regions. In 
this capacity he is repreſented fitting in the 
middle of the ſhades, and holding a iceptre 
in his hand. The dead plead their dificrent 
caufes before him, and the impartial judge 
ſhakes the fatal wn, which is filled with 
the deitinies of mankind. He married 
Ithona, by whom he had Lycaſtes, who 
was the father of Minos 2d. 17omer. Cd. 
19.—Virg. An. 6, v. 432.—Apollad. 3. 
c. 1.—ll;gin. fab. 41. — Diad. 4. — Hot. I. 
od. 28. The 2d. was a ſon of Lycans, 
the ſun of Minos I. and king of Cicte. 
He marricd Paſiphae, the daughter of Sol 
and Perſcis, and by her be had many chil- 
dren. He increaſed his paternal domimicns 
by the conqueſt of the neighbouring iſlands, 
Lut he ſhowed kimſelf cruel in the Wi 
which he carried on againſt the Athenians, 
who had put to death his fon Ancrogeus, 
[Fid, Audicgeus. | He took Megara by 


e 


the ueache 
not ſatis fi 
vinquiſhe. 
ſeven cho 


virgins, c 


at lat abo 
the monte 
whoſe ind 
the by 
ſiſting Pat 
un at aral 
from itre p 
[/ 7d, De ( 
the incenl 
reſolved kt 
king of Si 
Dxdalus, 
diſſemblec 
not delive 
and abiliti 
to death. | 
of Cocalu 
death, by 
till be fai 
bim. Min 
Trojan wa 
Glaucus, 
ters, Pha 
have conf: 
name, the 
but Home 
plainly th 
fons, - P. 
Hein. fal 
Died. 4. 
3 
M1xd'1 
half a ma. 
yerle of C 
Semibon, 


It was the 
bull. Min 
to Neptun 
nom the; 
ed Neptui 
of Minos, 
had been: 
ſtituted hi 
che queen 
means, P 
Fatited, 
world, } 
monſter v 
Witc's late 
fected di 
dotaur uſl 
men and 
Minos ye; 
Theſeus 

ſtameful 
i: (6 be 


7 Ceres. 
22 
NOAA 8. 
f Cala. 
) a cane 

Cam. 


in ho. 
nths of 
lemnity 
m their 
yhich it 
naſterz, 
ie god. 
erature. 


rift 57 


Etruris, 
g. An, 
rites of 


on the 


Minox, 
J called 
nneſus, 


Pretec is 
Hator's 
»A pa- 
v. 157. 
Jupiter 
1 biccts, 
in full 
Plato. 
d b'm 
> gods, 
i{}ator, 
ling 70 
equity, 
ne and 
. In 
in the 
ſcepue 
;ticrent 
judge 
d with 
narried 
„ who 
er. Od, 
ad. I 
Gat, ly 
caſtes, 
Crete. 
of Sol 
y chil- 
ninions 
iſlands, 
ne Wii 
eniansy 


rogeus, 
20 1 * 
14 b. 
$6 


M 1 


de treachery of Scylla. Vid. Scylla.) and, | 
not ſatisfied with a victory, he obliged thc 

vanquiſhed to bring him yearly to Cretc 
eren choſen boys, and the ſame number of 
deins, co be devoured by the minotaur. 

Vi. {ingtaurus.] This bloody tribute was 
lat aboliihed when Theteus had deſtroyed 
the monſter. [ Vid. Theſeus. ] Wren Dædalus, 
whoſe induſtry and invention had fabricated 
the bytinth, and whoſe imprudence, in aſ- 
filing Paſiphat in the gratification of her 
wi; aral defires, hav offended Minos, fled 
tom itre place of his confinement with wings, 
Vd. Dedalus.] and arrwed ſafe in Sicily, 
the incenſed monarch purſued the offender, 
reſolved to puniſh nis infidelity. Cocalus, 
king of Sicily, who had hoſpitably received 
Dedalus, entertained his royal gueſt with 
difembled friendſhip ; and, that he might 
not deliver to him a man whole ingenuity 
aud abilities he ſo well knew, he put Minos 
to death. Some ſay that it was the daughters 
of Cocalus who put the king of Crete tv 
death, by detaining him fo long in a bath 
till he fainted, aiter which they tuffocated 
bim. Minos died about 35 years before the 
Trojan war. He was father of Androgeus, 
Glaucus, and Deucalion, and two daugh- 
ters, Phædra and Ariadne. Many authors 
have confounded the two monarchs of this 
name, the grandfather and the grandſon, 
but: Homer, Plutarch, and Diodorus prove 
plainly that they were two different per- 
Ions. Pauf. in Ach. a. —Plut. im 1 heſ.— 
Il;cin, fab. 41.—Ovid. Met, 8, v. 141.— 
Vio. 4.— irg. Au. 6, v. 21, Put. in 
Nin,-Athen.—Flacc. I 2. 

MixoTAURUs, a cclebrated monſter, 
half a man and half a bull, according tu ths 
verle of Ovid, 

Semibo, mque virum, ſemiturumque Lorem. 


It was the fruit of Paſiphac's amour with a 
bull. Minos refuſed to ſacriſice a white bull 
to Neptune, an animal which he hadreceived 
from the god for that purpoſe. This offend- 
ed Neptune, and he made Paſiphac, the wife 
of Minos, enamoured of this fine bull, which 
tad been refuſed to his altars. Pedalus pro- 
#ituted his talents in being ſubſervient to 
the queen's unnatural deſires, and, by his 
means, Paſiphae's horrible paſſions were 
Fatihed, and the Minotaur came into the 
world. Minos contined in the labyrinth a 
monſter which convinced the worid of his 
Vite's latciviouſneſs and indecency, and re- 
fected diſgrace upon his family, The Mi- 
dotaur uſually devoured the Choſen young 
nen and maidens, which the tyranny of 
Minos yearly exacted from the Athenians, 
Theſeus delivered his country from this 
ſameful tribute, when it had failen to his 


M 1 


Minotaur, and, by means of Ariadne, the 
King's daughter, he deſtroy: d the monſter, 
and made his eſcape from the windings of 
the labyrinth. The fabul» is tradition of 
the Mingtgur, ana of the infamous com- 
merce of Paſiphae with a f1yorite bull, has 
been often explained Some ſuppoſe that 
Paſiphae was enamuvured of one ot er huſ- 
band's courtiers, called Taurus, and that 
Dzdalus favored the paſßons of tie queen 
by ſuffering his houſe to become the retreat 
of the two lovers. Paſiphac, ſome time 
after, brought twins into tne world, one of 
whom greatly reſembled Minos, and the 
other Taurus. In the natural reſemblance 
of their countenances with that of their ſup- 
poſed fathers orig nated their name, and 
conſequently the table of the Minotaur. 
Ovid. Met. 8, fab. 2.— Hygix. fab. 40.— 
Plut. in T. ale phat. —Vlirg. En. 6, 
v. 26. 

Mivruk, a daughter of Cocytus, loved 
by Pluto. Proſerpine diſcovered her huſ- 
band's amour, and changed his miſtreſs into 
an herb, called by the ſame name, mint. 
Jvid. Met 10, v. 729. 

MixnTURNA, a town of Campania, be- 
tween Sinueſſa and Formie. - It was in the 
marſhes, in its neighhourhood, that Marius 
concealed himſelt in the mud, to avoid the 
PEtizans of Sylla. Tne people condemned 
tim to death, but, waen his voice alone had 
terrified the executioner, they ſhowed them - 
ſelves compaſhonate, and favored his eſcape. 
Marica was worthipped there, hence marice 
CHa applied to me place. Strab. 2. 
Mela. 2, c. 4.— Liv. 8, &Cc.—Paterc, 2, 
c. 14.— Lucan. 2, v. 424. 

MiNnCT1 A, a veltal virgin, accuſed of de- 
bauckhery on account of the beauty and cles 
gance of her dreſs. She was condemned to 
be buricd alive hecauſe a female ſupported 
the falſe accuſation, A. U. C. 418. Liv. 8, 
N 15 A public way trom Rome to 
Brunduſium. //. Via. 

MixCTiUs, Augurinus, a Roman conſul 
ſlain in a battle againit the Samnites . 
A tribune of the peaple who put Mrxlius to 
death when ne aſpired to the ſovereignty of 
Rome. He was honored wich a brazen 
ſtatue for cauſing the corn to be ſold at a 
reduced price to the people. Liv. 4, c. 16, 
—Plin. 18, c. z. Rufus, a maſter of 
norſe to the dictator Fabius Maximus. His 
diſobecience to the commands of the dicta- 
tor was productive of an extenſion of his 
prerogative, and the maiter of the horſe 
was declared equal in power to the itator, 
Minutius, ſoon after this, fought with ill 
ſucceſs againſt Annibal, and was ſaved by 
tne interference of Fabius; which circums+ 
{tance had ſuch an cficct upon him that he 


„et is be ſacrificed to the voracity of the 


— — — —— — 


laid down his power at the icet of his de- 
hverety 


M I 


I:verer, and ſwore that he would never act 


but by his directions. He was Kuled at 
the battle of Cannæ. Liv. —C. Ne. in Aun. 
A Roman conſul who deſended Corio- 
lanus from the inſults of the people, &c. 
Another, defeated by the A%qm, and 
diſgraced by the dictator Cincimnatus.— 
An officer under Cæſar, in Gaul, who after- 
wards became one of rhe conſpirators againſt 
his patron. Cæſ. B. G. 6, c. 29. A 
tribune who warmly oppoſed the views of 
C. Gracchus. A Roman choſen dictator, 
and obliged to lay down his office, becaule, 
during the time of his election, the ſudden 
cry of a rat was heard. A Roman, one 
of the firſt who were choſen queſtors.——— 
Felix, an African lawyer, who floriſhed 
207 A. D. He has written an elegant dia- 
logue in defence of the Chriſtian religion, 
called Oclaum, from the principal ſpeaker 
in it. This book was long attributed to 
Arnobius, and even printed as an 8th book 
Helau] till Balduinus diſcovered the im- 
poſition in his edition of Felix, 1560. The 
two laut editions are that of Davies, 8vo. 
Cantab. 1712; and ot Gronovius, vo. 
... 1709. 

Mixya, a name given to the inhabitants 
of Orchomenos, in Bœotia, from Minyas, 
King of the country. Orchomenvs, tie fur 
of Minyas, gave his name to the capital of 
the country, and the inhabitants ſtil] retain- 
ec their original appeliation in contradiſ— 
tinction to the Orchomenians ot Arcadia. 
A colony of Orchomenians paſſed into 
Theſſaly and ſettled in Iolchos; from 
which circumſtance the people of the place, 
and particularly the Argonauts, were called 
Minyæ. This name they received, according 
to the opinion of ſome, not becauſe a num- 
Ver ot Orchomenians had ſettled among 
them, but becauſe the chick and nobleſt of 
therm were deſcended from the daughters of 
Minyas. Part of the Occhomenians ac- 
companied the ſons of Codrus when they 
mig rated to Ionia, The deicendants of the 
Argonauts, as well as the Argonauts theme 
ie;ves, received the name of Minyæ. They 
mit nihbabitcd Lemnos, whcre they had 
been born from the JLemnian women who 
tad murdered them hufbands. They were 
driven fiom Lemnos by the Pelaſgi about 
1160 years before the Chriſtian era, and 
tame to ſettle in Laconia, from whence 
tney paiſed into Callitte with a colony of 
J.2-edemoniuns, Ig. ſab. 14. —Pauſ.g. 
0. —. Ipallzu. I, ary — [Ter odot. 4, C. 145. 
MivYat, a king of Batutia, fon of Nep- 
rant wt Tritegonay the daughter of Æolus. 
LE mace him the fon of Neptune and Cal- 
hre, or of Chryſes, Neptune's fon, and 

egen, the daughter of Hanus, He 


- 
_— 


| 


i 


M I 


mariicd Clytodora, by whom he had Pref. 
bon, Pericly menus, and Eteocly menus, He 
was fatlier of Orchomenos, Diochitlionde;, 
and Athamas, by a ſecond marriage with 
Planafora, the daughter of Paon. Accord. 
ing to Plutarch and Ovid, he had chice 
daughters, called Leuconoe, Alcithoe, aud 
Leucippe. They were changed into bat; 
Lid. Mineides.] Pauſ. 9, c. 36.— Plat. 
uu. Cræc. — Ovid. Met. 4, ». l, 
&c. 

MrxYcvs, a river of Theſſaly, falling 
into the ſea near Arene, called afterwards 
Orc homenus Homer. II. 11.—Strab, 8. 

MiNxVEID ES. Vid. Mineides. 

MiN VIA, a feſtival obſerved at Orcbo- 
menos in honor of Minyas, the king of tz 
place. The Orchomenians were called Mj. 
nyæ, and the river upon whole banks thei 
town was built Mynos. A ſinall iſland 
near Patmos. 

M1xvyTvus, one of Niobe's ſons. Ae 

Mriracks, an cunuch of Parthia, &:, 
Flacc. 65 V. 6950. 

Miskx uu or MisENUs. Id. Miſenys, 

MisE us, a fon of Molus, who was piper 
to Hector. After Hector's death he fol- 
lowed Æncas to Italy, and was drowned on 
the coaſt of Campania, becauſc he had chal. 
lenged one of the Tritons. ZEncas after- 
warts found his body on the ſea-ſhore, aid 
buried it on a promontoiy which bears lis 
name, now .\/;ſers, There was allo a town 
of the ſame name on the promontury, at 
the weſt of the bay of Naples, and it had 


allo a capacious harbour, where Auguſtus 


and ſome of the Roman emperors generally 
kept ſtationed one of their flects. Virg. A. 
3, v. 239. |. 6, v. 164 & 234.—Strab. 5. 
Aa. 2, c. 4.— Liv. 24, c. 13.—lait, 
H. 2, e. 9. Au. 15 ©. 31. 

MIsIiTnEHus, a Roman, celebrated for his 
virtues and his misfortunes. He was fatier- 
in-law to the emperor Gordian, whoſe coun- 
ſels and actions he guided by his prudence 
and moderation. He was ſacrificed to the 
ambition of Philip, a wicked ſenator, who 
ſucceeded him as prefect of the prætorian 
guards, He died A. D. 243, and left all ls 
poiſeſhons to be appropriated for the ood 
vi the public. 

MiTHRAs, a god of Perſia, ſuppoſed to 
be the fun, His worthip was introduced at 
Rome, and the Romans raiſed him altars, 
on which was this inſcription, Des Seti 
Aſithræ, or Sli Deo inviets Mithre. He 
is generally repretented as a young man, 
whoſe head is covered with a twban, after 
the manner of the Perſians. He ſupports 
us knee upon a bull that lies on the ground, 
and one of whoſe horns he holds in one 
nand, while with the other he plunges 4 

dz 4 


dagger ine 
U. 4, 
MITHR 
Alexander 
Niſus. C 
MITHR 
ordered te 
refuſed, ar 
own ſon, . 
MITHR 
Sardes, &c 
MITHR 
of Pontus. 
of Perha, | 
independe 
au red in 
difficulty. 
g0\ ernor Q 
by Ariobar 
GL Be; 
tus, Was 
made him 
teen conq 
ceded to 4 
the Mace 
queror's £ 
years, and 
ears, B. 
fon Mithri 
nus put h 
the cauſe 
Dind. —— 
monarch. 
ſeſhons by 
Paphlagor 
years. Di: 
ther Ariol 
thridates I 
Mithridati 
his throne 
Great, wh 
He was ſu 
Tac VI. 
He was t! 
mide alli. 
iſhed thy 
war, and 
Wii had 
gamus. T 
called Er. 
man peop 
and was 
He was m 
— 7. /tin, 
upator, | 
Mithridat 
II years. 
warked t 
ve murd 
oft by iT 
anq he fo 
Inidotes 
Mcmics ; 


| Pref. 
us. He 
onde, 
e with 
.CCord. 
1 three 
Ve, and 
0 bats, 
— Pt. 


V. l 


falling 
:rwWargs 


b. 8. 


Orcho. 
of the 
ed Mi- 
Ks their 
| iſland 


770 lol 
a, &c. 


liſenos, 
1S piper 
he fol- 
ned on 
d chu. 
after- 
re, aud 
Ars lus 
3 town 
Ur, at 
it had 
ug uſtus 
nerally 
g. A. 
rab. Jo 
= T acit, 


| for his 
ſather- 
e coun- 
udence 
| to the 
Ir, who 
etorian 
all his 
e good 


oſed to 
uced at 
ajtars, 
09 So 
ey: 
y man, 
y after 
1pports 
round, 
in one 
ngecs 4 
Cz 6 


M I 


dagger into his neck. Stat. Theb. 1, v. 720 


. 4, c. 3. — Claudia. de laud. Stil. 1. 

MITHRACENSES, a Perfian who fled to 
Alexander after the murder of Darius by 
Bus. Curt. 5. 

MITHRADATES, a herdſman of Aſtyages, 
ordered to put young Cyrus to death. He 
fuſed, and educated him at home as his 
own ſon, & c. Herodot,— Tuſtin, 

MituRENFS, a Perſian who betrayed 
Sardes, & c. (. 3. 

MiTHRIDA Tres tft, was the third king 
of Pontus. He was tributary to the crown 
of Perha, and his attempts to make himſelt 
independent proved fruitleſs He was con- 
ou-red in a battle, and obtained peace with 
difficulty. Xenophon calls him merely a 
gn ernor of Cappadocia. He was ſucceeded 
by Ariobarzanes, B. C. 363. Diod.— Yenoph. 
he ſecond of that name, king of Pon- 
tus, was grandſon to Mithridates I. He 
made himſelf maſter of Pontus, which had 
been conquered by Alexander, and had been 
ceded to Antigonus at the general diviſion of 
the Macedonian empire among the Con- 
queror's generals. He reigned about 26 
rears, and died at the advanced age of 84 
rears, B. C. 202. He was ſucceeded by his 
fon Mithridates III. Some ſay that Autigo- 
nus put him to death, becauſe he favored 
the cauſe of Caſſander. Appian. Mith.— 
Did. The III. was ſon ot the preceding 
monarch. He enlarged his paternal pol- 
ſ*ſhons by the conqueſt of Cappadocia and 
Paphlagonia, and died after a reign of 36 
years. Diadl. The IV. ſuccgeded his fa- 
ther Ariobarzancs, who was the fon of Mi- 
thridates III. TheV.fucceeded his father 
Mithridates IV. and ſtrengthened himſelf on 
bis throne by an alliance with Antiochus the 
Great, whoſe daughter Laodice he marricd. 
Hie was ſucceeded by his fon Pharnaces. 
Tie VI. ſuccceded his father Pharnaces. 
He was the fiſt of the kings of Pontus who 
mide alliance with the Romans. He kur- 
tiſhed them with à fleet in the third Punic 
war, and afiſted them againſt Ariſtonicus, 
Wio had laid claim to the Kingdom of Per- 
gamus, This fidelity was rewarded; he was 
called Evergetes, and received trom the Ro- 
man people the province of Pluygia Major, 
and was called the friend and ally of Rome. 
lle was murdered, B. C. 123. 4ppran. Mithr 
Tuſtin. 37, &C. The VII. hrnamed 
Eypator, and The Great, ſucceeded his father 
Muhridates VI. though only at the age of 
It years. The beginning of his re:gn was 
darked by ambition, cruelty, and artifice. 
le murdered his dn mother, who had been 
*ft by his father cohelreſ: of the kingdom, 
nd he fortified his conttitution by drinking 
Midotes againſt the poiſon with which his 
Gcmies at cout aticmpted to deſtroy him. 


* 


4 


= 


He early inured his body to kardſhip, 25d 
employed himſelf in many manly exerciſes, 
often remaining whole months in the coun - 
try, and making the frozen ſnow and the 
euth the place of ti; repoſe. Natwaily 
ambitious and cruel, he ſpared no pains ©» 
acquire himſelf power and dominion. H- 
murdered the two ſons whom his fitter Lao- 
dice had had by Ariarathes, king of Cappado- 
cia, and placed one of his own children, only 
eight years old, on the vacant throne, Theſe 
violent proceedings alarmed Nicomedes, 
king of Bithy nia, who had married Laodice, 
the widow of Ariarathes. He ſuborned a 
youth to be king of Cappadocia, as the 
third fon of Ariarathes, and Laodice was 
lent to Rome to impote upon the ſenate, 
and affure them that her third fon was now 
alive, and that his pretenſions to the king- 
dom of Cappadocia were juſt and well 
grounded. Mithiidatevuled the ſame arms 
vt diftmulation. He alſo ſent to Rome Gor- 
ius, the governor of his ſon, who ſoletanly 
declared before the Roman people, that the 
youth who tat on the throne of Cappadocia 
was the third fon and lawful heir of Arjara- 
thes, and that he was ſupported as ſuch by 
Mithridates. This intricate affair difpleaſed 
the Roman ſenate, and, hnallv to ſettle the 
diſpute between the two monarcls, the pow- 
ertul arbiters took away the kingdom of Cap- 
padoc ia from Mithridates, and Paphlagonia 
from Nicomedrs. Theie two kingdoms being 
thus ſeparated from their original poſſeſſors, 
were preſented with their freedom and inde - 
pendence ; but the Cappadocians refuſed ir, 
and received Ariobarzaues fer King. Such 
were the heit ſecds of epmity between Rome 
and the king of Pontus. | Fid. Mithridati- 
cum hᷣellum.] Mithridates never loſt an op- 
portunity by which ke might leſſen the influ- 
ence of his advertarics; and, the more efec- 
tually to deſtroy their power in Aſia, he or- 
dered all the Romans that were in his do- 
minions to be matlacred. This was done in 
one night, and no leſs than 1 50,000, accurd- 
ing to Plutarch, or $0,000 Romans, as An- 
pian mentions, were made, at one blow, the 
victims of his crueity. This univerſal maſ- 
facre called aloud for revenge. Aquilius, and 
ſoon after Sylla, marched againſt Mithridatcs 
with a large army. The former was made 
priſuner, but Sylla ohtained a victory over 
the king's generals, and another decifive en- 
24gement rendered him maſter of all Greece, 
Macedonia, Tonia, and Aſia Minor, which 
had 1tubmitted to the vitorions arms of the 
monarch of Pontus. This ul fortune was 


aggravated by the Joſs of about 200,009 
men, who wer? killed in the ſeveral engage- 
ments that had been fought; and Mithri— 
dates, weakened by repeated ill fiicceſs by 
ſea and land, iuved for peace from the con- 


CUetrgr, 


— — 


M I 


que ror, which he obtained on condition of 
defraying the ex pences which the Romans 
bad incurred by the war, and of remaining 
fatisficd! with the poſſeſſions which he had 
received from his anceſtors. While theſe 


negociations of peace were Carried on, 


Mithridates was nut unmindtul of his real 
intereſt. 
nations, obliged him to wiſh for peace 
He immediately took the held with an 
army of 140,000 iniantrv, and 16,000 
horſe, which confiſted of his own forces 
and thoſe ot his ſon-in- Jaw Tigcanes, king 
of Armenia. With ſuch a numerous army, 
he ſoon made himiclf maſter of the Roman 
provinces in Ana; none dared to oppoſe 
his conqueſts, and the Romans, relying on 
his fidelity, had withdrawn the greatett 
part of their armies hom the country. 
The news of his wailike preparations was 
no ſooner heard, than Lucuilus, the conſul, 
marched into Aſia, and, without delay, he 
blocked up the camp of Mithiidates, who 
was then beheging Cyzicus. The Allatic 
monarch eſcaped from him, and fled into the 
heart of his kingdom. Lucullus purſued him 
with the utmoſt celerity, and would have 
taken him priſoner after a battle, had not 
the avidity of his ſoldiers preferred the plun- 
dering of a mule loaded with gold, to the 
taking of a monarch who had exerciſed ſuch 
cruehies againſt their countrymen, and ſhown 
himſelt ſo faithleſs to the molt folemn en- 
gagements, After this eſcape, Mithridates 
was more careful about the ſatcry of his per- 
ſon, and he even ordered his wives and filters 
to deſt roy themſelves, feariul of their falling 
into the enemy's hands. The appointment 
of Glabrio to the command of the Roman 
forces, inſte ad of Lucullus, was favorable to 
Mithridates, and he recovered the greateſt 
part of his dominions. The ſudden arrival 
of Pompey, however, {von put an end to his 
victories. A battle, in the night, was fought 
near the Euphrates, in which the troops of 
Pontus labored under every diſadvantage. 
The engagement was by moon-light, and, 
as the moon then ſhone in tie face of the 
enemy, the lengthened ſhadows of the arms 
of the Romans having induced Mithridates 
to believe that the two armics were cloſe 
together, the arrows of his ſoldiers were 
darted from a great diſtance, and their ef- 
forts rendered ineffectual. An univerſal 
overthrow enſued, and Mithridates, bold in 
his misfortuncs, ruſhed through the thick 
ranks of the enemy, at the head of 8 o horic- 
men, 500 of which periſhed in the attempt 
to follow him. He ficd to Tigranes, but 
that monarch refuſed an aſylum ts his 
father-in-law, whom he had before ſup- 
ported with all the collected forces of his 
Kingdom. Mithridate; found a fate retreat 


— 
—— — 


His poverty, and not his incu—, 


M 1 


among the Scythians, and, though deſtitute 
ot power, friends, and reſources, yet he me. 
ditated the deſtruct ion of the Roman empire, 
by penetrating into the heart of Italy by land. 
Theſe wild projects were rejected by his fol. 
lowers, and he ſued for pcace. It was denied 
to his ambaſſadors, and the victorious Pam. 
pey declared, that, to obtain it, Mithridates 


' muit aſk it in perſon. He icorned to tf 


—— —<——_ — 


Limicif into the hands of bis enemy, and 
reſolvea to conquer or to die. His ubjects 
refuled to follow him any longer, and they 


| revoited from him, and made lis fot Phar. 


naces king. The fon ſhowed bimſelf un. 
grateful to bis father, and even, according 
to tome writers, lle ordered him to be put to 
death. This unnatural treatment broke the 
heart of Mithricatcs; he obliged his wife to 
poiſon herſelf, and attempted to Co the ſame 
himſelf, It was in vain; the frequent an» 
tidotes he had taken m the cariy part of 
his life, ſtrengthened his conſtitution againk 
the poiton, and, when this was unavailing, 
he attempted to ſtab himſclt. The blow 
was not mortal; and a Gaul, who was then 
preient, at his own requeſt, gave him the 
fatal ſtroke, about 63 ycars before the Chriſ- 
tian era, in the 72d year of his age. Such 
were the misfortunes, abilities, and miler- 
able end of a man, who ſupported himſelt 
ſo long againſt the power of Rome, and 
who, according-to the declaration of the 
Roman authors, proved a more powerful 
and indefatigable adverſary to the capital 
oft Italy, than the great Annibal, and Pyrrhus, 
Pericus, or Antiochus. Mithridates has been 
commended for his eminent virtues, and cen- 
{ured for his vices. As a commander he 
deſerves the moſt unbounded applauſe, and 
it may create admiration to ſee him waging 
war with ſuch ſucceſs during ſo many years, 
againſt the moſt powerful people on earth, 
ied to the field by a Sylla, a Lucullus, and 
a Pompey. He was the greateſt monarchthat 
ever ſat on a throne, according to the opinion 
ot Cicero; and, indeed, no better proof of 
his military character can be brought, than 
the mention of the great rejoicings which 
happened in the Roman armies and in the 
capital at the news of his death, No leſs than 
twelve days were appointedtor public thankſ- 
gie ings to the immortal gods, and Pompeyy 
who had ſent the firſt intelligence of his death 
to Rome, and who had partly haſtened his 
fall, was rewarded with the moſt uncommon 
honors. [ Vid. Ampia lex.) It is faid, that 
Mithridates conquered 24 nations, whoſe dif- 
ferent languages he knew, and ſpoke with the 
ſame eaſe anc fluency as his own. As a man 
of letters he alſo deferves attention. He was 
acquaintedwith the Greek language, and cver 
wiote in that dialcet a treatiſe on Lotany 
His il} in phyfic is well know! and * 
Th 


now tere 
hears lis I 
Superttitior 
to render h 
the author1 
companied 
comets, W! 
ſucceſſively 
the mid- da. 
part of the 
we Strab — 
Plat. in 9 
Max. 4, c. 
Mthrid.— 
Paterc. 2, 
r. 6, « 
took Deme 
king of A 
afterwards 
at liberty b 
by one of h 
nyolved 11 
Another, |} 
Pergamus, 
of J. Czfa1 
rus by him 
ſon of the g 
He was mu 
ta. —— Ar 
brated Kin; 
poſſeſhons | 
reighbourir 
a careful e 
regulations 
and frame! 
tis own ſu 
Orofucs,— 
ater, anc 
crown. 
by order 0 
armies of 
by the moi 
te Younge 
Killed him 
Plat. in A. 
who baſely 
Mirus 
years B. C. 
celt brated 
mans agail 
uon of Mit 
Ns name, n 
of it. His 
padoCia, © 
Romans, f 
%Unſt the! 
L C:flius, 
\ Oppiu+ 
yz of E 
Na, and G 
Horinces, 
1 Aſia, arr 


bor d. y t 


ſtitute 
me- 
npire, 
land, 
Is fol. 
lenied 
Pm. 
Cates 
» truſt 
„ and 
bjeciz 
d tney 
rnare 
if un. 
ording 
put to 
ke the 
Wife to 
e {ame 
t an- 
part of 
againſt 
ratling, 
e blow 
as then 
1m the 
Chriſ- 
Such 
miſer- 
himſeit 
e, and 
ol the 
owerful 
cupital 
yrrhus, 
as been 
nd cen- 
der he 
ſe, and 
waging 
y years, 
1 earth, 
us, and 
rch that 
opinion 
roof of 
t, than 
which 
in the 
eſs than 
thankſ- 
ompey, 
is death 
ned his 
ommon 
d, that 
wie dif- 
g ith the 
$ a man 
He was 
nd cven 
Lotany 
nd even 
us 


M I 


now were is 2 celebrated antidote which 


bears his name, and is called Mithridate, 
Superſtition, as well as nature, had united 
to render him great; and, if we rely upon 
the authoriry of Juſtin, his birth was ac- 
companied by the appearance of two large 
comets, which were ſeen for ſeventy days 
wccefively, and whoſe ſplendor eclipſed 
the mid-day ſun, and covered the fourth 
part of the heavens. Tuſtin. 37, c. 1, &c. 
Strab,—Diod. 14.— Flor. 3, c. 5, &c.— 
Plut, in Syll., Luc. Mar. & Pomp. — Val. 
Max. 4, c. 6. & c.— Dio. 30, &c.—Appian. 
Mthrid, —Plin. 33.—Cic. pro Man, &Cc.— 
paterc. 2, c. 18.—Eutrop. 5.— Toſeph. 14. 
—Orif. 6, Kc. A king of Parthia, who 
took Demetrius priſoner. A man made 
king of Armenia by Tiberius, He was 
afterwards impriſoned by Caligula, and ſet 
n liberty by Claudius. He was murdered 
by one of his nephews, and his family were 
involved in his ruin, Tacit, Ann. 
Another, king of Armenia. A king of 
Pergamus, who warmly embraced the cauſe 
of |. Cæſar, and was made king of Boſpho- 
rus by him. Some ſuppoſed him to be the 
ſon of the great Mithridates by a concubine. 
He was murdercd, &c. A king of Ibe- 
ra —Another of Comagena. A cele- 
brated King of Parthia, who enlarged his 
poſſeſhons by the conqueſt of ſome of the 
reighbouring countries. He examined with 
a careful eye the conſtitution and political 
regulations of the nations he had conquered, 
and framed from them, for the ſervice of 
bis own ſubjects, a code of laws. Tuſtin, 
(rofius, Another, who murdered his 
father, and made himſelf maſter of the 
crown, ——A king of Pontus, put to death 
by order of Galba, &c. A man in the 
armies of Artaxerxes. He was rewarded 
by the monarch for having wounded Cyrus 
tie Younger ; but, when hc boaſted he had 
Killed him, he was cruelly put to death. 
Hat. in Artax. A ſon of Ariobarzanes, 
who baſely murdered Datames. C. Nep. in Dat. 

MitHrIDATICUM BELLUM, begun 89 
years B. C. was one of the longeſt and moſt 
celebrated wars ever carried on by the Ro- 
mans againſt a foreign power! The ambi— 
uon of Mithridates, from whom it receives 
u name, may be called the cauſe and origin 
cit. His views upon the kingdom of Cap- 
padocia, of which he was ſtripped by the 
Romans, firſt engaged him to take up arms 
Yualt the republic. Three Roman officers, 

Caſſius, the pro-conſul, M. Aquilius, and 
\ Oppius, oppoſed Mithridates with the 
Ws of Bithynia, Cappadocia, Paphlago- 
%, and Gallo-grzcia. The army of theſe 
Forinces, together with the Roman ſoldiers 
n Aſia, amounted to 70,000 men, and $000 
oth, The forces of the king of Pontus 

© 


A 1 


were greatly ſuperior to theſe; he led 
2 50,000 foot, 40,000 horſe, and 130 armed 
chariots, into the field of battle, under the 
command of Neoptolemus and Arcielaus. 
His fleet conſiſted of 400 ſhips of war, well 
manned and proviſioned. In an engage- 
ment, the king of Pontus obtained the vic- 
tory, and diſperſed the Roman forces in 
Aſia. He became maſter of the greateit 
part of Aſia, and the Helleſpont ſubmitted 
to his power. Two of the Roman generals 
were taken, and M. Aquilius, who was 
the principal cauſe of the war, was cartied 
about in Aſia, and expoſed to the ridicule 
and inſults of the populace, and at laſt put 
to death by Mithridates, who ordered 
melted gold to be poured down his throat, 
as a ſlur upon the avidity of the Romans. 
The conqueror took every poſſible advan- 
tage; he ſubdued all the iflands of the 
Agean Sea, and, though Rhodes refuſed to 
ſubmit to his power, yet all Greece was 
ſoon over-run by his general Archelaus, and 
made tributary to the kingdom of Pontus. 
Mean while the Romans, incenſed againit 
Mithridates on account of his perfidy, and 
of his cruclty in maſſacring So, ooo of their 
countrymen in one day all over Aſia, ap- 
pointed Sylla to march into the eaſt, Syi'z 
landed in Greece, where the inhabitants 
readily acknowledged his power; but A- 
thens ſhut her gates againſt the Roman 
commander, and Archelaus, who defended 
it, defeated, with the greateſt courage, alt 
the efforts and operations of the enemy. 
This ſpirited defence was of thort duration, 
Archelaus retreated into Beeotia, where Sylla 
ſoon followed him. The two hoſtite armizs 
drew up in a line of battle near Chæronca, 
and the Romans obtained the victory, and, 
of the almolt innumerable torces ot the 
Aſiatics, no more than 10, oo eſcaped. 
Another battle in Theſſaly, near Orchome- 
nos, proved equally fatal to the king of 
Pontus. Dory laus, one of his generals, 
was deſeated, and he ſoon atter ſued for 
peace. Sylla liſtened to the terms of ac- 
commodation, 2s his preſence at Rome was 
now become nc-effary to quell the commo- 
tions and cabals whicu his enemies had 
raiſed agaiaſt him. He pledged himſelf to 
the King of Pontus to confirm him in the 
polletton of his deminions, and to procure 
him the title of friend and ally of Rome; 
and Mithridatcs contented to relinquiſh Aſia 
and Paphlagonia, to deliver Cappadocia to 
Arivbarzances, and Bithynia to Nicomedes, 
and to pay to the Romans 2000 talents to 
defray the expences of the war, and to de- 
liver into then hands 70 gallies with all thei 
rigging. Though Mithiidates ſeemed to 
have re-cli2bliſhed peace in his dominions, 
vet Fuubria, whoſe ſcauments were contrary, 

de 


X I M 1 


to thoſe of Sylla, and who made himſelf the enemy. A hattle enſued. The R;. 


matter of an army by intrigue and oppreſ- mans obtamed an eaſy victory, and no 1-1, 5 — 
ſion, kept him under continual alarms, and than I 00,000 foot of the Armenians pe. reatly c 
rendered the exiſtence of his power preca- riſhed, aud only hve men of the Romas, 1 
nous. Sylla, who had returned from | were killed. Tigranocerta, the rich capi refs of | 
Greece to ratify the treaty which had been of the country, fell into the conqueroyr', the great 
made with Mithridates, rid the world of hands, After ſuch fignal victories, Lucy). cxus 8 
1 the tyranuical Fimbria; and the King of lus had the mortification to ſee his oy Hellenicy 
|| Pontus, awed by the refolution and deter- | troops mutiny, and to be diſpoſſoſſed of the lene. It 
| mined firmneſs of his adverſary, agreed to | command by the arrival of Pompey, Ty. with Rho 
'Þ the conditions, though with reluctance. | new general thewed himſelf worthy to ſuc of having 
h The hoſtile preparations of Mithridates, ceed Lucullus.“ He acicated Mithridates, of Rome 
„ which continued in the time of peace, be- and rendered his affans 10 deſperate, that tan war 
„ ame ſuſpected by the Romans, and Mu- the monarch fled for {atety into the country fr their t 
ö rena, who was left as governor of Aſia in of the Scythiaus, where, for a while, he and, in tt 
: Syila's abſence, and who wiſhed to make meditated the ruin of the Roman empire, boldneſs t 
} himſelf known by ſome conſpicuous action, and, with more wildnefs than prudence, the treatie 


— ac 


| began hottilities by taking Comana and | ſecretly reſolved to invade Italy by land, Mithridat 
. plundering the temple of Bellona. Mithri- and march an army acroſs tne northern Strab, 13. 
Cf dates did not oppole him, but he complain— wilds of Aſia and Europe to the Apen- Paterc. 
43 ed of the breach of peace before the Roman | nines. Not only the kingdom of Mithi. Thucyd. 3. 
4 ſenate. Murzna was publicly reprimanded; dates had fallen into the enemy's hands, Mitys 
| but, as he did not ceaſe from hoſtilities, it | but alſo all the neighbouring Kings and his murde 
' was caſily underſtood that he acted by the | princes were ſubducd, and Pompey ay e. Arij 
n private directions of the Roman people. proſtrate at his feet Tigranes himſelf, that Macedonia 
The king upon this marched againſt him, King of kings, who had lately treated the Mrz! 
Fx and a battle was fought, in which both the Romans with ſuch contempt. Mean time, Mxasa 
1 adverſaries claimed the victory. This was | the wild projects of Mithridates terrifce epigrams, 
| | the laſt blow which the king of Pontus re- | his ſubjects; and they, fearful to accom- Mxas1, 
41 ceived in this war, which is called the ſe- pany him in a march of above 2000 miles Another of 
f cond Mithridatic war, and which continued | acrots a barren and uncultivated country, tz, in Ac 
ik for about three years. Sylla, at that time, revolted and made bis fon king. The mo— MnaAsrc 
1 was made perpctual dictator at Rome, and | narch, forſaken in his old age, even by tt: Died. 58, 
3x be commanded Murzna to retire from the | own children, put an end to his lite, {14 Myxasrr 
B kingdom of Mithridates. The death of | Mithridates VII.] and gave the Romans mpoſed up 
Sylſa changed the face of affairs; the treaty | cauſe to 1eJoice, as the third Mithridi &. Ply, 
'% vt peace between the king of Pontus and the | war was ended in his fall, B. C. 63. Such Myasrp 
© | Romans, which had never becn committed | were the unſucceſsful ſtruggles of Mithri- a fleet of 6 
to writing, demanded frequent explanations, | dates againſt the power of Rome. He wa era, wher: 
5 and Mithridates at laſt threw off the maſk of | always full of retyurces, and the Roman, MyasT 
F friendſhip, and declared war. Nicomedes, | had never a greater or more dangerous wa Mxason 
| zt his death, left his kingdom to the Ro- to twitain. The duration of the Mithridatie 1290 piece: 
mans, but Mithridates diſputed their right | war is not precitely known, According to Welve gud: 
to the poſſeſſions of the deceated monarch, | ſuſtin, Oroſius, Florus, and Eutropius, lf Mvas v! 
1 and entered the field with 120,000 men, | lalied for forty years; but the opinion et 14 
$ beſides a fleet of 400 ſhips in his ports, | others, who fix its duration to 30 years, 18 Mxemos 
16,000 horſemen to follow him, and 100 | tar more credityue ; and, indeed, by proper Nes, on a. 
| chariots armed with {cythes. Lucullus was calculation, there elapled no more than 26 L Nep. in | 
\ 2ppointed over Aſia, and entrutted with the | years from the time that Mithridates firit Mxkuss 
' 
| 


are of the Mithridatic war. His valor and 
prudence ſhowed his merit; and Mithridates, 
in his vain attempts to take Cyzicum, loft 
no leſs than 300,000 men. Succels conti— 
rually attended the Roman arms. The 
king of Pontus was defeated in ſeveral 
bloody engagements, and with dcithculty 
ſaved his life, and retired to his ſon-in-law 
Tigranes, king of Armenia. Lucullus pur: 


' Dion. 


entered the held againſt the Romans til 
the time of his death. Appian, in A 
thrid.-—Tuftin. 37 &c.— aer. 2, c. L. 
—- Plut. it Luc. & c.. 


Terra, mot! 
Mer, who 
b enjoy her 
Ie ignifies 
— 

ies, | 
WUrment ti 
Mir prog ret 
Mhinday, 


MI1THRIDATIS, a daughter of Mithri- 
dates the Great. She was poiſoned by het 
fathcr. 

M1THROBARZANES, a king of Arme- 


ſued him, and, when his applications for nia, &C. An officer ſent by Tigranes e. 1, 
| the perſon of the tugitive monarch had been againſt Lucullus, &c. Put. The tathet- Whoſe water 


deſpiſed by Tigranes, he marched to the | 


capital of Armenia, and territied, by his 


taddeu approach, the numerous forces ol | city of the itlagd of Leſbos, which recer© 


in-law of Ditames. 


#9 conſult 
MiTYLENE & MiTYLENE, the capits 


auf. 9, C. 
Maes z: 


ne 


M NC 


Ri. irs name from Mitylene, the daughter © 
o bet; Macareus, a king of the country. It was 
pe- greatly commended by the ancients for the 
mari jztelineſs of its buildings, and the fruitful- 
apital neſs of its ſoil, but more particularly for 
eror's the great men it produced. Pittacus, Al- 
Ucul- crus, Sappho, Terpander, Theophanes, 
; Own Hellenicus, &c. were all natives of Mity- 
of the lene. It was long a feat of learning, and, 
The with Rhodes and Athens, it had the honor 
0 ſuc of having educated many of the great men | 
dates, o Rome and Greece. In the Pe'oponne- 
5 khat fan war the Mityleneans ſuffered greatly 
buntry for their revolt from the power of Athens; 
le, he 2nd, in the Mithridatic wars, they had the 
mpire, boldneſs to reſiſt the Romans, and djſdain 
dence, the treaties which had been made between 
' land, Mithridates and Sylla, Cic. de Leg. ag.— 
orthern Strab, 13.—Mela, 2, c. 7.— Died. 3 & 12. 
Apen. —Paterc. 1, c. 4.— Horat. 1, od. 7, &c.— 
Mithii- Thucyd. 3, &C.—Plut, in Pomp. &c. 
hands, MiTYs, a man whoſe ſtatue fell upon 
s and his murderer and cruſhed him to death, 
ey lay Ke. Ariſtot. 10, de Poet. A river of 
If, that Macedonia. 
ted the Mizz1, a people of Ely mais. , 
an time, MxASALCES, a Greek poet, who wrote 
terrifice epigrams, Athen.—Strab, 
accom- Mxas14s$ an hiſtorian of Pheenicia.—— 
o miles Another of Colophon. A third of Pa- 
country, tz, in Achaia, who floriſhed 141 B. C. 
he mo- MrASICLES, a general of Thymbro, &c. 
n by ht: Died. 58. 
e, (Id MxAsS1PPIDAS, a Lacedzmonian, who 
Romans mpoſed upon the credulity of the people, 
thridau ke. Polyezn. 

3. Such Mvastppus, a Lacedzmonian, ſent with 
 Mithri- a fleet of 65 ſhips and 1500 men ta Cor- | 
He was era, where he was killed, &c. Pied. 15. 

Rom:ns Myav1THEVUS, a friend of Aratus. 
rous Wal Mxason, a tyrant of Elatia, who gave 
1thridatic 1200 pieces of gold for twelve pictures of 


ording do 
opius, It 
pinion Of 
years, 15 
, et 
by prof 


twelve gods. Plin, 35, c. 16. 
MxasyR1tUM, a place in Rhodes. Strab. 
14 
MxeEMon, a firname given to Artax- 
mes, on account of his retentive memory, 


than 20 Mp. in Reg. A Rhodian. 

Jates firlt MxkussVxE, a daughter of Cgelus and 
"mans til lena, mother of the nine Muſes, by Ju- 
„ in Mie pier, who aſſumed tne form of a ſhepherd 
c. Lis. „ enſoy her company. The word Mauema- 


Paterc.— ſy bgnifhes memory, and therefore the poets 


ure rightly called memory the mother of 


H Mithri- le muies, becauſc it is to that mental en- 
1ec by bel Urment that mankind are indebted for 
Mir progreſs in ſcience. Ovid. Met. 6, fab. 
of Arme- Mlindar, Iſth. 6. — Heſiod. Theog.— Ap 
Tigranes . 10 . 1, &c. A fountain of Bootia, 
he tather- tet waters were generally drank by thoſe 
bs Fo conſulted the oracle of Trophonius. 
the capits 9, c. 39. 
ch W latsaxcuus, a gclebrated philoſopher 
115 


— 


— 


X O 
of Greece, pupil to Panætius, &. Cc. de 


at. I, c. 11. 

MxEs1DAMus, an officer who conſpired 
againſt the lieutenant of Demetrius. Po- 
Hen. 5. 

Mwts1LAvs, a ſon of Pollux and Phoebe, 
Apollod. 

Mxzs1MXCar, a woman courted by Eu- 
rytion, & c. Id, 

Mnzs1MAc4vs, a comic poet. 

. MNESTER, a freedman of Agrippina, 
who murdered himſelf at the death of his 
mittreſs. Tacit, An. 14, c. 9. 

MwEesTHEvs, a Trojan, deſcended from 
Aſſaracus. He obtained the prize given to 
the beſt ſailing veſſe! by Æneas, at the fu- 
neral games of Anchiſes, in Sicily, and be- 
came the progenitor of the family of the 
Memmii at Rome. Vg. n. 4, v. 116, 
&C.——A ſon of Peteus. Vid. agg mY 

A freedman of Aurelian, &c. Eutrep. 
g.—Aur, Viet. 

MxEsTIA, a daughter of Danaus, A.- 
polled. 

MwrsTRA, a miſtreſs of Cimon. 

MxEvrs, a celebrated bull, ſacred to the 
fun in the town of Heliopolis. He was 
worſhipped with the ſame ſuperſtitious 
ceremonics as Apis, and, at his death, he 
receives the moſt magnificent funeral. He 
was the emblem of Oſiris. Dizd. 1. Plut, 
de Lid. 

MoAaPHERNES, the uncle of Strabo's mo- 
ther, &c. Straß. 12. 

MomesTUs, a Latin writer, whoſe book 
De re Militari has been elegantly edited in 
2 vols. Svo. Veſaliæ, 1670. 

Mon1A, a rich widow at Rome. J. 3. 
v. 130. 

Mor:crAa, one of the tribes at Rome. 
Liv. 8, c. 17. 

Mozwus, a river of Germany, Tacit. 
de Germ. 28. 

MorRAGETES, ſatorum ductor, a firname 
of Jupiter, Paxſ. 5, c. 15. 

MozRts, a king of India, who fled at 
the approach of Alexander. Curt. 9, c. 8. 
A ſteward of the ſhepherd Menalcas in 
Virgil's Fol. 1. A King of Egypt. He 
was the laſt of the zoo kings from Menes 
to Seſoſtris, and reigned 68 years. Herodot. 
6, 4+ A celebrated lake in Egypt, 
ſuppoſed to have been dug by the king of 
the ſame name. It is about 220 miles in 
circumference, and intended as a reſervoir 


for the waters during the inundation of the 


Nile. There were two pyramids in it, 
600 feet high, half of which lay under the 
water, and the other appeared on the ſur- 
face, Herodot. 2, c. 4, &c.— Mela. 1, C. 6. 

lin. 36, c. 12. 
Mob, a people of Thrace, conquered 
by Philip of Macedonia. 
K K Moo, 


— — * 
— 


A 


TS 7 
—— — 
„ 


— — Ez 


—— _ —— — — 
—— I ᷑T ĩ 


M O 


Moro, 2 Sicilian, who poiſoned Aga- 
thocles, &c- 

Mors A, a country 6f Europe, bounded 
en the ſouth by the mountains of Dalmatia, 
narth by mount Hzmus, extending from 
the confluence of the Savus and the Danube 
to the ſhores of the Euxine. It was di- 
vided into Upper and Lower Mœſia. Lower 


Ma ſia was on the borders of the Euxine, | 


and contained that tract of country which 
received the name of Pontus from its vici- 
nity to the ſea, and which is now part of 
Bulgaria, Upper Mafia lies beyond the 
other, in the inland country, now called 
Servia, Plin. 3, c. 26. —Virg. G. 1. v. 102, 

Moura feſtival in Arcadia, in com- 
memoration of a battle in which Lycurgus 
obtained the victory. 

Mori6wne, the wife of Actor, fon of 
Phorbas. She became mother of Cteatus 
and Eurytus, who, from her, are called 
Alolionides, Pauſ. 8, c. 14.—Apollod, 2. 
0. 7. 

Moro, a philoſopher of Rhodes, called 
alſo Apollonius. Some are of opinion that 
Apollonius and Molo are two different 
perſons, who were both natives of Alaban- 
da, and diſciples of Menecles, of the ſame 
place. They both viſited Rhodes, and 
there opened a ſchool, but Molo floriſhed 
ſome time after Apollonius. Molo had 
Cicero and J. Cæſar among his pupils. 
Vid. Apalloniut.—Cic. de Orat. A prince 
of Syria, who revolted again} Antiochus, 
and killed himſelf when his rebellion was 
attendee with ill ſucceſs. 

MoLoE1s, a river of Bæotia, near Pla- 
Xi, 

M Llox CHU Ss, an old ſhepherd near Cleo- 
nx, who received Hercules with great hoſ- 
pitality, The hero, to repay the kindneſs 
he received, deftroyed the Nemæan lion, 
which laid waſte the neighbouring country; 
and therefore, the Nemæan games, inſtitu- 
ted on this occaſion, are to be underſtood 
by the words Lucus Melorchi. There were 
two fettivals inſtituted in his honor called 
Alolor cher. Martial. 9, ep. 44. |. 14, ep. 
44.— Apollad. 2. c. 5. — irg. G. 3. v. 19. 
— Stat. Theb. 4, v. 160. 

MGLOssSt, a people of Epirus, who in- 
batited that part of the country which was 
called Mfeleſia or Moeleſſit from king Mo- 
luiſus, This country had the bay of Am- 
bracia on the ſouth, and the country of ttc 
Perrhzbeans on the caſt. The dogs of the 
place were famous, and received the name 
of Molofh among the Romans. Dodona 
was the capital of the country according to 
ſome writers. Others, however, reckon jt 
as the chief city of Theſprotia. Lucret., 5, 
v. 10, 62.—Lucan. 4, v. 440.—Streb. 7. 
wb it. Tuſtin, 7, c. 6.—C. Nep. 2, Cc. 8.— 

| 6 


X O 


Virg. G. 3, v. 495. — Herat. t. Sat. 6, 


V. 114. Mo v 
MötessfA, or MoLoss1s. Vid. Molofh. Colchis 
MoLlossus, a ſon of Pyrrhus and An. Mo x 

dromache. He reigned in Epirus after the Roman: 

death of Helenus, and part of his dominj. ned th 
ons received the name of Moloſſia from Cybele, 

him. Pau. 1, c. 11. A firname of Div. 1, 

Jupiter in Epirus. An Athenian gene. a temple 

ral, &c. Id. in Thef. The father of name, | 

Merion of Crete, Vid. Molus. Homer. Od. 6. Romans 
MoLrAvDia, one of the Amazons, &c, and that 

Plut. deſs by t 
MoLypvs, an author who wrote an hif. houſe of 

tory of Lacedzmon. food. —. 
Morus, a Cretan, father of Meriones. was firna! 

Homer, Od. 6. A ſon of Deucalion. mans, wt 
MoLycCR1oN, a town of Alia between complain 

the Evenus and Naupactum. Pau. 3, that mone 

E. 3. cultivated 
MomMEMPHs, a town of Egypt. Stra, MowT> 

E9, tus, whor 
Momus, the god of pleaſantry among When his 

the ancients, ſon of Nox, according ty dates orde 

Hefiod. He was continually employed in ſelves ; M 

ſatirizing the gods, and whatever they did ſelf, but v 

was freely turned te ridicule, He blamed ſhe odere 

Vulcan, becauſe in the human form which Plut, in L 

he had made of clay, he had not placed a Moxim 

window in his breaſt, by which whatever Moxör 
was done or thought there, might be eafily one contir 
brought to light. He cenſured the houſe teeth, whe 

which Minerva had made, becauſe the god- 7 e. 16. 

de ſs had not made it moveable, by which Moxœc 

means a bad neighbourhood might be r, where 
avoided. In the bull which Neptune had de is called 
produced, he obſerved that his blows might Mo vor! 
have been ſurer if his eyes had been placed Mo xo 

nearer the horns. Venus herſelf was en- Tie king e 

poſed to his ſatire; and when the fneering one of his d 

god had found no fault in the body of the - law the a 

naked goddeſs, he obſerved as ſhe retired, "uation, fta 

that the noiſe of her feet was too loud and we enemy“: 

greatly improper in the goddeſs of beauty, Moxs s, 

Theſe illiberal reflections upon the gods Viere the K 

were the cauſe that Momus was driven from alt, which 

heaven. He is generally repreſented raiſing ne tribunes 
a maſk from his face, and holding a ſmall * TH 

Ggure in his hand. Heſied, in Theog,—Ia* C 

cian. in Herm. Moxrxxx 
Mera, a dog. Vid. Mera. Aer and 
Mona, an iſland between Britain and — ora 

Hibernia, anciently inhabited by a number _- of Me 

of Druids. It is ſuppoſed by fume to be 3 Dom 

the modern iſland of Angleſey, and by — 
others, the iſland of Man. T acit. 14. Ann, 3 OPH, 

c. 18, & 29. ern 
Mo x Asks, a king of Parthia who fa- d root uf 

vored the cauſe of M. Antony againit Au- Her 

guſtus. Horat. 3, od. 6, c. 9.—> Pate * feet 

thian in the age of Mithridates, &c. 1 ly v. 1 
Mod pA, 4 river, between the Durius OA 

and Tagus, in Portugal. Plin. 4, C22. 3 

MoNE5Us wg per 


X O 


MowEsvs, a general killed by Jaſon at 
Colchis, & e. 


ſh, MoxnETA, a firname of Juno among the 
Wh Romans. She reccived it becauſe ſhe ad- 
— viſed them to ſacrifice a pregnant ſow to 
— cybele, to avert an earthquake. Cic. de 
ro Div. 1, c. 15. —Livy ſays, (7, c. 28.) that 
, a temple was vowed N under this 
* name, by the dictator Furius, when the 
OY Romans waged war againit the Aurunci, 
* and that the temple was raiſed to the god- 
N dels by the ſenate, on the ſpot where the 
hif houſe of Manlius Capitolinus had formerly 
- good. Svidus however, ſays, that Juno 
was firnamed Moneta, from aſſuring the Ro- 
8 mans, when in the war againſt Pyrrhus they 
complained of want of pecuniary reſources, 
gs that money could never fail to thoſe who 
1.5 cultivated juſtice. 
MoniMa, a beautiful woman of Mile- 
* tus, whom Mithridates the Great married. 
When his affairs grew deſperate, Mithri- 
N dates ordered his wives to deſtroy them- 
ty - ſelves; Monima attempted to ſtrangle her- 
nf ſelf, but when her efforts were unavailing, 
7 F ſhe ordered one of her attendants to ſtab her, 
| 1 Plut. in Luc. 
5 Moxviuvs a philoſopher of Syracuſe. 
= 5 Mond pus, a ſon of Pruſias. He had 
* de continued bone inſtead of a row of 
"oy reth, whence his name (pucrS» -). Plin. 
9. e. 16. 
a 0 R Mon@cvus, a town and port of Ligu- 
bo * ra, where Hercules had a temple, whence 
> had he is called Monacius. Strab. 4. 
ape? be MoxoLevs, a lake of Æthiopia. 
X — MoxorulLus, an eunuch of Mithridates, 
4. — Tic king entruſted him with the care of 
2 0 one of his daughters; and the eunuch, when 
_—_— be (aw the affairs of his maſter in a deſperate 
| ried ſituation, tabbed her leſt ſhe ſhould fall into 
= . ue enemy's hands, & c. 
 beauty- Moxs SACER, a mountain near Rome, 
wages vnete the Roman populace retired in a tu- 
* oe nult, which was the cauſe of the election of 
0 ot te tribunes. 
"a ſmall — SEVERUS, a mountain near Rome, 
c, 
2 MoxnTAxvus, a poet who wrote in hex- 
deter and elegiac verſes. Omid. ex Pont. 4. 
ain and —An orator under Veſpaſian. A fa- 
| under rte of Meſſalina. One of the ſenators 
* to be om Domitian conſulted about boiling 


b zurbot. Fur, 4 
wi MoxopyAce, ſacrifices in ZEgina, 
IP NoxYcuus, a powerful giant, who 


who fa- Wild root up trees and hurl them like a ja- 
ainſt Au- He receives his name from his hav- 
| be feet of a horſe, as the word implics. 


AFP 
| a, Il, V. 11. 


NoxYma. Vid. Monima. 
Moxymus, a ſervant of Corinth, who, 
being permitted by his maſter to follow 


cc. f 
he Dur 
Ly C. 22. 

loNssU Y 


M O 
Diogenes the cynic, pretended madnefs, 


and obtained his liberty. He became a 


great admirer of the philoſopher, and alſo 
of Crates, and even wrote ſomething in the 
form of facetious ſtories. Dieg. Laert. 
Moynts, an Indian prince conquered by 
Alexander, 
Moys1vxt, a hill and town of Theffaly, 
between Tempe and Lariſſa, Liv. 42. 
Morsor iA, an antient name of Athens, 
from Mopſus one of its kings, and from 
thence the epithet of Me ſopius is often ap- 
plied to an Athenian. 
MorSuntsT1 a, or Mopsos, a town of 
Cilicia near the ſea, Cic. Fam. 3, c. 8. 
Mopsus, a celebrated prophet, ſon of 
Manto and Apollo, during the Trojan war. 
He was conſulted by Amphimachus, king 


of Colophon, who wiſhed to know what 


ſucceſs would attend his arms in a war 
which he was going to undertake. He pre- 
dicted the greateſt calamities; but Calchas, 
who had been a ſoothfayer of the Greeks 
during the Trojan war, promiſed the great- 
eſt ſucceſſes. Amphimachus followed the 
opinion of Calchas, but the prediction of 
Mopſus was fully verified. This had ſuch 
an effect upon Calchas that he died ſoon 
after. His death is attributed by ſome to 


The two ſoothſayers, jealous of cach other's 
fame, came to a trial of their {kill in divi- 
nation. Calchas firſt aſked his antagoniſt 
how many figs a neighbouring tree bore z 
ten thouſand except one, replied Mopſus, 
and one fingle veſſel can contain them all. 
The figs were gathered, and his conjectures 
were true, Mopſus, now, to try his ad- 
verſary, aſked him how many young ones a 
certain pregnant ſow would bring forth. 
Calchas confeſſed his ignorance, and Mop- 
ſus immediately ſaid, that the ſow would 
bring forth on the morrow ten young ones, 
of which only one ſhould be a male, all 
black, and that the females ſhould all be 
known by their white ſtreaks. The mor- 
row proved the veracity of his prediction, 
and Calchas died by exceſs of the grief which 
his defeat produced. Mopſus after death 
was ranked among the gods; and had an 
oracle at Malia, celebrated for the true and 
deciſive anſwers which it gave. Strab. . 
—Pauſ. 7, c. z. Ammian. 14, c. 8.— 
Plut. de erue. deſect. A ſon of Ampyx 
and Chloris, born at Titareſſa in Theſſaly. 
He was the prophet and ſoothſayer of the 
Argonauts, and died at his return from Col- 
chis by the bite of a ſerpent in Libya. 
Jaſon erected him a monument on the ſea 
thore, where afterwards the Africans built 
him a teinple where he gave oracles. He 
has often been confounded with the ſon of 


K 2 Ware 


| Mauto, as their profeſſions and their names 


another mortification of the ſame nature. 


N 0 
were alike. Hypin. f: 
Strab. 9,——A ſhepherd of that name in 
Virg. Ecl. 


M U 


ib. 14, 128, 173.— poet in the age of Ptolemy Philadelphus. 
Tie ſweetneſs and elegance of his eclogues, 
which are ſtill extant, make the world re- 


Maroantiun (or 14), a town of Sicily, Bret the loſs of poetical pieces no ways in- 


near the mouth of the Symethus. Cic. it 
Ver. 3, e. 18. 

Moxixi, a people of Belgic Gaul, on 
the ſhores of the Britiſh ocean. The ſhort» 
eſt paſſage in Britain was from their terrl- 


tories, They were called ca tremi hominum | Cu 
i iends. Hor at, I, CP. 55 V. 9. 


by the Romans, becauſe fituate on the ex- 


tremities of Gaul. Their city, called 4% 


rinorum caſlellum, is now Mount Calles in 
Artois; and Morinorum civitas, 15 Ter ONE? eo 
om the Lis. Virg. An. 8, v. 726.— C. 4, 
B. /. &. 21. 

MorrTAsSGUS, a king of the Senones 
at the arrival of Cæſar in Gaul. Car. 
B. G. 

Moktus, a river of Bœotia. PV. 

Mogrukus, a miniſter of the god Som- 
nus, who naturally imitated the grimaces, 
geſtures, words, and manners, of mankind. 
He is ſometimes called the god of ſlecp. 
He is generally repreſented as a Neeping 
child of a great corpulence, and with wings. 
He holds à vaſe in one hand, and in the 
other are ſome poppies. Ovid, Met. 11, 
fab. 10. 2 

Mons, one of the infernal deities born 
of Nizht, without a father. She was Wor- 
ſhipped by the antients with great ſolemnity, 
and repreſented not as an actually exiſting 
power, but as an imaginary being. Purt- 
pides introduces her in one of his tragedies 
on the ſtage. The moderns repreſent her 
as a ſkeleton armed with a ſcythe and a 
{cy metar. 

MorTcum Mars. id. Mare Mor- 
tuum. 

Moxve, a Trojan killed by Meriones du- 
ring the Trojan war. Ilomer. Il. 13, Sc. 

Mosa, a river of Belgic Gaul falling into 
ne German ocean, and now called the 
lacſe or M. uſe. The bricge OVe1 It A - 
por, is now ſuppoled to be Marfiricat. 

Facit. H. 4, c. 66. ; 

Mosch, now Maſcat, a port of Arabia 
en the Red ica. 

Mosc1n1, «. people of Aſia, at the well 
of the Caſpian 1:4, [arcla. is Ce L 33 Co 5. 
Lan. 3, Vo 270. 

Mose H1O! a Name common fo four 
differont writers hole compohtions, Ca 
' rafter, and native place UNKNOWN, Some 


* 


. 20 " d i N ; ; ox $3 
(pap muants 01 Lien 1. 235. nel, LOTT; 


neral among the Jews, well known in 1a. 


terior to the productions of Theocritus, 


The bett edition of Moſchus with Bion is 


tiat of Heſkin, Svo. Oxon. 17453,—A 
Greek rhetorician of Pergamus in the age 
of Hor ce, defended by Torquatus in an ac- 
cuſation of having poiſone4 ſome of hig 


MoSELL a, a river of Belgic Gaul falling 
into the Rhine, at Coblentz, and now cal. 


led the Moſetle,—Fleor, 3, c. 10.— Tacit. An, 
185 C. 5 3. 


Moss, a celebrated legiſlator and ge- 


cred hiſtory. He was born in Egypt, 1571 
B. C. and after he had performed his mita- 
cles before Pharaoh, conducted the Iſrael. 
ites through tne Red ſea, and given them 
laws and ordinances, during their peregrina- 
tion of 40 years in the wilderneſs of Ara. 
biz; he died at the age of 120, His writ- 
ings have been quoted and commended by 
ſeveral of the heathen authors, who haze 
diveſted themſelves of their prejudices 3. 
gainſt an Hebrew, and extolled his learning 
and the eſfects of his wiſdom. Longinus— 
Diod. 1. 

MosyCHLUs, a mountain of Lemnds. 
Nicand, . 

MosyNA&cr, a nation on the Euxine ſea, 
in whoſc territories the 10,000 Greeks ſtaid 
on their return trom Cunaxa. AXenoph. 

MoTHONE, a town of Magneſia, where 
Pi:};p1of% one of his eyes. Tuſtin. 7, c. b. 
Ihe word is oftener ſpelt Methone. 

Mon va, a town of Sicily, beſieged and 
taken by Dionyſus, tyrant of Syracule. 

MucitAaxus, a facetious and intriguing 
2cncral under Otho and Vitellius, &c. 

Mucirus. Ji. Mutius. 

Muc RA, a village of Samnium. d. 
8, v. 686. 

MUiCiRER, a ſirname of Vulcan, / 
mulecrda ferrums } trom his occupation. 
Ovid, Met. 2, v. 5. Fid. Vulcanus. 

N eL cn, a river of Africa, dividing 
Numidia from Mauritania. Plin, 5, c. 2. 

lutvirs Pons, a bridge on the Flami- 
nian way, about one mile diſtant from 


_ 
Rome. Mart. 3, ep. 14. 


: | 3 Mo MMI US, aA 1. Iman conſul, ſent 


aint the Achæ ins, whom hc conquered, 
BC. 1:5, He dsſtroved Corinth, Thebes, 


Fits verſe; and a treat ic 4 rortsis Heli ti, ane in Tor Ly order of the chatte, = 
c i hy „ | Lil. 1506 obtaindd the hiename of .Jehaicus rom his 
141 C5 ; 1 1711 , # + PS : . k 8 [ : * l . 8 . * 

* 4 c 1 Ph n1Cian Wo Mt the 1 victoric He did not enrich Lumiclt with 

IVE ta 4% % > 3 45 vs 8 i 2 i ! P a , b 1 1 0 home 

l ov of ui country 11 (1% OWN MOU! 1-1 F.C 1140115 Of the Cn: n, Det FELUNAER 

ue. A philotopher ot Sidon, He | witruut ans CLCTERLC Of LONTUNE. He = 
| ed to * dae tbander ut anatomical to ume Manne with the value of the pam pt 
15 .{,HIVICU. & GAPS | : a F Pal. it cl br; te Artitts 
puilotophy Strab A Grieck Bucolie ; 1ngs and works uf tie mot CEICDTe | 
442. 2 EF & * Us 


of G 
of Ci 
veyee 
them 
other 
Feral 
3 
man 
verſat 
of his 
tin po 
a pre 
ther © 
guiſhe 
for thi 
ad att 
ſus de 
Mu 
to the 
was al 
who 1 
they h 
nified 
nius re 
orator 
grandfa 
ame n 
and w 
promiſe 
ſome ti. 
He wa 
left him 
liate the 
Were gre 
mfluenc 
body fl 
With the 
rewarde 
in Ant... 
conſpire 
Ann. 1 5 
friend 01 
Mun 
tica, ce 
fought tl 
between 
Rome, U 
8 
obitinate 
low put 
Pompey 
1,000, 
V. $00, — 
Muxj 
of Priam 
o the Ca! 
len. 16, 
Muxy 
Ween t 
dumum, 
unt chere 
wor he 


tie, Th 


ge- 
la- 
57 
lira- 
rael- 
hem 
ina- 
Aras 
Write 
d by 
have 
es 2- 
rning 
JS 


mnoy. 


e ſea, 
s ſtaid 
J. 
where 
c. b. 


ed and 
uſe. 
riguing 
c. 


Ital. 


an, (4 


neiding 
7 6.2. 
Flami 
1t from 


ul, ſent 
1Guzred, 
Thebes 
ate, and 
ſrom his 
ſelf with 
ed home 
He Was 
he paint- 
ca artiſts 
Vs 


M U 
Greece, which were found in the plander 
of Corinth, that he ſaid to thoſe who con- 


eyed them to Rome, that if they loft 


them or injured them, they ſhould make 
others in their ſtead, Paterc. 1, c. 13.— 
Strab. 8.—Plin. 34, c. 7. I. 37, c. 1.—Flor. 
2, c. 6, —Pauf. 5, c. 24. Publius, a 
man commended by C. Publicius for the 
verſatility of his mind, and the propriety 
of his manners. Cic, de crat. 2. A La- 
tin poet, Macrobius. 1. Satur. 10. M. 
a prætor. Cic, in Verr. Spurius, a bro- 
ther of Achaicus before mentioned, diſtin- 
guiſhed as an orator, and for his tondnefs 
for the ſtoic philoſophy. Cic. ad Brut. 25. 
ad att. 13, ep. 6. A licutenant of Craſ- 
ſus defeated, &c. Plut. in Crafſ.. 

MunaTrivs, PLANcos, a conſul ſent 
to the rebellious army of Germanicus. He 
was almoſt killed by the incenſed foldiery, 
who ſuſpected that it was through him that 
they had not all been pardoned and indem- 
nified by a decree of the ſenate. Calpur- 
nius reſcued him from their fury. An 
orator and diſciple of Cicero. His father, 
grandfather, and great-grandfather bore the 
ſame name. He was with Cæſar in Gaul, 
and was made conſul with Brutus. He 
promiſed to favor the republican cauſe tor 
ſome time, but he deſerted again to Cæſar. 
He was long Antony's favorite, but he 
left him at the battle of Actium to conci- 
liate the favors of Octavius. His ſervices 
were great in the ſenate; for, through his 
mfluence and perſuaſion, that venerable 
body flattered the conqueror of Autony 
with the appellation of Auguſtus, He was 
rewarded with the office of cenſor. Pt. 
in Ant. Gratus, a Roman knight who 
conſpired with Piſo againſt Nero. H[ac7. 
Ann. 15, c. $0.—Suet. in Aug. 29.——A 
inend of Horace. 1. ep. 3, v. 31. 

MuxDaA, a ſmall town of Hiſpama Px- 
tica, celebrated for a battle which was 
fought there on the 19th of March B. C. 45. 
between Cæſar and the republican forces of! 
Rome, under Labicnus and the ſons of Pom- 
pey. Cæſar obtained the victory after an 
obitinate and bloody battle, and by this 
blow put an end to the Roman republic. 
Pompey loſt 30,000 men, and Cæſar only 
1,000, and 500 wounded, Sil; Lal. 2, 
V. 400. —Hirt. bell. Hiſp. 27, —Lucan. 1. 

Mux1Tvs, a ſon of Laodice the daughter 
dt Priam by Acamas. He was entruited 
bite care of ZEthra as ſoon as born, Par- 
Un, 16, 

MUxYCHlA (and &,) a port of Attica, 

ween the Piræus and the promontory oi 
enum, called aiter king! lunychus, wno 

uit chere a temple to Diana, and in whoſe 
"910r he inſtituted feſtivals called Man- 
a. The temple was held ſo ſacred that 


* 


M U 


whatever criminals fled there for reſugs 
were pardoned. During the feſtivals they 
offered ſmall cakes which they called 
amphiphonter, amo Tv a gg $:Þx £1, from 


/aining all round, becauſe there were lighted 


torches hung round when they were car- 
ried to the temple, or becauſe they were 
offered at the full moon, at which time the 
tolemnity was obſerved. It was particu— 
larly in honor of Diana who is the ſame as 
the moon, becauſe it was full moon when 
Themiſtocles conquered the Perſian fleet at 
Salamis. The port of Munychia was well 
fortified, and of great conſequence ; there- 
fore the Lacedæmonians, when ſovereigns 
af Greece, always kept a regular garriſon 
there. P/ut,—Ovid. Met. 2, v. 7509.—Strab. 
9. Pauſ. 1, c. 1. 

Murzxa, a celebrated Roman left at 
the head of the armies of the republic in 
Aſtra by Sylla. He invaded the dominions 
of Mithridates with ſucceſs, but ſoon aſter 
met with a defeat. He was honored with 
a triumph at his return to Rome. He com- 
manded one of the wings of Sylla's army 
at the battle againſt Archelaus near Chæ- 
ronea, He was ably defended in an ora- 
tion by Cicero, when his character was 
attacked and cenſured. Cic. pro Mur.— 
Appian. de Mithrid, A man put to 
death for conſpiring againſt Auguſtus, 
B. C. a2. 

Mogcus, an enemy of the triumvirate 
of J. Cæſar. Statius, a man who mur- 
dered Pifo in Veſta's temple in Nero's 
reign, Tacit, H. 1, c. 43. 

MURGANTIA, a town of Samnium. 
Lu. 25, c. 27. 

MURRHENUS, a friend of Turnus killed 
by Eneas, &c. Virg. An. 12, v. 529. 

MuznzsAa, now Et, a town of Hungary, 
where the Drave falls into the Danube. 

MurT1a, or MYRTIA, (a jupr©s), a 
ſirname of Venus, becauſe the prefided over 
the myrtle. This goddeſs was the patron of 
;Alencts and cowardice, Varro de L. L. 4, 
e. 32. 

Mus, a Roman conſul. Vid. Decius. 

Musa ANTONIUS, a freedman and phy- 
ſiclan of Auguſtus, He cured his imperial 
matter of a dangerous diſeaſe under which 
he labored, by recommending to him the 
uſe of the cold bath. He was greatly re- 
warded for this celebrated cure. He was 
honored with a brazen ſtatue by the Ro- 
man ſenate, which was placed near that of 
Aſculapius, and Auguitus permitted him 
to wear a golden ring, and to be exempted 
from all taxes. He was not ſo fucceisful in 


recommending the ufe of the cold bath to 
Marcellus, as he had been to Avuguitus, 
and his illuftrious patient died under his 
| cure. 


The cold bath was fur a long time 
K k 3 cdilcon- 


—— — 
Re _ 


— — 


— 


— 


[i 
* 


Lo 


MX U 


diſcontinued, till Charmis of Marſeilles in- 
troduced it again, and convinced the world 
of its great benefits. Muſa was brother to 
Euphorbus the phyſician of king Juba. Two 
ſmall treatiſes, de kerb4 Botanica, and de tu- 
enda Valetudine, are ſuppoſed to be the pro- 
ductions of his pen. A daughter of Ni- 
comedes, king of Bithynia. She attempted 
to recover her father's kingdom from the 
Romans, but to no purpoſe, though Cæſar 
eſpouſed her cauſe. Paterc. 2.—Suet in Ce. 
Mus æ, certain goddeſſes who preſide d 
over poetry, muſie, dancing, and all the li- 
beral arts. They were daughters of Jupi- 
ter and Mnemoſyne, and were nine in num- 
der; Clio, Euterpe, Thalia, Melpomene, Ter- 
pſichore, Erato, Polyhymnia, Calliope, and 
Urania. Some ſuppoſe that there were only 
three muſes, Melete, Mneme, and Aœde; 
others four, Telxiope, Aœde, Arche, Me- 
Jete. They were, according to others, 
daughters of Pierus and Antiope, from 
which circumſtance they are called Pierides. 
The name of Pierides might probably be 
derived from mount Pierus where they were 
born. They have been ſeverally called Caſ- 
tmlides, Aganippedes, Lebethrides, Aonides, 
Heliconiades, &c. from the places where 
they were worſhipped, or over which they 
preſided. Apollo, who was the patron and 
the conductor of the muſes, has received the 
name of Muſagetes, or leader of the muſes, 
The ſame ſirname was alſo given to Hercules. 
The palm tree, the laurel, and all the foun- 
tains of Pindus, Helicon, Parnaſſus, &c. were 
ſacred to the muſes. They were generally 
repreſented as young, beautiful, and modeſt 
virgins. They were fond of ſolitude, and 
commonlyappeared in different attire accord- 
ing to the arts and ſciences over which they 
prefided. [ Vid. Clin, Euterpe, Thalia, Mel- 
pomene, Se.] Sometimes they were repre- 
ſented as dancing in a chorus, to intimate 
the ncar and indiſſoluble connexion which 
exiſts between the liberal arts and ſciences. 
The muſes ſometimes appear with wings, de- 
cauſe by the aſſiſtance of wings they freed 
themſelves from the violence of Pyrenæus. 
Their conteſt with the daughters of Pi-rus 
is well known. [ Vid. Pierides.] The wor- 
ſip of the muſes was univerſally eſtabliſhed, 
particularlyin the enlightened parts of Greece, 
Theſſaly, and Italy. No ſacrifices were ever 
otfered to them, though no poet ever began 
a poem without a ſolemn invocation tu the 
goddefſes who prefided over verſe. There 
were feſtivals inftituted in their honor in ſe- 
veral parts of Greece, eſpecially among the 
Theſpians, every fifth year, The Macedo- 
nians obſerved alſo a feſtival in honor of 
Jupiter and the muſes. It had been inſti- 
tuted by king Archelaus, and it was cel*- 


braicd with ſtage plays, games, and different | Brut, ep. 5. 


M U 

exhibitions, which continued nine days ze. 
cording to the number of the muſes, Plz 
Erot,—Pollux.— A ſchin. in Tim.— Pauſ. q, 
c. 29.—Apollod, 1, c. 3.—Cic. de Nat. U. 
3 c. 21.— Heſſed. Theog—Virg. An, 
Ovid. Met. 4, v. 310.— Homer. Hymn, iſ, 
— Juv. 7.— Diod. 1.— Martial. 4, ep. 14. 
us æus, an ancient Greek poet, ſup. 
poſed to have been ſon or diſciple of Linus 
or Orpheus, and to have lived about 1410 
years before the Chriſtian era. Vigil has 
paid great honor to his memory by placing 
him in the Ely ſian fields attended by a great 
multitude, and taller by the head than his 
followers. None of the poet's compoſitiong 
are extant. The elegant poem of the loves 
of Leander and Hero was written by a Mr. 
ſæus who floriſhed in the feurth century, 
according to the more received opinions, 
Among the good editions of Muſzus two 
may be ſelected as the beſt, that of Rover 
8vo. L. Bat. 1727 ; and that of Schroder, Sv, 
Leovard, 1743. Virg. An. 6, v. 677,- 
Diog. A Latin poet whoſe compoſitions 
were very obſcene. Martial. 12, ep. 96. 
A poet of Thebes who lived during the 
Trojan war. | 

Musonivus Rurvs, a ſtoic philoſopher 
of Etruria in the reign of Veſpaſian. Tac, 
Hiſt. 3, c. 81. 

MusSTELA, a man greatly eſteemed by 
Cicero. Ad Attic. 12. A gladiator, (e. 

MuUuTHVULLuUs, a river of Numidia, Sa. 
luft. Tug, 48. 

MvuT1A, a daughter of Q. Mutius Ser- 
vola and ſiſter of Metellus Celer. She 
was Pompey's third wife. Her incont!- 
nent behaviour ſo diſguſted her huſband that 
at his return from the Mithridatic war, be 
divorced her, though ſhe had borne him 
three children. She afterwards married M. 
Scaurus. Auguſtus greatly efteemed bet. 
Plut. in Pomp.——A wife of Julius Cx- 
ſar beloved by Clodius the tribune. St. 
in Cæſ. 50. — The mother of Auguſtus. 

Moria Lex, the ſame as that which 
was enadted by Licinius Craſſus, and Q. Mu- 
tius, A. U. C. 657. Vid. Licinia Lex. 

Morte, or MUTYCE, a town of Sicily 
weſt of the cape Pachynus. Cie. in Fer. 5 


Co 43. 


via Auguſta, Tacit. Ann, 4, c. 12. 


Gaul, where M. Antony beſieged D. 


MuTIL1A, a woman intimate with Li- 


MuTiNnaA, a Roman colony of Co 
ru- 


tus whom the conſuls Panſa and Hirtius de. 


livered. Two battles on the fifteenth of April 
B. C. 43, were fought, in which Antony 
was deteated, and at laſt obliged to ret 
Mutina is now called Modena. Lucan. 1 
v. 41. |. 7, v. 872.—Sil. 8, v. 592.— 0 
Met. 15, v. 822.—Cic. Fum. Wy ep. 1 


Mv TIiNEY 


rights 
deliver 
enemy 
of a Ti 
the lan 
tion in 
tent. 
when ! 
mediati 
ſtahhed 
bis roy: 
and M. 
brought 
ſwer to 
only tol 
to give 
laid his 
toals ar 
without 
that 30. 
conſpire 
camp in 
iroy hit 
extraord: 
he made 
from the 
name of 
uſe of h 
preſence 
= Flax. 
Scevola, 
nctory 0 
bimſelf 8 
ighly C 
imtructec 
——— 
Aſa, wh 
parity, 
Ahers as: 
Cicero ſp 
and ingen 
ad as a | 
mple of 
Amus aj 
ll Ci 
0. 22, 
Mvrũ 
Roma 


s at- 
Plut. 
10. 9, 
t. D, 
En. 
. #luf, 
. 14, 
s ſu 
Lien 
t 1410 
zil has 
placing 
a great 
han his 
ofitions 
e loves 
a Mts 
entury, 
pinions. 
us two 
f Rover 
er, Svo, 
677, 
ofttions 
ep. 96, 
ring the 


loſopher 
„ Tacit. 


med by 
or. Cie. 
a, Sal. 


jus Ser- 
er. She 
inconti- 
and that 
war, be 
rne bim 
rricd M. 
ned bet. 


Lex. 
i of Sicily 


in Ver. Jz 


with Li- 


D. 


Irix 


8 ö 
Cifalpine 
wa 
Iirtius de- 
th of April 
h Antony 
to rene. 
Lucan, I, 
2,— Ovid, 


ep. If 


M U 


MuTInEs, one of Annibal's generals who 
was honored with the freedom of Rome, 
on delivering up Agrigentum. Liv. 25, 
t. 41. |. 27, c. 5. 

MurtNos. Vd. Mutunus. 

MuT1vs, the father-in-law of C. Marius. 
A Roman who ſaved the life of young 
Marius, by conveying him away from the 
purſuits of his enemies in a load of ſtraw. 
＋ friendof Tiberius Gracchus by whoſ- 
means he was raiſed to the office of a tribune. 
C. Sczvola, ſirnamed Cordus, became 
famous for his courage and intrepidity. 
When Porſenna, king of Etruria, had he- 
ſieged Rome to reinſtate Tarquin in all his 
rights and privileges, Mutius determined to 
deliver his country from ſo dangerovs an 
enemy. He diſguiſed himſelf in the habit 
of a Tuſcan, and as he could fluently ſpeak 
the language, he gained an eaſy introduc- 
tion into the camp, and ſoon into the royal 
tent. Porſenna fat alone with his ſecretary, 
when Mutius entered. The Roman im- 
mediately ruſhed upon the ſecretary, and 
fahbed him to the heart, miſtaking him for 
bis royal maſter. This occaſioned a noiſe ; 
and Mutius, unable to eſcape,was ſeized and 
brought betore the King. He gave no an- 
ſwer to the enquiries of the courtiers, and 
only told them that he was a Roman, and 
to give them a proof of his fortitude, he 
laid his right hand on an altar of burning 
toals and ſternly looking at the king, and 
without uttering a groan, he boldly told him, 
that 300 young Romans like himſelf had 
conſpired againſt his life, and entered his 
camp in diſguiſe, determined either to de- 
firoy him, or periſh in the attempt. This 
extraordinary confeſſion aſtoniſhed Porſenna, 
de made peace with the Romans and retired 
kom their city. Mutius obtained the fir- 
name of Scawvola, becauſe he harl loſt the 
ule of his right hand by burning it in the 
preſence of the Etrurian king. Plur. in Par, 
Fh. 1, c. 10.—Liv. 2, c. 12. Q. 
Scevola, a Roman conſul. He obtained a 
nctory over the Dalmatians, and ſignalized 
timſelf greatly in the Marſian war. He is 
tighly commended by Cicero, whom he 
mtructed in the ſtudy of civil law. Cic.— 
Plit,——Another appointed proconſul of 
Aha, which he governed with ſo much po- 
Pularity, that he was generally propoſed to 
hers as a pattern of equity and moderation. 
Cicero ſpeaks of him as eloquent, learned, 
nd ingenious, equally eminent as an orator 
ad as a lawyer. He was murdered in the 
ple of Veſta, during the civil war of 
Arius and Sylla, 82 years before Chriſt. 
: „—Cic. de Orat. 1, c. 48.—Paterc. 2, 
22. 


Mv rũxus, or Murĩ vus, a deity among 


M V 


of the Greeks. The Roman matrons, and 
particularly new married women, diſgraced 
themſelves by the obſcene ceremonies which 
cuſtom obliged them to obſerve before the 
ſtatue of this impure deity. Auguſt. de Cir. 
D. 4, c. 9. l. 6, c. 9g.—La&ant. 1, c. 20. 

MuTusc#, a town of Umbria. Virg. 
Eu. 9, v. 711. 

MuZzER1s, a town of India, now - 
zindruk, Plin, 6, c. 23. 

Myacrus orMyopes, a divinity among 
the Egyptians. He was entreated by tie 
inhabitants to protect them from flies and 
lerpents. Pau. 8, c. 26. 

MYCXLE, a celebrated magician, who 
boaſted that he could draw down the moon 
from her orb. Ovid. Met. 12, v. 263.=—— 
A city and promontory of Afia Minor op- 
poſite Samos, celebrated for a battle which 
was fought there between the Greeks and 
Perſians on the 22d of September 479 B. C. 
the ſame day that Mardonius was defeated 
at Platæa. The Perſians were about 100,000 
men, that had juſt returned from the un- 
ſucceſsful expedition of Xerxes in Greece, 
They had drawn their ſhips to the ſhore 
and fortihed themſelves, as if determined 
to ſupport a ſiege. They ſuffered the Greeks 
to diſembark from their fleet without the 
leaſt moleſtation, and were ſoon obliged to 
give way before the cool and reſolute intre- 
pidity of an inferivr number of men. The 
Greeks obtained a complete victory, flaugh- 
tered ſome thoulands of the enemy, burned 
their camp, and ſailed back to Samos with 
an immenſe booty, in which were ſeventy 
cheſts of money among other very valuable 
things. Herodot. — Fuſlin. 2. c. 14.— Diod. 
—A woman's name. Juv. 4, v. 141. 

MycALEsSUs, an inland town of Bœotia, 
where Ceres had a temple, Pauſ. , 
c. 19. 

Micixæ, a town of Argolis, in Pelo- 
ponneſus, built by Perſeus, ſon of Danae. 
It was fituate on a ſmall river at the eaſt 
of the Inachus, about 50 ſtadia from Argos, 
and received its name from Mycene, a 
nymph of Laconia, It was once the ca- 
pital of a kingdom, whoſe monarchs reigned 
in the following order; Acriſius 1344 B. C. 
Perſeus, Electryon, Mzitor and Sthenelus ; 
and Sthenelus alone for eight years; Atreus 
and Thyeſtes, Agamemnon, Egyſthus, Oreſ- 
tes, Epytus, who was diſpoſſeſſed 1104 B. C. 
on the return of the Heraclidæ. The town of 
Mycenæ was taken and laid in ruins by the 
Argives B. C. 56%; and it was almoſt un- 
known where it ſtood in the age of the geo- 
grapher Strabo. Pauſ. 2, c. 16.—Strab, 8. 
—Virg. An, 6, v. 839. —Mela. 2, c. 3. 
The word Myccnæus is uſed for Agamem- 
non as he was one of the Kings of My- 
cenæ. 


Romans, much the ſame as the Priapus 


KK 4 Mveixis, 


PREY * 


OR 


— — 


T-Rex A — 44 — 


3 


xz 


\ 
: 

, 
7 
Ky 

1 
F s. 
„ 


— * 
* 1 = — 


2 


M U 


diſcontinued, till Charmis of Marſeilles in- 
troduced it again, and convinced the world 
of its great benefits. Muſa was brother to 
Euphorbus the phyſician of king Juba. Two 
ſmall treatiſes, de herb4 Botanica, and de tu- 
enda Valetudine, are ſuppoſed to be the pro- 
ductions of his pen. A daughter of Ni- 
comedes, king of Bithynia. She attempted 
to recover her father's kingdom from the 
Romans, but to no purpoſe, though Cæſar 
eſpouſed her cauſe. Paterc. 2,—Suet in Cæſ. 
Mus #, certain goddeſſes who preſide d 
over poetry, muſic, dancing, and all the li- 
beral arts. They were daughters of Jupi- 
ter and Mnemoſyne, and were nine in num- 
der; Clio, Euterpe, Thalia, Melpomene, Ter- 
| vue Erato, Polyhymnia, Calliope, and 
rania. Some ſuppoſe that there were only 
three muſes, Melete, Mneme, and Aœde; 
others four, Telxiope, Acœde, Arche, Me- 
lete. They were, according to others, 
daughters of Pierus and Antiope, from 
which circumftance they are called Pierides. 
The name of Pierides might probably be 
derived from mount Pierus where they were 
born. They have been ſeverally called Caſ- 
telides, Aganippedes, Lebethrides, Aonides, 
Heliconiades, &c. from the places where 
they were worſhipped, or over which they 
preſided. Apollo, who was the patron and 
the conductor of the muſes, has received the 
name of Muſagetes, or leader of the muſes. 
The ſame firname was alſo given to Hercules, 
The palm tree, the laurel, and all the foun- 
tains of Pindus, Helicon, Parnaſſus, &c. were 
ſacred to the muſes. They were generally 
repreſented as young, beautiful, and modeſt 
virgins. They were fond of ſolitude, and 
commonlyappreared in different attire accord- 
ing to the arts and ſciences over which they 
preſided. [ Vid. Clio, Euterpe, Thalia, Mel- 
pomene, Se.] Sometimes they were repre- 
ſented as dancing in a chorus, to intimate 
the ncar and indiſſoluble connexion which 
exiſts between the liberal arts and ſciences. 
The muſes ſometimes appear with wings, de- 
cauſe by the aſſiſtance of wings they freed 
themſelves from the violence of Pyrenæus. 
Their conteſt with the daughters of Pi-rus 
is well known. [ Vid. Pierides.] The wor- 
ſnipof the mules was univerſally eſtabliſhed, 
particularlyin the enlightened parts of Greece, 
Theſſaly, and Italy. No ſacrifices were ever 
otfered to them, though no poet ever began 
a poem without a ſolemn invocation to the 
goddeſſes who preſided over verſe. There 
were fcſtivals inftituted in their honor in ſe- 
veral parts of Greece, eſpecially among the 
Theſpians, every fifth year, The Macedo- 
nians obſerved alſv a feſtival in honor of 
Jupiter and the muſes. It had been inſti- 
tuted by king Archelaus, and it was cele- 


bratcd with ſtage plays, games, and different | Brut, ep. 5. 


M U 

exhibitions, which continued nine days ae. 
cording to the number of the muſes, Plz, 
Erot,—Pollux.— A ſchin. in Tim,—Pai, 95 
c. 29.—-Apollod. 1, c. 3.—Cic. de Nat. Y. 
3, c. 21.— Heſied. Theog—Virg. An, 
Ovid. Met. 4, v. 310.— Homer. 43 Iu, 
— 71, 7, Diod, 1.—Martial. 4z ep. 14. 

vs us, an ancient Greek poet, ſup. 
poſed to have been ſon or diſciple of Linus 
or Orpheus, and to have lived about 1410 
years before the Chriſtian era. Vigil has 
paid great honor to his memory by placing 
him in the Ely ſian fields attended by a great 
multitude, and taller by the head than bis 
followers. None of the poet's compoſitiong | 
are extant. The elegant poem of the loves rights 
of Leander and Hero was written by a Mr, deliver 


ſæus who floriſhed in the feurth century, enemy. 
according to the more received opinions, of a T. 
Among the good editions of Muſzus two the Jan 
may be ſelected as the beſt, that of Rover non in 
8vo. L. Bat. 1727; and that of Schroder, $v, dent. 
Leovard, 1743. Virg. An. 6, v. 677, when | 
Diog. A Latin poet whoſe compoſitions mediat. 
were very obſcene. Martial. 12, ep. 96. ſtabbed 
A poet of Thebes who lived during the lis roy: 
Trojan war. and M. 
Musonivus Ruyvs, a ſtoic philoſopher brough! 
of Etruria in the reign of Veſpaſian. Tad. ſwer to 
Hift. 3, c. 81. only tol 
MusTELA, a man greatly eſteemed by to give 
Cicero. Ad Attic. 12,——A gladiator. (i, lad his 
MUuTHULLUs, ariver of Numidia, Sa. toals an 
lu. Jug. 48. a * 
My ri, a daughter of Q. Mutius Ser- t JO 
vola and ſiſter of Metellus Celer. Ste conſpire 
was Pompey's third wife. Her inconti- camp 1n 
nent behaviour ſo diſguſted her huſband that ftroy hir 
at his return from the Mithridatic war, be extraord! 
divorced her, though ſhe had borne bim de made 
three children. She afterwards married M. from the 
Scaurus. Auguſtus greatly efteemed det. 3 of 
Plut. in Pomp. —A wife of Julius Cx- me hi 
' far beloved by Clodius the tribune. Sue. preience 
in Cæſ. 50.—The mother of Auguſtus. * . 
Moria Lex, the ſame as that which ts 
was enadted by Licinius Craſſus, and &. Mu- 0 ye. 0 
tius, A. U. C. 657. Vd. Licinia Lex. * elf g 
MuT1ca, or MUTYCE, a town of Sicily * ci 
welt of the cape Pachynus. Cie. in Fer. 5 My 
8 M; inti ith Li- Aha, wh. 
UTILIA, a woman intimate with Li lr 
via Auguſta, Tacit. Aun. 4, c. 12. . 


MuTina, a Roman colony of Ciſalpine — 
Gaul, where M. Antony beſieged D. Bru- 0 


tus whom the conſuls Panſa and Hirtius de. 5 ingen 
livered. Two battles on the fifteenth of April . a | 
B. C. 43, were fought, in which Antony _ of 
was deteated, and at laſt obliged to rene: - 800 aj 
Mutina is now called Modena. Lucan. I, A * 
v. 41. l. 7, v. 872.—Sil. 8, v. 592. — Ot 15 . 
Met. 15, v. 822.—Cic. Fam. o, ep - 14 2 

| Koma 


Mv TINES 


ofitiong 
ge loves 
'A M. 


entury, 
dinions. 
us two 
f Rover 
er, dvo. 
677.— 
ofitions 
ep. 96, 
ring the 


loſopher 
„ Tacit, 


med by 
Or. Cic, 
a, Sat 


us Ser- 
er. She 
inconti- 
and that 
war, he 
rne him 
rried M. 
ned bet. 


Lex. 


of Sicily 


in Fer. 35 


with Li- 


ru- 
lirtius de- 
hof April 
h Antony 
to retire. 
Lucan. 1y 
2.— vid. 


ep: Ih 


3 
Ciſalpine 
D. 


{ſy TINESy 


M U 


MvuTInEs, one of Annibal's generals who 
was honored with the freedom of Rome, 
on delivering up Agrigentum. Liv. 25, 
t. 41. |. 27, c. 5. 

MurtNos. Vid. Mutunus. 

MuT1vs, the father-in-law of C. Marius. 
A Roman who ſaved the life of young 
Marius, by conveying him away from the 
purſuits 0 his enemies in a load of ſtraw. 
— A friendof Tiberius Gracchus by whoſ- 
means he was raiſed to the office of a tribune. 
C. Sczvola, ſirnamed Cordus, became 
famous for his courage and intrepidity. 
When Porſenna, king of Etruria, had he- 
ſieged Rome to reinſtate Tarquin in all his 
rights and privileges, Mutius determined to 
deliver his country from ſo dangerous an 
enemy. He diſguiſed himſelf in the habit 
of a Tuſcan, and as he could fluently ſpeak 
the language, he gained an eaſy introduc- 
tion into the camp, and ſoon into the royal 
tent, Porſenna ſat alone with his ſecretary, 
when Mutius entered. The Roman im- 
mediately ruſhed upon the ſecretary, and 
tabbed him to the heart, miſtaking him for 
his royal maſter. This occaſioned a noiſe ; 
and Mutius, unable to eſcape,was ſeized and 
brought betore the King, He gave no an- 
ſwer to the enquiries of the courtiers, and 
only told them that he was a Roman, and 
to give them a proof of his fortitude, he 
laid his right hand on an altar of burning 
toals and ſternly looking at the king, and 
without uttering a groan, he boldly told him, 
that 300 young Romans like himſelf had 
conſpired againſt his life, and entered his 
camp in diſguiſe, determined either to de- 
firoy him, or periſh in the attempt. This 
extraordinary confeſſion aſtoniſhed Porſenna, 
de made peace with the Romans and retired 
from their city. Mutius obtained the fir- 
name of Scawvola, becauſe he had loſt the 
uſe of his right hand by burning it in the 
preſence of the Etrurian king. Put. in Par, 
Fh. 1, c. 10.—Liv. 2, c. 12. 
Scxvola, a Roman conſul. He obtained a 
tory over the Dalmatians, and ſignalized 
timſelf greatly in the Marſian war. He is 
whly commended by Cicero, whom he 
mtructed in the ſtudy of civil law. Cic,— 
Pt —Another appointed proconſul of 
Aha, which he governed with ſo much po- 
pularity, that he was generally propoſed to 
hers as a pattern of equity and moderation. 
Cicero ſpeaks of him as eloquent, learned, 
nd ingenious, equally eminent as an orator 
ad as a lawyer. He was murdered in the 
ple of Veſta, during the civil war of 
Anus and Sylla, 82 years before Chriſt. 


—Cic. de Orat. 1, c. 48.—Paterc, 2, 


C, 22, 
MuTowus, or MuTiNvus, a deity among 
Romans, much the ſame as the Priapus 


MY 


particularly new married women, diſgraced 
themſelves by the obſcene ceremonies which 
cuſtom obliged them to obſerve before the 
ſtatue of this impure deity. Auguſt. de Cir. 
D. 4, c. 9. l. 6, c. 9.—LaFant. 1, c. 20. 

MuTusc#, a town of Umbria. Firg. 
Eu. 7, v. 711. 

MuZER1s, a town of India, now N. 
zindruk, Plin, 6, c. 23. 

Myacrus or Myopes, a divinity among 
the Egyptians. He was entreated by the 
inhabitants to protect them from flies and 
ſerpents. Pau. 8, c. 26. 

Merk, a celebrated magician, who 
boaſted that he could draw down the moon 
from her orb. Ovid. Met. 12, v. 263. 
A city and promontory of Aſia Minor op- 
poſite Samos, celebrated fur a battle which 
was fought there between the Greeks and 
Perſians on the 22d of September 479 B. C. 
the ſame day that Mardonius was defeated 
at Platæa. The Perſians were about 100,000 
men, that had juſt returned from the un- 
ſucceſsful expedition of Xerxes in Greece, 
They had drawn their ſhips to the ſhore 
and fortihed themſelves, as if determined 
to ſupport a ſiege. They ſuffered the Greeks 
to diſembark from their fleet without the 
leaſt moleſtation, and were ſoon obliged to 
give way before the cool and reſolute intre- 
pidity of an inferior number of men. The 
Greeks obtained a complete victory, ſlaugh- 
tered ſome thoulands of the enemy, burned 
their camp, and ſailed back to Samos with 
an immenſe booty, in which were ſeventy 
cheſts of money among other very valuable 
things. Herodot.— Juſtin. 2. c. 14.— Diod. 
—A woman's name. Juv. 4, v. 141. 

MyCALESSUSs, an inland town of Bœotia, 
where Ceres had a temple, Pauſ, 9g, 
c. 19. 

Micivæ, a town of Argolis, in Pelo- 
ponneſus, built by Perſeus, ſon of Danae. 
It was fituate on a ſmall river at the eaſt 
of the Inachus, about 50 ſtadia from Argos, 
and received its name from Mycene, a 
nymph of Laconia, It was once the ca- 
pital of a kingdom, whoſe monarchs reigned 
in the following order; Acriſius 1344 B. C. 
Perſeus, Electryon, Mzitor and Sthenelus; 
and Sthenelus alone for eight years; Atreus 
and Thyeſtes, Agamemnon, Egyſthus, Oreſ- 
tes, Epytus, who was diſpoſſeſſed 1104 B. C. 
on the return of the Heraclidæ. The town of 
Mycenz was taken and laid in ruins by the 
Argives B. C. 56%; and it was almoſt un- 
known where it ſtood in the age of the geo- 
grapher Strabo. Pauſ. 2, c. 16,—Strab, 8. 
—Virg. Ain, 6, v. 839.— Mela. 2, c. 3. 
The word Myccnerus is uſed for Agamem- 
non as he was one of the Kings of My- 


denk. 
K K + Mvei xis, 


of the Greeks. The Roman matrons, and 


M V 


Mvckvis, (idir,) a name applied to Iphi- 
genia as reſiding at Mycenæ. Ovid, Met. 
12, v. 34. 

MyCERinUus, a ſon of Cheops, king of 
Egypt. After the death of his father he 
reigned with great juſtice and moderation. 
Herodot. 2, c. 129. : 

MyC1BERNA, a town of the Helleſpont. 
Died. 12. 

MyctiTmvs, a ſervant of Anaxilaus, ty- 
rant of Rhegium. He was entruſted with 
the care of the kingdom, and of the chil- 
dren of the deceaſed prince, and he exercyſed 
his power with ſuch fidelity and moderation 
that he acquired the eſteem of all the citizens, 
and at laſt reſtored the kingdom to his maſ- 
ter's children when come to years of matu- 
rity, and retired to peace and ſolitude with a 
* ſmall portion. He is called by ſome Mica- 
lus. Juſtin. 4, c. 2. 

Mvco, a celebrated painter who with 
others aſſiſted in making and perfecting the 
Proecile of Athens. Plin. 33 & 35. A 
youth of Athens changed into a poppy by 
Ceres. 

My c&5wos, (rer,) one of the Cyclades 
between Delos and Icaria, which received its 
name from Myconus, an unknown perſon. 
It is about three miles at the caſt of Delos, 
and is thirty-ſix miles in circumference. It 
remained long uninhabited on account of the 
frequent earthquakes to which it was ſubject. 
Some ſuppoſe that the giants whom Hercu- 
les killed were buried under that iſland, 
whence aroſe the proverb of every thing. 7s 
une Mycone, applied to thoſe who treat of 
different ſubjects under one and the ſame 
title, as if none of the defeated giants had 
been buried undernootherifland or mountain 
about Mycone. Strabo obſerves, and his teſ- 
timony is ſupported by that of modern tra- 
vellers, that the inhabitants of Mycone be— 
came bald very early, even at the age of 20 
or 25, from which circumſtance they were 


called by way of contempt, tk» hald heads rf 


Mycone, Pliny ſays, that the children of the 
Place were always born without hair. The 
Hand was poor, and the inhabitants very 
avaricious ; whence Archilochus reproached 
a certain Pericles, that he came to a f-raflt 
like a Myconian, that is, without previgus 
invitation. Strab. 10.—Plirn. 11, c. 37. 
I. 12, c. 7. Il. 14, c. 1.—Athen, 1.— Thus 
cyd. 3, c. 29.— Mela. 2, c. 7.— Ou. Met. 
77 v. 403. 

My no, one of the Trojan chiefs who 
deſended Troy againſt the Greeks. He was 
killed by Antilochus. Hamer. II. 5. 

Mikros, a mountain of Atolia. 
do Flum, 

Mvrcrudnxis, a town in Egypt, in a 
mall iſland near Bubaſtis. 

Mobex, a brother of Amycus, killed 


Plut. 


-M V 


in a war againſt Hercules,——A brother of 
Hecuba. Vid. Mygdonus. 

Mop NA, a ſmall province of Mace. 
donia near Thrace, between the rivers Axius 
and Strymon. The inhabitants, called Myg- 
dines, migrated into Aſia, and ſettled near 
Troas, where the country received the name 
of their antient habitation. Cybele was 
called Mygdonia, from the worſhip ſhe re. 
ceived in Mygdonia in Phrygia. Horat, 2, 
Od. 12, v. 22. 1. 3, od. 16, v. 41.—0vid 
Met. 6, v. 45. A ſmall province of 
Meſopotamia bears alſo tne name of Myg. 
donia, and was probably peopled by a Ma. 
cedonian colony. Flacc. 3, &c.—Plin, 3, 
c. 10. Ovid, Heroid. 20.—Heorat. 2, od 
I2. 

Mycnonus, or Mopo, a brother of 
Hecuba, Priam's wife, who reigned in pat 
of Thrace. His ſon Corœbus was called 
Myedonides from him. Virg. An. 2, v. 
241.—Homer. II. 3. A \mall river run- 
ing through Meſopotamia. 

MyLassA (orum), a town of Cari, 
Liv. 38, e. 39. 

Mr or MyLas, a ſmall river on the 
eat of Sicily, with a town of the ſame 


name. Liv. 24, c. 30 & 31.—Suet. Au, 
16. Alſo a town of Theflaly, now Mu- 
lazzo. Liv. 42, c. 54. 


Murks, a ſon of Lelex. 

MyL1TTA, a firname of Venus among 
the Aſſyrians, in whoſe temples all the wo- 
men were obliged to proſtitute themſelves 
to ſtrangers. Herodot. 1, c. 131 & 199— 
Strab. 16. 

Mvxpvs, a maritime town of Caria near 
Halicarnaſſus, Cic. Fam. 3, ep. S. -d, 
1, c. 16.— Pin. 5, c. 29. 

Murks, a prince of Lyrneſſus, who mar- 
ried Briſcis. He was killed by Achilles, 
and his wife became the property of the coats 
queror. Homer. Il. 3. 

Mrviæ. Vid. Minyæ. 

Mö NIA, a town of Phocis. Pauſ. 

Mvovxksvs, a town and promontory of 
Ionia, now Jalanghi-Liman. Liv. 375 6 
13 & 27. 

MyRaA, (orum or &), a town of Lycia 
on a high hill, two miles from the ſea. Fin. 
5, c. 27,—Strab. 14. one 

MyRIANDLROS, a town of Seleucia in 
Syria, on the bay of Iſſus, which is ſome- 
times called Sinus Myriandricus. Liv. 2 
c. 108. : 

Myvriva, a maritime town of Holla, 
called alſo Sehaſiopslisv, and now Sanderlic. 
Iacit. Ann. 2, c. 47.— Liv. 33, c. 30.— 
Strab. 13. A qucen of the Amazons 
&c, Dion. 4.——A town of Lemnos, now 
Pali: Caſtro. Plin. 4, c. 12. A town 
of Aſia, deſtroyed by an earthquake in 
Trajau's reign,—The wiſe of * 


| 


«ing 
lipyle 
M. 
Myrit 
— 
My 
Mega 
My 
thyni⸗ 
M\ 
ment 
kney C 
He al 
grain 
2 
My 
border 
chilles 
their r 
piter a 
the da 
ſon A. 
the A 
who q 
ſaly. 

receive 
origin: 
Accor 
their ii 
gence 
defatię 
in cult 
654.— 
My 
of Pris 
nia. Þ 
of Gr 


My 
£0nque 
My: 
of Cyr 
Nt 
father, 
unkno: 
Adoni: 
Ince } 
1b hy: 
tabia, \ 
called 
Od. 
M y1 
be He 
* al 
Myr 


« 4 
ed. 1 


2% of ; 


er of 


aces 
xius 
Me- 
near 
name 
Was 
ie re- 
at, 2, 
Ovid, 
ce of 
Myg- 
1 Ma. 
in, 4, 
2, od. 


her of 
n part 
called 

2 v. 
r run - 


Caria, 


on the 
> {ame 
. Aug. 
Ww Mu- 


among 
he wo- 
nielves 


199. 


ria neat 
Male. 


10 mar- 
chilles, 
he Coll 


auf. 
ntory of 


n 377 C. 


f Lycia 


a. Plin, 


eucia in 
is ſome- 


Liv. 2z 
1 Folia, 


andcerlic. 

30.— 
matons, 
nos, now 
A town 
wake in 
{ Thos 

king 


* 

ding of Lemnos, by whom ſhe had Hip- 
lipyle. 

"My RINUS, Aa ſirname of Apollo, from 


Myrina in olia, where he was worthipped. 
— A gladiator. Mart. 12, c. 29. 


MyRICE, a town of Arcadia, called allo | 


Megalopolis. 

MVR LX or APAMEA, a town of Bi- 
mynia. Plin. 5, c. 32. | 

MytMECiDESs, an artiſt of Miletus 
mentioned as making chariots ſo ſmall that 
they could be covered by the wing of a fly 
He alſo inſcribed an clegiac 
grain of Indian ſeſamum. Cie. 4. Acad, 
lian. J. H. 1. 


— — — 


at laſt fatal to him. 


cliſtich on a 


— — 


Myrxuipöxrs, a people on the ſouthern | 


borders of Theſſaly, who accompanied A- 
chilles to the Trojan war. They received 
their name from Myrmidon, a fon of Ju- 
piter and Eurymeduſa, who marricd one of 
the daughters of /Eolus, ſon of Helen. His 
fon Actor married /Egina, tne daughter of 
the Aſopus. He gave his name to his ſubjects, 
who awelt near the river Peneus- in Theſ- 
ſaly. According to ſome, the Myrmidons 
received their name from their having been 
originally ants, guppenes. [Fid. Kacus.] 
According to Strabo, they received it from 
their induſtry, becauſe they imitated the dilt- 
gence of the ants, and like them were in- 
defatiguble, and were continually employed 
in cultivating the earth. Ovid. Met. 7, v. 
654.,—Strab —tygin. fab 52. 

My go, a tyrant of Sicyon. A man 
of 1 ene, who wrote an hiſtory of Meſſe- 
nia. Par. 4, c. 6. A celebrated ftatuary 
of Greece, peculiarly happy in imitating 
nature, He made a cow ſo much reſembling 
life, that even bulls were deceived and ap- 
proached her as if alive, as is frequently men- 
toned by many epigrams in the Anthologia. 
ge . Xihed about 442 years before a 

Art. Am. 3, v. 319. —Pauf.—Fuv. 
pert, 2, el. 41. 

My RONIANUS) an hiſtorian. Disg. 

Mtzrox1DEs, an Athenian general, who 
conquered the Thebans. Peo/yan, 

My K RuA, a Caughter of Cinyras, king 
of Cyprus. She became enamoured of her 


unknown. She had a ſon by him, called 
Adonis. When Cinyras was apprized of the 
inceſt he had committed, he attempted to 
Rab his daughter, and Myrrha fled into A- 
rabia, where ſhe was changed into a tree 
Called myrrh. Hygin. fab. 55 & 27 5,— 
buid. Mex. 10, v. 298. —Plat. in Par. 


M Y 


MyRTALE, a courtezan of Pome, 
miſtreſs to the poet Horace. 1. od. 33. 

MyRTEA, a ſirname of Venus. id. 
Murtia. 

Mvaril vs, a ſon of Mercury and Phae- 
tuſa or Cleobule, arm bearer to CEnomaus, 
king of Piſa. He was fo experienced in 
riding and in the management of horſes, 
that y rendered thoſe of CEnomaus the 
ſwifteſt in all Greece, His infidelity proved 
(:nomaus had been 
informed by an oracle, that his daughter 

ppodamia's huſband thould cauſe his 
death, and on that account he reſolved to 
marry her only to him who ſhould overcome 
him in a chariot race. This ſeemed totally 
impoſuble, and to render it more terrible, 


| CEnomaus declared that death would bc the 


conſequence of a defeat in the ſuitors. The 
charms of Hippodamia were ſo great that 
many ſacrificed their life in the fruitleſs en- 
deavour to obtain her hand. Pelops, at laſt 


preſented himſelf, undaunted at the fate of 


thoſe who had gone before him, but before 
he entered the courſe he bribed d Myrtilus, 


and allured bim that he mould ſhare Ht ppo- 
damia's favors if he returned victorious from 


the race. 


Myrtilus, who was enamoured of 
Hippodamia, gave an old chariot to no- 
maus, which broke in the courie and cauſed 
his death. Pelops gained the victory, and 
married Hippodamia ; and when Myrtilus 
had the audacity to claim the reward pro- 


miſed to his perfidy, Pelops threw him 


The body of Myrtilus, 


headlong into the ſea, where he periſhed. 
according to ſome, 
was carried by the waves to the tea ſhore, 
where he received an honorable burial, and 


as he was the fon of Mercury, he was made 


'a conſtellation. 


—V— —— 


— — 


Diod. 4.— Hygin. fab. 84 
& 224.— Pauf, 8, c. 14.— Ipollan. T. 
MyzT1s, a Greek woman who diſtin- 


guiſhed herſelf by her poetical talents. She 


tiorithed about 500 years B. C. and inſtruct- 
ed the celebrated Corinna in the ſeveral 
rules of verification. Pindar himſelf, as 
tome report, was alſo one of her pupils. 
MyxToum MART, a part of the Ægean 


ſea, which lies between Eubaa, Attica, and 
faher, and Introduced nerſelf wto his bed 


— 


Peloponneſus, as far as cape Malca. It 
receives this name from Myrto, a woman, 


o from Ates, a ſmall ifland op poſite to 


[| 
1 


| 


Caryſtos in Eubœa; or from Myrtiius, the 
| ſon of Mercury, who was drowned there, 
[c. Pau. 8, 6. I4.—iſygin. 1 tab. 584.— 
lin. 4, c. IT. 

MyYRTUNTIUM, a name given fo that 


MvniL us, a lon of Myrſus, the laſt of | part of the ſea which lies on the coait of 


de Heraclidz, who reigned in Lydia. He 
balfo called Candaules. Vid. Candaules. 
MyRsvs, the father of Candaules. Ile— 


: 
1 
| 


pirus between the bay of Ambracia and 


| Leucas. 


| 


MyRTVUsA, a mountain of Libya. Cal- 


Mut, t, e. 7.— A Greek hiſtorian in the lim, in Apoll. 


*$ of Solon. 


Mus, (Hes); an artiſt ſamous in work- 


ing 


—— 


_— 
* 
— i -- 


* -— — 


- 


LS 


M Y' 


ing and poliſhing filver. He beautifully 
repreſented the battle of the Centaurs and 
Lapithæ, on a ſhield in the hands of Mi- 
nerva's ſtatue made by Phidias. Par/. 1, 
c. 23, Martial. 8, ep. 34 & 51. |. 14, 
ep. 93.—Propert. 3, el. 9, v. 14. 

My$CELLUS, or M1SCELLUsS, a native 
of Achaia, who founded Crotona in Italy, 
according to an oracle, which told him to 
build a city where he found rain with fine 
weather, The meaning of the oracle long 
perplexed him till he found a beautiful wo- 
man all in tears in Italy, which circumſtance 
he interpreted in his favor, According to 
ſome Myſcellus, who was the fon of Her- 
cules, went out of Argos, without the per- 
miſſion of the magiſtrates, for which he was 
condemned to death. The judges had put 
each a black ball as a ſign of condemnation, 
but Hercules changed them all and made 
them white, and had his ſon acquitted, upon 
which Myſcellus left Greece and came to 
Italy, where he built Crotona. Owia, Mer. 
1 5, v. 19.—Strab. 6 & 8. 

MvstA, a country of Aſia minor, gene- 
ral y divided into major and minor. My- 
ſia minor was bounded on the north and 
weſt by the Propontis and Bithynia, and 
Phrygia on the ſouthern and eaſtern borders. 
Mya major had Aolia on the ſouth, the 
AEgean on the weſt, and Phrygia on the 
north and eaſt. Its chief cities were Cy- 
zicum, Lampſacus, &c. The inhabitants 
were once very warlike, hut they greatly de- 
generated; and the words Myſorum u/timns 
were emphatically uſed to ſignify a perſon 
of no merit. The antients generally hired 
them to attend their functions as mourners, 
becauſe they were naturally melancholy and 
inchned to thed tears. They were once go- 
verned by monarchs. They are ſuppoſed to 
be deſcended from the My ſians of Europe, a 
nation which inhabited that part of Thiace 


M.-Y 


which was ſituate between mount Hæmus 
and the Danube. Strab.— Herodot. 1, &c.— 
Cic. in Verr, Flace, 2).— lor. 3, c. 5.— 
Appian. in Mitkrid. A feſtival in honor 
of Ceres, firnamed Myſia from Myſias, an 
Argive, who raiſed her a temple near 241. 
lene in Achaia, Some derive the word 
ano Tov jevginy, to cloy or ſatisfy, becauſe 
Ceres was the firſt who ſatisfied the wanty 
of men by giving them corn. The feſtival 
continued during ſeven days, &c. 

MvysTEs, a ſon of the poet Valgius, 
whoſe early death was ſo lamented by the 
father that Horace wrote an ode to allay the 
grief of his friend. Horat. 2, od. 9. 

Myson, a native of Sparta, one of the 
ſeven wiſe men of Greece, When Ana- 
charſis conſulted the oracle of Apollo, to 
know which was the wiſeſt man in Greece, 
he received for anſwer, he who is now 
ploughing his fields. This was Myfon, 
Diog. in Vit. 

Mvruzcus, a ſophiſt of Syracuſe. He 
ſtudied cookery, and when he thought him- 
felf ſufficiently (killed in dreſſing meat, he 
went to Sparta, where he gained much prac- 
tice, eſpecially among the younger citizens 
He was ſoon after expelled the city by the 
magiſtrates, who obſerved that the aid of 
Mythecus was unneceſſary, as hunger was 
the beſt ſeaſoning. 

MYTiLEne. Vid. Mitylene. 

Myvs, Myuntis), a town of Ionia on the 
confines of Caria, founded by a Grecian co- 
lony. It is one of the 12 capital cities of 
lonia, ſituate at the diſtance of about 30 
ſtadia from the mouth of the Mxzander, 
Artaxerxes, king of Perſia, gave it to The- 
miſtocles to maintain him in meat. Mag- 
ne ſia was to ſupport him in bread, and 
Lampſacus in wine. C. Nep. in Them 
—Strab, 14.— Herodot. 1, c. 142. Dil, 
11. 


N A 


ABAZANES, an officer of Darius 
3d. at the battle of Iſſus. He con- 
ſpired with Beſſus to murder his royal maſ- 
ter, either to obtain the favor of Alexander, 
or to ſeize the kingdom. He was pardoned 
by Alexander. Curt. 3, &c.—Dicd. 17. 
NABATHAA, a country of Arabia, of 
which the capital was called Petra. The 
word is often applied to any of the caſtern 
countries of the world by the poets, and 
ſ.ems to be derived trom Nabath the fon of 
Iſmael. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 61.1. e, v. 163. 
—Strab, 16,—Lucan, 4, v. 63.—Juv. 11, 
v. 126. 


| 


N A 


Nisrs, a celebrated tyrant of Lacedæ · 
mon, who in all acts of cruelty and oppteſ- 
ſion ſurpaſſed a Phalaris or a Dionyſus. 
His houſe was filled with flatterers and with 
ſpies, who were continually employed in 
watching the words and the actions of his 
ſubjects. When he had exerciſed evely 
art in plundering the citizens of Sparta, he 
made a ſtatue, which in reſemblance was 
like his wife, and was cloathed in the moft 
magnihcent apparel, and whenever any one 
refuſed to deliver up his riches, the tyrant 
led him to the ſtatue, which immediately, 


by means of ſecret ſprings, fcized him in 
its 


mon, 


672. 


Its n: 


Na 


whoſe 
city, 

rals we 
nerally 
ceaſed, 
ing anc 
verh1al 


Punic v 
man ar! 
ſelf to! 
a poetic 
Which h 
ſition d 
drove hi 
of his li 
203 yea 
fragmen! 


Who acct 
- An 
convince 
Tower, at 
ao, an 
lice into 
Merit bye 
wich wa 
guſtus. 
der it un 
the Roma 


muß 
Ee. 
65.— 
honor 
as, an 
r Val- 
word 
ecauſe 
wanty 
eſtival 


algius, 
by the 
lay the 


of the 
1 Ana- 
o, to 
Greece, 
s now 


My fon, 
e. He 


at him- 
eat, be 
h prac- 
Riten, 

by the 

aid of 
zer Was 


4 on the 
clan co- 
ities of 
bout 30 
ander. 
to The- 
Mag- 
ad, and 
Themil, 
Died. 


Lacedæ · 
| oppiel- 
jony 115, 
ind with 
loyed in 
5 of his 
ed evely 
varta, he 
nce Was 
the mott 
any one 
he tyrant 
cdiately, 
bim in 

ns 


N X 


arms, and tormented him in the moſt ex- 

«/iciating manner with bearded points and 

cickles, hid under the cloaths. To render 
his tyranny more popular, Nabis made an 
alliance with Flaminius, the Roman general, 
and purſued with the moſt inveterate enmity 
the war which be had undertaken againſt 
the Achzans. He beſieged Gythium, and 
defeated Philopeemen in a naval battle. His 
triumph was ſhort, the general of the Achæ- 
ans ſoon repaired his loſſes, and Nabis was 
defeated in an engagement, and treache- 
roufly murdered as he attempted to fave his 
life by flight, B. C. 192, after an uſurpa- 
tion of 14 years. Polyb. 13.—Tuftin. 30 
& j1.—Plut, in 3 7, c. 8.— 
Flor. 2, c. 7. A prieſt of Jupiter Am- 
mon, killed in the ſecond Punic war, as he 
fought againſt the Romans, Sil. 15, v. 
672. 

'NaBoNASSAR, a king of Babylon, after 
the diviſion of the Aſſyrian monarchy. 
From him the Nabeonaſſarean gp2ck received 
its name, agreeing with the year of the 
world 3237, or 746, B. C. 

Nacki CAMPI, a place of Gallia Togata 
near Mutina. Liv. 41, c. 18. 

NavaGARA. Vid. Nargara. 

NE VIA, the goddeſs of funerals at Rome, 
whoſe temple was without the gates of the 
city. The ſongs which were ſung at fune- 
rals were alſo called nenia. They were ge- 
nerally filled with the praiſes of the de- 
ceaſed, but ſometimes they were ſo unmean- 
ing and improper, that the word became pro- 
verbial to ſignify nonſenſe. Varro. — Plaut. 
An. 41, c. 1, v. 63. 

Cy. Nzvivs, a Latin poet in the firſt 
Punic war. He was originally in the Ro- 
man armies, but afterwards he applied him- 
ſelf to ſtudy, and wrote comedies, beſides 
a poetica] account of the firſt Punic war in 
which he had ſerved. His ſatirical diſpo- 
ſition diſpleaſed the couſul Metellus, who 
drove him from Rome. He paſſed the reſt 
of his life in Utica, where he died, about 
203 years before the Chrittian era. Some 
fragments of his poetry are extant. Cs. 
Tuſc. 1, c. 1. de Senect.— Hlorat. 2, ep. 1, 
. 53. A tribune of the people at Rome, 
who accuſed Scipio Africanus of extortion. 
An augur in the reign of Tarquin. To 
convince the King and the Romans of his 
Power, as an augur, he cut a flint with a 
zur, and turned the ridicule of the popu- 
hee into adiniration. Tarquin rewarded his 
nexit by erecting him a ſtarue in the comtrum 
wich was till in being in the age of Au- 
gitus, The razor and flint were buried 
far it under an altar, and it was uſual among 
the Romans to make witneſſes in civil cauſes 
(Wear near it, This miraculous event of 


N A 


cutting a flint with a razor, though believed 
by ſome writers, is treated as fabulous and 
improbable by Cicero, who, himſelf, had 
been an augur. Dionyſ. Hal.—Liv. 1, c 
36.—-Cic, de divin, t. 

Nest us, an infamous pimp in Domi- 
tian's reign, Juv. , v. 1, 

NAHARVYAL1, a people of Germany. 
Tacit. Germ. 43. | 

NA1Avpes or Na1Des, certain inferior 
deities who preſided over rivers, ſprings, 
wells, and fuuntains. The Naiades gene- 
rally inhabited the country, and reſorted to 
the woods or meadows near the ſtream over 
which they preſided, whence the name 
(va2mv 70 flow.) They are repreſented as 
young and beautiful virgins, often leaning 
upon an urn, from which flows a ſtream ox 
water. Ægle was the faireſt of the Naiades, 
according to Virgil, They were held in 
great veneration among the ancients, and 
often ſacrifices of goats and lambs, were 
offered to them with libations of wine, ho- 
ney, and oil. Sometimes they received 
oniy offerings of milk, fruit, and flowers. 
Vid. Nymphae. Virg. Ecl. 6. — Ovid. Met. 
14, v. 328.—lomer. Od. 13. 5 

Nats, one of the Oceanides, mother of 
Chiron or Glaucus by Magnes. polled. 1. 
c. 9. A nymph, mother by Bucolion of 
Ægeſus and Pedaſus. Hemzr. II. 6. A 
nymph in an iſland of the Red fea, who by 
her incantations turned to fithes all thoſe 
who approached her reſidence after the had 
admitted them ty her embraces. She was 
herſelf changed into a fith by Apollo. Ovid. 
Met. 4, v. 49, &Cc. The word is uſed 
for water by Tibull. 3, 7. 

Nalssus or Næssus, now Niſſa, a town 
of Maœſia, the birth-place of Conttantine, 
aſcribed by ſome to Iilyricum or Thrace. 

NANTUATES, a people of Gaul near the 
Alps. Cef. B. G. 3, c. t. 

NA PATA, a town of /Ethiopia. 

NaP#.e, certain divinitics among the 
ancients who preſided over the hills and 
woods of the country, Some tuppole that 
they were tutelary deities of the tountains 
and the Naiades of the ſea. Their name is 
derived from van, a grove, Virg. G. 4, 
v. 535. 

Narulsvus, a river of Peloponneſus fall- 
ing into the Alpheus. Pau. 8. 

NaR, now Nera, a river of Umbria, 
whole waters, famous ter their ſulphureous 
properties, paſs through the lake Velinus, 
and iſſuing from thence with great rapidity 
fall into the Tiber. Ovid. Met. 14, v. 330. 
irg. En. 7, V. 517.—Cic. ad Attic. 4. 

NaxBo Makros, now Nas bonne, a 
town of Gaul founded by the conſul Mar- 
cius, A. U. C. 634. It became the capital 

of 


il 
"Mis 


N A 


ef a large province of Gaul, Which obtained 
the name of Gallia Narbonenſts, Paterc, 1, 
c. 15. I. 2, c. 8.—Plin, 3. 

NARRONENSts GALA, one of the 
four great divihons of ancient Gaul, was 
hounded by the Alps, the Pyrenean moun- 
tains, Aquitania, Belgicum, and the Medi- 
terranean, and contamed the modern pro- 
vinces of Languedoc, Provence, Dauphine, 
and Savoy. 

Narczvs,a ſonof Bacchus and Phyſcoa. 
Pau. 55 C. 15, 

Nakctssus, a beautiful youth, ſon of 
Cephiſus and the nymph Liriope, born at 
Theſpis in Bœotia. He ſaw his image re- 
flected in a fountain, and became enamoured 
of it, thinking it to be the nymph of the 
place. His fruitleſs attempts to approach 
this beautiful object ſo provoked him that 
he grew deſperate and killed himſelf, His 
blood was changed into a flower, which 
fill bears his name. The nymphs raiſed i 
a funeral pile to burn his body, according 
to Ovid, but they found nothing but a 
beautiful flower. Pauſanias ſays, that Nar- 
ciſſus had a ſiſter as beautiful as himſelf, of 
whom he became deeply enamoured. He 
often hunted in the woods in her com- 
pany, but his pleaſure was ſoon interrupted 
by her death, and ſtill to keep afreſh her 
memory, he frequented the groves, where 
he had often attended her, or repoſed him- 
ſelf on the brim of a fountain, where the 
Ngnt of his own reflected image ſtill 
awakened tender ſentiments. Pau. 9, c. 
21.—l[ygin. fab. 271.— bid. Met. 3, v. 
346, &c.—Phileftrat. 1. A freedman 
and ſecretary of Claudius, who abuſed his 
truſt and the infirmities of his imperial maſ- 
ter, and plundered the citizens of Rome to 
enrich himſeli. Metſaljina, the emperor's 
wife, endeavoured to remove him, but Nar- 
ciſſus ſacrificed her to his avarice and re- 
ſentment. Agrippina, who ſucceeded in 
the place of Meſſalina, was more ſucceſsful. 
Narciſſus was baniſhed by her intrigues, 
and compelled to kill himſelf, A. D. 54. 
Nero greatly regretted his loſs, as he had 
found him fubſcrvient to his moſt criminal 
and extravagant pleaſures, Tacit,—Sucton. 
A favorite of the emperor Nero, put 
to death by Galba. A wretch who ſtrang- 
ted the emperor Commodus. 

NAR OG ARA, a town of Africa, where 
Hannibal and Scipio came to a parley. 
Liv. 30, c. 29. 

NaRri15ct, a nation of Germany, in the 
upper Palatinate. Tacit. de Germ. 42. 

NARNIA or NARNA, a town of Umbria, 
waſhed by the river Nar, from which it 
received its name. Liv. 10, c. 9. 

Nato, now Narenta, a liver of Dalma- 


N A who cor 
; 2 3 ; He was 
tia falling into the Adriatic, and having the ſpiracy\ « 
town of Narona, now called Narenza, un NaT1 
its banks, a little above the mouth, ing was 
Narsks, a king of Perſia, A. D. 29 almoſt p! 
defeated by Maximianus Galerius, after 3 6, v. 124 
reign of ſeven years. An eunuch in the NAT. 
court of Juſtinian, who was deemed worthy the Alps, 
to ſucceed Belliſarius, &c.——A Perſian of Aquil: 
general, &c. Nava 
NARTUFECISs, a ſmall ifland near Samos, falling 11 
NAaRYCIA, or UM, or NARYX, a town Mentz. 
of Magna Græcia, built by a colony of Lo- NauB 
crians after the fall of Troy. The place in Thebes. = 
Greece from which they came bore the The ſons 
ſame name, and was the country of Ajay from thei 
Oileus. Theword Narycian is more uni. nus, one 
verſally underſtood, as applying to the Ita. Navc 
lian colony, near which pines and other troops of 
trees grew in abundance. rg. G. 2, &c. 
v. 438. Eu. 3, v. 399, —Ovid, Met. 15 Nave 
V. 705. employed 
NasXAMGONEs, a ſavage people of Libya ric upon 
near the Syrtes, who generally lived upon then, 9.— 
plunder. Curt. 4. c. 7.—£Lucan, 9, . alienate tl 
439.— Herodot. 2, c. 165.—Sil, It. 2, v. reſt of Br 
116, |, 11. v. 180. Navcs 
Nascio or NaT10, a goddeſs at Rome, ft fide o 
who preſided over the birth of children, It was cel 
She had a temple at Ardea. Cic. de Nat, D. ſkip was 
e. 10. place, but 
NasiCa, the ſirname of one of the Sci- the city, f 
pio's. Naſica was the firſt who invented birth to A 
the meaſuring of time by water, B. C. 159, called Na: 
about 134 years after the introduction of c. 97, 6 
ſun-dials at Rome. Vid. Scipio.——An Naviy 
avaricious fellow who marricd his daughter Nzvius, 
to Coranus, a man as mean as himſelf, that Navy 
he might not only not repay the money gear Pelor 
he had borrowed, but moreover become his de Euxinc 
creditor's heir. Coranus, underſtanding his nontory c 
meaning, purpoſely alicnated his propem won of th 
from him and his daughter, and expoſed NAupa 
him to ridicule, Horat. 2, Sat. 5, v. 64 Artolia, at 
&c. called Lep, 
NaAsID1itnus, a Roman knight, whoſe ye & . 
luxury, arrogance, and oſtentation exhibited bl Heraci 
at an entertainment he gave to Mecænas, ſed thern t 
were ridiculed by Horace, 2, Sat. 8. b the Loc: 


te hands « 


L. NAsipius, a man ſent by Pompey * 
de Meflen 


to aſſiſt the people of Maſſilia. After the 


battle of Pharſalia, he followed the intereſt Goponne( 
of Pompey's children, and afterwards re- "came the 
volted to Antony. Appian. R the ba 
Na so, one of the murderers of J. Cæſar. Miored to 
One of Ovid's names. Vid. Ovidius. Il aterwa 
Nassus or NAsSvus, a town of Acarnaniay SWliang, | 
near the mouth of the Achelous. Liv. 26, ly b, 
c. 24. Alſo a part of the town of Syra- ty cou 
cuſc. "2th 2 
Nasva, a general of the Suevi, when Navpry 


N Aus, the 
Cxzfſar was in Gaul. „the n 


NATAL1s ANTONIUS, a Roman * 


N A 


who conſpired againſt Nero with Piſo, 
He was pardoned for diſcovering the con- 


ig the {piracy &c. Tacit. Ann. 15, c. 50. . 
a, on NaTTA, a man whoſe manner, of liv- 
ing was ſo mean that his name became 

204, almoſt proverbial at Rome, Horat. 1, od. 
ifter a 6, v. 124. . a . . 
in the Nartso, now Nat iſane, a river riſing in 
yorthy the Alps, and falling into the Adriatic eaſt 
erfian of Aquileia. Plin. 3, c. 18. 

Nava, now Nape, a river of Germany, 
damos. falling into the Rhine at Bingen, below 
1 town Mentz. Tacit. Hift. 4, c. 70. : 
of Lo- N4auUBOLUS, a Chatioteer of Laius, king of 
lace in Thebes. A Phocean, father of Iphitus. 
re the The ſons of Iphitus were called Narbelide; 
f Ajax from their grandfather, A ſon of Ler- 
re uni. nus, one of the Argonauts. 
he Ita. NAUCLES, a general of the mercenary 
1 other troops of Lacedæmon againſt Thebes, 

G. 2, &c. 
let. 15, NAUCRATES, a Greek poet, who was 
: employed by Artemiſia to write a panegy- 
' Libya ric upon Mauſolus. Another poet, A- 
ed upon then. g. An orator who endeavoured to 
"4 alienate the cities of Lycia from the inte- 
Nh, reſt of Brutus, | 

NavcaAT1s, a city of Egypt on the 
Rome, left ide of the Canopic mouth of the Nile. 
hildren, It was celebrated for its commerce, and no 
Nat. D. ſkip was permitted to land at any other 

place, but was obliged to ſail dire ly to 
the Sci. the city, there to depoſit its cargo. It gave 
invented birth to Athenæus. The inhabitants were 
C. 159, called Naucratitæ or Nuaucratiotæ. Herodot. 
Aion of 1 e. 97, & 179.—Pln. 5, c. 9. 
be HH Navius ACT1us, a famous augur. Vid. 
daughter Nevius, 8 * 
ſelf, that Navlöchus, a maritime town of Sicily 
money dear Pelorum. A town of Thrace on 
-ome his de Euxine ſea. Plin. 4, c. 11. A pro- 
ading his nontory of the iftand of Imbros, A 
propertf won of the Locri. Plin. 4, c. 3. 
expoſed Navracros or NAurAcrum, a city of 
6 v. bly Etolia, at the mouth of the Evenus, now 
ealled Lepanto. The word is derived from 
t, whoſe r & T1 ys , becauſe it was there that 
exhibited be Heraclidæ built the firſt Ap, which car- 
Mecznasy ted them to Peloponneſus. It firſt belunged 
8. bthe Locri Ozoſæ, and afterwards fell into 
Pompey ite hands of the Athenians, who gave it to 
After the de Meſſenians, who had been driven from 
e intereſt Peloponneſu; by the Lacedæmonians. It 
wards re- ame the property of the Lacedæmonians, 
wer the battle of Aigoſpotamos, and it was 
J. Ceſar, ored to the Locri. Philip of Macedo- 
Ovidius. uu aterwards took it and gave it to the 
carnania, Wliang, from which circuinſtance, it has 
Liv. 265 &ally been called one of the chief cities 
1 of Syra- : 1 country. Stab, 4.— Pauſ, 4, c. 25. 
am 27 c. 3.— Oi. Faſt. 2. v. 43. 
evi, when Abra, a maitime Citygof Pelopon- 
4, the naval ſtation of the „ The 
an knight ; 
whe 


N A 
fountain Canathos was in its neighbourhood; 

or 2, c. 38.—Strab. 8. 

AUPLIADES, a patronymic of Pala» 
medes ſon of Nauplius. Ovid. Met. 1 3, v. 39. 

NavyLrvs, a fon of Neptune and Amy- 
mone, king of Eubœa. He was father to 
the celebrated Palamedes, who was ſo un- 
juſtly ſacrificed to the artifice and reſent- 
ment of Ulyſſes by the Greeks during the 
Trojan war. The death of Palamedes 
highly irritated Nauplius, and to revenge 
the injuſtice of the Grecian princes, he at- 
tempted to debauch their wives and ruin 
their character. When the Greeks returned 
from the Trojan war, Nauplius ſaw them 
with pleaſure diſtreſſed in a ſtorm on the 
coaſts of Eubœa, and to make their diſaſter 
ſtill more univerſal, he lighted fires on ſuch 
places as were ſurrounded with the moit 
dangerous rocks, that the fteet might be 
ſhipwrecked upon the coalt, This ſuc- 
ceeded, but Nauplius was fo diſappointed 
when he ſaw Ulyſſes and Diomedes eſcape 
from the general c:lamity, that he threw 
himſelf into the ſca. According to ſome 
mythologiſts there were two perfons of this 
name, a native of Argos, who went to 
Colchis with Jaſon. He was ſon of Nep- 
tune and Amymone. The other was king 
of Eubœa, and lived during the Trojan 
war. He was, according to ſome, fon of 
Clytonas, one of the deicendants of Nau- 
plius the Argonaut. The Argonaut was 
remarkable for his knowledge of ſea at- 
fairs, and of aſtronomy. He built the town 
of Nauplia and fold Auge, daughter of 
Aleus, to king Teuthras, to withdraw her 
from her father's reſentment. Orp. Argen. 
AA pollod. 2, c. 7.—. Ipollon. I, &c.—Flace. 
I & 5,—Strab, 8. —Pauf. 4, c. 35. —Hye/n, 
fab. 116. TOP 

N4u?0ORTUS, a town of Pannonia on a 
river of the ſame name, now. called Cher 
or Upper Layback. Vell. Pat. 2, c. 110. 
— Plin. 3, c. 18.—Tacit. A. 1, c. 20. 

NauRa, a country of Scythia in Aſia. 
Curt. 8. Of India within the Ganges, 
Arrian. 

Navsicaa, a daughter of Alcinous, king 
of the Phæaceans. She met Ulyſſes ſhips 
wrecked on her father's cualts, and it was 
to her humanity that he owed the kind 
reception he experienced from the king. 
Homer. Od. 6. —Pazſ. 5, c. 19.-Hygrn, 
fab. 126. 

NauSICLES, an Athenian ſent to aſſiſt 
the Phocians with $000 fuvt, &c. 

NAUSIMENES, an Athenian whoſe wife 
loft her voice from the alarm the received ig 
| ſeeing her ſon guilty of inceſt. | 
NAUSITHOE, one of the Nereidesg, 
NAvUSITHOUS, a King of the Phæaceans, 
kather to Aleinous. He Was fon of Neps 

tune 


N E. 


tune and Peribea. Heſiod makes him fon 
of Ulyſſes and Calypſo.— The pilot of the 
vefſel which carried Theſeus into Crete. 

NAuSTATHMUS, a port of Phocæa in 
Ionia. Liv. 37, c. 31. Alſo a port of 
Cyrenaica, now Benduria. Strab. 17. 

NavuTEs, a Trojan ſoofhſayer, who com- 
forted Aneas when his fleet had been burnt 
in Sicily. Virg. u. 8, v. 704. He was 
the progenitor of the Nautii at Rome, a 
family to whom the Palladium of Troy 
was afterwards entruſted. Firg. An. 5, 
V. 794- 

Naxos, now Naxia, a celebrated iſland 
in the Agean ſea, the largeſt and moſt fer- 
tile of all the Cyclades, about 105 miles in 
circumference, and 30 broad. It was for- 
merly called Strengyle, Dia, Dionyfias, and 
Callipo/1s, and received the name of Naxos 
from Naxus, who was at the head of a 
Carian colony, which ſettled in the iſland. 
Naxos abounds with all ſorts of fruits, and 
its wines are ſtill in the ſame repute as for- 
metly. The Naxians were antiently go- 
verned by kings, but they afterwards ex- 
changed this form of government, for a re- 
public, and enjoyed their liberty, till the 
age of Piſiſtratus, who appointed a tyrant 
over them. They were reduced by the 
Perſians, but in the expedition of Darius 
and Xerxes againſt Greece, they revolted 
and fought on the ſide of the Greeks. 
During the Peloponneſian war, they ſup- 
ported the intereſt of Athens. Bacchus 
was the chief deity of the ifland. The 
capital was alſo called Naxos; and near 
it, on the 20th of Sept. B. C. 377, the La- 
cedæmonians were defeated by Chabrias. 
Thucyd. 1, &c.—Herodot. Died. 5, &c.— 
Ovid. Met. 3, v. 636.—Virg. nu. 3, v. 125. 
— Pauſ. 6, c. 16.—Pindar. An antient 
town on the caſtern ſide of Sicily, founded 
759 years before the Chriſtian era, There 
was alſo another town at the diſtance of 
five miles from Naxos, which bore the 
ſame name, and was otten called by con- 
tradiſtinction Taurominium. Plin. 3.—Dicd. 
13. A town of Crete, noted for hones. 
Plin. 36, c. 7. A Carian who gave his 
name to the greateſt of the Cyclades, 

Nazianzus, a town of Cappadocia, 
where St. Gregory was born, and hence he 
is called Nazianzenus. 

NEA or Nova inſula, a ſmall iſland be- 
tween Lemnos and the Helleſpont, which 
roſe out of the ſea during an earthquake, 
#lin. 2, c. 87. 


Na RA, a nymph, mother of Phactuſa Hypſipyle. 
, dogs. 


and Lampetia by the Sun. Homer. Cd. 12. 
A woman mentioned in Virgil's Ec. 
3——A miſtreſs of the poet Tibullus. 
A favorite of Horace. A daughter of 
Percus, who maizicd Alcus, by whom ſhe 


N E 
had Cepheus, Lycurgus, and Auge, who 


was ravithed by Hercules. polled, 3, e. 9. 
—Pauſ. 8, c. 4. The wife of Autoly. 
cus. Pauſ.— A daughter of Niobe and 
| Amphion: The wife of the Stryman, 
Apollod. 

NEeATHVUS, now Neto, a river of Magna 
Græcia near Crotona, Ovid. Met. 15, v. 
51. 

Naters, a friend of Turnus in his 
war againſt Eneas. Virg. An. 10, v. 
753. 

NEALI1CEsS, a painter, amongſt whoſe 
capital pieces are mentioned a painting of 
Venus, a ſca-fight between the Perſians 
and Egyptians, and an aſs drinking on the 
ſhore, with a crocodile preparing to attack 
it. 


Nx AN DRos, (or 14,) a town of Troas, 
Plin. 5, c. 30. 

NEANTHES, an orator and hiſtorian of 
Cyzicum, who floriſhed 257 years B. C. 

NEeAPGL1s, a city of Campania, an- 
tiently called Parthenope, and now known 
by the name of Naples, rifing like an am- 
phitheatre at the back of a beautiful bay 30 
miles in circumference. As the capital of 
that part of Italy, it is now inhabited by 
upwards of 350,000 ſouls, who exhibit the 
oppoſite marks of extravagant magnificence, 
and extreme poverty. Auguſtus called it 
Neapolis. Suet. in Aug. 98. A town 
of Africa. A city of Thrace ——A 
town of Egypt.—Of Paleſtine, —Of Ionia, 
Alſo a part of Syracuſe. Liv. 25, e. 
24 —Cic. in Ver. 5. 

NEARCHUS, an officer of Alexander in 
his Indian expedition. He was ordered to 
ſail upon the Indian ocean with Oneſicritus 
and to examine it, He wrote an account of 
this voyage and of the king's life ; but his 
veracity has been called in queſtion by At» 
rian. After the King's death he was ap- 
pointed over Lycia and Pamphylia. Gurt. 
9, c. I10,—Polyan, 9.—Fuſtin. 13, c. 4— 
Strab. 2, &c,—-A beautiful youth, &c. 
Herat. 3. od. 20. An old man men- 
tioned by Cicero de Senect. 

Nrno, a high mountain near Paleſtine, 
beyond Jordan, from the top of which 


| NEBROPHGNOs, a ſon of 


' Moſes was permitted to view the promiſed 
land. 
| NxBRISss A, a town of Spain, now Le- 
 brixa, 
' NzxBRGDes, a mountain of Sicily, where 
the Himera riſes. Si/. 14, v. 237. 
| aſon and 
Ap-lled. One of AQzon's 
Ovid. Met. 3. 
Nrchos, a king of Egypt, Who at- 
' tempted to make a communication between 
the Mediterranean and Red ſeas, B. C. 610. 
No leſs than 1200 men periſhed in the at- 
tewpt, 


tempt. 
Africa 
c. 158. 
Nec 
Alexan 
Nic 
of Egy! 
the Per. 
. 
name, 
king of 
quelled 
time aft 
phœnic 
had reve 
powerfu 
Darius t 
the head 
fend his 
enemy, 
in Greec 
60,000 1 
merous | 
forces ; 
tle, gave 
into At! 
a ſafe af) 
came fre 
of Perſia 
—Polyz: 
Necy 
Greeks 1 
Nets, 
Nert 
He was k 
expoſed | 
ceal her 1 
were pre 
had * 
After the 
eus ſeize 
delonged 
the dece⸗ 
for ſome 
Neleus ir 
us, Kin 
vith Kine 
i city, v 
married ( 
by whom 
lons, wh 
by Hercy 
Neleus p! 
only to h 


Iphiclus. 


Fd. Mela 
Pay. 4, C 
>—A ri\ 
Novo, 
Neue. 
Clena a 


Hercules . 
te celeb; 


[onla, 
i 


er in 
ed d 
critus 
unt of 
wut his 
y At- 


as ap- 
Curt. 


, &c. 
men- 
eſtine, 
which 
miſed 


w Lt- 
where 


n and 
Aron's 


N E. 


tempt. It was diſcovered in his reign that 

Africa was circumnavigable. Herodot. 2, 
8. I. 4, c. 42. 

5 bein one of the ſuburbs of 

Alexandria. 

NxcTantuus & NECTANABTS, a king 
of Egypt, who defended his country againſt 
the Perhans, and was ſucceeded by Tachos, 
B, C. 363- His grandſon, of the ſame 
name, made an alliance with Ageſilaus 
king of Sparta, and with his aſſiſtance he 
quelled a rebellion of his ſubjects. Some- 
time after he was joined by the Sidonians, 
Phenicians, and inhabitants of Cyprus, who 
had revolted from the king of Perſia. This 

erful confederacy was ſoon attacked by 
Darius the king of Perſia, who marched at 
the head of his troops. Nectanebus, to de- 
fend his frontiers againſt ſo dangerous an 
enemy, levied 20,000 mercenary ſoldiers 
in Greece, the ſame number in Libya, and 
60,000 were furniſhed in Egypt. This nu- 
merous body was not equal to the Perſian 
forces ; and Nectanebus, defeated in a bat- 
tle, gave up all hopes of refiſtance and fled 
into Ethiopia, B. C. 350, where he found 
a ſafe aſylum. His kingdom of Egypt be- 
tame from that time tributary to the king 
of Perſia. Plut. Ageſ.—Diod 16, &Cc. 
=Puyan. 2.—C. Nep. in Ageſ. 

NecysSiaA, a ſolemnity obterved by the 
Greeks in memory of the dead. 

Neis, the wite of Endymion. Apallod 

NeLeus, a ſon of Neptune and Tyro. 
He was brother to Pelias, with whom he was 
expoſed by his mother, who wiſhed to con- 
ceal her infirmities from her father. They 
were preſerved and brought to Tyro, who 
dad then married Cretheus King of LIolchos. 
After the death of Cretheus, Pelias and Ne- 
eus ſeized the Kingdom of Iolchos, which 
delonged to Æſon the lawful ſon of Tyro by 
the deceaſed monarch. After they had reigned 
for ſome time conjointly, Pelias expelled 
Neleus (rom Loichos. Neleus came to Apha- 
reus, king of Mefſenia, who treated him 
vith kindneſs, and permitted him to build 
i city, which he called Pylos. Nelcus 
married Chloris the daughter of Amphion, 
ty whom he had a daughter and twelve 
ons, who were all, except Neſtor, killed 
by Hercules, together with their father. 
Neleus promiſed his daughter in marriage 
mly to him who brought him the bulls of 
;bhiclus, Bias was the ſucceſsful lover, 
Fd, Melampus. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 418.— 
Pa. 4, e. 36.—Apelled. 1, c. 9. I. 2, c. 6. 
>A river of Eubæœa. 

Nero, one of the Danaides. polled. 2. 

MA, a town of Argolis between 
Clank and Phlius with a wood, where 
cules, in the 16th year of his age, killed 
We celebrated Nemæan lion. This animal, 


1 


N E 


born of the hundred-headed Typhon, in- 
feſted the neighbourhood of Nemæa, and 
kept the inhabitants under continual alarms, 
It was the firſt labor of Hercules to deſtroy 
it; and the hero, when he found that his 
arrows and nis club were uſeleſs againſt 
an animal whoſe ſkin was hard and impe- 
netrable, ſeized him in his arms and 
ſqueezed him to death. The conqueror 
cloathed himſelf in the ſkin, and games 
were inſtituted to commemorate ſo great 
an event, The Nemæan games were ori- 
ginally inſtituted by the Argives in honor 
of Archemorus, who dicd by the bite of a 
ſerpent, [ Vid. Archemorus.] and Hercules 
lometime after renewed them. They were 
one of the four great and folemn games, 
which were obſerved in Greece. The Ar- 
gives, Corinthians, and the inhabitants of 
Cleonæ, generally prefided by turns at the 
celebration, in which were exhibited foot 
and horſe races, chariot races, boxing, wreſt- 
ling, and conteſts of every kind, both gym- 
nical and equeſtrian. The cunqueror was re- 
warded with a crown of olive, afterwards of 
green parſley, in memory of the adventure 
of Archemorus, whom his nurſe laid down 
on a ſprig of that plant. They were cele- 


| brated every third, or, according to others, 


every fifth year, or more properly on the t ſt 
and 3d year of every Olympiad, on the 
12th day of the Corinthian month Panemos, 
which correſponds tv our Auguſt. They 
ſerved as an era to the Argives, and to the 
inhabitants of the neighbouring country. 
It was always uſual for an orator to pro- 
nounce a funeral oration in memory of the 
death of Archemorus, and thoſe who dit- 
tributed the prizes were always dreſſed in 
mourning. Liv. 27, c. 30 & 31. l. 34. 
C. | age Met. 9. v. 97. ep. 9, v. 61. 
—Pauf. in Corinth. — Clem. Alexand.— 


| —Athen,—Polyzen.—Strab. 8.— Hygin. fab. 


30 & 273.— Apallad. 3, c. 6, ——A river of 
Peloponueſus falling into the bay of Corinth. 
Liu. 33, c. 15. 

Nemavusus, a town of Gaul, in Lan- 
guedoc, now N:/mes. 

NEMESIANUS, a Latin poet, of no very 
brilliant talents, in the third century, whoſe 
poems on hunting and bird catching were 
publiſhed by Buiman, inter ſcriptores rei 
venaticæ, 4tu, L. Bat. 1728. 

NkmEs1s, one of the infernal deities, 
daughter of Nox. She was the goddeſs of 
vengeance always prepared to puniſh im- 
piety, and at the ſame time liberally to re- 
ward the good and virtuous. She is made 
one of the Parc by ſome mythologiſts, 
and is repreſented with a helm and a 
wheel. The people of Smyrna were the 
firſt who made her ſtatues with wings, to 
ſhow with what celerity ſhe is prepared to 

puniſh 


— OD” 


N. E 


puniſh the crimes of the wieked both by 
lea and land, as the helm and the wheel in 
her hands intimate Her power did not only 
exiſt in this life, hut ſhe was alſo employed 
after death to find out the moſt effectual 
and rigorous Means of correction. Neme- 
ſis was particularly worſhipped at Rham- 
nus in Atticn, where ſhe had a celebrated 
ſtatue to cuhits long, made of Parian mar- 
ble by Phidias, or according to others, by 
one of his pupils. The Romans were alſo 
particularly attentive to the adoration of a 
deity whom they ſolemnly invoked, and to 
whom they offered ſacrifices before they 
declared war againſt their enemies, to ſhow 
the world that "their wars were undertaken 
upon the moſt jufi grounds. Her ſtatue at 
Rome was in the capitol. Some ſuppoſe 
that Nemeſis was the perſon whom Jupiter 
deceived in the form of a ſwan, and that 
Leda was entruſled with the care of the 
children which ſprang from the two eggs. 
Others obſerve that Leda obtained the name 
of Nemeſis after death. According to 
Pauſanias, there were more than one Ne- 
meſis. The goddeſs Nemeſis was firnamed 
Rhammuſia, becauſe worſhipped at Rham- 
nus, and Aaraſiia from the temple which 
Adtaſſus king of Argos erected to her when 
he went againſt Thebes to revenge the in- 
dignities which his ſon-in-law Polynices 
had ſuffered in being unjuſtly driven from 
his kingdom by Eteocles. The Greeks 
ce!ehratcd a feſtival called Nemefra, in me- 
mory of deceaſed perſons, as the goddeſs 
Nemeſis was ſuppoſed to defend the relics 
and the memory of the dead from all in- 
ſult. Hygin. P. A. 2, c. S,— Pau. 1, c. 33. 
c. 10.,—Hefied. Theeg. A 
miſtreſs of Tibullus, 2, el. 3, v. 85. 

NEME+1Us, a Greek writer whoſe ele- 
gant and uſetul treatite de Natura Hominis, 
was cdited in 12mo. Ant. apud Plant. 
1565, and in 2mo, Oxon, 1671. 

NEMETACUM, a town of Gau!, now 
Arras. 

NrMETFs, a nation of Germany, now 
forming the inhabitants of Spie, wl:ich 
was afterwards called Neviemagus, T atit. 
dc Cerm. 28. 

Nr Mok AL 1A, feſtivals obſerved in the 
woods of Aricia, in honor of Diana, who 
preſided over the country and the foreſts, 
on which account that part of Italy was 
ſometimes denominated Nemorenſis ager. 

NzmossUsy (or un, ) the capital of the 
Artveini in Gaul, now Clement. Lucan. 
I, v. 419.— S rab. 4. 

NxeoBULE, a daughter of Lycambes, 
betrothed to the poet Archilochus. [Vid 
L.ycambei.) A beautiful woman to whom 
Horace addreſſed 3, od. 12. 

NEoOC&4SARIA, a town of Pontus. 


—Aplicd, 3 


| 


NE: 


NEeocnaABrs, a king of Egypt. 
NeS6cLEs, an Athenian philoſopher, fx. 
ther, or according to Cicero, brother to the 
philoſopher Epicurus. Cic. 1, de Nat. D. 
e. 21.—Dlog. The father of Themiſ— 
tocles, AElian. V. H. 2, &c.—C. Nep. in 
Them, 
NeoGENEs, a man who made himſelf 
abſolute, &c. Died. 15. 
NzoMoR1s, one of the Nereides, Apc/. 
lad. 1. 
No, a town of Phocis.—Tbere was 
alſo another of the ſame name in the ſame 
country on the top of Parnaſſus. It was 
afterwards called Titer. Plut. in Fyll.— 
Pauſ. Phoc.— Herodot. 8, c. 32. One of 
the commanders of the ten thouſand Greek; 
who aſſiſted Cyrus againſt Artaxerxes. 
NeonTICHOS, a town of ZEvlia near 
the Hermus. Herodot. — Plin. 
Ne6PTGLEMUS, a king of Epirus, fon 
of Achilles and Deidamia, called Pyrriu 
from the ye//ow color of his hair. He 
was carefully educated under the eye of 
his mother, and gave early proofs of bis 
valor. After the death of Achilles, Calchas 
declared in the aſſembly of the Greeks that 
roy could not be taken without the aſſiſt- 
ance of the ſon of the deceafed hero. Im- 
mediately upon this Ulyſſes and Phenix 
were commiſſioned to bring Pyrrhus to the 
war, He returned with them with plea- 
ſure, and received the name of Neoptole- 
mus, (new. ſoldier,) becauſe he had come 
late tõ the ficld. On his arrival before 
Troy he paid a viſit to the tomb of his fa- 
ther, and wept over his aſhes. He after- 
wards, according to ſome authors, accom- 
panied Ulyfles to Lemnos, to engage Phi- 
loctetes to come to the Trojan war, He 
greatly fignalized himſelf during the e- 
maining time of the ſiege, and he was the 
firſt wao entered the wooden horſe, He 
was inferior to none of the Grecian warriors 
in valor, and Ulyſſes and Neftor alone could 
claim a ſuperiority over him in eloquence, 
wiſdom, and addreſs. His cruelty however 
was as great as that of his father. Not 
ſatisficd with breaking down the gates of 
Priam's palace, he exerciſed the greateſt 
berbarity upon the remains of his family, 
2nd without any regard to the ſanctity 
the place where Priam had taken refuge, he 
fllaughtered him without mercy ; or, 407 
cording to others, dragged him by the balls 
to the tomb of his father, where he lacrt- 
tired him, and where he cut off his head, 
and carried it in exultation thivugh the 
ſtreets of Troy, fixed on the point of a ſpear: 
He alſo ſacrificed Aliyanax to bis fury, and 
immolated Polyxcna on the temb of A chile 
les according to thoſe who ceny that that 


When Troy Was 


ſacrihce was voluntary. 


1 Ken, 


taker 


conql 
Andr 
jenus 
parte 
from 
word: 
if he 
voyag 
quenc 
oblige 
the re. 
the gr 
levere 
[ Vid. 
ment 
Some 
where 
this i! 
perhap 
Epirus 
new k 
leus h. 
Acaſtu 
lived v 
Greece 
treated 
bine. 
princeſ 
we rely 
hdes 4 
the dat 
the da 
ſcendar 
death | 
fore th 
dauglite 
vices | 
the cot 
hege o 
merit b 
nuptials 
Hermio 
and bee 
ſolved 
ſeemed 
cummo 
optolem 
WW mur. 
\ented | 
cording 
lhe ſaw 
mined 1 
avoid th 
'vdden ; 
iolution: 
ner love 
ume, te 
auſed b 
vt Delp 
Ut the 4 
due han, 


l 
ts + 


Pl, . 


, fa- 
o the 
. i); 
emiſ- 
ep. in 


imſelf 
Apel. 


e Was 
ſame 
[t was 
yl. 
Ine of 
Ireeks 
5. 
near 


8, fon 
yrrkus, 
þ 
eye of 
of his 
2alchas 
Ks that 
> aſhſt- 
Im- 
Phenix 
to the 
h plea» 
optole- 
come 
before 
his fa- 
> after« 
accom- 
ze Phi- 
ar, He 
the ie · 
was ihe 
ſe, He 
warriors 
ne could 
2G Uencey 
however 
r, Not 
gates of 
greateſt 
family, 
1Ctity of 
tuge 5 he 
or, ac® 
the hair, 
he ſacri- 


his heady 


ugh the 
of a {pcar. 
ry, a 
Jr A chile 
that that 
"roy Was 
taken, 


N E 


taken, the captives were divided among the 
conquerors, and Pyrrhus had for his ſhare 
Andromache the widow of Hector, and He- 
jenus the ſon of Priam. With theſe he de- 
parted for Greece, and he probably eſcaped 
from deſtruction by giving credit to the 
words of Helenus, who foretold him that 
if he ſailed with the reſt of the Greeks, his 
voyage would be attended with fatal conſe- 
quences, and perhaps with death. This 
obliged him to take a different courſe from 
the reſt of the Greeks, and he travelled over 
the greateſt part of Thrace, where he had a 
ſevere encounter with queen Harpalyce. 
Vid. Haypalyce.]J The place of his retire- 
ment after the Trojan war is not known. 
Some maintain that he went to Theflaly, 
where his grandfather ſtill reigned ; but 
this is confuted by others, who obſerve, 
perhaps with more reafon, that he went to 
Epirus, where he laid the foundations of a 
new kingdom, becauſe his grandfather Pe- 
leus had been deprived of his ſceptre by 
Acaſtus the ſon of Pelias. Neoptolemus 
lived with Andromache after his arrival in 
Greece, but it is unknown whether he 
treated her as a lawful wife, or a concu- 
bine, He had a ſon by this unfortunate 
princeſs called Moloſſus, and two others, if 
we rely on the authority of Pauſanias. Be- 
kdes Andromache he married Hermione 
the daughter of Menelaus, as alſo Lanaſſa 
the daughter of Cleodzus, one of the de- 
ſcendants of Hercules. The cauſe of his 
death is variouſly related. Menelaus, be- 
fore the Trojan war, had promiſed his 
daughter Hermione to Oreſtes, but the ſer- 
vices he experienced from the valor and 
the courage of Neoptolemus during the 
liege of Troy, induced him to reward his 
merit by making him his ſon-in-law. The 
nuptials were accordingly celebrated, but 
Hermione became jealous of Andromache, 
and becauſe ſhe had no children, ſhe re- 
lolved to deſtroy her Trojan rival who 
ſeemed to ſteal away the affections of their 
common huſband. In the abſence of Ne- 
optolemus ar Delphi, Hermione attempted 
vv murder Andromache, but ſhe was pre- 
\ented by the interference of Peleus, or ac- 
cording to others, of the populace. When 
ke ſaw her ſchemes defeated, ſhe deter- 
waned to jay violent hands upon herſelf to 
word the reſentment of Neoptolemus. The 
wdden arrival of Oreftes changed her re- 
lutions, and ſhe conſented to elope with 
"er lover to Sparta. Oreſtes at the fame 
me, to revenge and to puniſh his rival, 
ſed him to be aſſaſſinated in the temple 
Delphi, and he was murdercd at the foot 
the altar by Machareus the prieſt, or by 
the band of Oreſtes himſelf, according to 

eh Pateiculus, and Hyginus, Some 


N E 


ſay that he was murdered by the Delphians, 


who had been bribed by the preſents of 
Oreſtes. It is unknown why Neoptole- 
mus went to Delphi. Some ſupport that he 
wiſhed to conſult the oracle to know how 
he might have children by the barren Her- 
mione ; others ſay, that he went thither to 
offer the ſpoils which he had obtained dur- 
ing the Trojan war, to appeaſe the reſent- 
ment of Apollo whem he had provoked by 
calling him the cauſe of the death of 
Achilles. The plunder of the rich temple 
of Delphi, if we believe others, was the 
object of the journey of Neoptolemus, 
and it cannot but be obſerved, that he ſuf- 
fered the ſame death and the ſame barba- 
rities which he had inflicted in the temple 
of Minerva upon the aged Priam and his 
wretched family. From this circumſtance 
the ancients have made uſe of the pro- 
verb of Neoptolemic revenge when a perſon 
had ſuffered the ſame ſavage treatment 
which others had received from his hand. 
The Delphians celebrated a feſtival with 
great pomp and ſolemnity in memory of 
Neoptolemus, who had been flain in his 
attempt to plunder their temple, becauſe, 
as they ſaid, Apollo, the patron of the place, 
had been in ſome manner acceſſary to the 
death of Achilles. Paterc. 1, c. 1.—Virg. 
Eu. 2 & 3.—Pauſ. 10, c. 24.— Ovid. Met. 
13, v. 334, 455, &c. Heroid. 8. —Strab. g.— 
Pind. Nem. 7. —Eurip. Androm. & Oreft. Sc. 
—Plut. in Pyrr.— Juſtiu. 17, c. 3.—Dictys 
Cret. 4, 5 & 6. — Homer. Od. t 1. II. — Spphect. 
Philott.—Apolled. 3, c. 13. — Hg. fab. 
97 & 102.—Phil:ftr, Her. 19, &c.— Dare 
Phryg.—Q. Smyrn, 14. A king of the 
Moloſſi, father of Olympias the mother of 
Alexander, TJuftin. 17, c. 3. Another, 
king of Epirus. An uncle of the cele- 
brated Pyrrhus who aſſiſted the Tarentines. 
He was made king of Epirus by the Epi- 
rots who had revolted from their lawful ſo- 
vereign, and was put to death when he 
attempted to poiſon his nephew, &c. Pur, 
in Pyrrh, A tragic poet of Athens greatly 
favored by Philip king of Macedonia, 
When Cleopatra, the monarch's daughter, 
was married to Alexander of Epirus, ke 
wrote ſome verſes which proved to be pro 
phetic of the tragical death of Philip. 
Died. 16. A relation of Alexander. He 
was the firſt who climbed the walls of 
Gaza when that city was taken by Alexan- 
der. After the king's death he received 
Armenia as his province, and made war 
againſt Eumenes. He was ſupported by 
Craterus, but an engagement with Eumenes 
proved fatal to his cauſe, Craterus was 
killed and himſelf mortally wounded by 
Eumenes, B. C. 321. C. Nep. in Eumen, 
——QOnc of we officers of Mithridates the 
L 1 Great, 


N E. : N E 


af ſentiment and a lively diſpoſition. Ac- 
6 


| her huſband, 
dia, and that ſhe impoſed upon "ellink 


Scat, beaten by Lucullus in a naval battle. contig 2 2 range — Ae r * 

Plut. in Luc. A tragic writer. ooks of chronicles, as alfo a biographical "ay 

Nrorrs, a large country of Afia, near | account of all the moſt celebrated Kings, 4 

Gedroſia, almoſt deſtitute of waters. The generals, and authors of antiquity, Of all -— 

inhabitants were called Neoritz, and it was | his valuable compoſitions, nothing remains wn 

uſual among them to ſuſpend their dead bo- but his lives of the illuſtrious Greek end 26 11 

dies on the boughs of trees. Diod. 17. Roman generals, which have often been at- OT 

Nrer, a conſtellation of the heavens, the tributed to Amylius Probus, who publiſhed Wi 

fame as Scorpio. An inland town of them in his own name in the age of 3 

Ftruria, called alſo Nepete, whoſe inhabi- Theodofius, to conciliate the favor and the 2 

tants are called Nepeſini. Hal. 8, v. 490. friendſhip of that emperor. The language UU 

Lv. 5, c. 19. |. 26, c. 34. N of Corneſius has always been admired, aud, e 

NePHAL1A, feſtivals in Greece, in ho- as a writer of the Auguſtan age, he is inti- bist 

nor of Mnemoſyne the mother of the tled to many commendations for the deli with \ 

Muſes | cacy of his expreſſions, the elegance of his 4 

en ; {s and precihon of hi rs 

N#yrELE, the firſt wife of Athamas king | ſtile, and the clearneſs and p lis as 

of Thebes, and mother of Phryxus and | narrations, Some ſupport that he tranſlated raiſed 

Helle. She was repudiated on pretence of | Dares Phrygius from the Greek original; dns 

being ſubject to fits of inſanity, and A- | but the inelegance of the diction, and its 1 

thamas married Ino the daughter of Cad- many incorrect expreſſions, plainly prove that ar king 

mus, by whom he had ſeveral children. Ino | it is the production, not of a writer of the al 

became jealous of Nephele, becauſe her chil- | Auguſtan age, but the {purious compoſition This d. 

| dfen would ſucceed to their father's throne of a more modern pen. Cornelius ſpeaks of . 

| before her's, by right of ſeniority, and ſhe | kis account of the Greek hiſtorians in Diss. 38 

| reſolved to deſtroy them. Nephele was | c. 3. Among the many good editions of ACN 
apprized of her wicked intentions, and ſhe | Cornelius Nepos, two may be ſelected as tie ped ther 

removed her children from the reach of | beſt, that of Verheyk, Svo. L. Bat. 1773, i the þ 

Ino, by giving tkem a celebrated ram ſprung and that of Glaſgow, 22mo. 1761.— las of 

from the union of Neptune and Theophane, Julius, an Emperor of the Weſt, &c, "vane" 

on whoſe back they eſcaped to Colchis, NEyPOTIANUS Flavius Popilius, a ſon of 3 

Vd. Phryxus.] Nephele was afterwards | Eutropia, the ſiſter of the emperor Con- the Ove 

changed into a cloud, whence her name is | flantine. He proclaimed himſelf empecor pre, * 

given by the Greeks to the clouds. . Some | after the death of his coufin Conttans, and promont 

call her Nea, which word is the latin | rendered himſelf odious by his cruelty and rod of + 

tranſlation of Nephele. The fleece of the | oppreſſion. He was murdered by Anicetus, 8 

ram, which ſaved the life of Nephele's | after one month's reign, and his family 9 

children, is often called the Nephelian fleece. | were involved in his ruin. ; 2 

Apollod. 1, c. 9.—Hygin. 2, &c.— O. NeeTays, wife of Typhon, became lo col 

! Met. 11, v. 195;—Flace. 11, v. $6.——A enamoured of Oſiris, her brother-in-lax, and raiſe 
| 'T mountain of Theſſaly, once the reſidence of | and introduced herſelf to his bed. She with a1 
r had a ſon called Anubis by him. Plat. « of Nept, 
f NEevyHEL15, a cape of Cilicia. Liv. 33, Id. 5 c part of t. 
F c. 20. NEPTUNT FANUM, a place — = cular ven 
| NevHekiTEs, a king of Egypt, who | chrez. Mela, 1, c. 19. Another in the and looks 
1 aſſiſted the Spartans againſt Perſia, when | iſland of Calauria, Another near Man- of the ge 
4 Ageſilaus was in Aſia. He ſent them a | tinea, _ 5 were all 
: fcet of 100 ſhips, which were iutercepted N EPTUNIA, a town and colony they cele 
4 by Conon, as they were failing towards Magna Græcia. Aub Conſualia 
| Rhodes, &c. Died. 14. NEePTUNIUM, a promontory of Aravla, Was gener 
NerHvus, a ſon of Hercules. at the entrance of the gulph. ET made (f 

Ney1a, a daughter of Jaſus, who mar- NEPTUNIUS, an epithet applic -L - or Golphi 
ried Olympus king of Myſia, whence the | Pompey, becauſe he believed N * vinged he 
plains of My ſia are ſometimes called Nepie | god of the fea, or deſcended from 8 tang, and 
eampi, account of his ſuperiority in ſhips, Kc. lhe ſurfac 
Corr, Nepos, a celebrated hiſtorian in | Heorat, E pod. 9.—Dion, 45. 1 kim as if; 
the reign of Auguſtus, He was born at | NepTUNus, a god, fon of _— * es crof 
Hoſtilia, and like the reſt of his learned | Ops, and brother to Jupiter, = ha Wuntains 
contemporaries, he ſhared the favors and | Juno. He was devoured by his : 2 my tmbled 2 
enjoyed the patronage of the emperor. He | day of his birth, and again reſtore Rog the üſhegs 
was the intimate friend of Cicero and of | by means of Metis, who goo? ls tn the ſe 
Atticus, and recommended himſelf to the | tain potion, Pauſanias ſays, e ** of her go. 

notice of the great and opulent by delicacy | ther concealed him in a ſheeptold 1 Ned 4 b 


three 
tical 
ings, 
Jf all 
mains 
end 
*N at- 
liſhed 
ge of 
id the 
Tuage 
„and, 
$ inti- 
deli- 
of his 
of his 
nſlated 
iginal; 
ind its 
we that 
of the 
zofition 
eaks of 
n Dior. 
ions of 
d as tue 
« 1777) 
1.— 
LC 

1 ſon of 
r Con- 
empesor 
ins, and 
elty and 
Niceruss 
; family 


becam! 
in-lax, 
»d.. She 
Plut. de 


ar Cen- 
cr in the 
ear Man- 


olony el 
f Arabia, 


d to Sext. 
ſelf to be 
him, on 
hips, &. 


turn and 
Juto aud 
father tbe 
ed to liſe 
urn a ce 
his mr 
d in Aro 
r huſband; 


tell 


"0 


telling him that ſhe had brought a colt Into 
the world, which was 1nflantly devoured 
by Saturn. Neptune ſhared with his bro- 
thers the empire of Saturn, and received 
z5 his portion the Kingdom of the ſen. This, 
however, did not ſe2r1 equivalent to the 
empire of heaven and earth, which Jupiter 
had claimed, therefore he conſpired to de- 
throne him with the reſt of the gods. The 
conſpiracy was diſcovered, and Jupiter con- 
demned Neptune to build the walls of Troy, 
Vid. Laomedon.] A reconciliation was ſoon 
after made, and Neptune was re- inſtituted to 
all his rights and privileges. Neptune d:tputed 
with Minerva the right of giving a name to 
the capital of Cecropia, but he was detcated, 
aud the olive which the goddeſs ſuddenly 
raiſed from the earth was deemed more 
ſerviceable for the good of mankind than 
the horſe which Neptune had produced by 
#riking the ground with his trident, as that 
arimal is the emblem of war and ſlaughter. 
This decifion did not plcaſe Neptune, he 
renewed the combat by diſputing for Trœ- 
zene, but Jupiter ſettled their diſputes by 
permitting them to be conjointly worſhip- 
ped there, and by giving the name of Polias, 
or the proteFFreſs of the city, to Minerva, and 
that of king of Trœzene to the god of the 
ſea, He alſo diſputed his right for the iſt h- 
mus of Corinth with Apollo; and Briareus 
the Cyclops, who was mutually choſen um- 
pire, gave the iſthmus to Neptune, and the 
promontory to Apollo. Neptune, as being 
zudl of the ſea, was entitled to more power 
than any of the other gods, except Ju- 
piter, Not only the ocean, rivers, and 
fountains, were ſubjected to him, but he 
aiſo could cauſe earthquakes at his pleaſure, 
and raiſe iNands from the bottom of the tea 
with a blow of his trident. The worſhip 
of Neptune was eſtabliſhed in almoſt every 
part of the earth, and the Libyans in parti- 
cular venerated him above all other nations, 
and looked upon him as the firſt and greateſt 
of the gods. The Grecks and the Romans 
were allo attached to his worthip, and 
they celebrated their Iſthmian games and 
Conſualia with the greateſt ſotemnity. He 
was generally repreſented fitting in. a chariot 
made if a ſhell, and drawn by ſea horſes 
or dolphins. Sometimes he is drawn by 
Vinged horſes, and holds his trident in his 
band, and Rands up as his chariot flies over 
the ſurface of the fea. Homer repre:ents 
Um as illuing from the ſea, and in three 
© croſing the whole horizon, The 
Wwuntains and the foreſts, ſays the poet, 
wmbled as he walked ; the whales, and all 
tte tiſhes of the ſea, appear round him, and 
wen the lea herſelf ſeems to feel the preſence 
« her god. The antients generally ſacri- 
Wed a bull aud a horſe on his akars, and 


— — 


— — — 


ö 


N E 


the Roman ſoothſayers always offered te 
him the gall of the victims, which in taſte 
reſembles the bitterneſs of the ſea water. 
The amours of Neptune are numerous. He 
obtained, by means of a dolphin, the favors 
of Amphitrite, who had made a vow of 
perpetual celibacy, and he placed among the 
conſtellations the fifh which had perſuaded 
the goddeſs to become his wife. He alſo 
married Venilia and Salacia, which are only 
the names of Amphitrite, according to 
ſome authors, who obſerve that the former 
word is derived from tenire, alluding to the 
continual motion of the ſea. Salacia is de- 
rived from ſalum, which ſignifies the ſea, 
and is applicable to Amphitrite. Neptune 
became a horſe to enjoy the company of 
Ceres. [id. Arion.] To deceive Theo- 
phane, he changed himlelf into a ram. 
Vid. Theophane.} He aſſumed the form of 
the river Enipeus, to gain the confidence of 
Tyro, the dæughter of Salmoncus, by whom 
re had Pelias and Nelcus. IIe was alſo 
ſather of Phorcus and Polyphemus by 
Tho:!%a; ur Lycus, NyReus, ind Euphc- 
mus, by Ccleno; of Chryſes by Chryſoge- 
nia; of Anzus by Aſtypalca; of Bœotus 
and Hallen by 4.ntiope ; of Levconoe by 
Then-io;z of Agenor and Bellerophon by 
Eury nome the daughter of Ny ſus; of Amas 
by Alcyone the daughter of Atlas; of Abas 
by Arethuſa; of Actor and Dictvs by Ages 
mede the daughter of Augias; of Mega- 
reus by CEnope daughter vi Epopeus ; of 
Cycnus by Harpalyce; of Taras, Otus, Ephi- 
altes, Dorus, Aleſus, &c. The word Neps 
tuuus is often uſed metaphorically by the 
poets, to ſignify ſea water. In the Conſu- 
alia of the Romans, horſes were led through 
the flirects fincly equipped and crowned 
with garlands, as the gud, in whoſe honor 
the feitivals were inſtituted, had produced 
the horſe, an animal ſo beneficial for the 
uſe of mankind. Pau. 1, 2, &c.—Hemer, 
Ii. 7,&&c.—Parre. de. L. L. 4.— ic. de Nat. 
D. 2, c. 26. l. 2, c. 25.— II od. Theog, 
r, . 1a, Se, I. 2; 7 . 
Apollod. 1, 2, &c.— Ov. Met. 6, v. 117, 
& c. — Herodot. 2, c. 50. l. 4, c. 188.— 
Macreb. Saturn, 1, c. 17. —- Aug. de Civ, D. 
18.—Plut. in [hem.—iygin. fab. 157.— 
Eurip. in Piœniſi.— Flac. — Apclian. Rod, 
NERE1DEs, nymphs of the ſea, daughters 
of Nereus and Doris. They were fifty, 
according to the greater number of the my=- 
thologiſts, whoſe names are as follows: Sao, 
Amphitrite, Proto, Galatza, Thoe, Eu- 
crate, Eudora, Galena, Glauce, Thetis, 
Spio, Cymothoe, Melita, Thalia, Agave, 
Eulimene, Erato, Patitica, Doto, Eunice, 
Nelea, Dynamene, Pheiuſa, Protomelia, 
Actea, Panope, Doris, Cymatolege, Hippo- 
thoe, Cymo, Eionc, Hippenoe, Cy modoce, 
"A «0 Neſoy 


N E 


Neſo, Eupompe, Pronoe, T hemiſto, Glau- 
conome, Halimede, Pontoporia, Evagora, 
Liagora, Polynome, Laomadia, Lyſianaſſa, 
Autonoe, Menippe, Evarne, Pſamathe, 
Nemertes. In thoſe which Homer men- 
tions, to the number of zo, we find the fol- 
lowing names different from thoſe ſpoken 
of by Heſiod ; Halia, Limmoria, Tera, Am- 
phitroe, Dexamene, Amphinome, Cal- 
lianira, Apſeudes, Callanaſſa, Clymene, 

anira, Naſſa, Mera, Orithya, Amathea. 
Apollodorus, who mentions 45, mentions 
the foilowing names different from the 
others: Glaucothoe, Protomeduſa, Pione, 
Pleſaura, Calypſo, Cranto, Neomeris, De- 
janira, Polynoc, Melia, Dione, Iſea, Dero, 
Eumolpe, Lone, Ceto. Hyginus, and others, 
differ from the preceding authors in the fol- 
lowing names: Drymo, Xantho, Ligea, 
Phyllodoce, Cydippe, Lycorias, Cleio, 
Beroe, Ephira, Opis, Aha, Deopea, Are- 
thuſa, Crenis, Eurydice, and Leucothoe. 
The Nereides were implored as the reſt of 
the deities, they had altars chiefly on the 
coaſts of the ſca, where the piety of mankind 
made ofterings f milk, oil, and honey, and 
often of the fleſh of goats. When they 
were on the ſea ſhore they generally reſided 
in grottos and caves, which were adorned 
with ſhells, and ſhaded by the branches of 
vines, Their duty was to attend upon the 
more powerful deities of the ſea, and to be 
ſubſervient to the will of Neptune. They 
were particularly fond of alcyons, and as 
they had the power of ruffling or calming 
the waters, they were always addreſſed by 
ſailors, who implored their protection, that 
they might grant them a favorable voyage 
and a proſperous return. They are repre- 
ſented as young and handfome virgins, fitting 
on dolphins and holding Neptune's trident 
in their hand, or ſometimes garlands of 
flowers, & c. Orpheus Hymn. 23.—Catull. de 
Rapt. Pel.—07.d. Met. 11, v. 361, &c.— 
Stat. 2. Sylv. 2, I. 3. Su. 1.—Pauf. 2, e. 
1.—Ap:l/od. I, C. 2, & g9.— Heſiod. { keog. 
— Homer. II. — Hygin. &c. 

NEREivs, a name given to Achilles, as 
ſon of Thetis, who was one of the Nereides, 
Herat. cp. 17, v. 8. 

NEREUs, a deity of the ſea, ſon of Ocea- 
nus and Terra. He marricd Doris, by 
whom he had zo daughters, called the 
Nereides. [ Vid. Nereides. ] Nereus was 
generally repreſented as an old man with a 
long flowing beard, and hair of an azure 
color. The chief placc of Ins reſidence was 
in the ZEgean ſea, Where he was ſurrounded 
by his daughters, who often danced in cho- 
ruſſes round him. He had the gift of pro- 
phecy, and infurme thoſethat conſulted him 
with the different ſates that attended them, 
He 2cquaiuted Paris with the contequences 


N E. 


of his elopement with Helen; and it was l/ 
his directions that Hercules obtained the 
golden apples of the Heſperides, but the ſea. 
god often evaded the importunities of jn. 
quirers by aſſuming different ſhapes, and 
totally eſcaping from their graſp, The 
word Nerenus is often taken for the ſe jt. 
ſelf. Nereus is ſometimes called the moſt 
antient of all the gods. Hefred. Theog,.. 
Hygin.— Homer. Il. 18.-— Apelled.—Orphen,, 
Argon, —torat. 1, od. 13, —Euwurip.in Iphig. 

NrERIyHus, a deſart ifland ncar the Thra. 
cian Cherſoneſus. 

NrRlros, a mountain in the iſland of 
Ithaca, as alſo a ſmall iſland in the Ionian 
ſea, according to Mela. The word Neritos 
is often applied to the whole iſland of 
Ithaca, and Ulyſſes, the king of it, is called 
Neritius dux, and his ſhip Neritia navi,, 
The people of Saguntum, as deſcended from 
a Neritian colony, are called Neritia proles, 
Sil. It. 2, v. 3t7.—Fire. An. 3, v. 271 
Plin. 4. Mela. 2, c. 7.— Ovid. Met. 135 Y. 
712. Rem. A. 263. 

NEkITUM, a town of Calabria, now 
called Nards, 

Nekius, a filverſmith in the age « 
Horace, 2 Sat, 3, v. 69. An uſurer in 
Nero's age, who was ſo cager to get me— 
ney, that he married as often as he could, 
and as ſoon deftroyed his wives by poiſon, to 
poſſeſs himſelf of their eſtates. Per}. 2, v. 14. 

NERO, Claudius Domitius Cæſar, a cek- 
brated Roman emperor, ſon of Caius Do- 
mitius Ahenobarbus and Agrippina the 
daughter of Germanicus. He was adopted 
by the emperor Claudius, A. D. 50, and four 
years after he ſucceeded to him on the throne. 
The beginning of his reign was marked by 
acts of the greateſt kindneſs and condeſcen- 
fon, by affability, complaiſance, and pe- 
pularity. The object of his adminiſtration 
ſeemed to be the good of his people; and 
when he was deſired to ſign his name to 4 
liſt of malefactors that weile to be executed, 
he exclaimed, I 4wi/h to hrawen I could nit 
write, He was an enemy to flattery, and when 
the ſenate had liberally commended the i- 
dom of his government, Nero defied them 
fo keep their praiſes till he deſerved them. 
Theſe promiſing virtues were ſoon diſco- 
vered to be artificial, and Nero diſplayed 
the propenſities of his nature, He delivered 
himſelf from the ſway of his mother, and «t 
laſt ordered her to be aſſaſinated. TV 
unnatural act of barbarity might aſtoniſk 
ſome of the Romans, but Nero had his de- 
voted adherents, and when he declaxed that 
he had taken away his mother's life to ſave 
himſelf from ruin, the ſenate applauded hö 
meaſures, and the people ſignified thei 
approbation. Many of his courtiers ſhared 


the unhappy fate of Agrippinay and New 
ſacrifices 


{acril 
obitr: 
clinat 
out f 
avert! 
which 
riot he 
the (tt 
to the 
him h. 
licly 4 
meane 
cel in 
tages 
his me 
eating. 
games 
Greece 
Cate foi 
in wreſt 
adjudge 
to Rom 
an eaſtc 
of Augu 
licians, ; 
part of t 
lic amut 
innocent 
the lives 
ſoon bcc 
himſelt 
publicly 
This VIC 
ſoon exc 
his ſex, a 
of his me 
occaſion 
that the 
Nero's f 
bow his 
Juperlatiy 
Wantonne 
the celeb 
tonius, & 
eicape his 
burning of 
that dilms; 
on fire in 
uon becan 
lucceſhve ( 
All Was de 
the lament 
bad periſh 
mg, and 
buldings, 
Pyed the 
umſelf on 
ay on his 
deadful (c 
alacd befo 
Vert the 
ſigned co 
lay lubject; 


ras by 
d the 
1e ſea- 
of in- 
„ and 

The 
{ea it- 
e moſt 
hog. — 
Jr phens, 
| Ipkig. 
e Thra- 


ſland of 
» Tonian 
Neritos 
land of 
1s called 
a Nadi, 
led from 
ia prodes, 
. 271. 
1. 137 v. 


ria, now 


e age 0 
uſurer in 
get me- 
he could, 
poiſon, to 
jo 2, 14. 
ar, a cele- 
Jaius Do- 
ppina the 
15 adopted 
„ and four 
the throne. 
narked by 
rondelcen- 
, and pe- 
1iniftration 
eople ; ard 
name to 4 
e ezecutec, 
1 could net 
7, and when 
ed the wil- 
efired then 
rycd them. 
ſoon diſco- 
o diſplayed 
le delivere 
hel, and at 
ted, Tis 
zht aſtoniſl 
had his de- 
cclared tht 
; life to ſabe 
yplauded hi 
znified thei 
tiers ſhare 
a, and * 
lacriſces 


N E. 


factificed to his fury or caprice all ſuch as 
obſttuct ed his pleaſure, or diverted his in- 
clination. In the night he generally ſallied 
aut from his palace, to viſit the meaneſt 
mrerns, and all the ſcenes of debauchery 
which Rome contained. In this nocturnal 
riot he was fond of infulting the people in 
the reets, and his attempts to offer violence 
to the wife of a Roman ſenator, nearly coſt 
him his life. He alſo turned actor, and pub- 
licly appeared on the Roman ſtage in the 
menneſt characters. In his attempts to ex- 
cel in muſic, and to conquer the diſadvan- 
tages of a hoarſe rough voice, he moderated 
his meals, and often paſſed the day without 
ating. The celebrity of the Olympian 
games attracted his notice. He paſſed into 
Greece, and preſented himſelt as a candi- 
Gate for the public honor, He was defeated 
m wreſtling, but the flattery of tne ſpectators 
adjudged him the victory, and Nero returned 
to Rome with all the pomp and ſplendor of 
an eaſtern conqueror drawn in the chariot 
of Auguſtus, and attended by a band of mu- 
ficians, actors, and ſtage dancers from every 
part of the empire. Theſe private and pub- 
ic amuſements of the emperor were indeed 
mocent, his character was injured but not 
the lives of the people. But his conduct 
ſoon became more abominable ; he diſguiſed 
himſelf in the habit of a woman, and was 
publicly married to one of his eunuchs. 
This violence to nature and decency was 
ſoon exchanged for another; Nero reſumed 
bis ſex, and celebrated his nuptials with one 
of his meancit catamites, and it was on this 
occaſion. that one of the Romans obſerved 
that the world would have been happy, if 
Nero's father had had ſuch a wife. But 
now his cruelty was difplayed in a more 
ſuperlative degree, and he ſacrificed to his 
wantonneſs his wife Octavia Poppæa, and 
the celebrated writers, Seneca, Lucan, Pe- 
tronius, Kc. The Chriſtians alſo did not 
elcape his barbarity. He had heard of the 
burning of Troy, and as he wiſhed to renew 
that dilmal ſcene, he cauſed Rome to be ſet 
en fre in different places. The conflagra- 
uon became ſoon univerſal, and during nine 
lucceſſive days the fire was unextinguiſhed. 
All was deſolation, nothing was heard but 
be lamentations of mothers whoſe children 
lad periſhed in the flames, the groans of the 
ng, and the continual fall ot palaces and 
buildings, Nero was the only one who en- 
ed the general conſternation. He placed 
umſelf on the top of a high tower, and he 
ag on his lyre the deſtruction of Troy, a 
deadtul ſcene which his barbarity had re- 
Wzed before his eyes. He attempted to 
wert the public odium from his head, by a 
*gncd commiſeration of the miſeries of 
us ſubjects, He began to repair the ſtreets 


N E 


and the public buildings at his own expence, 
He built himſclf a celebrated palace, which 
he called his golden houſe. It was pro- 
fuſely adorned with gold, with precious 
ſtones, and with whatever was rare and ex- 
quiſite. It contained ſpacious fields, arti- 
hcial lakes, woods, gardens, orchards, and 
whatever could exhibit beauty and grandeur. 
The entrance of this edifice could admit a 
large coloſſus of the emperor 120 feet high, 
the galleries were each a mile long, and the 
whole was covered with gold. The roofs 
of the dining halls repretented the firma- 
ment, in motion as well as in figure, and 
continually turned round night and day, 
ſhowering down all ſorts of perfumes and 
ſweet waters. When this grand edifice, 
which, according to Pliny, extended all 
round the city, was finiſhed, Nero ſaid, that 
now he could lodge like a man. His profu- 
ſion was not leſs remarkable in all his other 
actions. When he went a fithing, his nets 
were made with gold and filk. He never 
appeared twice in the ſame garment, and 
when he undertook a voyage, there were 
thouſands of ſervants to take care of his 
wardrobe, Thus continuation of debauchery 
and extravagance, at laſt, ruuſed the reſent - 
ment of the people. Many conſpiracies were 
formed againſt the emperor, but they were 
generally diſcovered, and ſuch as were ac- 
cellary ſuffered the greatett puniſhments. 
The moſt dangerous conſpiracy againſt 
Nero's lite was that of Piſo, from which he 
was delivered by the confeſſion of a ſlave. 
The conſpiracy of Galba, proved more ſuc- 
ceſsful, and the conſpirator, when he was 
informed that his plot was known to Nero, 
declared himielf emperor. The unpopu- 
larity of Nero favored his caule, he was ac- 
knowledged by all rhe Roman empire, and 
the ſenate condemned the tyrant that ſat on 
the throne to be dragged naked rhrough the 
ſtreets of Rome, and whipped to death, and 
afterwards to be thrown down from the 
Tarpeian rock like the meaneſt malefactor. 
This, however, was not done, and Nero, by 
a voluntary death, prevented the execution 
of the ſentence, He killed bimſclf, A. D. 
68, in the 32d year of his age, atter a reign 
of 13 years and eight months, Rome was 
filled with acclamation at the intelligence, 
and the citizens, more ftrongly to indicate 
their joy, wore Caps, ſuch as were generally 
uſed by flaves, who had received their free- 
dom. Their vengeance was not only exer- 
ciſed againit the ſtatues of the deceaſed 
tyrant, but his friends were the object of the 
public reſentment, and many were cruſhed 
to pieces in ſuch a violent manner, that one 
of the ſenators, amid the univerſal joy, ſaid 
that he was afraid they ſhould ſoon have 
cauie to with tor Nero. The tyrant, as he 

* expired: 


— 


* — 


— > tel — 


f 


N E N E 


expired, begged that his head might not be five dict atorſhips, fix triumphs, ſeven cen. 
cut off from his body, and expoſed to the ſorſhips, and two ovations. They aſſumed 
inſolence of an enraged populace, but that the firname of Nero, which, in the Jan. 
the whole might be burned on the funeral ' guage of the Sabines, ſignifies ſtrong and 
pile. His requeſt was granted by one of  warlike. 
Galha's freedmen, and his obſcquies were! NERGNIA, a name given to Artaxata by 
performed with the uſual ceremonies, | Tiricates, who lad been reſtored to his king. 
Though his death ſeemed to be the ſouice , dom by Nerc, whoſe favors he acknowledged 
of univerſal gladneſs, yet many of his fa- by calling the capital of his dominions after 
vorites lamented bis fall, and were grieved the name of his benefactor. 
to ſec that ir pleaſures and amuſements NrrontANeA THERME, baths at Rome, 
were ſtopped by the death of the patron of made by the emperor Nero. | 
debaucherv and cxtravagance. Even the | NERKTOBRIGIHA, a town of Spain, 
king of Parthia fent ambaſſadors to Rome NFF VA Cocceivs, a Roman emperor 
to condole with the Romans, and to beg after the death of Domitian, A. D. 96. He 
that they would honor and 1evere the me- rendered himic}: popular by his mildneſs, his 
mory ef Nero. His ſtatues were alſo generofity, and the active part he took in 
crowned with garlands of flowers, and many the management of atfairs. He ſuffered 
believed that he was not dead, but that he no ſtatues to be raiſed to his honor, and be 
would ſoon make his appearance, and take applied to the uſe of the government all the 
a duc vengeance upon his enemies. It will gold and filver ſtatues which flattery nad 
be ſufficient to obſerve, in finiſhing the cha- erected to his predeceſſor. In his civil cha- 
racter of this tyrannical emperor, that the racter he was the patron of good manners, of 
name of Neyo is even now uſed empiaticaliy ſobriety, and temperance, He forbad the 
to expreſs a barbarous and unfeeling op- . mutilation of male children, and gave 10 
preſſor. Pliny calls bim the common ene- , countenance to the law which permitted the 
my and the fury of mankind, and in this he | marriage of an uncle with his niece. He 
has been followed by all writers who ex- mage a ſolemn declaration that no ſenator 
hibit Nero as a pattern of the moſt execrable | ſhould ſuffer death during his reign ; and this 
barbarity and unjp;rdonable wantorinefs. | he obſerved with ſuch ſanity that, when 
Plut. in Gall. —Suet. in att. Pin. 7, c. &. two members of the ſenate had conſpired 
&e — Dio, 64. — Aurel, Vitor, —Tecit. Arn. | againſt his life, he was ſatisfied to tell them 
Chudius, a Roman General ſent into that he was informed of their wicked macki- 
Spain to ſucceed the two Scipios. He ſuf- nations. He alſo conducted them to the 
fered himſelf to be imp ſed upon by Aſdru- | public ſpeRacles, and ſeated himſelf between 
bal, and was ſoon after ſucceeded by young them, and, when a ſword was offered to him, 
Scipfo. He was afterwards made conſul, according to the uſual cuſtoms, he defiree 
and intercepted Aſdrubal, who was paſſing | the conſpirators to try it upon his body, 
from Spain into Italy with a large remforce- Such goodneſs of heart, ſuch conhdence 
ment for his brother Annibal. An engage- | the ſelf-conviction of the human mind, 20 
ment was fought near the river Metaurus, | fuch reliance upon the conſequence of lns 
in which <6,0c0 of the Carthaginians were | lenity and indulgence, conciliated the at 
leſt in the field of battle, and great numbers | fection of all his ſubjects. Yet, as envy 
taken priſoners, 207 B. C. Aſdrubal, the and danger ate the conſtant companions 0 
Carthaginian general, was alſo killed, and | greatneſs, the prætorian guards at laſt mu- 
his head cut off and thrown into his bro- | tinied, and Nerva nearly yielded to cheit 
ther's camp by the conquerors. Aan. in fury. He uncovered his aged neck in the 
Han. Cre 4 —Liv. 27, &c.— erat. 4, preſence of the incenſed ſoldiery, and bade 
od. 4, v. 37. — IH. 2, c. 6.— Val. Max. 4, them wreak their vengeance upon him, pro- 
6. Another, who oppoſed Cicero | vided they ſpared the life of thoſe to whom 
when he wiſhed to punith with death ſuch | he was indebted for the empire, and whom 
as were acceſſary to Catiline's conſpiracy. | his honor commanded him to defend. Hi 
—— A ſon of Germanicus, who was ruined | ſeeming ſubmiſſion was unavailing, and f 
by Scjanus, and baniſhed from Rome by | was at Jaſt obliged to ſurrender, to the fur} 
Tiberius. He died in the place of his exile. of his ſoldiers, ſome of his fi iends and lup⸗ 
His death was voluntary, according to | porters. The infirmities of his age, and hi 
ſome. Seen. in [iber. Domitian was | natural timidity, at laſt obtiged him to pro- 
called Ners, becauſe his cruelties ſurpaſſed | vide himſelf againſt any future Mutiny of 
thoſe of his predeceſſors, and alſo CYiknus, | tumult, by chuſing a worthy ſucceſſor. He 
from the baldneſs of his head . 4. — had many friends and relations, but he d 
The Neros were of the Claudian family, | not confider the aggrandizement of his * 
which, during the republican times of mily, and he choſe for his ſon and ſucec 4 
Rome, was honored with 28 couſulthips, | Trajan, a man of whoſe yutues and great 
| 


and th 
janira, 
care, v 
Evenu 
diſtreſ 
of the 
of his 
centau 
gave t 
aſſurin 
Which 
receive 
A Way | 
ceived 
preſent 
Hercul. 
ene. 


Did x . 


ven cen. 
aſſumed 
the lan, 
ong and 


axata by 
his King- 
wlcdged 
ions after 


at Rome, 


in. 
emperor 
96. He 
dneſs, his 
C took in 
e ſuffered 
or, and be 
ent all the 
utery nad 
civil cha- 
2anners, of 
forbad the 
d gave 10 
mitted the 
nece. He 
no ſenator 
n; and this 
hat, when 
conſpired 
o tell them 
ed macbi- 
em to the 
elf between 
red to him, 
he de ſired 
1 his boch. 
nfhdence 
| mind, and 
ence of ls 
ed the a. 
et, as env} 
1panions 0 
at laſt mu- 
ed to then 
neck in the 
y, and bade 
n him, plo- 
fe to whem 
and whom 
efend. His 
ing, and be 
to the fur 
ids and vp" 
age, and nis 
him to pfo- 
» mutiny d. 
.ccefior. 10 
„ bur he dh 
at of his fa. 
nd ſucceo!) 
and great” 


N E 


mind he was fully convinced, This vo- 
juntary choice was approved by the accla- 
mations of the people, and tie wiſdom and 
prudence which marked the reign of Trajan 
owl how diſcerning was the judgment, 
and how affectionate were the intentions, of 
Nerva, for the good of Rome. He died on 
the 27th of July, A. D. 95, in his 72dyecar, 
and his ſucceſſor ſhowed his reſpect for his 
merit and for his character by raiſing him 
altars and temples in Rome, and in the 
provine*s, and by ranking him in the num- 
her of the gods. Nerva was the firſt Roman 
empery7 wing was of foreign & traction, his- 
father being a nude of Crete. Plin. paneg. 
= ind. 69. M. Cocceius, a conſul in 
the reigu of Tiberius. He ſtarved himſelf, 
becauſe he would not be concerned in the 
extravagance of the emperor. A cele- 
brated lawyer, conſul with the emperor 
Veſpafian. He was father to the emperor 
of that name. ; 
N:&v11, a warlike people of Belgic Gaul, 
who continually upbraiced the neighbouring | 
nations for ſubmitting to the power of the | 
Romans. They attacked J. Cæſar, and | 
| 


— 


— — 


were totally defeated. Their country forms 
the modern province of Hainault. Lucan. 
I, v. 428.—Cef. bell. G. 2, c. 15. 

Nr&ULUM, an inland rown of Lucania, 
now Lagoncgro. Liv. , c. 20. 

NertumM, or ARTABRUM, a promontory 
of Spain, now cape Finiſterre. S!rab. 3. 

NeSACTUM, a town of Iftria at the 
mouth of the Arſia, now Caſte] Nuovo. 

Nes a, one of the Nereides. Vrg. G. 4, 
v. 338. 

Nze5s1MACHvs, the father of Hippomedon, 
a native of Argos. 

Nysis, (, or idis), now Ni/:ta, an ifland 
on the coaſt of Campania, famous for aſpa- 
ragus. Plin. I9, C. 8. - Lican. 6, v. 90.— 
Cic. ad Att, 16, ep. I & 2.—Stat. 3. Sytu. 
1, v. 148. 

Ness us, acelebrated centaur, ſon of Ixion 
and the Cloud. He offered violence to De- 
janira, whom Hercules had entruſted to his | 
care, with orders to carry her acroſs the river 
Evenus. [ Vid. Dejanira.] Hercules ſaw the 
diſtreſs of his wife from the oppoſite ſhore 
of the river, and immediately he let fly one 
of his poiſoned arrows, which firuck the 
centaur to the heart, Neſſus, as he expired, 
gave the tunic he then wore to Dejanira, 
alluring her that, from the poiſoned blood 
which had flowed from his wounds, it had 
received the power of calling a huſband 
Way from unlawful loves. Dejanira re- 
ceived it with pleaſute, and this mournful 
pretent cauted the death of Hercules. [ Vid, 
NRercules.} Apolled. 2, e. 7.— Ovid. Ep. 9. 
. nee, in Here, fur. —Pauſ. 3, c. 28.— 
Did, 4—— A river. Vid. Neſtus. 


— 


— — — —äñ— —— — T“— 2 — 


N E 


NE$ST6CLEs, a fatffous ſtatuary of Greece, 


rival to Phidias. Plir. 3g, c. 8. 

Nu sro, a fon of Neleus and Chloris, 
nephew to Pelias, and grandſon to Neptune. 
He had eleven brothers, who were all killed, 
with his father, by Hercules, His tender 
age detained him at home, and was the cauſe 
of his preſervation, The conqueror ſpared 
his life, and placed him on the throne of 
Pylos. He married Eurydice, the daughter 
of Clymenes, or, according to others, Anax- 
ibia, te daughter of Atreus. He early dif- 
tinguithed himſelf in the held of battle, and 
was preſent at the nuptials of Pirithous, when 
a bloody battle was fought between the Lapi- 
thæ and Centaurs. As king of Pylos and 
Meſſenia he led his ſubjects to the Trojan 
war, where he diſtinguiſhed himſelf among 
the reſt of the Grecian chiefs, by eloquence, 
addreſs, wiſdom, juſtice, and an uncommon 
prudence of mind. Homer diſplays his cha- 
racter as the moſt perfect of all his heroes ; 
and Agamemnon exclaims, that, if he had 
ten generals like Neſtor, he ſhould ſoon ſee 
the walls ef Troy reduced to aſhes. After 
the Trojan war, Neſtor retired to Greece, 
where he enjoyed, inthe boſom of his family, 
the peace and tranquillity which were due to 
his wiſdom and to his old age. The manner 
and the time of his death are unknown; the 
ancients are all agreed that he lived three 
generations of men, which length of time 
tome ſuppoſe to be 300 years, though, more 
probably, only go, allowing 30 years for 
each generation, From that circumſtance, 
therefore, it was uſual among the Greeks 
and the Latins, when they wiſhed a long 
and happy life to their friends, to wiſh them 
to ſce the years of Neſtor, He had two 
daughters, Piſidice and Polycaſte; and ſeven 
ſons, Perſeus, Straticus, Aretus, Echephron, 
Piſiſtratus, Antilochus, and Traſimedes. 
Neſtor was one of the Argonauts, according 
to Valerius Fluccus 1, v. 380, &c — Ditys 
Cret. I, c. 13. & c.— Homer. II. 1, &c. 
Od. 3 & 11.—Hygin, fab. 10 & 273. 
Pauſ. 3, c. 26. I. 4, c. 3 & 31.—Apol- 
lod. 1, c. 9. l. 2, c. 7.— Ou. Met. 12, 
v. 169, &c.— Hera. 1, od. 15. A poet 
of Lycaonia in the age of the emperor Se- 
verus. He was father to Piſander, who, 
under the emperor Alexander, wrote ſome 
fabulous ſtories. One of the body guards 
of Alexander. Polyen. 

NESTORIVUS, a biſhop of Conſtantinople, 
who floriſhed A. D. 431. He was condemned 
and degraded from his epiſcopal dignity for 
his heretical opinions, &c. 

Nxsrus, or Ness%s, now Neffe, a ſmall 
river of Thrace, riſing in mount Rhodope, 
and falling into the Egean Sea above the 
ifland of Thaſos. It was for ſome time the 
boundary of Macedonia on the eaſt, in the 
more extenſive power of that Kingdom. 

14 Nxꝛzun 


A „* 
—— — —ꝛ 


N 1 


Nrruu, a town of Sicily, now called 
Noto. Sil. 14, v. 269.—Cic. in Ver. 4, c. 
26. 1. 6, C: 31. 

NEeukr, a people of Sarmatia. Mela, 2, 
e. I. 

Nicza, a widow of Alexander, who 
married Demetrius, A daughter of An- 
tipater, who married Perdiccas, A city 
of India, built by Alexander on the very ſpot 
where he had obtained a victory over king 
Porus. A town of Achaia near Ther- 
mopylz, on the bay of Malia. A town 
of Illyricum, Another in Corſica.-—- 
Another in Thrace. In Bœotia. A 
town of Bithynia, (now Nice or 1ſ-nik), 
built by Antigonus, the ſon of Philip, king 
of Macedonia. It was originally called 
Antigonia, and afterwards Nicæa by Lyſi- 
machus, who gave it the name of his wife, 
who was daughter of Antipater. A 
rown of Liguria, built by the people of 
Maſiilia, in commemoration of a victory. 

NicagdRAs, a ſophift of Athens in the 
reign of the emperor Philip. He wrote the 
lives of illuſtrious men, and was reckoned 
one of the greateſt and rnoſt learned men of 
his age. 

N1CANDER, a king a Sparta, of the fa- 
mily of the Proclidæ. He reigned 39 
years, and died B. C. 770. A wnter of 
Chalcedon. A Greek grammarian, poet, 
and phyſician, of Colophon, 137 B. C. 
His writings were held in eſtimation, but 
his judgment cannot be highly commend- 
ed, ſince, without any knowledge of agri- 
culture, he ventured to compoſe a book on 
that intricate ſubject. Two of his pocms, 
entitled Theriaca, on hunting, and Alexi— 
pharmaca, on antidotes againſt poiſon, are 
{till extant; the beſt editions of which are 
thoſe of Gorræus, 4to. Paris, i557; and 
Salvinus, 5vo, Florent. 1762. Cic. 1, de Orat. 
c. 16. 

NicAinor, a man who conſpired again 
the life of Alexander. Curt. 6. A fon 
of Parmenio, who died in Hyrcania, &c. 
A firname of Demetrius. [| Vid. De- 
metrius 20. ] An unſkilful pilot of An- 
tigonus. Polyæn. A ſervant of Atticus. 
Lic. 5, ep. 3.——A Samian, who wrote a 
treatiſe on rivers, -——A governor of Media, 
conquered by Seleucus, He had been go- 
vernor over the Athenians under Caſſander, 
by whole orders he was put to death 
A general of the emperor Titus, wounded 
at the ſiege of Jeruſalem. A man of 
Stagira, by whom Alexander the Great ſent 
a letter to recall the Grecian exiles, Dried. 
13.--—A governor of Munychia, who 
ſcized the, Prraeus, and was at laſt put to 
geath by Caſſander, becauſe he wiſhed to 
makc himſelf abſolute over Attica. Died. 


N 1 
Id. 19,——A general of 


by Olympias. 
Antiochus, king of Syria, He made war 
againſt the Jews, and ſhowed himſelf un. 
commonly cruel. 

Nicakcuus, a Corinthian philoſopher 
in the age of Periander. Plut. An 
Arcadian chief, who deſerted to the Per- 
hans at the return of the ten thouſand 
Greeks. 

NitcAaRTHIDES,a man ſet over Perſepolis 
by Alexander. 

N1icAToR, a ſirname of Scleucus, king 
of Syria, from his, having been uncon- 
quered. 6 

Nick, a daughter of Theſtius. Apollad 

N1CcEPHOKRIUM, a town of Meſopotamia, 
on the Euphrates, where Venus had a tem- 
ple. Liu. 32, c. 33.—Tacit, An. 6, c. 41. 

Nickphöztfus, now labour, a river 
which flowed by the walls of Tigranocerta, 
Tacit. Ann. 15, c. 4. 

N1icexrHG6kUSCASAR,a Byzantine hiſto. 
rian, whoſe works were edited, fol. Paris, 
1661. Gregoras, another, edited fol. Pa- 
ris, 1702. A Greek eccleſiaſtical hiſto- 
rian, whoſe works were edited by Ducæus, 
2 vols. Paris, 1630. 

Nic, now the Necker, a river of Grr- 
many, falling into the Rhine at the modern 
town of Manheim. Aufon. Meſ 423. 

NicrrATus, a poct who wrote a poem 
in praiſe of Lyſander. The father of 
Nicias. 

Nick rs, one of the Byzantine hiſto» 
rians, whoſc works were edited fol. Pars, 
1647. 

NI1CETERIA, a feſtival at Athens, in 
memory of the victory which. Minema 
obtained over Neptune, in their diſpute 
about giving a name to the capital of the 


5 
country. 

Nictazacity. [Vid. Nicæa.] A river 

falling into the Po at Brixellum. It is now 


called Lenza, and ſeparates the duchy of 
Modena from Parma. 

Nic1as, an Athenian general, celebrated 
for his valor and for his misfortunes. He 
early conciliated the good will of the people 
by his liberality, and he eſtabliſhed his mili- 
tary character by taking the iſland of Cy- 
thera from the power of Lacedæ mon. When 
Athens determined to make war againſt Si- 
cily, Nicias was appointed, with Alcibiades 
and Lamachus, to conduct the expedition, 
which he reprobated as impolitic, and as the 
future cauſe of calamities to the Athenian 
power. In Sicily he behaved with great 


firmneſs, but lie often blamed the quick and 
inconſiderate meaſures of his colleagues 
The ſucceſs of the Athenians remained long 
doubtful, Alcibiades was recalled by his ene- 
mies to take his trial, and Nicias was left at 


18.— A brother of Caſlander, deſtioyed 


| the head of affairs. Syracuſe was ry 


by 7 
cam 
(ure 
of G 
ans 
at th 
term 
Willi 
toug 
adva 
JI fu 
of tl 
ſor. ] 
a po. 
Was Cc 
neſs t 
his fle 
fear 0 
from | 
tinued 


enemy 
with D 
quarrie 
diminit 
their n 
death o 
about 4 
mans 1; 
but unf 
Mp. in 
—A 
Cicero, 
Who wr. 
A phyſ 
Who m: 
ſoning 
The Ro 
and 4cgt 
He is oft 
ef Ather 
Was chie 
Lian. } 
Nrctp 
married 8 
_ 
NIcrp 
Whoſe th 
Was conf 
vieatnels, 
reignuty. 
Nico, 
conſpired 
NA 
ban. He 1 
e prince. 
A Crater 
Auguſtus 


11 of 
> war 
un- 


opher 
— An 
Per- 
uſand 


ſepolis 


, king 
mcon- 


pol lad 
tamia, 
a tem- 

c. 41. 
a river 
Ocerta. 


e hiſto- 
Paris, 
fol. Pa- 
hiſto- 
Juczuz, 


of Ger- 
modern 
23. 

a poem 


ather ol 


e hiſto» 
1. Paris. 


chens, in 
M merra 
r diſpute 
al of the 


—Ariver 
It is now 
duchy of 


celebrated 
tunes. He 
the people 
g his mili- 
1d of Cy- 
on. When 
againſt Si- 
Alcibiades 
expedition, 
| and as the 
> Athenian 
with great 
e quick an 
colleagues 
naincd long 
| by his ene. 
was left at 
ſurrouner 


N I 


by wall, and, though the operations were 
caricd on flowly, yet the city would have 
{yrr2ndered, had not the ſudden appearance 
of Gylippus, the Corinthian ally of the Sici- 
hans, cheered up the courage of che beſieged 
at the critical moment. Gylippus propoſed 
terms of accommodation to the Athenians, 
which were refuſed; ſome battles were 
fought in which the Sicilians obtained the 
advantage, and Nicias at laſt, tired of tis 
ill ſucceſs, and grown deſponding, demanded 
of the Athenians a reinforcement or a fuccet- 
for. Demoſthenes, upon this, was ſent with 
a powerful fleet, but the advice of Nicias 
was deſpiſed, and the admiral, by his cager- 
neſs to come to a deciſive engagement, ruined 
his fleet and the intereſt of Athens. The 
fear of his enemies at home prevented Nicias 
from leaving Sicily; and when, at laſt, a con- 
tinued ſeries of ill ſucceſs obliged him to com- 
ply, he found himſelf ſurrounded on every 
fide by the enemy, without hope of eſcaping, 
He gave himſelf up to the conquerors with 
allhis army, but the aſſurances of ſafety which 
he had received ſoon proved vain and falſe, 
and he was no ſooner in the hands of the 
encmy than he was ſhamefully put to death 
with Demoſthenes. His troops were ſent to 
quarries, where the plague and hard labor 
diminiſhed their numbers and aggravated 
their misfortunes. Some ſuppoſe that the 
death of Nicias was not violent. He periſhed 
about 413 years before Chriſt, and the Athe- 
nians lamented in him a great and valiant 
but unfortunate general. Plut, in vita. 
NM. in Alcib.-— Thucyd. 4, &c.— Died. 15. 
——A grammarian of Rome, intimate with 
Cicero. Cic, in epiſt. A man of Nicza, 

bo wrote an hiſtory of philoſophers, —— 
A pliyfician of Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, 
who made an offer to the Romans of poi- 
ſoning his maſter for a ſum of money. 
The Roman general diſdained his offers, 
aud acquainted Pyrrhus with his treachery. 
fe is oftener called Cincas. A painter 
ef Athens, in the age of Alexander. He 
Was Chiefly happy in his pictures of women, 
Alian, VJ. H. 2, c. 3t. 

Nreippe, a daughter of Pelops, who 
married Sthenclus. A daughter of Theſ- 
plus, Apollod. 

Nrctpeus, a tyrant of Cos, one of 
Whoſe ſheep brought forth a lion, which 
was conſidered as portending his future 
Reatneſs, and his elevation to the ſove- 
Fignty, lian. F. H. 1, c. 29. 

Nico, one of the Tarentine chiefs who 
MMpired againſt the life of Aunibal. Liv. 
9. A celebrated architect and geometri- 
den. He was father to the celebrated Galen, 
«prince of phy ſicians. One ofthe ſlaves 
of Craterus. The name of an aſs which 
Auzultys met before the battle of Actium, 


| 


N I 


a circumſtance which he conſidered as a 
favorable omen. The name of an ele- 
phant remarkable for his fidelity to king 
Pyrrhus, 

NicocHARes, a Greek comic poet in 
the age of Ariſtophanes. 

N1cG6CLEs, a familiar friend of Phocion, 
condemned to death. Plat. A king of 
yalamis,cclebrated for his conteſt with a king 
of Phcenicia, to prove which of the two was 
moſt effeminate. A king of Paphos, who 
reigned under the protection of Ptolemy; 
king of Egypt. He revolted from his friend 
to the king of Perſia, upon which Ptolemy 
ordered one of his ſervants to put him to 
death, to ſtrike terror into the other depen- 
dant princes. Tue ſervant, unwilling to mur- 
der the monarch, adviſed him to kill himſelf. 
Nicocles obeyed, and all his family followed 
his example, 310 years before the Chriſtian 
era. An ancient Greek poet, who called 
phyſicians a happy race of men, becauſe light 
publiſhed their good deeds to the world, and 
the earth hid all their faults and imperfec- 
tions, A king of Cyprus, who ſucceeded 
Evagoras on the throne, 374 years before 
Chriſt. It was with him that the philoſo- 
pher Iſocrates correſponded. A tyrant of 
Sicyon, depoſed by means of Aratus, the 
Achæan. Plut. in Orat. 

NicocRATEs, a tyrant of Cyrene.——- 
An author at Athens. A king of Sala- 
mis, in Cyprus, who made himſelt known 
by the valuable collection of books which 
he had. Athen. 1. : 

N1CcockEoON, a tyrant of Salamis, in the 
age of Alexander the Great. He ordered 
the philoſopher Anaxarchus to be pounded 
to pieces in a mortar, 

Nricovtnus, an Athenian appointed by 
Conon over the fleet which was going to 


the aſſiſtance of Artaxerxes. Diod. 14. 
A tyrant of Italy, &c. An am- 


baſſador ſent to Pompey by Ariſtobulus. 

Nicoborus, a wreitler of Mantinea, 
who ſtudied philoſophy in his old age. 
fElian, V. H. 2. An Athenian archon. 

Nicobkxöò us, a ſon of Hercules and 
Nice. Apollo. An Athenian who in- 
vaded Ægina, &c. 

Nicol Aus, a philoſopher. A cele- 
brated Syracuſan, who endeavoured, in a 
pathetic ſpeech, to diſſuade his countrymen 
from offering violence to the Athenian pii- 
ſoners who had been taken with Nicias 
their general, His eloquence was unavail- 
ing. An officer of Ptolemy againſt An- 
tigonus. A peripatetic philoſopher and 
hiſtorian in the Auguſtan age. i 

Ni couch, a daughter of Themi— 
ſtocles. 

Nicoukckus, the father of the philo- 
ſopher Ariſlotle.— One of Alexander's 


| 


friends, 


: 
| 


N I 


friends, who diſcovered the conſpiracy of | 
Dymus. Curt. 6. An excellent painter. 

—— A Pythagdrean philoſopher, A 

Lacedzmonian general, conquered by Ti- 

motheus, A writer in the fiith century, 

&c. 

Nicomenrs iſt. a king of Bithynia, 
about 278 years before the Chriſtian era, 
It was by his exertions that this part of 
Afia became a monarchy. He behaved 
with great cruelty to his brothers, and built 
a town which he called by his own name, 

Heomedia. Tuſtin, — Pauf, &c. The 2d, 
was ironically ſirnamed Philopater, beeauſe 
he drove his father Pruſhas from the King- 
dom of Bithynia, and cauſed him to be af- 
ſaſhnated, B. C. 149. He reigned 59 years. 
Mithridates laid claim to his Kingdom, but 
all their diſputes were decided by the Ro- 
mans, who deprived N:comedes of the pro- 
viace of Paphlagonia, and his ambitious 
rival of Cappadocia. He gained the attec- 
tions of his ſubje&ts by a courteous beha- 
viour, and by a mild and peaceful govern- 
ment. Tuſiin.- The zd, lon and ſucceſſor 
of the preceding, was dethoned by bis bro- 
ther Socrat's, and afterwards by the am- 
bitivus Mithridates, The Romans re-ciia- 
blithcd him on his throne, and encoumaged 
him to make repriſals upon the king ot 
Pontus. IIc followed their advice, and he 
Wa „ at lait, expelicd another time from his 
dominions, till Sylla came into Alta, who 
remtored him to his former power and atflu- 
ent, Strab — Hhphian. The 4th of that 
name, was ſon and ſucceſior of Nicomedes 
3d. He paſied his life in an eaiy and 
tranguil manner, and enjoyed the prac: 
which his alliance with the Romans had 
procured him. He died B. C. 75, without 
ue, and left his kingdom, with all his 
poit.zons, to the Roman People. Ser ab. 
r2.— Appian. Mithrid. — Juſtin. 38, c. 2 


OY 
4 . 45 . 5 


—_— 


| A cc<lebrared geo- 
rattrician in the age of the philoſopher 
Fratonlenes. He made hinifelt known by 
Lis uſeful machines, &c. An eng nice 
in the army of Mithridates.— One of the 
receptors of the emperor M. Antonnus, 
NICoMEDIA, (nuw 1f-riftmic,) a town 
Of Eithynia, founded by Nicomedes 18. 
It was the capital of the country, and it 
has been compared, tor 1t5 beauty and 
greatneſs, to Rome, Amigci, or Alexan— 
dra. It became cclebrated tor being, for 
ſore time, the refidence of the emperor 
Cunkantine, and mott vi his imperial ſue— 
colors. Some ſuppoſe that it was originally 
called Afracus and Ciba, though It was ge- 
neraily believed that they were all different 
Cities. Ammian. 17. — Ha. Eliac.— Cin. 


ä 


N I 


nefus, & c. Polyzn, 
rentum. Vid. Nico. 

Nr1conra, a town of Pontus. 

Nr1c6pHRON, à comic poet of Athens 
ſome time after the age of Ariftophanes. . 

NrcoPG6L1s, a city of Lower Egypt. 
A town of Armenia, built by Pompey 
the Great in memory of a victory which 
he had there obtained over the forces of 
Mithridates, Another, in Thrace, built 
on the tanks of the Neſtus by Trajan, in 
memory of a victory which he obtained 
there over the Barbarians. A town of 
Epirus, built by Auguſtus after the battle 
„f Actium. Another, near Jeruſalem, 
ſounded by the emperor Veſpaſian.— 
Another, in Mafia. Another, in Dacia, 
built by Trajan to perpetuate the memory 
01 a celebrated battle. Another, ncar the 
bay of Iiſus, built by Alexander. 

N1CoSTRATA, a courtezan who left all 
her poſſeſſions to Sylla. The ſame 3 
Carraente, mother of Evander. 

NicosTRATYs, a man of Argos of great 
ſtrength. He was fond of imitating Her 
cules by cloathing himſelf in a lion's ſkin, 
Dind. 16. One of Alexander's ſoldier: 

le conſpired againit the king's life, with 
Hei molaus. Curt. 8. A painter wis 
expreſſed great admiration at the fight of 
| Helen's picture by Zeuxis. lian. 14, 
C. 47: A dramatic actor of Ionia.— 
A comic puet of Argos. An orator of 
Macedonia, in the reign of the emperor M. 
Antoninus. A fon of Menclaus ard 
Helen. A general of the Achæans, who 
defeater the Macedonians. 

NicoTtLEeA, a celebrated woman «© 
Moſſenia, who ſaid that ſhe became preg 
nant of Ariſtomeues by a ſerpent. Pai 
4, c. 14. 

NiCcoTELEs, a Corinthian drunkard, &e. 
., en. 

NiGER, a friend of M. Antony, ſent t 
him by Octavia. — A ſirname of Clit, 
woom Alexander killed in a fit of drunken— 


A native of Ta. 


acts. C. Peſcennius Juſtus, a celtbra- 

ted governor in Syria, weil known by h ad fun. 
valor in the Roman armies, while y& 1 Nrg 
private man. At the death of Pertinax, be dwell c 
was declared empetor of Rome, and {is " IF EA 
claims to that elevated fituation were wp NL. 
ported by a ſound underſtanding, prudence ducted 


he built 


Pon, þ 


of mind, moderation, courage, and virtue, 
ile propoled to imitate the actions of tie 


5, &c.— Strab. 12, &c. | 
NICON, a pirate of marc, in Pclopons ) 


vencrable Antoninus, of Trajan, of Titus 2 

and M. Aurelius. He was remarkable 10 pher u 
his tondnets for ancient diſcipline, aud ing s of 
never ſuffered his ſoldiers to drink Wine, NIL 
bur obliged them t quench their thitk nine 3 
with water and vinegar. He fot bad the uh middle 
of ler or gold utenſils in his camp, 4 tancan 
the bakers and cooks were driven await Apt. 


474 


$;rs in 


1 


then; 
'S, 
"BY Pte 
om pey 
Which 
ces of 
built 
an, m 
obtained 
own of 
e battle 
uſalem, 
.— 
1 Dac:a, 
memory 
near the 


[ left all 
ſame a 


of great 
— Ha- 
n's kin, 

5 "Coldier 1 
lite, With 
nter who 
fight of 
EK lian, 4 
onia.— 
orator of 
mperor M. 
claus and 
eans, Who 


woman 
ame ple, 
nt. Fos 


nkard, &c. 


my, ſent Q9 
| of Clitvs, 
ot drun ken- 

4 
Own TI 
wink 
Peninay 
ney and | 
1 were fup- 

, prudence 

WO virtue. 
tions of tit 
m, of TW 
markable tor 
and 


Cc iplin e; 
drink wine, 

\ their thi 
ſot bad the u 
15 camp, „ 
driven Wa) 
PILL 


I 


and the ſoldiers ordered to live, during the 
expedition they undertook, merely upon 
hilcuits. In his puniſhments, Niger was 
nec ooble: he condemned ten of his ſol- 
diere 10 be beheaded in the preſence of the 
ariny, bhecauſe they had ſtoben and caten a 
fowi. The ſentence was heard with groans: 
tre 2rmy interfered: and, when Niger con- 
ſe / 1 to diminiſn rhe puniſhment tor tear 
of k.naling rebellion, he yet ordered the 
criminals to make each a reſtoration of ten 
fowls to the perſon whoſe property they 
had ſtolen; they were, beſides, ordered 
not to light a fire the reſt of the campaign, 
but to live upon cold aliments, and to drink 
nothing but water. Such great qualifica- 
tions in a general ſeemed to promiſe the 
reſtoration of ancient diſciphne in the Ro- 
man armies, but the death of Niger fruſ- 
trated every hope of reform. Severus, who 
had alio been inveſted with the imperial 
purple, marched againſt him; ſome battles 
were fought, and Niger was, at laſt, de- 
teated, A. D. 194. His head was cut off, 
and nxed to a long ſpear, and carried in 
triumph, through the ſtreets of Rome. He 
reigned about one year. Herodian, 3.— 
Eutrod. 

Nicer, orNtGR1s, (itis), a river of 
Atrica, which riſes in Attiopia, and falls 
by three mouths into the Atlantic, little 
known to the antients, and not yet ſatisfac- 
torily explored by the moderns. Plin. 8, 
c. 1 & 8. 

P. Niotpius Floss, a celebrated 
Philoſopher and aſtrologer at Rome, one 
ot the moſt learned men of his age. He 
was intimate with Cicero, and gave him 
his moſt unbiatled opinions concerning the 
cont 1rators who had leagued to deſtroy 
Rome with Catiline. He was made pre- 
tor, and honored with a ſeat in the ſenate. 
In the civil wars he followed the intereſt 
of Pompey, for which he was banithed by 
the conqueror, He died in the place of his 
baniſhraent, 47 years before Chriſt. Cic. 
add ſum, 4.— Lucan. 1, v. 639. 

NrokiTa, a people of Africa, who 
dwell on the banks of the Niger, Mela. 1, 
e. 4—Plin. 55 C. I. 

NiLzus, a ſon of Codrus, who con— 
ducted a colony of Tonians to Aſia, where 
be built Epheſus, Miletus, Priene, Colo- 
phon, Myus, Teos, Lebedos, Clazomenæ, 
Kc. Pauſ. 7, C. 2, &c. A philolo- 
pher who had in his poſſoſſion all the writ- 
ings of Ariſtotle, Aen. 1. 

NiLvs, a king of Thebes, who gave his 
name zo the river which flows through the 
middle of Egypt and falls into the Maditer- 
kancan fea, The Nile, anciently called 
Hg yptus, is one of the moſt celebrated ri- 
hes in, the world, Its ſpurces were un 


N I 


known to tlie antients, and the modern: 
are cqually ignorant of their ſituation, 
whence an impoſſibility is generally meant 
by the proverb of Nil; caput querere. It 
flows through the middle of Egypt in a 
northern direction, and when it comes to 
the rown of Cercaſorum, it then divides 
itſelf into ſeveral ftreams, and falls into the 
Mediterranean by ſeven mouths. The moſt 
caſtern canal is called the Peluſian, and 
the moſt weſtern is called tne Canopic 
mouth. The other canals are the Sehen- 
nytican, that of Sais, the Mendeſian, Bol- 
bitinic, and Bucolic. They have all been 
formed by nature, except the two laſt, 
which have been dug by the labors of men. 
The ifland which the Nile forms by 
diviſion into ſeveral ſtreams is called Delta, 
trom its reſemblance to the fourth letter of 
the Greek alphabet. The Nile yearly 
overflows the country, and it is to thoſe 
regular inundations that the Ezyptians are 
indebted for the fertile produce of their 
lands. It begins to riſe in the month of 
May for 100 ſucceſſive days, and then 
decreaſes gradually the ſame number of 
days. If it does not riſe as high as 16 
cubits, a famine is generally expected, but 
if it excecos this by many cubits, it is of 
the moſt dangerous conſequences ; houſes 
are overturned, the cattie are drowned, and 
a great number of inſetts are produced from 
the mud, which deſtroy the truits of the 
earth, The river, thetretore, proves a bleſ- 
ſing or a calamity to Egypt, and the proſ- 
perity of the nation depends ſo much upon 
it, that the tr:butes of the inhabitants were 
in ancient times, and are ſtill under the pre- 
ſent government, proporti med to the rife of 
the waters. The cauies of the overflowings 
of the Nile, which remained unknown to the 
ancients, tnough ſcarched with the greateſt 
application, are owing to the heavy rains 
which regularly tall in Fthiopis in the 
months of April and May, and which ruſh 
down like torrents upon the country, and 
lay it all under water, Theſe cauſes, as 
ſome people fuppole, were well known to 
Homer, as he tecems to ſhew it, by ſaying, 
that the Nile flowed down from heaven. 
The inhabitants of Egypt, near the banks 
of the river, were called Ni{iaci, Niligenæ, 
&c. and large canals were alſo from this 
river denominated Nil or Euripi. Cic. Leg. 
2, CI, ed Y. fr. z, ep. 9. ad Att. 11, 
ep. 12.—Strab. 17,—Cvid. Met. 5, v. 187. 
. 15, v. 753. — Mala. 1, c. 9. l. 3, c. 9.— 
Seneca. quæſt. Nat. .- Lycan. i, 2, &c. 
Claudian. ep. de Nilo. — irg. G. 4. v. 288. 
En. 6, v. 800. I. 9, v. 31.— Died. 1, &c. 
I lerodot. 2. —- Luc. 1.6 V. 712. we Ammian. 
22.—Parfſ. 10, c. 32.— .in. 5, c. 10. 
One of the Greek fathers Who florithed 
A. D. 


— 


WE 


— — 


oi 
—_— — — 
= = 


N 1 


A. D. 440. His works were edited at 
Rome, fol. 2 vols. 1668 & 1678. 

Nix tus, a tribune who oppoſed Clo- 
Gius the enemy of Cicero, 

NN TAS. Vid. Ninyas. 

Nix us, a fon of Belus who built a city 
to which he gave his own name, and founded 
he Affyrian monarchy of which he was the 
firii ſovereign, B. C. 2059. He was very 
warlike, and extended his conqueſts from 
Egypt to the extremities of India and Bac- 
triana. He becarae enamoured of Semira- 
mis the wife of one of bis oftcers, and he 
married her aſter her huſband had deſtroyed 
himſelf through fear of his powerful rival. 
Ninus reigned 52 years, and at his death 
he left his kingdom to the care of his wife 
Semiramis, by whom he had a fon. The 
hiſtory of Ninus is very obſcure and even 
fabulous according to the opinion of tome, 
Cteſias is the principal hiſtorian from whom 
it is derived, but little reliance is to be pla- 
ced upon him, when Ariſtotle deems dim 
imworthy to be believed. Ninus after 
death received divine honors, and became 
the Jupiter of the Aſſyrians and the Hercu- 
les of the Chaldeans. Ctefras, — Diod. 2 
Juſtin. I, C. 1.— Herodot. 2. A cclebra— 
ted city, now Ning, the capital of Aſſy ria, 
built on the banks of the Tigris by Ninus, 
and called Nineveh in Scriptuie. It was, 
according to the relation of Diodorus Siculus, 
fifteen miles long, nine broad, and forty- 
eight in cireumſtance. It was ſurrounded 
by large walls 100 feet nigh, on the top of 
which three chariots could paſs together a- 
breaſt, and was defended by 1500 towers 
each 200 feet high. Ninus was taken by 
the united armies of Cyaxares and Nabopo- 
Jailar king of Babylon, B. C. 606. Strad. 
1.— Diad. 2.—lerodot. 1, c. 185, &e.— 
Pauſe. 8, c. 33.— Lucian. 

NIN VvAs, a ſon of Nuius and Semiramis 
King of Aflytia, who ſucceeded his mother 
wi had voluntarily abdicated the crown. 
Some ſuppoſe that Semiramis was put to 
dcath by her own ſon, becauſe ſhe had en- 
couraged him to commit inceſt. Toe reign 
ot Ninyas is remarkable for its luxury and 
extravagance, The prince left the care of 
the government to ius favorites and miniſ- 
ters, and gave himſelf up to pleaſure, riot, 
and debauchery, and never appeated in 
public. His ſucceſſors imitated the example 
of his voluptuouſneſs, and therefore their 
name or hiſtory are littic known till the age 
of Sardanapalus. Jin. 1, c. 2.— Diad. 
138 

NIA RE, a daughter of Tantalus king of 
Ly dia by Euryanaſſa or Dione. She mar- 
red Amphion the fon of Jafus, by whom 
the had ten ſons and ten daughters accord- 
ing te Hehhod, or two ſons and three daugh- 


| its horſcs, 


N I 


ters according to Herodotus. Homer and 
Propertius ſay, that ſhe had fix daughters 
and as many ſons; and Ovid, Apollodorus, 
&c. according to the more received opinion, 
ſupport that ſhe had ſeven ſons and ſeven 
daughters. The ſons were Sipylus, Miny. 
tus, Tantalus, Agenor, Phædimus, Dama. 
fichthor. gad Itmenus; and thoſe tf the 
daughters, Clevdoxa, Ethodæa or I nera, 
Aiſtyoche, Pithia, Pelopia or Chloris, Aſti- 
cratea, and Ogygia. The number of her 
children encreaſed her pride, and ſhe had the 
imprudence not only to preter herſelt to La- 
tona who had only two children, but ſhe 
even inſulted her, and ridiculed the worſhip 
which was paid to her, obſerving, that ſhe 
had a better claim to altars and ſacrifices 
than the mother of Apollo and Diana. 
This inſolence provoked Latona, She en- 
treated her children to puniſh the arrogant 
Niobe. Her prayers were heard, and im- 
mediately all the ſons of Niobe expired by 
the darts of Apollo, and all the daughters, 
except Chloris, were equally defiroyed by 
Diana; and Niobe, ſtruck at the ſudden— 
neſs of her misfortunes, was changed into 
a ſtone. The cCarcaſes of Niobe's chil- 
dren, according to Homer, were left un- 
buried in the plains for nine ſucceſſive 
days, becauſe Jupiter changed into Cones 
all ſuch as attempted to inter them. On 
the tenth day they were honored with a 
funeral by the gods. Homer. II. 24— 
Alian. V. I. 12, c. 36.— Apollo. 3, c. 5. 
—Ovid. Met. fab. 5.—Hygin. fab. 9.— 
Horat. 4, od. 6.—Propert. 2, cl. 6.— 
A daughter of Phoroneus, King of Pclo- 
ponneſus, by Laodice, She was beloved 
by Jupiter, by whom ſhe had a fon cal- 
led Argus, who gave his name to Argia 
or Argolis, a country of Peloponneſus. 
Pauſ. 2, c. 22.—-Apollod. 2. c. I. J. 3 
c. 8. 

Nirnævs, a man killed by horſes, &c. 
Virg. An. 10, v. 570. 

N1PHATEs, a mountain of Aſia, which di- 
vides Armenia from Aſſy ria, and trom which 
the Tigris takes its riſe, Virg. G. 3, v. 30. 
—Strab. 11, Mela. 1, c. 15. — A rer 
of Armenia, falling into the Tigris. Harat. 
2, od. 9.—Lucan. 3, v. 245. | 

Niruk, one of Diana's companions. 
Ovid. Met. 3, v. 245. 

Nix us, a king of Naxos, ſon of Cha- 
rops and Aglaia, celebrated for his beauty. 
He was one of the Grecian chiefs during 
the Trojan war. Homer, Il. 2.—tHorat. 2, 
od. 20. 

Nis A, a town of Greece. Hemer. I. 2. 
A country woman. FVirg. Hel. $.—— 
A place. Vid. Nyſa. A celebrated plain 


* 


of Media, near the Caſplian ſca, ſamous fo 


NIs £45 


W 
— 
N 
Ida 
Æne 
again 
the c| 
Troje 
dead 
were 
thed, 
hans 
endea 
eneny 
and ti 
ſpear, 
Their 
Trojai 
tat o 
Theſe 
Dal, 
King © 
"my 1 
King o 
bably ( 
xing de 
as his 
The pe 
by the 
wenge 
who na 
Megar: 
The fat 
vellow 
on his 1 
oracle, 
his atf: 
called þ 
Megara 
deſperat 
4 more 
ect of j 
hair fro 
aleep : 
but Min 
and the 
gods cha 
alumed 
very mo} 
noi to f. 
Wo bird 


and 
ers 
N Us, 
non, 
even 
liny- 
ama- 
the 
ner, 
Aſti- 
t her 
id the 
o La- 
t ſhe 
orſhip 
vat ſhe 
rifices 
Diana. 
ne en- 
rogant 
id im- 
red by 
ghters, 
ed by 
udden- 
ed into 
s Chil- 
left un- 
cceſſive 
» {ones 
n. On 
with 2 


beloved 
ſon cal- 
to Argia 
zonne1us, 
6 


(es, &c. 


which di- 
om which 
37 V. 30. 
— A river 
3 Ierat. 


n of Cha- 
11s beauty. 
efs during 
- Horat. 23 


mer. ll. 2, 
CA. 8.— 
rated plain 
ſamous for 


N I 


Nis æA, a naval ſtation on the coaſts of 
Megaris. rab. 9. A town of Parthia, 
called alſo Nita. 

Nis EIA. Vid. Niſus. 

Nis r, a fea nymph. Firg. Zn. 5, 
v. 826. 

NIsI is, a town of Meſopotamia built 
ty a colony of Macedonians on the Tigris, 
and celebrated as being a barrier between 
the provinces of Rome and tbe Perſian em- 


pire during the reign of the Roman cmpe- 


rors, It was ſometimes called A4ntiychia 
Mygdenica. TFoſeph. 20, c. 2.—Strab. 11. 
— Ammian. 25, &c.—Plin. 6, c. 13. 
N1sus, a ſon of Hyrtacus, burn on mount 
Ida near Troy. He came to Italy with 
Aneas, and ſignalized himfelt by his valor 
againſt the Rutulians. He was united in 
the cloſeſt friendſhip with Euryalus, a young 
Trojan, and with him he entered, in the 
dead of night, the enemy's camp. As they 
were returning victorious, after much blood- 
thed, they were perceived by the Rutu- 
laans; who attacked Euryalus. Niſus in 
endeavouring to reſcue his friend from the 
enemy's darts, pcriſhed himſelf with him, 
and their heads were cut off and fixed on a 
ſear, and carried in triumph to the camp. 
Tacir death was greatly lamented by all the 
Trojans, and their great friendſhip, like 
tat of a Pylades and an Oreſtes, or of a 
Theſeus and Pirithous, is become prover- 
bial. Virg. Mn. , v. 176, &Cc. A 
king of Dulichium, remarkable for his pro- 
bity and virtue. Hemer. Od. 18. A 
King of Megara, ſon of Mars, or more pro- 
bably of Pandion. He inherited his father's 
Kingdom with his brothers, and received 
as his portion the country of Megaris, 
The peace of the brothers was interrupted 
by the hoſtilities of Minos, who wiſhed to 
avenge the death of his fon Androgeus, 
who had been murdered by the Athenians. 
Megara was beſieged, and Attica laid waſte. 
The fate of Niſus depended totally upon a 
vellow lock, which, as long as it continued 
ou his head, according to the words of an 
oracle, promiſed him lite and ſucceſs to 
dis affairs. His daughter Scylla (often 
called Nrſeia Virgo) ſaw from the walls of 
Megara the royal beſieger, and the became 
deſperately enamoured of him. To obtain 
a more immediate interview with this ob- 
ect of her paſſion, ſhe ſtole away the fatal 
lair from her father's head as he was 
aleep; the town was immediately taken, 
but Minos diſregarded the fcrvices of Scylla, 
and the threw herſelf into the ſeu. The 
zods changed her into a lark, and Niſus 
alumed the nature of the hawk, at the 
very moment that he gave himſelf death, 
dot to fall into the enemy's hands. Theſe 
Wo birds have continually bern at variance 


N O 


with each other, and Scylla, by her appfe- 


henſions at the ſight of her father, ſeems to 
ſuffer the puniſhment which her perfidy 
deſerved. polled. 3,c.15.—Pau. i, c. 19. 
—Strab, g9.—Ovid. Met. 8, v. 6, &c.— 
Vig. G. 1, v. 404, &c. 

NisYRos, an ifland in the Ægean fea, 


at the weſt of Rhodes with a town of 


the ſame name. It was originally joincd 
to the ifland of Cos, according to Pli- 
ny, and it bore the name of Porphyris. 
Neptune, who was ſuppuſed to have 
ſeparated them with a blow of his trident, 
and to have then overwhelmed the giant 
Polybotes, was worſhipped there, and 
called N:{yreus. Apollod, 1, c. 6.—Strab. 
10. 

NtTET1s, a daughter of Apries, king of 
Egypt, married by his ſucceſſor Amaſis to 
Cyrus. Polyen. 8. : 

N1TIOBRIGES, a people of Gaul, ſup- 
poſed to be Agen, in Guienne. Caf, B. 
. . 

Niröckis, a celebrated queen of Baby- 
lon, who built a bridge acroſs the Euphra- 
tes, in the middle of that city, and dug a 
number of retervoirs for the ſuperfluous wa- 
ters of that river. She ordered herſelf to be 
buried over one of the gates of the city, and 
placed an inſcription on her tomb, which 
ſigniſied that her ſucceſſors would find 
great treaſures within, if ever they were in 
need of money, but that their labors would 
be but ill repaid if ever they ventured to 


open 1t without neceſſity. Cyrus opened it 


through curioſity, and was firuck to find 
within theſe words, If thy avarice had not 
been inſatiable thau never wiuldft have vio- 
lated the munuments of the dead. Header. 
I, c. 185. A queen of Egypt who built 
a third pyramid. 

NIT RIA, a country of Egypt with two 
towns of the fame name, above Memphis. 

NivaRla, an ifland at the wett of Afri- 
ca, ſuppoſed to be Tenzriff, one of the Ca 
nartes, N. 6, e. 38. 

Noas, a river of Thrace falling into the 
Ifter. Heradet. 4, c. 49. 

Nocuox, a Trojan killed by Turnus. 
Ving. An. 9, v. 767. 

Nocrilb da, a firname of Diana. She 
had a temple at Rome, on mount Palatine. 
Varro de L. L 4.—Ilerat. 4, od. 6. 

No, A, an ancient town of Campania, 
which became a Roman colony before the 
firſt Punic war. It was founded by a Tuſ- 
can, or according to others by an Eubœan 
colony. Ir is ſaid that Virgil had introdu- 
ced the name of Nola in his Georgics, but 
that, when he was retuſed a glaſs of water 
by the inhabitants as he paffed through the 


city, he totally blotted it out of his poem, 


aud ſubſtituted the ward , wn the 225th 
tne 


+ IT — 


» 
- 


— — 
r 


— 
_ —_ 
— * 


— 
— 


N O 


nne of the 24 book of his Georgics, Nola 
was beſieged by Annibal, and bravely de- 
fended by Marcellus. Auguſtus died there 
on his return from Neapolis to Rome. 
Bells were firſt invented there in the begin- 
ning of the fifth century, from which rea- 
ſon they have been called N or Campanæ, 
in Latin. The inventor was St. Paulinus 
the biſhop of the place, who died A. D. 
431, though many imagine that bells were 
known long before, and only introduced 
into churches by that prelate. Before his 
time, congregations were called tv the 
church by the noiſe of wooden rattles //a- 
era ligna}., Paterc. 1, c. 7,—Suet. in Aug. 
— Sil. 12, v. 161.—4. Gellius, 7, c. 20. 
Liu. 23, c. 14 & 39. I. 24, c. 13. 

Nous, a name given to all thoſe un- 
civilized people who had no fixed habita- 
tion, and who continually changed the 
place of their reſidence, to go in queſt of 
freſh paſture, for the numerous cattle which 
they tended, There were Nomades in Scy- 
thia, India, Arabia, and Africa. Thoſe 
of Africa were afterwards called Numidians, 
by a fmall change of the letters which com- 
poſed their name. Tal. 1, v. 215.—Plin. 
5, c. 3.— Herodot. 1, c. 15. J. 4, c. 187.— 
Strab. 7.—Mela. 2, c. 1. I. 3, c. 4. —PFirg. 
G. 3, v. 343.— Pauſ. 8, c. 43. 

Nouæ, a town of Sicily. Died. 11.— 
Sl. 14, v. 265. 

NomErnTANuUs, an epithet applied te 
L. Caſſius as à native of Nomentum. He 
is mentioned by Horace as a mixture of 
luxury and diffipation. Horat, 1. Sat. 1. 
v. 102, & alibi, 

NoMEtNnTUmM, a town of the Sabines in 
Italy, now called Lamentana, The difta- 
tor Q. Servilius Priſcus, gave the Veientes 
and Fidenates battic there A. U. C. 312, 
and totally defeated them. Ovid. Faſf. 4, 
v. 9095.—Liv. 1, c. 38. J. 4, C.22.—Pirg. 
az 9%, 9:29 —- 

Noi, mountains of Arcadia. Pau. 

Nomivs, a ſirname given to Apollo, be- 
cauſe he fed (vejaz, paſcs) the flocks of 
king Adractus in Theflaly, Cic. de Nat. D. 
YC 83 | 

NonACR1S, a town of Arcadia, which 
received its name from a wife of Lycaon, 
There was a mountain of the ſame name 
in tle ncigtibourhood. Evander is ſome- 
times called Nenacrius keros, as being an 
Arcadian by birth, and Atalanta Nenacria, 
as being a native of the place. Curt. 10, 
c. 10. ud. Faſt. 5, v. 97. Met. 8, fab. 
10.—Pauſ. 8, c. 17, &c. 

Noxivs, a Roman ſoldier impriſoned 
for paying reſpe& to Gaiha's ſtatues, &c. 
Tacit. II/. 1, c. 56. A Roman who 
exhorted his countrymen after the fatal bat- 


tle of Puarſalia, aud the flight of Pompey, | 


„ 


by obſerving that eight ſtandards ſaqullæ 
ſtill remained in the camp, to which Cicero 
anſwered, rette, ſi nobis cum graculis bellum 
Het. 

Nownrus MARCELLUs, a grammarian 
whoſe treatiſe de varia frenificatione verbo. 
rum was edited by Mercer, Svo. Faris 
1614. 

Nonwvs, a Greek writer of the 5th cen. 
tury, who wrote an account of the embaſſy 
he had undertaken to /Ethiopia, among the 
Saracens, and other eaſtern nations, He 
is alſo known by his Dionyſſaca, a wonderful 
collection of heathen mythology and erudi- 
tion, edited 4to. Antwerp, 1569. His pa- 
raphraſe on John was edited by Heinſius 
8vo. L. Bat. 1627. 

NoPlA or CNnoPrA, a town of Baotia, 
where Amphiaraus had a temple. 

Noka, now Nour, a place of Phrygia, 
where Eumencs retired for ſome time, &c, 
C. Ne pos. A town. Vid. Norax. 

Nokax, a ſon of Mercury and Eury- 
thæa, who led a colony of Iberians into 
Sardinia, where he founded a town, to 
which he gave the name of Nora, Pai. 
to, e. 17. 

NoRBa, a town of the Volſci. Liv. 2, 
e. 3. Czſaria, a town of Spain on tie 
Tagus. 

C. Nox BANus, a young and ambitious 


bl 


intereſt to that of young Marius, In his 
conſulſhip he marched againſt Sylla, by 
whom he was Cefcated, &c. Plut. A 
friend and general of Auguſtus employed in 
Macedonia againſt the republicans, lle 
was defeated by Brutus, &c. 

Noxzic um, acountry of ancient Illyricum, 
which now forms a part of modern Bawar's 
and Auſtria. It extended between the Das 
nube, and part of the Alps and Vi indelicia. 
Its ſavage inhabitants,who were once goveri- 
ed by kings, made many incurſions upon the 
Romans, and were at laſt conquered under 
Tiberius, and the country became a depen- 
dent province. In the reign of Diocleſian 
Noricum was divided into two parts, K. 
penſe and Mediterranean, The iron that 
was drawn from Noricum was eſteemed ex- 
cellent, and thence Nc icus enſis was uſed 
to expreſs the goodneſs of a ſword. Dia 
Perieg.—Strab, 4.—Plin. 34, C- 14. —Tacit, 
Hift. 3, c. 5.—Horat. 1, od. 16, v. 9.— 
Ovid. Met. 14, v. 712. 

NoKRTHIPPUS, a Greek tragic poet. 

Nokia, a name given to the goddets 
of Fortune among the Etturians. Lv. \ 
e. 3. 
NoTHus, a fon of Deucalion.— A ſur- 
name of Darius, king of Pertia, from hs 
legitimacy. 

Nonus, a Greck phyſician, whole bot 


** 


Roman who oppoſed Sylla, and joined his 


PE 7* 
12M 
N 
fer. 
Colo! 
ons 
fitaat 
c. 26 
Ne 
ſer. 
No 
the fc 
ſhield 
—] 
thoſe . 
No 
now / 
C, 70. 
Nov 
the cha 
name. 
only fi; 
Nov 
wett of 
Cologn 
Nov 
Gaul, t 
fituated 
or As of 
C. 2, c. 
Novi 
vf Gaul, 
Another 
— An 
tne {out} 
Novi 
Novi 
Rome by 
acceſſary 
IS, c. 71 
laſſinate t 
lters obſc 
of Horace 
dat. 6. 
Novy 
the lake 
were Calle 
6 35, 
Nox, 0 
mong the 
dom her 
gave bj, th 
Vas alſo tl 
des, Drear 
Fraud, & c 
poets the 
Vell as of | 
ped wi; 
wt had a 
* E:heſus 
beck lheex 
es,” TI 
at bir 


0 


ele ) 4 rum morborum curatione was edited in 
icero 12 mo. Argent. 1 568. 
cllum Nortu n, a town of ZEolia near the Cay- 
ter, It was peopled by the whabitants of 
Jarian (Colophon, Who left their ancient habita- 
verbs. tons becauſe Notium was more conveniently 
Faris fraated in being on the ſea ſhore. Liv, 37, 
c. 26, 38, 39- ; 
bor + NoTus, the ſouth wind, called alſo Au- 
nbaſſy i 
ng the . (tabernz) the new ſhops built in 
„ He the forum at Rome, and adorned with the 
nderful ſhields of the Cimbri. Cie. Orat. 2, c. 66. 
erudi- be Feters taberne were adorned with 
His pa- thoſe of the Samnites. Liv. 9, c. 40. 
eimſius, NovaRia, a town of Ciſalpine Gaul, 

; now Newvara in Milan. Tacit. Hi. 1, 
Bœotis, c. 50. 

; NoviTus, a man who ſeverely attacked 
hrygla, the character of Auguſtus, under a fictitious 
de, Ke. name. The emperor diſcovered him and 
| only fined him a ſmall ſum of money. 

d Eury- Novss1UM, a town of the Ubii, on the 
ans into wet of the Rhine, now called Nuys, near 
wn, to Cologne. Tacit. Hijt. 4, © 26, &c. 
. Pai. Noviopũ Nux, a town of the Aqui in 
| Gaul, taken by J. Cæſar. It is pleaſantly 
Liv. 2, ſituated on the Ligeris, and now called Noyon, 
in on tie or as others ſuppoſe, Neuer. Ceſar, bell, 
. C. I'S. 
mbitious NovioMAaGUS or NEOMAGUS, a town 
oined his vf Gaul, now Nizeux in Normandy, 
. In tas Another called alſo Nemetes, now Spire. 
ylla, by — Another in Batavia, now Nimeguen, on 
ut ——A the ſouth ſide of the Waal. 
1ployed en Novium, a town of Spain, now Noya. 
ans. lle Novius PRrscus, a man baniſhed from 
Rome by Nero, on ſuſpicion that he was 
Itlyr.cumy acceſſury to Piſo's conſpiracy. Tacit. An. 
n Ba, 5 e. 71. A man who attempted to at- 
n the Das laſinate the emperor Claudius. Two bro- 
V indelici2, ders obicurely born, diſtinguiſhed in the age 
ice goveru- of Horace for their officiouſneſs. Heorat. 1, 


18 upon the 
ered une! 


dat. 6. 
Novum Couun, a town of Inſubria on 


ge a depen- the lake Larinus, of which the inhabitants 
Dioclehan were called Nowecomenſes. Cic. ad Div. 13 
parts, R. 6 35. | 
e iron tht Nox, one of the moſt antient deities a- 
ſteemed ex. mong the heathens, daughter of Chaos. 
is was uied From her union with her brother Erebus, ſhe 
rd. Dion. bac birth to the Day and the Light. She 
14, —T act. Vas allo the mother of the Parcæ, Heſperi- 
10, V. 97 des, Dreams, of Diſcord, Death, Momus, 
Fraud, & c. She is called by ſome of the 
c poet. poets tne mother of all things, of gods as 
the goddeis Fl a3 of men, and therefore ſhe was wor- 
as. Liv. | pped with great ſolemnity by the ancicnts. 
| | we had a famous ſtatue in Diana's temple 
n.—.—A tr * Epheſus. It was uſual to offer her a 


a 7 11s Bek A... 2 
fin, from | wle lheep, as ſhe was the mother of the 


Wies, The cock was alſo offered to her, 


1 K 2. © . . * 
, Whole 00 at bird proclaims the approach of day, 
** 0 


N U 


during the darkneſs of the night. She is 
repreſented as mounted on a chariot and 
covered with a veil beſpangled with ſtars. 
The conſtellations generally went before 
her as her conſtant meſſengers. Some- 
times the is ſeen holding two children under 
her arms, one of which fs black, repieſent- 
ing death or rather night, and the other white 
repretenting ſſeep, or day. Some of the mo- 
derns have defcribed her as a woman veiled 
in mourning, and crowned with poppies, and 
carried on n chariot drawn by owls and bats, 
, Virg. Fn, 6, v. 9 50.— U. Faſt. I, V. 455. 
auf. 10, C. 38.— Befied. [ heog, 

NuCER14, a town of Campania taken 
by Annibal. It became a Roman colony 
under Auguſtus, and was called Nureria 
{ Conſtantia, or A/faterna, It now hears the 
name of Nocera, and contains about 20,000 
inhabitants. Zrcan, 2, v. 472.—Liv. g, 
c. 41. I. 27, e. 3. A town of Umbria, at 
the foot of the Apennines. Strab.— Plin. 

NUIlTHONES, a people of Germany poſ- 
leſſing the country now called Mecklenburg 
and Pomerania. Tacit. G. 40. 

Numa Makcivs, a man made governor 
of Rome by Tullus Hoſtilius. He was ſon- 
in-law of Numa Pompilius, and father to 
Ancus Martius. Tacit. A. 6, c. 11. 
Liu. 1, e. 40. 

Numa PompILIvs, a celebrated philo- 
ſopher, born at Cures, a village of the Sa- 
bines, on the day that Romulus laid the 
foundation of Rome. He married Tatia the 
daughter of Tatius the King of the Sabines, 
and at her death he retired into the country 
to devote himſelf more freely to literary 
purſuits, At the death of Romulus, the Ro- 
mans fixed upon him to be their new king, 
and two ſenaturs were ſent to acquaint him 
with the deciſions ot the ſenate and of the 
people, Numa refuicd their offers, and it, 
was not but at the repcated ſolicitations 
and prayers of his friends, that he was pre- 
vailed upon ro accept the royalty. The be- 
ginning of his reign was popular, and he 
diſmiſſed the 300 body guards which his 
predeceſior had kept around his perſon, ob- 
ſerving. that he did not diſtruſt a people 
who had compclica him to reign over them. 
He was not, like Romulus, fond of war, and 
military expeditions, but he applicd himſelf 
to tame the ferocity of his ſubjects, to incul- 
cate in their minds a reverence for the deity, 
and to quell their diſſenſions by dividing all 
the citizens into different claſſes, He eſtab- 
lithed differem orders of prieſts, and taught 
the Romans not to worthip the deity by 
images; and from his example no graven or 
painted ſtatues appeared in the temples or 
ſanctuaries of Rome for upwards of 160 
years. He encouraged the report which 
Was ſpread of lis paying regular viſits to 
J : the 


— 


—— ) 


— — 
— — — * — 


EY 


— o = 
— — —— = > WIS. — 
—_ 


N U 


the nymph Egeria, and made uſe of her 
name to give ſanction to the laws and in- 
ſtitutions which he had introduced. He 
eſtabliſhed the college of the veſtals, and 
told the Romans that the ſafety of the em- 
pire depended upon the preſervation of the 
facred arncyle or /aield which, as was gene- 
rally believed, had dropped down from hea- 
ven. He dedicated a temple to Janus, 
which, during his whole reign, remained 
ſhut, as a mark of peace and tranquillity at 
Ronie, Numa died after a reign of 43 
years, in which he had given every poth3!e 
encouragement to the uſetul arts, and in 
which he had cultivated peace, B. C. 672. 
Not only the Romans, but alſo the neigh- 
bouring nations, were eager to pay their 
laſt offices to a monarch whom they revered 
for his abilities, moderation, ana humanity. 
He forbad his body to be burnt according 
to the cuſtam of the Romans, but he or- 
dcred it to be buried near mount Janiculum, 
with many of the hooks which he had 
written, Theſe books were accidentally 
found by one of the Romans about 400 
years after his death, and as they con- 
tained nothing new or intereſting, but 
merely the reaſons why he had made inno- 
vations in the form of worſhip and in the 
religion of the Romans, they were burnt by 
order of the ſenate. - He left behind one 
daughter called Pompilia, who married 
Numa Marcius, and became the mother of 
Ancus Martius the fourth king of Rome. 
Some ſay that he had alſo four ſons, but 
this opinion is ill founded. Plat. in wita. 
Hurra. Liv. 1.--Plin 13 & 14, &c.— 
Flr. 1, c. 2.— irg. An. 6 & 9. —Cic. de 
Nat. D. 3, c. 2 & 17.—Pal. Max. 1, c 2. 
—Dionyſ, Hal. 2, c. 59 —Ovid. Faſt. 3, &c. 
One of the Rutulian chiefs Killed in 
the night by Niſus and Euryalus. Hrg. 
LE 1. Gy V. 454- 

NumMAna, a town of Picenum in Italy, 
of which the people were called Nama- 
nates, Mela. 2, c. 4. 

NuMaANnTI1A, a town of Spain near the 
ſources of the river Durius, celebrated for 
the long war which it maintained againſt 
the Romans. The inhabitants obtained 
ſome advantages over the Roman forces til] 
Scipio Africanus was empowered to finiſh 
the war, and to ſee the deſtruction of Nu- 
mantia. He began the ſiege with an army 
of 60,000 men, and was bravely oppoled 
by the beſieged who were no more than 
4000 men able to bear arms. Both armies 
behaved with uncommon valor, and the 
courage of the Numantines was foon chang - 
ed into deſpair and fury, Their proviſions 
began to fail, and they fed upon the fleſh 
of their horſes, and afterwards ot that of 
meir dead companions, and at laſt were 


5 


| mur dered in his litter by his laber. 


N U 


neeeſſitated to draw lots to Kill and devour Ani 
one another. The melancholy ſiguation gf expe 
their affairs obliged ſome to ſurrender to tho alce! 
Roman general. Scipio demanded them 0 the 
deliver themſelves up on the motrow ; ther ſoun 
refuſed, and when à longer time had been {ent 


ever 1 
was f 
Num 


granted to their petitions, they retired ang 
ſet fire to their houſes, and all deſtroyed 
themſelves, B. C. 133, ſo that not even ons 


remained to adorn the triumph of the con. ing 4 
queror. Some hiſtorians however deny that er 
and ſupport that a number of Numanting * We 
delivered themſclves into Scipio's hands, and A fie 
that 50 of them were drawn in triumph x Nu 
Rome, and the reſt ſold as flaves. The (4! elcape 
of Numantia was more glorious than that d of For 
Carthage or Corinth, though inferior 9 KC... + 
them. The conqueror obtained the firnam; No 
of Numantinus, Flor. 2 . 18.— Ab roads v 
Ber. — Paterc. 2, c. 3.— Lc. 1. off .——Stra, of Brur 
3.— Mela. 2, c. 6.—P/ut.—Heorat, 2, 0. An 
12, v. I. Laviniu 
NuUMANTINA, a woman accuſed unde was fou 
Tiberius of making her huſband inſane by donne 
enchantments, &c. Tacit. Ann. 4, c. 2 N 
NumAnus REmULvs, a Rutulian wig c. 0% 
accuſed the Trojans of effemmacy. He het 4 whon 
married the younger ſiſter of Turnus, an Num 
was killed by Aſcanius during the Rutuliz 1. 36, | 
war. Firg, An. , v. 592, &c. from his 
Nuts, a follower of the docttines d poſe that 
Plato and Pythagoras, born at Apamea it NUM 
Syria. He floriſhed in the reign of M wuch ne 
Antoninus. and Bild; 
NumMENIiAa, or NEOMENIA, a feſtiva north by 
obſerved by the Greeks at the beginning a Gztulia, 
every lunar month, in honor of all the god, Pu" of 
but eſpecially of Apollo, or the ſun, W = vga 
is juſtly deemed the auther of light, andd ., ant 
whatever diſt inct ion is made in the month Kingdom 
ſcaſons, days, and nights. It was obſerve a this 
with games and public entertainments vue fe 
were provided at the expence of rich ct = 
zens, and which were always frequente Ee 
by the poor. Sole mn prayers were ofter * hecan 
at Athens during the ſolemnity for the prol Y alt wa. 
perity of the republic, The demigods 3 5 were 
well as the heroes of the antients were b redition; 
nored and invoked in the feſtival. ; * with 
Nuurtus, a philoſopher who ſupp! * rod 
that Chaos from which the world was creat ace th 
was animated by an evil and maleficent ſo * had t 
He lived in the ſecond century. 'g © barh; 
NUMENTANA VIA, a road at Rot 4 Mo. 
—Mela. 


which led to mount Sacer through the gu 
Viminalis. Liv. 3, c. 52. h 

NumMERIAnus, M. Aurelius, a fol of t 
emperor Carus, He accompanied his fath 
into the caſt with the title of Cæſar, and 
his death he ſucceeded him with his brotl 
Catinus, B. C. 282. His reign was ih 


Eight months after his father's derben 


4 
4, 


50 inherit. 
other Am 
Pitly with 


N U 


Anius Aper, who accompanied him in an | 
exp:dition. The murderer, who hoped to 


1 devour 


ation of aſcend the vacant throne, continued to follow 
er to the me litter as if the emperor was alive, till he 
| them to bund a proper opportunity to declare his 
IW they entiments. The ſtench of the body how- 
had been ever ſoon diſcovered his perfidy, and he 
tired and was ſacrificed to the fury of the ſoldiers. 
de ſtropcd Numerianus has been admired for his learn- 


even ont 
the con- 
deny that, 
umanting 
hands, and 
riumph x 


ing as well as his moderation, : He was 
naturally an eloquent ſpeaker, and in poetry 
he was inferior to no writer of his age. 
A friend of the emperor Severus, 
NumERIUs, a man who favored the 


f eſcape of Marius to Africa, &c. A friend 
6 * 0 of Pompey taken by J. Cæſar's adherents. 
han that a Kc. Plin. 
nferior u NUMICIA VIA, one of the great Roman 
he fung roads which led from the capital to the town 
-A, of Brunduſium. 
ff —Stra, NUmicus, a ſmall river of Latium near 
rat, 2, &. Lavinium, where the dead body of Eneas 

was found, and where Anna, Dido's ſiſter, 
uſed unde drowned herſelf. Virg. An. 7, v. 150, &c. 
d inſane by Sil, 1, v. 359.—Ovid, Met. 14, v. 358, 
47 C22 &c. Faſt. 3, v. 643. A friend of Horace, 
itulian vis to whom he addreſſed 1 ep. 6. 
24 He Nu uip4, a ſirname given by Horace 1 
zurnhas, and 6d, 36, to one of the generals of Auguſtus, 
the Rutulat from his conqueſts in Numidia. Some ſup- 
5 a poſe that it is Pomponius, others, Plotius. 
0 9 


| NUmIiDia, an inland country of Africa, 
Apamea's which now forms the kingdom of Algiers 
reign of N and Bildulgerid. It was bounded on the 
north by the Mediterranean fea, ſouth by 


„ 2 {eſta Gztulia, weſt by Mauritania, and eaſt by 
beginning a: part of Libya, which was called Africa 
f all the god Propria, The inhabitants were called No- 
he ſun, mv 1 and afterwards Nmidæ. It was the 


1 the monly 
was obſer 
nments When 


kingdom of Maſinifſa,who was the occaſion 
of the thisd Punic war, on account of the of- 
fence he had received from the Carthagi- 
Blans, jugurtha reigned there, as alſo 


of rich „e the father and ſon. It was conquered, 
ys baun and became a Roman province, of which 
; were oller Sallust was the firſt governor. The Numi- 
y for the fe dans were excellent wartio. „ and in their 


ients were 10 
val. 


tpeditions they always endeavoured to en- 
Ie with the enemy in the night time. 
They rode without ſaddles or bridles, 


| ol , , 

who ſup * Whence they have bgan called infraeni, 
rd 7 * bey had their wives in common as the reſt 
nale ficen f the barbarian nations of antiquity. Sal- 
La at Rom 4 n ug. For, 2, C. L$.——Stras. 2 & 
os ON I—Mela, 1, c. 4, &c.— Ovid. Met. 15, 
roug 


754. 

NumtiDius QUADRATCS, a governor 
Syria under Claudius. Tacit, Ann. 12. 
\UMISTRO, a town of the Brutii in Italy. 
. 45, C. 17. 

Nu lrox, a fon of Procas, king of Alba, 
Mo inherited his father's kingdom with his 
Fotner Amulius, and began to reign con- 


jus, a ſon of 
anied his fat 
f Cæſar, and 
with his Prot 
cign was | 
1's death, he 0 


= - er- m- * x , 
s fath Ac GY with him, Amylius was too àvari- 


3 


cious to bear a Colleague on the throne; he 
expelled his brother, and that he might 
more ſafely ſecure himſelf, he put to death 
his ſon Lauſus, and conſecrated his daughter 
Ilia to the fervice of the goddeſs Veſta, 
which demanded perpetual celibacy. Theſe 
great precautions were rendered ahortive. 
Ilia became pregnant, and though the two 
children whom ſhe brought forth were ex- 
poſed in the river by order of the tyrant, 
their life was preſerved, and Numitor was 
reſtored to his throne by his grandſons, and 
the tyrannical uſurper was put to death, 
Dionyſ. Hal.—Liv. 1, c. 3.—Plut. in Ro- 
mul, — Ovid, Faſt. 4, v. 55, &c.—V, irg. 
En. 6, v. 768. A ſon of Phorcus who 
tought with Turnus againſt Aneas. Hrg. 
An. 10, v. 342. A rich and difſolute 
Roman in the age of Juvenal 7, v. 74. 
NumMiToRIUs, a Roman who defended 


Virginia, to whom Appius wiſhed to offer 


violence, He was made military tribune. 
Q. Pullus, a general of Fregellz, &c. 
Cic. de Inv. 2, c. 34. 

Nunodtus. Vid. Vala. 

Nuxco kus, a ſon of Seſoſtris king of 
Egypt, who made an obelitk, ſome ages 
after brought to Rome, and placed in the 
Vatican. Plin. 36, c. 11. He is called 
Pheron by Herodotus. 

NuNvDiNnaA, a goddeſs whom the Romans 
invoked when they named their children. 
This happened the ninth day after their 
birth, whence the name of the goddeſs, 
Nona dies. Macrob. Sat. 1, c. 16. 

NUNx DIN. Vid. Feriæ. 

Nu as x, a town of Italy, Virg. An. 7, 
v. 744. 

Nouxscra, a goddeſs who patronized the 
Etrurians, Fur. 10, v. 74. 

Nurs14a, now Nora, a town of Picenum 
whoſe inhabitants are called Nurfeni, Virg. 
nu. 7, v. 716.— Martial. 13, ep. 20.— 
Liv. 28, c. 45. 

Nu rx, a town of Illyricum. Peolyb.z. 

Noris, a daughter of Nycteus, who 
was mother of Labdacus. A patronymic 
of Antiope the daughter of Nycteus, mother 
of Amphion and Zethus by Jupiter, who 
had aſſumed the ſhape of a ſatyr to enjoy 
her company. Ovid, Met. 6, v. 110. 

NyYCTELI1UsS, a ſuname of Bacchus, be- 
cauſe his orgies were celebrated in the night. 
(wE nox Nr perficio.) The words latex 
NyFelins thence ſignify wine. Senrca in 
CQEdip.—Pauſ. 1, c. 40.— Ovid. Met. , v. 15. 

Nvereus, a fon of Hyrieus and Clonia. 
A ſon of Chthonius. A fon of Nep- 


tune by Celene, daughter pf Atlas, king of 

Leſbos, or of Thebes according to the more 

received opinion, He married a nymph of 

Crete called Polyxo or Amaithza, by whoin 

he had two daughters, Nyctimene and An- 

tiope, The firſt 2 diſgraced herſelf 
m 


N Y 

by her criminal amours, with her father, 
into wheſe bed ſhe introduced herſelf by 
means of her nurſe, When the father knew 
the inceſt he had committed, he attempted 
to ſtab his daughter, who was inimediately 
changed by Minerva into an owl, Nycteus 
made war againſt Epopeus, who had carried 
away Antiope, and died of a wound which 
he had received in an engagement, leaving 
his kingdom to his brother Lycus, whom 
he intreated to continue the war, and puniſh 
Antiope for her i modeſt conduct. [ Vid. 
Antiope.] Pauf. 2, ©. 6.-—-t/ygin. fab. 157 
& 204.—Ovid. Met. 2, v. 590, &c. |. 6, 
v. I1o, &c. 

NycTimENnE, a daughter of Nycteus. 
Vid. Nycteus. 

NycTimus, a ſon of Lycaon, king of 
Arcadia. He died without iſſue, and left 
his kingdom to his nephew Arcas, the ſon 
of Calliſto, Pauf. 8, c. 4. 

NyMBAUM, a lake of Peloponneſus in 
Laconia. Id. 3, v. 23. 

NymPpHz, certain female deities among 
the ancients. They were generally divided 
into two claſſes, nymphs of the land and 
nymphs of the fea. Of the nymphs of the 
earth, ſome preſided over woods, and were 
called Dryades and Hamadryades, others 
preſided over mountains, and were called 
Oreader, ſome preſided over hills and dales, 
and were called Napææ, &c. Of the ſea 
nymphs, ſome were called Oceanides, Nere- 
ides, Naiades, Potamides, & c. Theſe preſided 
not only over the ſea, but alſo rivers, foun- 
tains, ſtreams, and lakes. The nymphs 
fixed their reſidence not only in the fea, but 
alſo on mountains, rocks, in woods or 
caverns, and their grottoes were beautified 
by evergreens and delightful and romantic 
fcenes. The nymphs were immortal ac- 
cording to the opinion of ſome mythologiſts; 
others ſuppoſed that, like men, they were 
ſubject to mortality, though their life was 
of long duration. They lived for ſeveral 
thouſand years according to Heſiod, or as 
Plutarch ſeems obſcurely to intimate, they 
lived about 9720 years. The number of the 
nymphs is not preciſely known. There were 
above 3000, according to He ſiod, whoſe pow - 
er was exteuded over the different places of 
the carth, and the various functions and oc- 
eupations of mankind. They were worſhip- 
ped by the ancients, though not with ſw much 
ſolemnity as the ſuperior deities. They had 
no temples raiſed to their honor, and the 
only offerings they received were milk, honey, 
eil, and ſometimes the ſacrifice of a goat. 
They were generally repreſented as young 
and beautiful virgins, veiled up to the middle, 
and ſometimes they held a vaſe, from which 
they (ſeemed to pour water. Sometimes they 
had graſs, leaves, aud ſhells inſtead uf vaſcs. 


* 


It was deemed unfortunate to fee them 
naked, and ſuch ſight was generally attendeg 
by a delirium, to which Propertius ſeems 
to allude in this verſe, wherein he ſpeaks of 
the innocence and ſimplicity of the Primitive 
ages of the world, 


Nec fuerat nudas pæna widere Dea, 


The nymphs were generally diſtinguiſhed by 
an epithet which denoted the place of their 
refidence; thus the nymphs of Sicily were 
called Sicelidet; thoſe of Corycus, Coryeider 
&c. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 320. l. 5, v. 412. 
I, 9z 65r, &c. Faft. 35 V. 769.— Pau lo, 
c. 3.—-Plut, de Orac. def.—Orphen, Arg, 
ef. Theogn, Propert. 3, el. 12— 
Homer. Od. 14. 

NvywmPHEAUM, a port of Macedonia, Ceſ 
bell. ci, A promontory of Epirus on the 
Ionian ſea. A place near the walls of 
Apollonia, ſacred to the nymphs, where 
Apollo had alſo an oracle. The place wx 
alſocele hrated for the continual flames of fre 
which ſeemed to riſe at a diſtance from the 
plains. It was there that a ſleeping (at 
was once caught and brought to Sylla as he 
returned from the Mithridatic war, This 
monſter had the ſame features as the poets 
aſcribe to the ſatyr. He was interrogated 
by Sylla, and by his interpreters, but his 
articulations were , unintelligible, and the 
Roman ſpurned from him a creature which 
ſeemed to partake of the nature of a beaſt 
more than that of a man. Phlut. in Sylli, 
Dio. 41.—Plin. 5,—Strah, 5 -L. 2, 
c. 36 & 49. A city of Taurica Cher- 
ſoneſus. The building at Rome where 
the nymphs were worſhipped bore alſo this 
name, being adorned with their ſtatues and 
with fountains and water-falls which al. 
— an agreeable and refreſhing cool- 
neſs. 

Nvuruæus, a man who went into Cari 
at the head of a colony of Melians, &c, 
Pelyen. 8 

NymMeHiDIVs, a favorite of Nero, wis 
faid that he was deſcended from Caligula. 
He was raiſed to the conſular dignity, and 
ſoon after diſputed the empire with Galba. 
He was lain by the ſoldiers, &c. Tat! 
Ann. 15. 

NymPHIS, a native of Heraclea, wiv 
wrote an hiftory of Alexander's life and 
actions, divided into 24 books. lian. 7, 
de Anim, ; 

NymMPpHODORUS, a writer of Ampbipo- 
lis.——A Syracuſan who wrote an hiſto 
of Sicily. 

NyMPHOLEPTES, or Nyraphomanes, pa 
ſelſed by the nymphs, This name was g'\*! 
to the inhabitants of mount Cithæron, ve 
believed that they were inſpired by the 
nymphs, Put, in Arift, 


| 6 Ny MPHoN 


ee Unm 
' Attended 
us ſeems 
ſpeaks of 
primitive 


Deas, 


uiſhed by 
e of their 
icily were 
CG rycides, 
5% V.412, 
- Pau, 10, 
hens, Arp, 
el. 12. 


Jonia. Ce 
irus on the 
>» walls of 
hs, Where 
place was 
1mes of fre 
e from the 
ping fatyr 
SylJa as he 
war, This 
$ the poets 
nterrogated 
rs, but his 
5 and the 
ture which 
| of a beaſt 
it, in Sylla, 
Liv, 425 
rica Cher- 
ome where 
"re alſo this 
ſtatues and 
which af- 
ſhing coc 


t into Cam 
Lelians, xc. 


Nero, wio 
m Caligula. 
dignity, and 
with Galba. 
ec, Tail 


raclea, who 
r's life and 
HE lian. Ty 


f Amphipo- 
e an hiſto 


omanes, peſ- 
ne was gel 
heron, Wis 
ired by dhe 


Ny MePHON 


pire and the capital of the conquered nations 


N V 


NyMPHoN, a native of Colophon, &c. | 
Cic, ad fra. 1. 

Nyps1Us, a general of Dionyſius the ty- 
rant who took Syracuſe, and put all the in- 
habitants to the ſword, Diod. 16. 

NysA or NyssA, a town of Ethiopia, at 
the ſouth of Egypt, or according to others, 
of Arabia. This city, with another of the 
ſame name in India, was ſacred to the god 
Bacchus, who was educated there by the 
nymphs of the place, and who received the 
name of Diony ſius, which ſeems to be com- 

unded of Ae & Nora, the name of his 
father, and that of the place of his education, 
The god made this place the ſeat of his em- 


of the eaſt. Diog. 3 & 4.—Mela. 3, c. 7. 
Ovid. Met. 4, v. 13, &c.—lzal. 7, v. 198. 
Curt. 8, c. 10. —-Virg. An. 6, v. 805. 
According to ſome geographers there 
were no leſs than ten places of the name of 


Nyſa, One of theſe was on the coaſt of 


7 


Eubœa, famous for its vines, which grew. 
in fuch an uncommon manner that if a 
twig was planted in the ground in the 
morning, it immediately produced grapes, 
which were full ripe in the evening. A. 
city of Thrace. Another ſeated on the 
top of mount Parnaſſus, and ſacred to Bac- 
chus. Fuv. 7, v. 63. 

Nys2us, a firname of Bacchus, hechuſe 
he was worſhipped at Nyſa.——A ſon of 
Dionyſus of Syracuſe. C. Nep. in Died. 

Nys As, a river of Africa, riſing in Æthi- 
opia. 

Nys1XPoRTZz, a ſmall iſland of Africa. 

Nvs1Aves, a name given to the nymphs 
of Nyſa, to whoſe care Jupiter intruſted the 
education of his ſon Bacchus. Ovid. Mer. 33 
v. 314, &c. 

Nysfkos, an iſland. Vd. Niſytos. 


Nyss A, a ſiſter of Mithridates the Great, 
Plut. 


ſion of Apollo and the nymph Anchials. 


by Galba's orders, &c. 


O C 


ARUS, a river of Sarmatia, falling into | 


the Palus Mœotis. Herodot. 4. 

OARSES, the original name of Artaxerxes 
Memnon. 

QXs1s, atown about the middle of Libya, 
at the diſtance of ſeven days journey from 
Thebes in Egypt, where the Perſian army 
ſeat by Cambyſes to plunder Jupiter Am- 
mon's temple was loſt in the ſands. There 
were two other cities of that name very 
little known. Oaſis became a place of ba- 
niſhment under the lower empire. Strab. 17. 
—Zofim. 5, c. 97.—Herodet. 3, c. 26. 

Oaxxs, a river of Crete which received 
its name from Oaxus the ſon of Apollo, 
Virg. Eel. t, v. 66. 

Axus, a town of Crete, where Etear- 
chus reigned, who founded Cyrene.——A 


OBx1iNncaA, now Al, a river of Germany 
falling into the Rhine above Rimmagen. 

OBuLTRONIUS, a quæſtor put to death 
Tacit. 

OcALREA or OCALIA, a town of Bœotia, 
Homer, Il. 2. A daughter of Mantineus, 
who married Abas, ſon of Lynceus and Hy- 
perraneftra, by whom ſhe had Acriſius and 
Prætus. Apollod. 2, c. 2. | 

Oct1a, a woman who preſided over the 
facred rites of Veſta for 57 years with the 
greateſt ſanity. She died in the reign of 


O C 


Ocxinipes & OckAxi ros, ſea 
nymphs, daughters of Oceanus, from whom 
they received their name, and of the gods 
deſs Tethys. They were 3000 according to 
Apollodorus, who mentions the names of 
ſeven of them; Aſia, Styx, Electra, Doris, 
Eurynome, Amphitrite, and Metis, Hefiod 
ſpeaks of the eldeſt of them and reckons 
41, Pitho, Admete, Prynno, Ianthe, Rho- 
dia, Hippo, Callirhoe, Urania, Clymene, 
Idyia, Paſithoe, Clythia, Zeuxo, Galuxaure, 
Plexaure, Perſeis, Pluto, Thoe, Polydora, 
Melobofis, Dione, Cerceis, Xanthe, Acaſta, 
Ianira, Teleſtho, Europa, Meneſtho, Petrea, 
Eudora, Calypſo, Tyche, Ocyroe, Criſia, 
Amphiro, with thoſe mentioned by Apol- 
lodorus, except Amphitrite, Hyginus men- 
tions 16 whoſe names are almoſt all differ- 
ent from thoſe of Apollodorus and Heſiod, 
which difference proceeds from the mu- 
tilation of the original text. The Oceanides, 
as the reſt of the inferior deit ies, were honor- 
ed with libations and ſacrifices. Prayers were 
offered to them, and they were entreated to 
protect ſailors from ſtorms and dangerous 
tempeſts. The Argonauts, before they pro- 
ceeded to their expedition, made an offering 
of flour, honey, and oil, on the ſea ſhore, to 
all the deities of the ſea, and ſacrificed bulls 
to them, and entreated their protection. 
When the ſacrifice was made on the ſea 


Tiberius, and the daughter of Domitius ſuc- 
ceded her, Tacit, Ann, 2, e. $6, 


3 the blood of the victim was prope wn 
—— was uy apen ſe 
| oY 


u 


„ 

the blood was permitted to run down into 
the waters, When the ſea was calm the 
ſailors generally offered a lamb or a young 
Pig, but if it was agitated by the wines and 
rough, a black bull was deemed the moſt 
acceptable victim. Homer. Od. 3.—Horat, 
Apollon. Arg. —Virg. G. 4, v. 341.— 
Ileſtod. Theog.—Apolled. I, 

Oct ixYFs, a powerful deity of the ſea, 
ſon of Cœlus and Terra. He married Te— 
thys, by whom he had the moſt principal 
rivers luch as the Alpheus, Peneus, Stry- 
mon, &c. with a number of daughters who 
are called from him Occanides. [ Vid. Oce- 
anides.] According to Homer, Oceanus was 
the father of all the gods, and on that ac- 
count he received frequent viſits from the 
reſt of the deities. He is generally repre- 
ſented as an old man with a long flowing 
beard, and fitting upon the waves of the ſea. 
He otten holds a pike in his hand, while 
fhips under fail appear at a diſtance, or a 
ſea monſter ſtands near him. Oceanus pre- 
ſided over every pait of the ſea, and even 
the rivers were ſubjected to his power. The 
ancients were ſuperſtitious in their worſhip 
to Oceanus, and revered with great ſolem- 
nity a deity to whoſe care they entruſted 
themſelves when going on any voyage. 
Heſiod. Theog — Ovid. Faſt. 5, v. 81, &c. 
— Apelled. 1.—Cic. de Nat, D. 3, c. 20.— 
Homer. II. 

OcELLus, an ancient philoſopher of Lu- 
cania. Vid. Lucanus. 

OcELUum, a town of Gaul. Cæſ. bell. G. 
I, c. 10. a 

Ocua, a mountain of Eubcea, and the 
name of Eubcea itſelf. A ſiſter of Ochus 
buried alive by his orders, 

Ocnkstus, a general of Ætolia in the 
Trojan war. Hamer. II. 5. 

Ocavs, a firname given to Artaxerxes 
the zd king of Perha. Vid. Artaxerxes, 
A man of Cyzicus, who was killed by 
the Argonauts, Flac. 3. A prince of 
Perſia, who refuſed to viſit his native coun- 
try for fear of giving all the women each a 
piece of gold. Plat. A. river of India, 
or of Bactriana lin. 6 & 31. 
of Perſia. He exchanged this name for 
that of Dal ius. Vid. Darius Nothus. 

Oc us, a ſon of the Tiber and of Manto, 
who aſſiſted Aineas againſt Turnus. He 
built a town which he called Mantua after 
his mother's name. Some ſuppoſe that he 
is the ſame as Bianor. Virg. Ecl. g. 
An, lo, v. 198. A man remarkable 
for his induſtry. He had a wife 2s re- 
markable for her profuſion, ſhe always 
conſume: and laviſhed away whatever the 
labors of her huſband had earned. He 1s 
r-prefeiited as twiſting a cord, which an 
aſs ſtanding by cats up as ſoon as he makes | 

9 


A king | 


| 


| 


O E 
it, whence the proverb ef the cord of Or, 
often applied to labor which meets no u. 
turn, and which is totally loſt, Proper. & 
el. 3, v. 21.—Plin. 35, e. 11.— Pai. 10 
6. 34 | ' 

Ocr1ctLUM, now Otricoli, a town gf 
Umbria near Rome. Cic, pro Mil. —Ly, 
I9, c. 41. 

OcRr1p1on, a king of Rhodes who wi: 
reckoned in the number of the gods afte; 
death. Plut, in Grac. queſt, 

OcxrI1s14, the wife of Corniculus, was one 
of the attendants of Tanaquil the wife af 
Tarquinius Priſcus. As ſhe was throwing 
into the flames, as offerings, ſome of the 
meats that was ſerved on the table of Ty. 
quin, ſhe ſuddenly ſaw in the fire what 
Ovid calls «bſcarni forma wirilis, She in. 
formed the queen of it, and when by ber 
orders ſhe had approached near it, ſhe con- 
ceived a ſon who was called Servius Tullivg, 
and who being educated in the king's fe- 
mily, afterwards ſuccecded to the vacant 
throne, Some ſuppoſe that Vulcan had 
aſſumed that form which was preſented u 
the eyes of Ocriſia, and that the god was 
the father of the fixth king of Rome. Pl. 
de fort. Rom,—Plin. 36, c."27,—0vid, Fa. 
6, v. 627. 

OcTACILL1vus, a flave who was manu- 
mitted, and who afterwards taught rhetoric 
at Rome. He had Pompey the Great in 
the number of his pupils. Seton, in Rhet. 
Martial. 10, ep. 79. 

OcTAvia, a Roman lady ſiſter to the em- 
peror Auguſtus and celebrated for her beauty 
and virtues. She married Claudius Marcel- 
lus, and after his death M, Antony. He: 
marriage with Antony was a political ſtep 
to reconcile her brother and her huſband. 
Antony proved for ſome time attentive to 
her, but he ſoon after deſpiſed her for Clev- 
patra, and when ſhe attempted to withdray 
him from this unlawful amour by going to 
meet him at Athens, ſhe was ſecretly rebuk- 
ed and totally baniſhed from his preſence 
T"_- affront was highly reſented by Augul- 
s, and though Octavia endeavoured to 
Paraly him by palliating her huſband's be- 
haviour, he reſolved to revenge her cauſe 
by arms. After the battle of Actium and 
the death of Antony, Octavia, forgetful af 
the injuries ſhe had received, took into hy 
houſe all the children of her huſband and 
treated them with maternal tendernels, 
Marcellus her ſon by her firſt huſband wi 
married to a niece of Auguſtus, and public 
intended as a ſucceſſor to his uncle. His ſua- 
den death plunged all his family into the 
greateſt grief, Virgil, whom Auguſtus p# 
tronized, undertook upon himſelt to pay # 
melancholy tribute to the memory of a young 


man whom Rome regarded as her pr 
Abel 


father al 
us com 
and of } 
ſoon as 
tioned 7 
This ten 
the meri 
was lib 
Virgil re 
one of th 
tes byA 
Minor. 
Ahenoba 
tius the 
Agrippin 
Antonia 
beautiful 
ſon of Ti 
nicus, an 
Nero. 1 
preyed u 
Gied of n 
the Chriſt 
regard to 
ſelf, her f 
ple alſo ſt 
by their 
Huet. in 
daughter « 
lina. Shi 
the intrigi 
to the em} 
age. She 
tence of b: 
Poppæa, v 
tavia by c 
Campania 
the inſtan 
Who was 1 
azam to b 
vas order: 
veins, H 
to Poppz: 
* 35—1 
Ocrãv 
the nephe? 
the battle 
tion of the 
beſtowed 1 
Auguftus, q 
dignity. 
Oc rav 
Perſeus, K 
conſul. He 
guardian tc 
of Egypt, | 
eſt arrogar 
as, who 1 
murderer v 
Oppoſed & 
means 
tire from 
ed Cinna fi 


7 On 0 8 
uo re. 
pert, 

wu, a 


{her and patron. He was defired to repeat 
us compoſition in the preſence of Auguſtus 
and of his ſiſter. @avia burſt into tears as 
ſoon as the poet began; but when he men- 
toned Tu Marcellus eris, ſhe ſwooned away. 
This tender and pathetic encomjum upon 
yho was the merit and the virtues of young Marcellus 
ds afte; was liberally rewarded by Octavia, and 
Virgil received 10,000 ſeſterces for every 
one of the verſes, Octavia had two daugh- 


own of 
Liv, 


Was one 


wife of tes by Antony, Antonia Major and Antonia 
hrowing Minor. The elder married L. Domitius 
e of the Ahenobarbus, by whom ſhe had Cn. Domi- 


of Ta- tius the father of the emperor Nero by 
re what Agrippina the daughter of Germanicus. 
She in- Antonia Minor, who was as virtuous and as 
1 by her beautiful as her mother, married Druſus the 
ſhe con- ſon of Tiberius, by whom ſhe had Germa=- 
Tullius nicus, and Claudius who reigned before 
ing's fa. Nero, The death of Marcellus continually 
e Vacant preyed upon the mind of Octavia, who 
can had died of melancholy about 10 years before 
ented tg the Chriſtian era. Her brother paid great 
god was regard to her memory by pronouncing him- 
le. Pu. ſelf, her funeral oration. The Roman peo- 
vid, Fa. ple alſo ſhowed their reſpec for her virtues 

by their wiſh to pay her diyine honors. 
Suet. in Aug,—Plut. in Anton, &c. A 
rhetoric daughter of the emperor Claudius by Meſſa- 
Great in lina, She was betrothed to Silanus, but by 
in Rin. the intrigues of Agrippina, ſhe was married 
to the emperor Nero in the 16th year of her 
the ems age. She was ſoon after divorced on pre- 
er beauty tence of barrenneſs, and the emperor married 
Marcel- Poppza,who exerciſed her enmity upon Oc- 
tavia by cauſing her to be baniſhed into 
Campania. She was afterwards recalled at 
the inſtance of the people, and Poppæa, 
who was reſolved on her ruin, cauſed her 


IS Many» 


ny. He: 
ical ſtep 
huſband. 


entive t 4 
mas Ole azam to be baniſhed to an iſland, where ſhe 
withdraw was ordered to kill herſelf by opening her 


going to veins, Her head was cut off and carried 


ly rebuk- to Poppza. Suet. in Claud. 27. in Ner. 7 
preſence & 35.—Tacit. Ann. 12. 

y Augul- OcTiviinus, or OcTAvius Cx5AR, 
A the nephew of Cæſar the dictator. After 
and's be- the battle of Actium and the final deſtruc- 
ger Cauſe tion of the Roman republic the ſervile ſenate 
tium and beſtowed upon him the title and ſirname of 


-getful of Auguſtus, as expreſſive of his greatneſs and 
into ha dignity. Vid. Auguttus. 


band and Oc rAvius, a Roman officer who brought 
nderneſs Perſeus, king of Macedonia, a priſoner to the 
band was conſul. He was ſent by his conntrymen to be 


guardian to Ptolemy Eupator, the young king 
of Egypt, where he behaved with the great- 
elt arrogance. He was aſſaſſinated by Ly 
has, who was before regent of Egypt. The 
murderer was ſent to Rome. A man who 
f a young oppoſed Metellus in the reduction of Crete, 
er furur by means of Pompey. He was obliged to 

fathel ite from the iſlaud A manwho baniſh- 
ed Cinua from Rome and became remarkable 


1 publicly 
His ſud- 
into the 
uſtus pa- 
to pay ® 


O D 


for his probity and fondneſs of diſcipline. 
He was ſeized and put to death by order of 
his ſucceſsful rivals Marius and Cinna. 
A Roman who boaſted of being in the num- 
ber of Cæſar's murderers. His aſſertious 
were falſe, yet he was puniſhed as if he had 
been acceſſary to the conſpiracy, A lieu- 
tenant of Craſſus in Parthia, He accom- 
panied his general to the tent of the Par- 
thian conqueror, and was killed by the ene- 
my as he attempted to hinder them from 
carrying away Craſſus. A governor of 
Cilicia, He died in his province, and Lu- 
cullus made applications to ſucceed him, 
&Cc. A tribune of the people at Rome, 
whom Tib. Gracchus his colleague depoſed. 
——A commander of the forces of Antony 
againſt Auguſtus. ——An officer who killed 
himſelf, &c. A tribune of the people, 
who debauched a woman of Pontus from 
her huſband. She proved unfaithful to 
him, upon which he murdered her. He 
was condemned under Nero. Tacit. Ann. 
& Hi. -Plut. in vitis.—Flor,—Liv. &c. 
A poet in the Auguſtan age intimate 
with Horace, He alſo diſtinguiſhed him- 
ſelf as an hiſtorian, Herat. 1. Sat. 10, 
v. 82. 

Ocrop uus, a village in the modern 
country of Switzerland, now called Mar- 
tigny, Cæſ. B. G. 3, c. 1. 

Oc rocks, a town of Spain, a little 
above the mouth of the Iberus, now called 
Megquinenſa, Cef. B. G. 1, c. 61. 

. peer A a place of Greece, 
Liv. 31. 

OcyAiLus, one of the Phæacians with 
Alcinous. Homer, Od. 

OcyPETE, one of the Harpics, who in- 
fected whatever ſhe touched. The name 
ſignifies ſeoift flying, Heſted, Theog.— A 
polled. 1, c. 9. A daughter of Thaumas. 
A daughter of Danaus. 

Oc Rox, a daughter of Chiron, who had 
the gift of propheey, She was changed into 
a mare. Vid. Melinippe. Grid. Met. 2, 
v. 638, &c. A woman carried away by 
Apollo, as the was going to a feſtival at 
Miletus. 

OveNn&ATus, a celebrated prince of Pal» 
myra. He early inured himſelf to bear ta- 
tigues, and by hunting leopards and wild 
beaſts, he accuſtomed himſelf to the labors 
of a military life. He was faithful to the 
Romans, and when Aurelian had been taken 
priſoner by Sapor, king of Perſia, Odenatus 
warmly intereſted himſelf in his cauſe, and 
ſolicited his releaſe by writing a letter to the 
conqueror and ſending him preſents. The 
king of Perſia was offended at the liberty of 
Odenatus, he tore the letter, and ordered the 
preſents which were offered to be thrown into 


| a river. To puniſh Odenatus, who had the 


Mm 3 impu- 


. —— . 


—ü—  . v# 
. — 


0 »D 


impudence, as he obſerved, to pay homage to | 
ſs great a monarch as himſelf, he ordered 

him to appear before him, on pain of being 

devoted to inſtant deſtruction, with all his 

family, if he dared to refuſe. Odenatus diſ- 

dained the ſummons of Sapor, and oppoſed 

force to force. He obtained ſome advanta- | 
ges over the troops of the Perſian monarch, 

and took his wife priſoner with a great and 

rich booty. Theſe ſervices were ſeen with 

gratitude by the Romans; and Gallienus, the 

then reigning emperor, named Odenatus as 

His colleague on the throne, and gave the 

title of Auguſtus to his children, and to his 

wife the celebrated Zenobia. Odenatus, in- 

veſted with new power, reſolved to ſignalize 

Himſelf more conſpicuouſly by conquering 
the northern barbarians, but his exultation 
was ſhort, and he periſhed by the dagger of 
one of his relations, whom he had ſlightly 
offended in a domeſtic entertainment. He 
died at Emeſſa, about the 267th year of the 
Chriſtian era. Zenobia ſucceeded to all his 
titles and honors. 

Opkss us, a ſea port town at the weſt of 
the Euxine ſea in Lower Mcefia, below the 
mouths of the Danube. Ovid. 1. Trift. 9, 
V. 37- 

OvrEvMm, a muſical theatre at Athens. 
Vitruv. 5, c. 9. 

Opi dus, a celebrated hero of antiquity, 
who floriſhed about 70 years before the Chriſ- 
tian era, in the northern parts of antient Ger- 
many, or the modern kingdom of Denmark. 
He was at once a prieſt, a ſoldier, a poet, 
a monarch, and a conqueror, He impoſed 
upon the creduliry of his ſuperſtitious coun- 
try men, and made them believe that he could 


raiſe the dead to life, and that he was ac- 


quainted with futurity. When he had ex- 
tended his power, and encreaſed his fame by 
conqueſt, and by perſuaſion, he reſolved to 
die in a different manner from other men. 
He aſſembled his friends, and with the ſharp 
Point of a lance he made on his body nine 
ditterent wounds in the form of a circle, 
and as he expired he declared he was going 
into Scythia, where he ſhould become one of 
the immortal gods. He further added, that 
he would prepare bliſs and felicity tor ſuc}: 
of his countrymen as lived a virtuous lite, 
who fought with intrepidity, and who died 
like heroes in the field of battic, Theſe in- 
junctions had the defired effect, his coun- 
trymen ſuperſtitionfly believed him, and 
always recommended themſclves to his pro- 
tect ion whenever they engaged in a battle, 
and they entreated him to receive the fouls 
of * had ſallen in war. 

Oni rs, a ſon of Ixion, killed by Mop- 
ſus, at the nuptials of Pirithous. Ovid. 
Met. 12, v. 457.— A prince killed ati 


E B 


Opokexx, a king of the Heruli, vbe 
deſtroyed the weſtern empire of Rome, anq 
called himſelf king of Italy, A. D. 4. 


OnoMANTI, a people of Thrace, on the 
eaſtern banks of the Strymon. Liv, 4j 
c. 4. ä 

Op xs, a people of Thrace, 

OpR Vs, an antient people of Thrace, 
between Abdera and the river Iſter. The 
epithet of Odryſius is often applied to a 
Thracian. Ovid. Met.6, v. 490. l. 13, . 
554. Stat. Ach. 1, v. 184.— Liv. 39, e. 
53+ 

OpDyYssEA, one of Homer's epic poems, 
in which he deſcribes in 24 books the adven- 
tures of Ulyſſes on his return from the Tro. 
Jan war, with other material circumſtances. 
The whole of the action comprehends no 
more than 55 days. It is not ſo eſteemed 
as the Iliad of that poet. Vid. Homeny, 

Op yssEum, a promontory of Sicily, at 
the weſt of Pachynus. 

CEa, a city of Africa, now Tripoli. Pla. 
5, c. 4.— S/. Ital. 3, v. 257.—Alſo a plac 
in Agina. Herodot. 5, c. 83. 

(Eacrvus or CEAGER, the father of Or. 
pheus by Calliope. He was king of Thrace, 
and from him mount Hæmus, and alſo the 
Hebrus, one of the rivers of the country, 
has received the appellation of C@Eagriuy 
tho* Servius, in his commentaries, diſputes 


that the CEeagrius is a river of Thrace, whoſe 
waters ſupply the ſtreams of the Heb, 
Ovid. in 70 484.—Apollon. 1, arg, —hirg, 
G. 4, v. 524.—l1tal. 5, v. 463,—Dird.- 
Apolled. 1, c. 3. 

(KAN THE, & CEANTHIA, a town of 
Achaia, where Venus had a temple. Pa. 
10, c. 38. 

CEAx, a ſon of Nauplius and Clymene. 
He was brother to Palamedes. Hygin. fab, 
117. 

MsXL1A, the antient name of Laconia, 
which it received from king CEbalus, and 
thence Ebalides puer is applied to Hyacin- 
thus as a native of the country, and Ehe- 
lius ſanguis is uſed to denominate his blood, 
Pauf. 3, c. I. —Apallod. 3, c. 10. The 
ſame name is given to Tarentum, becauſe 
built by a Lacedæmonian colony, whoſe 
anceſtors were governed by CEbalus. Vit. 
E. 4, ». 125.— l. 12, v. 451. 

MEALus, a ſon of Argalus or Cynottas, 
who was king of Laconia, He married Gor- 
gopnone the daughter of Perſeus, by whom 
he had Hippococn, Tyndarus, &c. Pu. 5. 
c. 1. -Apellad. 3, c. 10. A ſon of Te- 
lon and the nymph Sebethis, who reigned 
in the neighbourhood of Neapolis in Italy. 
Virg. An. 7, v. 734. ; 

(EWA RES, a ſatiap of Cyrus, againſt tit 
Medes. Pelyan, 7. A groom of Di 


the yuptials of Audromeda. Id. ib. 5, v. 97. | 
ö 


[ivy 


the explanation of Diodorus, by aſſerting 


nus ſon of | 
his maſter « 
his art! 
1 Vid. 
ein. 1 
akt 
in Laconia, 
namec. 
eules, while 
which CFC! 
rytopolis, 
where, ACC 
and not in 
oirg. 22 
Met. gy v. 
(EcLL1D 
ſon of (Ec 
(EcLEU 
(EcuMi 
the 10th c« 
the books 
edited in 2 
(Evie6 
Beotia, 
ole u 
and jocaſt: 
by his tath 
expoſed to 
which jun 
of tne god 
(Edipus, v 
as he mar 
by the ha 
tellig ace: 
the ful alli 
to approac 
tions were 
The queer 
intent to 
deſtroy he 
world, 7] 
obey, yet, 
to one of 
poſe him 
was mov 
mand of 
child, anc 
hecls to z 
he was ſ 
of Poly bi 
carried h 
Poly bus, 
him as he 
ae. T 
who was 
ſwelling 
ſoon bec 
compani 
dreſs, an 
amhitior 
child. J 
fibaa, 1 
tis lutpi 


i, who 
e, and 
4", 
on the 
'V. 455 


li. Plin, 
a place 


r of Or. 
Thrace, 
alſo the 
country 

Eri, 
diſputes 


aſſerting 


e, whole 
Hebrus, 
ir, 
Diad,— 


own of 


. Pai, 


lymene, 
rin, fab, 


Laconiay 
us, and 
Hyacin- 
d ba- 
s blood, 
5, The 
becauſe 

whoſe 
Vit. 


ynortas, 
ed Gor- 
y whom 
P 4000. 37 
of Te- 
reigned 
a Italy. 


linſt the 
of Di- 
[v9 


E D 


iu ſon of Hyſtaſpes. He was the cauſe that 
is maſter obtained the Kingdom of Perſia, 
by his artifice in making his horſe neigh 
64, Vid. Darius 1ſt. Heredet, 3, c. $5. 
Faſtin. I, C. 10. 

FcnkriA, a country of Peloponneſus 
in Laconia, with a [mall town of the ſame 
name, This town was deſtroyed by Her- 
eules, while Eurytus was king over it, from 
which circumſtance it is otten called Fu- 
rytopolis,——A ſmall town of Eubcea, 
where, according to ſome, Eurytus reigned, 
and not in Peloponneſus, Strab, 8, 9 & 10. 
irg. Ain. 8, v. 291.—Ovid. Heroid. 9. 
Met. 9, v. 136. 

(EcLives, a patronymic of Amphiaraus 
ſon of CEcleus. Ovid. Met. 8, fab. 7. 

(Ecievs. Vid. Oicleus. 

(Ecumentus, wrote in the middle of 
the 1oth century a paraphraſe of ſome of 
the hooks of the New Teſtament in Greek, 
edited in 2 vols. fol. Paris 163r. 

(EvieSD1A, a fountain of Thebes in 
Beotia, 

ole us, a ſon of Laius, king of Thebes 
and ſocaſta. As being deſcended from Venus 
by his father's fide, CEdipus was born to be 
expoſed to all the dangers and the calamities 
which Juno could inflict upon the poſterity 
of tne goddeſs of beauty. Laius the father of 
(Edipus, was informed by the oracle, as ſoon 
as he married Jocafla, that he mutt periſh 
by the hands of his ſon. Such dreadful in- 
tellig ace awakened his fears, and to prevent 
th: fulnlling of the oracle, he reſolved never 
to approach Jocafta ; but his ſolemn reſolu- 
tions were violated in a fit of intoxication. 
The queen became pregnant, and Laius Rtiil 
intent to ſtop the evil, ordered his wife to 
deſtroy her child as ſoon as it came into the 
world. The mother had not the courage to 
obey, yet, ſhe gave the child as ſoon as born 
to one of her domeſtics, with orders to ex- 
pole him on the mountains. The ſervant 
was moved with pity, but to obey the com- 
mand of Jocaſta, he bored the feet of the 
child, and ſuſpended him with a twig by the 
hecls to a tree on mount Cithzron, where 
be was ſoon found by one of the ſhepherds 
of Polybus, king of Corinth. The ſhepherd 
curied him home, and Peribœa, the wife of 
Polybus, who had no children, educated 
lim as her own child, with maternal tender- 
nels. The accompliſhments of the infant, 
who was named CEdipus, on account of the 
ſwelling of his feet (od t fumeo, modes pedes,) 
loon became the admiration of the age. His 


companions envied his ſtrength and his ad- 


refs, and one ot them, to mortify his riſing 
ambition, told him he was an illegitimate 
child. This raiſed his doubts ; he aſked Pe- 
Mea, who, out of tenderneſs, told him that 
lis ſuſpicions were ill-founded, Not ſatisfied 


E D 


with this, he went to conſult the oracle of 
Delphi, and was there told not to return 
home, for if he did, he muſt neceſſarily be 
the murderer of his father, and tie huſband 
of his mother. This anſwer of the oracle 
terriſied him; he knew no home but the 
houſe of Polybus, therefore he reſolved not 
to return to Corinth, where ſuch calamities 
apparently attended him. tle travelled to- 
wards Phocis, and in his journey, met in a 
narrow road Laius on a chariot with hiis 
arm-bearer. Laius haughtily ordered (Edipus 
to make way for him. CEdipus refuſed, and 
a contelt enſued, in which Laius and his 
arm-bearer were both killed. As CEdipus 
was ignorant of the quality, and of the rank 
of the men whom he had juſt killed, he 
continued his journey, and was attracted to 
Thebes by the fame of the Sphynx, This 
terrible monſter, whom Juno had ſent to lay 
waſte the country, (Vid. Sphynx,) reſorted 
inthe neighbourhood of Thebes,and devoured 
all thoſe who attempted tu explain without 
ſucceſs the enigmas which he propoſed. The 


calamity was now become an object of public 


concern, and as the ſucceſsful explanation of 
an enigma would end in the death ot the 
ſphynx, Creon, who, at the death of Laius, 
had aſcended the throne of Thebes, promiſed 
his crown and ſocaſta to him, who ſucceeded 
in the attempt. The enigma propoſed was 
this : What animal in the morning walks 
upon four feet, at noon upon two, aud in the 
evening upon three? This was left for 
CEdipus to explain; he came to the monſter 
and ſaid, that man, in the morning of life, 
walks upon his hands and his feet; when he 
has aitained the years of manhood, he walks 
upon his two legs; and in the evening, he 
— his old age with the aſſiſtance of a 
ſtaff. The monſter, mortified at the true 
explanation, daſhed his head againſt a rock 
and periſhed, ¶Mdipus aſcended the throne 
of Thebes, and married Jocaſta, by whom 
he had two ſons Polyniccs and Eteocles, 
and two daughters, Iſmena and Antigone, 
Some years after, the Theban territories 
were viſited with a plague ; and the oracle 
declared that it ſhould ceaſe, only when the 
murderer of king Laius was baniſhed from 
Bœotia. As the death of Laius had never 
been examined, and the circumſtances that 
attended it never known, this anſwer of the 
oracle was of the greateſt concern to the 
Thebans; but CEdipus, the friend of his 
people, reſolved to overcome every difficulty 
by the moſt exact enquiries. His reſcarches 
were ſucceſsful, and he was ſoon proved to be 
the murderer of his father. The melancholy 
diſcovery was rendered the more alarming, 
when CEdipus conſidered, that he nad not 
only murdered his father, but that he he d 
committed inceſt with his mother, In the 

M m4 . excels 


E N 


exceſs of his grief he put out his eyes, as un- 
worthy to ſce the light, and baniſhed him- 
ſelf from Thebes, or, as ſome ſay, was ba- 
niſhed by his own ſons. He retircd towards 
Attica, led by his daughter Antigone, and 
came near Colonos, where there was a grove 
ſacred to the Furies. He remembered that 
he was doomed by the oracle to die in ſuch a 
place, and to become the ſource of proſperity 
to the country in which his bones were 
buried. A meſſenger upon this was ſent to 
Theſeus, king of the country, to inform him 
of the reſolution of Mdipus. When Theſeus 
arrived, Mdipus acquainted him, with a pro- 
phetic voice, that the gods had called him to 
die in the place where he food; and to ſhow 
the truth of this he walked, himſelf, without 
the aſſiſtance of a guide, to the ſpot where 
he muſt expire. Immediately the earth open- 
ed and CEdipus diſappeared. Some ſuppoſe 
that CEdipus had not children by 2 
and that the mother murdered herſelf as ſoon 
as ſhe knew the inceſt which had been com- 
mitted, His tomb was near the Areopagus, 
in the age of Pauſanias. Some of the antient 
poets repreſent him in hell, as ſuffering the 
puniſhment which crimes like his ſeemed to 
deſerve. According to ſome, the four children 
which he had were by Euriganea, the daugh- 
ter of Periphas, whom he married after the 
death of Jocaſta. polled. 3, c. 5.—Hygin. 
fab. 66, &c.—Evurip. in Phoniſfſ. & c.— 
Sophocl. OEdip. Tyr. & Col. Antig. &c.— 
IId. Tig. 1. — Homer, Od. 11.—Parſ. g. 
c. 5, &c.— Stat. Tlieh. —Senec. in OEdip,— 
Pindar. Olymp. 2.— Diad. 4.—Athen.6 & 
10. 
unk, a daughter of Danaus, by Crino. 
Apolled. 
(ENANTHEsS, a favorite of young Ptole- 
my king of Egypt. 


(Lr, a ſmall town of Argolis. The 
people are called (Eneade. 
(ENEA, a river of Aſſyria. Ammian. 


(Extus, a king of Calydon in Atolia, 
ſon of Parthaon or Portheus, and Euryte. He 
married Althza the daughter of Theſtius, by 
whom he had Clymenus, Melcager, Gorge, 
and Dejanira. After Althza's death, he 
married Peribœa the daughter of Hipponous, 
by whom he had Tydeus. In a general 


ſacrihce, which CEneus made to all the gods 


upon reaping the rich produce of his fields, 
he forgot Diana, and the goddeſs to revenge 
this unpardonable neglect, incited his neigh- 
bours to take up arms againſt him, and be- 
tides the ſent a wild boar to lay waſte the 
country of Caſydonia. The animal was at 
lati Killed by Meleager and the nceighbour- 
ing princes of Greece, in a celebrated chace, 
known by the name of the chace of the Ca- 
Iydonian boar. Sometime after, Mclcager 
Wed, and (Uncus was driven from his King- 


E N 


dom by the ſons of his brother Agnus 

Diomedes, however, his grandſon, fon 
reſtored him to his throne but the continua 
misfortunes to which he was expoſed, req. 
dered him melancholy. He exiled bimſelr 
from Calydon, and left his crown to his ſon- 
in-law Andremon. He died as he was goin 

to Argolis. His body was buried by the 
care of Diomedes, in a town of Argoli, 
which from him received the name of H. 
It is reported that neus received a wt 
from Bacchus, and that he ſuffercd the god 
to enjoy the favors of Althea, and to he. 
come the father of Dejanira, for which Bac. 
chus permitted that the wine of which he 
was the patron, ſhould be called among the 
Greeks by the name of neus (o.). Hy. 
gin. fab. 129.—Apelled. 1, c. 8.—Home, 
Il. 9.— Diod. 4.— Pan. 2. c. 25.—0tid. 
Met. 8, v. 5 ro. 

( ENIA DR, a town of Acarnania, Liv, 
26, C. 24. I. 35, e. 1. 

(Exipks, a patronymic of Meleager, 
ſon of CKneus. Owid. Met. 8, fab. 10, 

(Enoxt, a nymph who married Sicinus, 
the ſon of Thoas king of Lemios. From 
her the iſland of Sicinus has been called 
CEnoe. Two villages of Attica were alſo 
called Cinoe. Hevodor. 5, c. 74.—Plin, 4, 
AT . A city of Argolis.——A town of 
Elis in the Peloponneſus. Strab.— Apoll 
1, c. 8.—Pauſ. 1, &c. 

(En5mAus, a fon of Mars by Sterope 
the daughter of Atlas. He was king of 
Piſa in Elis, and father of Hippodamia by 
Evarete, daughter of Acriſius, or Eurythoa, 
the daughter of Danaus. He was informed 
by the oracle that he ſhould periſh by the 
hands of his ſon-in-law, therefore as he could 
ſkilfully drive a chariot, he determined to 
marry his daughter only to him who could 
out-run him, on condition that ail who 
entered the lift ſhould agree to lay down their 
life if conquered. Many had already periſh- 
ed, when Pelops ſon of Tantalus, proposed 
himſelf, He previouſly bribed Myrtilus 
the charioteer of CEnomaus, by promiling 
him the enjoyment of the favors of Hip- 
podamia, if he proved victorious. Myrtilu 
gave his maſter an old chariot, whoſe axle- 
tree broke on the courſe, which was from 
Piſa to the Corinthian iſthmus, and CEnom& 
us was killed. Pelops married Hippodamua 
and became king of Piſa, As he expired, 
CEnomaus entreated Pelops to revenge tue 


perhdy of Myrtilus, which was executed, 
Thoſe that had been defeated when Pelops 
entered the liſts, were Marmax, Alcathous, 
Euryalus, Eurymachus, Capetus, Laſus 


Acrias, Chalcodon, Lycurgus, Tricolonus, 
Prias, Ariſtomachus, Aolius, Eurythrus, and 
Chronius. Apollod. 2, c. 4.— Diad. 2 
Ta. 57 C. 17. b 6, C. 113 ce. —.4 10 


Ned. 1.— 
ie Ib. 367. 
(Vo, 
Corinth. 
(ENONA 
Egina. I. 
det. 8, C. 4 
are allo cal 
A town of 
nymph (Er 
(ENONE, 
ter of the 1 
ſhe had rec 
foretold to 
he was dif- 
that his vo 
tended with 
and the tots 
he ſhould b 
knowledge 
predictions. 
he had rec 
his body to 
of being ci 
pired as he 
(none wa 
dead body 
tears, and 
She was me 
tas ſon per 
When he a 
(Enone, to 
afe&ion ſro 
& Rem. Am 
(ExGp1 4 
the iſland A 
(Exoptſr 
Did. x. 
(Ex%p10 
or, accordir 
married Hel 
called Hero, 
Orion becan 
Willing to gi 
and afraid 
Refuſal, eya 
put out his 
dome ſuppo 
to Orion af 
Wnopion re 
adamant] 
the iſlands © 


Was {till fee: 


dome ſuppo 
flat lie reig 


n Theſ.—4 
4-495 
Evo! RI 
EN TRI 
Merwards c. 
lame from ( 
ted there 


E N 


Bed. 1—Prepert. 1. el. 2, v. 20.—wid. 


grins ie Ib. 367. Art. Am. 2, v. 8. Heroid, 


* (KxoN, a part of Locris on the bay of 
ten- Corinth. 2 
bimſelf (ExoNA, an antient name of the iſland 
Ws ſon- Agina, It is alſo called Eacpia. Hero- 
s going det. 8, c. 46. Two villages of Attica 
by the are allo called CEnona, or rather Enoe.— 
Arpolis A town of Troas, the birth place of the 
f (Em nymph (Enone. Strab. 13. 

a wut (Exowe, a nymph of mount Ida, daugh- 
the god ter of the river Cebrenus in Phrygia. As 
to be- ſhe had received the gift of prophecy, ſhe 
ich Bae. ſoretold to Paris, whom ſhe married before 
hich he be was diſcovered to be the ſon of Priam, 
10Ng the that his voyage into Greece would be at- 
). Hy tznded with the moſt ſerious conſequences, 
Homer. and the total ruin of his country, and that 


he ſhould have recourſe to her medicinal 
knowledge at the hour of death. All theſe 


— id, 


1. Lo, predictions were fulfilled ; and Paris, when 
te had received the fatal wound, ordered 

leleager, his body to be carried to AEnone, in hopes 
. 10, of being cured by her aſſiſtance, He ex- 
Sicinu: vired as he came into her preſence, and 
"Wi. (Enone was ſo ſtruck at the fight of his 
en called dead body, that ihe bathed it with her 
were allo tears, and ſtabbed herſelf to the heart. 
-Plin, 4, She was mother of Corythus by Paris, and 
town of this ſon periſhed by the hand of his father, 
- pulled, when he attempted, at the inſtigation of 


(Enone, to perſuade him to withdraw his 


7 Sterope ae&ion from Helen. Dictyſ. Cret.—Ovid. 
king of & Rem. Amor, v. 457. Heroid. 5.—Lucan.g. 
lamia by EVS IA, one of the antient names of 
Eurythoa, de iſland Egina. Ovid. Met. 7, v. 473. 
informed (Exopſpes, a mathematician of Chios. 
ſh by the Died. x, 

s he could (ExCe1oN, a ſon of Ariadne by Theſeus, 


mined to 
ho could 
ail who 


or, according to others, by Bacchus. He 
married Helice, by whom he had a daughter 
called Hero, or Merope, of whom the giant 


own their Orion became enamoured. The father, un- 
dy periſh- willing to give his daughter to ſuch a lover, 
propoſed ad afraid of provoking him by an open 
Myrtilus Refuſal, eyaded his applications, and at laſt 
promiling put out his eyes when he was intoxicated. 
of Hip- dome ſuppoſe that this violence was offered 
Myrtilus bo Orion after he had diſhonored Merope. 
hoſe axle» WEnopion received the ifland of Chios from 
was from Rhadamanthus, who had conquered moſt of 
| CEnoma- e idands of the ABgean ſea, and his tomb 
ypodamiay Was {till ſeen there in the age of Pauſanias. 
e expired, dome ſuppoſe, and with more probability, 
venge the Mat he reigned not at Chios, but at Asggina, 
executed, ich from him was called CEnopia. P. 
1en Pelops 1 lheſ.— Apollod. I, c. 4,—Diecd, Par. 7, 
\lcathousy $— Apollod, Rhod, 3. 

s, Laſius, Avon RI, the inhabitants of (Tnotria. 
ricolonus, EVT RIA, a part of Italy which was 


Merwards called Lucania, It reccived this 
ime from Qinotrus the ſon of Lycaon, who 


thrus, and 
Did. 4— 
TE Iþ e. 


F 
Kired, 


2138 ; 1 1 
un there with a colony of Alcadiaus. | 


O G 


The CEnotrians afterwards ſpread themſelves 
into Umbria and as far as Latium, and the 
country of the Sabines, according to ſome 
writers. The name of ¶ Enottia is ſometimes 
applied to Italy. That part of Italy where 
CEnotrus ſettled, was before inhabitedy by 
the Auſones. Dienyſ. Hal. 1, c. 11.— Pa. 
I, c. 3.—Virg. An. 1, v. 536, l. 7, v. $5. 
ral. 8, v. 220: 

ENO TRI DES, two ſmall iſlands on the 
coaſt of Lucamia, where ſume of the Ro- 
mans were baniſhed by the emperors, They 
were called Iſcia and Pontia. 

CENvOTRUS, a fon of Lycaon of Arcadia. 
He paſſed into Magna Græcia with a colony, 
and gave the name of QEnotria-to that part 
of the country where he ſettled. Dionyſ. 
Hal. 1, c. 11.—Parf. t, c. 3. 3 

EN üs, imall iflands near Chios. 
Plin. s, c. 31.— Tliucyd. 8. — Others on 
the coaſt of the Pelopunneſus, near Meſſe- 
nia. Mela, 2, c. 17.—Plin. 4, c. 12. 

(Eoxnvus, a fon of Licymnius, killed at 
Sparta, where he accompanicd Hercules. 
A ſmall river of Laconia. Lv. 34, c. 23. 

(ERot, an ifland of Bu:otia, formed by 
the Aſopus. Herodet. 9, c. zu. 

Era, now Banina, a celebrated moun- 
tain between Theſſaly and Macedonia, upon 
which Hercules burnt himſelf. Its height 
has given occaſion to the puets to feign that 
the ſun, moon, and ſtars roſe behind it. 
Mount ta, properly ſpeaking, is a long 
chain of mountains which runs from the 
Rreights of Thermopylæ and the gulph of 
Malia, in a weſtern direction, to mount 
Pindus, and from thence to the bay of 
Ambracia. The ſtreights or paſſes of mount 
Ata are called the ſtreights of Thermo- 
pyla from the hot baths and mineral waters 
which are in the neighbourhood. Theſe 


paſſes are not more than 25 fect in breadth. ' 


Mela. 2, c. 3.—Catull. 66, v. 54.— Apolied. 
2, c. 7,—Pauf. 10, c. 20, &c.—Ovid. 
Heroid. 9. Met. 2, v. 216. 1. 9, v. 204, 
&c.—Virg. Hel. 8.—Plin. 25, c. 5.— e- 
neca in Med. Lucan, 3, &c. A ſmall 
town. at the foot of mount Eta near Ther- 
mopylz. 
(ETYLus or CETYLUM, a town of La- 
conia, which received its name from City» 
lus, one of the heroes of Argus. Scrapis 
had a temple there. Pau. 3, c. 25. 
Orrs, a man whom, though unpo- 
liſhed, Horace repreſents as a character 
exemplary for wiſdom, ceconomy, and mo- 
deration. Hlorat, 2, Sat. 2, v. 2. 1 
Ori, a nation of Germany, Tacit. de 
Germ, 28. | 
OcGvoLAy1s, a navigable river flowing 
from the Alps. Strab. 6. : 
Ocporvs, a king of Egypt. | 
OGLoga, an itland iu the Tytrhene fea 
C 


= 7 
— — 
— 
——— - . l "* 


91 


eff of Corſita, famous for wine, and now 
called Monte Chrijio, Plin. 3, c. 6. 

Ocmrvus, a name of Hercules among the 
Gauls. 

Od oa, a deity of Caria, under whoſe 
temple, as was ſuppoſed, the ſea paſſed. 

O LNA Lex, by . and Cn. Qgul- 
nius, tribunes of the people, A. U. C. 453- 
Ir encreaſed the number of pontifices and 
augurs from four to ning. The addition 
was made to both orders tom plebeian fa- 
milies. A Roman lady is poor as ſhe 
was laſcivious. Juv, 6, v 351. 

OcYcrs, a celebrated monarch, the moſt 
antient of thoſe that reigned in Greece. He 
was fon of Terra, or, as ſome ſuppoſe, of 
Neptune, and married Thebe the daughter 
of Jupiter, He reigned in Beeotia, which, 
from him, is ſometimes called Ogygia, and 
his power uns alto extended over Attica. It 
is ſuppoſed that he was of Egyptian or 
Phenician extraction; but his origin, as 
well as the age in which he lived, and the 
duration of his reign, are ſo obſcure and 
unknown, that the epithet of Ogyglan is 
often applicd to every thing of dark anti- 
quity. In the reign of Ogyges there was 
a deluge, which ſo inundated the territories 
of Attica, that they remained waſte for near 
200 years. This, though it is very uncer- 
tain, is ſuppoſed to have happened about 
1764 years before the chiiſtian era, previous 
to the deluge of Deucalion. According to 
ſome writers, it was owing to the overflow- 
ing of one of the rivers of the country. 
The reign of Ogyges was alſo marked by 
an uncommon appearance in the heavens, 
and as it is reported, the planet Venus 
changed her color, diameter, figure, and 
her eourſe. Varre de R. R. 3, c. 1.—Vauſ. 
9, ©. Log: de Civ. D. 18, &c. 

Oc Feta, a name of one of the gates of 
Thebes in Bœotia. Lucan. 1, v. 675. 
One of the daughters of Niobe and Am- 
phion, changed into ſtones. Apollod. — 
Pauxſ. 9, c. 8. An antient name of 
Bueotia, from Ogyges who reigned there. 
—— The iſland of Calypſo, oppofite the 
promontory of Lacinium in Magna Grzcia, 
where Ulyſſes was ſhipwrecked. The fitu- 
ation, and even the exiſtence of Calypſo's 
ifland, is diſputed by tume writers. Pin. 
3, c. 10. —Homer Od. 1, &c. 

OG VAts, an ifland in the Indian occan. 

O1cLevs, « ſon of Antiphates and Zeux- 
ippe, who married Hypermnettra, daughter 
of Theſtius, by whom he had Iphianira, 
Polybaa, and Amphizraus. He was killed 

Laomedon when defending the ſhips of 

erculgs, Hemer. Od. 15.—Diod. 4. — 
Apolled. 1, c. 8. |. 3, e. 6.— Pauſ. 6, c. 


17. 
Oilzus, a king of the Locrians, His 


0 L. 

father's name was Odoedecns, and his me 
ther's Agrianome. He married Eriope b 

whom he had Ajax, called Oileus from his 
father, to diſcriminate him from Aja the 
fon of Telamon. He had alfo another ſen 
called Medon, by a courtezan called Rhene, 
Oileus was one of the Argonauts, Virg, 
Eu. 1, v. 45.—Apollon. 1.—tHyzin, fab. 


3, ©. 10. 

OL anx, one of the mouths of the po. 
A mountain of Armenia, 

OLanvs, a town of Leſbos. 

OLASTRA, a people of India. Lucas 3, 
v. 249,—Plin. 6, c. 20. 

OL Ba, or Ot.Bvs, a town of Cilicia, 

OLB1A, a town of Sarmatia at the con- 
fluence of the Hypanis and the Bory ſthenes, 
about 15 miles from the ſea according to 
Pliny, It was afterwards called Br y/heres 
and Mi/etopolis, becauſe peopled by a Mile. 
han colony, and is now ſuppoſed to be 0c. 
zakow, Strab. 7.— Plin. 4, c. 12.—4 
town of Bithynia. Mela. 1, c. 19,—A 
town of Gallia Narbonenſis. Mea, 2, 6. 
5. The capital of Sardinia. Claudian, 

OLB1vus, a river of Arcadia, Pau. 8, 
c. 14. 

OLBus, one of Æcta's auxiliaries, Val, 
FI. 6, v. 639. 

OLcninium, or OLC1NIUM, now Dul- 
cigno, a town of Dalmatia, on the Adri- 
atic. Liu. gs, c. 26. 

OLEADEs, a people of Spain. Liv. 21, 
c. $. 

OLEAnos, or OLiros, one of the Cy» 
clades, about 16 miles in circunlerence, 
ſeparated frum Paros by a ſtreight of ſeven 
mites. Virg. An. 3, v. 126.—0cid. Me, 
7, v. 469.—Strab. 10. 

OLEATRUM, a town of Spain, near St 
guntum. Szrab, 

OLE, a Greek poet of Lycia, who fo 
riſhed ſome time before the age of Orpheus 
and compoſed many hymns, ſome of whic 
were regularly ſung at Delphi on ſolem 
occaſions. Some ſuppoſe that he was th 
firſt who eſtabliſhed the oracle of Apul 
at Delphi, where he firſt delivered oracle 
Herodet. 4, c. 35. _ 

OLEnrvs, a Lemnian, killed by bis wife 
Val. Fl. 2, v. 164. 

OLtwxvus, a fon of Vulcan who marie 
Lethæa, a beautiful woman, who preferre 
| herſelf to the goddeſſes. She and he hul 
band were changed inte ſtones by the cel 
ties. Ovid. Mer. 10, v. 68,——4 famoi 
ſoothſayer of Etruria. Plin. 28, c. 2. 

OLENUS, ur OLENUM, a town of Pele 
ponneſus between Patrz and C yllene. 
goat Amaltbæa, which was made à con", 
lation by Jupiter, is called Olenia, from, 


nite 


4 


reſidence there, Pau. 7c. — ? 


14 & 18.— Homer, Il. 13 & 15,--Apilid, 


rab. 
ther in Etc 
O:.xoRL 
Anti Paro. 
OLCASY 
OL1GYR 
OLINTH 
Ortstpo 
Spain on th 
ba, (Plin. 
Viyſiippo, 2 
fs, Mela. 
OLITIN 
5e. 1. 
0L120N, 
laly. Hom: 
T. OLLI 
ſropged on 
Sejanus, & c 
A river riſii 
the Po, now 
103. 
0Ltovic 
mend of the 
Leſ bell. G. 
OL, 
Oruius, 
con, ſacred 
x. 284. 
Oroosso! 
Magneſia. 
Ororuvx 
mount Atho: 
Oe x, a 
Firte Caſtri. 
Or vs, (un 
OLvwper 
ther in Syra 
OLYMPIA 
which receix 
Olympia whe 
Jupiter Olym 
cated. They 
ſtituted by Ju 
Titans, and h 
9, B. . Ty 
Wtion to Pel 
Mftory over ( 
mia; but t 
de more rece 
t eftabliſh 
Jupiter Olym 
Mr Augias, 
0 this opinie 
ud been eſta 
lie poct wou 
of them, as he 
0 mention th 
al the antient 
dected after | 
cu „ and n« 
Arording to 
We age of the 


O L. 


113 mo · 
ope by rab. 8.—-Apoellod. 1, c. 8. —-Ano- 
om bis ther in Etolia. 
Jax the 0:x0RUs, one of the Cyclades, now 
her {on Anti Paro. : : 
Rhene, 0:.c45ys, 2 mountain of Galatia. 

Ving. 0L16YRT1S, a town of Peloponneſus. 


OLNTHUS, a town of Macedonia, 

0115120, now Liſbon, a town of antient 
Spain on the Tagus, ſirnamed Felicitas Ju- 
4% (Plin. 4, c. 22,) and called by ſome 
Uyſuppo, and ſaid to be founded by Ulyt- 
bs, Mela, 3, c. 1,—Solims 23. | 

OLITINGI, a town of Luſitania, Mela. 


5e. 1. 


n. fab. 
Apollo. | 


— 


Mean, i, 


icia, 0Lizon, a town of Magneſia in Theſ- 
the con- ly. Homer. 
ſthenes, T. OLLrus, the father of Poppæa, de- 
rding to froged on account of his intimacy with 
r yſthenes Sejanus, &c. facit. Ann. 1 4z C. 45. 
a Mile. A river riſing in the Alps, and falling into 
o be He- the Po, now called the Oglio. Flin. 2, c. 
2 —\ 103. 
9 ä— A eee, a prince of Gaul called the 
1a, 2, C, end of the republic by tie Roman ſenate, 
laudian, Ceſ. bell. G. 7, c. 31. 
Pauſ. 8, Or, a promontory near Megara. 
Oruius, a river of Bootia, ncar ich- 
es, Val, con, ſacred to the Muſes, Stat. Ieh. 7, 
5. 284. 
1ow Dul- Oroosso v, now Aleſſore, a town of 
the Adn- Magneſia. Hom. 
Ororuvxvs, a town of Macedonia on 
Liv. 21 mount Athos. Herodot. 7, C. 22. 
OLex, a fortified place of Epirus, now 
the Cy» te Caſtri. 
mlereuce, Or vs, (untis,) a towu at the weſt of Crete 
of ſeven OLYMPEUM, a place in Delos. An- 
vid. Md. ether in Syracuſe. 
OLYMPIA, (orwn,) celebrated games 
near da- rhich received their name either from 
Olympia where they were obſerved, or from 
ho flo Jupiter Olympius, to whom they were dedi- 
f Orpheus cated. They were, according to ſome, in- 
of whic Mituted by Jupiter after his victory over the 
on (lem Titans, and firſt obſerved by the Idæi Dac- 
e was th J, B. C. 1453. Some attribute the inſti- 
of Apoll Won to Pelops, after he had obtained a 
ed orack tory over CEnomaus and married Hippo- 
| mia; but the more probable, and indeed 
y his wife de more received opinion is, that they were 
| brit eſtabliſhed by Hercules in honor of 
ho marriel Jupiter Olympius, after a victory obtained 
0 prefer Augias, B. C. 1222, Strabo objects 
d her buthe this opinion, by obſerving, that if they 
by the bed been eſtabliſhed in the age of Homer, 
A fame poet would have undoubtedly ſpoken 
c. 2. ” Mem, as he is in every particular careful 
;n of Pee mention the amuſements and diverſions 
llene. I the antient Greeks. But they were ne- 
& a conſie pected after their firſt inſtitution by Her- 
ja, from les, and no notice was taken of them 
. pong to many writers, till Iphitus, in 
p ebe of the lawgiver of Sparta, renewed | 


| 


O L 


them, and inftituted* the celebration with 
greater ſolemnity. This re-inſtitution, 
which happened R. C. 884, forms a cele- 
brated epoch in Grecian hiſtory, and is the 
beginning of the Olympiads. [ Vid. O!ym- 
pias.] They, however, were neglected for 
lome time after the age of Iphitus, till Co- 
rœ bus, who obtained a victory B. C. 776, 
re-inſtituted them to be regularly and con- 
ftantly celebrated. The care and ſuperin- 
tendance of the games were intruſted to the 
people of Elis, till they were excluded by the 
Piſaais B. C. 364, after the deſtruction of 
Piſa. Theſe obtained great privileges from 
this appointment; they were in danger nei- 
ther of violence nor war, but they were 
permitted to enjoy their poſſeſſions without 
moleſtation, as the games were celebrated 
within their territories. Only one perſon 
ſuperintended till the goth olympiad, when 
two were appointed. In the 103d olym- 
piad, the number was encreaſcd to twelve, 
according to thc number of the tribes of 
Elis. But in the following olympiad, they 
were recguced to eight, and afterwards en- 
creaſed to ten, which number continued 
till the reign of Adrian. The prefidents 
were obiiged folemnly to ſwear that they 
would ad impartially, and not take any 
bribes, or diſcover why they rejected ſome 
of the combatants. They generally ſat 
naked, and held before them the crown 
which was prepared for the conqueror. There 
were a'fo certain officers to keep good order 
and regularity, called aura, much the ſame 
as the Roman lictors; of whom the chief 
was called akuragyns, No women were 
permitted to appear at the celebration of the 
Olympian games, and whoever dared to treſ- 
paſs this law, was immediately thrown down 
from a rock. This however was ſometimes 
neglected, for we find not only women pre- 
ſent at the celebration, but alſo ſome among 
the combatants, and ſome rewarded with 
the crown. The preparations for theſe feſ- 
tivals were great. No perſon was permitted 
to enter the liſts if he had not regularly ex- 
erciſed himſelf ten months before the cele- 
bration at the public gymnaſium of Elis. 
No unfair dealings were allowed, and who- 
ever attempted to bribe his adverſary, was 
ſubjected to a ſevere fine. No criminals, 
nor ſuch as were connected with impious 
and guilty perſons, were ſuſfered to preſent 
themſelves as combatants; and even the 
father and relations were obliged to ſwear 
that they would have recourſe to no artifice 
which might decide the victory in favor 
of their friends, The wreſtlers were aps 
pointed by lot. Some little balls ſuperſerib- 
ed with a letter, were thrown into a filver 
urn, and ſuch as drew the ſame letter werd 
obliged ts contend one with the other 5 

was 


T.E 


4 — 


ö 
ö 


ESSE ATE 
* 
N 


— 
— 


into their native city was not through the 
gates, but, to make it more grand and more 


with greater exactneſs, after a revolution of 
four years, and in the firſt month of the 
fifth year, and they continued for fixe ſuc- 
ceſũve days. As they were the moſt an- 
tient and the moſt ſolemn of all the feſti- 
vals of the Greeks, it will not appear won- 
derful that they drew ſo many people toge- 
ther, not only inhabitants of Greece, but of 
the neighbouring iflands and countries, Id. 
Olymp.—Strab. 8.—Pauſ. 5, c. 67, &c.— 
Diad. 1, &c.—Plut. in Theſ. Lyc. &c,— 
AElian. V. H. 10, v. 1. —Cic. Iuſc. 1, c. 46. 
Lucian. de Gym. — Ire x. in Lycophr,— 
„ e Theb. 6.—C. Nep. in Praf. 
—Virg. G. 3, v. 49. A town of Elis in 
Pcloponneſus, where Jupiter had a temple 
with a celebrated fiatue $50 cubits high, 
reckoned one of the {even wonders of the 
world. The olympic games were celebrat- 
ed in the neighbourueod. Strab. 8, — Par. 
Js C. 8. 


—— 


ſular faſti of Rome, was more uſeful à 


ſuppoſe, after the 364th, in the year 440 


and contradiction, and no true chronolog 
cal account can be properly eſtabliſhed u 


computation, which was uſed after the ſv 
preſſion of the olympiads and of the cot 


was more univerſal ; but while the en 
the creation of the world prevailed in ! 
eaſt, the weſtern nations in the 6th cent 
began to adopt with more propriety | 
chriſtian epoch, which was propagate | 
the 8th century, and at laſt, in the 10! 
became legal and popular. —A celebrab 
woman who was daughter of a King 
Epirus, and who married Philip King 
Macedonia, by whom ſhe had Alcxand 
the Great. Her haughtinels, and, md 
probably, her infidelity, obliged Phil 
repudiate her, and to marry Cleopatia, 


| weee of King Attalus. Olympias was | 


the Chriſtian era, It was univerſally adopt 


moſtly fabulous, and filled with obſcurt 


maintained with certainty. The mode ( 


9 - © L fble of th 
who had an odd letter remained the laſt,, Ot vurias, a certain ſpace of time 2 
and he often had the advantage, as he was | which elapſed between the celebration of the murd 
to encounter the laſt who had obtained the | the olympic games. The olympic game: this diſgra 
ſuperiority over his adverſary, He was| were celebrated after the expiration of four duted to 
called tee. In theie games were ex- | complete years, whence ſome have ſaid that oductive 
hibired running, leaping, wreſtling, boxing, | they were obſerved every fifth year, This The queen 
and the throwing of the quoit, which was | period of time was called Olympiad, and . 
called altogether Ü n , or guingurr- | became a celebrated era among the Greek mangled lit 
tium. Beſides theſe, there were horſe and | who computed their time by it. The cuſtom his head 
chariot races, and alſo contentions in poetry, | of reckoning time by the celebration of the Philip. T 
eloquence, and the fine arts, The only re- | olympic games was not introduced at the firs do had ſu 
ward that the conqueror obtained, was a | inſtitution of theſe feſtivals, but ts ſpeak nftance, of 
crown of olive; which, as ſome ſuppoſe, | accurately, only the year in which Corœbus be aaditio 
was in memory of the labors of Hercules, obtained the prize. This oly mpiad, which id not ſc 
which were accompliſhed for the univerſal | has always been reckoned the brit, fell, ace Lexander 
good of mankind, and for which the hero | cording to the accurate and learned compu- bt he was 
claimed no other reward but the conſciouſ-tations of ſome of the moderns, exactly 76 erpent whic 
| neſs of having been the friend of humanity. | years before the chriſtian era, in the year q Ret into h 
| So ſmall and trifling a reward ſtimulated | the Julian period 3938, and 23 years befo d. Olym 
courage and virtue, and was more the ſource | the building of Rome. The games were er WWi:cedonia, 
of great honors than the moſt unbounded | hibited at the time of the full moon, ner e cruelly | 
treaſures. The ſtatues of the conquerors, | after the ſummer ſolſtice z therefore the ife Eury di 
called Olympionicz, were crectef at Olym- olympiads were of unequal lengths, becauf f Caflander 
pia, in the ſacred wood of Jupiter, Their | the time of the full moon differs 11 day edon, who 
return home was that of a warlike con- | every year, and for that reaſon they ſome eck barbar; 
| queror; they were drawn in a chariot by | times began the next day after the ſolſtice funiſhed; C 
| four horſes, and every where received with | and at other times four weeks after. T. bere the h 
| the greateſt acclamations. Their entrance | computations by olympiads ceaſed, as ſom e. family, a 


0 ter an ob! 


dered her 1 


ſolemn, a breach was made in the walls. | ed, not only by the Greeks, but by man ah. A b 
Painters and poets were employed in cele- | of the neighbouring countries, though fi eded to pu 
brating their names; and indeed the victo- | the Pythian games ſerved as an epoch é ecution, bi 
ries ſeverally obtained at Olympia are the | the people of Delphi and to the Bœoi queen dit 
ſubjects of the moſt beautiful odes of Pin- | the Nemæan games to the Argives and at laſt 
dar. The combatants were naked; a ſcarf | cadians, and the Iſthmian to the Corinth { cruelly 
was originally tied round their waiſt, but | ans, and the inhabitants of the Peloponteſ boat 376 y 
when it had entangled one of the adverſa- | fian iſthmus. To the olympiads hiſtory 4 7, c. 
ries, and been the cauſe that he loſt the | much indebted. They have ſerved to f burt,— Pa; 
victory, it was laid afide, and no regard | the time of many momentous events, eich {owed 
was paid to decency. The olympic games indeed before this method of computin N. Pauſ. 8 
were obſerved every fiſth year, or to ſpeak | time was obſerved, every page of hiſtory OLyayro: 


paminondas 
| Thebes, i 
deodoſius 20 
„ in Greel 
Miulſhip of 
weodotius, tc 
made em 
nt of an « 
nan nations 
ceuſured by 
{ hiſtori, 
Tmpiodorus 
fe edited a 
N Athenian « 
MEL, where 
uf, 

Orrupfus, 
JWpia, whe: 


O L 
dle of this injury, and Alexander ſhowed 


* 


bation of his father's mcaſures 


O M 


temple and ſtatue, which paſſed for one of 
the ſeven wonders of the world. It was 
the work of Phidias. Pauſ. 7, o. 2. 
A native of Carthage, called alſo Neme- 
fianus, Vid. Nemeſianus. A favorite 


his diſappro 
of time by retiring from the court to his mother. 
ation of A The murder of Philip, which ſoon followed 
ic games this diſgrace, and which ſome have attri- 
n of four wted to the intrigues of Olympias, was 


id t ive of the greateſt extravagancies. 
2 "= — paid the higheſt honor to her 
ad, and aſhand's murderer. She gathered bis 
: Greeks, MMWmangled limbs, placed a crown of gold on 
ie cuſtom bis head, and laid his aſhes near thoſe of | 
on of theMhilip. The adminiſtration of Alexander, 
it the fd had ſucceeded his father, was, in ſome 
to ſpeak{Goiance, offenſive to Olympias; but, when 
Corcbuliihic ambition of her ſon was concerned, ſhe 
ad, which d not ſcruple to declare publicly, that 
d, fell, . erander was not the fon of Philip, but 
d compu- che was the offspring of an enormous 
acthy „ent which had ſupernaturally introduced 
he year elf into her bed. When Alexander was 


ad, Olympias ſeized the government of 
Macedonia, and, to eſtabliſh her uſurpation, 


cars befors 


s were er 5 ) | 
noon, neue crucily put to death Aridæus, with his 
refore the ife Eury dice, as alſo Nicanor, the brother 
hs, becauſ f Caffander, with 100 leading men of Ma- 
rs 11 day edon, who were inimical to her intereſt, 


uch barbarities did not long remain un- 


they ſome 
uniſhed; Caſſander beheged her in Pydna, 


he ſolſtice 


iter. Thi here the had retired with the remains of 
ed, as ſom er family, and ſhe was obliged to ſurrender | 
year 440 er an obſtinate ſiege. The conquerer | 
ally adopt cered her to be accuſed, and to be put to 
ut by ma ech. A body of 200 ſoldiers were di- 
though fi ed to put the bloody commands into 
n epoch M ccution, but the ſplendor and majeſty of 
e Bœotia queen diſarmed their courage, and the 
ves and at laſt maſſacred by thoſe whom ſhe 
he Corinth | cruelly deprived of their children, 
PeloponneJvout 316 years before the Chriſtian era. 
Is hiſtory . 7, c. 6.1, 9, c. 7.— Plut. in Alex. 
erved to hW-Gur.— Pa. A fountain of Arcadia, 
events, ech flowed for one year and the next was 
f computinWy. P.. 8, c. 29. 
of hiſtory 0:+MPz0Dd0R Us, amuſician, who taught 
ith obſcuntW@raninondas muſic. C. Nep. A native 
e chrono Tiches, in Egypt, who floriſhed under 
tabliſned A codonus zd. and wrote 22 books of hiſ- 
The mode , in Greek, beginning with the ſeventh 
after the ſuulchip of Honorius, and the ſecond of 
1 of the c odonus, to the period when Valentinian 
e uſeful a Ws made emperor. He wrote alſo an ac- 
le the era t of an embaſly to ſome of the bar- 
vailed n n nations of the north, &c. His ſtile 
e th cent ceuſured by ſome as low, and unworthy 
propriety n hiſtorian, The commentaries of 
ropagated Impiodorus on the Meteora of Ariſtotle, 
„ in the 10088 cdited apud Ald. 1550, in fol. 
A celeb Athenian officer, preſent at the battle of 
of a king , where he behaved with great valor. 
Philip king 8p” 
had Alcxa 80 vprus, a firname of Jupiter at 
fs, and, tie, whcre the god had a celebrated 
liged Phil! . | 
Cleopatia, 0 


at the court of Honorius, who was the 
cauſe of Stilicho's death. 

OLvymPus, a phyſician of Cleopatra, 
queen of Egypt, who wrote ſome hiſtorical 
treatiſes, Plut. in Anton. A poet and 
muſician, diſciple to Marſyas, before the 
Trojan war, Another, in the age of 
king Midas, often confounded with the 
former. A ſon of Hercules and Eubca. 
Apollsd. A mountain of Macedonia and 
Theſſaly, now Lacka, The ancients ſup= 
poſed that it touched the heavens with its 
top; and, from that circumſtance, they 
have placed the reſidence of the gods there, 
and have made it the court of Jupiter, It 
is about one mile and a half in perpendi- 
cular height, and is covered with pleaſant 
woods, caves, and grottoes. On the top of 
the mountain, according to the notions of 
the poets, there was neither wind, nor rain, 
nor clouds, but an eternal ſpring. Hemer, 
I. 1, &c.—Virg, An. 2, 6, &c.— Ovid. 
Met. Lucan. 5.— Mela. 2, c. 3.—-Strab. 
8. A mountain of Myſia, called the 
Myſian Olympus, a name it ſtill preſerves. 
Another, in Elis. Another, in Ar- 
cadia. And another, in the ifland of 
Cyprus, now Santa Croce. Some ſuppoſe 
the Olympus of Myſia and of Cilicia to be 
the ſame. A town on the coaſt of 
Lycia. 

OL yMPUsA, a daughter of Theſpius. 
Apallod. 

OLYNTHUS, a celebrated town and re- 
public of Macedonia, on the iſthmus of the 
penintula of Pallene, It became famous for 
its floriihing fituation, and for its frequent 
diſputes with the Athenians, the Lacedæ- 
monians, and with king Philip, who de- 
ſtroyed it, and fold the inhabitants for 
ſlaves. Cic. in Jerr. 4.—Plut, de Ir, cob. 
Go, — Mola. 2, c. 2.— Herodot. t, c. 127. 

OLvRaAs, a river near Thermopylz, 
which, as the mytholagitts report, attempt- 
ed to extinguith the funeral pile on which 
Hercules was conſumed. Strab. g. 

OLvzoxn, a town of Theſſaly. 

OMarrnus, a Lacedæmonian ſent to Da- 
rius, &c. Curt. 3, c. 13. 

OM#s1 and TENTYRA, two neighbouring 
cities of Egypt, whole inhabitants are al- 
ways in diſcord one with another. Juv. 15, 
V. 35. 

Omaer. Vid. Umbri. 

OmSLE or HowmGLEg, a mountain of 
Theſſaly. . Frrg. Ku. 7, v. 675. There 
were tome feſtivals called Homo/ejia, which 

were 


| i a5 1» 
mpias w f 


| 
| 
; 


O M 


were celebrated in Bœotia in honor of Ju- 


piter, firnamed Homoleins, 

OmMorPHAGIA, a feſtival in honor of Bac- 
chus. The word ſignifies the eating of raw 
fieſh. Vid. Dionyſia. 

OnmyHALE, a queen of Lydia, daughter 
of Jardanus, She married Tmolus, who, at 
bis death, left her miſtreſs of his kingdom. 
Om ble had been informed of the great 
explyirs of Hercules, and wiſhed to ſee ſo 
illuftrious a hero, Her wiſh was ſcon gra- 
tified. After the murder of Eurytus, Her- 
cules fell ſick, and was ordered to be fold 
as a ſlave, that he might recover his health 
and the right uſe of his ſenſes. Mercury 
was commiſſioned to ſell him, and Omphale 
bought him, and reſtored him to liberty. 
The hero became enamoured of his miſtreſs, 
and the queen favored his paſſion, and had a 
ſon by him, whom ſome call Agelaus, and 
others Lamon. From this ſon were de- 
ſcended Gyges and Crœſus; but this opinion 
is different from the account which makes 
theſe Lydian monarchs ſpring from Alczus, 
a ſon of Hercules, by one of the female 
fervants of Omphale. Hercules 1s repre- 
ſented by the poets as ſo deſperately ena- 
moured of the queen that, to conciliate her 
eſteem, he ſpins by her ſide among her 
women, while ſhe covers herſelf with the 
lion's ſkin, and arms herſelf with the club 
of the hero, and often ſtrikes him with her 
ſandals for the uncouth manner with which 
he holds the diſtaff, &c. Their fondneſs 
was mutual. As they once travelled toge- 
ther, thcy came to a grotto on mount 
Tmolus, where the queen dreſſed herſelf in 
the habit of her lover, and obliged him to 
appear in a female garment, After they 
had ſupped, they both retired to reſt in dif- 
ferent rooms, as a facrifice on the morrow 
to Bacchus required. In the night, Faunus, 
or, rather, Pan, who was enamowed of 
Omphale, introduced himſelf into the cave. 
He went to the bed of the queen, but the 
lion's ſkin perſuaded him that it was the 
dreſs of Hercules, and therefore he repaired 
to the bed of Hercules, in hopes to find 
there the object of his affection. The fe- 
male dreſs of Hercules deceived him, and 
he laid himſelf down by his fide. The 
hero was awaked, and kicked the intruder 
into the middle ef the cave. The noiſe 
awoke Omphale, and Faunus was diſcover- 
ed lying on the ground, greatly diſappointed 
and aſhamed. Ovid. Faſt. 2, v. 305, &c. 
—Apolled. 1, c. 9. J. z, c. 7.— Diod. 4.— 
Propert. 3, el. 11, v. 17. | 

OmrHALos, a place of Crete, ſacred to 
Jupiter. | 

Ouputs, a king of India, who delivered 
himſelf up to Alexander the Great, Curt. 
2, c. 12. 


O N 


OnzumM or Oznzun, a Ono 
and town of Dalmatia. Liv. 43, e. 1g, thycrate 
OnXArvs, a prieſt of Bacchus, who ig he ſucce 
ſuppoſed to have married Ariadne after he in the ſa 
had been abandoned by Theſeus. b. . and perl 
The. in Theſſ 
On As Ixus, a ſophiſt of Athens, who flo, deted hi 
riſhed in the reign of Conſtantine. up, for 
| ONnATAs, a famous ftatuary of git of Delp} 
Pauſ. 8, c. 42. | Pol. 5, 
ONCHEMITES, a wind which blows fron whoſe ca 
Oncheſmus, a harbour of Epirus, toward of Eume 
Italy. The word is ſometimes ſpelt 4 0x01 
cheſites and Anchemites, Cic, ad Attic, 1 ambaſſac 
ep. 2.—Ptolemaus, (. 13. 
OxcnxsTvs, a town of Bœotia, foundei Ox0M 
by Oncheſtus, a ſon of Neptune, Pau, g Otho. 
c. 26. Ovop. 
Oxxtox, a place of Arcadia. Pau/, | conſpirec 
C. 25. 41.— 
ONE$SICRtTUS, a Cynic philoſopher e — a 
gina, who went with Alexander into Aft Onos/ 
and was ſent to the Indian Gymnoſophiſt De Imper 
He wrote an hiſtory of the king's life, whic by Schwe 
has been cenſured for the romantic, exagge Norimb. 
rated, and improbable, narrative it gives. Oxvr 
is aſſerted, that Alexander, upon reading it Turnus. 
ſaid, that he ſhould be glad to come to lif Oral 
again for ſome time, to ſee what receptio mans, in 
the hiſtorian's wark met with. Plat. in Ale calends o 
Curt. 9, c. 10. Orntt 
Onzsfmus, a Macedonian noblemat by Agat! 
treated with great kindneſs by the Roma Oruxl 
emperors. He wrote an account of the lil Thrace, 
of the emperor Probus and of Carus, wit Vid. Arcl 
great preciſion and elegance. lus, whot 
Oxnr<1ypvus, a ſon of Hercules. poll bial, Vi 
Onzs1vs, a king of Salamis, who revoll companic 
ed from the Perſians. dolphin b 
OnETorTDes, an Athenian officer, v Ons 
attempted to murder the garriſon which L Hift. 4, « 
metrius had ſtationed at Athens, &c. 7 — 
lyen. 5. u daught 
2 On1UM, a place of Peloponneſus, ne Ovid. Me 
Corinth. Orni0 
OxoBA, a town near the columns in the age 
Hercules, Mela. 3, c. 1. blind, 
. OnoBALA, a river of Sicily. ; Ornts 
Ox och xus, a river of Theſſaly, fallt into 
into the Peneus. It was dried up by Orarth 
army of Xerxes. Herodot. 7, c. 196. ma 1 
ONoMACRITUS, a ſoothſayer of Athe town ofs 
It is generally believed, that the Greek | Baleares, 
em, on the Argonautic expedition, ar hi 
buted to Orpheus, was written by Onon now ea 
critus. The elegant poems of 2 On ns 
alſo, by ſome, ſuppoſed to be the pro Helleſpon 
tion of his pen, He floriſhed ane ) Strab. 13 
years before the Chriſtian era, and yg Orter, 
pelled from Athens by Hipparchus, * Pania, fte 
the ſons of Piſiſtratus. Herodot. 77 C. ö. word Opi, 
A Locrian, who wrote Concerning trace. J 
&c, Ariſtet. 2. Pulit, 0PtLy 


Onov 


C. 19. 
„ Who it 
e after ſhe 
Put. in 


„ Who flos 
lows from 


| ſpelt An 
d Attic, 1 


ia, foundet 
p Pa, . 


Paiſ, 


loſopher « 
r into Af 
moſopbiſt 
life, whic 
ie, exagge 
it gives. 
reading it 
ome to liff 
t receptio 
lut, in Alta 


noblemat 
the Roma 
of the lil 


Carus, WI . 


8. Apall 
who revoll 


officer, v 
1 which D 
„ &c. Þ 


meſus, ne 


columns 


ſſaly, ſalli 
d up by 
. 196. 

r of Athe 
e Greek | 
dition, Att 
by Onoft 
Muſzvs 
the prod 
| about 5 
and was e 
thus, * 
77. 
ning la 


Onov 


O P 


OvoMARtCcnts, 4 Phocian, ſon of Eu- 
thycrates, and brother of Philomelus, whom 
þe ſucceeded, as general of his countrymen, 
i the ſacred war. After exploits of valor 
1nd perſeverance, he was defeared and ſlain 
in Theſſaly by ons Macedon, who or- 
dered his body to ignotninioufly hung 
up, for the ſacrilege offered to the temple 
of Delphi He died 353 B. C. Ariffer. 
Pul. 5, c. 4-—Died. 16. —— A man to 
whoſe care Antigonus entruſted the keeping 
of Eumenes. C. Nep. in Eum. 

ONnoMaSTORIDES, a Lacedzmonian 
ambaſſador ſent to Darius, &c. Curt, 3, 
c. 13. 

en a freedman of the emperor 
Otho, Tacit. 

OxoPHAs, one of the ſeyen Perſians who 
conſpired againſt the uſurper Smerdis, C7e- 


fur An officer in the expedition of 


Xerxes againſt Greece. 

OnoSANDER, a Greek writer,whoſe book 
De Imperatoris Inſtitutione has been edited 
by Schwebel. with a French tranſlation, fol. 
Norimb. 1752. 

OxyTHEs, a friend of Æneas, killed vy 
Tunus. Virg An. 12, v. 514. 

Or ALA, feſtivals celebrated by the Ro- 
mans, in honor of Ops, on the 14th of the 
calends of january. 

OrntLas, a general of Cyrene, defeated 
by Agathocles. | 

OrxeLTEs, a ſon of Lycurgus, king of 
Thrace. He is the ſame as Archemorus. 
Vid. Archemorus. The father of Eurya- 
lus, whoſe friendſhip with Niſus is prover- 
dial, Virg. An. 9, v. 201.—One of the 
companions of Acœtes, changed into a 
dolphin by Bacchus. Ovid. Mer. 3, fab. 8. 

Oeusxsts, a town of Africa. Tacit. 
Hift. 4, c. 50. 

Orn 14s, a patronymic given to Combe, 
u daughter of Ophius, an unknown perſon, 
Ovid. Met, 7, v. as. 
 Orpmtonevs, was an ancient ſoothſayer 
_=y age of Ariſtodemus. He was born 

ind. 

O2a1s, a ſmall river of Arcadia, which 
falls into the Alpheus. | 

Orartsa, the ancient name of Rhodes. 
A ſmall iſland near Crete. A 
town of Sarmatia.— An iſland near the 
Baleares, ſo called from the number of ſer- 

ts which it produced (:p« ſerpens). It 
now called Formentera. 

Oeuzrwiun, a town of Troas on the 
ellepout. Hector had a grave there. 
Strab. 13. 

Orlei, the ancient inhabitants of Cam- 
Pina, from whoſe mean occupations the 
word Opicus, has been uſed to expreſs diſ- 
ice, Furs 3, v. 207. 

Oetlivs, a grammazian, who floriſhed 


_—— 


| 


about 94 


O P 


| years before Chriſt. He wrote & 
buak called Libri Muſancm. 

L. Ortutus, a Roman who made him- 
ſelf conſul in oppoſition to the intereſt and 
efforts of the Gracchi, He ſhewed himſelf 
a moſt inveterate enemy to C. Gracchus 
and his adherents, und bzhaved, during his 
conſulſhip, like a dictator. He was accu- 
ſed of bribery, and baniſhed. He died of 
want at Dyrrachium. Cc. pro Scat. Planc. 
& in Piſ.—Plut. A Roman, who kil- 
led one of the Cimbri in ſingle combat. 
A rich uſurer at Rome in the age of 
Horace, 2 Sat. 3, v. 142. 

Orts, a town on the Tigris, afterwards 
called Antiochia. Xenoph. Anab. 2. 

Opis, a nymph who was among Diana's 
attendants. Firg. nu. 11, v. 532 & 867. 
A town near the mouth of the Tigris. 
One of Cyrene's attendants. Yirg. G. 
4z v. 343. 

OpIrER, a Roman conſul, &c. 

OrITERGINI, a people near Aquileia, 
on the Adriatic. Their chief city is called 
Opitergum, now Oderſo, Lucan. 4, v. 416. 

OriTes, a native of Argos, killed by 
Hector in the Trojan war. Homer, II. 

Oreta, a veſtal virgin, buried alive for 
her incontinence. 

OyePtA Lx, by C. Opplus, the tribune, 
A. U. C. 540. It required that no woman 
ſhould wear above half an ounce of gold, 
have party- colored garments, or be carried 
in any city or town, or to any place within 
a mile's diſtance, unleſs it was to celebrate 
ſome ſacred feſtivals or ſolemnities. This 
famous law, which was made while Anni- 
bal was in Italy, and while Rome was in 
diſtreſſed circumſtances, created diſcontent, 


and, 18 years after, the Roman ladies. 


petitioned the aſſembly of tis people that 
it might be repealed. Cato oppoſed it 
ſtrongly, and made many ſatirical reflec- 
tions upon the women for their appearing, 
in public to ſolicit votes. The tribune Va- 
lerius, who had preſented their petition to 
the afſembly, anſwered the objections of 
Cato, and his eloquence had ſuch an in- 
fluence on the minds of the people, that the 
law was inſtantly abrogated with the una- 
nimous conſent of all the comit;ia, Cato 
alone excepted. Liv. 33 & 34.—Gic, de 
Orat. 3. 

OyeiAnvs, a Greek poet of Cilicia in 
the ſecond century. His father's name 
was Ageſilaus, and his mother's Zenodota. 
He wrote ſome poems, celebrated for their 
elegance and ſublimity. Two of his poems 
are naw extant, five books on fiſhing, cal- 
led alieuticon, and four on hunting, called 
cynegeticon, The emperor Caracalla was ſo 
pleaſed with his poetry that he gave him a 
piece of gold for every verſe of his cynege- 

UCUN 3 


| 
| 
| 


O R 


eon; from which circumſtance the poem 
reteited the name of the golden verles of 
Oppian. The poet died of the plague in 
the 36th vear of his age. His countrymen 
raiſed, fRatues to his honor, and engraved 
ou his tomb, that the gods had haſtened to 
call back Oppian in the flower of youth, 
only becauſe he had already excelled all 
mankind. The beſt edition of his works 
is that of Schneider, 8vo. Argent. 1776. 

Ory1D1vs, a rich old man introduced 
by Horace, 2 Sat. 3, v. 168, as wiſely di- 
viding his poſſeſñons among his two ſons, 
and warning them againſt thoſe follies, and 
that extravagance which he believed he ſaw 
tiſing in them. 

C. Or eius, a friend of Julius Cæſar, 
celebrated for his life of Scipio Africanus, 
and of Pompey the Great, In the latter, 
he paid not much regard to hiſtorical facts, 
and took very opportunity to defame 
Pompey, to cxtol the character of his pa- 
tron Cæſar. In the age of Suctonius, ne 
was deemed the true auther of the Alexan- 
drian, African, and Spaniſh wars, which 
ſome attribute to Cæſar, and others to A. 
Hirtius. Tacit, An. 12.—Suct. in Cæſ. 53: 
—— An officer ſent by the Romans againſt 
Mithridates. He met with ill ſuccefs, and 
was ſent in chains to the king, &c. A 
Roman, who ſaved his aged father from 
the dagger of the triumvirate. 

Oes, (it,) a daughter of Cœlus and 
Terra, the ſame as the Rhea of the Greeks, 
who married Saturn, and became mother of 
Jupiter. She was known among the an- 
cients by the different names of Cybele, 
Bona Dea, Magna Mater, Thya, Tellus, 
ÞPreſerpina, and even of Juno and Minerva; 
and the worſhip which was paid to theſe 
apparently ſeveral deities was offered merely 
to one and the ſame perſon, mother of the 
gods. The word Ops ſeems to be derived 
from Opus; becauſe the goddeſs, who is 
the ſame as the earth, gives nothing without 
labar. Tatius built her a temple at Rome. 
She was generally repreſented as a matron, 
with her right. hand opened, as if offering 
aſſiſtance to the helpleſs, and holding a 
loaf in her left hand, Her feſtivals were 
called Opalia, &c. Parr, de L. L. 4.— 
Diunyſ. Hal. 2, &c.—Tibull. el. 4, v. 68. 

Oy us, /opuntis,} a city of Locris, on the 
Aſopus, deſtroyed by an earthquake, 
S/ rab. q. - Mela, 2, c.z3.-Liv. 28, c. 7. 

Or raus, one of the fathers, whoſe 
works were edited by Du Pin, fol. Paris, 
1700. 

Orlas Maximus, epithets given to 
Jupiter to denote his greatneſs and omnipo- 
tende. 

ORA, a town of India, taken by Alcx- 
ander.——Qnac of Jupiter's miſtreſſes. 


O R 


, OnAcuLum,, an anſwer of the gods to 
the quettions of men, or the place whers 
thoſe anſwers were given. Nothing i 
more famous than the ancient oracles of 
Egypt, Greece, Rome, &c. They were 
ſuppoſed to be the will of the gods them- 
ſelves, and they were conſulted, not only 
upon every important matter, but even in 
the affairs of private life. To make peace 
or war, to introduce a change of govern. 
ment, to plant a colony, to enact laws, to 
raiſe an edifice, to marry, were ſufficient 
reaſons to conſult the will of the gods, 
Mankind, in conſulting them, ſhewed that 
they, wiſhed to pay implicit obedience to 
the command of the divinity, and, when 
they had been favored with an anſwer, 
they acted with more ſpirit and with more 
vigor, conſcious that the undertaking had 
met with the ſanction and appiobation 
of heaven. In this, therefore, it will not 
appear wonderful, that ſo many places were 
ſacred to oracular purpoſes. The ſmall 
province of Bœotia could once boaſt of her 
25 oracles, and Peloponneſus of the ſame 
number, Not only the chief of the gods 
gave oracles, but, in proceſs of time, he- 
roes were admitted to enjoy the ſame pri- 
vileges ; and the oracles of a Trophonius 
and an Antinous were ſoon able to rival the 
fame of Apollo and of Jupiter. The moſt 
celebrated oracles of antiquity were thoſe 
of Dodona, Delphi, Jupiter Ammon, &c. 
[Vid. Dodona, Delphi, Ammon.) Tie 
temple of Delphi ſeemed to claim a ſupe- 
riority over the other temples; its fame 
was once more extended, and its riches 
were ſo great, that not only private per- 
ſons, but even kings and numerous armies, 
made it an object of plunder and of rapine. 
The manner of delivering oracles was dif- 
ferent. A prieſteſs at Delphi [ Vid. Eytlia] 
was permitted to pronounce the oracles of 
the god, and her delivery of the anſwer 
was always attended with acts of apparent 
madneſs and deſperate fury. Not only 
women, but even doves, were the miniſters 
of the temple of Dodona, and the ſup- 
pliant votary was often ſtartled to har his 
queſtions readily anſwered by the decayed 
trunk, or the ſpreading branches of a neigh- 
Louring oak. Ammon conveyed his ant- 
wer in a plain and open manner, but Am- 
phiaraus required many ablutions and pie- 
paratory Ceremonies, and he generally cot: 
municated his oracles to his ſuppliants 1 
dreams and viſions. Sometimes the 

words that were heard, after iſſuing from 
the temple, were deemed the anſwers 0 
the oracles, and ſometiines the nodding t 


motions of fiſhes in a neighbouring lake 


| or their reluctance in accepting the 


wich 


ſhaking of the head of the ſtatue, the 


which W: 
aud valic 
nuteft en 
alſo ſome 
on tablets 
obſcure, «© 
ſuch as 
he conſul 
that, if he 
ſtroy a gre 
empire W 
unfortunat 
of Credo 1 
which Pyr 
gut the 1 
« tayorable 
Is ruin. 
of Delphi, 
pleaſing 1d 
rendered | 
convinced 
bis 73d y 
throne him 
learned, w 
tte inſpira 
they proce 
prieſts, I. 
cannot lon 
ts own de 
b well kr 
enlightenec 
credulous a 
Creams anc 
frongly be! 
earth ceaſe 


mained in 
tough, pe! 
lurth cent. 
tnumph ovi 
lufered the 
ter did it, 
lander faile; 
Wo firſt n 
uten preyaj 
Rece and 
for lis rem. 
Demoſthene 
Wtion, an- 
Greece y 
Will and ple 


Wnia, as he 


ord Furz 


id other E 


ad ſo muc 
5 fully per 
Rn di juit. 
dd of their i 
Mit, and 

'priefts wh 


werpoſition 


Alelves t 


wich was offered to them, were as ſtrong 
ad valid as the molt expreſs and the mi- 


ds to 
where 


ing | 
ke of nuteft explanations, The anſwers were 


ſometimes given in verſe, or written 


Pear 133 but their meaning was always 
t only obſcure, and often the caufe of diſaſter to 
ven in ſuch as conſulred them. Craſus, when 
peace te conſulted the oracle of Delphi, was told 


that, if he croſſed the Halys, he ſhould de- 


"OV ern- 
voy firoy a great empire: he ſuppoſed that that 


ws, to 
Eee empire was the empire of his encmyv, but 
e gods unfortunately it was his own. The words 


of Creds tr, acida, Romanos wincere poſſe, 


ed that a 
which Pyrrhus received when he wilted to 


** a4 the Tarentines againſt the Romans, by 
anſwer «fayorable interpretatian for himſelf, proved 
th morn is ruin. Nero was ordered, by the oracle 
ing had of Delphi, to beware of 73 years, but the 
tobation pleaſing idea that he ſhould live to that age 


rendered him careleſs, and he was ſoon 
convinced of his miſtake, when Galba, in 


will not 


S Rn his 73d year, had the preſumption to de- 
it of her throne him, It is a queſtion among the 
he ſame learned, whether the oracles wete given by 
the gods the inſpiration of evil ſpirits, or whether 
ime, he- they proceeded from the impoſture of the 
ame pri- prieſts, Impoſture, however, and forgery, 


ophonius cannot long floriſh, and falſehood becomes 


rival the ts own deftroyer ; and, on the contrary, it 
The moſt b well known how much confidence an 
ere thoſe enlightened age, therefore, much more the 


non, &c. gedulous and the ſuperſtitious, places upon 
] Tie dreams and romantic ſtories. Some have 
1 a ſupe- aongly believed, that all the oracles of the 
its fame arth ceaſed at the birth of Chriſt, but 
its riches I dee ſuppoſition is falſe, It was, indeed, 
vate per- the beginning of their decline, but they fe- 
us armies, waned in repute, and were conſulted, 
of rapine. wough, perhaps, not ſo frequently, till the 
was dif- ith century, when chriſtianity began to 
d. Pythia] mumph over paganiſm, The oracles often 
 oxacles of luffered themſelves to be bribed. Alexan- 


ie anſwers Cer ad it, but it is well known that Ly- 
f apparent Lader failed in the attempt. Herodotus, 
Not only Who firſt mentioned the corruption which 
e miniſters en prevailed in the oracular temples of 
1 the ſup- *. and Egypt, has been ſeverely treated 
o hear bis i lis remarks by the hiſtorian Plutarch. 
ie decayed WY olthenes is alſo a witneſs of the cor- 
of a neigh» on, and be obſerved, that the oracles 


ed his ant* dif Greece were ſervilely ſubſervient to the 
but Am- Pill and pleaſure of Philip, king of Mace- 
s and pie- A as he beautifully expreſſes it by the 
\crally cow - . fumTiCe, If ſome of the Greeks, 
uppliants in 10 other European and Aſiatic countries, 
es the «dſo much attention to oracles, and were 
(ſuing from fully perſuaded of their veracity, and 

anſwers 0 * cviulty, many of their leading men 
nodding t of their pailoſophers were apprized of the 
ſtatue, tht ns and paid no regard to the command 
zwuring lake, nel whom money could corrupt, and 
ng the fo "Pition ſilence. The Egyptians ſhowed 


wiki es the moſt ſuperſtitious of man- 


OR 


kind, by their blind acquieſcence to the 
impoſition of the prieſts, who perſuaded 
them that the ſafety and happineſs of their 
life depended upon the mere motions of an 
ox, or the tameneſs of a crocodile, Homer, 
I. Od. 10. — Herodot. 1 & 2.—Xenoph, ne- 
Nr. —Strab. 5, 7, &c. - Pauſ. 1, & c. 
Plut. de defect. orac. de Ageſ. & de Her. 
maligu.—Cic. de Div. 1, c. 19.—Fuftin. 24, 
Cc. 6.— Liv. 37.—lian. V. H. 6.—C. Nep. 
in Lyſ.—Arifteph. in Equit, & Plut.— De- 
moſth. Phil. Ovid. Met. 1. 

OR #4, a ſmall country of Peloponneſus. 
Pauſ. 2, c. 30. Certain ſolemn ſacrifices 
of fruits offered in the four ſeaſons of the 
year, to obtain mild and temperate weather. 
They were offered to the goddeſſes whe 
preſided over the ſeaſons, who attended 
upon the ſun, and who received divine 
worſhip at Athens, 8 

Ong asus, a man who killed Ptolemy, 
the ſon of Pyrrhus, 

OK 3ZLvus, a mountain of Thrace or Ma- 
cedonia. | 

OrBIiLIus PuPILLUs, a grammarian 
of Beneventum, who was the firſt inſtructor 
of the poet Horace, He came to Rome in 
the conſulſhip of Cicero, and there, as a 
public teacher, acquired more fame than 
money. He was naturally of a ſevere diſ- 
poſition, of which his pupils often felt the 
effects. He lived almoſt to his rooth year, 
and loft his memory ſome time before his 
death, Set. de Uluft. Gt. 9.—Horat. 2, 
ep. I, v. 71. , 

ORB1ITANIUM, a town of the Samniteg, 
Liv. 24, c. 20. - 

OrBGNA, a miſchievous goddeſs at 
Rome, who, as it was ſuppoſed, made chil= 
dren die. Cic, de Nat. D. 3, c. 25. 

ORcCADEs, iſlands on the northern coaſts 
of Britain, now called the Orkneys. They 
were unknown till Britain was diſcovered 
to be an ifland by Agricola, who preſided 
there as governor. Tacit. in Agric.—Fuv, 
2, V. 161. 

OrxcHALts, an eminence of Bœotia, 
near Haliartus, called alſo Alopecos. Plut, 
in LN 

OrcaXkmuvs, a king of Aſſyria, father of 
Leucothoe, by Eurynome. He buried his 
daughter alive for tier amours with Apollo, 
Ovid. Met. 4, v. 212. 

OKRcHtra LEx, by Orchius, the tribune, 
A. U. C. 566. It was enacted to limit 
the number of gueſts that were to be ad- 
mitted at an entertainment; and it alſo en- 
forced, that during ſupper, which was the 
chief meal among the Romans, the doars 
of every houſe ſhould be left open, | 

ORcHomEtnus or ORCHOMENUM, 2 
town of Baotia, at the weſt of the laks 
Copais, It was anciently called Minyeia, 

Na aud, 


— 


S RK 


wd, from that circumſtance, the inhabi- 
tants were often called Minyans of Orcho- 
menos. There was at Orchomenos a cele- 
brated temple ſacred to the Graces, The 
inhabitants founded Teos in conjunction with 
the lonians, under the ſons of Codrus. 
Plig. 4, c. 8.— e rodet. 1, c. 146, —Pauſ. 
9, c. 37.—Strab. 9. — A town of Arca- 
dia, at the north of Mantinca. Homer. II. 
2. A town of Theſſaly, with a river 
of the ſame name. Serab. A ſon of 

ycaon, king of Arcadia, who gave his 
name to a city of Arcadia, &c. Pa. 8. 
A ſon of Minyas, king of Baotia, 
who gave the name of Orchomeniays to his 
ſubjects. He died without iſſue, and the 
crown devolved to Clymenus, the fon of 
Preſton, & c. Par. 9, c 36. 

Ox cus, one of the names of the god of 
hell, the ſame as Pluto, though confounded 
by ſome with Charon. He had a temple 
at Rome. The word Orcus, is generally 
uſed to ſigniſy the infernal regions. erat. 
1, od. 29, &c.—Virg. An. 4, v. 502, &Cc. 
Ovid. Met. 14, v. 116, &c. 

OxcY NIA, a place of Cappadocia, 
where Eumenes was deteated by Aut 
gonus. 

Onprssus, a river of Scythia, which 
falls into the Iſter. Herodot. 

Ox novices, the people of North Wales 
in Britain, mentioned by Tacit. Ann. 12, 
6. 53. 

OREXpes, nymphs of the mountains, 
(ese mon), daughters of Phoroneus and 
Hecate, Some call them Oreſtiades, and 
give them Jupiter for father. They gene- 
rally attended upon Diana, and accompa- 
nied her in hunting. Firg. An. 1, v. 504, 
— Homer, II. 6.—Strab. 109.—Ovid. Met. 
9, V, 737. 

Ox#as, a ſon of Hercules and Chryſeis. 

OREsST £, a people of Epirus. They re- 
ceived their name from Oreſtcs, who fled 
tn Epirus when cured of his infanity,. {ue 
can. 3, v. 249. Of Macedonia. Ziv, 
33» , 34 

OxtsS1Es, a ſon of Agamemnon and 
Clytemneſtra, When his father was cruelly 
murdered by Clytemneſtra and Agiſthus, 
young Orgſtes was ſaved from his mother's 
dagger by means of his filter Electra, called 
Laodicca by Homer, and he was privately 
gonveyed to the houſe of Strophius, who 
was King of Phocis, and who had married 
a fiſter of Agamemnon. He was tenderly 
weated by Strophius, who educated him 
with bis fon Pylades. The two young 
princes ſoon became acquainted, and, from 
their familiarity, aroſe the moſt inviolable 
attachment and friendſhip, When Oreſtes 
Was arrived to years of manhood, he viſited 
Mens, and avenged his fathes's death 

| 6 


— 


OR 


by aſſaſſinating his mother Clytemnefr the C 
and her adulterer ZEgifthus. The manner Altars of 
in which he committed this murder is ya. borders 
riouſly reported, According to Aſchylug friend we 
he was commiſhoned by Apollo to avenge king of . 
his father, and, therefore, he introduced to be fa 
himſelf, with his friend Pylades, at the prieſteſs c 
court of Mycenz, pretending to bring the office to 
news of the death of Oreſtes from King intelligenc 
Strophius. He was at firſt reccived with the prepat 


to learn {c 
had giver 
She even 
fortunes, | 
one of th 
letters to ( 
2 difficult 
truly diſpl 
Ond, ex | 


be jubet J. 
Bic nevat ; 


At laſt Py! 
treaties of } 
the letters 
were addr 
ſderefore, | 
total diſco 
prieſteſs wi 
to immolat 
be was her 
cauſes of t}; 
ſhe reſolvec 
from Cher! 
ſtatue of D 
vered, and 
but Miner: 
lat all had 
probation « 
that Oreſte 
Cherſoneſus 
Natue of Dj 
radict this 
Pauſanias, t 
ve lame as 
Way from 


co:dneſs, and, when he came into the pre- 
lence of /Egiſthus, who wiſhed to inform 
himſclf of the particulars, he murdered 
tim, and ſoon Clytemneſtra ſhared the 
adultcrer's fate. Euripides and Sophoclts 
mention the ſame circumſtances. Agiſ— 
thus was aſſaſſinated after Clytemnelſira, 
according to Suphocles ; and, in Euripides, 
Orcites is repreſented as murdering the 
adulterer, wle he offers a ſacrifice to the 
nymphs. This murder, as the poct men- 
tions, irritates the guards, who were pe- 
ſent, but Orcftes appeaſes their tary by 
telling them who he is, and mme diatehy 
ne is acknowledged King of the country, 
Afterwards, he ftabs his mother, at the 
inſtigation of his G{ſter Electru, after be 
has upbraided her for her inndeiity and 
cruelty to her huſband. Such meditated 
murders receive the puniſhment which, 
among the ancients, Was always ſuppoſed 
to attend parricide, Oreſtes is tormented 
by the Furies, and exiles himſelf to Argos, 
where he is Kill purſued by the avengefui 
goddeffes, Apollo, himſelf, purifies him, 
and he is acquitted by the unanimous opi- 
nion of the Areopagites, whom Minerva, 
herſelf, inflituted on this occaſion, accord» 
ing to the narration of the poet ſchylus, 
who flatters the Athenians in his tragical 
ſtory, by repreſenting them as paſting Juilge 
ment, even upon the gods themlelves. 
According to Pauſanias, Oreftes was Put 
fed of the murder, not at Delphi, but 4 
Trezene, where ftill was ſcen a large ſtone 
at the entrance of Diana's temple, upon 


which the ceremonies of purification had uppoſe, tha 
been performed by nine of thc principal u Italy, wt 
citizens of the place. There was alſo, a hed. A. 


relies aſc: 
Where he re 
dared Her 


Megalopolis in Arcadia, a teinple dec. 
cated to the Furies, near which Oreſles 7 
off one of his fingers with his teeth in à 1 


of inſanity. Theſe different traditions " Ws, and g: 
confuted by Euripides, who lays, "wo aces, The 
Oreſtes, after the murder of Is mothe1, dne is a n 
conſulted the oracle of Apallo at Delpb dents. Al 


Fomiſed to 

enclaus ha 
i lon of A 
1 0 truly 
te Trojan 
One with ) 
* member 


where be was informed that nothing coul 
deliver him from the perſecutions © the 
Furics, if he did not bring into Gree 
Diana's ſtatue, which was in the Tur 
Cherſoneſus, and which, as it 15 N 
by ſome, had fallen down from heaven 


in: SS... * b Kg 
This was au arduvus enterprize. The 4 


O R ; 


of the Cherſoneſus always ſacrificed on the 


Pn lars of the goddeſs all ſuch as entered the 
I bordefs of his country. Oreſtes and his 
capi fiend were both carried before Thoas, the 
avenge king of the place, ane - e 
roduced to be ſacrificed. Iphigenia was t jen 
at the prieſte(s of Diana's temple, and it was her 
ring the office to immolate theſe ſtrangers, The 


intelligence that they were Grecians delayed 


m | In . * . * 

ed I the preparations, and Iphigenia was anxious 
the pre to learn ſomething about a country Which 
inform had given her birth. (Vid. Iphigenta, | 
nurdered Ge even intereſted herſelf in their mis— 


fortunes, and offcred to ſpare the life of 
ane of them, provided he would convey 
enters to Greece from her hand. This was 
2 difficult trial; never was friendſhip more 


wed the 
ophocles 
IEgiſ- 


-mneſtra 

uripides, truly diſplayed, according to the words of 
* * g 

ring tte Ond, ex Pont. 3, el. 2. 

ce to the be jubet Pylades carum moriturus Oreſtem, 


Cet men- 
Wee pe- 


tary by 


Bic regat; inque vicem pugnat utergque mort, 


At laſt Pylades gave way to the preſſing en- 


* | 
—_— the letters of Iphigenia to Greecc. Theſe 
er, at che were addreſſed to Oreſtes himſelf, and, 
after he therefore, theſe circumſtances ſoon led to a 
teljty and total diſcovery of the connections of the 
meditated prieteſs with the man whom ſhe was going 
m which, to immolate, Iphigenia was convinced that 
ſuppoled be was her brother Oreſtes, and, when the 
tormented cauſes of their journey had been explained, 
to Argos, ſhe reſolved, with the two friends, to fly 
avengeful tom Cherſoneſus, and to carry away the 
ifies him, ſtatue of Diana. Their flight was diſco- 
mous opi- ered, and Thoas prepared to purſue them, 
Minerva; but Minerva interfered, and told him, 
1, accort- der all had been done by the will and ap- 
Aiciylus Wi Probation of the gods. Some ſuppoſe, 
is tragical that Oreſtes came to Cappadocia from 
ding judge Cherſoneſus, and that there he left the 
hemielvcs. latue of Diana at Comana, Others con- 
was pull» mat this tradition, and, according to 
hi, but 4 Pauſanias, the ſtatue of Diana Orthia was 


de ame as that which had been carried 
Wy from the Cherſuneſus. Some alſo 
uppole, that Orcites brought it to Aricia, 
9 Italy, where Diana's worſhip was efta- 
Wiſhed. After theſe celebrated adventures, 
Oeſtes aſcended the throne of Argos, 


large jtone 
ple, upon 
cation 94 
c principal 
ras allo, A 


nplc dedi- 


Oreſles cui ere he reigned in perfect ſecurity, and 
eth in à ned Hermione, the daughter of Mene— 


ditions as 
ſays, that 
Is mothely 


W, and gave his ſiſter to his friend Py- 
kdes, The marriage of Oreſtes with Her- 


woe is a matter of diſpute among the an- 


at Delph! Mts. All are agreed that the had been 
thing cou Mnulcd to the ſon of Agamemnon, but 
:ons of the claus had married her to Neoptelemus, 


into Gree gon of Achilles, who had ſhown him- 


the Taurie tl 'v truly interetted in his cauſe during 


; | de . 
is repoltet 1 Trojan war. The marriage of Her- 
om beaver "ne With Neoptolemus diſpleaſed Oreites; 


The King 
wi 


emwembered that ſhe had been carly pro- 


treaties of his friend, and conſented to carry? 


O R 


miſed to him, and therefore he reſolved te 


recover her by force or artifice. This he 
effected by caufing Neoptulemus to be 
aſſaſſinated, or affaſſinating bim himſelf, 
According to Ovid's epiſtle of Hermione to 
Oreſtes, Hermione had always been ſaith- 
ful to her firſt lover, and even it was by 
her perſuaſions that Oreſtes removed her 
from the houſe of Neoptolemus. Hermione 
was diſſatisfied with the partiality of Neop- 
tolemus for Andromache, and her attach- 
ment tor Oreſtes was enereaſed. Furipides, 
however, and others, . ſpeak difterently of 
Hermione's attachment to Neoptolemuus : 
the loved him ſo tenderly that the reſolved 


thare, in a ſmall degree, the affections of 
her huſband. She was ready to perpetrate 
the horrid deed when Oreſtes came into 
Epirus, and the was eafily perſuaded by 
the forcign prince to withdraw herſclf, in 
her huſband's abſence, from a country 
which ſeemed to contribute ſo much to her 
ſorrows. Oreſtes, the better to ſecure the 
affections of Hermione, aſſaſſinated Neop= 
tolemus, [ Vid. Neoptclemns, | and retired to 
his Kingdom of Argos, His old age was 
crowned with peace and ſecurity, and he 
died in the goth year of his age, leaving his 
throne to his ſon Tiſamenes, by Hermione, 
Three years after, the Heraclidz recovered 
the Peloponneſus, and baniſhed the deſccne 
dants of Menclaus from the throne of Ar- 
gos. Oreſtes died in Arcadia, as ſome ſup- 
poſe, by the bite of a ſerpent; and the 
Lacedzmonians, who had become his ſub- 
jects at the death of Menelaus, were di- 
rected by an oracle to bring his bones to 
Sparta. . They were, ſome time after, dit- 
covered at Tegea, and his ſtature appeared 
to he ſeven cubits, according to the tradi- 
tions mentioned by Herodotus and others. 
The friendſhip of Oreſtes and of Pylades 
became proverbial, and the two friends re- 
ceived divine honors among the Scythians, 
and were worſhipped in temples. Pau. 1, 
2, 4, &C.,—Paterc. I, c. 1 & 3.—Apollud. 
I, &C.—Strab. 9 & 13.—O0vid, Hergid. 8. 
Ex. Pont... 3, el. 2. Met. 15. in. U. E. 
ripid. in Oreſi. Andr. &Cc. Iphig,—Sophecl. in 
Llectr. &e.— A ſchyl. in Eum. Agam. &c, 
— Herodet. 1, c. 69, Hygin. fab. 120 K 
261. — At. in Lyc.— Ditys 6, &c.— Pin- 
dar, Pyth. 2.—Plin. 33,—Virg. An. 3, 
&c.—lJoner, Od, 3, &c.—Tzetz, ad Ly- 
cophr., A ſon of Achelous. pz!lod. 
A man ſent as ambaſſador, by Attila, 
king of the Huns, to the emperor Theotu- 
lus, He was highly honored at the Roman 
court, and his fon Auguſtulus was the laſt 
emperor of the weſtern empire. geo- 
vernor of Egypt under the Roman empe— 
rors.— A robber of Athens who pretended 


| * Nun madncis, 


to murder Andromache, who ſecmed to 


— — — — 


— ——— h — 


O R 


madneſs, &c. Arrfoph. ach. 4, 7 —4 
general of Alexander. Curt. 4, c. 108. 

OrtsTEUM, a town of Arcadia, about 
18 miles from Sparta, It was founded by 
Oreftbeus, a ſon of Lycaon, and originally 
called Oreftkeſnim, and afterwards Orefterm, 
from Oreftes, the ſon of Agamemnon, who 
came there. Pauf. 8, c. 8, —Enriptd. 

OresTina, the deſcendants or ſubjects 
of Oreftes, the ſon of Agamemnon, They 
were driven from the Peloponneſus by the 
Heraclidz, and came to fettle in a country 
which, from them, was called Oreida, at 
the ſouth-weſt of Macedonia, Some ſup- 
poſe that that part of Greece originally re- 
ceived its name from Oreſtes, who fled and 
built there a city, which gave its founder's 
name to the whole province. Tarucyd. 2, 
Liv. 31. 

AvuREL, ORESTILLA, a miſtreſs of Ca- 
tiline. Cic. ad Div. 7, c. 7. 

OzEsT15, or ORESTiDA, a part of Ma- 
cedonia. Cic. de Haruſp. 16, 

OxFT#, a people of Aſiatic Sarmatia, 
on the Euxine Sea. 

OrtTANI, a people of Spain, whoſe 
capital was Oretum, now Oreto, Liu 21, 
e. Kt. L 38, 6. 9. 

OnzTILIA, à woman who married Ca- 
ligula, by whem ſhe was ſoon after ba- 
niſhed. 

OkrEUMn, one of the principal towns of 
Eubœa. Liv. 28, c. 6. 

Orca, or Orcas, a river of Phrygia, 
falling into the Mzander. Srrab.—Plin, | 

OrGESSUM, a town of Macedonia. Liv. 
IT, c. 27. 

. OzGeTGRIX, one of the chief men of 
the Helvetii, while Cæſar was in Gaul, 
He formed a conſpiracy againſt the Ro- 
mans, and when accuſcd, he deſtroyed 
himſelf. Ca/. 

Oxcra, feſtivals in honor of Bacchus. 
They are the ſame as the Bacchanalia, Dio- 
nyſia, &c. which were celebrated by the 
ancients to commemorate the_ triumph of 
Bacchus in India. Vid. Diony ſia. 

OxibAsus, a celebrated phyſician, 
greatly eſteemed by the emperor Julian, 
in whoſe reign he floriſhed. He abridged 
the works of Galenus, .and of all the moſt 
re ſpectable writers on plyſic, at the requeſt 
of the emperor. He accompanied Julian 
Nuo the eatt, but his {kill proved incffectual 
in attempting to cure the fatal wound, 
Which his benefactor had received. After 
el, death, he fell into the hands of the 

arbarians. The beſt edition of his works 
is that of Dundas, 4to. L. Bat. 1745. 
One of Actæon's dogs, ab S-, mond, and 
Batre, ſcande, Ovid. Met. 

Onfcum or Oricus, a town of Epirus, 


en the Ionian ka, founded by a coleny | 


from Colchis, according to Pliny, ſt vy 
called Dardania, becauſe Helenus and 


Andromache, natives of Troy or Dardaniz with h 
reigned over the country after the Trojan him W 
war, It had a celebrated harbour, ang man, V 
was greatly eſteemed by the Romans on he had 
account of its ſituation, but it was not well fired th 
defended, The tree which produces the would g 


turpentine grew there in abundance, Firs. riage. 


u. 10, v. 136.—Liv. 24, c. 40.— Pix. dered þ 
2, c. 89, Cf, bell, Civ, Jz © 1, Ke. of the v 
Lucan, 3, v. 187. made w 
ORr1Ens, in ancient geography, is taken manded 
for all the moſt eaſtern parts of the world, dug for 
ſuch as Parthia, India, Aſſyria, &c. ful child 
Oster, a Greek writer, as much cele- The na1 
brated for the eaſineſs of his manner, his hu- corrupt 1 
mility, and modefly, as for his learning and Perdidit 
the ſublimity of his genius. He was fir- Orion f 
named Adamantus, from his aſſiduity, and and Dia 
became ſo rigid a Chriſtian that he made and eve 
himſelf an eunuch, by following the literal tim. H 
ſenſe of a paſſage in the Greek teſtament, pleaſed ( 
which ſpeaks of the voluntary eunuchs of caughter 
Chriſt. He ſuffered martyrdom in his 69th marriage, 
year, A. C. 254. His works were excel- openly, 
lent and numerous, and contained a num« law as | 
ber of homilies, commentaries on the holy from wise 
ſcriptures, and different treatiſes, beſides pion Ceer 
the Hexapla, ſo called from its being di- formed by 
vided into fix columns, the firf: of which lis rewat 
contained the Hebrew text, the ſecond the complying 
ſame text in Greek characters, the third and put o 
the Greek verſion of the Septuagint, the be had laj 
fourth that of Aquila, the fifth that of finding hi 
Symmachus, and the fixth Theodotion's conducted 
Greek verſion. This famous work fuk forze, wh 
gave the hint for the compilation of our men on hi 
Polyglot Bibles. The works of Origen went to a 
have been learnedly edited by the Bene- ſcen with 
dictine monks, though the whole 13 not turned his 
yet completed, in four vols. fol. Paris a it is rep 
1733, 1740, and 1759. The Her * eyc-fig 
was publiſhed in Svo. at Lipf. 1769, vi Ffcivus 
Car. Frid. Bahrdt, Wat Orion 


ron, and 1 


Oxide, a courtezan in the age cf H N 
alace tor \ 


race. Heorat, 1, Sat. 2, v. 55. 


Oki us, a river of Sicily. | ud inſpire 
Oxr10BATES, a general of Darius at tt mo the if 
battle of Arbela, &c. Curt. 4. ; Paly with 
Onion, a celebrated giant, iprung 110 Mo wag ji 
the urine of Jupiter, Neptune, and Mer uy her 3 
cury. Theſe three gods, as they travelled ad provok 


yg violence 


over Bœotia, met with great hoſpitality fro 
endants, o 


Hyricus, a peaſant of the country, 1 


was ignorant of their dignity and character . atte; 
They were entertained with whatever 59 erlelf, A 
cottage afforded, and, when Hyrieus haj w lhe bite 
diſcoveted that they were gods, been Nd t 
Neptune told him to fill up Jupiter 5 cu al there w 
with wine, after he had ferved 1 oy could x 
the reſt, the old man welcomed them o IF was f 
the voluntary ſacrifice of an ox. FI i de had 

wh Mvilege ani 


% Without 


It wy 
s and 
rdaniay 
Trojan 
r, and 
ans on 
ot well 
ces the 
„Jig. 
— Pix. 


| &c.— 


is taken 
World, 
6. 
ich cele- 
, his hu- 
ning and 
was ſir⸗ 
ity, and 
he made 
1e literal 
eſtament, 
nuchs of 
1 his 69th 
re excel- 
a num- 
the holy 
„ beſides 
being di- 
of which 
econd the 
the third 
gint, the 
h that ot 
eodotion's 
york fiſt 
n of our 
of Origen 
the Benes« 
vie is not 
ſol. Paris 
- Hexapl 
17697 0} 


ge cf H 


dus at tb 


rung ito 
and Mer 
y travelled 
itality fro 
untry, V 
1 character 
hatever tid 
yrieus 4 
Is, becant 
upiter 5 * 
ed it befol 
d them b 
X, Plesie 

wil 


O R 


with kis piety, the gods promiſed to grant 
tim whatever he required, and the old 
man, who had lately loft his wife, to whom 
he had promiſed never to marry again, de- 
bred them that, as he was childleſs, they 
would give him a fon without another mar- 
rage. The gods conſented, and they or- 
dered him to bury in the ground the (kin 
of the victim, into which they had all three 
made water. Hyrieus did as they com- 
manded, and, when nine months after, he 
dug for the ſkin, he found in it a beauti- 
ful child, whom he called Ur:9n, ab uring. 
The name was changed into Orion by the 
corruption of one letter, as Ovid fays, 
Perdidit antiquum littera prima ſonum. 
Orion foon rendered himſelf celebrated, 
aud Diana took him among her attendants, 
and even became deeply enamoured of 
bim. His gigantic ſtature, however, diſ- 
pleaſed CEnopion, king of Chios, whole 
daughter Hero or Merope he demanded in 
marriage, The king, not to deny him 
openly, promiſed to make him luis ſon-in- 
aw as ſoon as he deliveicd his ifland 
from wild beaſts, This taſk, which no- 
pion d:emed impracticable, was ſoon per- 
formed by Orion, who eagerly demanded 
lis reward, CEnopion, on pretence of 
complying, intoxicated his illuſtrious gueſt, 
and put out his eyes on the ſea ſhore, where 
be had laid himſelf down to ſleep. Orion, 
finding himſelf blind when he awoke, was 
tonducted by the ſound to a neighbouring 
ſuge, where he placed one of the work- 
men on his back, and, by his directions, 
went to a place where the riſing fun was 
{cen with the greateſt advantage. Here he 
turned his face towards the luminary, and, 
a it is reported, he immediately recovered 
bi eye-fight, and haſtened to puniſh the 
prrficivus cruelty of CEnopion. It is (aid, 
nat Orion was an excellent workman in 
Iron, and that he fabricated a ſubtecraneous 
tlace for Vulcan, Aurora, whom Venus 
lad inſpired with love, carried him away 
mo the iſland of Delos, to enjoy his com- 


ply with greater ſecurity ; but Diana, 


vio Was jealous of this, deſtroyed Orion 
with her arrows. Some ſay, that Orion 
ad provoked Diana's reſentment by offer- 
lg violence to Opis, one of her female at- 
lndants, or, according to others, becauſe 
i had attempted the virtue of the goddeſs 
terſelf, According to Ovid, Orion died 
Ut the bite of a ſcorpion, which the earth 
Focuced, to puniſh his vanity in boatting 
cre was not on earth any animal which 
le could not conquer. Some ſay that 
da Was ſon of Neptune and Euryale, and 

u de had received from his father the 
letze and power of walking over the 
ibout wetting his fees, Others make 


O R 

him ſon of Terra, like the reſt of the giants, 
He had married a nymph called Sida be- 
fore his connection with the family of E- 
nopion ; but Sida wus the cauſe of her own 
death, by boaſting herſelf fairer than Juno. 
According to Diodorus, Orion was à cele- 
brated hunter, ſuperior to the reſt of man- 
kind by his ſtrength and uncommon ſtature 
He built the port of Zancle, and fortified 
the coaſt of Siclly againſt the frequent in- 
undations of the fea, by heaping a mound 
of earth, called Pelorum, on which he built 
a temple to the gods of the ſea. After 
death, Orion was placed in heaven, where 
one of the conſtellations till bears his name. 
The conſtellation of Orion, placed near the 
feet of the bull, was compoled of 17 ſtars 
in the form of a man holding a ſword, 
which has given occaſion to the poets often 
| to ſpeak of Orion's ſword, As the conſtel- 
iation of Orion, which riſes about the gth 
day of March, and ſets about the 21ſt of 
June, is generally ſuppoſed to be accom- 
panied, at its rifing, with great rains and 
forms, it has acquired the epithet of aquoſus 
slven it by Virgil. Orion was buried in the 
iſland of Delos, and the monument which the 
people of Tavagra, in Bœotia, ſhowed, as 
containing*the remains of this celebrated 
hero, was nothing But a cenotaph. The 
daughters of Orion diſtinguiſhed themſelves 
as much as their father, and, when the 
oracle had declared that Beotia ſhould not 
be delivered nom a Creadful p-itiience before 
two of ſupiter's cliidren were im molated on 
tC altas, they joytully accepted the offer, 
and voluntarily facrihced themſei es tor the 
good of eir country, Their names were 
Menippe and Metioche. They had been gare- 
fully educated by Diana, and Venus and Mi- 
nerva had made them very rich and valuable 
preſents, The deities of hell were ſtruck at 
the patriotiſm of the two females, and im- 
mediately two ſtars were ſeen to ariſe from 
the earth, which ftill ſmoaked with the 
blood, and they were placed in the heavens 
in the form of a crown. According to Ovid, 
their bodies were burned by the Thebans, 
and, from their aſhes, aroſe two perſons, 
whom the gods ſoon after changed into con- 
ſtellations. Diod. 4. — Hemer. Od. 5, &c. 
—Virg. An. 3, v. $17. Apellad. 1, c. 4. 
Ovid, Met. 8 & 13. Faſt. 5, &c,—tygin, 
fab. 125, & P. A. 2, c. 44, &c,-Prepert. 
2, el. 13.—Firg. An. 1, &c.— Horat. 2, 
od. 13. I. 3, od. 4 & 27. Kped. 10, & c. 
Lucan, 1, &c.—(atull, de Beren,—-Palephat, 
I.—Parthen, erotic. 20. 

Or1ssUs, a prince of Spain, who put 
Hamilcar to flight, &c. 

Or1SULLA Livia, a Roman matron, 
taken away from Piſo, &c, 


No3 


Oxirt, 


O R 


OxTT#, a people of India, who ſub - 
mitted to Alexander, &c. Srab, 15, 

OrrTtHyta, a daughter or Erechtheus, 
king of Athens, by Praxithea. She was 
courted and carried away by Boreas, king 
of Thrace, as ſhe croſſed the Iliſſus, and 
became mother of Cleopatra, Chione, Zetes, 
and Calais. Apollon. 1.—Apnilod, 3, c. 15.— 
Orpheus. —Ovid, Met. 6, v. 706. Faſt. 5 
v. 204.— Pauſ. r, c. 19. I. 5, c. 19. 
One of the Nereides.— 4A daughter of 
Cecrops, who bore Europus to Macedon. 


4 
—Oue of the Amazons, famous for her 


Warlike and intrepid ſpirit. u. 2, 
E. 4. 

OxTT1As, one of the hunters of the Ca- 
Iydonian boar. Ovid. Met. 8, fab. 8. 

Orruvwpus, a river of Illyricum. Liv. 
44, c. 31. 

Oxukxus, a king of Theſſaly, fon of 
Cercaphus. He built a town, which was 
called Ormenium. A man who ſettled 
at Rhodes. A fon of Eurypylus, &c. 

OrNEa, a town of Argolis, famous for 
a battle fought there between the Lacedæ- 
monians and Arpgives. Died. 

OrNEvus, a centaur, ſon of Ixion and 
the Cloud. Ovid. Met. 12, v. 302. 
fon of Erechtheus, king of Athens, who 
built Ornea, in Pcluponneſus. Pau}. 2, c. 
25. 

OrxIiTHrE®, a wind blowing from the 
north in tlc ſpring, and to called from the 
appearance ot birds (2g, aves,) (lum. 
11, C. 2. 

Ozx1THOYN, z townof Phoanicia, between 
Tyre and Sidon. 

Okxnitus, a friend of Fneas, killed by 
Camilla in the Rutulian wars. Firg. An. 
11, v. 677. 

Ox wor Ants, a Parthian, driven from his 
ecuntry by Artabanus. He aſnſted Tiberius, 
and was mad: vovernur of Macedonia, &. 
Tacit. Ann, 6, c. 37. 

ORN Yon, 'a lon of Syliphus, king of 
Corinth. Pau. y, c. 17. 

OrxvyTVvs, a man of Cyzicus, killed by 
the Argonauts, &c. Val. Fl. 3, v. 173. 

OrxoaxDaA, a town of Piſidia, now 
Haviran. Liv. 28, c 18. 

Oo, a town of Eu, a. 

Oo, a pevple of Italy, near Milan. 

Oos, a prince of Parttiia, who mur- 
ecrcd his brother Mithridates, and aſcended 
}:15 throne. He dceicated Craſſus, the Ro- 
man trium vir, and poured melicd gold down 
the throat uf his fallen enemy, ty reproach 
him of his avarice and ambition. He fol- 
lowed the intereſt of Caſſius and Brutus at 
Philippi. It is ſaid, that, when Orodes be- 
came od and infirin, his 30 children ap- 
plied to lim, and diſputed, in his pretence, 
their right to the ſucceſiion, Phraatcs, the 


A 


0 


eldeſt of them, obtained the crown from 
his father, and, to haſten him out of the 
world, he attempted to poiſon him, The 
poiſon had no effect, and Phraates, ſtil 
determined on his father's death, ſtrangled 
him with his own hands, about 37 years 
before the Chriſtian era, Orodes had then 
reigned about 50 years. Juſtin. 42, c. 4. 
—Paterc. 2, c. 30. Another, king of 
Parthia, murdered for his cruelty. Joſe. 
phus 18. Jud. A ton of Artabanus, 
king of Armenia. Tacit. Ann. 6, c. 33. 
One of the friends of Aneas in Italy, 
killed by Mezentius. Firg. An. 10, v, 
732, &c. 

Ok@FTEs, a Perſian governor of Sardis, 
famous for his cruel murder of Polycrates, 
He died B. C. 521. Herodot. 

OromFtnon, a lofty mountain in the 
iſland of Cos. Theocrit, 7. A giant, 
Propert. 3, el. 7, v. 48. 

OR O NAB, a relation of Artaxerxes, ſent 
to Cyprus, Where he made peace with. Eva- 
goras, & c. Polyaen. 7. 

ORO NES, a ſatrap of Myſia, B. C. 385, 
who rebciled from Artexerxes, &c. 4. — 
A governor of Armenia. Id. A King 
of the Lycians during the Trojan war, who 
followed Mncas, and periſhed in a ſhip- 
wreck, Virg. Mu. 1, v. 117. |. 6, v. 34. 
A river of Syria, (now A,) riſing 
in Celofyria, and falling, after a rapid and 
troubled courſe, into the Mediterranean, be- 
low Antioch. According to Strabo, wha 
mentions ſome fabulous accounts concerning 
it, the Orontes diſappeared under ground 
for the ſpace of five miles. The word 
Orentezs is often uſed as Syrius. Dian. 
Perieg. Ovid. Met. 25 V. 243,-Strab. 19. 
—Peuſ. 8, c. 20. 

Ororakkxke, a man who ſeized the 
kingdom of Cappadocia, He died B. C. 
"7" EM 
Orovus, a town of Bœotia on the bor 
ders of Attica, near the Euwipus, which re 
ceived its name from Oropus, a ſon of May 
cedon. It was the frequent cauſe of quy 
rels between the Bœotians and the Athe 
nians, whence ſome have called it one 00 
the cities of Attica, and was at aft con 
firmed in the poſſe ſſion of the Athenians b. 
Philip, king of Macedon. Amphiaraus le 
a temple there. PAα 1, c. 34. — Fr 9 
A {ſmall town of -Eubaa,— nome 
in Macedonia. p 

Onestos, a Spaniſh writer, A. D. 419 
who publiſhed an univerſal hittory in +. 
Looks, from the creation to his OWN —_ 
in which, though learned, diligent, and P 
ous, he betrayed a great 1gnorance of th 
knowledge of hiftorical facts, and of wy 
nology. The beſt edition is that of Hase 
camp, 4t0, L. Bat. 176%. Ox05reÞ 


re 
Stab, 7 
Orr 
Calliope 
Apollo, 
He recei 
ing to fo 
played v 
the moſt 
rage bea 
neſs, and 
his ſong. 
animated 
companic 
Why mac 
dious mu 
ebratedl. 
ſhort, Ari 
dice, al 
Q ſerpe! ty 
ber loo, 
wund. 
* i», UNC 
nia in the 
bad, he 
gained an 
Pluto, TI. 
the meloch 
the beautif 
wheel of 1 
phus ſtoor! 
tua! thirſt, 
Pluto and ! 


ſorrow, anc 


Cice, provi 
ul he had 
ll. The 0 
and Orphe: 
Upper region 
promiſes, a 
Ing lott Ex 
mitantiy ya} 
tempted to 1 
aumiſſion, 0 
Una Was to 

LS muſical j 
mountains. 

om the ſe 
Tbracian WC 
b) his Coldne 
cording to 
ations, and 
mM wile t 
Wcchus, and 
„ pieces, the 
WS, which 
Jace! Eur; 
de Hream in 
one of th 
Med expedi 
Tant ſtill e. 


Ailtutle, wh 


dure ne 


O R 


OrosrEDA, a mountain of Spain, 
mn from ©, 6. . 

of the " Orrnews, a ſon of CEager by the muſe 
1, The Calliope. Some ſuppoſe him to be fon of 
es, ſtill Anollo, to render his birth more illuſtrious, 
trangled 55 received a ly re from Apollo, or, accord- 
37 years ing to ſome, from Mercury, upon which he 
ad then hyed with ſuch a maſterly hand that even 
2, C. 4 ne moſt rapid rivers ceaſed to flow, the ſa- 
King of yage beaſts of the foreit forgot then wild- 
hoſes neſs, and the mountains moved to liſten to 
ban bis ang. All nature ſeemed charmed and 
b, w 20 animated, and the ny mpi:s were his conttant 
in Italy, companions. Eurydice was the only one 
. IC, v. why made a dee imprethon on the melo— 
F Sarde dos muſician, and their nuptials wert ce- 
7 Ebtatecl. Their happineſs, however, was 
lycrates, ſhort, Ariſtæus became enamou: ed of Eu- 
, rdice, and, as ſhe fled from her purſuer, 

n in the | ' | TY, 
: a ſerpent, that was lurking in the grafs, bit 

A giant, ker ot, and the died of tle poiſoned 


rund. Her loſs was ſevercly felt by Or- 
Nas, und he reſolved to recover het or pe- 
nu in the attempt. With his Tyre in his 
had, he entered the infernal regions, and 
gained an eaſy admiſſion to the palace of 
Pluto, The King of hell was charmed with 
the melody of his ſtrains, and according to 
the beautiful expreſhons of the poets, the 
wheel of Ixion ſtopped, the ſtone of Siſy- 
phus too! till, Tantalus forgot his perpe- 
tual thirſt, and even the furies relented, 
Pluto and Proſerpine were moved with his 
row, and contented to reſtore him Enry- 
Cice, provid-d he forbore looking behind 
tw! be had come to the extremett borders of 
bell. The conditions were gladly accepted, 
and Orpheus was already in fight of the 
upper regions ot the air wien he forgot his 
promiſes, and turned back to look at his. 
bug lot Eurydice, He ſaw her, but ſhe 
aantly vaniſhed from his eyes. He at- 
Empted to tollow her, but he was refuied 
amnifion, and the only comfort he could 
md was to footh his grief at the ſound of 
LS muſical inſtrument in grottus, or on the 
Muntans, He totally ſeparated himſelf 
mm the ſociety of mankind; and the 
Ikncian women, whom he had offended 
by lis coldueſs to their amorous paſſion, or, 
Kcording to others, by his unnatural grati- 
ations, and impure indulgencies, attacked 


rxes, ſent 
with Ex 4 


. C. 33% 
14. — 
A king 
war, who 
1 A ſhip- 
65 v. 34. 
„) nifing 
rapid and 
ancan, bee 
rabo, who 
concetning 
ler ground 
The word 
„ Dionyſ. 
\Ctrab. 10. 


ſcized the 
died B. C. 


on the bor 

which le- 
ſon of Mas 
ſe of quar 

th Athe 
| jt one 9. 
it laſt cong 
thenians b. 


hiaraus ha r 1 
Cerah 9 A While they celebrated tlie orgies of 
A nothe «Khus, and after they had torn his body 


V pieces, they tarew his head into the He- 


A. D. 41s mus, Which ttill articulated the words Eu- 


ry in fevdl 
| own time 
ent, and p! 
ance ot th 
ind of ch. 


t of Hase 


13 into the Agean ſca. Orpheus 
© oe of the Argonauts, of which cele- 
a expedition he wrote a poetical ac- 
want il extant, This is doubted by 
Arie, who ſays, according to Cicero, 

UTC never cxificd an Orphevs, but 
Oz05?EP 


uh PA } 1983 . . o ; 
Fdice Eur) dice! as it was carried down | 


C R 
that the poems which paſs under his name, 
are the compoſitions of a Pythagorean phi- 
loſopher named Cercops. According to 
ſome of the moderns the Argonautica, and 
the other poems attributed to Orpheus, arc 
the production of the pen of Onomacritus,* 
a poct who lived in the age of Piſiſtratus, 
tyrant of Athens. Pauianias, however, 
and Diodorus Siculus ſpeak of Orpheus as 
a great poet and muſician, who rendercd” 
himſelf equally celebrated by his know-- 
ledge of the art of war, by the extent of 
his underftancing, and by the laws which! 
he enacted. Some maintain that ne was 
killed by a thunderbolt. He was buried 
at Pieria in Macedonia, according to Apol-, 
lodorus. The inhabitants of Dion boattedt 
that his tomb was in their city, and the- 
people of mount Libethrus, in Thrace, 
claimed the ſame honor, and farther ob- 
ſerved, that the nightingales, which built 
their neſts near his tomb, ſang with greater 
melody than all other birds. Orpheus, as 
ſome report, after death received divine 
honors, the muſes gave an honorable burial 
to his remains, and his lyre became one of" 
the conſtellations in the heavens. The beſt 
edition of Orpheus is that of Geſner, $8vo. 


5 


Lipſ. 1764. Dio. I, &c.—Pary. r, &c.— 


Apzlled. x, c. 9, &c.—Cic. de Nat. D. 1, c. 
38.—Ap3/len. t.—Virg. Anu. 6, v. 645. C. 
J, v. 457, &c,—Hygin. fab. 14, &c.— 
Owid. Met. io, fab. 1, &c. 1. 11, fab. 1. 
—Plaro Polit. 10. —-Hoerat. 1, od. 13 & 35. 
— Orpheus, ; 

Oxskbick, a daughter of Cinyras and 
Metharme. Apollod. 

Ossis, a nymph who married Hellen, 
Apolled. 

Or$SILLUS, a Perſian who fled to Alex- 
ander, when Beſſus murdered Darius. Curt. 
"x ih. | i 

Orc1.6cnvys, a ſon of Idomeneus, killed 
by Ulyſſes in the Trojan war, &c,—A fon 
of the river Alpheus.—A Trojan kiiled by 
Camilla in the Rutulian wars, &. V.. 
Ain. II, v. 636 & 690. , 

OrsTwrs, one of the officers of Darius, at 
the battle of Arbela, Curt. 10, c. 1. 

OxrsS1PPUs, a man of Megara, who was 
prevented from obtaining a prize at the 
Olympic games, becauſe his cloaths were 
entangied as he ran. This circumſtance was 
the cauſe that, for the future, all the com- 


| batants were obliged to appear naked, 1e. 


15 C. 44: 

M. OrTALvs, a grandſon of Hortenſius, 
who was induced to marry by a prefent from 
Auguſtus, who wiſhed that antient family 
not to be extinguiſhed. Tacit. n. 2, c. 37, 
Val. Max. 3, c. 5.—Suct. in Jiver, * » 

ORTHAGGTRAS, a man wo wrote'a trea- 
tiſe on India, & c. Align, de uin. 

Na 4 A muſician 


O0 5 


A muſician in the age of Epaminondas.— | 
A tyrant of Sicyon. Tue ſovereign autho- 
rity remained upward of 100 years in his 
family. 

OzxTHZA, a daughter of Hyacinthus. 
Apolled, 

OrTHe, a town of Magneſia. Pin. 

ORTHIA, a firname of Diana at Sparta, 
In her ſacrifices it was uſual for boys to be 
whipped. [/V:4, Diamaſtigoſis.] Pl, in 
Theſ. &c. 

RTHOSIA, a town of Caria. I/ v. 45, 
2. 25. Ot Phœnicia. lin. 8, c. 20. 

OrTHRUs, or Orthos, a dog which be- 
longed to Geryon. He had two heads, and 
was ſprung from the union of Echidna and 
Typhon. He was deftroyed by Hercules. 
Hefied. Theog.— Apell;d. 2, c. 5. 

Ox Trö NA. Vid. Artona. 

OrTYG1A, a grove near Epheſus, Tacit. 
Mn. 3, c. 61. A ſmall iſland of Sicily, 
within the bay of Syracuſe, which formed 
once one of the four quarters of that great 
city. It was in this iſtand that the cele- 
brated fountain Arcthuſa aroſe. Ortygia 
is now the only part remaining of the once 
famed Syracuſe, about two miles in cir- 
cumference, and inhabited by 18,000 ſouls, 
It has ſuffered, like the towns on the caſtern 
coaſt, by the eruptions of Atna, Vg. Ar. 
3, v. 694. An antient name of the 
iſland of Delos, Some ſuppoſe that it re- 
ceived this name from Latona, who fled 
thither when changed into a quail, (reg, 
by Jupiter, to avoid the purſuits of Juno, 
Diana was called Ortygia, as being horn 
there; as alſo Apollo. Ovid, Met. 1, v. 
G51. Faſt, 5, v. 692.—Virg. An. 3, v. 
124. 

ORTYG1US, a Rutulian killed by ZEncas, 
FVirg. An. 9, v. 573. 

Oxrvus, or Horus, one of the gods of the 
Egyptians, ſon of Oſiris and of Iſis. He 
aſſiſted his mother in avenging his father, 
who had been murdered by Typhon. Orus 
was ſkilled in medicine, he was acquainted 
with futurity, and he made the good and 
the happineſs of his ſubjects the ſole object 
of his government, He was the emblem 
of the ſun among the Egyptians, and he 
was generally repreſented as an infant, 
ſwathed in variegated cloaths. In one hand 
he held a ſtaff, which terminated in the 
head of a hawk, in the other a whip with 
two thongs. Herodot. 2.—Plut. de Iſid. & 
Of.—Dicd. 1. Tuc firſt King of Trœzene. 
Pauſ. 2, c. 30. 

OR VAN DER, a ſatrap of Perſia, &c. Po- 
ten. 7. 

Oz vx, a place of Arcadia on the Ladon, 
Pauſ. 8, c. 25. 

OsaAcks, a Parthian general, who receiv- 


O 8 


ed a mortal wound from Caſſius, Cic, ad 
Att. 8, ep. 20. 

Os ca, a town of Spain, now Hueſea, in 
Arragon. Liv. 34, c. 10. 

Os cnoPHGRIA, a feſtival obſerved by the 


Athenians. It receives its name «a; Ty 


Þ:{ 86 725 cx; from carrying boughs kung 
up with grapes, called og. Its original 
inſtitution is thus mentioned by Pt. in 
1Theſ. Theſeus, at his return from Crete, 
forgot to hang vut the white ſail, by which 
his father was to be apprized of his ſucceſs, 
This neglect was fatal to /Egeus, who threw 
himſelf into the ſca and periſhed, Theſeus 
no ſooner reached the land, than he ſent 3 
herald to intorm bis tather of his ſafe return, 
and in the mean time he began to make the 
{acrifices which he vowed when he firſt ſet 
ſail from Crete. The herald, on his en. 
trance into the city, found the people in 
great agitation. Some lamented the king's 
death, while others, elated at the ſudden 
news of the victory of Theſeus, crowned 
the herald with garlands in demonſtration of 
their joy. The herald carried back the 
garlands on his ſtaff to the ſea ſhore, and 
after he had waited till Theſeus had finiſhed 
his ſacrifice, he ;elated the melancholy ſton 
of the king's death. Upon this, the peo- 
ple ran in crouds to the city, ſhowing the; 
grief by cries and lamentations. From tha 
circumſtance therefore, at the feaſt of Of 


crowned with garlands, and all the people 
that are preſent always exclaim Atv, ie 
4% the firſt of which expreſſes hatle, and 
the others a conſternation or deprefiion of 
ſririts, The hiſtorian further mentions 
that Theſeus, when he went to Crete, die 
not take with him the uſual number o 
virgins, but that inflead of two of them, i 
filled up the number with two youths of hi 
acquaintance, whom he made pals for wo 
men, by diſguiſing their dreſs, and by uſin 
them to the ointments and perfumes of wo 
men, as well as by a long and ſucces 
imitation of their voice. The impoſitio 
ſucceeded, their ſex was not diſcovered | 
Crete, and when Theſeus bad triumphe 
over the Minotaur, he, with theſe tw 
youths, led a proceſſion with branches! 
their hands, in the fame habit which is ſt 
uſed at the celebration of the Oſchophor\ 
The branches which were carried, were 
honor of Bacchus or Ariadne, or becauſ 
they returned in autumn, when the graps 
were ripe. Beſides this proceſſion, thel 
was alſo a race exhibited, in which on 
young men, whoſe parents were both = 
were permitted to engage. It was uſua 
them to run from the temple of Bacchup a 
that of Minerva, which was on 1 1 


chophoria, not the herald but his ſtaff ig 


tore. 
called 


they e 
there. 


à cup 
it cont 
wine, 
in 07 
050 
the col 
nus a 
they 
Oſci b 
the of! 
ludicre 
menti. 
indece 
ebſcarn 
it A. 
Liv. 1 
v. 730 
Os 
ſame « 
05 
peror | 
051 
23 & 
Os1 
ed . 
v, 655 
Os 
ſun of 
greath 
this ce 
as Kin 
civil. 
to gi 
10 teat 
accom 
ſolved 
other [ 
dom te 
faichſu 
comm. 
to the 
In his 
by his 
cedo, 
Ethio; 
the ad. 
monſte 
on mo 
He aft 
viſited 
Aſia a 
the m 
them t 
lence | 
At his 
of his 
brothe; 
0 ndea Y 
Uluis, 


O 8 


9 


Cic, ad tore. The place where they ſtopped. was moſt pacific nature, endeavoured to con- 

4 dalled 05 00601 becauſe the boughs which ; vince his brother of his ill conduct, but he 
ts they carried in their hands were depoſited | fell a ſacrifice to the attempt. Typhon 
| (ay [ 


there. The rewards of the conqueror was 


murdered him in a ſecret apartment, and 


dby the z cup called I LATED froe-fold, becauſe | cut his body to pieces, which were divided 
459 Tw contained a mixture of five difterent things, among, the aſſociates of nis guilt, Ty phon, 
he kung wine, honey, Cheeſe, meal, and oil. ut. according to Plutarch, ſhut up his brother 
"nid in Theſ, 3 in a coffer and threw hin. into the Nile. 
Piat. is Osct, a people between Campania ang | The enquiries of Iſis diſcovered the body 
n Crete the country of the V olſci, who aſſiſted Tur- of her huſband on the coaſts of Phcnicia, 
y whic K nus againſt Eneas. Some ſuppoſe that where it had been conveyed by the waves, 
g ſucceſs, they are the ſame as the Opici, the word but Typhon ſtole it as It was carrying tg 
ho thiew Oſci being a diminutive or abbreviation of | Memphis, and he divide it among his 
Theſevs the other. The language, the plays, and Companions, as was before obſerved. This 
he fem a ludicrous expreſſions of this nation, are often cruelty incenſed Iſis; the revenged ker buſ- 
fe return, mentioned by the antients, and from their | band's death, and with her ſon Orus, ſpe 
make the indecent tendency ſome ſuppoſe the word defeated Typhun and the partizans of his 
e firſt ſet c ſcuum, (Juuuſi oſcemum), is derived. Ta- conſpiracy. She recovered the mangled 
1 his ene tit Ann. 4, C. 14. —ic, Fam. 7, ep. 1.— pieces of her huſband's body, the genitals 
people in Liv. 10, c. 20,—Strab. 5,—Firg, Ln. 7, excepted, which tne murgerer had thrown 
the King's v. 730. into the ſea, aud to render him all the honor 
ne ſudden 0sc1vs, a mountain with a river of the | which his humanity deſerved, ſhe made ag 
, crowned {fame name in Thrace. Thucyd. | many ſtatues of wax as there were mangled 
\tration of 05cus, a general of the fleet of the em- pieces of his body. Each ſtatue contained 
back the eror Otho. Tacit. 1, hiſt. 17. , a picce of the fleſh of the dead monarch ; 
ſhore, and Ost, a people of Germany. Tacit. G. and Iſis, after the had ſummoned in her 
ad finiſhed 23 & 43. | preſence one by one, the prieſts of all the 
choly Rory Os1x1Us, a king of Cluſium, who _ different deities in her dominions, gave 
„ the peo⸗ ed neus againſt Turnus. Firg. Au. 10, them each a ſtatue, intimating, that in doing 
wing the! v. 658, | that ſhe had preferred them to all the other 
From that Oi» 1s, a great deity of the Egyptians, communities of Egypt, and ſhe bound them 


ealt of Of 


ſun of Jupiter and Niobe. Al} the antients 
greatly differ in their opinions concerning 
this celebrated god, but they all agree that 
as king of Egypt, he took particular care to 
civilize his ſuhjects, to poliſh their morals, ! 
to give them good and ;aiutary laws, and 
to. tcach them agriculture. After he had 


by a ſolemn oath that they would keep ſe- 
cret that mark of her favor, ang! endeavour 
to ſhew their, ſenſe of it by eſtabliſhing a 
form oi worſhip, and paying divine honors 
to their prince. They were further directed 
to chuſe whatever animals they pleaſed to 


his ſtaff ig 
| the peopig 
Atte, e 
bafle, and 
leprefiion of 
r mentions 


o Crete, Gd 
| number 0 

of them, i 
youths of h1 
paſs for wo 
and by uſing 
umes of wo 
nd ſucceſstu 
e impoſitio 
diſcovered | 
d triumphe 
h theſe tv 
1 branches | 
which is ſt 
Oſchophort 
Tried, were 
e, or becaul 
en the grape 
oceſſhon, thel 
1 which on 
ere both ally! 
t was uſual 
of Bacchus, ö 
s on the 5 


ſho 


other parts of the earth. 


| repreſent the perſon and he divinity of 
a:compliſhed a reform at home, Oſiris re- Ofiris, and they were enjoined to pay the 
foived to go and ſpread civilization in the greateſt reverence to that repreſentative of 


He left his Kking- divinity, and to bury it when dead with the 


dom to the care of his wife Iſis, and of her | greateit tolemnity. To render. their eſta- 


faithful minifter Hermes or Mercury. The; bliſhment more popular, each ſacerdatal 


body had a certain portion of land allotted 
to them to manitain them, and to defray 
the expences which neceſſarily attended the 
ſacrifices and ceremonial rites. 
of the body of Oftris which had not been 
recovered, was treated with more particular 
attention by Iſis, and ſhe ordered that it 
ſhould receive - honors more ſolemn and at 
the ſame time more myſterious than the 
other meinbers | Vid. Phallica,.] As Otiris 
had particularly inſtructed his ſubjects in 
cultivating tae ground, the prieſt choſe the 
ox, to repreſent him, and paid the moſt ſu» 
perſtitious veneration to that animal. { Vid. 
s.] Ofiris, according to the opinion of 
ſome mythologiſts, is the ſame as the ſung 
and the adoration which is paid by different 
nations to an Anubis, a Bacchus, a Diony- 
ſus, a Jupiter, a Pan, &c. is the ſame as 


command of his troops at home was left 
tothe truſt of Hercules, a warlike officer. 
In his expedition Ofiris was accompanied 
by his brother Apollo, and by Anubis, Ma- 
cedo, and Pan, His march was through 

thiopia, where his army was encreaſed by 
the addition of the Satyrs,. a hairy race of 
monſters, who made dancing and playing 
en muſical inſtruments their chief ſtudy. 
He afterwards paſſed through Arabia, and 
vitted the greateſt part of the kingdoms of 
Alia and of Europe, where he enlightened 
the minds of men by introducing among 
them the worſhip of the gods, and a reve- 
ence for the wiſdom of a ſupreme being. 
At his return home Oſiris found the minds 
of his ſubjects rouſed and agitated. His 
brother T yphon had raiſed ſeditions, and 
endeavoured to make himſelf popular. 
Uluis, whoſe ſentiments were always of the 


— —-—-— — 4D + 


That part 


that which Oluis received in the Egyptian 


tem bles. 


* wt wy oe ow 


2 — nk MES 


— — 


O 8 


demples. Iſis alſo after death received di- 
vine honors as well as her huſpand, and as 
the ox was the ſymbol of the ſun, or Oſiris, 
fo the cow was the emblem of the moon, 
or of Iſs, Nothing can give a clearer idea 
of the power and greatneſs of Ofiris than 
this inſcription, which has been found on 
ſome antient monuments: Saturn, the 
youngeſt of ail the gods, was my father, I am 
Oris, who conducted a large ind numerous 
army as far as the defarts of Inſia, and tra- 
welled over the greateff part bf the world, 
and wvifited the fireams of the Ifer, and the 
remote flares of the ocean, diffuſing benew- 
nge to ail the inhabitants of the earth. 
Oſiris was generally reprefented with a cap 
on his head like a mitre, with two horns ; 
he held a ſtick in his left hand, and in his 
right a whip with three thongs. Some- 
times he appears with the head of a hawk, 
as that bird, by its quick and piercing eyes, 
is a proper emblem of the fun. Plut. in 
17 4. & Of. —Herndet. 24 C. 144.—Dicd,. I, 
— Homer, Od. 12.-— Ailian. de Anim, 3.— 
Frcian de Dea Syr .—Plin. 8.—— A Perſian 
general, who hved 450, B. C. A friend 
of Turnus, killed in the Rutulian war. 
Virg. An. 12, v. 453. 

Osiesttt, a people of Gaul in Britanny. 
Ale. 3. c. 2.4 ſ. B. . 2, . 34. 

Osriiacgrs, a tiver of Macedonia. Liv. 
31, c. 39. 

Osr nor, a country of Meſopotamia, 
which received this name from one of its 
kings called Ofrhoes, 

OssA, a loity mountain of Theſſaly, once 
the rehdence of the Centaurs. It was for- 
merty 1ined to wount Olympus, but Her- 
cules, as tom: report, i parated them, and 
made between them tic celebrated valley of 
Tempe. Thins feparation of the two moun- 
tains was more probably effected by an 
earthquake, which happened, as fabulous 
2ccounts reprefent, about 1855 years before 
the chriftian era. Ola was one ef thoſe 
mountains which the giants, in their wars 
againſt the gods, heaped up oue on the 
ether to ſcale the heavens with more faci- 


lity, Mela, 2, c. 3.—Ovid. Met. 1, v. 155. | 


L. v. 425. I. 7, iv. £24. N. Is v. 307. 
I. 3, v. 441.— Stab g. - Lucan. 1 & 6.— 
Virg. G. 1, v. 281. —4A town of Mace- 
donia. 

OsTEODES, an ifland near the Lipari 
iſles. 

OsT1A, a town built at the mouth of the 
river Tiber by Ancus Martius, king of 
Rome, about 16 miles diſtant from Rome. 
It had a cclebrated harbour, and was fo 
pleaſantly ſituated that the Romans gene- 
rally ſpent a part of the year there as in a 
country ſeat, There was a ſmall tower in 


the port like the Pharos of Alexandria, 


| 
| 


9 7 
built upon the wreck of a large ſhip which 
had been ſunk there, and which contained 


| the obeliſks of Egypt, with which the Ro- 


ä—N2— — — —— — 


— — —— ͥ᷑ ͥ¶ul—T 


— — —— 


— — — — 


| 


man emperors intended to adorn the capital 
of Italy. In the age of Strabo the fand 
and mud depoſited by the Tiber had 
choked the harbour, and added much ts 
the ſize of the holy iflands, which ſheltered 
the ſhips at the entrance of the river. Oftia 
and her harbour called Portus, became gra- 
dually ſeparated, and are now at a conſide- 
rable diſtance from the ſea, Fler x, c. 4. 
—Liv. 1, c. 33-— Mela 2, e. 4.—Sueton,— 
Plin, 

OsToRrIUs SCAPUELA, a man made go- 
vernor of Britain, He died A.D, 55. 
Tacit. Ann. 16, c. 23. Another, who 
put himfelf to death when accuſed before 
Nero, &c. Id. 14, c. 48. Sabinus, 2 
man who accuſed Soranus, in Nero's reign, 
Id. 16, c. 33. | 

OsTRACINE, a town of Egypt on the 
con ſines of Paleſtine. Pn. 5, c. 12. 

OsyYMANnDYAS, a magnificent king of 
Egypt in a remote period. 

OTAC1L1%s, a Roman conſul ſent againſt 
the Carthaginians, &c, 

OTires, a noble Perfian, one of the 
ſeven who conſpired againſt the uſurper 
Smerdis, It was through him that the 
uſurpation was firſt diſcovered, He was 
afterwards appointed by Darius over the ſea 
coaſt of Afia Minor, and took Byzantium, 
Herodot. 3, c. 70, &c. 

O1Hno, M. Sarvivs, 2a Roman emperor 
defcended from the antient Kings of Etrurn. 
He was one of N-ro's favorites, and as ſuch 
lie was raiſed to the ligkeit offices of the 
ſtate and made governor of Pannonia by 
the intereſt of Seneca, who wiſhed to re- 
move him from Rome, left Nero's love for 
Poppæa ſhould prove his ruin. After Ne- 
ro's dcath Othe conciliated the favor of 
Galba the new emperor ; but when he 
did not gain his point, and when Galba had 
refuſed to adopt him as his ſucceſſor, he 
reſolved to make himſelf abſolute without 
any regard to the age or Cignity of his 
friend. The great debts which he had con- 
tracted encouraged his avarice, and he cauſ- 
ed Galba to be aſſaſſinated, and he made 
himſelf emperor. He was acknowledged 
by the ſenate and the Roman people, but 
the ſudden revolt of Vitellius in Germany 
rendered his ſituation precarious, and it 
was mutually reſolved that their reſpective 
right to the empire ſhould be decided by 
arms. Otho obtained three victories over 
his enemies, but in a general engagement 
near Brixellum, his forces were defentcd, 
and he flabbed himſelf when all hopes of 
ſucceſs were vaniſhed, after a reign ol mow 
thrice months, on the 20th of April A. 69. 


69. It 
laſt mo! 
2 philoſ 
who lan 
his conc 


comfort: 
would 
frienc's - 
was 1107 
of then 
tellius l. 
ment fr 
letters u 
Vitellius 
againſt t 
an unfor 
humane 
aſſociate 
who ſtai 
maſter. 
and paſſe 
not of a 
heart 
Hit. c. 
clus, A tl 
cero's co 
mit the! 
to have 1 
the ſenat 
lence by 
xc. H 
of the R 
nite of C 
Orus 
who fou, 
two nati 
to Thyre 
nius, anc 
Argives! 
victory, 
ec amony 
of his we 
ſome of 
the Argi 
men; al 
had wri 
on 
Willing t 
men. 
— 41 
Trojan | 
Ochryas. 
Oran 
the T ro}; 
fandra. 
Mer, ll. | 


p which 
mtained 
the Ro- 
e capital 
he fand 
ber had 
nuch ts 
heltered 
. Oſtia 
me gra- 
conſide- 
1, c. 4. 
ueton.— 


ade go- 
D. 55. 
er, who 
| before 
binus, 2 
s reign, 


on the 
12. 
king of 


t againſt 


of tlie 
uſurper 
that the 
He was 
r the ſea 
antium. 


emperor 
Etruri. 
as ſuch 
s of the 
onia by 
| to fe- 
love for 
ter Ne- 
ſavor of 
hen he 
ba had 
ſſor, he 
without 
ol his 
ad con- 
he cauſ- 
e made 
vledged 
Je, but 
ermany 
and it 

ſpective 
ded by 
es over 
gement 
efeated, 
,opecs of 
about 
A. P. 
69. 


FF 


60, It has been juſtly obſerved, that the | 
1 moments of Otho's life were thofe of 


a philoſopher. He comforted his ſoldiers 
who lamente*! his fortune, and he expreſſed 


bis concern for their ſafety, when they car- | 


neftly folicited to pay him the laſt friendly 
offices before he ſtabbed himſelf, and he 
obſerved that it was better that one man 
would die, than that all ſhouid be involved 
in tuin for bis obftinacy. His nephew was 
pale ant J.fireſſed, fearing the anger and 
dug! ine ſs of the conqueror ; but Otho 
comforted him, and obſerved, that Vitellius 
would he kind and affectionate to the 
friends and relations of Otho, ſince Otho 
was not aſhamed to ſay, that, in the time 
of then greateſt enmity, the mother of Vi- 
tellins had received every friendly treat- 
ment from his hands. He alſo b:irnt the 
ktters which, by falling into the hands of 
Viclllus, might provoke his refcntment 
aint thoſe who had favored the cauſe of 
an unfortunate general. Theſe noble and 
humane ſentiments in a man who was the 
afociate of Nero's ſhameful pleaſures, and 
who ſtained his hand in the blood of his 
maſter, have appeared to ſome wonderful, 
and paſſed for the features of policy, and 
not of a naturally virtuous and benevolent 
heart. Pat. in vita.—Suet.—Tacit. 2, 
Rift. c. o, &c,— Juv. 2, v. 90. Roſ- 
tius, a tribune of the people, who, in Ci- 
er's conſulſhip, made a regulation to per- 
mit the Roman knights at public ſpectacles 
to hav? the 14 firſt rows after the ſeats of 
the ſenators. This was oppoſed with viru- 
lence by ſome, but Cicero ably defended it, 
xc. Herat. ep. 4, v. 10. The father 
of the Roman emperor Otho was the favo- 
nte of Claudius. 

OTaxvyAnDes, one of the 300 Spartans 
who fought againſt 300 Argives, when thoſe 
two nations diſputed their reſpective right 
to Thyrea, Two Argives, Alcinor and Cro- 
nius, and Othryades ſurvived the battle. The 
Argives went home to carry the news of their 
victory, butOthryades, who had been reckon- 
ec among the number of the ſlain, on account 
of his wounds, recovered himſelf and carricd 
ſme of the {poils of which he had tripped 
the Argives, into the camp of his country - 
men; and after he had raiſed a trophy, and 

ad written with his own blood the word 
son his ſhield, he killed himſelf, un- 
Willing to ſurvive the death of his country- 
men. Val. Max. 3, c. 2.—Plut. Parall. 
——A patronymic given to Pantheus, the 
Trojan prieſt of Apollo, from his father 
Uthryas, Virg. An. 2, v. 319. 

Orukvoxzos, a Thracian who came to 
the Trojan war in hopes of marrying Caſ- 


ſandra. He Was killed by Idomencus, Ho- 
Mer, I. 13. 


. 


—_ 


| 


© V 


Oznzys, a mountain, or rather a chain 
of mountains in Theſſaly, the reſidence of 
the Centaurs. Strab. g9.—Heredor, 7, c. 
I29.—Virg, An. 7, V. 675. 

OTREvs, a King of Phrygia, ſon of 
Ciſſeus, and brother to Kecuba. 

QOTR@®DA, a ſmall town on the confines 
of Bithynia, 


OrTus & EyntALTEs, ſons of Neptune. 


Vid, Aloides. 

Ortys, a prince of Paphlagonia, who 
re volted from the Perſians to Agchilaus, 
Ae no pl. | 

P. Ovipivs Naso, a celebrated Roman 
poet born at Sulmo, As he was intended for 
the bar, his father ſent him early to Rome, 
and removed him to Athens in the ſixteenth 
year of his age. The progreſs of Ovid in the 
ſtudy of eloquence was great, but the father's 


expectations were fruſtrated ; his ſon was 


born a poet, and nothing could deter him 
trom purſuing his natural inclination, though 


he was often reminded that Homer lived 


and died in the greateſt poverty. Every 
thing he wrote was expreſſed in poetical 
numbers, as he himſelf ſays, ert 9e i ten- 
tabam ſeribere verſus erat, A lively genius 
and a fertile imagination ſoon gained him 
admirers; the learned became his friends; 
Virgil, Propertius, Tibullus, and Horace, 
honored him with their cortreſpondence, 
and Auguſtus patronized him with the 
moſt unbounded liberality, Theſe favors, 
however, were but momentary, and the 
poet was ſoon after baniſhed to Tomos on 
the Euxine fea, by the emperor. The true 
cauſe of this ſudden exile is unknown. 
Some attribute it to a ſhameful amour with 
Livia the wife of Auguſtus, while others 
ſupport that it aroſe from the knowledge 
which Ovid had of the unpardonable inceſt 
of the emperor with his emp Þ ary 
Theſe reaſons are indeed merely conjectural, 
the cauſe was of a very private and very 
ſecret nature, of which Ovid himſelf is 
afraid to ſpeak. It was, however, ſome- 
thing improper in the family and court of 
Auguſtus, as theſe lines ſeem to indicate: 
Cur aliquid vidi? Cur noxia lumina feci ? 

Cur imprudenti cognita culpa mihi eſt ? 
Inſcius Actæen vidit Free veſte Dianam, 

Preda fuit canibus non minus ille ſuis, 
Again, 

Inſcia quod crimen viderunt lumina ploctar, 

Peccatumgue oculas e habuiſſe meum, 

And in another place, 
Perdiderunt cum me dug crimina, earmen et 
error, 

Alterius ſacti culpa ſilenda miki eft. 

In his baniſhment, Ovid betrayed his 
puſillanimity, and however atflicted and 
diſtreſſed his ſituation was, yet the flattery 
and impatience which he ſhowed in his 

Wwriikungs 


— — - 
— — — t2ꝓ— — 
2 
. 2 4 * 


writings are a diſgrace to his pen, and ex- 
poſe him more to ridicule than pity. 
Though he proſtituted his pen and his time 
to adulation, yet the emperor proved deaf 
to all entreaties, and refuſed to iiſten to his 
molt ardent friends at Rome, who wiſhed 
for the return of the poet. Ovid, who 
undoubtedly wiſhed for a Brutus to deliver 
Rome of her tyrannical Auguſtus, continued 
his flattery even to meanneſs ; and when the 
emperor died, he was ſo mercenary as to con- 
ſecrate a ſmall temple to the departed tyrant, 
on the ſhore of the Euxine, where he regu- 
larly offered frankincenſe every morning. 
Tiberius proved as regardleſs as his prede- 
cc ſſor, to the entreaties which were made tor 
Ovid, and the poet died in the 7th or E&th year 
of his baniſhment, in the 59th year of his 
age, A. D. 17, and was buried at T »mos. 
In the year 1505 of the Chriſtian era, the 
following, epitaph was found at Stain, in 
the modern kingdom of Auſtria. 


Hic fetus eff vates quem Divi Cæſaris ira 
Auguſii patria cedere juffit hume. 
Sepe miſer voluit patriis rccumbere terris, 

Sed fruſtra ! Hunc ill! fata dedere 


torum. 


This, however, is an impoſition to render 
celcbrated an obſcure corner of the world, 


which never contained the bones of Ovid. 


The greateſt part of Ovid's poems are re- 
maining. His Metamorpheſes in 15 books 
are extremely curious, on account of the 
many different mythological facts and tra- 
ditions which they relate, but they can have 
no claim to an epic poem. In compoſing 
this, the poet was more indebted to the 
then exiſting traditions, and to the theogony 
of the antients, than to the powers of his 
own imagination. His Fafti were divided 
into 12 books, the fame number as the con- 
ftellations in the zodiac; but of theſe fix 


have periſhed, and the learned world have 


reaſon to lament the loſs of a poem, which 
T.aft have thrown fo much light upon the 
religious rites and ceremonies, feftivals and 
facrifices of the antient Romans, as we may 
judge from the fix that have ſurvived the 
ravages of time and barbarity. His Tria, 
wnich arc divided into five books, contain 
much elegance and ſoftneſs of expreſſion, as 
alſo his Elegies on different ſubjects. The 
Heroides are nervous, ſpirited, and diffuſe, 
the poetry is excellent, the language varied, 
but the expreſſions are often too wanton and 
indelicate, a fault which is common in his 
compoſitions. His three books of Amrum, 
and the ſame number de Arte Amandi, with 
rhe other de Remedio Amoris, are written with 
great elegance, and contain many flowery de- 
{criptions; but the doctrine which they hold 
ferth is dangerous, and they are to be read 


3 


—— —— —— — ——ũ‚—łw— 


— — 


| with caution, as they ſeem to be calculated 
to corrupt the heart, and ſap the foundations 


of virtue and morality. His Ibis, which is 
written in imitation of a poem of Callima. 
chus of the ſame name, is a ſatyrical per. 
formance. Beſides theſe, there are extany 
ſome fragments of other poems, and among 
theſe ſome of a tragedy called Medea, The 
talents of Ovid as a dramatic writer have 
been diſputed, and ſome have obſerved, that 
he who is ſo often void of ſentiment, waz 
not born to ſhine as a tragedian, Ovid haz 
attempted perhaps too many ſorts of poetry 
at once. On whatever he has Mitten, he 
has totally exhaufted the ſubje& and leſt 
nothing unſaid, He every where paints na. 
ture with a maſterly hand, and gives 
ſtrength to the moſt vulgar expreſſions, It 
has been judiciouſſy obſerved, that his poetry, 
after his baniſhment from Rome, was de- 
ſtitute of chat ſpirit and vivacity which we 
admire in his other compoſitions. His Faft 
are perhaps the beſt written of all his poems, 
and after them we may fairly rank his love 
verſes, his Hereides, and after all his Meta. 
mor phaſes, which were not totally finiſhed 
when Auguſtus ſent him into baniſhment. 
His Epiſtles from Pontus are the language of 
an abject and puſillanimous flatterer. Hows 
ever critics may cenſure the indehcacy and 
the inaccuracies of Ovid, it is to be ac» 
knowledged that his poetry contains great 
ſweetneſs and elegance, and, like that of 
T:bullus, charms the car and captivates the 
mind. Ovid mariicd three wives, but of the 
laſt alone he ſpeaks with fondneſs and af- 
fection. He had only one daughter, but by 
which of his wives is unknown ; and ſhe 
herſelf became mother of two children, by 
two huſbands. The beſt editions of Ovid's 
works, are thofe of Burman, 4 vols. 40. 
Amit. 1727; of L. Bat. 2670, in Svo. and 
of Utrecht, in 12mo. 4 vols. 1713. Ovid, 
Trift. 3 & 4, &c,—Paterc. 2.— Martial. 3 
& 8.— A man who accompanied his 
friend Cæſonius when baniſhed from Rome 
by Nero. Martial. 7, ep. 43. : 
OvINxIA LEX, was enacted to permit the 
cenſors to ele and admit among the num- 
ber of the ſenators the beſt and the worthiek 


of the people. 


Ovixtus, a freedman of Vatinius, the 
friend of Cicero, &c. Quintil, 3, c. 4 
Quintus, a Roman ſenator, puniſhed by 
Auguſtus, for diſgracing his rank iu ts 
court of Cleopatra. Eutrop. 1. 

OxXATHRES, a brother of Darius, greatly 
honored by Alexander, and made _— 
his generals. Curt. 7, C. ,——Anotncl 
Perſian, who favored the cauſe of Alexan- 
der. Curt. 


Ox1iDAT#s, a Perfian whom Darius con 


demned to death. Alexander took "i 
' | _ + » priſonch 


qrifoner ' 
vernor ol 
and was 
«8, 
Ox1M1 
Qx10\ 
ſuperſtitic 
the count 
body hike 
6, 
? Ox vs, 
Cilon, fa 
ſea. Pli 
this. 
Oxvya 
(arrender 
OxyCc! 
of Alexar 
Oxvv! 
c. 4. 
SP 
when the 
was rewa 
Pau. 5, 
jogenia. 
Oxyx 
1149, | 
Oxvet 
tharme., 
Orxyx' 
Nile, 5. 


ACA 

ral « 
claimed | 
the latter 
ſoon after 
death, & 
Pacci 
age of D. 
Pacht 
lene, xc 
PACH1 
à promon 
miles inte 
ſula, at t 
with a f 
drab, 6. 
J. 699.— 
M. pa 
by Tiberi 
Noic phil 
Was bar! 
fires fr 
IX an 
ACOE 
Codes, | 


1 Whg: 


92 0 2 | 
ner, and ſome time aſter made him ge-] Oꝛzfixes, a Perfian impriſoned by Cra» 
cc of Media. He became oppreſhve | terus, becauſe he attempted to revolt from 


| as removed, Curt. 3, c. 3. I. 9, Alexander, Curt. 9, c. 10. 8 
— - i ; a Oz NL or Ozꝭut, a people who inha- 
which is Oxturs, 2 people of European Sarmatia. | bited the caſtern parts of Mtolia, which 
allima. Ox10%, a nation of Germans, whom | were called Ozofea, This tract of territory 
cal per. ſuperſtitious traditions repreſented as having | lay at the north of the bay of Corinth, and 
e extant the countenance human, and the reſt of the | extended about 12 miles northward. They 
| among boch like that of beaſts, Tucit. de Germ.] received their name from the bad ffench 
a. The 6 7 (oCn) of their bodies and of their cloathing, 
er have Oxvs, a large river of Bactriana, now | which was the raw hides of wild beaſts, 
red, that Ciken, falling into the eaſt of the Caſpian | Some derive it with more propriety from 
ent, Was fa, Plin. 16, c. 6. Another in Scy- | the ſtench of the ſtaguated water in the 
Ovid has this. . neighbouring lakes and marſhes. Accord- 
f poetry OxvaRts, a king of Bacttiana, who | ing to a fabulous tradition, they received 
itten, he {arrendered to Alexander. their name from a very different circum- 
and leſt Oxycinvus, an Indian prince in the age | ſtance : During the reign of a ſon of Deus 
aints na- of Alexander, &c. calion, a bitch brought into the world a 
nd gives Orrs Ac, a nation of India, Curt. | ſtick inſtead of whelps. The ſtick was 
ions. It 0. 4 planted in the ground by the King, and it 
is poetry, Oxit.us, a leader of the Heraclidz, | grew up to a large vine and produced grapes, 
was de- when they recovered the Peloponneſus. He | from which the inhabitants of the country 
which we was rewarded with the Kingdom of Elis. | were called Oxolæ, not from een, 1 ſmell? 
His Faft Pauſ, 5, c. 4.—A ſon of Mars and Pro- 5ad, but from g, a branch or ſprout. 
is poems, wenia, Apollcd. 1, c. 7. The name of Ozolæ, on account of its in- 
& his love OxzxTHES, a king of Athens, B. C.] delicate ſignification, highly diſpleaſed the 
his Meta. 1149, He reigned 12 years. inhabitants, and they exchanged it ſoon for 
y hniſhed OxveGn us, a ſon of Cinyras and Me- that af Ztolians, Pau. 10, c. 33.—Hes 
nithment, tharme, Apellod. 3, c. 14. rodot, 8, c. 32. 
nguage of OxyavxCaus, a town of Egypt on the 
er. How, WY Nic, S. | 
ICacy an « 
* 1 uit — —„—öͤ 1 hs 
ans great 
e that of 
tivates tlie PA PA 
but of the 
s and af- ACATIANUS, Titus Julius, a gene- | took priſoner. He took Syria from the Ro- 
er, but by ral of the Roman armies, who pro- mans, and ſupported the republican party 
; and ſhe claimed himſelf emperor in Gaul, about | of Pompey, and of the murderers of Ju- 
ildren, by the latter part of Philip's reign. He was | lius Cæſar. He was killed in a battle by 
of Ovid's ſoon after defeated, A. D. 249, and put to | Ventidius Baſſus, B. C. 39, on the ſime 
vols. 40, death, &c. day (gth of June) that Craſſus had been 
1 $vo. and acctus, an inſignificant poet in the | defeated. Flor. 4, c. 9,—Herat, 3, od. 6, 
13. Ovid, ge of Domitian, Fuv. 7, v. 12. V. 9. A king of Parthia, who made a 
Martial. 3 PACHES, an Athenian, who took Mity- | treaty of alliance with the Romans, &0. 
panied bis line, &c. Ariſt, Polit. 4. Another, intimate with king Decebas 
rom Rome PACKINUS, or Pachynus, now Paſſaro, | lus. | 


permit the 
g the num» 
ie worthieſt 


atinius, the 
c. 4— 
uniſhed by 
ank iu tue 
rius, greatly 
ade one of 


Another 
ef Alexana“ 


Darius con- 
' took bim 
„ prilonet 


« promontory of Sicily, projecting about 2 
ml es into the fea, in the form of a penin- 
ſula, at the ſouth- caſt corner of the iſland, 
vith a ſmall harbour of the ſame name. 
Arab. 6.-—Mela. . . 7,-Virg, nu. 3, 
Y. bgg.—Pauſ. 5, c. 25. 
* Pacoxivs, a Roman put to death 
1 Tiberius, &c, Suet. in Tih, 61, A 
Role philoſopher, ſon of the preceding. He 
Was baniſied from Italy by Nero, and he 
rt from Rome with the greateſt com- 
Plue and indifference. Arrian. 1, c. 1. 
Pacözos, it» eldeſt of the 30 ſons of 


ad KS 24 5 . * 
60 Kg of Parthia, ſent againſt Craſ- 


PACTGLUs, a celebrated river of Lydia, 
riſing in mount Tmolus, and falling into 
the Hermus aſter it has watered the city of 
\ Sardes, It was in this river that Midas 
waſhed himſelf ,when he tyrned into gold 


whatever he touched; and from that cir- 


cumſtance it ever after rolled golden ſand, 
and received the name of Chryſorrhoas, It 
is called Tmolus by Pliny. Strabo ob- 
{erves, that it had na golden ſands in his 
age. Virg. n. 10, v. 142.—Strab, 18,—, 
Ovid. Met. 11, v. 86, —Hereadet. 5, c. 110. 
—Plin, 33, c. 8. 

Pa cr vas, a Lydian entruſted with the 


1905 u u defcated, and whom he | 


care of the trealures af Crœſus at Sardes, 


3 


— —— — „% . !— m— — — — 
- L * : 2 = 1 8 4 A 


— 


— 


„% LOS vo Sr game ve. - 
SD, 


—— — — H7—Vñ. . ——ů——ů˙ꝰC — 


T A 

The immenle riches which he could com- 
mand, ceirupted him, and to make him- 
ſelf independent, he gathered a large army. 
He laid ſiege to the citadel of Sardes, but the 
arrival of one of the Perſian generals ſoon 
put him to flight. He retired to Cumz and 
afterwards to Leſbos, where he was deli- 
vered into the hands of Cyrus. Herodet. 1, 
e. 154, &c.—Pauſ. 2, c. 35. 

PacTYE, a town of the Thracian Cher- 
ſoneſus. 

PACTYES, a mountain of Ionia, near 
Epheſus. Strub. 14. 

PAcTUvius, M. a native of Brunduſium 
fon of the ſiſter of the poet Ennius, who 
diſtinguiſhed himſelf by his ſkill in paint- 
ing, and by his poetics] talents. He wrote 


ſatires and tragedies which were repreſented | 


at Rome, and of which the names o: two, 
Amphion and Zethus and Oreſtes, are pre- 
ſerved, Oreſtes was conſidered as the vet 
fniſhed performance; his ſtile, however, 
was rough and without either purity or ele- 
gance. Some few fragments remain of his 
compoſitions. He retired to Tarentum, 
where he died in the goth ycar of his age, 
bout 121 years before Chrilt, Cc. de orat, 
2, ad Heren. 2, c. 27.— IIcrat. 2, ep. 1, V. 
56. — until. 10, C. I. | 

Pav*1, an Indian nation, who devour 
their ſick before they die. Herodet. 3, c. 


99. 

PAapINUM, now Bondeno, a town on 
the Po, where it begins to branch into dif- 
ferent channels. 'n. 3, c. 15. 

PAvUA, a town called alſo Patavium, in 
the country of the Venetians, founded by 
Antenor immediately after the Trojan war. 
It was the native place of the hiſtorian Livy. 
The inhabitants were once ſo powerful that 
they could levy an army of 20,000 men. 
Strub. 5.—Mela. 2, C. 4.— irg. Au. I, 
v. 251. 

Papus, (now called the, Po) a river in 
Italy, known alſo by the name of Aridanus, 
which forms the northern boundary of the 
territories of Italy. It riſes in mount Ve- 
ſulus, one of the higheſt mountains of the 
Alps, and after it has collected in its courſe 
the waters of above 30 rivers, diſcharges 
itſelf in an eaſtern direction into the Adri- 
aric ſea by ſeven moutlis, two of whieh 
oaly the Plana or Volana, and the Paduſa, 
were formed by nature. It was formerly 
ſzid that it rolled gold duſt in its ſands, 
which was carefully ſearched by the inha- 
bitants. The conſuls C. Flaminius Nepos, 
and P. Furius Philus, were the firſt Roman 
generals who crotled it. The Po is famous 
far the death of Phacton, who, as the poets 
mention, was thrown down there by the 
thunderbolts of Jupiter. Ovid. Met, 2, v. 


| 


| 


258, & Cc. cia 2, C. 4. — Lucan, 23 & C. 


„ 


PF” Xx 

. 2. ; 
PapusA, the moſt ſouthern mo ſomed ty 

tk . 
the Po, conſidered by ſome writers ay» Ed 4 
Po itſelf. (Vid. Padus.) It was ſaid to "yp 
abound in ſwans, and from it there was 3 * 0 
cut to the town of Ravenna, Ving. Mn 3 
IT, v. 457. E - 1 
Pax, a firname of Apollo, derived * 


from the word pan, an hymn which Was hb 
ſung in his honor, becauſe he had killed the . Vid 
ſerpent Python, which had given cauſe to C . 
the people to exclaim [» Pæan ! The ex- . a 
clamation of Io Pæan ! was made uſe of in C pt 
ſpeaking to the other gods, as it often was "mY 
a demonſtration of joy. Juv. 6, v. 171, ls ; 
Oui. Met. 1, v. 538. J. 14, v. 720.— A 
Lucan. 1, &c,—Strab. 18, . V3 Pl, 
PADARETUS, a Spartan who, on not being pro ls. 
elected in the number of the 300 ſent on . 21 
an expedition, &c. declared, that inſtead * 
of being montified, he rejoiced that 300 \; "pany 
men hetter than himſelf could be found in . | 
Sparta. Put. in Lye. * v 
Pæblus, a lieutenant of J. Czfar in Bance not 
Spain, who propoſed a law to punith with Argonauts 
death all ſuch as were concerned in the mu- tinguiſhed | 
der of his patron, &c. 2 
PMANI, a people of Belgie Gaul, are differen 


luppoſed to dwell in the preſent country, 
at the weft of Luxemburg. Czf. G. 2, 
c. 4+ 

Pxox, a Greek hiſtorian. Plut. in Theſ, 


the inhabit 
the fituatic 
Mences. 0 


Luan, 
A celebrated phyfician who cured the ., c.; % 
wounds which the gods reccived during the 0, v. 17.— 
Trojan war. From him phyſicians are WW, v. 233, 
ſometimes called Pæenii, and herbs ſer- Pad 
viceable in medicinal proceſſes Pu . A 
herbe. Virg. An. 7, v. 769.—0vid, Met, Pack x, 
15, v. 535. of Cilicia, 
Px6yxs, a people of Macedonia, whe Pacus, 
inhabited a ſmall part of the country called . c. ;. 
Tonia. Some believe that they were de- PALACH 
ſcended from a Trojan colony. Pau. 5 de Thraciar 
c. I.—Herodet. 5, c. 13, &c. ae on the 
Px NA, a country of Macedonia, on warde t 
the borders of the Strymon. It received its WW Pars, 4 
name from Pzon, a ſon of Endymion, who r. /,,, 
ſettled there. Liv, 42, c. 51. I. 45, c. 29. PALAA, 
A ſmall town of Attica. lallcaia. 
PAxinivrs, a name given to the daugh- Pat. zap! 
ters of Pierus, whe were defeated by the Spain, 
Muſes, becauſe their mother was a native d PaLtMo 
Pæonia. Ovid, Met, 5, ult. fab. of Ath; 
Pros, a ſmall town of Arcadia. Me was A. 
P+$o0s, a town of the Helleſpont called Falxmon, 
alfo Apæſos, ſituated at the north of Lamp- WWalea deity 
ſacus. When it was deſtroyed the inhabi- A note 
tants migrated to Lampſacus, where they Nee of Tiber 
ſettled. They were of Mileſian origin. by his a 
Strab. 13. - Homer, II. 2. 1A 
Psi Uu, a town of Lucania, called alſe Flune, l 
Neptunis and Popudenisa by the Greek | 


Where 


* 


P A 


lere the ſoil produced roſes which bloſ- 
qmed twice à Year. The antient walls of the 
own, about three miles in extent, are ſtill 
aantingy and likewiſe venerable remains of 
temples and porticoes. The Sins 1 4 an, 
in which it ſtood is now called the gulf of 
ele, Virge. C. 4, ». 119. —Ovid, Met. 
15, v -93, Pont. 2, el. 4, v. 28. 


—Plr, 


outh of 
as the 
ſaid to 
e Was 2 


g. An, 


derived PaToviuM, a town of Pannonia. 

uch was Cc NA Pæros, the huſband of Ar- 
illed the tn. (Vid. Aria. A governor of Ar- 
cauſe to menia, under Nero. A Roman who 
The ex- conſpired with Catiline againft his country, 
uſe of in A man drowned as ne was going to 
ten was Egypt to collect money. Prepert. 3, el. 7, 
V. 171. 5. 5 


Of Lo- 


Paos, a town of Megaris. 
es, Plin, 4, c. 3. 


7 720.— 


not heing Picisz or PAGASA, a thwn of Mag- 
> ſent on tha, in Macedonia, with an harbour and a 
t inſtead promontory of the ſame name. The ſhip 
that 308 Argo was built there, as ſome ſuppoſe, and 
found in xcording o Propertius, the Argonauts ſet 

fail from that harbour. From that circum- 
Czfar in fance not only the ſhip Argo, but alſo the 
miſh with Argonauts themſelves, were ever after diſ- 
the mur- tnguiſhed by the epithet of Pagaſers. Pliny 


confounds Pagaſæ with Demetrias, but they 
are different, and the latter was peopled by 
the inhabitants of the former, who preferred 
the fituation of Demetrias for its conve- 
nences. Ovid, Met. 7, v. 1. I. 8, v. 349. 
Lan. 2, v. 715. I. 6, v. 400.— Mela, 
u c. 3 & 7.—Strab. 9. —Propert, 1. el. 
10 r. 17.— Pin. 4, c. 8. — Apollon. R lud. 
h v. 235, &c. 

Pacazus, a Trojan killed by Camilla. 
ling. Tu. 11, v. 670. 

Pack, a town of Syria on the borders 
of Cilicia, Strab. 16. 

PaGus, a mountain of olia. Par. 
h, e. 5. 

PALACIUM or PALATIUM, a town of 
be Thracian Cherſoneſus.—-A ſmall vil- 
e on the Palatine hill, where Rome was 
terwards built. 

PALE, atown at the ſouth of Corſica, 
bow F.. bunifacio, 

Paiaa, a town of Cyprus. 
Mallcaia, 

ral ard vis, a ſmall iſland on the coaſt 

| Spain, Strab, 


zic Gaul, 
t country, 
"It G, 2z 


t. in Theſ, 
cured the 
during the 
ſicians are 
herbs ſer» 
> Pame 
id. Met, 


onia, whe 
ntry called 
y were de- 


Pauſ. 5 


edonia, on 
received its 
mion, who 
45% C29. 


the daugb- 
ted by the 


Of Ce- 


a native of PAL4Mox of PALEMOYN,, a ſea deity, 
b. n of Athamas and Ino. His original 
dia. me was Melicerta, and he aſſumed that 
ſpont called N Palzmon, after he had been changed in- 
h of Lamp; Ke deity by Neptune, *{ Vid. Melicert.s.] 


the inhabt- 
where they 
fan origin. 


A noted grammarian at Rome in the 
Rot Tiberius, who made himſelf ridicu- 
W by his arrogance and luxury. Tv. 6, 
Martial. 2, ep. 86. —— A ſon of 


TAN, Who was amengit the Argonauts 
ue . N 


1, called alſo 


the Greeks) 
when 


BY 


P A 


PAL XPÞAPHos, the antient town of Pac» 
phos in Cyprus, adjoining to the new. 
Strab. 14. | 

PAL APHARSALUS, the antient town of 
Pharſalus in Thetlaly, Caf. B. A. 48. 

PALAPHATUS, an anticnt Greek philo- 
ſopher, whoſe age is unknown, though it 
can be aſcertained that he florithed betweea 
che times of Ariſtotle and Auguftus. He 
wrote 5 books de incredibilibus, of which 
only the firſt remains, and in it he endea- 
vours to explain fabulous and my tl. oſogical 


traditions by hiſtorical facts The beſt edi- + 


tion of Palæphatus is that of J. Frid. 
Fiſcher, in 8vo. - Lipſ. 1773. An he- 
roic port of Athens, who wrote a poem on 
the creation of the world.-——A diiciple 
of Ariſtotle, born at Abydos. An hif- - 
torian of Egypt. 

PAL£&APGL1s, a town of Campan'a, built 
by a Greek colony, where Naples after- 
wards was erected, 


PALASTE, à village of Epirus, near 


Oricus, where Cæſar firſt landed with his 
fleet. Lucan, 5, v. 460. 

PALE&STINA, a province of Syria, &c. 
Teredst. 1, c. 105. — .J. It. 3, v. 606. 

PALEASTINUsS, an antient name of the 
river Strymon. 

PALETYRUS, the antient town of Tyre 
on the continent. S. 16. 

PALAMEDES, a Greciun chief, ſun of 
Nauplius, king of Eubœa by Clymene. He 
was ſent by the Greek princes who were 
going to the Trojan war, to bring Ulyſſes ts 
the camp, who, to withdraw himſelf from 
the expedition, pretended infanity ; and the 
better to 1npoſe upon his friends, uſcd to 
harneſs different animals tu a plough, and 
ſow (alt inſtead of barley into the furrows. 
The deceit was ſoon perceived by Palame- 
des, he knew that the regret to part from 
his wite Penelope, whom he had latcly 
married, was the only reaſon of the pre- 
tended infauity of Ulyſſes; and to demon- 
ſtrate this, Palamedes took Telemachus, 
whom Penelope had lately brought into the 
worid, and put him before the plough of 
his father. Ulyſſes ſhowed that he was not 
inſane, by turning the plough a different 
way not to hurt his child. This having 
been diſcovered, Ulyſſes was obliged to at- 
tend the Greek princes to the war, but an 
immortal enmity aroſe between Ulyſſes and 
Palamedes. The king of Ithaca reiolved 
to take every opportunity to diſtreſs him, 
and when all his expectations were fruſtrat- 
ed, he had the meannels to bribe one of his 
ſervants, and to make him dig a hole in his 
maſter's tent, and there conceal a large” 
ſum of money. After this Ulyſſes forged 
a letter in Phrygiaa characters, which 
King Priam was ſuppoſed to have ſent to 

Palamedes, 


— 


— — — w-—- 


PK. 


Palamedes. In the letter the Trojan king 
ſee med to entreat Palamedes to deliver into 
his hands the Grecian army, according to 
the conditions which had been previouſly 
agreed upon, when he received the money, 
This forged letter was carried by means of 
Ulyſſes before the princes uf the Grecian 
army. Palamedes was ſummoned, and he 
made the moſt ſolemn proteſtations of inno- 
cence, but all was in vain, the money that 
was diſcovered in his tent ſerved only to 
corroborate the accuſation, He*was found 
act by all the army and ſtoned to death. 

omer is filent about the miſerable fate 
of Palamedes, and Pauſanias mentions 
that it had been reported by ſome that 
Ulyſſe, and Diomedes had drowned him 
in the ſea as he was fiſhing on the coaſt. 
Philoftratus, who mentions the tragical 
ffory above related, adds that Achilles and 
Ajax buried his body with great pomp on 
the ſea ſhore, and that they raiſed upon it 
a (mall chapel, where ſacrifices were regu- 
lafly offered by the inhabitants of Troas: 
Paiamedes was a learned man as well as a 
ſoldier, and according to ſome he complet- 
ed the alphabet of Cadmus by the addition 
of the four letters 6, E, x, o, during the Tro- 
jan war. To him toe 15 attributed the in- 
vention of dice and backx-gammon; and 
it is ſaid that he was the 6rit who regularly 
ranged an army in a line of battle, and who 
placed ſentinels round a camp, and excited 
their vigilance and attention by giving them 
a watch word. Hygin. fab. 95, 105, &c.— 
Apollod. 2, &c.— Didlyſ. Cret. 2, e. 15.— 
Orid. Met. 13, v. 56 & 308.— Pauſ. 1, 
c. 21.—Manil, e we. . 1% ©. 6 
—Euripid. in Phan. Martial. 13, ep. 75. 
in. 7, C. 56. 

PaLAN TIA, a town of Spain, Mela, 2, 
c. 6, | 

PALATINUS MONS, a celebrated hill, the 
laigeſt of the ſeveu hills on which Rome 
was built. It was upon it that Romulus 
laid the fixſt foundation of the capital of 
Italy, in a quadrangular form, and there 
alſo he kept his court, as well as Tullus 
Hoſtilius, and Auguſtus, and all the ſucceed- 
ing emperors, from which circumſtance the 
word Palatium has ever fince been applied 
ta the refidence of a monarch or prince. 
The Palatine hill received its name from the 
goddeſs Pales, or from the Palatini, who 
originally inhabited the place, or from ba- 
lare or palare, the bleatings of ſheep, which 
were frequent there, or perhaps trom the 
word palantes, wandering, lecauſe Evander, 
when he came to ſettle in Italy, gathered all 
tha inhabitants, and made them all one 
ſobiety, Dio. Caff. 5 3.— Lal. 12, v. 709. 
Liv. I, C. 7 & 33.— vid. Met. I4, 
v. $22.—7«v. 9, v. 23. — Martial, 1, ep. 71. 


P A 

| —Parrd, de | X 7 45 C. 3.— Cie. in Casi 11 
Apollo, who was worſhipped on th 
Palatine hill, was alſo called Palatin g 
His temple there had been built, or ather 
repaired, by Auguſtus, who had enriched 
it with a library, valuable for the various 
collections of Greek and Latin manuſcripts 
which it contained, as alſo for the Sibyllin 
books depoſited there. Horat. 1, ep. 31 
v. 17. 

PALANTIUM, a town of Arcadia. 

PALE1s, or PAL, a town in the iſland 
of Cephallenia. Pau. 6, c. 15. 

Pals, the goddeſs of ſheepfolds and cf 
paſtures among the Romans. She was wor. 
thipped with great ſolemnity at Rome, and 
her feſtivals, called Palilia, were celebrated 
the very day that Romulus began to lay the 
foundation of the city. of Rome, Virg, 
G. 3, v. 1 & 294,—Ovid. Faſt. 4, v. 722, 
&c,—Paterc. 1, c. 8. 

Patrurivs Suna, a Writer removed 
from the ſenate by Domitian, who ſuſpect. 
ed him of — 2 to Vitellius, &c. 
Juv. 4, v. 53. 

PAL1BOTHRA, a city of India, ſuppoſed 
now to be Patna, or, according to others, 
Allahabad, Strab. 15. 

PALic1, or PALt1sCr, two deities, ſons 
of Jupiter by Thalia, whom Aſchy As calls 
Etna, in a tragedy which is now loft, ac- 
cording to the words of Macrobius. The 
nymph Etna when pregnant entreated her 
lover to remove her from the purſuits of 
Juno. The god conceated her in the bow- 
els of the earth, and when the time of her 
delivery was come, the earth opened and 
brought into the world two children, who 
received the name of Palici, am Toy nh 
ito dai, becauſe they came again into the wor! 
from the bowels of the earth, Theſe deities 
were worſhipped with great ceremonies by 
the Sicilians, and near their temple were two 
ſmall lakes of ſulphureous water, which 
were ſuppoſed to have ſprung out of the 
earth, at the ſame time that they were 
born. Near theſe pools it was uſual to 
take the moſt ſolemn oaths, by thoſe wha 
wiſhed to decide controverſies and quats 
rels. If any of the perſons who took the 
oaths perjured themſelves, they were im 
mediately puniſhed in a ſupernatural man- 
ner ; and thoſe whoſe oath, by the deities 0 
the place, was ſincere, departed unhult 
The Palici had alſo an oracle which Wa 
conſulted upon great emergencies, an 
which rendered the trueſt and moſt un 
equivocal anſwers. In a ſuperſtitious à8e 
the altars of the Palici were ſtained will 
the blood of human ſacrifices, but this bat 
barous cuſtom was ſoon abolithed, and t 
deitics were ſatisfied with their uſual oe 


4. Met 


ings. Virg. En. 9z V. 58 5,——0vi " : 
U 


6 v. $ 
E. 10.— 
PAL: 
Roman: 
The ce! 
of ſtraw 
ſacrifice: 
were ma 
and witt 
taken fre 
had beer 
beans. 1 
alſo mad 
the olive, 
mary. 
wine, ant 
made to 
obſerved 
during tly 
began to 
feſtival P. 
ſacrifices 1 
fecundity 


and was t! 
and the w; 
lafe to the 
ervel inhal 
lo obtain | 
buried o 
b the relig 


perſon was 


before 10c 


mains had 
nd Anca 
Regions, ſpe 
Im, that 
of a funera 
Was expoſe 
CS monumey 
rdingly a 
Ws, now P. 
5 v. $44 
. 577.— 
V 0d. 4, v. 


Paltscg 


WH a ſul 


lici. 

Patiogr 
va town. 
the Welt o 


2 17. 


ALLing 


fy lectateq ' 
VP, Hera 


ALL Apr. 
It was 


mented ti; 
Iipike in 
Ultad and : 
Wer near el 
4 Uing | 


— 


P A 


11. 11 60 v. LOSES 2.—Macrob. Saturn. 58, 
Mn th © 19, [tal. 14, v. 219. 

a 2 ein : feſtival celebrated by the 
rather Romans, in honor of the goddeſs Pales. 
riched The ceremony conſiſted in burning heaps 
various of raw, and in leaping over them. No 
uſcripts aerifices were offered but the purifications 
ibylline were made with the ſmoke of horſes? blood, 
P. 37 and with the aſhes of a calf that had been 


s and cf 


0 iſland 


mken from the belly of his mother, after it 
had been ſacrificed, and with the aſhes of 
beans. The purification of the flocks was 
ſo made with the ſmoke of ſulphur, of 
the olive, the pine, the laurel, and the roſe- 


Las Wor- mary, Offerings of mild cheeſe, boiled 
me, and wine, and cakes of millet, were afterwards 
elebrated mide to the goddeſs. This feſtival was 


0 lay the 
ICS - irg. 
v. 7225 
re moved 
) ſuſpect- 
lius, &c. 


ſuppoſed 
to others, 


ities, ſons 


ly As calls ervel inhabitants of the place murdered him 
loft, ac. to obtain his cloaths. His body was left 
ius. The unburied on the ſea ſhore, and as, according 
treated her Wl... religion of the ancient Romans, no 
purſuits 6 perſon was ſuFered to croſs the Stygian lake 
n the boW- iter: 100 years were elapſed, if his re- 
ime of we mins had not been decently buried, we 
opened ry dad Ancas, when he viſited the infernal 
Idren, Wo done, ſpeaking to Palinurus, and aſſuring 
50 TWP wn um, that though his bones were deprived 
we the wo a funeral, yet the place where his body 
heſe Ceci rs expoſed ſhould toon be adorned with 
remoniès a monument, and bear his name, and ac- 
le k trdingly a promontory was called Palinu- 
ater, % the Is, now Palinuro. Virg. An. 3, v. 513. 
— wed þ 5, ». 840, &c. 1. 6, v. 341.—Ovid. de 


VAS uſual do 
dy thoſe whe 


5 and 


ho took the 
ey were un 


natural 


| the deities 0! 
arted unbult 
fo which Wa 


obſerved on the 21ſt of April, and it was 
during the celebration that Romulus firſt 
bezan to build his city, Some call this 
feltival Parilia quaft a pariendo, becauſe the 
acrifices were offered to the divinity for the 
fecundity of the flocks, Ovid, Met. 14, 
. 774- Faſt, 4, V. 721, &c. [. 6, v. 257. 
PiixURUs, a ſkilful pilot of the ſhip of 
Eneas, He fell into the ſea in his fl:ep, 
and was three days expoſed to the tempeſts 
and the waves of the ſea, and at laſt came 
ſafe to the ſea ſhore near Velia, where the 


ln. 577,— Mela. 2, c. 4.—Strab.—Horat. 
V 0d. 4, v. 28. 

PALISCORUM, or PALICGRUM STAG=- 
* a ſulphureous pool in Sicily. Vid. 
ict, 

PaltUzus, now Nakil, a river of Africa, 
a town of the ſame name at its mouth, 
= 2 of Egypt, on the Mediterranean. 


MAlLings, certain virgins who were 


qua 


mans 


encies, ted t. 

nd moſt un * 2 - Jupiter by the Thebans of 
itious aße. Sab. 17. 

2 wit! WLADIUM, a celebrated ſtatue of Pal- 


It was about three cubits high, and 


and tl nted the goddeſs as fitting and hold- 
q * in her right hand, and in her left 
M _y and a ſpindle, It fell down from 
55 n the tent of Ilus, as that prince 


ung the citadel of Ilium, Some 


TA 


| nevertheleſs ſuppoſe that it fell at Peſſinus 
| in Phrygia, or according to others, Darda- 
nus received it as a preſent from his mo- 


maintain that the Palladium was made with 
the bones of Pelops by Abaris; but A- 
pollodorus ſeems to fay, that it was no 
more than a piece of clock-work which 
moved of itſelf. However diſcordant the 
opinions of ancient authors be about this fa- 
mous ſtatue, it is univerſally agreed, that 
on its preſervation depended: the ſafety of 
Troy. This fatality was well knuwn to the 
Greeks during the Trojan war, and there- 
fore Ulyſſes and Diomedes were commiſii- 
oned to ſteal it away. They effected their 
purpoſe, and if we rely upon the authority 
of ſome authors, they were directed how to 
carry it away by Helenus the ſon of Priam, 
who proved, in this, unfaithful to his coun- 
try, becauſe his brother Deiphobus, at the 
death of Paris, had married Helen, of whom 
he was enamoured. Minerva was diſpleaſ- 
ed with the violence which was offered to 
her ſtatue, and according to Virgil the Pal- 
ladium itſelf appeared to have received life 
and motion, and by the flaſhes which ſtart- 
ed from its eyes, and its ſudden ſprings. 
[rom the earth, it ſeemed to ſhew the re- 
ſentment of the goddeſs. The true Palla- 
dium, as ſome authors obſerve, was not 
carried away from Troy by the Grecks, but 
only one of the ſtatues of fimilar ſize and 
ſhape, which were placed. near it, to de- 
ceive whatever ſactiſegious perſons attempt- 
ed to ſteal it. The Palladium, therefore, 
as they fay, was conveyed ſafe from Troy 
to Italy by Ancas, and it was afterwards 
preſerved by the Romans with the greateſt 
lecrecy and veneration, in the "temple of 
Veſta, a circumſtance which none but the 
veſtal virgins knew. Heredian. 1, c. 14, 
&c.— Ovid. Faſt. 6, v. 422, &c. Met. 13, 
v. 336. Dictyſ. Cret. 1, c. S. Apollod. 3, 
S. 12.— Dionyſ. Hal. 1, &c.— Homer. V. 
to. —-Virg. An. 2, v. 166. l. 9, v. 151.— 
Plut. de reh. Rem. — Lucan, 9. — Dares 
Phryg.— Ju. 3, v. 139. 


—— 


PalLAbtus, a Greek phyſician whoſe 
treatiſe on feverswas edited 8vo. L. Bat. 1745. 


PALLANTEUM, a town of Italy, or per- 
haps more properly a citadel built by Evan- 
der on mount Palatme, from whence its 
name originates. Virgil ſays, it was call- 
ed after Pallas, the grandfather of Evander; 
but Dionyſus derives its name from Palan- 
tium, a town of Arcadia, Diony/. 1, c. 31. 
—Virg. An. 8, v. 54 & 341. 5 p 

PALLANTTA, a town of Spain, now 
Palencia, on the river Cea, Mela. 2, c. 6, 

PALLANTIAS, a patronymic of Aurora, 
as being related to the giant Pallas. Ovid, 
Me,. 9, fab. 12. b 8 
| ParrAxripts, the 50 ſons of Pallas, 


ther Electra. There are ſome authors who 


00 . the 


» 3. Is SY ie co 


Y 


the ſon of Pandion, and the brother of 
Ageus. They were all killed by Theſeus, 
the fon of Afgeus, whom they oppoſed 
when he came to take pofſeſhon of his fa- 
ther's Kingdom. This oppoſition they 
ſhewed in hopes of ſueceeding to the throne, 


as Mgeus left no children, except Theſeus, 


whoſe legitimacy was even diſputed, as he 


was bornatTrœzene. Plat. in Theſ,— Pauſ.1. 


PALLAs, a freed man of Claudius, fa- 
mous for the power and the riches he ob- 
tained. He adviſed the emperor, his maſ- 
ter, to marry Agrippina, and to adopt her 
ſon Nero for his ſucceſſor. It was by his 
means, and thoſe of Agrippina, that the 
death of Claudius was haſtened, and that 
Nero was raiſed to the throne. Nero forgot 
to whom he was indebted for the crown. 
He diſcarded Pallas, and ſome time after 
eaufed him to be put to death, that he might 
make himſelf maſter of his great riches, 
A. D. 61, Tacit. 12, Ann. c. 53. 

PALLAsS, {adis} a daughter of Jupiter, 
the ſame as Minerva. The goddeſs received 
this name either becauſe the killed the giant 
Pallas, or perhaps from the ſpear which ſhe 
ſeems to brandih in her hands (maker), 
For the functions, power, and character of 


the goddeſs, vid. Minerva. 


PaLLAs, fantis a ſon of king Evan- 
der, ſent with ſome troops to aſſiſt Æneas. 
He was killed by Turnus, the king of the 
Rutuli, after he had made a great laughter 
of the enemy. Virg. An. 8, v.104, &c. 
One of the giants, ſon of Tartarus and Terra. 
He was killed by Minerva, who covered 
herſelf with his ſkin, whence, as ſome ſup- 
poſe, the is called Pallas. Ap9//od. 3, c. 12. 
A ſon of Crius and Eurybia, who mar- 
ried the nymph Styx, by whom he had Vic- 
tory, Valor, &c. Hefrod. Theog. A ſon 
of Lycaon, A ſon of Pandion, father of 
Clytus and Butes. Ovid. Met. 7, fab. 17.— 
Ipolled. 

PALLENE, a ſmall peninſula of Mace- 
donia, formerly called Pklegra, ſituate a- 
bove the bay of Thermæ on the Ægean 
ſea, and containing five cities, the principal 
of which is called Pallene. It was in this 
place, according to ſome of the ancients, 
that an engagement happened between the 
gods and the giants. Li. 31, c. 45. 
I. 45, c. 30.—Virg. G. 4, v. 391.—Ovid, 
Met. 15, v. 357. A village of Attica, 
were Minerva had a temple, and where 
the Pallantides chiefly reſided. Herodot. 1, 
c. 161,—Plut. in Thef. 

PALLENSKS, a people of Cephalenia, 
whoſe chief town was called Pala, or Palza. 
Liv. 38, c. 18.—Polyb. 5, e. 3. 

PALMA, a governor of Syria. 

PALMARIA, a ſmall ifland oppoſite 
Tairacina in Latium. Fin. 3z L. 6. 


Pa NU MF RA, the capital of Palmyrexe, 3 
country on the eaſtern boundaries of Syria 4 
now called Theudemer, or Tadmor, It 1 4 
famous for being the ſeat of the celebratec 
Zenobia and of Odenatus, in the reign of "g 


the emperor Aurelian. It is now in ruins, 5 * 
and the ſplendor and magnificence of its ” 
porticos, temples, and palaces, are now may 
daily examined by the curious and the * 
learned. Plin. 6, v. 26 & 30. * 
PALPHURIUS, one of the flatterers of oo 
Domitian. Fuv. 4, v. 53. E 1 
PALumBINUM, a town of Samnium, = 
Liv. 10, c. 45. : 6 
Pauisos, a river of Theſſaly, falling the * 
into the Peneus. Herodot, 7, c. 129. -. fgh 
Plin, 4, c. 8.--—Another of Meſſena in WW; zun 
Pe loponneſus. of beaſt 
Paunkxxs, an Athenian general, ſent i ., , 
aſſt Megalopolis, againſt the Mantineans, &c. enained 
An aſtrologer, A learned Grecian Wpearan 
who was preceptor to Brutus, Cic, Bru et bim 
97. Orat. g. The god 
PAMMON, a ſon of Priam and Hecuba da, wi 
Apollsd. : | ged mourn 
PAMPA, a village near Tentyra in Thrace ented th. 
Juv. IS, V. 76. led Fyr 
PAMPHYL us, a celebrated painter of Mete (im 
cedonia, in the age of Philip. He walk viole; 
founder of the ſchool for painting at Sicyon red. He 
and he made a law which was obſerved nd tiving the 
only in Sicyon, but all over Greece, n (1c; 
none but the children of noble and dignihe N feature 
perſons ſhould be permitted to learn pant cptivate 
ing. Apelles was one of his pupils. Dil, by tran 
A (ſon of Neoclides, among the pup kite goat, 
of Plato, Dieg. mph k 
Pampios, a Greek poet, ſuppoſed Y Whom } 
have lived before Heſiod's age. o paid his 
PAMPHYLa, a Greek woman, whown ydia, a 
a general hiſtory in 33 books, in Nero mer he v 
reign. This hiſtory, ſo much commendſe worth! 
by the antients, is loſt, a ularly © 
PAMPHYLIA, a province of Aſia Mingle, on m 
anciently called Mopſepia, and bounded led by the 
the ſouth by a part of the Mediteranc Italy by k 
called the Pamphylian ſea, welt by Lyc vn at Ror 
north by Piſidia, and eaſt by Cilicia. ia, 74 
abounded with paſtures, vines, and oli lle differe 
and was peopled by a Grecian colony. Str from thi 


14.—Mecla. 1.-—Pasf. 7, c. 3.——Plin, 
c. 26.— Liv. 37, c. 23 & 40, 

Pax was 15 god of ſhepherds, 
huntſmen, and of all the inhabitants of 
country, He was the ſon of Mercaty) 
Dryope, according w Homer. Some 
him Jupiter and Calliſto for parents, 4 
Jupiter and Ybis or Oneis. Lucia! 
ginus, &c. ſupport that he was the 5 
Mercury and Penelope, the r 
Icarius, and that the god ron 
fections of the princeſs under . 1 
a goat, as the tended her father's * 


Iptians. 


2 


mount Taygetus, before her marriage with 


— the king of Ithaca. Some authors main- 
It is un that Penelope became mother of Pan, 

bratec during the abſence of Ulyſſes in the Trojan 
eign of war, and that he was the offspring of all 
\ ruins, the ſuitors that frequented the palace of 
; of its Penelope, whence he received the name of 
re now Pan, which ſignifies a// or every thing. 
nd the Pan was a monſter in appearance, he had 
wo ſmall horns on his head, his com- 

erers of plexion was ruddy, his noſes flat, and his 
legs, thighs, tail, and feet, were thoſe of a 

amnium, goat, The education of Pan was entruſted 
toa nymph of Arcadia, called Sinoe, but 

7, falling the nurſe, according to Homer, terrified at 
. 129.— oe fight of ſuch a monſter, fled away and 
eſſema ue him. He was wrapped up in the ſkin 
beaſts by his father, and carried to hea- 

al, ſent ven, where Jupiter and the guds Jong en- 
neans,&c.WWtcrained themſelves with the oddity of his 
ad Grecian {WMWappcarance, Bacchus was greatly pleaſed 
Cic, Brut M bim, and gave him the name of Pan, 

The god of ſhepherds chiefly reſided in Ar- 

d Hecub dia, where the woods and the moſt rug- 
ed mountains were his habitation. He in- 

1 in Thrace ented the flute with ſeven reeds, which he 
led Syrinx, in honor of a beautiful nymph 

inter of Me ſame name, to whom he attempted to 
He er violence, and who was changed into a 
ig at Sicyongiieed. He was continually employed in de- 
obſerved nen ing the neighbouring nymphs, and often 
Greece, th ith ſucceſs. Though deformed in his ſhape 
and dignihe | features, yet he had the good fortune 
) learn pants captivate Diana, and of gaining her fa- 
upils. Di" by transforming himſelf into a beautify] 

ong the puf nue goat, He was alſo enamoured of 
mph of the mountains called Echo, 

a ſuppoſed j whom he had a ſon called Lynx. He 
e. 0 paid his addreſſes ro Omphale, queen 
aan, who wie Lydia, and it is well known in what 
>k's, in Newer he was received. [ Vid. Omphale. 
n comme nde worſhip of Pan was well eftabliſhed 
nicularly in Arcadia, where he gave 

of Afia Mages on mount Lyczus. His feſtivals, 
nd bounded el by the Greeks Lyc&a, were brought 
Mediterane Italy by Evander, and they were well 

weſt by Lyc n at Rome by the name of the Lu- 
by Cilic1a la. [ Vid. Lupercalia.] The worſhip, 

nes, and ol tle different functions of Pan, are de- 
in colony. Str from the mythology of the antient 
c. zin. This god was one of the eight 
40. gods of the Egyptians, who ranked 
if ſhepher®s ne the other 12 gods, whom the Ro- 


called Conſentes, He was worſhipped 
the greateſt ſolemnity all over Egypt, 


mer. Some waues repreſented him as a goat, not 
or patente, le he was really ſuch, but this was 
is. Lucian; my ſterious reaſons. He was the 
e was the 10 un of fecundity, and they looked 

the davght m as the principle of all things. 
od gained . "ns, as ſome obſerve, repreſented 
nder the for Au of the ſun, and the brightneſs of 

father's flo "ns was expreflcd by the vivacity 


udineſs of his complexion, The 


| 


P A 


ſtar which he wore on his breaſt, was the 
ſymbol of the firmament, and his hairy 
legs and feet denoted the inferior parts of 
the earth, ſuch as the woods and plants, 
Some ſuppoſe that he appeared as a goat 
Lecauſe when the gods fled into Egypt, 
in their war againſt the giants, Pan tranſ- 
formed lumſelf into a goat, an example 
which was immediately followed by all the 
deities. Pan, according to ſome, is the 
lame as Faunus, and he is the chicf of all 
the Satyrs. Plutarch mentions, that in the 
reign of Tiberius, an extraordinary voice 
was heard near the Echinades in the Ionian 
ſea, which exclaimed, that the great Pan 
was dead, This was readily believed by 
the emperor, and the aſtrologers were con- 
ſulted, but they were unable to explain the 
meaning of ſo ſupernatural a voice, which 
probably proceeded from the impohtion of 
one of the courtiers who attempted to 
terrify Tiberius. In Egypt, in the town of 
Mendes, which word alſo ſignifies a geat, 
there was a ſacred goat kept with the moſt 
ceremonious ſanctity. The death of this 
animal was always attended with the great- 
eſt ſolemnities, and like that of another Apis, 
became the cauſe of an univerſal mourning. 
As Pan uſually terrified the inhabitants of 
the neighbouring country, that kind of fear 
which often ſeizes men, and which is only 
ideal and imaginary, has received from him 

name of panic fear. This kind of terror 
has been exemplified not only in individuals, 
but in numerous armies, ſuch as that of 
Brennus, which was thrown into the great- 
eſt conſternation at Rome, without any cauſe 
or plauſible reaſon. Ovid. Faſt. 1, v. 396. 
l. 2, v. 277. Met. 1, v. 689.—Firg. G. 1, 
V, 17. 228 8, V. 343. G. 35 V. 392.— 
Fuv. 2, v. 142.—Fauſ. 8, c. 30.—Varro, 
de L. L. 5, c. 3.— Li. 1, c. 5. — Dienyſ. 
Hal. 1.—- Herodot. 2, c. 46 & 145, &c.— 
Died. 1. — Orpheus kymn. to0.—- Homer. hynn, 
in Pan. Lucian. Dial. Merc, & Pan. 
Apolled. 1, c. 4. X 

PANACEA, a goddeſs, daughter of Eſcu- 
own who preſided over health. Lucan. gy 
v. 918. 

PANEATOLIUM, a general aſſembly of the 
Etolians. Liv. 31, c. 29. l. 35, c. 32. 

PAN ÆTIus, a ſtoic philoſopher of Rhodes, 
138 B. C. He ſtudied at Athens for ſome 
time, of which he refuſed to become a citi- 
zen, obſerving, that a good and mode man 
ought to be ſatisfied with one country. He 
came to Rome, where he reckoned among 
his pupils Lælius and Scipio the ſecond 
Africanus. To the latter he was attached 
by the cloſeſt ties of friendſhip and fami- 
liarity, he attended him in his expeditions, 
and partook of all his pleaſures and amuſe- 
ments. To the intereſt of their countrymen 
at Rome the Rhodians were gicatly in- 
O93 debted 


- _ Co — 


P 
——_— — — — 


EM 


debted for their proſperity and the immu- 
nities which they for ſome time enjoyed, 
Panætius wrote a treatife on the duties of 
man, whofe merit can be aſcertained from 
the encomiums which Cicero beſtows upon 
be, Cie. i Mic. &. — A tyrant of Leon- 
tini in Sicily, B. C. 613. Polyen. 5. 

PawAnus, a general of Crete, defeated 
by Metclius, &c. 

PAxXAR1sTE, one of the waiting women 
of Berenice the wife of king Antiochus. 
Pola v. 8. 

PaAxXATARENEZA, feſtivals in honor of 
Miner: the patroneſs of Athens. They 
were, fird inſtituted by Erichtheus or Or- 
pheus, and called ena, but Theſeus 
afterwards renewed them and cauſed them 
to be celebrated and obſerved by all the 
tribes of Athens, which he had united into 
ene, and from which reaſon the feſtivals 
received their name. Some ſuppoſe that 
they are the fame as the Roman Quinqua- 
tria, as they are often called by that name 
among the Latins. In the frſt years of the 
inſtitution, they were obſerved only during 
one day, but afterwards the time was pro- 
longed, and the celebration was attended 
with greater pomp and folemnity, The 
feftivals were two; the, great Panathenza 
(Aa, which were obſerved every 5th 
\ ear, beginning on the 22d of the month 
called Heratombann, or -th of July, and 
the leſſer Panathend'a (winge), which were 
kept every zd year, or rather annually, be- 
ginning on the 21ſt or 2oth of the month 
called Thargelicn, correſponding to the 5th 
ar Gth day of the month of May. In the 
tefler feſtivals there were thice games con- 
acted by ten prefidents choſen from the 
ten tribes of Athens, who continued four 
years in office, On the evening of the firſt 
Cav there was a race with torches, in 
which men on foot, and afterwards on 
horſchack, contended. The'fame was allo 

zlibited in the greater feſtivals. The ſe- 
cond combat was gymnical, and exhibited 
a trial of ftrength and bodily dexterity. 
The 1:{t was a muſical contention, firſt inſti- 
tuted by Pericles. In the ſongs they ccle- 
rated the generous undertaking of Harmo- 
dius and Ariftoriton, who oppoſed the 
Piſiſtratidæ, and of Thraſy bulus, who de- 
lIivered Athens from its thirty tyrants, 
Phiynis of Mity!ene was the fiſt who ob- 
rained the victory by playing upon the harp. 
Tucre were belides other muſical inſtru- 
ments, on which they played in concert, 
ſuch as flutes, &c. The pocts contended in 
four plays, called from their number 
Ti7;=hogyia, The laſt of theſe was a. ſatire. 


Tire was alſo at Sunium an imitation ot 


2 naval fight. Whoever obtained the victory) 
in any of theſe games was rewarded with a 
7 


3 


veſſel of oil, which he was permitted to dif. 
poſe of in whatever manner he pleaſed, and 
it was unlawful for any other perſon to 
tranſport that commodity. The conqueror 
alſo received a crown of the olives which 
grew in the groves of Academus, and were 
ſacred to Minerva, and called ge,, from 
{402%;, death, in remembrance of the tra. 
gical end of Hallirhotius the ſon of Nep. 
tune, who cut his own legs when he at. 
tempted to cut down the olive which had 
given the victory to Minerva in preference 
to his father, when theſe two deities con- 
tended about giving a name to Athens, 
Some ſuppoſe that the word is derived from 
{4tgog, a part, becauſe theſe olives were 
given by contribution by all ſuch as at- 
tended at the feſtivals, There was alſo a 
dance called Pyrrhichia, performed by young 
boys in armour, in imitation of Minerva, 
who thus expreſſed her triumph over the 
vanquiſhed Titans. Gladiators were 40% 
introduced when Athens became tributary 
to the Romans. During the celebration no 
perſon was permitted to appear in dycd 
garments, and if any one tranſgreſſed he 
was puniſhed according to the diſcretion 
of the preſident of the games. After theſc 
things, a ſumptuous ſacrifice was offered, 
in which every one of the Athenian borougl:s 
contributed an ox, and the whole was con- 
cluded by an entertainment for all the com- 
pany with the fleth that remained from the 
ſacrifice. In the greater feſtivals, the ſame 
rites and ceremonies were uſually obſerecd, 
but with more ſolemnity and magnificence, 
Others were alſo added, particularly the 
proceſſion, in which Minerva's ſacred men; 
or garment, was carried. This garment was 
woven by a ſele& number of virgins, called 
beyariuci from teyer, work, They were 
ſuperintended by two of the egenqag't, & 
young virgins, not above ſeventeen years d 
age nor under eleven, whoſe garments were 
white and ſet off with ornaments of gold, 
Minerva's pep/us was of a white color, with- 
out ſleeves, and embroidered with gold. 
Upon it were deſcribed” the atchievements 
of the goddeſs, particularly her victor 
over the giants. The exploits of Jupiter 
and the other gods were alſo repreſentes 
there, and from that circumſtance men 0! 
courage and bravery are ſaid to be 44 
rt, worthy to be pourtrayed in Miner- 
va's ſacred garment. In the proceſaon cf 
the peplis, the following ceremonies wes 
obſerved. In the ceramicus, without tis 
city, there was an engine built in the form 
of a ſhip, upon which Minerva's garment 
was hung as a fail, and the Whole was cn 
lucted, not by beaſts, as forme have luppoicty 
out by ſubterraneous machines, to the tem: 


the 


ple ot Ceres Elcuſinia, and hom thence 10 


the cit 
upen N 
a bed v 
was Cal 
every 1 
hon, wi 
carryin 
which 
bearers 
of full +; 
were at! 
who cat 
foreign 
were cal 
them ca 
of the f 
they car 
young n 
hymns t 
lowed ſe 
called x2 
carried b 
neceſſary 
utenfils 1 
neceſſarie 
of the cl 
a; XiFewp 
occaſion 
by the da 
ried umb 
they wer 
The boy: 
ſuppoſed, 
rally wor 
for this a 
pared in 
pole, bet) 
ple of C 
care of 
% PUMA ax 
he rites |; 
It was: 
liberty, a 
ſuch as h: 
Some per 
of Home; 
brit intro 
Piſiſtratus 
ſeſtival an 
val, to Pr 
tæans, W 
cuous at t 
140... 
c. 2.—.7 
Nee 
an ifland 
I nphylius 
A part of 
myrrh, fr; 
t produce 
*. 379. C 
c. — Dis, 
Pax pA 


o Om Oe © OO 


Q 


mend 
toric 
upitet 
ſented 
en ot 
> l 
Ainct- 
ion ef 
ele 
ut the 
e form 
armen 
$g con- 
zpoledy 
c cm- 


ence 18. 


the 


Triphylius had a magnificent temple. 


P.A 


the citadlel, where the peplus was placed 
upen Minerva's ſtatue, which was laid upon 
2 bed woven or ſtrewed with flowers, which 
was called Xu Perſons of all ages, of 
every ſex and quality, attended the proceſ- 
hon, which was led by old men and women 
carrying olive branches in their hands, from 
which reaſon they were called Saxer, 
bearers of green boughs, Next followed men 
of full»age with ſhields and ſpears. They 
were attended by the pagroino:, or foreigners, 
who carried ſmall boats as a token of their 
foreign origin, and from that account they 
were called gxapnpopnn, boat bearers, After 
them came the women attended by the wives 
of the foreigners called Uptaqpse:, becauſe 
they carried wwater-pots, Next to theſe came 
young men crowned with millet and ſinging 
hymns to the goddeſs, and after them fol- 
lowed ſelect virgins of the nobleſt families, 


PA 


fided one over the openings of roads; and 
the other over the openings of towns, 
Varro, de P. R. 1. 

PanDAMA, a girl of India favored by 
Hercules, &c. Polyen, 1. 

PANDARIA, or PANDATARIA, a ſmall 
Hand of the Tyrrhene ca. 

PaNUAR Us, a fun of Lycaon, who aſſiſt- 
ed the Trojms in their war againſt. the 


Greeks. He went to the war without a 


chariot, and therefore he generally fought 
on foot. He broke the truce which had been 
agreed upon between the Greeks and Tro- 
jJans, and wounded Menclaus and Dio— 
medes, and thewed himſelf brave and un- 
uſually courageous. He was at laſt killed 
by Diomedes ; and /Eneas, who then carried 
him in his chariot, by attempting to re- 
venge his death nearly periſhed by the hand 
af the furious enemy. Diftys Cret; 2, 


called x2w$0poc, baſket bearers, becauſe they 
carried baſkets, in which were certain things 
neceſſary for the celebration, with whatever 
utenſils were alſo requiſite, Theſe ſeveral 
neceſſaries were generally in the poſſeſſion 
of the chief manager of the feſtival called 
a;xiSewpo;, who diſtributed them when 
occaſion offered. The virgins were attended 
by the daughters of the foreigners, who car- 
ried umbrellas and little ſeats, from which 
they were named Nene, ſeat, carriers, 
The boys, called 7rarFzwinet,, as it may be 
ſuppoſed, led the rear clothed in coats gene- 
rally worn at proceſſions. The ncceflaries 
for this and every other feſtival were pre- 
pared in a public hall erected for that pur- 
pole, between the Piræan gate and the tem- 
ple of Ceres, The management and the 
care of the whole was entruſted to the 


—— 


— — — 


e ονονννα,τν, Or people employed in ſeeing 


e rites and ceremonies properly obſerved. , 


It was alſo uſual to ſet all priſoners at 
liberty, and to preſent golden crowns to 
ſuch as had deſerved well of their country. | 
Some perſons were alſo choſen to ſing ſome | 
of Homex's poems, a cuſtom which was 
arit introduced by Hipparchus the fon of 
Piſiſtratus. It was allo cuſtomary in this 
ſeſtival and every other quinquennial feſti- 
val, to pray for the proſperity of the Pla- 
tæans, whoſe ſervices had been ſo conſpi- 
cuous at the battle of Marathon. Plut. in 
Theſ.—Panſ. Arc. 2.—flian. L. H. 8, 
c. 2.—. A pollod. 3, c. 14. 

Pa xchÆA, PANCHEA, or PAN cHAIA, 
an ifland of Arabia Felix, where Jupiter 


A part of Arabia Felix, celebrated for the 
myrrh, frankincenſe, and perfumes which 
u produced. Virg. G. 2, v. 139. l. 4, 


379. Culex. 87. — Ovid. Met. 1, v. 309, 
&c.— Diod. 5. Lucret. 2, v. 417. 
Fa xpa, two deities at Rome, who pre- 


c. 3 5.—Homer, L. 2 & 5. Hyg. fab. 112.— 
Virg. An. 5, v. 45. —Strab. 14. A fon 
of Alcanor killed with bis brother Bitias 
by Turnus. rg. An. 9, v. 725.—A native 
of Crete punithed with death for being ac- 
ceſſary to the theft of Tantalus. What this 
theft was is unknown. Some, however, ſup- 
poſe that Tantalus itole the amLrofia and the 
nectar from the tables of the gods to which 
he had been admitted, or that He carried a- 
way a dog which watched Jupiter's temple 
in Crete, in which crime Pandarus was con- 
ccrned, and for which he ſuficred. Pandarus 
had rwo daughters, Camiro and Clytia, who 
were alſo deprived of their mother by a 


ſudden death, and left withour friends or 


protectors. Venus had compatiion upon 
them, and the fed them with milk, honey, 
and wine. The goddefles were all equally 
intereſted in their welfare. Juno gave them 
wiſdom and beauty, Diana a handfome 
figure and regular features, and Minerva 
inſtructed them in whatever domeſtic ac- 
compliſhments can recommend a wife. 
Venus wiſhed ft:]l ro make their happineſs 
more complete, and when they were come 
to nubile years, the goddeſs prayed Jupiter 
to grant them kind and tender huſbands, 
But in her abſence the Harpyies carried 
away the virgins and deliveged them to the 
Eumenides to ſhare the puniſhment which 
their father ſuffered. Pauſ.10,c.30.—DPindar, 
PanDARUs or PANDAREUS, a man who 
had a daughter called Philomela. She-was 
changed into a nightingale, after ſhe had 
Killed, by miſtake, ber fon Itylus, whoſe 
death ſhe mourned in the greateſt melan- 
choly. Some ſuppoſe him to Le the ſame 
as Pandion, king of Athens, 
PANDATARIA, an iſland on the coaſt of 
Lucania, now called Santa Maria. 
PANDATEs, a friend of Datames at the 


court of Artaxerxes. C. Nep, in Dat. 
Oo 3 PA Ne 


T 


2 


Paxnftmus, one of the ſirnames of the 
god of love, among the Egyptians and the 
Greeks, who diſtinguiſhed two Cupids, one 
of whom was the vulgar called Pandemus, 
and another of a purer and more celeſtial 
origin. Plut. in Bree. 

PAwnDIA, a feitival at Athens eſtabliſhed 
by Pandion, from whom it received its 
name, or becauſe it was obſerved in honor 
of Jupiter, who can Ta Tmavra Nytvtn, 
more and turn all things as he pleaſes. Some 
ſuppoſe that it concerned the moon, becauſe 
it does mavrors ie, move inceſſantly by 
ſhewing itſelf day and night, rather than the 
ſun which never appears but in the day 
time, It was celebrated after the Diony ſia, 
becauſe Bacchus is ſometimes taken for the 
fun or Apollo, and therefore the brother, 
or, as ſome will have it, the ſon of the 
moon. 

PanDioN, a king of Athens, ſon of 
Erichthon and Pafithen, who ſucceeded his 
father, B. C. 1437. He became father of 
Proc ne and Philomela, Erechtheus and Butcs, 
During his reign there was ſuch an abundq- 
ancc of corn, wine and oil, that it was pub- 
licly reported that Bacchus and Minerva had 
perſonally viſited Attica. He waged a ſuc- 
ceſsful war againſt Labdacus king of Bœo- 
tin, and gave his daughter Procne in mar- 
riage to Tercus, King of Trace, who had 
aſſiſted him. The treatment which Philo- 
mela received from her brother-in-law, 
Tereus, (Id. Philomela) was the ſource of 
infinite grief to Pandion, and he died thro” 
exceſs of ſorrow, after a reign of 40 years, 
There was alſo anether Pandion, fon cf 
Cecrops 24, by Metiaduca, who ſucceeded 
to bis fati.cr, B C. 130. He was driven 
from his paternal dorninions, and fled to 
Pylas, king of Megara, who gave him his 
dangiter Pelia in marriage, and refigned his 
erewn to him. Pandion became father of 
four children, called from him Pandionide, 
FEgeus, Pallas, Niſus, and Lycus, The 
eldeſt of theſe children recovered his fa- 
ther's kingdom. Some authors have con- 
ſounded the two Pandions together in ſuch 
an indiſcriminate manner, that they ſeem 
to have been only one and the ſame perſon. 
Many believe that Philomela and Procne 
were the daughters, not of Pandion the iſt, 
but of Pandion the 2d. Ovid. Met. 6, v. 
676.—-Aplled. 3, c. 15.— Par. 1, c. 5.— 
Hygin, fab. 45. A ſon of Phineus and 
Cleopatra, deprived of his cye- ſight by his 
father. Apollod. 3, c. 15. A ſun of 
Agyptus and Hephzftina, A king of 
the Indies in the age of Auguſtus, 

PANDORA, a celebrated woman, the firft 


mortal female that ever lived, according to 


the epinion of the poet Heſiod. She was 


made with clay by Vulcan, at the requeſt | 


PA 


of Jupiter, who wiſhed to puniſh the im. 
piety and artifice of Prometheus, by giving 
him a wife. When this woman of clay 
had been made by the artiſt, and received 
life, all the gods vied in making her preſents, 
Venus gave her beauty and the art of pleaſ- 
ing; the Graces gave her the power of 
captivating; Apollo taught her how to 
ſing; Mercury inſtructed her in elo. 
quence; and Minerva gave her the moſt rich 
and ſplendid ornaments. From all theſe 
valuable preſents, which ſhe had received 
from the gods, the woman was called 
Pandora, which intimates that ſhe had re. 
ceived every neceſſary gift, may dp. 
Jupiter after this gave her a beautiful box, 
which the was ordered to preſent to the 
man who married her, and by the com- 
miſſion of the god, Mercury conducted her 
to Prometheus. The artful mortal was 
ſenſible of the deceit, and as he had always 
diſtruſted Jupiter, as well as the reſt of the 
gods, fince he had ſtolen fire away from 
the ſun to animate his man of clay, he 
ſent away Pandora without ſuffering him- 
ſelf to be captivated by her charms. His 
brother Epimetheus was not poſſeſſed of 
the ſame prudence aud ſagacity. He mar- 
ried Pandora, and when he opened the 
box which ſhe preſented to him, there 
iftued from it a multitude of evils and diſ- 
te mpers, which diſperſed themſelves all 
over the world, and which, from that fatal 
moment, have never ceaſed to afflict the hu- 
man race, Hope was the only one who 
remained at the bottom of the box, and it 
is ſhe alone who has the wonderful power 
of eaſing the labors of man, and of render- 
ing his troubles and his ſorrows leſs painful 
in life. Hefrod. Theog. S Dieſ.— Apollnd. 
, c. 7.—Pauſ. 1, c. 24. —llygin. 14.— 
A daughter of Ereclitheus king of Athens, 
She was ſiſter to Protogenia, who ſacrificed 
herſelf for her country at the beginning of 
the Bootian war. 

PanDGRus, a ſon of Ercchtheus, King 
of Athens. 

PanDosIA, a town in the country of the 
Brutii, fituate on a mountain. Alexander, 
King of the Moloſh, died there. Strab. 6. 
A town of Epirus. Plin. 4, c. 1. 

PaxprG&6so0s, a daughter of Cecrops, 
king of Athens, ſiſter to Aglauros and 
Herſe. She was the only one of the fiſters, 
who had not the fatal curioſity to open a 
baſket which Minerva had entruſted to their 
care, [ Vid. Erickthonius,) for which fince- 


rity a temple was raiſed to her, near that of 


Minerva, and a feſtival inſtituted in ber 
honor, called Pandrojia, Ovid, Met. 2, v. 

733.—Apolled, 3.—Pauf. 1, &c. 
PaxxN Us or PAN Aus, a celebrated 
painter, who was fur ſometime engaged in 
palnting 


painting 
35. 

PA Ne 
tiently c 
Mount 
river N. 
different 
that Lyc 
to pieces 
tention c 
tains anc 
aboundei 
dot, 5, c 

v. 
3 

Parr, 
upon He 

Pani 
mount ! 
in Aſia N 
It was 
Ionia aff 
own ſafe 
feſtivals, 
of all the 
all Ionia 
Jonian c 
thoſe of 
Lebedos, 
Teos, C. 
bull offer 
counted: 
ſound w 
god of tl 
bled the 
Herodot. 
Mela. 1, 

PAN I. 
Antiochi 

PA NN 
bounded 
by Dalm 
by the 
antients 
The inha 
were firſt 
quered j1 
and his 

had ſucc 
was the 
which Ce 
Croatia, 
Windiſch 


nation or 
prayers 2 


addreſſed 


P A 
painting the battle of Marathon. Pin. 


pa vos, a mountain of Thrace, an- 
tiently called Mons Caraminus, and joined to 
Mount Rhodope near the ſources of the 
river Neſtus. It was inhabited by four 
different nations. It was on this mountain 
that Lycurgus, the Thracian king, was torn 
to pieces, and that Orpheus called the at- 
tention of the wild beaſts, and of the moun- 
tains and woods to liſten to his fong. It 
abounded in gold and filver mines. Hero- 
det. 5, c. 16, &c. |. 7, c. 113.—Firg. G. 
4, v. 462.— Ovid. Faſt. 3.-—Thucyd, 2. 
Lian. 1, v. 679. J. 7, v. 482. 

PAaNvTAStis, a man who wrote a poem 
upon Hercules, &c. Vid. Panyaſis. 

PanioniUuM, a place at the foot of 
mount Mycale, near the town of Epheſus 
in Aſia Minor, ſacred to Neptune of Helice, 
It was in this place that all the ſtates of 
Ionia aſſembled, either to conſult for their 
own ſafety and proſperity, or to celebrate 
feſtivals, or to offer a ſacritice for the good 
of all the nation, whence the name, Tavons 
all Ionia, The deputies of the twelve 
Jonian cities which aſſembled there were 
thoſe of Miletus, Myus, Priene, — 
Lebedos, Colophon, Clazomenæ, Phocæa, 
Teos, Chios, Samos, and Erytbhræ. If the 
bull offered in ſacrifice bellowed, it was ac- 
counted an omen of the higheſt favor, as the 
ſound was particularly acceptable to the 
god of the ſea, as in ſume manner it reſem- 


bled the roaring of the waves of the ocean, | 


Herodot. 1, c. 148, &c,—Strab, 14.— 
Mela. 1, c. 17. 

Paxtus, a place of Cœlo-Syria, where 
Antiochus defeated Scopas, B. C. 198. 

PAN Nαννν, a large country of Europe, 
bounded on the eaſt by Upper Mœſia, ſouth 
by Dalmatia, weſt by Noricum, and north 
by the Danube. It was divided by the 
antients into Lower and Upper Pannonia. 
The inhabitants were of Celtic origin, and 
were firſt invaded by J. Cæſar, and con- 
quered in the reign of Tiberius. Philip 
and his ſon Alexander ſome ages before 
had ſucceſſively conquered it, Sirmium 
was the antient capital of all Pannonia, 
which contains the modern provinces of 
Croatia, Carniola, Sclavonia, Boſnia, 
Windiſch, March, with part of Servia, 
and of the kingdoms oft Hungary and 
Auſtria, Lucan. 3, v. 95. J. 6, v. 220.— 
Tibull, 4, el. 1, v. 109.—Plin. 3.—Dion. 
Caſſ. 49.—Strab. 4 & 7,— Jornand,—Pa- 
terc. 2, c. 9,—Suct. Aug. 20. 

PanoMPHAavs, a firname of Jupiter, 
either becauſe he was worſhipped by every 
nation on earth, or hecauſe he heard the 
prayers and the ſupplications which were 
addreſſed to him, or becauſc the reſt ef the 


FA 
gods derived from him their knowledge of 
futurity (vac omnis, oſan vox). Ovid. Met. 
11, v. 198.— Hamer. II. 8. 

Pa NG PE, or PANGPEA, one of the Nere- 
ides, whom ſailors generally invoked in 
ſtorms. Her name fignifies, giving every 
Pftance, or ſeeing every thing. Heſiod. 
[heog.—Virg. Mn. 5, v. 825. — One of the 
daughters of Theſpius. Apollod. 2, c. 7.— 
A town of Phocis, called alſo Panopeus. 
Ovid, Met. 3, v. 19.— Lv. 32, c. 18, 
Par. 10, c. 4.— Stat. Theb, 7, v. 344.— 
Hemer. Il. 2, v. 27. Od. 11, v. 580. 

Pa xBPBEs, a famous huntſman among 
the attendants of Aceſtes, king of Sicily, 
who was one of thoſe that engaged in the 
games exhibited by ZEneas. Vg. n. 8, 
v. 300. 


PanGPtvUs, a ſon of Phocus and Aſter- 


odia, who accompanied Amphitryon when 
he made war againſt the Teleboans. He 
was father to Epeus, who made the cele- 
brated wooden horſe at the fiege of Troy. 
Pau, 2, c. 29.—Apolicd. 2, c. 4. A 
town of Phocis, between Orchomenos and 
the Cephiſus. Parſ. 10, c. 4.—Strab. . 

Paxopron, a Roman ſaved from death 
by the uncommon fidelity of his ſervant. 
When the aſſaſſins came to murder him as 
being proſcribed, the ſervant exchanged 
cloaths with his maſter, and let him eſcape 
by a back door. He afterwards went into 
his maſter's bed, and ſuffered himſelf to 
be killed as if Panopion himſelf, Ya, 
Max, 7 

PaxoPOLI1s, the city of Pan, a town of 
Egypt, called alſo Chemmis, Pan had there 
a temple, where he was worſhipped with 
great ſolemnity, and repreſented in a ſtatue 


faſcino lengifſima & erefto, Diod. 5..— 


Strab. 17. 

PaxoRMUs, now called Palermo, a 
town of Sicily, built by the Phœnicians, 
on the north-weſt part of the ifland, with 
a good and capacious harbour. It was the 
ſtrongeſt hold of the Carthaginians in Sicily, 
and it was at laſt taken with difficulty by 
the Romans. Mela. 2, c. 7.—1tal. 14, v. 
262. A town of the Thracian Cherſo- 
neſus.— A town of lonia, near Epheſus, 
another in Crete, in Macedonia, 
Achaia. Samos, a Meſſenian 
who inſulted the religion of the Lacedæ- 
monians. Vid. Gonippus. 

PAN OTII, a people of Seythia, ſaid to 
have very large ears. /in. 4, c. 13. 

PANs A C. Vibius, a Roman conſul, who, 
with A. Hirtius, purſued the murderers of 
J. Cæſar, and was killed in a battle near 
Mutina. On his death-bed he adviſed 
young Octavius to unite his intereſt with that 
of Antony, if he wiſhed to revenge the 


| death of Julius Cæſar, and from his friendly 


94 advice 


FP. A 


advice ſoon after roſe the celebrated ſecond 
triumvirate, Some fuppoſe that Panſa was 
put to death by Octavius himſelf, or through 
him, by the phyſician Glicon, who poured 
poiſon into the wounds of his patient. Panſa 
and Hirtius were the two lam conſuls who 
enjoyed the dignity of chief magiſtrates of 
Rome, with full power. The authority of 
the conſuls afterwards dwindled into a ſha- 
dow. Patere. 2, c. 6.— Dio. 46.—Ovid. 
Triſft. 3, el. 5. Plut. & Appian. 

Pa NTAdNOSsTus, a brother of Polycra- 
tes, tyrant of Samos. Polyæn. 1. 

PANTAG VAS, a ſmall river on the eaſt- 
ern coaſt of Sicily, which falls into the ſea, 
after running a ſhort ſpace in rough caſcades 
over rugged ſtones and precipices. Firg. 
u. 3, v. 689, —[tal. 14, v. 232. 

PaNTALEON, a king of Piſa, who pre- 
fided at the Olympic games, B. C. 664, 
after excluding the Eleans, who on that ac- 
count expunged the Olympiad from the 
Faſti, and called it the 2d Anolympiad. 


They had called for the ſame reaſon the, 


8th the iſt Anolympiad, becauſe the Pi- 
ſzans preſided. 

PANTANUS LACUS, the lake of Lefina, 
is ſituated in Apulia at the mouth of the 
Frento. Plin. 3, c. 12. 

PANTAUCHUS, a man appointed over 
Atolia by Demetrius, &c. Plut, 

PANnTEUs, a friend of Cleomenes, king 
of Sparta, & c. Plut. 

PAN TUI DES, a man who married Italia, 
the daughter of Themiſtocles. 

PANTHEA, the wife of Abradates, cele- 
brated for her beauty and conjugal affection. 
She was taken priſoner by Cyrus, who re- 
fuſed to viſit her, not to be enſnared by the 
power of her perſonal charms. She killed 
herſelf on the body of her huſband, who 
had been ſlain in a battle, &c. [ Vid. Abra- 
dates.] Aenopſ. Cyrop. | 

PaxTHroN, a celebrated temple at 
Rome, built by Agrippa, in the reign of 
Auguſtus, and dedicated to all the gods. 
whence the name wa; I:@-. It was ſtruck 
with lightening ſome time after, and partly 
deſtroyed. Adrian repaired it, and it ſtill 
remains at Rome, converted into a chriſtian 
temple, the admiration of the curious. Pin. 
36, c. 15.—Marcell. 16, c. 10. 

PanTatus, or PANTHUS, a Trojan, 
ſon of Othryas the prieſt of Apollo. When 
his country was burnt by the Greeks, he 
followed the fortune of ZEncas, and was 
killed. Pirg. An. 2, v. 429. : 

PanTHoliDes, a patronymic of Euphor- 
bus, the fon of Panthous, Pythagoras is 
ſometimes called by that name, as be aſ- 
ſerted that he was Euphorbus during the 
Trojan war. Horat. 1, od. 28, v. 10.— 
Ovid, Met, 15, v. 161. — 4 Spartan ge- 


3 


neral, killed by Pericles at the battle of 
Fanagra. : 

PAN TIcAP RUM, now Kerche, a town 
of Taurica Cherſoneſus, built by the Mile. 
hans, and governed ſome time by its own 
laws, and afterwards ſubdued by the kings 
of Boſphorus. It was, according to Strabo, 
the capital of the European Boſphorus, 
Mithridates the Great dicd there, Plin,— 
Strab, is 2 

PAN TIC AES, a river of European Scy- 
thia, which falls into the Boryſtbenes, ſup- 
poſed to be the Samara of the moderns. 
Herodot. 4, c. 54. 

Pax TIL ius, a buffoon ridiculed by Ho- 
rat. 1, Sat. 10, v. 78. 

PAN VAsis, an antient Greek, uncle to 
the hiſtorian Herodotus. He celebrated 
Hercules in one of his poems, and the Io- 
nians in another, and was univerſally eſ- 
teemed, 

PAN Asus, a river of Illyricum, fall- 
ing into the Adriatic, near Dyrrhachium. 
Ptolem. 

PaP&vUs, a name of Jupiter among the 
Scythians. Herodot. 4. 

PAPHAGES, a king of Ambracia, killed 
by a lioneſs deprived of her whelps. Ovid, 
in Ib. v. 502. 

PaPHIA, a firname of Venus, becauſe 
the goddeſs was worſhipped at Paphos,— 
An antient name of the ifland of Cyprus, 

PAPHLAGUNnIA, now Penderachia, a 
country of Aſia Minor, fituate at the weſt 
of the river Halys, by which it was ſepa- 
rated from Cappadocia. It was divided on 
the weſt from the Bithynians, by the river 
Parthenius, Herodot. 1, c. 72.—Strad, 4. 
— Mela, Plin.—Curt. 6, c. 11.—Cic. 
Rull 2, c. 2 & 19. 

Paygoes, now Bafo, a famous city of 
the iſland of Cyprus, founded, as ſome 
ſuppoſe, about 1184 years before Chriſt, 
by Agapenor, at the head of a colony from 
Arcadia, The goddeſs of beauty was par- 
ticularly worſhipped there, and all male 


though 100 in number, daily ſmoked with 
the profuſion of Arabian frankincenſe. The 
inhabitants were very effeminate and laſci- 
vious, and the young virgins were permit- 
ted by the laws of the place to get a dowry 
by proſtitution, Strab. 8, &c.—Plin. 2, 
c. 96.—Mela, 2, c. 7.—tHomer, Od. 8.— 
Virg. u. 1, v. 419, &c. |. 10, v. Ft, 
& c.—Horat. 1. od. 30, v. 1.— Tacit. A. 3, 
e. 66. N. 2, e. 8. 

PAPHUS, a ſon of Pygmalion, by a ſta- 
tue which had been changed into a woman 
by Venus. [ Vid. Pygmalion.] Ovid. Mel. 
10, v. 297. 

PAPIA LEX, de peregrinis, by Papius, 


” tribune, A. U. C. 688, which te- 


quized 


animals were offered on her altars, which, 


quired | 
away fre 
firme d a 
Another 
was eng 
Matilus, 
had rece 
ſuls for 
Julian la 
order of 
Julian fa 
ordinibus 
prieſt to 
the gode 
Auguſt u: 
right to t 
left a ſpe 
not three 
Pap1/ 
ſelf emp 
He was! 
PaP1/ 
4: Prop 
nium. 
cal fragn 
PAPIN 
Vid. Em 
Paris 
againſt C 
himſelf, 
PAPIR 
She Was 
PAPIR 
der Piſo, 
H. 4, « 
facrorum, 
Quins frot 
ed to gra 
body of « 
The flay 
treated, 
of juſtice 
ſorbad an 
but only 
treatment 
ſufered t 
rected, ( 
the goods 
ors, Liz 
conſul wt 
mius, wh 
Putting t 
mount Ay 
atrial, Hi 
à Man whe 
ple of Qu 
Which tim 
into hours 
maſter of 
he had for 
of the rep 
people int 
Aim, Cu 


* 

quired that all ſtrangers ſhould be driven 
away from Rome. It was afterwards con- 
firmed and extended by the Junian law, — 
Another called Papia Poppxa, becauſe it 
was enacted by the tribunes, M. Papius 
Mutilus, and Q. Poppæus Secundus, who 
had received conſular-power from the con- 
ſuls for fix months. It was called the 
Julian law, after it had been publiſhed by 
order of Auguſtus, who himſelf was of the 
Julian family. Vid. Julia lex de Maritandiy 
ordinibus, Another to empower the high 
prieſt to chuſe 20 virgins for the ſervice of 
the goddeſs Veſta.— Another in the age of 
Auguſtus, It gave the patron a certain 
right to the property of his client, it he had 
left a ſpecified ſum of money, or if he had 
not three children, 

PapIANus, a man who proclaimed him- 
ſelf emperor ſome time after the Gordians, 
He was put to death. 

PAPIAS, an early chriſtian writer who 
4: propagated the doctrine of the Millen- 
nium. There are remaining ſome luftori- 
cal fragments of his. 

PAPINIAN Us, a writer, A. D. 212. 
Vid. Emylius Papinianus. 

PariniIUs, a tribune who conſpired 
againſt Caligula. A man who deſtroyed 
himſelf, & c. Tacit. Ann. 6, c. 49. 

PAPIRIA, the wife of Paulus Emylius. 
She was divorced. Plut. 

PapIxlus, a centurion engaged to mur- 
der Piſo, the proconſul of Africa. Tacit. 
H. 4, c. 49- A patrician, choſen rex 
facrorum, after the expulſion of the Tar- 
quins from Rome. A Roman who wiſh- 
ed to gratify his unnatural deſrres upon the 
body of one of his ſlaves called Publilius. 
The flave refuſed, and was inhumanly 
treated, This called for the interference 
of juſtice, and a decree was made, which 
forbad any perſon to be detained in fetters, 
but only for a crime that deſerved ſuch a 
treatment, and only till the criminal had 
ſuffered the puniſhment which the laws di- 
rected, Creditors alſo had a right to arreſt 
the goods, and not the perſon of their debt- 
ors, Liv, 8, c. 28. Carbo, a Roman 
conſul who undertook the defence of Opi- 
mius, who was accuſed of condemning and 
putting to death a number of citizens on 
mount Aventinus without the formalities of 
atrial, His chent was acquitted. Curſor, 
a man who firſt erected a ſun- dial in the tem- 
ple of Quirinus at Rome, B. C. 293; from 
which time the days began to be divided 
into hours. A dictator who ordered his 
maſter of horſe to be put to deatn, becauſe 
be had fought and conquered the enemies 
of the republic without his conſent. The 
people interfered, and the dictator pardoned 
vim, Curſor made war againſt the Sabines | 


— 


3 


and conquered them, and alſo triumphed 
over the Samnites, His great ſeverity diſ- 
pleaſed the people. He floriſhed about 
320 years before the chriſtian era. Liv. , 
e. 14 One of his family, ſirnamed 
Pretertatus, from an action of his whilſt he 
wore the prætexta, a certain gown for young 
men. His father, of thc ſame name, carried 
him to the ſenate houle, where affairs of the 
greateſt importance were then in debate be- 
fore the ſenators. The mother of young 
Papirius wiſhed to know what Had paſſed in 
the ſenate ; but Papirius, unwilling to betray 
the ſecrets of that auguſt aſſembly, amuſed 
his mother by telling her, that it had been 
conſidered whether it would be more ad- 
vantageous to the republic to give two wives 
to one huſband, than two huſbands to one 
wife. The mother of Papirius was alarmed, 
and the communicated the ſecret to the other 
Roman matrons, and on the morruw they 
aſſembled in the ſenate, petirioning that one 
woman mizht have two huſbands, rather 
than one nuſband two wives. The 1ienators 
were aſtoniſhed at this petition, but young 
Papirius unravelled the whole myſtery, and 
from that time it was made a law among the 
lenators, that no young man ſhould ior the 
future be introduced into the ſenate-houſe, 
except Papirius. This law was carefully ob- 
ſerved till the age of Auguſtus, who permit- 
ted children of all ages to hear the debates 
of the ſenators. Macrob, Sat. 1, c. 6. 


Carbo, a friend of Cinna and Marius. He 


raiſed cabals againit Sylla and Pompey, 
and was at lat put to death by order of 


odious by a tyrannical conſulſhip, and after 
he had been proſcribed by Sylia. A 
conſul detcated by the armies of the Cim- 
bri.—Crafſus, a dictator who ti iumphed 
over the Samnites. A conſul murdered 
by the Gauls, &c. A ton of Papirius 
Curſor, who defcated the Samnites and 
dedicated a temple to Romulus Quirinus. 
Maſo, a contul who conquered Sar- 
dinia and Corſica, and reduced them into 
the form of a province. At his return ta 
Rome, he was refuſed a triumph, upon 
which he introduced a triumphal preceſſion, 
and walked with his victorious army to the 
capitol, wearing a- crown of myrtle on his 
head. His example was afterwards fol- 
lowed by ſucl. generals as were refuſed a 


E by the Roman ſenate. Val. Max. 


35 C. 6. The family of the Papirii was 
patrici%, and long diſtinguiſhed for its 
ſervices to the ſtate. It bore the different 
firnames of Craſſus, Curſor, . r 
Maſe, Pretextatus, and Patus, of which 
the three firſt branches became the moſt il- 

luſtrious. 
PAPIRIA LEX, by Papirius Carbo, A. U. 
C. 62r, 


Pompey, after he had rendered himſelf 


wx . GX 2 
e Gt... . 


= 
- — 


3 


— 


r 


228 
2 


— —— 


— — 


« 


Fa 


C. 621. It required that in paſſing or re- 
jecting laws in the cemtia, the votes ſhould 

be given on tablets. Another, by the tri- 

bune Papirins, which enacted that no per- 

ſon ſhould conſecrate any edifice, place, or 

thing, without the conſent and permiſſion of 
the people. Cir. pro domo 50. Another, 
A. U. C. 563, to diminiſh the weight, 
and increaſe the value of the Roman as. 
Another, A. U. C. 421, to give the free- 
dom of the city to the citizens of Acerræ. 
Another, A. U. C. 623. It was pro- 
poſed, but not paſſed. It recommended 
the right of chuſing a man tribune of the 
people as often as he wiſhed. 

PAPPIA LER was enacted to ſettle the 
rights of huſbands and wives if they had 
no children, Another by which a perſon 
leſs than 50 years old, could not marry 
another of 60. 

PayPuUs, a philoſopher and mathema- 
tician of Alexandria, in the reign of Theo- 
doſius the Great, 

ParyxIivs. id. Papirius. 

PARABYSTON, a tribunal at Athene, 
where cauſes of inferior conſequence were 
tried by 11 judges. Parſ. 1. c. 40. 

PARADISUsS, a town of Syria or Pheœni- 
eia. Plin. 5, c. 23,—Strab. 16.——In the 
plains of Jerichvu there was a large palace 
with a garden beautifully planted with trees, 
and called Balſam?! Paradiſus. 

PAR RTAcA 0!—TACENT, a people be- 
tween Media and Perſia, where Antigonus 
was defeated by Eumenes, C. Nep. in Eum. 
S. —Strab. 11 & 16.—Plin. 6, c. 26. 

Pa RK TONIUM, a town of Egypt at the 
weſt of Alexandria, where Iſis was wor- 
ſhipped. The word Paretonius is uſed to 
ſignify Agyptian, and is ſometimes applied 
to Alexandria, which was fituate in the 
neighbourbood. Strab. 17. —Flcr. 4, c 11. 
Lucan, 3, v. 295. I. 10, v. 9.—Ovid. 
Met. 9, v. 7512. A. 2, el. 13, v. 7. 

PARALI, a diviſion of the inhabitants of 
Attica, they received this name from their 
being near the ſea coaſt, mapa and ang. 

PARXLUSs, a friend of Dion, by whoſe 
aſſiſtance he expelled Dionyſus. A ſon 
of Pericles. His premature death was 
greatly lamented by his father. Plat. 

PARASTA, a country at the caſt of Media. 

PARASIUS, a ſon of Philonomia by a 
mepherd. He was expoſed on Ery manthus 
by his mother, with his twin brother Ly- 
eaſtus. Their lives were preſerved. 

Pax c, powerful goddefſes who pre- 
ſided over the birth and the life of mankind. 
They were three in number, Clotho, La- 
cheſis, and Atropos, dauglters of Nox and 
Erebus, according to Heſiod, or of Jupiter 
and Themis, according to the ſame puct in 
another poem. Some make them daughters 


5 


: P A 
of the fra. Clotho, the youngeſt of the 
ſiſters, preſided over the moment in which 


Lackefis ſpun out all the events and ac- 
tions of our life; and Atropos, the eldeſt 
of the three, cut the thread of human life 
with a pair of ſciſſars. Their different 
functions are well expreſſed in this antient 
verſe : 

Cletho colum retinet, Lacheſis net, & Atropot 
ceccat, 

The name of the Parcz, according to Var. 
ro, is derived a partu or parturiends, becauſe 
they prefided over the birth of men, and by 


parta or partus, The power of the Parcz 
was great and extenſive. Some ſuppoſe that 
they were ſuhjected to none of the gods 
but Jupiter, while others ſupport, that even 
Jupiter himſelf was obedient to their com- 
mands, and indeed we ſee the father of the 
gods in Homer's Iliad unwilling to ſee Patro- 
clus periſh, yet obliged by the ſuperior pow- 
er of the Fates to abandon him to his deſti- 
ny. According to the more received opi- 
niens, they were the arbiters of the lite and 
death of mankind, and whatever good or 
evil befalls us in the world, immediately 
proceeds from the Fates, or Parcæ. Some 
make them miniſters of the king of nell, 
and repreſent them as fitting at the foot cf 
his throne ; others repreſent them as placed 
on radiant thrones, amidft the celeſtial 
ſpheres, clothed in robes ſpangled with 
ſtars, and wearing crowns on their heads. 
According to Pavſanias, the names of the 
Parcæ were different from thoſe already 
mentioned, The moſt ancicnt of all, as the 
geographer obſerves, was Venus Urania, whe 
preſided over the birth of men, the ſecond 
was Fortune, Ilithvia was the third. To 
theſe ſome add a Path, Proſerpina, who 
often diſputes with Atropos the right of cut- 
ting the thread of human life. The worſhip 
of the Parcæ was well eſtabliſhed in ſore 
cities of Greece, and though mankind were 
well convinced that they were inexorable, 
and that it was impoſhble to mitigate them, 
yet they were cager to ſhew a proper reſpect 
to their divinity, by raiſing them temples 
and ſtatues. They received the ſame wor- 
ſhip as the Furies, and their votar ies yearly 
ſacrificed to them black ſheep, during which 
ſolemnity the prieſts were obliged to wear 
garlands of flowers, The Parcez were ge- 
nerally repreſented as three old women 
with chaplets made with wool, and inter- 
woven with the flowers of the Narciſſus. 
They were covered with a White robe, and 
fillet of the ſame color, bound with chap- 
lets, One of them held a diſtaff, another 


the ſpindle, and the third was armed with 
ſciſſars, with which ſhe cut the thread 
Which 


we are born, and held a diſtaff in her hand; 


corruption the word parca is formed, from 


which ! 
differen 
Clotho 
her heac 
a diſtafl 
to carth 
was va 
ſtars, an 
ſpindles 
ſhe helc 
thread 0 
length; 
deſtinies 
nus attti 
Greek 
call then 
kee pers 
Greeks 
names of 
are expre 
inexorab 
Her, _P 
Homer 
limack. in 
Olymp. 1 
Plut. de F 
ſub. & 7 
— Apo/lg) 
—Lycoph 
6, C7. 
ig. 
Here. , 
Pazry 
Plin. z, c 
PAKkISs. 
by Hecub 
deſtined, 
the ruin o 
ther, in tl 
had drearr 
torch whit 
ſoothſayer 
might be 
her future 
deſtruction 
great and 
ſlave Arct 
as born, J 
manity or 
deſtroy hir 
on mount 
place foun 
own fon. 
of his life 
herds, to t 
bear who ſi 
educated a 
gave early 
and from | 
mount Ida 
beaſts, he 
(in per or a 


the ff 


early 
zhich 
wear 
e ge- 
omen 
inter- 
iſſus. 
„ and 
chap- 
other 
with 
hread 
zhick 


F A 


which her ſiſters had ſpun. Their dreſs is 
differently repreſented by ſome authors. 
Clotho appears in a variegated robe, and on 
her head is a crown of ſeven ſtars, 
a diſtaff in her hand reaching from heaven 
to earth. 
was variegated with a great number of 
ſtars, and near her were placed a variety of 
ſpindles. Atropos was clothed in black, 
ſhe held ſciſſars in her hand, with clues of 
thread of different ſizes, according to the 
length and ſhortneſs of the lives, whoſe 
deſtinies they ſeemed to contain, Hygi- 
nus atttibutes to them the invention of theſe 
Greek letters a, , n, 7, v, and others 
call them the ſecretaries of heaven, and the 
keepers of the archives of eternity. The 
Greeks call the Parce by the different 
names of Ai, a ea, xp E:pcapmuirn, Which 
are expreſſive of their power and of their 
inexorable decrees. Hod. Theog. & ſeut. 
1 1% 6. 40. I. 3 6. 1. L 3 86. 1%. 
Hamer. I 

limack, in Dian. lian Anim. 10.— Piudar. 
Olymp. 10, Nem. 7 —Eurip. in Iplig.— 
Plut. de facie in orbe Lune. —Hygin. in pref. 
ſub. & fib.277.—Vairro.—Orph. hymn. 58. 
— Apollon. 1, &c,—Claudian de rapt. Prof, 
—Lycophr. Y Tzetz, &:,—Horat. 2, od, 
6, C.- O,. Jet. 8, v. 532 —Lucan, 3. 
ig. Ecl. 4. Ain. 3, &c.—Senec. in 
Herc. Fur.—Stat. Theb. 6. 

PAz7NTIUM, a port and town of Iſtria. 
Plin. 3, c. 19. 

PAkis, the ſon of Priam King of Troy, 
by Hecuba, alſo called Alexander, He was 
deſtined, even before his birth, to become 
the ruin of his country, and when his mo- 
ther, in the firſt month of her pregnancy, 


had dreamed that ſhe ſhould bring forth a | 


* 


torch which would ſet fire to her palace, the 
ſoothſayers foretold the calamities which 
might be expected from the imprudence of 
her future ſon, and which would end in the 
deſtruction of Troy. Priam, to prevent ſo 
great and ſo alarming an evil, ordered his 
ſlave Arct.claus to deitroy the child as ſoon 
as born. The flave, either touched with hu- 
manity or influenced by Hecuba, did not 
deſtroy him, but was ſatisfied to expoſe him 
on mount Ida, where the ſhepherds of the 
place found him, and educated him as their 
own ſon. Some attribute the preſervation 
of his life before he was found by the ſhep- 
herds, to the motherly tenderneſs of a the 
bear who ſuckled him. Young Paris, though 
educated among ſhepherds and peaſants, 
gave early proofs of courage and intrepidity, 
and from his care in protecting the flocks of 
mount Ida againſt the rapacity of the wild 
beaſts, he obtained the name of Alexander 
(4-/per or defender). He gained the eſteem 
ia the ſhepherds, and his graceful coun- 


The robe which Lacheſis wore, 


. 20. Od. 7.— Theocrit. 1.—(Cal- ; 


| 


| 


| 


| 


| 


* had he not fled to the altar of Jupiter, 


P A 


tenance and manly deportment recommends 
ed him to the favor of CEnone, a nymph 


of Ida, whom he martied, and with whom 
She holds | 


he lived with the moſt perfect tenderneſs, 
Their conjugal peace was ſoon diſturbed. 
At the marriage of Peleus and Thetis, the 
goddeſs of diſcord, who had not been in- 
vited to partake of the entertainment, ſhew- 
ed her diſpleaſure, by throwing into the aſ- 
ſembly of the gods who were at the celebra- 
tion of the nuptials, a golden apple, on 
which were written the words Detur pulehri- 
* All the goddeſſes claimed it as their 
own, the contention at firſt became general, 
but at laſt only three, Juno, Venus, and 
Minerva, wiſhed to diſpute their reſpective 
right to beauty. The gods, unwilling to be- 
come atbiters in an affair of ſo tender and 
ſo delicate a nature, appointed Paris to ad- 
judge the prize of beauty to the faireſt of the 
goddeſſes, and indeed the ſhepherd ſeemed 
properly qualified to decide ſo great a con- 
teſt, as his wiſdom was ſo well cflabliſhed, 
and his prudence and tagacity ſo well known. 
The goddeſſes appeared before their judge 
without any covering or ornament, and each 
tried by promiſes and entreaties to gain the 
attention of Paris, and to influence his 
judgment. Juno promiſed him a King- 
dom; Minerva, military glory; and Ve- 
nus, the faireſt woman in the world for his 
wife, as Ovid expreſſes it, Heroid. 17, v. 
118. 


Unaque cum regnum; belli daret altera laudem; 
I yndaridis corjux, Tertia dixit, eris, 


After he had heard their ſeveral claims 
and promiſes, Paris adjudged the prize ts 
Venus, and gave her the golden apple, to 
which, perhaps, ſhe ſeemed entitled, as the 
goddeſs of beauty. This decifion of Paris 
in favor of Venus, drew upon the judge 
and his family the reſentment of the two 
other goddeſſes. Soon after Priam propoſed 
a conteſt among his ſons and other princes, 
and promiſed to reward the conqueror with 
one of the fineſt bulls of mount Ida. His 
emiſſaries were ſent to procure the animal, 
and it was found in the poſſeſſion of Paris, 
no reluctantly yielded it up. The ſhep- 
herd was deſirous of obtaining again this ſa- 
vorite animal, and he went to Troy and en- 
tered the liſts of the combatants. He way 
received with the greateſt applauſe, and ob- 
tained the victory over his rivals, Neſtor, 
the ſon of Neleus; Cycnus, ſon of Neptune; 
Polites, Helenus, and Deiphobus, ſons of 
Priam. He alſo obtained a ſuperiority over 
Hector himſelf, and the prince, enraged ta 
ſee himſelf conquered by an unknown ſtran- 
ger, purſued him cloſely, and Paris muſt 
have fallen a victim to his brother's reſent. 


This 


-.x 


3 


— 
= 


» > JS 
— 
2 


— — * 1 
=". 1" or Ek. 


I; 


2 Pw. Day _ 
e 


1 


This facred retreat preſerved his life, and 
Caſſandra, the daughter of Priam, truck 
with the ſimilarity of the features of Paris 
with thoſe of her brothers, enquired his birth 
and his age. From theſe circumſtances ſhe 
ſoon diſcovered that he was her brother, and 
as ſuck ſhe introduced him to her father and 
to his children. Priam acknowledged Paris 
as his ſon, forgetful of the alarming dreams 


PF A 
and ſtolen him from the refentment of his 
| adverſary. * He nevertheleſs wounded, in 
another battle, Machaon, Euryphilus, and 
Diomedes, and according to ſome opinions, 
he killed with one of his arrows the great 
Achilles. [ Vid. Achilles. } The death of 
Paris is differently related, ſome ſuppoſe 
that he was mortally wounded by one of 
the arrows of PhiloCtetes, which had been 


which had influenced him to meditate his f once in the poſſeſhon of Hercules, and that 


death, and all jealouſy ceaſed among tlic 
brothers. Paris did not Jong ſuffer himſelf 
to remain inactive, he equipped a fleet, as it 
willing to redeem Heſione his father's filter, 
whom Hercules had carriedaway, and oblig- 
ed to marry Telamon the ſon of AZacus. This 
was the pretended motive of his voyage, 
but the cauſes were far different. Paris te- 
collected that he was to be the huſband of 
the faireſt of women, and if he had been led 
to form thoſe expectations while he was an 
obſcure ſhepherd of Ida, he had now every 
plauſible reaſon to ſee them realized ince he 
was acknowledged ſon of the king of Troy. 
Helen was the faireſt woman of the age, 
and Venus bad promiſed her to him. On 
theſe grounds, therefore, he. viſited Sparta, 
the reſidence of Helen who had married Me- 
nclaus. He was received with every mark 
of reſpeR, but he abuſed the hoſpitality of 
Menclaus, and while the huſband was abſent 
in Crete, Paris perſuaded Helen to elope 
with him, and to fly to Aſia. Helen con- 
ſented, and Priam received her into his pa- 
Hee without difficulty, as his ſiſter was then 
dctained in a foreign country, and as he 
wiſhed to ſhow himſelf as hoſtile as poſſible 
"to the Greeks. This affair was ſoon produc- 
tive of ſerious conſequences, When Mene- 
Jaus had married Helen, all her ſuitors had 
beund themſelves by a ſolemn oath to pro- 
tect her perſon, and to defend her from 
every violence, [ Vid, Helena], and theretore 
the injured huſband reminded them of their 
engagements, and called upon them to te- 
cover Helen. Upon this, all Greece took 
up arms in the cauſe of Menclaus, Aga- 
memnon was choſen general of all the com- 
bined forces, and a regular war was begun. 
(Vid. Traja.z Paris, mean while, who had 
refuſed Helen to the petitions and embaſſies 
of the Greeks, armed himſelf with his bro- 
#hers and ſubjects to oppole the enemy ; but 
tic ſucceſs of the war was neither hindered 
nor accelerated by his means. 
with little courage, and at the very fight of 
Menelaus, whom he had ſo recently injured, 
ail his refolution vaniſhed, and he retired 
from the front of the army where he walked 
before like a conqueror. In a combat with 
Menelaus, which be undertook at the per- 
ſuahon of his brother Hector, Paris mutt 
have periſhed had not Venus interfered 


4 


He fought | 


when he found himſelf languid on account 
of his wounds, he ordered himſelf to be 
carried to the feet of KEnone, whom he 
had baſely abandoned, and who, m the 
years of his obſcurity, had foretold him that 
he would ſolicit her aſſiſtance in his dying 
moments. He expircd before he came in- 
to the preſence of CEnone, and the nymph, 
ſtill mindful of their former loves, threw 
herſelf upon his body and tabbed herſelf to 
the heart, after ſhe had plentifully bathed it 
with her tears. According to fome authors, 
Paris did not immediately go to Troy when 
he left the Peloponneſus, but he was driven 
on the coafts of Egypt, where Proteus, who 
was king of the country, detained him, and 
when he heard of the violence which had 
been otfered to the king of Sparta, he kept 
Helen at his court, and permitted Paris to 
retire. {Vid. Helena.} Dictyſ. Cret. 1, 2, 
S 4.—follod. 3, e. 12.— Hemer. Il. —Ovid, 
Hercid. 5, 16, S 17.—Quint. Calab. 10, v. 
290,—Horat, „d. 3. —Eurip. in Iphig.— h- 
gin. fab. 92, & 273,--Virg. An. 1, &c.— 
Elian. V. II. 12, c. 42.—Pauſ. 10, c. 27. 
[c. de Div.—-Lycophr, & Tret. in Lyc. 
A cclebrated player at Rome, iu the 
good graces uf the emperor Nero, &c. Ja- 
cit. Ann. 13, c. 19, &c. 

PAaRr1SADES, a King of Pontus in the age 
of Alexander the Great. Another, king 
of Bo{ſphorus, | 

PARk1511, a people and a city of Celtie 
Gaul, now called Paris, the capital of the 
kingdom of France. Cæſ. bell. G. 6, c. 3. 

PaRisUs, a river of Pannonia, falling 
into the Danube. Szrab, 

Pa RIU u, now Camaner, a town of Afi 
Minor, on the Propontis, whereArchilochus 
was born, as ſome tay, Strab. 10.—Pln. 
CET > HET 

PazMA, a town of Italy, near Cremo- 
na, celebrated for its wool, and now for its 
cheeſe. The poet Caflius, and the critic 
Macrobius, were born there, It was made 
a Roman colony, A. U. C. 569. The in- 
habitants are called Parmenenſes & Parmani. 
(ic. Philip. 14.--Liv. 39, e. 55.— Strab. 5. 
— Horat. 1, ep. 4, v. 3.—Cic. Phil. 14, c. 3. 
Varro. L. L. 7, c. 3zi.— Martial. 2, ep. 
43, v. 4. I. 5. ep. 13, v. 8. & 14, v. 155 

PAP MENIDES, a Greek philoſopher 0 
Elis, who tlariſhed about 505 years before 
| . Chiu 


- 


4 


Chriſt. 
or of An 
maintain 
ments, | 
that the 
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the other 
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PAR 
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mountan 
trom rhe 
diſtance 
the com! 
day's jo: 
naſlus, t 
miles ir 
accordin 
Calied | 
Which t} 
tence 


e in- 
mani. 
ab. 5, 
e. 
„ ep. 
155. 
er of 
be fore 
"hut, 


33 


er of Anaximander according to fome. He 
maintained, that there were only two ele- 
ments, fire and the earth; and he taught 
that the firſt generation of men was pro- 
duced from the fun. He firſt diſcovered 
that the earth was round, and habitable 
only in the two temperate zones, and that 
it was ſuſpended in the centre of the uni- 
verſe, in à fluid lighter than air, © that all 
bodies left to themſelves fell on its ſurface, 
There were, as he ſuppoſed, only two ſorts 
of philoſophy - ne founded on reaſon, and 
the other on opinion. He digeſted this un- 
popular ſyſtem in verſes, of which a few 
fragments remain. Piog. 

PARMENTO, a celebrated general in the 
armies of Alexander, who enjoyed the 
king's confidence, and was more attached 
to his perſon as a man than as a monarch, 
When Darius king of Perſia, offered Alex- 
ander all the country which lies at the weſt 
of the Euphrates, with his daughter Statira 
in marriage, and 10,000 talents of gold, 
Parmenio took occaſion to obſerve, that he 
would without heſitation accept of theſe 
conditions if he were Alexander, /o xvau/d J, 
were 1 Parmenis, replied the conqueror. 
This friendſhip, ſo true and inviolable, was 
ſacrificed to a moment of reſentment and 
ſuſpicion; and Alexander, who had too ca- 
gerly liſtened to a light and perhaps a falſe 
accuſation, ordered Parmenio and his ſon to 
be put to death, as if guilty of treaſon againſt 
his perſon, Parmenio was in the 70th year 
of his age, B. C. 330. He died in the 
greateſt popularity, and it has been judi- 
ciouſly obſerved, that Parmenio obtained 
many victories without Alexander, but 
Alexander not one without Parmenio. Curt. 
7, &C.—Plut. in Alex. 

PARNASSUS, a mountain of Phocis, an- 
tiently called Larnaſſos, from the beat of 
Deucalion (Aapyat,) which was carried there 
in the univerſal deluge. It received the name 
ot Parnaſſus from Parnaſſus the ſon of Nep- 
tune, by Cleobula, and was ſacred to the 
Muſes, and to Apollo and Bacchus. The 
foil was barren, but the vallies and the 
green woods that covered its ſides, rendered 
it agreeable, and fit for ſolitude and medi- 
tation. Parnaſſus is one of the higheſt 
mountains of Europe, and it is caſily ſcen 
trom the citadel of Corinth, though at the 
diſtance of about 80 miles. According to 
the computation of the antients, it is one 
day's journey round. At the north of Par- 
naſſus, there is a large plain about eight 
miles in circumference. The mountain, 
according to the poets, had only two tops, 
calied Hyampea and Tithorea, on ove of 


Cirift. He was the pupil of Xenophanes, 


— 


P A 


—Ovid. Met. t, v. 317. 1. 2, v. 221. 1. 5, 
v. 278. Lucan. 5, v. 71. 1. 3, v. 173.— 
Liv. 42, c. 16.— Sil. It. 1 5, v. 311. Mela. 
2, c. 3.—Pauſ. 10, c. 6.— A fon of Nep- 
tune, who gave his name to a mountain oz 
Phocis. 

Pa R NES, (etis), a mountain of Africa, 
abounding in vines. Stat. 12, Tach. v. 
620. | 

PARrNESSUS, a mountain of Afa, near 
Bactriana. Dionyſ. Per. 737. 

PAR xi, a tribe of the Scythians, who 
invaded Parthia. Strab. It. 

PARON & Heraclides, two youths who 
killed a man who had inſulted their father, 
Pint. Aprpth. 

Pa RO AMisus, a ridge of mountains at 
the north of India, called the Stony Girdle, 
or Indian Caucaſus. Strab. 15. 

PAROPUS, now ev ft a town at the 
north of Sicily. Polyb. 1, c. 24. 

PAROREIA, a town of Thrace, near 
mount Hæmus. Liv. 39, c. 27.— 4A 
town of Pcloponneſus. A diſtrict of 
Phrygia Magna. Strab. 12. 

Paxos, a celebrated iſland among the 
Cyclades, about 7 miles + diſtant from 
Naxos, and 28 from Delos. According to 
Pliny, it is half as large as Naxos, that is, 
about 36 or 37 miles in circumference, 2 
meaſure which ſome of the moderns have 
extended to o and even go miles. It has 
borne the different names of Pa&#ia, Mſinca, 
Hiria, Demetrias, Zacynthus, Cabarnisy 
and Hyleaſſa. It received the name of Pa- 
ros, which it {till bears, from Paros, a fon 
of Jaſon, or as ſome maintain of Parrhaſius. 
The ifland of Paros was rich and powertul, 
and well known for its famous marble, 
which was always uſed by the beſt ſtatua- 
ries. The beſt quarries were thoſe ot Mar- 
peſus, a mountain where ſtill caverns, of the 
moit extraordinary depth, are ſeen by mo- 
dern travellers, and admired aò the tources 
from whence the Jabyrinth of Egypt, and 
the porticoes of Greece received their ſplen- 
dor. According to Pliny, the quarries 
were ſo uncommomy deep, that in the 
cleareſt weather the workmen were obliged 
to uſe lamps, from which cirrumſtance the 
Grecks have called the raarble Zycknites, 
worked by the light of lamps. Paros 18 
alſo famous for the tine cattle which it pro- 
duces, and for its partridges, and wild pi» 
gcons. The capital city was called Paros. 
t was firſt peopled by the Pheznicians, and 
atterwards a colony of Cretans ſettled in t. 
The, Athenians made war againſt it, becauſe, 
it had aſſiſted the Perſians in che invahun of 
Greece, and took it, and it became a Res. 
man Province in the age of Pompey. Archi- 


which the city of Delphi was ſituated, and | lochus was born there, The Parian matbles, 
N . ; . . 
mence it was called Bien. Stab. 8, 9. | perhaps better known by the appellation of 


. 


— * 


630 


Ro _— — — 


e 


- —— 


— 


ur vu, — 
* 


o 
a 4 


P A 


Arundeliax, were engraved in this iſland in | 


capital letters, B. C. 264. and, as a valua- 
dle chronicle, preſerved the moſt celebrated 
epochas of Greece from the year 1532, B. C. 


. Theſe valuable pieces of antiquity were pro- 


cured originally by M. de Peiriſe, a French- 
man, and afterwards purchaſed by the earl 
of Arundel, by whom they were given to 
the univerſity of Oxford, where they are ſtill 
to be ſeen. Prideaux publiſhed an account 
of all the inſcriptions in 1676. Mels. 2, c. 
72.—Strab. 5.—C. Nep. in Milt. & Alc, — 
Virg. An. 1, v. 593. G. 3, v. 34 — Ovid. 
Met. 3, v. 419. l. 7, v. 4566, —Plin. 3, c. 
14. I. 36, c. 17.— Diod. 5, & Tlucyd. 1. 
Herodot. 5, &c.—llorat. 1, od. 19, v. 6. 

PARRU ASA, a town of Arcadia, found- 
ed by Parrhaſius, the fon of Jupiter. The 


Arcadians are fometimes called Parrkas- | 


frans, and Arcas Parrhafis, and Carmenta, 
Evander's mother, Parrtaftadea. Lucan. 2, v. 
237.—Pirg. An. 3, v. 334.— Od. Met. 8, 
v. 315. Fap. I, v. 618. Tg. 2, v. 190. 
—Pauf. 8, Co 27. 

PARRHAS1VS, a famous painter of Ephe- 
ſus in the age of Zeuxis, about 415 years 
before Chriſt. He was a great maſter of his 
profeſſion, and particularly excelled in 
ſtrongly expreſſing the violent paſſions. 
He was blefſed with a great genius, and 
much invention, and he was peculiarly hap- 
Py in his deſigns. He acquired himſelf 
great reputation by his pieces, but by none 
more than that in which he allegorically re- 
preſented the people of Athens, with all 


the injuſtice, the clemency, the fickleneſs, | 


timidity, the arrogance and iuconſiſtency, 
which ſo cminently characterized that cele- 
brated nation. He once entered the lifts 
againſt Zeuxis, and when they had pro- 
duced their reſpective pieces, the birds came 
to pick with the greateſt avidity the grapes 
which Zeuxis had painted. Immediately 
Parrhafius exhibited his piece, and Zeuxis 
faid, remove your curtain that we may ſee the 
Painting. The curtain was the painting, and 
Zeuxis acknowledged himſelf conquered. by 
exclaiming, Zeuxis has deceived birds, but 
Parrhafius has deceived Zeuxis himPelf. 
Parrbaſius grew ſo vain of his art, that he 
eloath:d himiclf in purple, and wore a 
crown of gold, calling himſelf the king of 
Painters. He was laviſh in his own praiſes, 
and by his vanity too often expuſed himſelf 
to the ridicule of his enemics. DPlut, in 
Thef. de Poet. aud.—Pauſ. 1, c. 28.—Plin, 
35, v. 10.—Horat. 4, od. 8 A ſon of 
Jupiter, or according to ſome, of Mars, by 
a ny mph called Philonomia. 
ARTHAMIGIZIS, a King of Armenia, in 
the reign of Tiajan. 
PARTHAON, a ſon of Agenor and Epi- 
caſte, who married Euryte, daugliter of 


| 


3 


Hippodamus, by whom he had many chil- 
dren, among whom were CEneus and Ste- 
rope. Parthaon was brother to Demonice, 
the mother of Evenus by Mars, and alſo to 
Molus, Pylus, and Theſtius. He is called 
Portheus by Homer. II. 14.—— Apolled. 
I, c. 7. Hygin. fab. 129 & 239.—A 
ſon of Peripetus and father of Ariſtas. 
Pau. 8. | 

ParTHFniz & PARTuENII, a certain 
number of deſperate citizens of Sparta, 
During the Meſſenian war the Spartans were 
abſent from their city for the ſpace of ten 
years, and it was unlawful for them to re- 
turn, as they had bound themſelves by a 
ſolemn oath not to reviſit Sparta before they 
had totally ſubdued Meſſenia. This long 
abſence alarmed the Lacedæmonian wo- 
men, as well as the magiſtrates. The 
Spartans were reminded by their wives that 
if they continued in their reſolution, the ſtate 
muſt at laſt decay for want of citizens, and 
when they had duly conſidered this em- 
baſſy, they empowered all the young men 
in the army who had come to the war while 
yet under age, and who therefore were not 
bound by the oath, to return to Sparta, and 
by a familiar and promiſcuous intercourſe 
with all the unmarried women of the ſtate, 
to raiſe a future generation. It was carried 
into execution, and the children that ſprang 
from this union were called Partheniz, er 
ſons of virgins, (rab). The war with 
Meſſenia was ſome time after ended, and 
the Spartans returned victorious ; but the 
cold indifference with which they looked 
upon the Partheniz was attended with ſe- 
rious conſequences, The Partheniz knew 
they had ne legitimate fathers, and no inhe- 
ritance, and that therefore their life depend- 
ed upon their own exertions. This drove 
them almoſt to deſpair. They joined with 
the Helots, whoſe maintenance was as pre- 
carious as their own, and it was mutually 
agreed to murder all the citizens of Sparta, 
and to ſeize their poſſcſhons. This maſſa- 
cre was to be done at a general afſembly, 
and the fignal was the throwing of a cap in 
the air. The whole, however, was diſco- 
vered thro” the diffidence and apprehenſions 
of the Helots, and when the people had aſ- 
ſembled, the Partheniz diſcovered that all 
was known, by the voice of a crier, who 
proclaimed that no man ſhould throw up 
his cap. The Partheniz, tho' apprehenſive 
of puniſhment, were not viſibly treated 
with greater ſeverity ; their calamitous con- 
dition was attentively examined, and the 
Spartans, afraid of another conſpiracy and 
awed by their numbers, permitted them to 
ſail for Italy, with Phalantus their ring - leadet 


at their head. They ſettled in Magna Græ- 


cia, and built Tarcutum, about 707 years 
before 


before Chri 
Pau. in L 
PARTUE 
flowing by 
antient nan 
PARTHI 
neſus at th 
PARTHI 
which, aft. 
the Euxine 
its name e 
(1:g0®-) 
haps it re 
mildneſs o 
—Plin. 6, 
dia, where 
lanta was « 
up there. 
13.—Apel, 
emperor I 
his imperi: 
him. / 
Ovid. e 
friend of A 
10, v. 74+ 
mance de 
edited in 1 
PART 
ered to M. 
Perſians, a 
in a more 
eircumſtar 
Minerva v 
preſented 
entrance. 
cubits hig 
paſſed for 
dias. Pl: 
PARTH 
Atalanta, 
and anotn 
leyen chie 
king of 
Thebes, 
Apallod. 3 
—＋A ſo 
PART. 
A daught 
city of C 
polis, or 
beautified 
Eubca. 
ceived th 
of the Sir 
the ſea th 
Strab, 1 
Od. 12. 
PART! 
bounded 
Carmani 
Aria, &. 
wmy, 23! 
Which wv 


1 
beſore Chriſt. Tahir. 3, e. 8.—Strab. 6. 
C 


Pauſ. in Lacon, &'c,—Plut. in Apoph. 

PARTHENTAS, a river of Peloponneſus, 
flowing by Elis. Pauſ. 6, c. 21. The 
antient name of Samos. Plin, 5, c. 31. 

PARTHENION, a mountain of Pelopon- 
neſus at the north of Tegea. Pau. 

PaRTHENIUS, a river of Paphlagonia, 
which, after ſeparating Bithynia, falls into 
the Euxine ſea, near Seſamum. It received 
its name either becauſe the virgin Diana, 
(7:g09®-) bathed herſelf there, or per- 
haps it received it from the purity and 
mildneſs of its waters. Herodot. 2, c. r04. 
li. 6, e. 3. A mountain of Arca- 
dia, where Telephus had a temple. Ata- 
lanta was expoſed on its top and brought 
up there. Parſ. 8, c. 54. —&lian. V. H. 
13.—fApelled. 2, c. 7. A favorite of the 
emperor Domitian. He conſpired againſt 
his imperial maſter, and aſſiſted to murder 
him, A river of European Sarmatia. 
Ovid. ex Pont, 4. el. 10, v. 49. A 
friend of ᷑neas killed in Italy. Virg. An. 
10, v. 748. A Greek writer whoſe ro- 
mance de Amatorlis Affettionibus, has been 
edited in 12mo. Bafil. 1531. 

PaR THIN Ox, a temple of Athens, ſa- 
ered to Minerva. It was deſtroyed by the 
Perſians, and afterwards rebuilt by Pericles, 
in a more magnificent manner. All the 
tircumſtances which related to the birth of 
Minerva were beautifully and minutely re- 
preſented in baſs-relief, on the front of the 
eatrance, The flatue of the goddeſs, 26 
cubits high, and made of gold and ivory, 
paſſed for one of the maſter pieces of Phi- 
dias. Plin. 34. 

ParRTHENSPA&US, a ſon of Meleager and 
Atalanta, or according to ſome of Milanion 
and another Atalanta, He was one of the 
leyen chiefs who accompanied Adraſtus the 
king of Argos in his expedition againſt 
Thebes, He was killed by Amphidicus. 
Apalled. 3, c. 9. - Panſ. 3, C. 12. l. 9, c. 19. 
-—— A ſon of Talaus. 

PakTHENGPE, one of the Sirens, —— 
A daughter of Stymphalus. Apellcs. A 
city of Campania, afterwards called Nea- 
polis, or the new city, when it had been 
beautified and enlarged by a colony from 
Eubea. It is now called Naples. It re- 
ceived the name of Parthenope from one 
of the Sirens, whoſe body was found on 
the ſea ſhore there. Vg. G. 4, v. 564.— 
Strab, t & 5. —Paterc. 1, c. 4.— Homer. 
04. 12, 

PARTH1A, a celebrated country of Aſia, 
bounded on the weſt by Media, ſouth by 
Carmania, north by Hyrcauia, and eaſt by 
Aria, &c. containing, according to Pto- 
my, 25 large cities, the moſt capital of 
Which was called Hecatompy/os, trom 11 | 

| 


F A 


hundred gates. Some ſuppoſe that the pre- 
feat capital of the country is built on the 
ruins of Hecatompylos. According to 
ſome authors the Parthians were Scythians 
by origin, who made an invaſion on the 
more ſouthern provinces of Aſia, and at 
laſt fixed their reſidence near Hyrcania. 
They long remained unknown and unno- 
ticed, and became ſucceſhvely tributary to 
the empire of the Aſſyrians, Medes, and 
Perſians. When Alexander invaded Afi, 
the Parthians ſubmitted, like the other de- 
pendent provinces of Perſia, and they were 
for ſome time under the power of Eumenes, 
Antigonus, Seleucus Nicanor, and Antio- 
chus, till the rapacity and oppreſhun af 
Agathocles, a lieutenant of the latter, rauſed 
their ſpirit, and fomented rebellion. Ar- 
ſaces, a man of obſcure origin, but bleſſed 
with great military powers, placed himſelf 
at the head of his countrymen, and laid tte 
foundation of the Parthian empire, about 
250 years before the Chriſtian era. The 
Macedonians attempted in vain to recover 
it, a race of active and vigilant princes, 
who aſſumed the firname of Arſacider, 
from the founder of their kingdom, en- 
creaſed its power, and rendered it ſo for- 
midable, that, while it poſſeſſed 18 king- 
doms between the Calpian and Arabian 
ſeas, it even diſputed the empire of the 
world with the Romans, and could never 
be ſubdued by that nation, which had ſeen 
no people on earth unconquered by their 
arms. It remained a kingdom till the 
reign of Artabanus, who was killed about 
the year 229 of the Chriſtian era, and 
from that time it became a province of the 
newly re- eſtabliſhed kingdom of Perſia, un- 
der Artaxerxes. The Parthians were na- 
turally ſtrong and warlike, and were ef- 
teemed the moſt expert horſemen and ar- 
chers in the world. The peculiar cuſtom 
of diſcharging their arrows while they were 
retiring full ſpeed, has been greatly cele · 
brated by the antients, particularly by the 
poets, who all obierve that their flight was 
more formidable than their attacks. This 
manner of fighting, and the wonderful ad- 
dreſs and dexterity with which it was per- 
formed, gained them many victories. 
They were addicted much to drinking, 
and to every manner of lewadneſs, and 
their laws permitted them to raiſe children 
even by their mothers and ſiſters. Srrab. 
2, 6, &c.—Curt. 6, c. 11.— Flor. 3, c. 5. 
—Firg. G. 3, v. 3m, &c. Au. 7, v. 606. 
bid. art. am. 1. & c. Faſt. 5, v. 580. 
— Din. Caſſ. 49.—Ptel. 6, c. 5.—Plin. 6, 
c. 25.—Pelyb. 5, &c.— Mercellin,—-leree 
dian. 3, &c.—Lucan. 1, v. 230. |. 6. v. 50. 


I. 10, v. 53.—Fuftin. 41, c. 1.--Herat, ry, 


od. 197 v. Li, |, 2. od. 13, v. 17. 
PAKTHINY, 


f 
f 


P A 


Pax Tuixt, a people. of Illyricum. 
Liv. 29, e. 12. L 33, C. 34. I. 4 e. 30. 
—Suet. Aug. 19.—Cic. in Piſ. 0. 

PARTHYENF, a province of Parthia, 
according to Ptolemy, though ſome au- 
thors ſupport that it is the name of Par- 
Thia itſelt. 

PakvysADEs, a king of Pontus, B. C. 
310. Diod. A king of the Cimmerian 
Boſphorus, who floriſhed, 284, B. C. 

Pa RVYSATISs, a Perſian princeſs, wife of 
Darius Ochus, by whom ſhe had Artaxer- 
kes, Memnon, and Cyrus the younger. 
She was ſo extremely partial to her younger 
fon, that ſhe committed the greateſt cruel- 
ties to encourage his ambition, and ſhe 
ſupported him with al! her intereſt in his 


rebell:on againſt his brother Memnon. The 


death of Cyrus at the battle of Cunaxa, 
was revenged with the groſſeſt barbarity, 
and Paryſatis ſacrihced to her reſentment 
all ſuch as ſhe found concerned in his fall. 


She alſo poiſoned Statira the wife of her ſon | 


Artaxerxes, and ordered one of the eunuchs 


of the court to be flcad alive, and his ſkin 


to be ſtretched on two poles before her 
eyes, becauſe he had, by order of the king, 
cut off the hand and the head of Cyrus. 
Theſe cruelties offended Artaxerxes, and 
he ordered his mother to be confined in 
Babylon, but they were ſoon after recon- 
ciled, and Paryſatis regained all her power 
and influence till the time of her death, 
Plut..in Art.—Ctef. 

PaASARGADA, a town of Perſia, ncar 
Carmania, founded by Cyrus, on the very 
ipot where he had conquered Aſtyages. 

he Kings of Perſia were always crowned 
there, and the Paſargadæ were the nobleſt 
families of Perſia, in the number of which 
were the Achæmenides. Strab. 15.—Plin. 
3, c. 26.—Herodet, 1, c. 125. 

PaskAs, a tyrant of Sicyon in Pelopon- 
neſus, father to Abantidas, &c. Plut. in 
Arat. 

PasiclEs, a grammarian, &c. 

Pas ic RATES, a king of part of the iſland 


of Cyprus. Plut. 
PASIPHAE, a daughter of the Sun and 


of Perſeis, who married Minos king of 
Crete. She diſgraced herfelf by her unna- 
tural paſhon for a bull, which, according to 
ſome authors, ſhe was enabled to gratify 
by means of the artiſt Dædalus. This ce- 
Jebrated bull had been given to Minos by 
Neptune, to be offered on his altars. But 
as the, monarch refuſed to ſacrihce the ani- 
mal on account of his beauty, the god 
xevenged his diſobedience by inſpiring Pa- 
fiphac with an unnatural love for it. This 
fabulous tradition, which is univerſally be- 
lieved by the poets, who obſcrve that the 


Minotaur was the fruit of this infamous | 


P A s 


commerce, is refuted by ſome writers, who 
ſuppoſe that the infidelity of Paſiphae to 
her huſband was betrayed in her affection 
for an officer called Taurus; and that Dæ- 
dalus, by permitting his houſe to be the 
aſylum of the two lovers,, was looked upon 
as acceſſary to the gratification of Paſiphae's 
luſt. From this amour with Taurus, as it 
is farther remarked, the queen became mo- 
ther of twins, and the name of Minotaur; 
ariſes from the reſemblance of the children 
to the huſband and the lover of Paſiphae, 
Minos had four ſons by Paſiphae, Caſtreus, 
Deucalion, Glaucus, and Androgeus, and 
three daughters, Hecate, Ariadne, and 
Phædra. [id. Minotaurus.] Plato de 
Min.—Plut. in The/.— Apolled, 2, c. 1. 
Virg. An. 6, v. 24. —Hygin. fab. 40.— 
Diod. 4.—Ovid. Heroid. 4, v. 57 & 165. 

PasITHEA, one of the Graces, alſo 
called Aglaia, Pauſ. 9, c. 35. One 
of the Nereides. Heyſtod, ——A daughter 
of Atlas. | 

PAsS1T1GR1s, a name given to the river 
Tigris, Strab. 15.—Plin. 6, c. 20. 

PassARoN, a town of Epirus, where, 
after ſacrificing to Jupiter, the kings {wore 
to govern according to law, and the people 
to obey and to defend the country, Plut, 
in Pyrr.—Liv, 45, c. 26 & 33. 

Pass1iExnus, a Roman who reduced Nu- 
midia, &c. Tacit. Ann. Pautus, a 
Roman knight, nephew to the poet Pro- 
pertius, whoſe elegiac compolitions he imi- 
tated, He likewiſe attempted lyric poetey, 
and with ſucceſs, and choſe for his model the 
writings of Horace. Plin. ep. 6 & 9,—— 
Criſpus, a man diſtinguiſhed 2s an orator, 
but more as the huſband of Domitia, and 
afterwards of Agrippina, Nero's mother, 
&c. Tacit. Ann. 6, c. 20. 

Pas us, a Theſſalian in Alexander's army, 
&c. 

Pa TAL A, a harbonr at the mouth of the 
Indus, in an ifland called Pata/e. The 
river here begins to form a Delta like the 
Nile. Pliny places this iſland within the 
torrid zone. Plin. 2, c. 73.—GCGurt. , c. 7. 
—Strab. 15. —Arrian. 6, c. 17. 

PR TARA, (orum) now Patera, a town 
of Lycia, ſituate on the eaſtern ſide of the 
mouth of the river Xanthus, with a capa- 
cious harbour, a temple, and an oracle of 
Apollo, firnamed Patareus, The god was 
ſuppoſed by ſome to refide for the fix wins 
ter months at Patara, and the reſt of the 
year at Delphi. The city was greatly em- 
belliſhed by Ptolemy Philadelphus, wh# 
attempted in vain to change its original 
name into that of his wife Arſinoe. Lin. 
37, c. I5.—Strab, 14.—Parf. 9, c. 41 
Herat. 3z Od. 14, v. 64.— „ad. Met. I. 
v. 516. — Mela. 


PATAVI VM, 


PX&TAvIU! 
Padua. [Vid 
of Livy, fron 
have denomi! 
expreſſions at 
they ſeem to 
not ſtrictly al 
ned languag 
goriſned in 
Martial. 11, 
95 56, I. 8, 
c. 27. Oh 

PATERCU: 
ter, Sulpicia, 
matron at Ro 
eius an hiſtor 
PATIZITH 
cho raiſed h 
cauſe he reſer 
Cambyſes, & 

PATMOS, 
ſmall town of 
ſouth of Icar 
circumference 
18 according 
n large harb' 
broken colum 
art of Gree: 
aniſhed thei 
alled Palmoſ- 

PATRA, Aa 
Peloponneſus, 
ad there a te 
gold and ive 
let. 6, v. 4 
„ c. 3. 

Par Ro, a 
bd. An E 
ith Cicero. 

PATROCLI 
f Attica. P 

PATROCLE 
dry of the wc 

PATROCLY 
luring the Tri 
y Sthenele, v 
Folymela, T 
onymus, the 
me oghis yo 
Upus, where 
red to the co 
dere he was 
Ie contracted 
th Achilles 
he Greeks we 
us alſo accor 
ommand of 
be court of P 
0 ſhips from 
mpaz1ion of 
me tent, ane 
"pear in the | 
ten offended 


A 


PiTXviuM, a city of Italy, now called 
Padua. [ Vid. Padua.) It is the birth place 
of Livy, from which reaſon ſome writers 
nue denominated Patavinity thoſe peculiar 
expreſſions and provincial dialect, which 
ter ſeem to diſcover in the hiſtorian's ſtile, 
vt ſtrictly agreeable to the purity and re- 
5ned language of the Roman authors who 
doriſhed in or near the Auguſtan age. 
Martial. 11, ep. 17, V. 8. until. 1, c. 
„ 86. 1. 8, e. 13.—Liv. 10, c. 2. Il. 41, 
17. 
ö PATERCULUS, a Roman whoſe daugh- 
ter, Sulpicia, was pronounced the chaſteſt 
matron at Rome. /in. 7, c. 35. V el- 
eius an hiſtorian. Vid. Velleius. 
PaTIZITHES, one of the Perſian Magi, 
ho raiſed his brother to the throne be- 
cauſe he reſembled Smerdis, the brother of 
Cambyſes, & c. Herodot. 3, c. 61. 
paruos, one of the Cyclades, with a 
(mall town of the ſame name, ſituate at the 
ſouth of Icaria, and meaſuring 30 miles in 
circumference, according to Pliny, or only 
18 according to modern travellers, It has 
n large harbour, near which are ſome 
roken columns, the moſt antient in that 
art of Greece, The Romans generally 
aniſhed their culprits there. It is now 
alled Palmoſa. Strab,—Plin. 4, c. 12. 
par RR, a town at the noith weſt of 
peloponneſus, antiently called Ae. Diana 
ad there a temple, and a famous ſtatue of 
old and ivory. Pauſ. 7, c. 6.— 0d. 
let. 6, v. 417.— Liv. 27, c. 29.— Mela. 


b, c. 3. 

"£0 a daughter of Theſtius. Apol- 
d. An Epicurean philoſopher intimate 
ith Cicero. Cic. ad Div. 13, c. 1. 

PATtRoCLT, a ſmall iſland on the coaſt 
Attica. Pauſ. 4, c. 5. 

PAaTROCLES, a man who wrote an hiſ- 
oy of the world. Strab. 

PiaTRGCLus, one of the Grecian chiefs 
uring the Trojan war, ſon of Mencetius, 
y Sthenele, whom ſome call Philomela, or 
Polymela, The accidental murder of Cly- 
onymus, the ſon of Amphidamus, in the 
me ofgghis youth, obliged him to fly from 
Vpus, where his father reigned. He re- 
red to the court of Peleus king of Plithia, 
dere he was kindly received, and where 
e contracted the moſt intimate friendihip 
th Achilles the monarch's ſon, Wuen 
de Greeks went to the Trojan war, Patro- 
us alſo accompanied them at rhe exprels 
ommand of his father, who had vitted 
de court of Peleus, and he embarked with 
0 ſhips from Phthia. He was the conſtant 
Mmpzxion of Achilles, he lodged in the 
me tent, and when his friend refuſed to 
par in the field of battle, becauſe he had 
den offended by Agamemnuon, Patrocius 


3 


| imitated his example, and by his abfenee 
was the cauſe of the overthrow of the 
Greeks. But at laſt Neſtor prevailed upon 
him to return to the war, and Achilles per- 
mitted him to appear in his armour. The 
valor of Patroclus, together with the terror 
which the fight of the arms of Achilles in- 
ſpired, ſoon routed the victorious armies of 
the Trojans, and obliged them to fly within 
their walls for fafety. He would have bro- 
ken down the walls of the city, but Apollo, 
who intereſted himſelf for the Trojans, 
placed himſelf to oppoſe him, and Hector, 
at the inſtigation of the god, diſmounted 
from his chariot to attack him, as he at- 
tempted to ſtrip one of the Trojans whom 
he had flain, The engagement was obſti- 
nate, but at laſt Patroclus was overpowered 
by the valor of Hector, and the interpoſi- 
tion of Apollo. His arms became the pro- 
perty of the cor:queror, and Hector would 
have ſevered his head from his body had 
not Ajax and Menelaus intervened. His 
body was at laft recovered and carried to 
the Grecian camp, where Achilles received 
it with the bittereſt lamentations. His fa- 
neral was obſerved with the greateſt ſolem- 
nity. Achilles ſacrificed near the burning 
pile twelve young Trojans, befides four of 
his horſes and two of his dogs, and the 
whole was concluded by the exhibition of 
funeral games, in which the conquerors 
were liberally rewarded by Achilles. The 
death of Patroclus, as it is deſcribed by 
Homer, gave riſe to new events, Achilles 
forgot his reſentment againſt Agamemnon, 
and entered the field to avenge the fall of 
his friend, and his anger was gratified only 
by the flaughter of Hector, who had more 
powerfully kindled his wrath by appearing 
at the head of the Trojan armies in the ar- 
mour which had been taken from the body of 
Patroclus. The patronymic of Actorides is 
often applied to Patroclus, becauſe Actor was 
father to Menœtius. Di&ys. Cet. 1, &c.— 
Homer Il. 9, &c.— Apellod. 3, c. 13 —tHy- 
gin. fab. 97 & 275. — Ovid. Met. 13, v. 
273. A ſon of Hercules. Apo d. 
An officer of Ptolemy Philadelphus. 

Par Rox, an Arcadian at the games ex- 
hibited by Zaeas in Sicily. Virg. An. 5, 
v. 298. 

PATROUS, a firname of Jupiter among 
the Greeks, repreſented by his ſtatues as 
having three eyes, which ſome ſuppoſe to 
ſignify that he reigned in three different 
places, in heaven, on carth, and in hell. 
Pauſ. 2. ; 

PATULC1Us, a firname of Janus, which 
he received a pateo, becauſe the doors of his 
temple were always open in the time of war. 
Some ſuppoſe that he received it becauſe he 
preſided over gates, or becauſe the year be- 


; P þ gan 


— 
— — bog, 2 
a2 6 - 

— * 
* * 

- 


* 


% ” 4 . — » ws E 
P 
* AO 4X ==» „ 


— 


* 


„ W „ , Lie. £AO2 


Fi. 1, v. 129. 


— — — — — — — 


by 


gan by the celebration of his feſtivals. Ovid. 


PavLa, the firſt wife of the emperor 
Heliogabalus. She was daughter of the 
prefect of the pretorian guards. The em- 
peror divorced her, and Paula retired to ſo- 
litude and obſcurity with compoſure. 

Pauli xA, a Roman lady who married 
Saturninus, a governor of Syria, in the 
reign of the Emperor Tiberius. Her con- 
jugal peace was difturbed, and violence was 
offered to her virtue by a young man called 
Mundus, who was enamoured of her, and 
who had cauſed her to come to the temple 
of Ifis by means of the priefts of the god- 
deſs, who declared that Anubis wiſhed to 
communicate to her ſomething of moment. 
Saturninus complained to the emperor of 
the violence which had been offered to his 
wife, and the temple of Ifis was overturned 
and Mundus baniſhed, &c. Jeep. 42. 
18, c. 4. The wife of the philoſopher 
Seneca, who-- attempted to kill herſelf 
when Nero had ordered her huſband to 
dic. The emperor however prevented her, 
and ſhe lived ſome few years after in the 
greateſt melancholy. Tucit. Ann. 15, c. 
63, &c. A ſiſter of the emperor A- 
drian. The wife of the emperor Maxi- 
'minus. 

Pautinus PomPEIUs, an officer in 
Nero's reign, who had the command of 
the German armies, and finiſhed the works 
on the banks of the Rhine, which Druſus 
had begun 63 years before. Tacit. Alu. 13, 
e. 53. —Suctonius. A Roman gencral, 
the firſt who crotſed mount Atlas with an 
army. He wrote an hiſtory of this expedi- 
ton in Africa, which is loſt. Paulinus 
2iſo diſtinguiſhed himſelf in Britain, &c. 
He followed the arms of Otho againſt Vi- 
tellius. Pin. 6, e. 1. Valerius, a 
friend of Veſpaſian. Julius, a Batavian 
nobleman, put to death by Fonteius Ca- 


——— — 


- Þ A 


abilities of Paulus were remembered, and 
he was honored with the conſulſhip abour 
the both year of his age. After this ag. 
pointment he behaved with uncommon yi. 
gor, and ſoon a general engagement wa; 
fought near Pydna. The Romans obtained 
the victory, and Perſeus ſaw himlelf. qe. 
ſerted by all his ſubje&ts. In two days th, 
conqueror made himſelf maſter of all Mz. 
cedonia, and ſoon after the fugitive mg. 
narch was brought into his preſence. Paulus 
did not exult over his fallen enemy, but 
when he had gently rebuked him for bis 
temerity in attacking the Romans, te ad- 
dreſſed himſelf in a pathetic ſpeech ty the 
officers of his army who ſurrounded him, 
and feelingly enlarged on the inſtability gf 
fortune, and the viciſſitude of all human 
affairs. When he had finally . ſettled the 
government of Macedonia with ten com- 
miſhoners from Rome, and after he had 
ſacked 70 cities of Epirus, and divided the 
booty amongſt his ſoldiers,. Paulus returned 
to Italy, He was received with the uſul 
acclamations, and though ſome of the ſed- 
tious ſoldiers attempted to prevent his tri« 
umphal entry into the capitol, yet thre 
days were appointed to exhibit the fruits 
of his victories. Perſeus with his wretched 
family adorned the triumph of the cun- 
queror, and as they were dragged throug! 
the ſheets before the chariot of Paulus, they 
drew tears of compaſſion from the people, 
The riches which the Romans derived fron 
this conqueſt were immenſe, and the pe: 
ple were freed from all taxes till the con- 
{ulthip of Hirtius and Panſa; but while 
every one of the citizens received ſonic be 
nefit from the victories of Paulus, the cor 
queror himſelf was poor, and appropriated 
for his own uſe nothing of the Maccdoni 
treaſures except the library of Perſcus 
the uthce of cenſor, to which he was atte 
wards cletted, Paulus behaved with tu 


pito, on pretence of rebellion, It. H. 4. 
4. 9 

Paulus AmvLivs, a Roman, fon of 
the Amylius who fell at Cannz, was cc- 
kcbrated for his victories, and received the 
hrname of Macedonicus from his conqueſt 
of Macedonia. In the early part of lite he 
diſtinguiſned himſelf by his uncommon ap- 
plication, and by-his fondneſs tor military 
diſcipline. His firſt appearance in the field 
was attended with great ſucceſs, and the 
barbarians that had revolted in Spain were 
reduced with the greateſt facility under the 
power of the Romans. In his firft conſulſhip 
bis arms were directed againſt the Ligurians 
whom he totally ſubjected. His applica- 
tons for a ſecond conſulſbip proved abor- 
tere; but when Perfeus the King of Mace- 
oma tad declared war againtt Rome, the 


greateſt moderation, and at his death, wd 
| happened about 168 years before the Clin; 
| tian era, not only the Romans, but the 
very enemies confeſſed, by their laments 
tions, the loſs which they had ſultaitec 
He had married Papiria, by whom he |. 
two ſons, one of which was adopted by 
family of Maximus, and the other in {Us 
of Scipio Africanus. He had allo ts 
| daughters,. one of whom married a ſon 

Cato, and the other Ælius Tubero. f 
afterwards divorced Papiria, and when 
friends withed to reprobate his conduct 
doing ſo, by obſerving that ſhe was you 
and handſome, and chat the had made bu 
father of a fine family, Paulus repi 
that the ſhoe which he then wore was n 
and well made, but that he was obliged 
| ave it off, though no one but Amel, 4 


he ſa 
marr! 
ſons, 
Rom; 
fathei 
of the 
trium 
days ; 
melt i« 
of the 
privat 
and in 
upon 
every 
lic by 
rity of 
43, 4 
Samoſ 
Gallie 
Biuts 
work 
L 
oppoſe 
ralhne! 
comm 
the gr 
facing 
Was rej 
gloriou 
toon fo 
when 
ſlaught 
offered 
to ip, 
enemy. 
8. 39.— 
of Ad 
ſome 
ellius. 
* 
PA ve 
receive 
Tullus! 
yas the 
raiſed al 
the god 
3, Co I7 
Paus 
greatly 
Platza, 
were ver 
rewarded 
ſpoils ta 
terwards 
mies, an 
dut the h 
dim ma 
ſoon obt 
of Greece 


nis coun 


(Greece tc 


marriage 


daughter 


and 
bout 
| ap- 
Vi- 
Waz 
ained 
f de. 
Y the 
| Ma- 
> MG. 
Paulus 
V, but 
for his 
ne ad. 
to the 
1 him, 
ility of 
human 
ed the 
n com- 
he bad 
ded the 
cturned 
e ulual 
ne ſedi- 
nis tris 
et three 
ie fruits 
vretched 
he con- 
throug! 
lus, they 
people. 
ved fron 
the pe: 
the con 
ut while 
ſonic be 
the con 
propriated 
acc dom 
{cus 
Nas aſter 
with th 
zth, whid 
the Clin 
but the 
r_ lament? 
| ſuſtarted 
om bel 
ed by ! 
cx in {UW 
| allo is 
ed a ſon 
Ibero. H 
4 when! 
conduct 
was you 


| made h 


a 
jus rept 


re was 
1s obliged 
Lumielly q 


 evemy. Horat, od. 12, v. 38. —Liv. 22, 


Lellius. 


P A 


he ſaid, . knew where it pinched him. He 
married a ſecond wife by whom he had two 
ſons, whefe ſudden death exhibited to the 
Romans in the moſt engaging view, their 
father's philoſophy and ſtoiciſm. The elder 
of theſe ſons died five days before Paulus 
triumphed over Perſeus, and the other three 
days after the public proceſſion. This do- 
meſtic calamity did not ſhake the firmneſs 
of the eonqueror; yet before he retired to a 
private ſtation, he harangued the people, 
and in mentioning the ſeverity of fortune 
upon his family, he expreſſed his wiſh that 
every evil might be averted from the repub- 
lic by the ſacrifice of the domeſtic proſpe- 
rity of an individual. Plut. in vitd. Lv. 
43, A, &c.—Tuſtin. 33, c. 1, &c. 
Samoſatemus, an author in the reign of 
Gallienus.-—— Maximus. Vid. Maximus Fu- 
bius, Agineta, a Greek phyſician whoſe 
work was edited apud Ald. fol. 1528, 
L. ZEmylius, a conſul, who, when 
eppoſed to Annibal in Italy, checked the 
raſhneſs of his colleague Varro, and re- 
commended an imitation of the conduct of 
the great Fabius, by haraſſing and not 
facing the encmy in the held. His advice 
was rejected, and the battle of Cannæ, ſo 
glorious to Annibal, and ſo fatal to Rome, 
ſoon followed. Paulus was wounded, but 
when he might have eſcaped froin the 
{laughter, by accepting a horſe generouſly 
offered by one of his officers, he diſdained 
to fly, and periſhed by the darts of the 


L. 39. Julius, a Latin poet in the age 
of Adrian and Antoninus. He wrote 
ſome poetical pieces recommended by A. 


PauLus. Vid. Amylius 

PAvoR, an emotion of the mind, which 
received divine honors among the Romans. 
Tullus Hoſtilius, the third king of Rome, 
yas the firſt who built her temples, and 
raiſed altars to her honor, as alſo to Pallor, 
the goddeſs of Paleneſs. Cic. de Nat. D. 
3, C. I7. 

PauSANIAS, a Spartan general, who 
greatly ſignalized himſelf at the battle of 
Platza, againſt the Perſians, The Greeks 
were very ſenſible of his ſervices, and they 
rewarded his merit with a tenth of the 
ipoils taken from the Perſians. He was af- 
terwards ſet at the head of the Spartan ar- 
mies, and extended his conqueſts in Aſia; 
dut the haughtineſs of his behaviour created 
dim many enemies, and the Athenians 
loon obtained a ſuperiority in the affairs 
of Greece, Pauſanias was diſſatisfied with 
tus countrymen, and he offered to betray 
(Greece to the Perſians, if he received in 
marriage, as the reward of his perfidy, the 


Caughter of their raonarch, His intrigues 


P A 


were diſcovered by means of a youth, who 
was intruſted with his letters to Perſia, and 
who refuſed to go, on the recollection that 
ſuch as had been employed in that office 
before had never returned. The letters 
were given to the Ephori of Sparta, and the 
perfidy of Pauſanias laid open. He fled 
tor ſafety to a temple of Minerva, and as 
the ſanctity of the place ſcreened him from 
the violence of his purſuers, the ſacred 
building was ſurrounded with heaps of 
ſtones, the firſt of which was carried there 
by the indignant mother of the unhappy 
man. He was ſtarved to death in the 
temple, and died about 471 years before 
the Chriſtian era, There was a feftival 
and ſolemn games inſtituted in his honor, iu 
which only free-born Spartans contended. 
There was alſo an oration ſpoken in his 
praiſe, in which his actions were celebra- 
ted, particularly the battle of Platza, and 
the defeat of Mardonius. C. Nep. in vita. 
—Plut. in Ari. & Them.—llerodet. g. 
A favorite of Philip king of Macedo- 
nia. He accompanied the prince in an ex- 
pedition againſt the Illyrians, in which he 
was killed, Another, at the court of king 
Philip, very intimate with the preceding. 
He was groſsly and unnaturally abuſed by 
Attalus one of the friends of Philip, and 
when he complained of the injurics he had 
received, the King in ſome mcaſure difre- 
garded his remonſttances, and wiſhed them 
to be forgot. This incenſed Pauſanias, he 
reſolved to revenge himſelf, and when he 
had heard from his maſter Hermocrates 
the ſophiſt, that the moſt effectual way to 
render himſelf illuſtrious, was to murder 
a perſon who had ſignalized himſelf by un- 
common actions; he ſtabbed Philip as 
he entered a public theatre. After this 
bloody action he attempted to make his eſs 
cape to his chariot, which waited for him 
at the door of the city, bur he was ſtopped 
accidentally by the twig of a vine and fell 
down. Attalus, Perdiccas, and other friends 
of Philip, who purſued him, immediately 
fell upon him, and diſpatched him. Some 
ſupport that Pauſanias committed this mur- 
der at the inſtigation of Olympias, the wife 
of Philip, and of her ſon Alexander. Died. 
16.— Tuſtin, 9. Plut. in Apoph. A 
king of Macedonia, depoſed by Amyntas 
after a yeur's reign. Died, Another 
who attempted to ſeize upon the kingdom 
of Macedonia, from which he was prevent- 
ed by Iphicrates the Athenian, A friend 
of Alexander the Great, made governor of 
Sardis. A phyſician in the age of Alex- 
ander. Put. A celebrated orator, and 
hiſtorian, who ſettled at Rome, A. D. 170, 
where he died in a very advanced age 
He wrote an hiftory of Greece in ten books, 

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in the Tonic dialect, in which he gives, with 
great preciſton and geographical know- 
ledge, an account of the ſituation of its 
different cities, their antiquities, and the 
ſeveral curioſities which they contamed. 
He has alſo interwoven mythology in 
his hiſtorical aecount, and introduced 
many fabulous traditions and ſuperſtitious 
ffories. In each book the author treats of 
a ſeparate country, ſuch at Attica, Arcadia, 
Meſfenia, Elis, &c. Some ſuppoſe that 
he gave a ſimilar deſcription of Phœnicia 
and Syria. There was another Pauſanias, a 
native of Cefarza in Cappadocia, who wrote 
ſome declamations, and who is often con- 
founded with the hiſtorian of that name. — 
The beſt edition of Pauſanias, is that of 
Khunius, fol. Lip. 1696. A Lacedz- 
monian who wrote a partial account of his 
country. A ſtatuary of Apollonia. Pa. 
10, C. 9. A king of Spata, of the fa- 
mily of the-Euryſthenidz, who died 397 
B. C. after a reign of 14 years. 

PAavsrAs, a painter of Sicyon, the 
firſt who underſtood now to apply colors 
to wood or ivory, by means of fre. He 
made a beautiful painting of his miſtreſs 
Giycere, whom he repreſented as fitting on 
the ground, and making garlands with 
flowers, and from this circumſtance the 
picture, which was bought afterwards by 
Lucullus for two talents, reccived the name 
of Stephanoplecen, Some time after the 
death of Pauſias, the Sicyonians were ob- 
liged to part with the pictures they poſ- 
ſeſled, to deliver themſelves from an enor- 
mous debt, and M. Scaurus the Roman, 
bought them all, in which were thoſe of 
Pauſias, to adorn the theatre, which had 
been built during his edilefhip. Pauſias 
lived about 350 years before Chriſt. Pin. 
Je. 11. 

PaustlV pus, a mountain near Naples, 
which receives its name from the beauty of 
its ſituation, (waver unn ceſſu e facio dolor). 
The natives ſhow there the tomb of Virgil, 
and regard it with the higkzett veneration. 
There were near ſome faſh ponds belonging 
to the emperor, The mountain is now fa- 
mous for a ſubterraneous paſſage near half 
a mile in length, and 22 feet in breadth, 
which aflords a ſafe and convenient paſſage 
to travellers. Stat. 4. Ou. 4, v. 52.— 
Flin. 9, e. 53. — Sab. 5. — Seneca ep. 5, 
& <7, 

Pax, an allegorical divinity among the 
anticnts, The Athenians raited her a ſtatue, 
which repreſented her as holding Plutus 
tie god of wealth in her lip, to intimate 
that peace gives riſe to proſperity and to 
opulence, and they were the firſt who 
erected an altar to her honor after the vic- 
wrics obtaincd by Timotheus over the La- 

9 


conflagration. 


P E 
cedæ monĩan power, tho' Plutarch aſſerts {x 
had been done after the conqueſts of Cimon 
over the Perſians. She was repreſented 
among the Romans with the horn of plenty, 
and alſo carrying an olive branch in her 
hand. The emperor Veſpaſian built her 
a celebrated temple at Rome, which wag 
conſumed by fire in the reign of Commo- 
dus. It was cuſtomary for men of learning 
ty aſſemble in that temple, and even to 
depoſit their writings there, as in a place 
of the greateſt ſecurity. Therefore when 
it was burnt, not only books, but alfo 
many valuable things, jewels, and im- 
menſe treaſures were loſt in the general 
C. Nep. in Timoth, 2.—Plut. 
in Cim, 

Paxos, a ſmall iſland between Ithaca 
and the Echinades in the Ionian fea. 

Peas, a ſhepherd, who, according to 
ſome, ſet on fire the pile on which Hercu- 
les was burnt, The hero gave him his bow 
and arrows. 

Prpus, an illegitimate ſon of Antenor, 
Homer. Il. Jo 

PEevActa, a woman of whom Horace, 
r, 1 Sat. 8, v. 39, ſpeaks as of a con- 
temptible character. 

PE DANI. Vid. Prp un. 

PEeznAanivus, a prefect of Rome, killed 
by one of his ſlaves, for having denied 
him his liberty, &c. Tacit. 14, Ann, 
e. 42. 

Praga (erum), a town of Caria near 
Halicarnaſſus. Liv. 33, c. 30. 

Prbsus, a ſon of Bucolion, the ſon of 
Laomedon. His mother was one of the 
Naiads. He was killed in the Trojan wars 
by Euryalus. Homer. II. 6. One of the 
norſes of Achilles, killed by Sarpedon. Id. 
16. A tuwn near Pylos in the Pelopon- 
neſus, 

PEpiAbrs, a part of BaQtriana, through 
which the Oxus flows. Pelyb. 

PEepias, the wite of Cranaus. 

Peprivs Blass, a Roman accuſed, by 
the people of Cyrene, of plundering the 
temple of Aiſculapius. He was condemn- 
ed under Nero, &c. Tait. Ann. 14, C. 
18. A nephew of Julius Cæſar, who 
commanded one of his legions in Gaul, 
&c. Poplicola, a lawyer in the age of 
Horace. His father was one of J. Cztar's 
heits, and became conſul with Auguſtus 
after Panſa's death. 

Pr U, a lawyer patronized by Domitian. 
Tru. 7, v. Albinov anus. Vid. 
Aibincvpuans. 

Pr DIANUS Ascoxn1vus, flotiſhed A. D. 
76. 

Prp uu, a town of Latium, about 10 
miles from Rome, conquered by Camil- 
lus, The inhabitants were called Pedart. 


Liu. 


129. 


near th 
ſoon a 
into he 
he fixed 
where, 
he inſta 
been ca 
favorite 
tamed 
given to 
mera. 
deſtroye 
rider, h. 
accordin 
cauſe he 
act of te 
niſhed be 
torment. 
melanche 
!nucd hi 
viaced an 
Perſeus, 
on the he 
the {ca m 
Androma 
1 11. 
& 4.—Ly 
v. 78 5.—. 
PELAG 
rorites, & 
| EL AG. 
Ovid, Me, 
and Metop 
men condu 
Where, ace. 
ulld 4 City 
PELAGo 
acedonia 
. 31, . 28 
PeLarG 
re-etabliſhs 
Lia. She re 
Pai, . 
PELASG: 


A 


4, 6. 


who 
Gaul, 
ge of 
elar's 
zuſtus 


litlan. 


Vi, 
A. D. 


ut 10 
*1m1l- 
dani. 


Liu. 


Ovid. Met. 8, v. 360. 


P E 


Liv. 2, ©. 39. 1.8. c. 13 & 14.—Horat. 1, 
ep. 45 V. 2. 

PRO, a fountain at the foot of mount 
Arganthus in Bithynia, into which Hylas 
fell. Propert. 1, el. 20, v. 33. 

PeGASIDEs, a name given to the Muſes 
from the horſe Pegaſus, or from the foun- 
tain which Pegaſus had raiſed from the 
ground, by ſtriking it with his foot. 

PEGAS1S, a name given to CKnane by 
Ovid, (Her. 5,) becauſe ſhe was daughter 
of the river (mnyn), Cebrenus. 

PEGASIUM.STAGNUM, a lake near Ephe- 
ſus, which aroſe from the earth when Pe- 
gaſus ftruck it with his foot. 

PeGASUs, a winged horſe ſprung from 


the blood of Meduſa, when Perſeus had 
cut off her head. He reccived his name 
from his being born, according to Hetod, 
near the ſources (anyn) of the ocean. As 
ſoon as born he left the earth, and flew up 
into heaven, or rather, according to Ovid, 
he fixed his reſidence on mount Helicon, 
where, by ſtriking the earth with his foot, 
he inftantly raiſed a fountain, which bas 
been called Hippocrene. He became the 
favorite of the Muſes, and being afterwards 
tamed by Neptune or Minerva, he was 
given to Bellerophon to conquer the Chi- 
mera. No ſooner was this fiery moniter 
deſtroyed, than Pegaſus threw down his | 
rider, becauſe he was a mortal, or rather | 
according to the more received opinion, be- 
cauſe he attempted to fly to heaven. This 
act of temerity in Bellerophon, was pus 
niſhed by Jupiter, who ſent an inſect to 
torment Pegaſus, which occaſioned the 
melancholy fall of his rider. Pegaſus con- 
!nued his flight up to heaven, and was 
placed among the conſtellations by Jupiter. | 
Perſeus, according to Ovid, was mounted 
on the horſe Pegaſus, when he deſtroyed 
the fea monſter which was going to devour | 
Andromache. Heſiod. Theog.—Horat. 4, 
od. 11.—Homer. II. 6.—Apolled. 2, c. 3. 
& 4.—Lycopar. 17.—Pauſ.—Ovid, Met. 43 
v. 785. —Hygiu. feb. 57. 

PELAGo, an eunuch, one of Nero's fa- 
rorites, c. Tacit, Ann. 14, C. 59. 

PELAGON, a man killed by a wild boar. 
A ſon of Afopus | 
and Metope. A Phocian, one of whole. 
men conducted Cadmus and ſhewed him 
where, according to the oracle, he was to 
build à city. : 

PELAGONIA, one of the diviſions of 
Macedonia at the north. Liv. 26, c 25. 
I. 31, c. 28. 

PELARGE, a daughter of Potncus, who 
re-eſtabliſhed the worthip of Ceres in Bœo- 
ua. She received divine tonors after death. 
Pauſe. 9, c. 25. | 

PELASGI, a people & Greece, ſups + 

} 


TR — 


—— — ——— — 


—V—— ³ẽ²ẽ —— —  - -- 


1 - 
poſed to he one of the moſt antient in the 
world. They firſt inhabited Argolis in 
Peloponneſus, which from them received 
the name of Peſaſgia, and about 1883 years 
before the Chriſtian era, they paſſed into 
Amonia, and were afterwards diſperſed in 
ſeveral parts of Greece. Some of them 
fixed their habitation in Epirus, others in 
Crete, others in Italy, and others in Leſ- 
bos. From theſe difterent changes of fi- 
tuation in the Pelaſgians, all the Greeks 
are indiſcrimmately called Pelaſgians, and 
their country Pelaſgia, though, more pro- 
perly ſpeaking, it ſhould be confined to 
Theſſaly, Epirus, and Peloponneſus, in 
Greece. Some of the Pelaſgians, that had 
been driven from Attica, ſettled in Lemnos, 
where ſome time after they carried ſome 
Athenian women, whom they had ſeized 
in an expedition on the coaſt of Attica, 
They raiſed ſome children by theſe captive 
temales, but they afterwards deſtroyed them 
with their mothers, through jealouſy, be- 


; cauſe they differed in manners as well as 


language from them. This horrid mur- 
der was attended by a dreadful peſtilence, 
and they were ordered, to expiate their 
crime, to do whatever the Athenians com- 
manded them. This was to deliver their 
poſſeſſions into their hands. The Pelaſ- 
gians ſeem to have received their name 
trom Pelaſgus the firſt king, and founder 
of their nation. Pauf. 8, c. 1.— Straub. 5. 
Ilerodot. 1.—Plut. in Rem. — Vg. An, 
rt. Od. Met.—Flacc,—Seneca in Ned, & 
Agam. 

PELASCIA, or PELASG1OT1S, a coun- 
try of Greece, whoſe inhabitants are called 
Pelaſgi, or Pelaſeictz. Every country of 
Greece, and all Greece in gencral, is indiſ- 
criminately called Pelaigiaz, though the 
name thould be more particularly con- 
fincd to a part of Theſſaly, firuate between 
the Peneus, the Aliacmon, and the Sperchius. 


| The maritime borders of this part of Theſ- 


ſaly were afterwards called Magnefrag 
though the ſea or its ſhore ſtill retained 
the name of Pelaſgicus Sinus, now the gulf 
of % Pelaſgia is alſo one of the antient 
names of Epirus, as alſo of Peloponneſus. 
Vid. Pelaſpi. 

PELASGUS, a ſon of Jupiter and Ni- 
obe, who reigned in Sicyon, and gave his 
name to the amient inhabitants of Pelopon- 
neſus. 

PFLETHRGONI1, an cpithet given to the 
Lapithæ, becauſe they inhabited the town 
of Pelethrenium, at the foot of mount Pe- 
lion ia Theſſaly; or becauſe one of their 


number bore the name of Pclethronius. It 


is to them that mankind are indebted for 
the invention of the bit with which they 
inmed their horſes with ſo much dexterity. 


P D 3 41. 


22 


Vire. G. z, v. 15. — Ovid. Met. 12, v. 452. 
Lacan. 6, v. 387. 
PELEvUs, a king of Theſſaly, ſon of 
acus and Endeis, the daughter of Chiron. 

He married Thetis, one of the Nereids, and 

was the only one among mortals who mar- 

ried an immortal. He was acceſſary to the 

death of his brother Phocus, and on that 

account he was obliged to leave his fa- 

ther's dominions. He retired to the court 

of Eurytus, the ſon of Actor, who reigned 

at Phthia, or according to the leſs received 

opinion of Ovid, he fled to Ceyx, king of 
Trachinia, He was purificd of his murder 

by Eurytus, with the uſual ceremonies, and 

the monarch gave him his daughter Anti- 

gone in marriage. Some time after this, 

Peleus and Eurytus went to the chaſe of 
the Calydonian boar, where the father- in- 

law was accidentally killed by an arrow 

which his ſon-in-law had aimed at the 

beaſt. This unfortunate event obliged him 

to baniſh himſelf from the court of Phthia, 
and he retired to Iolchos, where he was 
purified of the murder of Eurytus, by A- 
caſtus the king of the country. His reft- 

dence at Iolchos was ſhort, Aſty damia, 
the wife of Acaſtus, became enamoured of 
him; and when ſhe found him inſenſible to 
her paſſionate declaration, ſhe accuſed him 
ef attempts upon her virtue. The mo- 
narch partiairy believed the accuſations of 
his wite, but not to wivlate the laws of 
hoſpitality, by putting him inſtantly -to 
death, he ordered his officers to conduct 
him to mount Pelion, on pretence of hunt- 
ing, and there to tic him to a tree, that he 
might become the prey of the wild beafts 
of the place. The orders of Acaſtus were 
faithfully obeyed, but Jupiter, who Knew 
the innocence of his grandſon Peleus, order- 
ed Vulcan to ſet him at liberty. As ſoon 
as he had been delivered from danger, Pe- 
leus aſſembled his friends to puniſh the ill- 
treatment which he had received from A- 
caſtus. He forcibly took Jolchos, drove 
the king from his poſſeſſions, and put to 
death the wicked Aſtydamia. After the 
death of Antigone, Peleus courted Thetis, 
of whoſe ſuperior charms Jupiter himſelf 
had been enamoured, His pretenſions, how- 
ever, were rejected, and as be was a mor- 
tal, the goddeſs fled from him with the 
greateſt abhorrence; and the more effect u- 
ally to evade his c:quiries, ſhe generally 
aſſumed the ſhape of a bird, or a tree, or 
of a tygreſs. Peleus became more animated 
from her refuſal, he offered a ſacrifice to 
the gods, and Prowcus informed him that 
to obtain Thetis he muſt ſurprize her while 
ſhe was aſleep in her grotto, near the ſhores 
of Theſſaly, This advice was immediate- 
}y followed, and Thetis, unabic to eſcape 


P R 


from the graſp of Peleus, at laſt conſented 
to marry him. Their nuptials were cele- 
brated with the greateſt ſolemnity, and all 
the gods attended, and made them each the 
moſt valuable preſents. The goddeſs of 
diſcord was the only one of the deities who 
was not preſent, and ſhe puniſhed this 
ſeeming negle& by throwing an apple into 
the midſt of the aſſembly of the gods, with 
the inſcription of qetur prlchriori. [ Vid. Diſ- 
cardia, ] From the marriage of Peleus and 
Thetis was born Achilles, whoſe educa- 


ron, and afterwards to Phcenix, the ſon of 
Amyntor. Achilles went to the Trojan 
war, at the head of his father's troops, and 
Peleus gloried in having a fon who was ſu- 
perior to all the Greeks in valor, and in- 
trepidity. The death of Achilles was the 
ſource of grief to Pelcus; and Thetis, to 
comfort her huſſi and, promiſed him immor- 
tality, and ordered him to retire into the 
grottos of the iſland of Leuce, where he 
would ſee and converſe with the manes of 
his ſon. Peleus had a daughter called Po- 
lydora, by Antigone, Homer, E. —Eurip, 
in Andram, —Catull, de Nupt. Pel. & Thet, 
— Ovid. Hereid. 5. Faſt. 2. Met. 11, fab.) 
& 8.—Apoilod. 3, c. 12. —Parf. 2, c. 29. 
— Diod. 4.—Hygin. fab. 54. 

PrLiXAprs, the daughters of Pelias. Fid, 
Pelias. 

PeLIAs, the twin brother of Nelcus, 
was ſon of Neptune by Tyro, the daughter 
of Salmoneus. His birth was concealed 
from the world by his mother, who wiſh- 
ed her father to be ignorant of her incon- 
tinence. He was expoſed in the woods, 
but his life was preierved by ſhepherds, 
and he received the name of Pelias, from 
a ſpot of the color of lead in his face. Some- 
time after this adventure, Tyro married 
Cretheus, ſon of Aolus, king of Iolchos, 
and became mother of three childcen, of 
whom ZEſon was the eldeſt, Meceartime 
Pelias viſited his mother, and was received 
in her family, and after the death of Cre- 
theus, he unjuſtly ſeized the king dom, 
which belonged to the children of Tyro, 
by the deceaſed monarch. To ſtrengthen 
himſelf in his uſurpation, Pelias conſulted 
the oracle, and when he was told to be- 
ware of one of the deſcendants of ZEolus, 
who ſhould come to his court with one foot 
ſhud, and the other bare, he privately te- 
moved the ſon of /Eſon, after he had pub- 
licly declared that he was dead. Theſe 
precautions proved abortive. Jaſon the 
fon of Aſon, who had been educated by 
Chiron, returned to Iolchos, when arrived 
to years of maturity, and as he had loſt one 
of his ſhoes in croſſing the river Anauruy 
or the Evcnus, Pelias immediately Pei 


\ 


ccc 


tion was early entruſted to the Centaur Chi- 


ceived tl 
was ads 
pularity 
lence ag: 
dreſs, ar 
admiratii 
ment wa 
at his pa 
lations, 
witch h 
that his « 
there fore, 
that hen 
to him, 
the death 
mas, who 
He frthi 
wauld be 
and that r 
age had p- 
catiug the 
juries of h 
This ſo 
warmly ac 
his intent 
all over ( 
the abſcnc 
expedition 
his family 
ceived Opil 
Ing when 
Was reſtore 
magic. of ! 
the vigor a 
toniſhed al 
the daught. 
te patrony 
deſire to ſee 
by the ſam 
wiſhed to 
luſband T; 
raiſed the « 
ting an old 
fleſh in a 
ing it into a 
ſcen this ſu 
ades cut the 
tiey had dr. 
en the af; 
plenich the 
limbs were 
ol boiling W. 
to be totalty 
the Peliade: 
tar bones o 
burial, The 
Alceſte, Piſi 
to whom E 
mother's nar 
05 Bias, or 
Amphion. 
cs fled to 
&atas, the 


con- 
7000s, 
nerds, 
from 
zome- 
arricd 
jlchos, 
en, of 
24”,*1me 
*ceived 
I Cre» 
1g domy 
' Tyro9, 
ngthen 
nſulted 
to be- 
Eolus, 
one foot 
te ly re- 
ad pub- 
Theſe 
aſon the 
ated by 
arrived 
| loſt one 
Anaufus, 
icly per? 
cen ed 


1 
ccived that this was the perſon whom he 
was adviſed ſo much to dread. His unpo— 
pularity prevented him from acting with vio- 
tence ig ainſt a ſtranger, whoſe uncommon | 
dreſs, and commanding aſpect, had raiſed , 
admiration in hi ſubjects. But his aſtoniſn- 
ment was excited when he ſaw ſaſon arrive 
at his palace, with his friends and his re- 
lations, and boldly demand the kingdom | 
wiich he uſurped, Pelias was conſcious 
that his complaints were well founded, and 
therefore, to divert his attention, he told him 
that he would voluntarily reſign the crown 
to him, af ke went to Colchis to avenge 
the death of Phryxus, the ſon of Atha- 
mas, whom ZEetcs had cruelly murdered, 
He farther obſerved, that the expedition 
wauld be attended with the greateſt glory, 
and that nothing but the infirmities of old 
age had prevented him himſelf from vindi- 
citing the honor of his country, and the in- 
juncs of his family by puaiſhing the aſſaſſin. 
This ſo warmly recommended, was as 
warmly accepted by the young hero, and 
his intended expedition was made known 
all over Greece, [Vid. Jaſon.] During 
the abſence of Jaſun, in the Argonautic 
expedition, Pelias murdered /Eſon and all 
his family ; but according to the more re- | 
ceived opinion of Ovid, Aſon was ſtill liv- 
ing when the Argonauts returned, and he 
was reſtored to the vigor of youth by the 
magic. of Medea. This ſudden change in 
the vigor and the conſtitution of Æſon, aſ- 
toniſhed all the inhabitants of Iolchos, and 
the daughters of Pelias, whe had received 
the patronymic of Pella les, expreſſed their 
deſire to fee their father's infirmities vaniſh, 
by the ſame powerful arts. Medea, who 
wiſhed to” avenge the injuries which her 
hulband Jaſon had received from Pelias, 
raiſed the defires of the Peliades, by or 
ting an old ram to pieces, and boiling the 
fleſh in'a cauldron, and afterwards turn- 
ing it into a fine young lamb. After they had 
[cen this ſucceſsful experiment, the Peli- 
ades cut their father's body to picces, after 
tuey had drawn all the blood from his veins, | 
on the aſſuance that Medea would re- 
plenich them by her incantations., The 
linhs were immediately put into a cauldron. 
el boiling water, but Medea ſuffercd the fleſh 
to be totally conſumed, and refuſed to give 
the Peliades the promiſed aſſiſtance, and 
tae bones of Pelias did not even receive a 
burial, The Peliades were four in number, 
Alceſte, Pifidice, Pelopea, and Hippothoe, 
tv whom Hyginus adds Meduſa. Their | 
mother's name was Anaxibia, the daughter 
v Bias, or Philomache, the daughter of 
Amphion. After this parricide, the Peli- 
Ades fled to the court of Admetus, where 


P E 


them, and took their protector priſoner. 
The Peliades died, and were buried in Ar- 
cadia, 
Met. 7, fab. 3 & 4.—Pauſ. 8, c. 11.— 
Apollod. 1, c. 9.—Seneca in Med. — Apollon. 
Arg. 1.— Pindar. Pyth. 4.—Diod. 4. 
A Trojan chicf wounded by Ulyſſes during 
the Trojan war. He ſurvived the ruin of 
his country, and followed the fortune of 
Eneas. Pirg, u. 2, v. 435. The 
ſhip Argo is called Pelias arbor, built of 
the trees of mount Pelion. The {pear of 
Achilles. Vid. Pelion. 

PrLIDESs, a patronymic of Achilles, and 
of Pyrrhus, as being deſcended from Peleus. 
Virg. An. 2, v. 264. | 

PEL1GN1, a people of Italy, who dwelt 
near the Sabines and Marſi, and had Cor- 
hnium and Sulmo for their chief towns. 
The moſt expert magicians were among the 
Peligni, according to Horace. Liv. 8, 
c. 6 & 29. J. 9, C. 41. —Ovid, ex Punt, I, 

el. 8, v. 42.—Strab. 5,—tHorat. 3, od. 19, 
v. 8, 

PEL1GwNUs, a friend of the emperor 
Claudius, made governor of Cappadocia, 
Tacit. Ann, 12, C. 49. 

PELIN&ZUs, a mountain of Chios. 

PELINNZUM, or PELINNA, a town of 
Macedonia. Strab.14.—Liv. 36, c. 1o& 14. 

Pr. tod & Pelios, a Telcbrated moun- 
tain of Theſſaly, whoſe top is covered with 
pine trees, In their wars againſt the gods, 
the giants, as the poets mention, placed 
mount Ofla upon Pelion, to ſcale the 
heavens with more facility. The celebrated 
luge ſpear of Achilles, which none but the 
hero could wicld, had been cut down on 


this mountain, and was thence called Pelias. 


It was a preſent from his preceptor Chiron, 
who, like the other Centaurs, had fixed his 
reſidence here. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 155. 1.13, 
v. 199.—-Mela, 2, c. 3.—Strad. g.—Virg.G., 
1, v. 281. I. 3, v. 94.—Senec. in Herc. & 
Med. * 

prL run, a town of Macedonia. Liv. 31g 
c. 40. 

3 a celebrated town of Macedonia, 
which became the capital of the country 
after the ruin of Edeſſa. Philip, king of 
Macedonia, was cducated there, and Alex- 
ander the Great was born there, whence he 
is often caked Pellæus juvenis. The tomb 
of the poet Euripides was in the neighbour- 
hood. The epithet Pellæus is often applied 
to Egypt or Alexandria, becauſe the Ptole- 
mies, kings of the country, were of Mace- 
donian origin. 
can. 5, v. 60. l. 8, v. 475 & 607. l. 9, 
v. 1016 & 1073. l. 10, v. 55. — Mela. 2, 
c. 3.—Strab. 7. Liv. 42, c. 41. 

PrLLANE, a town of Laconia with a 
fountain whole waters have a kubterrancous 


&Fas, the ſon-in-law of Pelias, purſued 


Pp4 CUI. 


Hygin. fab. 12, 13 & 14.—Ovitd., 


Martial, 13, ep. 8 5,—La- : 


. 


3 


K N 


— * 


— 
* 


F.E 


communication with the waters 
fountain, Pau. 3, c. 21. 

PELLENE, a town of Achaia in the Pe- 
Joponneſus, at the weſt of Sicyon, famous 
for its wool. It was built by the giant 
Pallas, and was the country of Proteus the 
ſea god. Strab, 8.—Pauſ. 7, c. 26.— 
Liv. 33, c. 14. 

PFLSpEA, or PELSPTA, a daughter of 
Thyeſtes the brother of Atreus. She had a 
ſon by her father, who had offered her vio- 
lence in 2 wood, without knowing that the 
was his own daughter. Some ſuppoſe that 
Thyeſtes purpoſely committed this inceſt, 
as the oracle had informed him that his 
wrongs ſhould be avenged, and his brother 
deſtroyed by a ſon who ſhould be born 
from him and his daughter. This proved 
too true. Pelopea afterwards married her 
uncle Atreus, who kindly reccived in his 
houſe his wife's illegitimate child, called 
AEgyſthus, becauſe preſerved , by goats, 
(aizs;) when expoſed in the mountains. 
Mgyſfihbus became his uncle's murderer. 
{Yid. Agyſthus.] Hygin. tyb 87, &c.— 
lian. V. H. 12.—Ovid. in Ib. v. 359. 
Seneca. in Agam. 

PLS EIA, a feſtival obſerved by the 
people ef Elis in honor of Pelops. It was 
kept in imitation of Hercules who ſacrificed 
to Pelops in a trench, as it was uſtial, when 
the manes and the infernal gods were the 
objects of worſhip. 

PEL PIA, a daughter of Niobe. A 
daughter of Pelias. The mother of Cycnus. 

PeLopiDAs, a celebrated general of 
Thebes, ſon of Hippoclus. He was de- 
ſcended of an illuſtrious family, and was re- 
markable for his immenſe poſſeſſions, which 
he beſtowed with great liberality to the poor 
and neceſũtous. Many were the objects of 
his generoſity, but when Epaminondas had 
refuſed to accept his preſents, Pelopidas diſ- 
regarded all his wealth, and preferred before 
it the enjoyment of his friend's converſation 
and of his poverty. From their friendſhip 
and intercourſe the Thebans derived the mot 
conſiderable advantages. No ſooner had the 
intereſt of Sparta prevailed at Thebes, and 
the friends of liberty and national indepen- 
dence been baniſhed from the city, than Pe- 
lopidas, who was in the number of the exiles, 
reſolved to free his country from foreign 
flavery. His plan was bold and animated, 
and his deliberations were flow, Mean 
while Epaminondas, who had been lett by 
the tyrants at Thebes, as heing in appearance 
a worthleſs and inſignificant philoſopher, 
auimatcd the youths of the city, and at laſt 
Pelopidas, with eleven of his aſſociates, en- 
tered Thebes, and eaſily maſſacred the 
friends of the tyranny, and freed their coun - 
'ry from forcign maſteis. Aſter this ſuc- 


of another | 


P E 


ceſsful enterprise, Pelopidas was unani- 


mouſly placed at the head of the govern. 
ment, and ſo conhdent were the Thebans of 
his abilitics as a general and a magiſtrate, 
that they ſucecmvely re- elected him 13 times 
to fill the honorable office of governor of 
Bœotia. Epaminondas ſhared with him the 
lovereign power, and it was to their valor 
and prudence that the Thebans were in- 
debted for a celebrated victory at the battle 
of Leuctra. In a war which Thebes carried 
on againſt Alexander, tyrant of Pherz, pe- 
lopidas was appointed commander, but his 
impruder:ce in truſting bimſclf unarmed into 
the enemy's camp nearly proved fatal to 
him. He was taken priſoner, but Epami- 
nondas reſtored him to liberty. The perfidy 
of Alexander irritated him, and he was 


in which his troops obtained the victory, 
B. C. 364 years. He reccived an honor- 
able burial, the Thebans ſkewed their ſenſe 
for his merit by their lamentations, they 
ſent a powerful army to revenge his death 
by the deſt ruct ion of the tyrant of Pherz and 
his relations, and his children were preſented 
with immcnſe donations by the cities of 
Theſſaly. Pelopidas is admired for his 
valor, as he never engaged an cnemy wich- 
out obtaining the advantage. The impo- 
veriſhed ſtate of Thebes before his birth, 
and after his fall, piainly demonſtrates the 
ſuperiority of his genius and of his abilities, 
and it has been juſtly obſerved that with 
Pelopidas and Epaminondas the glory and 
the independence of the Thebans roſe and 
ſet. Flut. & C. Nep. in vit&.,—Xencph, 
Hift. G.— Died. 15.—Pelyb. 
PEeLoPONNESIACUM BELLUM, a cele- 
brated war which continued for 27 years 
between the Athenians aid the inhabitants 
of Peloponneſus with their reſpective allies, 
It is the moſt famous and the moſt interelt- 
ing of all the wars which have happened 
between the inhabitants of Greece; and for 
the minute and circumſtantial deſcription 
which we have of the events and revolu- 
tions which mutual animoſity produced, 
we are indebted more particularly to the 
correct and authentic writings of Thucyd- 
ides and of Xenophon. The circumſtances 
which gave birth to this memorable wat 
are theſe : the power of Athens under the 
prudent and vigorous adminiſtration of Pe- 
ricles, was already extended over Greece, 
and it had procured itſelf many admirers 
and more enemies, when the Corcyreans, 
who had been planted by a Corinthian co- 
lony, refuſed to pay to their founders thole 
marks of reſpect and reverence which 
among the Grecks every colony was obliged 
to pay to its mother country, The Colin. 


| 


thians wiſhed to puniſh that intidelity, and 
when 


killed bravely fighting in a celebrated battle 


when 
able t 
by ſo 
the p 
Epida 
vain b 
found 
were e 
in the 
a fleet, 
thian 
nians. 
cyrean 
Elians 
Corint 
and th. 
ſadors 
to clai 
violent 
the At 
with rr 
the en 
vailed, 
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the mo 
infidiou 
with at 
This fi 
riathian 
ſtates, 
nians. 
nied by 
of Alg 
the cru 
Athenia 
Latedæ 
concern 
power c 
mined t 
thians, 
hoſtilitie 
to repre! 
War wit! 
of all the 
Atheniai 
quently 
tual ſtre 
weaknel: 
enemies 
Which w 
taken as 
tans were 
the Pe lop 
Achaia, 
Bootia, ] 
and Anad 
bians, Ca 
nlans, Z. 
and Thrac 
mans, wit 
damos, M 


kad alread 


attle 
oryy 
Nor- 
ſenſe 
they 
leath 
e and 
ented 
es of 
r his 
with- 
mpo- 
birth, 
es the 
lities, 
with 
y and 
ſe and 
encph, 


a cele- 
years 
bitants 
alles. 
terelſt- 
ppened 
ind for 
-ription 
revolu- 
»duced, 
to the 
nucyd- 
1ſtances 
dle wal 
ider the 
2 of Pe- 
Greece, 
dmitets 
cy reans, 
nan co- 
ers thoſe 
a which 
5 obliged 
C Cotin- 
ity, and 
when 


P E 


when the people of Epidamnus, a conſider- 
able town on the Adriatic, had been invaded 
by ſome of the barbarians of Illyricum, 
the people of Corinth gladly granted to the 
Epidamnians that aſhſtance which had in 
vain been ſolicited from the Corcyrcans their 
founders and their patrons. The Corcyreans 
were offended at the interference of Corinth 
in the affairs of their colony; they manned 


a fleet, and obtained a victory over the Corin- 


thian veſſels which had aſſiſted the Epidam- 
nians. The ſubſequent conduct of the Cor- 
cyreans, and their inſolence to ſome of the 
Elians who had furniſhed a few ſhips to the 
Corinthians, provoked the Peloponnc ſians, 
and the diſcontent became general. Ambaſ- 
ſadors were ſent by both parties to Athens 
to claim its protection and ro juſtify theſe 
violent proceedings. The greateſt part of 
the Athenians heard their various reaſons 
with moderation and with compaſſion, but 
the enterprizing ambition of Pericles pre— 
vailed, and when the Corcyreans had re- 
minded the people of Athens, that in all 
the ſtates of Peloponneſus they had to dread 
the moſt malevolent enemies, and the moſt 
inſidious of rivals, they were liſtened to 
with attention and were promiſed ſupport. 
This ſtep was no ſooner taken than tie Co- 
rinthians appealed to the other Grecian 
Rates, and particularly to the Lacedzmo- 
nians, Their complaints were accompa=- 
nicd by thofe of the people of Megara and 
of Aigina, who bitterly inveighed agninft 
the cruelty, injuſtice, and inlolence of th: 
Athenians: This had due weigut with the 
Lacedzxmonians, who had long beheld with 
concern and with jealouſy the ambitious 
power of the Athenians, and they deter- 
mined to ſupport the cauſe of the Corin- 
thians. However, before they proceeded to 
hoſtilities, an embafly was ſent to Athens 
to repreſent the danger of entering into 1 
war with the moſt powerful and floriſhing 
of all the Grecian ſtates. This alarmed the 
Athenians, but when Pericles had elo- 
quently ſpoken of the reſources and the ac- 
tual ſtrength of the republic and of the 
weakneſs of the allies, the clamors of his 
enemies were ſilenced, and the anſwer 
which was returned to the Spartans was 
taken as a declaration of war. The Spar- 
tans were ſupported by all the republics of 
the Peloponneſus except Argos and part of 
Achaia, beſides the people of Megara, 
Bœotia, Phocis, Locris, Leucas, Ambracia, 
and Anactorium. The Platzans, the Lef- 
bians, Carians, Chians, Meiſe nians, Acarna- 
wans, Zacynthians, Corcyreans, Dorians, 
and Thracians were the friends of the Athe- 
mans, with all the Cyclades except Eubcea, 
Samos, Melos, and Thera. The firſt blow 
tad already been ſtruck, May 7, E. C. 431, by 


” E 


an attempt of the Bœotians to ſurprize Pla- 
tea, ancl therefore Archidamus king of Spar- 
ta, who had in vain recommended modera- 
tion to the allies, entered Attica at the head 
of an army of 60,000 men, and laid waſte 
the country by fire and ſword, Pericles, who 
was at the head of the government, did not 
attempt to oppoſe them in the ficld, but a 
fleet of 150 (hips ſet ſail without delay to 
ravage the coaſts of the Peloponneſus. Me- 
gara was alſo depopulated by an army of 


20, ooo men, and the campaign of the firſt 


year of the war was concluded in celebrat- 
ing with the moſt ſolemn pomp the fune- 
rals of ſuch as had nobly fallen .in battle. 
The fullowing year was remarkable for a 
peſtilence which raged in Athens, and 
which deſtroyed the greateſt part of the in- 
habitants. The public calamity was ſtill 
heightened by the approach of the Pelo- 
vounehan army on the borders of Attica, 
and by the unſucceſsful expedition of the 
Athenians againit Epidaurus and in Thrace. 
The peſtilence which had carried away ſo 
many of the Athenians proved alſo fatal to 
Pericles, and he died about two years and fix 
mouths after the commencement of the Pelo- 
ponneſian war. The following years did 
not give riſe to deciſive events, but the re- 
volt of Leſhos from the alliance of the 
Athenians was productive of treth troubles. 
Mitylene, the capical of the iſland, was re- 
covered, aid the inhabitants treated with 
the greateſt cruelty. Thc iſland of Corcyra 
becume alſo the ſcat of new jeditions, and 
thoſe citize who bad been carried away 
priſoners by the Corinthians, and for poli- 
ticai ren ſons treat" with lenity, and taught 
to deſpiſe te alliance of Athens, were no 
ſooner returned home than they raiſed com- 
motions, and endeavoured to perſuade their 
countrymen to jo1n the Peloponneſian cong, 
rederates. This was ſtrongly oppoſed, but 
both parties obtained by turns the ſuperio- 
rity, and maſſacrea, with the greateſt barba- 
city, all thoſe who obſtructed their views. 
Some time after Demoſthenes the Athenian 
general invaded Etolia, where his arms 
were attended with the greateſt ſucceſs. He 
alſo fortihed Pylos in the Peloponneſus. 
and gained ſo many advantages over the 
confederates that they ſued for peace, whic 
the inſolence of Athens reiuſed. The for- 
tune of the war ſoon after changed, and the 
Lacedzmonians, under the prudent conduct 
of Braſidas, made themſcives maſters of 
many valuable places in Thrace, But this 
victorivus progreſs was ſoon ſtopped by 
the death of their -gencral, and that of 
Cleon the Athenian commander, and the 
pacihc diſpoſition of Nicias, who was now 
at the head of Athens, made overtures of 
peace and univerſal tranquillity. ang 
tie 


WY 


rr 


nd xy 1 
0 PD 
* wv > 
IV 


"gs -2.4 ry 


P-E 


the king of the Spartans, wiſhed them to 
be accepted, but the intrigues of the Corin- 
thians prevented the diſcontinyation of the 
war, and therefore hoſtilities began, a-new, 
But while war was carried on with vari- 
ous ſucceſs in different parts of Greece, 
the Athenians engaged in a new expeditibn, 
they yielded to the perſuaſive eloquence of 
Gorgias of Leontium, and the ambitious 
views of Aleibiades, and fent a fleet of 20 
mips to aſhſt the Sicilian ſtates againſt the 
tyrannical power of Syracuſe, B. C. 416. This 
was warmly oppoſcd by Nicias, but the 
eloquence ot Aicihiades prevaiied, and 
a powerful fleet was ſent againft the capital 
of Sicily. Thaſe vigorous, though impoli- 
tis meaſures of the Athenians, were not 
viewed with indifference by the confede- 
rates. Syracuſe, in her diftreſs, implored 
the aſſiſtance of Corinth, and Gylippus was 
ſent to direct her operations, and to defend 
her againſt the power of her enemies. The 
events of battles were dubious, and though 
the Athenian army was animated, Ly the 
prudence and intrepidity of Nicias, and the 


— — — 


| 


| 


more haſty courage of Demoſthenes, yet the 


good fortune of Syracuſc prevailed, and af- 
ter a campaign of two years of bloodſhed, 
the flzets of Athens were totally ruined, 
and the few ſoldiers that ſurvived the de- 
ſtruct ive frege made priſcners of war. So fa- 
tal a blow threw the people of Attica into 
conſternation and deſpair, and while they 
ſought for reſources at home, they ſeverely 
felt themſelves depriverl of ſupport abroad, 
their allies were alicnated by the intrigues of 
the enemy, and rebellion was fomented in 
their dependent ſtates and colonies on the 
Adatic coat. The threatened ruin however 
was timely averted, and Alcibiades, who 
had been treated with cruelty by his coun- 
trymen, and whe nad for ſome time reſided 
in Sparta, and directed her military opera- 
tion», now exerted himſelf to defeat the de- 
figns of the confederates, by inducing the 
Perſians to eſpouſe the eauſe of his country. 
But a ſhort time after the internal tranquil- 
Itty of Athens was diſturbed, and Alcibiades, 
by wiſhing to abeliſh the democracy, called 
away the attention of his fellow-citizens 
from the proſecution of a war which had al- 
ready coſt them ſo much blood. This, 
Eowever, was but momentary, the Athe- 
nians ſoon after obtained a naval victory, 
and the Peloponnehan fleet was defeated by 
Alcibiades. The Athenians beheld with 


rapture the ſucceſs of their arms, but when 
their fleet, in the abſence of Alcibiades, 
had been defeated and deſtroyed near An- 
dros, by Ly ſander, the Lacedæmonian ad- 
miral, they ſhewed their diſcontent and 
mortification by cagerly liſtening to the ac- 
euſations which were brought againſt their | 


13 


naval leader, to whom they gratefully had 


acknowledged themſelves indebted for their 
former victories. Alcibiades was diigraced 


in the public aſſembly, and ten commanders 


were appointed to ſucceed him in the ma- 
nagement of the republic. This change of 
admirals, and the appointment of Oalli. 
cratidas to ſucceed Lyſander, whole office 
had expired with the revolving year, pro- 
duced new operations. The Athenians 
fitted our a flect, and the two nations de- 
cided their ſuperiority near Arginuſæ, in a 
naval battle, Callicratidas was killed, and 
the Lacedrmonians conquered, but the 
rejoicings which the intelligence of this 
victory occaſioned, were ſoon ſtopped, 
when it was known that the wrecks of ſome 
of the diſabled ſhips of the Athenians, and 
the bodies of the tlain had not been ſaved 
from the ſea. The admirals were accuſed 
in the tumultuous aſſembly, and immedi— 
ately condemned. Their ſucceſſors in office 
were not ſo prudent, but they were more 
unfortunate in their operations. Lyſander 
was again placed at the head of the Peclo- 
ponneſian forces, inſtead of Eteonicus, who 
had ſucceeded to the command at the death 
of Callicratidas. The age and the experience 
of this general ſcemed to promiſe ſome- 
thing dec iſive, and indeed an opportunity 
was not long wanting for the diſplay of his 
military character. The ſuperiority of the 
Athenians, over that of the Peloponneſians, 
rendered the former infolent, proud, and 
negligent, and when they had imprudently 
forſaken their ſhips to indulge their indo— 
lence, or purſue their amuſements on the ſea 
ſhore at ÆMgoſpotamos, Lyſander attacked 
their fleet, and his victory was complete, 
Of one hundred and eighty ſail, only nine 
eſcaped, eight of which fled under the com- 
mand of Conon, to the ifland of Cyprus, 
and the other carricd to Athens the me- 
lancholy news of the defeat. The Athenian 
priſoners were all maſſacred, and when the 
Peloponneſian conquerors had extended their 
dominion over the ſtates and communities 
of Europe and Aſia, which formerly ac- 
knowledged the power of Athens, they re- 
turned home to finiſh the war by the reduc- 
tion of the capital of Attica. The ſiege was 
carried on with vigor, and ſupported with 
firmneſs, and the firſt Athenian who men- 
tioned capitulation to his countrymen, was 
inſtantly ſacrificed to the fury and the indig- 
nation of the populace, and all the citizens 
unanimouſly declared, that the ſame mo- 
ment would terminate their independence 
and their lives. This animatcd language, 
however, was not long continued, the 
ſpirit of faction was not yet extinguiſhed at 
Athens, and it proved perhaps more de- 
fiructive to the public liberty than the opera- 

B04 


ions ar 
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happened 
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off. t, 24 
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P FE 


Sons and aſſaults of the Peloponneſian be- 


ſſegers. During four months, negociations 
were carried on with the Spartans, by the 
ariftocratical part of the Athen:ans, and 
at laſt it was agreed, that to eſtabliſh the 
peace, the fortifications of the Athenian 
harbours muſt be demoliſhed, together with 
the long walls which joined them to the 
city; all their ſhips, except T2, were to 
be ſurrendered to the enemy : they were to 
reſign every pretenſion to their ancient do- 
minions abroad; to recall from baniſhment 
all the members of the late ariſtocracy ; to 
follow the Spartans in war, and, in the time 
of peace, to frame their conſtitution 2c- 
cording to the will and the preſcriptions of 
their Peloponneſian conquerors. The terms 
were accepted, and the enemy entered the 
harbour, and took poſſeſſion of the city, 
that very day on which the Athenians 
had been accuſtomed to celebrate the anni- 
derſary of the immortal victory which 
their anceſtors had obtained overthe Perſians 
about 76 years before, near the ifland of 
Salamis. The walls and fortihcations were 
inſtantly levelled with the ground, and the 
con ucrors obſerved, that in the demolt- 
tion of Athens, ſucce:ding ages would fx 
the era of Grecian freedom. The day was 
concluded with a feſtival, and the recita- 
tion of one of the tragedies of Euripides in 
which the misfortunes of the daughter of 
Agamemnon, who was reduced to miſery, 
and baniſhed from her father's kingdom, 
excited 4 kindred ſympathy in the buſom 
of the audience, who me lted into tears at the 
recolietion that one moment had likewiſe 
reduced to miſery and ſervitude, the capi- 
tal of Attica, which was once called the 
common patroneſs of Greece, and the 
ſcourze of Perſia, This memorable event 
happened about 424 years before the Chriſ- 
tian era, and 30 tyrants were appointed by 
Lyfander over the government of tne city, 
Xen. Gree. Hift. —Plet. in Lyſ. Per. Alcib. 
Nic, & Ageſ.— Diod. 11, &c.—dAriflophan. 
Thucyd. — Plato. — Arijt. — Lyftas. — La- 
erates.— C. Nep. in Lyſ. Aleib. &c,—Cic, in 
off. I, 24. 

PeLopownNEsvs, a celebrated peninſula, 
which comprehends the molt ſouthern parts 
of Greece. It received this name from 
Pelops, who ſettled there, as the name in- 
dicates (Tw.cwO- 17, the i/landof Pelops). 
It had been called before .-/rgia, Pelaſgia, 
and Argolis, and in its form, it has been 
obſerved by the moderns, highly to reſem- 
ble the leaf of the plane tree. Its preſent 


name is Morea, which ſeems to be derived 
either from the Greek word gopta, or the 
Latin morus, which ſignifies a mulberry tree, 
which is found there in great abundance. The 
antient Peloponneſys was divided into fix 


— — 


— 2 


FE 


different provinces, Meſſenia, Laconia, Elis, 
Arcadia, Achaia propria, and Argolis, to 
which tome add Sicyon, Theſe provinccs 
all bordered on the ſea ſhore, except Ar- 
cadia. The Peloponneſus was conquered, 
ſome time after the Trojan war, by the He- 
raclidæ or deſcendants of Hercules, who had 
heen forcibly expelled from it. The inhabi- 
tants of this peninſula rendered themſelves 
illuſtrious like the reſt of the Greeks 
their genius, their fondneſs for the fine arts, 
the cultivation of learning, and the profeſſion 
of arms, but in nothing more than by a 
celebrated war which they carried on againſt 
Athens and her allies for 27 years, and which 
from them received the name of the *Pelo- 
ponneſian war. [Fid. Peloponn:sfitacum bel 
wm] The Peloponneſus ſcarce extended 200 
miles in length, and 140 in breadth. It was 
{ſeparated from Greece by the narrow iſth- 
mus of Corinth, which, as being only five 
miles broad, Demetrius, Cæſar, Nero, and 
tome others, attempted in vain to cut, to 
make a communication between the hay ot 
Corinth, and the Saronicus ſinus. Strab. 
S. —[hucyd.— Died. 12, &c,—Pauſ. z, c. 
21. I. 8, c. 1.—-Mela, 2, c. 3.— lin. 4, c. 
4.— ter odot. 

PrLoPEA MANIA, is applied to the ci- 
ties of Greece, but more particularly to 
Mycenz and Argos, where the deſcendants 
of Pelops reigned. Firg. Ax. 2, v. 193. 

PeLops, a celebrated prince, ſon of 
Tantalus king of Phrygia. His mother's 
name was Euryanaila, or according to others ® 
Euprytone, or Euryſtemiſta, or Dione. He 
was murdered by his father, who wiſhed 
to try the divinity of the gods who had vi- 
ſited Phrygia, by placing on their table 
the !irabs of his fon. The Gods perceived 
luis perhdious cruelty, and they refuſed to 
touch the meat, except Ceres, whom the 
recent Joſs of her daughter had rendered 
mel:ncholy and inattentive. She eat. one 
of the ſhoulders of Pelops, and therefore 
when 7upiter had had compaſſion on his 
tate, nud reſtored him to lite, he placed a 
lzoulder of ivory inſtead of that which Ceres 
bad devoured. This ſhoulder had an un- 
common power, and it could heal by its very 
touch, every complaint, and remove every 
diſorder. Some time after, the kingdom of 
Tantalus was invaded by Tros, king of Troy, 
on pretence that he had carried away his ſon 
Ganymedes. This rape had been committed 
by Jupiter himſelf ; the war, nevertheleſs, 
was carried on, and Tantalus, defeated and 
ruined, was obliged to fly with his ſon 
Pelops, and to ſeek a ſhelter in Greece, 
This tradition is confuted by ſome who ſup- 
port, that Tantalus did not fly into Greece, * 
as he had been ſometime before confined by 
Jupiter in the infernal regions for his im- 


Piety, 


P E 


piety, and therefore Pelops was the only 
one whom the enmity of Tros perſecuted, 
Pelops came to Piſa, where he became one 
of the ſuitors of Hippodamia, the daughter 
of king CEnomaus, and he entered the liſts 
againſt the fatner, who promiſed his daugh- 
rer only to him, who could out-run him in 
2 chariot race. Pelops was not terrified at 
the fate of the 13 lovers, who before him 
had entered the cowte againft Qnomaus, 
and had, according to the conditions pro- 
poſed, been put to death wheu conquered. 
He previouſly bribed Myrtilus, the chariot- 
cer of Anomaus, and therefore he caſily 
obtained the victory. [ Vid. Enomaut.] He 
married Hippodamia, and threw headlong 
into the ſea My1tilus, when he claimed the 
reward of his perhdy. According to ſome 
authors, Pelops had received ſome winged 
horſes from Neptune, with which he was 
enabled to out-run QLnumaus. When he had 
eſtabliſhed himſelf on the throne of Piſa, 
Hippodamia's poſſeſſion, he extended his 
conqueſts over the neighbouring countries, 


and from him the peninſula, of which he was | 


one of the monarchs, received the name of 
Peloponneſus. Pelops, after death, received 
divinc honors, and he was as much revered 
above all the other heroes of Greece, as Ju- 
piter was above the reſt of the gods. He had 
a temple at Olympia, near that of Jupiter, 
where Hercules conſecrated to him a ſmall 
portion of land, and offered to him a ſacri- 
nice. The place where this facrifice had 
been offered was religiouſly obſerved, and 
the magiſtrates of the country yeatly, on 
coming upon office, made there an offering 
of a black ram. During the ſacrifice, the 
ſoothſayer was not allowed, as at other times, 
to have a ſhare of the victim, but he alone 
who furniſhed the wood, was permitted to 
take the neck. The wood for ſacrifices 
as may be obſerved, was always furniſhed 
by ſome of the prieſts, to all ſuch as of- 
fcred victims, and they received a price 
equivalent to what they gave. The white 
poplar was generally uſcd m the facrifices 
made to Jupiter and to Pelops The chil- 
dren of Pelops by Hippodamia were Pi- 
theus, Trezen, Atreus, Thyeſtes, &c. be- 
ſides ſome by concubines, The time of his 
death is unknown, thoutzh it is univerſally 
agreed, that he ſurvived for ſome time 
Hippodaraia, Some ſuppoſe that the Pal- 
jadium of the Trojans was made with the 
bones of Pelops. His deſcendants were 
called Pe/opide. Pindar, who in his firſt 


Olympic ſpeaks of Pelops, confutes the 
traditions of his ivory ſhoulder, and ſays, 
that Neptune took him up to heaven to be- 
come the cup-bearer to the gods, from 
which he was expelled, when the impiety 
ef Tamalus wiſhed to make mankind par- 


l 


P FE 
take of the nectar and the entertainment; 
of the gods. Some ſuppole that Pelops ff 
inſtituted the Olympic games m honor of 
Jupiter, and to commemorate the victory 


which he had obtained over CEnomaus, 
Pauſ. 5, c. I, &c.—Apollod. 2, c. 5, 


i Eurip. in Iphig. Died. 3.—Strab.8.-—NMela, 


I, c. 18, —Pindar. Ol. 1.—Virg. G. 3, v. ). 
id. Met. 6, v. 404, &c.—Hygin. fab, 
9, 82 & 83. 

Px Lon, one of the men who ſprang from 
the teeth of the dragon killed by Cadmus. 
Ponſ. , c. 5. 

Pr Lola, a feſtival obſerved by the 
Theſſalians, in commemoration of the news 
which they reccived by one Pelorius, that 
the mountains of Tempe had been ſepa- 
rated by an earthquake, and that the was 
ters of the lake which lay there ſtagnated, 
had found a paſſage into the Alpheus, and 


lightful plain, & c. Athen. 3. 
PELökvs, (v. is-idis, v. ias-iados) now 
cape Faro, one of the three great promon- 
tories of Sicily. It lies near the coaſt of 
Italy, and received its name from Pelorus, 
the pilot of the ſhip which carried Annibal 
away from Italy. This celebrated general, 
as It is reported, was carried by the tides 
into the ſtreights of Charybdis, and as he 
was ignorant of the coaſt, he aſked the pi- 
lot of his ſhip the name of the promontory, 
which appearcd at a diftance. The pilot 
told him, it was one of the capes of Sicily, 
but Annibal gave no credit to his inform- 
ation, and murdered him on the ſpot on the 
apprehenſion that he would betray him into 
the hands of tne Romans. He was, how- 
ever, ſoon convinced of his error, and 
found that the pilot had ſpoken with great 
fidelity, and therefore, to pay honor to his 
memory, and to atone for his cruelty, he 
gave him a magnificent funeral, and or- 
dered that the promontory ſhould bear his 
name, and from that time it was called 
Pelorum. Some ſuppoſe that this account 
is falſe, and they obſerve, that it bore tha* 
name before the age of Annibal. Pal, 
Max. 9, c. 8.— Mela. 2, c. 7.-—Strab. 5.— 
Virg. u. 3, v. 411, & 687.— Ovid. Met. 
3 V. 380. I. 13, v. 727. . 15, v. 706. 
PELT#, a town of Phrygia. 
PELUSIUM, now Tineh, a town of E- 
gypt, fituate at the entrance of one of the 
munths of the Nile, called from ir Peluſian. 
It is about 20 ſtadia from the ſea, and it 
has received the name of Peluſium from the 
lakes and marſhes, (zu.) which are in 
its neighbourhood. It was the key of E- 
gypt on the fide of Phœnicia, as it was 
impoſſible to enter the Egyptian territorics 
without paſſing by Peluſium, and therefore 


on that account it was always well 1 
an 


— — 


left behind a vaſt, pleaſant, and moſt de- 


and garriſc 
for the 1 
duced lent 
inen ſtuff 
ins. Mela 
Sil. It. 3, 
v. 83. I. 1 
c. 11.—87 
PF NAT. 
the Roma 
the domeſ 
called Pen 
placed in 
parts of the 
qu, as 2. 
place wher 
penetralia, 
name of 1 
of every m 
nates, and 1 
ſuperior ge 
of domeſtic 
gods Penat 
the firſt co! 
ſecond the 
hell, and tl 
ceived div 
Penates we 
dead, but w 
Kind to p- 
ſtatues and 
their attenti 
ar worſhip 
their votar 
power over 
Minerva. 
generally m 
earth, acco 
worſhipper, 
ceived were 
times the ſac 
In the early 
were offered 
pelled the T 
tural cuſtom 
to them, the 
garlands, po 
the monthly 
vorſhip, the 
mg the Satuy 
lie Lares ai 
litterent, C/ 
a. Dionyſ. | 
PeNDAL1 


the Trojan w 
PENELGOP3 


Greece, daug 


Ates, king 


Nec. 
Ulyiles Was . 


now 
non- 
t of 
orus, 
nibal 
eral, 
tides 
is he 
e pi- 
tory, 
pilot 
icily, 
orm- 
n the 
| into 
how- 

and 
great 
0 his 
y, be 
d or- 
ar his 
called 
coum 
e tha! 

Val. 
Mel. 
706. 
of E- 
of the 
juſtan. 
nd it 
u the 
are in 
of E- 
jt was 
jtorics 
-1efore 
xtibed 

and 


3 


and garriſoned, as it was of ſuch importance 
{yr the ſecurity of the country. It pro- 
duced lentils, and was celebrated for the 
linen tuffs made there. It is now in ru- 
ins. Mela. 2, c. 9.—Colum. 5, c. 10.— 
Sil, It. 3, v. 25.—Lucan. 8, v. 466. J. , 
v. $3. J. 10, v. 53.— Liv. 44, c. 19. J. 45, 
6. 11.—Strab. 17.—Virg. G. 1, v. 228. 
PtxnATEs, certain inferior deities among 
the Romans, who preſided over houfes and 
the domeſtic affairs of families. They were 
called Pcnates, becauſe they were generally 
laced in the innermoſt, and moſt ſecret 
parts of the houſe, in penitif/ima ædlium parte, 
vnd, as Cicero ſays, penitus inſident. The 
place where they ſtood was afterwards called 
penetralia, and they themſelves received the 
name of Venetrales. It was in the option 
of every maſter of a family to chuſe his Pe- 
nates, and therefore Jupiter, and ſome of the 
ſuperior gods. are often invoked as patrons 
of domeſtic affairs, According to ſome, the 
gods Penates were divided into four claſſes ; 
the firſt comprehended all the celeſtial, the 


P E 


that Menclaus married Helen, and the re- 
tired with her huſband to Ithaca, againſt the 
inclination of her father, who wiſhed to de- 
tain her at Sparta, her native country, She 
ſoon after became mother of Telemachus, 
and was obliged to part with great reluctance 
from her huſband, whom the Greeks obliged 
to go to the Trojan war. [Yid. Palamedes. 

The continuation of hoſtilities for ten years, 
made her ſad and melancholy ; but when 
Ulyſſes did not return like the other princes 
of Greece at the concluſion of the war, her 
tears and her anxieties were increaſed. As 
ſhe received no intelligence of his ſituation, 
ſhe was ſoun beſet by a number of impor- 
tuning ſuitors, who wiſhed her to belicve 
that her huſband was ſhipwrecked, and that 
therefore ſhe ought not longer to expect his 
return, but forget his loſs, and fix her 
choice and affections on one of her nume- 
rous admirers. She received their addreſſes 
with coldneſs and diſdain ; but as the was 
deſtitute of power, and a priſoner as it 
were in their hands, ſhe yet Hattered them 


ſecond the ſea gods, the third the gods of | with hopes and promiſes, and declared 


hell, and the laſt all ſuch heroes as had re- 
ceived divine honors after death. The 
Penates were originally the manes of the 
dead, but when ſuperſtition had taught man- 
kind to pay uncommon reverence to the 
ſtatues and images of their deceaſed friends, 
their attention was ſoon exchanged for regu- 
ur worſhip, and they were admitted by 
their votarics to ſhare immortality and 
power over the world, with a Jupiter or a 
Minerva, The ftatues of the Penates were 
generally made with wax, ivory, filver, or 
earth, according to the affluence of the 
worſhipper, and the only offerings they re- 
ceived were wine, incenſe, fruits, and ſome- 
times the ſacrifice of lambs, ſheep, goats, &c. 
In the early ages of Rome, human ſacrifices 
were offered to them; but Brutus, who ex- 
pelled the Tarquins, aboliſhed this unna- 
tural cuſtom. When offerings were made 
to them, their ſtatues were crowned with 
garlands, poppies, or garlick, and beſides 
the monthly day that was ſet apart for their 
worſhip, their feſtivals were celebrated dur- 
mg the Saturaalia. Some have confounded 
lie Lares and the Penates, but they were 
different, Cic, de Nat. D. 2, c. 27. Fer. 
e—Dionyſ. 1. 

PENDALIUM, a promontory of Cyprus. 

PF VEIA, or PENEisS, an epithet applied 
to Daphne, as daughter of Peneus. Ovid. 
Mr. t, v. 482. 
PrizL1Cs, one of the Greeks killed in 
the Trojan war. Homer. II. 2. 
PENELGps, a celebrated princeſs of 
Greece, dauguter of Icarius, and wife of 
Ulyiſ-s, king of Ithaca. Her marriage with 
Uiyiſes was celebrated about the lame time | 


that ſhe would make choice of one of 
them, as ſoon as ſhe had aniſhed a piece 
of tapeſtry, on which the was employed. 
The work was done in a dilatory manner, 
and the battled their eager expectations, by 
undoing in the night, what ſhe had done in 
the day-time. This artifice of Penelope has 
given riſe to the proverb of Perelope*s web, 
which is applied to whatever labor can 
never be ended. The return of Ulyſſes, after 
an abſence of twenty years, however, de- 
livered her from fears, and from her dan- 
gerous ſuitors. Penelope is deſcribed by 
Homer as a model of female virtue and 
chaſtity, but ſome more modern writers 
diſpute her claims to modeſty, and con- 
tinence, and they repreſent her as the mult 
debauched and voluptuous of her tex. Ac- 
cording to their opinions theretore, ſhe 
liberally gratitied the defires of her ſuitore, 
in the abſence of her huiband, and had a 
ſon whom the called Pan, as if to thew that 
he was the otfspting of all her admirers, 
Some however, ſuppoſe, that Pan was ſon 
of Penelope by Mercury, and that he was 
born before his mothcr's marriage with 
Ulyſſes. The god, as it is ſaid, deceived 
Penclope, under the form of a beautiful 


— 


goat, aus ſhe was tending her father's flocks 
on one of the mauntains of Arcadia. A 
ter the return of Ulyſſes, Penclope had a 
daughter, who was called Proliporthe, but 
if we believe the traditions that wes iung 
preſerved at Matinea, U;yites repudiated 
his wife tor her incontinence during his ab- 
ſence, and Penclope fled to Sparta, and at- 


terwards to Mantinea, whore ſhe died and 
was buried. Alter the death of Ulyſſes, ac- 
cording 


— — * * 2 
- 


3 


cording to Hyginus, ſhe married Telcgonus, | 
her huſband's ton by Circe, by order of the 
goddeſs Minerva. S me ſay that her original 
name was Arnea, o Amirace, and that ſhe 
was called Penelope, when ſome river birds 
ealled Penelopes had ſaved her from the 
waves of the ſea, when her father had ex- 
poſed her. Icarius had attempted to deſtroy 
her, becauſe the oracles had told him that 
his daughter by Peribœa would be the 
moſt diſſolute of her ſex, and a diſgrace to 
his family. .Jpollod. 3, c. 10.— Pai. 3, e. 
12.— flomer. II. & Od. — Ovid. Ile. 1, 
Met. —Ariſtor. Hi. anim. 8. —liygin. fas. 
127.—Arifloph. in Avio.—-Plin. 37. 
PENEUus, a river of Theſſaly, riſing on 
mount Pindus, and falling into the Thermean 
gulf, after a wandering» courſe between 
mount Offa and Olympus, through the 
plains of Tempe. It received its name 
from Pencus, a fon of Occanus, and Je- 
thys. The Peneus antiently inundated the 
plains of Theſſaly, till an earthquake ſepa- 
rated the mountains Oiſa and Olympus, and 
formed the beautiful vale of Tempe, where 
the waters forracrly ftagnated, From this 
circumſtance, therefore, it obtained the 
name of Araxes, ab xjaggw, ſcindo. Daphne, 
the daughter of the Peneus, according to the 
tables of the mythologilts, was changed imto 
a laurel on the banks of this river. This 


PE 
flew Therfites becauſe he had put out the 


eyes of Pentheſilea when ſhe was yet alive, 
The ſcholiaſt of Lycophron differs from 
that opinion, and declares, that it was com- 
monly believed, that Achilles offered vio- 
lence to the body of Penthe filea when the 
was dead, and that Therſites was killed be. 
cauſe he had reproached the hero of this in- 
famous action, in the preſence of all the 
Greeks. The death of Therſites ſo offend. 
ed Diomedes that he dragged the body of 
Pentheſilea out of the camp, and threw it 
intothe Scamander. It is generally ſuppoſed, 
that Achilles was enamuured of the Amazon 
before he fought with her, and that ſhe had 
by him a ſon called Cay ſter. Dickyſt Cre, 
3 & 4.—Pauſ. 10, c. 31.— L. Calab. 1.— 
Virg. An. 1, v. 495. |. 11, v. 662.— Dare. 
Phryg.—Lycopkr, in Laſs, 9955 & C.—Hygin, 
fab. 112. 

PexTHEUs, ſon of Echion and Agave, 
was King of Thebes in Baotia. His re- 
fuſal to acknowledge the divinity of Bac. 
chus was attended with the moſt fatal con- 
ſequences, He ſorbad his ſubjects to pay 
adoration to this new god ; and when the 
Theban women had gone out of the city to 
celebrate the orgies of Bacchus, Pentheus, 
apprized of the debauchery which attended 
the ſolemnity, ordered the god himſelf, who 
conducted the religious multitude, to be 


tradition ariſes ſrom the quantity of laurels 


which grow near the Pencus. H. Met. 
T, V. 4521, &c.— Sab. 9. — . A. 
— Virg. G. 4, v. 317.— Diad. 4. —Alio a 
ſmall river of Peloponneſus. 

PENI DAS, one of Alexander's friends, 
who went 10 cxamine Scythia under pre- 
tence of an embaſſy. Curt. 6, c. 6. 

PEN NINA ALPES, a certain part of the 
Alps. Liv. 21, c. 38. 

PeNTATGLIs, a town of India. A 
part of Africa near Cyrene. It received 
this name on account of the de cities which 
it contained; Cyrene, Arhnoe, Berenice, 
Ptolcmais or Baice, and Apollonia. Pin. 
55 c. 5. Alſo part of Paleſtine, containing 
the five cities of Gaza, Gath, Aſcalon, A- 
z0tus, and Ekron. 

PENTELYCUs, a mountain of Attica, 
where were found quarrics of beautiful 
marble. Strab. g. 

PENTHESILEA, a queen of the Ama- 
zons, daughter of Mars. She came to atiit 
Priam in the laſt years of the Trojan war, 
and fought againſt Achilles, by hm the 
was ſlain. The hero was fo itruck with the 
beauty of Pentheſilea, when he tripped her 
of her arms, that he even {hed tears for 
having too violently ſacrificed her to hi, 
Gury. Therſites laughed at the partiality of 
the hero, for which ridicul: he was inſtant- 


ly killed, Lyco, hron ſys, tha Achilics 


ſeized, IIis orders were obeycd with re. 
| Iuctance, but when the doors of the priſon 
in which Bacchus had been confined, opened 
ot their own accord, Pentheus became more 
writated, and commanded his ſoldiers to 
deſtroy the whole band of the bacchanals, 
This, however, was not executed, for Bac- 
chus inſpired the monarch with the ardent 
deſire of tceing the celebration of the orgies, 
Accurdingly he hid himſelf in a wood on 
mount Cithæron, from whence he could ſte 
all the ceremonies unperceived, But here 
his curiohty ſoon proved fatal, he was deſ- 
cried by tic baccianals, and they all ruſhed 
upon him. His mother was the firſt who 
attacked him, and her example was inſtantly 
followed by her two fitters, Ino and Au- 
ronoe, and his_ body was torn to pieces. 
Euripides introduces Bacchus among his 
priefteſſes, when Pentheus was put to death, 
but Ovid, who relates the wivle in the ſame 
manner, differs from the Greek put only in 
lay ing, that not Bacchus himſelf, but one d 
his prieſts was preſent. The tree on which 
the Bacchanals tound Pentheus, was cit 
down by the Corinthians, by order of the 
oracle, and with it two flatues of. the god 
of wine were made, aud placed in the forum. 
Hygin, tab. 134.—1 heorit. 26, — Ovid, Met. 
3, fab. 7, 8, & 9.—Virg, An. 4, v. 49% 
Var. 2, c. S. —Apollad. 3, c. 5.—Eurip'h 


in Bacch, Sree, in Phenif. & Hipp. 
PE 


| 


N 


aſſiſt 


ſelze. 


olives 
kone, 
palat- 
Vin. 
L 
PR. 
C. 26. 
PR! 
Phorc 
Pts 


during 
Per 
turity, 
his tw. 
telling 
PE R 
betwee 
ſea ſho! 
cles, to 
times «c 
— Hom 
PER 
donia, 
Temen 
conquet 
ſhewed 
buried, 
of his de 
of Mac; 
to long 
family, 
the time 
of Mace 
OF 
ot Alexa 
loponnef 
moniang 
&!cat cor 


Bac- 
i] con- 
to pay 
en the 
city to 
ntheus, 
tended 
It, who 
, to be 
yith re. 
: priſon 
opened 
ne more 
diers to 
-chanals, 
for Bac- 
ie ardent 
e orgies. 
wood on 
could ſee 
But here 
was deſ- 
11] ruſhed 
firtt wh 
z inflantly 
and Au- 
to pieces. 
mong bi 
to deathù; 
1 the ſame 
vet only in 
but one d 
> on which 
„ Was cu 
der of the 
of. the god 
the forum. 
Quid. Net, 
J Vo 409. 
— 
1p. 
2 Pgx* 


P E EF: E 
PrNTHILUS, a ſon of Oreſtes by Eri- | 413, after a long reign of glory and inde- 
gone, the daughter of Ægyſthus, who reigned | pendence, during which he had ſubdued ſome 
conjointly with his brother Titamenus at Ar- | of his. barbarian neighbours. Another, 
gos. He was driven ſome time after from | king of Macedonia, who was ſupported on 
his throne by the Heraclidz, and he retired | his throne by Iphicrates the Athenjan, againſt 
to Achala, and thence to Leſhos, where he | the irftruſions of Pauſanias, He was killed 
planted a colony. Pauſ. 4.— Strub. 13.— | in a war againſt the Illyrians, B. C. 360. 
Paterc. 1, c. 1. Trflin. 7, &c. One of the friends and 
PENTHYLUs, a prince of Paphos, who | favorites of Alexander the Great. At the 
aſſiſted Xerxes with 12 ſhips. He was | king's death he wiſhed to make himſelf ab- 
ſeized by the Greeks, to whom he commus- | ſolute, and the ring which he had received 
nicted many important things. concerning | from the hand of the dying Alexander, 
the ſituation of the Perſians, & c. Herodot. ſeemed in ſome meaſure to favor his pre- 
7, e. 195. tenſions. The better to ſupport his claims 
PEPARETHOsS, a ſmall} iſland of the A7- to the throne, he married Cleopatra, the 
gean ſea, on the coaſt of Macedonia, about | hiter of Alexander, and ftrengthened him- 
20 miles in circumference, It abounded in | telf by making a league with Eumenes, His 
olives, and its wines have always been c- ambitious views were eaſily diſgovered by 
koned excellent. They were not, however, Antigonus, and the reſt of the generals of 
palatable before they were ſeven years id. | Alexander, who all wilhed, like Perdiccas, 
Plin. 4, c. 12.—Ovid. Met. 7, v. 470.— | to ſucceed to the kingdom and honors of 
£10. 35, e. 6. . , e. 25. the deceaſed monarch. Antipater, Craterus, 
PEPANOS, a town of Laconia, Pau. 3, | and Ptolemy, leagued with Antigonus againſt 


6. 36; him, and after much bloodſhed on both 
PEPHREDO, a fea nvmph, daughter of | ſides, Perdiccas was totally ruined, and at 
Phorcys and Ceto. . laſt aſſaſſinated in his tent in Egypt, by his 


PE RAA, or BER 2A, a country of Judæa, | own officers, about 321 years before tlie 
near Egypt. Pin. 5, c. 14. A part of | Chriſtian era, Perdiccas had not the pru- 
Caria, oppoſite to Rhodes. Lid. 32, c. 33. | dence and the addreſs which were neceſſary 

A colony of the Mityleneans in o- | to conciliate the eſteem and gain the attach- 
lia. L. 37, e. 81. ment of his fellow ſoldiers, and this im- 

PERASs pros, an ambaſſador ſent to | propriety of his conduct alienated the heart 

Darius by the Lacedzmonians, &c. Curt. of his friends, and at laſt proved his de- 


J, 6. 13. ſtruction. Put. in Alex. Diod. 17 & 18. 
PercoPe, a city which aſſiſted Priam | —Crr7. 10.—C. Nep. Eum.— lian. V. II. 
during the Trojan war. Vid. Percote. 12. 
PERCOSIUS, a man acquainted with fu- PERDIX, a young Athenian, ſon of the 


turity. He attempred in vain to diffuade ſiſter of Dxdalus. He invented the ſaw, 
his two ſons to go to the Trojan war, by | and ſeemed to promiſe to become a greater 
telling them that they ſhould periſh there. artiſt than had ever been known. His un- 

PERCGTE, a town on the Hellelpont, | cle was jealous of his riſing fame, and he 
between Abydos and Lampſacus, near the | threw him down from the top of a tower, 
ſea ſhore, Artaxerxes gave it to Themiſto- | and put him to death. Perdix was changed 
cles, to maintain his wardrobe. It is ſome- into a bird which bears his name. Hygix. 
times called Pereope. Herodot. 1, c. 117. | fab. 39 & 274. —Apeolled. 3, c. 15.—0wid, 
— Hom. Met. 8, v. 220, &c. 

PExDICCAS, the fourth king of Mace- | PRRENTNA. Fid. Anna. 
donia, B. C. 729, was deſcended from | PtRrzaNis, a favorite of the emperor 
Temenus, He encreaſed his dominions by | Commodus. He is deſcribed by ſome as a 
conqueſt, and in the latter part of his life, he | virtuous and impartial magittratc, while 
ſhewed his ſon Argeus where he wiſhed to be others paint him as a cruel, violent, and 
buried, and told him that as long as the bones oppreſſive tyrant, who committed the 
of his deſcendants and ſucceſſors on the throne | greateſt barbarities to enrich himſelf. He 
of Macedonia were laid in the fame grave, was put to death for aſpiring to the empire. 
to long would the crown remain in their | Herodtian. 
family. Theſe injunctions were obſerved til PtREvs, a ſon of Elatus and Laodice, 
the time of Alexander, who was buried out | grandſon of Arcas. Pa, S. c. 4. 
of Macedonia, Herodot. 7 & $.—Juftin. 7, | PERGA, a town of Pamphylia. Liv. 38, 
C. 2, Another, King of Macedonia, ſon | c. 57. 
ot Alexander. He reigned during the Pe-“ PrROANus, Pergama, (plzr.) the citadel 
loponneſfian war, and aiſiſted the. Lacedz- | of the city of Troy. The word is often 
monians againſt Athens. He bchaved with | uſed for Troy. It was ſituated in the moſt 
g1cat courage on the throne, aud died B. C., elevated part of the town, on the ſhores ot 


te 


: 
: 
: 


— — — — 
— — 


ar 1 


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22,80, ot eee 


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the river Scamander. Xerxes mounted to 
the top of this citadel when he reviewed 
Ris troops as he marched to invade Greece. 
Herodet. 7, c. 43.—Virg. Anu. 1, v. 466, | 
&c. 

Pr x c Xmus, now Bergamo, a town of 
Myſia, on the banks of the Caycus. 11 
was the capital of a celebrated empire call- 
ed the kingdom of Pergamus, which was 


founded by Philzterus, an cunuch, whom | 


P E 


PERIANDER, a tyrant of Corinth, ſon 
of Cypſelus, The firſt years of his go. 
vernment were mild and popular, but he 
ſoun learnt to become oppreſſive, when he 
had conſulted the tyrant of Sicily about the 
ſureſt way of reigning. He reccived no 
other anſwer but whatever explanation he 
withed to place on the Sicilian tyrant's 
having, in the preſence of his meſſenger, 
plucked in a field, all the ears of corn which 


Lyfimachus, after the battle of Tpſus, had | ſeemed to tower above the reſt. Periander 


entruſted with the treaſures which he had 
obtained in the war. Philæterus made 
himſelf maſter of the treaſures and of Per- 
gamus, in which they were depoſited, B. C. 
283, and laid the foundations of an empire, 
over which he himſelf prefided for 20 years. 
His ſucceſſors began to reign in the follow- 
ing order: His nephew Eumenes aſcended 
the throne 263 B. C.; Attalus, 241; Eu- 
menes the ſecond, 197 ; Attalus Philadel- 
phus, 159; Attalus Philomator, 138, who, 
B. C. 133, left the Roman people heirs to 
his Kingdoin, as he had no children. The 
right of the Romans, however, was diſ- 
puted by an uſurper, who claimed the em- 
pire as his own, and Aquilius the Roman 
general was obliged to conquer the diffe- 
rent cities one by one, and to gain their 
ſubmiſſion by poiſoning the waters which 
were conveyed to their houſes, till the 
Whole was reduced into the form of a 
dependent province. The capital of the 
kingdom of Pergamus was famous for a 
library of 200,000 vulumes, which had 
been collected by the different monarchs 
who had reigned there. This noble collec- 
tion was afterwards tranſported to Egypt 
by Cleopatra, with the permiſſion of Antuny, 
and it adorned and enriched the Alexandrian 
library, till it was moſt fatally deſtroyed 
by the Saracens, A. D. 642. Parchment 
was firſt invented and made uſe of, at Per- 
gamus, to tranſcribe books, as Ptolemy king 


| underſtood the meaning of this anſwer. He 


immediately ſurrounded himſelf with a 
numerous guard, and put to death the richeft 
and moſt powerful citizens of Corinth. He 
was not only cruel to his ſubjects, but his 
family alſo were objects of his vengeance, 
He committed inceſt with his mother, and 
put to death his wife Meliſſa, upon falſe 
accuſation. He alſo baniſhed his ſon Lyco- 
phron to the iſland of Corcyra, becauſe the 
youth pitied the miſerable end of his mother, 
and detefted the barbarities of his father, 
Periander died about 585 years before the 
Chriſtian era, and by the meanneſs of 
his flatterers, he was reckoned one of the 
ſeven wiſe men of Greece, Though he was 
tyrannical, yet he patronized the fine arts; 
he was fond of peace, and he ſhewed him- 
ſelf the friend and the protector of genius 
and of learning. He uſed to ſay, that a man 
ought ſolemnly to Keep his word, but not 
to heſitate to break it if ever it claſhed with 
his intereſt, He ſaid alſo, that not only 
crimes ought to be puniſhed, but alſo every 
wicked and corrupted thought. Dieg. in 
vita. —Ariſt. 5, Polit, —Pauf. 2. A ty- 
rant of Ambracia, whom ſome rank with 
the ſeven wiſe men of Greece, and not the 
ty rant of Corinth. A man diſtinguiſhed 
as a phyſician, but contemptible as a poet, 
Plut.— Lucan. 

PERIARCHUS, a naval commander of 
Sparta conquered by Conun. Died. 


of Egypt bad forbidden the exportation of 
papyrus from his Kingdom, in order to 
prevent Eumencs from making a library 
as valuable and as choice as that of Alexan- 
dria, From this circumſtance parchment 
has been called charta prrgamena. Galenus 
the phyſician, and Apollodorus the mytho- 
logitt were born there, AEſculapius was 
the chief deity of the country. Pin. 5 & 
15.— Id. 6, c. 11.—Strab. 13.--Liv. 29, 
c. 11. |. 31, c. 46.— /in. 10, c. 21. l. 13, 
e. . A ſon of Neoptolemus and An- 
dromache, who, as ſore ſuppoſe, founded 
Peigamus in Alia. Parſ. 1, c. 11. 
PERGE, a town of Pamphy lia. Strab. 

14. 

„ SEED a lake of Sicily ncar Enna, 
where Proſerpine was carried away by Pluto. 
Ovid. Met. 5, v. 386. 


PE RIBA, the ſecond wife of neus, 
king of Calydon, was daughter of Hippo- 
nous. She became mother of Tydeus. 
Some ſuppoſe that CEncus debauched her, 
and afterwards married her. Hygin. fab. 
69. A daughter of Alcathous, ſold by 
her father on ſuſpicion that ſhe was courted 
by Telamon, ſon of Macus, king of Agi 
na. She was cairied to Cyprus, where 
Telamon the founder of Salamis married 
her, and ſhe became mother of Ajax. She 
alſo married Theſeus, according to ſome. 
She is alſo called Eriba. Pauſ.. 1, c. 17, 
S 42.—Hygin. 97. The wile of Poly- 
bus, king of Corinth, who educated (Kadi- 
pus as her own child. A daughter of 
Eury medon, who became mother of Nau- 
ſithous by Neptune. The mother ef 
1 according to ſume authors. 


| Pi- 


PrRII 
ut. 2, 
PRI 
ſon of X 
naturally 
he impro 
Damon, o 
theſe cele 
mander, 
gained thi 
uncommo 
rality. V 
miniſtratic 
himſelf pe 
was the 
remove ex 
way of hi 
nity and t. 
opagus, W 
for ages t. 
alſo attack 
haniſhed by 
who had 1 
ment, ſha 
remained 
and as it m 
of a republ 
jealous of j 
ſo much t 
In his mini 
enrich him 
was the ob 
made war 
and reſtorec 
care of the 
gally depriv 
obtained a 
near Nemm; 
againſt the j 
queſt of his 
Peloponneſi: 
ambitious v 
lum], and w 
the ttoriſhing 
ual power 
did not hefi 
war againſt t 
reecc, a wa 
and which v 
tion of their 
their walls. 
were for ſon 
but an unfe 
mors againſt 
pulace attribi 
to make ato 
ey condem 
hie loſs of 
tice, did r 
e recent d. 
When the tide 
by, be condeſ 
© aliembly, 


hed 
oct, 


eus, 
ppo*- 
leus. 
her, 
fab. 
d by 
urted 
Mgi- 
bere 
wried 
She 
ſome. 
Sv, 
Poly- 
CEdi- 
ter of 
Nau- 
zEr of 


Pil 


A 


P:x1BoMIUsS, a noted debauchee, &c. ! 

ul). 2y V. 16. 

PerRicLES,an Athenian of a noble family, 
on of Xanthippus and Agatfiſte. He was 
naturally endowed with great powers, which 
he improved by attending the lectures of 
Damon, of Zeno, and of Anaxagoras. Under 
theſe celebrated maſters he became a com- 
mander, a ſtateſman, and an orator, and 
gained the affections of the people by his 
uncommon addreſs arid well directed libe- 
rality. When he took a ſhare in the ad- 
miniſtration of public affairs, he rendered 
himſelf popular by oppoſing Cimon, who 
was the favorite of the nobility, and to 
remove every obſtacle which ood in the 
way of his ambition, he leſſened the dig- 
nity and the power of the court of the Are- 
opagus, whom the people had been taught 
for ages to reſpe& and to venerate. He 
alſo attacked Cimon, and cauſed him to be 
haniſhed by the oftraciſm. Thucydides alſo, 
who had ſucceeded Cimon on his baniſh- 
ment, ſhared the ſame fate, and Pericles 
remained for 15 years the ſole miniſter, 
and as it may be ſaid the abſolute ſovereign 
of a republic which always ſhowed itſelf ſo 
jealous of its liberties, and which diftruſted 
lo much the honeſty of her magiſtrates. 
In his miniſterial capacity Pericles did not 
enrich himſelf, but the proſperity of Athens 
was the object of his adminiitration. He 
made war againſt the Lacedzmonians, 
and reſtored the temple of Delphi to the 
care of the Phocians, who had been jlle- 
gally deprived of that honorable truſt, He 
obtained a victory over the Sicyonians 
near Nemza, and waged a {ſucceſsful war 
againſt the inhabitants of Samos at the re- 
queſt of his favorite miſtreſs Aſpaſia. The 
Peloponnefian war was fomented by his 
ambitious views [ Vid. Pelopanneſiacum bel- 
lum], and when he had warmly repreſented 
the ttoriſhing ſtate, the opulence, and ac- 
tual power of his country, the Athenians 
did not heſitate a moment to undertake a 
war againſt the moſt, powerful republics of 
Greece, a war which contigued for 27 years, 
and which was concluded by the deſtruc- 
tion of their empire, and the demolition of 
their walls. The arms of the Athenians 
were for ſome time crowned with ſucceſs, 
but an unfortunate expedition raiſed cla- 
mors againſt Pericles, and the enraged po- 
pulice attributed all their ſoſſes to him, and 
to make atonement for fhcir ill ſucceſs, 
they condemned him to pay 30 talents, 
This loſs of popular favor by republican 
tarice, did not ſo much affect Pericles as 
tle recent death of all his children, and 
When the tide of unpopularity was paſſed 
by, be condeſceuded to come into the pub 
e allembly, and to view Witt tecrer pride 


P E. 


the contrition of his fellow citizens, who 
univerſally begged his forgiveneſs far the 
violence which they had offered to his mi- 
niſterial character. He was again reftored 
to all his honors, and if poſſible inveſted 
with more power and more authority than 
before, but the dreadful peſtilence which 
had diminiſhed the number of his family, 
proved fatal to him, and about 429 years 
beforeChriſt, in his 7oth year, he ſell a facri- 
fice to that terrible malady, which robbed 
Athens of ſo many of her citizens. Pericles 
was for 40 years at the head of the ad- 
miniſtration, 25 years with others, and 15 
alone, and the floriſhing ſtate of the empire 
during his government gave occaſion to the 
Athenians publicly to lament his loſs, and 
venerate his memory. As he was expiringy 
and ſeemingly ſenſeleſs, his friends that 
ſtood around his bed expatiated with warmth 
on the moſt glorious actions of his life, and 
the victories which he had won, when he 
ſuddenly interrupted their tears and con- 
verſation, by ſaying that in mentioning the 
exploits that he had atchieved, and which 
were common to him with all generals, 
they had forgot to mention a circumſtance 
which reflected far greater glory upon him 
as a miniſter, a general, and above all, as a 
man, It is, ſays he, that not a citizen in 
Athens has been obliged to put on mourn- 
ing on my account. The Athenians were ſo 
pleaſed with his eloquence that they com- 
pared it to thunder and lightning, and as to 
another father of the gods, they gave bim 
the ſirname of Olympian, The poets, his 


Hatterers, ſaid that the goddeſs of perſuaſion, . 


with all her charms and her attraction, 
dwelt upon his tongue. When he marched 
at the lead of the Athenian armies, Pericles 
obſerved that he had the command of a free 
nation that were Greeks, and citizens of 
Athens. He alſo declared that not only the 
hand of a magiſtrate, but alſo his eyes and 
nis tongue ſhould be pure and unde filed. 
Yet great and venerable as this character 
may appear, we muſt not forget the follies 
of Pericles. His vicious partiality for the 
celebrated courtezan Aſpaſia, ſubjected him 
to the ridicule and the cenſure of his fellow 
citizens; but if he triumphed over ſatire 
and malevolent remarks, the Athenians had 
occaſion to execrate the memory of a man 
who by his example corrupted the purity 
and innocence of their morals, and who made 
lIicentioaſneſs reſpectable, and rhe indul- 
gence of every impure deſire the quali fica- 
tion of the ſoldier as well as of the ſenator. 
Pericles loſt all his legitimate children by 
the peſtilence, and to call a natural fon by 
his own name he was obliged to repeal 2 
law which be had made againſt ſpurious 


| children, and which he kad enſerced with 


Q q great 


_—— 0 - 
— 


* — 


— KIA 

— —— — — 5 

2 ——_— HS I» T9 K 
— — Y > 


P E 


great ſeverity. This ſon, called Pericles, be- 
came one of the ten generals who ſucceeded 
Alcibiades in the adminiftration of affairs, 
and like his colleagues he was condemned 
to death by the Athenians, after the unfor- 
tunate battle af Arginuſe, Paxſ. 1, c. 25. 
Plat. in vite, —(Quintil, 12, c. 9, —Cic.de 
Orat. 34.—M#lian V. H. 4, c. 10.—Xenoph, 
Hi. G.— Thucyd. 


ö 


PtxicLyMENVUS, a ſon of Neleus, bro- 


ther to Neſtor, killed by Hercules. He 
was one of the Argonauts, and had received 
from Neptune the power of changing him- 
ſelf into whatever ſhape he pleated, A- 
polled. 

PyRIUtA, a Theban woman, whoſe fon 
was killed by Turnus in the Rutulian war. 
Virg. An. 12, v. 515. 

PexIEGETES DronyS1Us, a poet. Id. 
Dionyſius. 

PERIER ES, a ſon of olus, or according 
to others of Cynortas. Apel lod. The 
charioteer of Mcnceceus. Id. 

PERIGENES, an officer of Ptolemy, &c. 

PrRicbxt, a woman who had a fon 
called Melanippus, by Theſeus. She was 
danghter of Synnis the famous robber, 
whom Theſeus killed. She married Dei— 
oncus the ſon of Eurytus, by conſent of 
Theſeus. Plut. 

PeriLAivs, an officer in the army of 
Alexander the Great, Curt. 10. A tyrant 
of Argos. 

PERILEVS, a fon of Icarius and Peribœa. 

PERILLA, a daughter of Ovid the poet. 
She was extremely fond of poetry and lite- 
rature. Ovid. Faſt. 3, el. 7, v. 1. 

PeRILLUS, an ingenious artiſt at Athens, 
who made a brazen bull for Phalaris, tyrant 
of Agrigentum. This machine was fabri- 
cated to put criminals to death by burning 
thera alive, and it was ſuch that their cries 
were like the roaring of a bull. When 
Perillus gave it Phalaris, the tyrant made 
the firſt experiment upon the donor, and 
cruelly put him to death by lighting a flow 
fire under the belly of the bull. Plz. 34, 
c. 8.-—Qvid. in art. am. 1, v. 653, in 1b. 439. 
A lawyer and uſwer in the age of 
Horace. Heorat. 2, ſat. 3, v. 75. 

FERI, a daughter of Aalus, who 
married \chuous, The wife ot Licy m- 
nius. A woman ſkilled in the know- 
ledge of hleibs and of enchantments. Le- 
ec. 2. 

PexrMELA, a daughter of Hippodamas, 
thrown into the ſea fur receiving the ad- 
dreſſes of the Achelous, She was changec 
into an ifland in the Ionian ſca, aud became 
one of the Echinades. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 
(00. 

PzxINTHIA, a play of Menander's. Te- 
rent, Aud. el. 9. 

5 


| 


| 


P.-E 


PFtrxNTRhvs, a town of Thrace, in tl; 
Propontis, antiently firnamed Mypdonica, 
It was afterwards called Heraclea, in honor 
of Hercules, and now Erek/i, Mela, 2, e. 
2.—Pauſ. 1, c. 29. —Plin, 4, Ci 11.— Li. 
33 C. 30. 

Prxtrarrricr, a ſect of philoſophers 
at Athens, diſciples to Ariftotle. They 
received this name from the place where 
they were taught, called Peripaton, in the 
Lyceum, or becauſe they received the phi. 
loſopher's lectures as they walked (vs 
TowTe:). The Peripatetics acknowledged 
the dignity of human nature, and placed 
their ſummum bonum not in the pleaſures of 
paſhve ſenſation, but in the due exercife 
of the moral and intellectual faculties. The 
habit of this exerciſe, when guided by res. 
ſon, conſtituted the higheſt excellence of 
man. The philoſopher contended that our 
own happineſs chiefly depends upon our- 
ſelves, and tho” he did not require in his 
followers that ſelf- command to which others 
pretended, yet he allowed a moderate de- 
gree of perturbation, as becuming human 
nature, and he conſidered a certain ſenſihi- 
lity of paſſion totally neceſſary, as by re- 
ſentment we are enabled to repel injuries, 
and the ſmait which paſt calamities hare 
inflicted, renders us careful to avoid the t. 
petition. (ic. Acad. 2, & c. 

PERIPHAS, a man who attempted, with 
Pyrrhus, Priam's palace, &c. Virg. Ar. 


v. 476. A ſon of Egyptus. Apelicd. 1. 
. One of the Lapithæ. Ovid. Mer. 12, 
v. 449. One of the firſt kings of Attica 


before the age of Cecrops, according t 
{ome authors, 

PERIPHATUS, a robber of Attica, ſon d 
Vulcan, deftroyed by Theſeus. He is all 
called Cory netes. 

PeRIPHEMUS, an antient hero of Greece 
to whom Solon ſactificed at Salamis, by d 
der of the oracle. 

PER1SADES, a people of Illyricum. 

PEkxISTHENES, a ſon of Ægyptus. 4 

PrRITANus, an Arcadian who enjoft 
the company of Helen after her clopemet 
with Paris. 

PertTAS,' a favorite dog of Alexanc 
the Great, in whoſe honor the monat 
built a city. 

PeR1ToONLUM, a town of Egypt, on t 
weſtern fide of the Nile, efteemcd of gt 
importance, as being one of the keys oft 
country. Antony was defeated there | 
C. Gallus, the lieutenant of Auguftus. 

PERKMESSUS, a river of Bœotia, riſing! 
mount Helicon, and flowing all round | 
It received its name trum Permeſſus b 
father of a nymph called Aganippe, V 
alto gave her name to one of the 1ountas 
vt Helicon, The river Permeflus, 45 .. 


as the fi 
the Mui 

Px RO 
king of 

Bias fon 

cording 

ſome ox« 
Homer, ( 
Pau. 4, 
remarkal 
her fathe 
his judge 
the ſupp 
milk of h 
Fal. Max 

Pr:rot 
afrer Per 
Pauf. 950 

PEeROL 
death of 
Pacuvius 
the Carth; 

PERPE 
Ariſtonici 

He died B 

the rebelli 

pey. He 
ſome time 
ſaſſinate Se 
his houſe. 
pey, Who 
Plat, in Se 
who obtair 
Max. 3, c. 

PRRPER 
as ſome ſu 
of beauty t 

PRRRAN 
Ambracia. 

P:zrrHa 
on the bot 
between the 
Tempe. J 
their poſſeſ 
tired into A 
received the 
2, el, I V. 
. 30, e. 34 

PERSA, © 
des, mother 
Ly Apollo. 

ERS, t 
erſia. 

PeRs tvs 
Antigonus, | 
ine Acrocori 
Dies. Laert, 

PERSEE, 

cloponneſu: 

PersErs, 
Patronymic o 
Uvid Met. 7 

PEaSEPHYE 


1 tle 
mice, 
or 
2, e. 


phers 
They 
Where 
in the 
e Phi- 
PT as 
ledged 
placed 
ures of 
xercike 
. The 
by rea- 
ence of 
that our 
on our- 
min by 
h other 
rate de- 
human 
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as the fountain Aganippe, were ſacred to 
the Muſes. Strab. 8.—Propert. 2, el. 8. 

P:ro, or PERONE, a daughter of Neleus, 
king of Pylos, by Chloris. She married 
Bias ſon of Amythaon, becauſe he had, ac- 
cording to her father's defire, recovered 
ſme oxen which Hercules had ſtolen away. 
Homer. 04. 12.—Propert. 25 el. 2, V. 17.— 
Pauſ. 4, c. 36. A daughter of Cimon, 
remarkable for her filial atfection. When 
her father had been ſent to priſon, where 
his judges had condemned him to ſtarve, 
ſhe ſupported his life by giving him the 
milk of her breaſts, as to her own child. 
Val. Max. 5, C. 4. 

PrRxot, a fountain of Baotia, called 
after Peroe, a daugliter of the Aſopus. 
Pauſ. 9, c. 4. 

PeROLA, a Roman who meditated the 
death of Hannibal in Italy. His father 
Pacuvius diſſuaded him from aſſaſſinating 
the Carthaginian general. 

PERPENNA, M. a Roman who conquered 
Arittonicus in Aſia, and took him priſoner. 
He died B. C. 130. Another who joined 
tke rebellion of Sertorius, and oppoſed Pom- 
pey, He was defeated by Metellus, and 
ſome time after he had the meanneſs to aſ- 
ſaſſinate Sertorius, whom he had invited to 
his houſe. He fell into the hands of Pom- 
pey, who ordered him to be put to death. 
Plat. in Sert,—Paterc. 2, c. 30.—A Greek 
who obtained the conſulſhip at Rome. Val. 
Max. 3, c. 4. 

PERPERENE, a place of Phrygia, where, 
as ſome ſuppoſe, Paris adjudged the prize 
of beauty to Venus. Strab. 5. 

PERRANTHES, a hill of Epirus, near 
Ambracia, Liv. 38, c. 4. 

P:RRHEBIA, A part of Theſſaly, ſituate 
on the borders of the Peneus, extending 
between the town of Atrax and the vale of 
Tempe. The inhabitants were driven from 
their poſſeſſions by the Lapithæ, and re- 
tired into Ætolia, where part of the country 
rece;ved the name of Perræbia. Propert. 


2, el. 5, v. 33.—Strab, g,—Liv. 33, c. 34. 


. 30, c. 34. 

Pr RSA, or PERSE1s, one of the Oceani- 
des, mother of ZEetes, Circe, and Paſiphae, 
by Apollo. Heſiod. Theog.— polled, 3. 

PE:RS&, the inhabitants of Perſia. Fd, 
Perſia, 

PERS £Us, a philoſopher intimate with 
Antigonus, by whom he was appointed over 
ihe Acrocorinth. He floriſhed B. C. 274. 
Dieg. Laert. in Zenon. 

PERSEE, a fountain near Mycenz, in 
Peloponneſus. Fa 2, c. 16. 

PersE1S, one of the Oceanides, A 
patronymic of Hecate as daughter of Perſes. 
Uvid Met. 7, v. 69. 

PLASEPHUNE, a daughter of Jupiter and 


3 


Ceres, called alſo Proſerpine. [ Vid. Pro- 
ſerpina.] The mother of Amphion by 
Jaſus. 

_ Pers$Fp3LAS, a celebrated city, the capi- 
tal of the Perſian empire, It was laid in 
ruins by Alexander after the conqueſt of 
Darius, The reaſon of this is unknown. 
Diodorus ſays that the ſight of about 800 
Greeks, whom the Perſians had ſhamefully 
mutilated, ſo iriitated Alexander that he 
reſolved to puniſh the barbarity of the in- 
habitants of Perſepolis, and of the neigh- 
bouring country, by permitting his ſoldiers 
to plunder their capital, Others ſuppoſe 
that Alexander ſet it on fire at the inſtiga- 
tion of Thais, one of his courtezans, when 
he had paſſed the day in drinking, and in 
riot and debauchery. The ruins of Perſepolis, 
now HEſiatar, or Tehel-minar, ſtill aſtoniſh 
the modern traveller by their grandeur and 
magnificence. Curt. 5, c. 7.— Diod. 17, 
Sc. —.Arrian.—Plut. in Alex. —Tuſtin. 11, 
e. Ido 

PERSEs, a ſon of Perſeus and Androme- 
da, From him the Perſians, who were ori- 
ginally called Cephenes, reccived their name. 
Herodot. 7, c. 61. A king oi Macedonia, 
Vid. Perſeus. 

PERSEUS a ſon of Jupiter and Danae, the 
daughter of Acrifius. As Acriſius had con- 
fined his daughter in a brazen tower to pre- 
vent her becoming a mother, becauſe he 
was to periſh, according to the words of an 
oracle, by the hands of his daughter's ſon, 
Perſeus was no ſooner burn (Vid. Danae) 
than he was thrown into the ſea with his 
mother Danae, The hopes of Acrifius were 
fruſtrated ; the flender boat which carried 
Danae and her ſon was driven by the winds 
upon the coaſts of the ifland of Seriphos, 
one of the Cyclades, where they were found 
by a fiſherman called Dictys, and carried 
to Polydectes the king of the place. They 
were treated with great humanity, and Per- 
ſeus was entrufted to the care of the prieſts 
of Minerva's temple. His riſing genius and 
manly courage, however, ſoon diſpleaſed 
Polydectes, and the monarch, who withed 
to offer violence to Danaec, feared the re- 
ſentment of her ſon. Yet Polydectes re- 
ſolved to remove every obſtacle, He in- 
vited all his friends to a ſumptuous enter- 
tainment, and it was requiſite that all ſuch 
as came, ſhould preſent the monarch with 
a beautiful horſe. Perſeus was in the num- 
ber of the invited, and the more particularly 
ſo, as Polydectes knew that he could not 
receive from him the preſent which he ex- 
peed from all the reſt. Nevertheleſs Per- 
ſcus, who wiſhed not to appear inferior to 
the others in magnificence, told the king 
that as he could not give him a horſe, he 


| would bring him the head of Medula, the 


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enly one of the Gorgons who was fubject fſerts of Libya, but the approach of nig 


to mortaliry. The offer was doubly agree- 
able to Polydectes, as it would remove 
Perſeus from Seriphos, and on account of 
its ſceming impoſſibility, the attempt 
might perhaps end in his ruin. But the 
innocence of Perſeus was patronized by the 
ods, Pluto lent him his helmet, which 
nad the wonderful power of making its 
bearer invitible ; Minerva gave him her 
tucklcr, which was as reſplendent as glaſs; 
and he received from Mercury wings and 
the talaria, with a thort dagger made of di- 
amonds, aud called kerpe. According to 
ſome ii was from Vulcan, and not from 
Mercury, that he received-the Je, which 
was in form like a (cythe, With theſe 
arms Perſcus hegan his expedition, and tra- 
verſed the ir, conducted by the goddefs 
Minerva, He went to the Graix, the ſiſters 
of the Gorgons, who, according to the poets, 
kad wings like the Gorgons, but only one 
eye and one tooth between them all, of 
which they made uſe of, each in her turn, 
They were three in number, according to 
Eichylus and Apollodorus ; or only two, 
according to Gvid and Heſtod. With Plu- 
ts belmet, which rendered him inviſible, 
Pytſcus was enabled to ftcal tneir eye and 
theit tooth while they were aſleep; and he 
returned them only when they had inform- 
ed him where meir fifters the Gorgons re— 
aded. When he had received every neceſ- 
ſary information, Perſeus fiew to the habi- 
tation of the Gorgons, which was ſituate 
bevond the weſtern ocean, according to 
Hefiod and Apollodorus ; or in Libya ac- 
eording to Ovid and Lucan ;. or in the de- 
faits of Aſiatic Scytl.ia, according to /Eichy- 
lus, he ſound theſe monſters aflecp, and 
as he knew that if he hxzed his cyes upon 
them, he ſhould be inſtantly changed into 
a ſtone, he continually looked on his ſhield, 
which reflected all the objects as clearly as 
the beſt of glaſſes. He approached them, 
and with a courage which the goddeſs Mi- 
nerva ſupported, he cut off Meduſa's head 
with one blow. The noiſe.awoke the two 
immortal ſiſters, but Pluto's helmet ren- 
dered Perſeus inviſible, and the attempts 
of the Gorgons to. revenge Meduſa's death 
proved fruitleſs,, the cunqueror made his 
way through the air, and from the blood 
which dropped from Meduſa/s head ſprang 
all thuſe innumerable ferpents which have 
ever ſince infeſted the ſandy deſerts of 
Libya, Chryſaor alſo, with his golden 
ſword, ſprung from theſe drops of. blood, 
as well as the horſe Pegaſus, winch imme- 
diately-flew through the air, and topped on 
mount Helicon, where ne became the fa- 
vorite of the Muſes, Mean time Perſeus 
had continued bis journey acroſs the de- 


PRE 


obliged him to alight in the territories of 
Atlas, king of Mautitania. He went to the 
monarch's palace, where he hoped to fine 
a kind reception by announcing himſelf 
as the ſon of Jupiter, but in this he wag 
diſappointed. Atlas recollected that, ac. 
cording to an antient oracle, his gardens 
were to be robbed of their fruit by one of 
the ſons of Jupiter, and therefore he not 
only refuſed Perſeus the hoſpitality he 
demanded, but he even oſtered violence to 
nis perſon, Perſeus. finding, himſelf infe- 
rior to his powerful enemy, ſhowed him 
Meduſa's head, and inſtantly Atlas was 
changed into a large mountain which bore 
the ſame name in the deſerts of Africa, 
On the morrew Perſeus continued his 
flight, and as he paſſed acroſs the territories 
of Libya, he diſcovered, on the coaſts of 
Ethiopia, the naked Andromeda, expoſed 
to a ſca monſter. He was ſtruck at the 
fight, and offered her father Cepheus to de- 
liver her from inſtant death if he obtained 
her in marriage as a reward of his labors, 
Cepheus conſented, and immediately Pte 
ſeus railing himſelf in the air, flew towards 
the monſter, which was advancing to de- 
vour Andromeda, and he plunged his dag- 
ger in his right ſhoulder,, and deſtroyed 
it. This happy event was attended with 
the greateſt rejoicings. Perſeus raiſed three 
altars to Mercury, Jupiter, and Pallas, and 
after he had offercd the ſacrifice of a calf, 
a bullock, and a heifer, the nuptials were 
celebrated with the greateſt feſtivity. The 
univerſal joy, however, was ſoon diſturbed. 
Phineus, Andromeda's uncle, entered tie 
palace with a number. of armed men, and 
attempted to. carry away the bride, whom 
he had courted and admired long betor: 
the arrival of Perſeus. The father and mo- 
ther of Andromeda interfered,. but in vain; 
a bloody battle enſued, and Perſeus mutt 
have fallen a victim to the rage of Phineus, 
had not he defended himſelt at laſt with 
the ſame arms which proved fatal to Atlas, 
He ſhewed the Gorgon's head to his adver- 
ſaries, and they were inſtantly turned to. 
ſtone, each in the poſture and attitude 18 
which he then ſtood. The friends of Ce- 
pheus,.and ſuch as ſupported Perſcus, ſhares 
not the fate of Phincus, as the hero had pre- 
viouſly warned them of the power of Me- 
duſa's head. and of the ſervices which be 
received from it. Scon after this memon- 
ble adventure Perſcus retired to Seriphos 
at the very moment that his mother, Danae, 
fled to the altar of Minerva to avoid tle 
purſuit of Poulydedtes, who attempted to 
otter her violence. Dictys, Who had ſ1vcd 
her from the ſca, and who as ſome ſay Wis 


| 


the brotlicr of Polydectes, defended |! 


as ann 


againft 
there for 
of his h 
of Serip 
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to Mine 
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opinion, 
theſe cel. 
2 with tc 
accordin} 
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When h. 
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Lariſſa, v 
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drew kim 
tirowing 
ſome, he 1 
attended! 
Lune to Ki 
thiown in 
his grand 
intelligene 
the Pelop 
of Argos | 
Teutamia: 
oracle Wh 
daughter v 
poſe with 
to Lariſſa 
whoſe fam 
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grand{athe 
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received hi 
been forcit 
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the death c 
throne of 
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foundation: 
tue capital 
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word, call 
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igft 
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Was 
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poſed 
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P- 
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ait win 
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itude 18 
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had pre- 
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1 


zcainfe the attempts of her enemies, and 
theretore Perſeus, ſenſible of his merit and 
of his humanity, placed him on the throne 
of Seriphos, after he had with Meduſa's 
head turned into ſtones the wicked Poly- 
gectes, and the officers who were the aſſo- 
ciates of his guilt, He afterwards reſtored” 
to Mercury his talaia and his wings, to 
Pluto his helmet, to Vulcan his ſword, and 
0 Minerva her ſhield ; but as he was more 
particularly indebted to the goddeſs of 
wiſdom for her aſſiſtance and ꝓrotection, 
he placed the Gorgon's head on her ſhield, 
er rather, according to the more received 
opinion, on her ægis. After he had finiſhed 
tacſe celebrated exploits, Perſeus expreſſed 
2 wiſh to return to his native country, and 
zccordingly he embarked for the Pelopon- 
reſus, with his mother and Andromeda. 
When he reached the Peloponnehan coaſts 
Le was informed that Teutamias, king of 
Lariſſa, was then celebrating funeral games 
in honor of his father. This intelligence 
drew him to Lariffa to fignalize himſelf in 
tirowing the quoit, of which, according to 
ſome, he was the inventer. But here he was 
attended by an evil fate, and had the misfor- 
tune to Kill a man with a quot which he had 
town in the air. This was no other than 
his grandfather Acriſius, who, on the firſt 


intelligence that his grandſen had reached |- 


the Peloponneſus, fied from his kingdom, 
of Arzos to the court of his friend and ally 

Teutamias, to prevent the fulfilling of the 

oracle which had obliged him to treat his; 
daughter with ſo much barbarity. Some ſup- 
poſe with Pauſanias, that Acriſius had gone. 
to Lariſſa to be reconciled to his grandſon, 

whoſe fame bad been ſpread in every city 
vi Greece; and Ovid maintains that the 

grandi{ather was under the ſtrongeſt obliga- 

tions to his ſon-in-law, as thro* him he bad 
received his Kingdom, from which he had 

deen forcibly driven by the ſons of his bro- 

ther Prætus. This unfortunete murder: 
gecatly depreſſed the ſpirits of Perſeus : by 

the death of Acrifius he was entitled to the 
throne of Argos, but he refuſed to reign; 
there; and to remove himſelf from a place; 
which reminded him of the parricide he 
dad unfortunately committed, he exchanged 
his kingdom for that of Tirynthus, and the 
maritime coaſt of Argolis, where Megapen- 
tics tie ſon of Pretus then reigned. When 
de had finally ſettled in this part of the! 
Pcloponneſus, he determined to lay the: 
toundations of a new city, which he made 
ue capital of his dominions, and which ne, 
called Mycenæ, becauſc the pourame of his 
iword, called by the Greeks myces, had 
dallen there. The time of his death is un- 
«nown, yet it is univerſally agrecd that he! 
gd divine honors like the relt of the 


—_— 
H— 


1 


antient heroes. He had flatues at Mycena, 
and in the iſland of Seriphos, and the Athe- 
nians raiſed him a temple, in which they 
conſecrated an altar in honor of Dictys, who 
had treated Danae and ber infant ſon with 
ſo much paternal tenderneſs. The Egyp» 
tians allo paid particular honor to his me- 
mory, and aſſerted that he often appeared 
among them wearing ſhoes two cubits long, 
which was always interpreted as a fign of 
fertility. Perſeus had by Andromeda, Al- 
ceus, Sthenelus, Neſtor, Ele&ryon, and Gor- 
gophone, and after death, according to 
ſome mythologitts, he became a conſtella- 
tion in the heavens. Herodot. 2, c. 91. 
Apolled. 2, e. 4, &c.—Pauf. 2, c. 16 & 18. 
I. 35 c. 17, & c. Apollon. Aug. 4. — Ov. Met, 
4, fab. 16. 1. 5, fab. t, &c. Lycan. , v. 
668.—Hygin. fab. 64.—Hefiod, Theeg. & 
Scut. Here, —Pind. Pyth. 7, & Ohmp. 3.— 
Ital, g.— Propert. 2. Athen, 13.— Homer. 
11. 14.— Ixetx. in Lycoph. 17.——A fon 
of Neſtor and Anazibia, Apsl/od. 1, c. 9. 
A writer who publiſhed a treatiſe on 
the republic of Sparta, A philoſopher, 
diſciple to Zeno. Vd. Perizus. 
PERSEUS, or Pæxsks, a ſon of Philip 
king of Macedonia, He diftingwithed him- 
ſelf like his father, by bis enmity to the 
Romans, and when he had made ſufhcient 
preparations, he declared war againſt them, 
His operations, however, were flow and 
injudicious, he wanted courage and reſolu- 
tion, and though he at firſt obtained ſome 
advantages over the Roman armies, yet his 
avarice and his timidity proved deſtructive 
to his cauſe. When Paulus was appointed 
to the command of the Roman armies in 
Macedonia, Perſeus thewed his inferiority by 
his imprudent encampments, and when he 
had at laſt yielded to the advice of his afficers, 
who recommended a general engagement, 
and drawn up his forces near the walls of 
Pydna, B. C. 468, he was the firſt who ruined 
his own cauſe, and by flying as ſoon 2s 
the-battle was begun, he left the enemy maſ- 
ters of the field. From Pydna, Perſeus fled 
to Samothrace, but he was ſoon diſcovered 
in lus obſcure retreat, and brought into 
the preſence of the Roman conquexor, 
where the meanneſs of his behaviour ex- 
poſed hun to ridicule, and not to mercy, 
He was carricd to Rome, and dragzed 
along the itreets of the city to adorn the tri- 
umph of the conqueror. His family were 
alſo expoſed 10 the ſight of the Roman po- 
pulace, who thed tears on viewing in thet: 
ſtreets, dragged like u flave, a monamch who 
had once detcated th-ir armics, and ſpreud 
alarm all over Italy, by the greatneſs ol hi 
military preparations, and by his bold une 
deitakings. Perſcus died iu priſon, or 75 
cording to ſome, he was put to 3 ameſe. 


2243 Sn 


A 


— — — — _- - 


- 


F E 


death the firſt year of his captivity, He 


had two ſons, Philip and Alexander, 
und one daughter whoſe name is not 
known. Alexander the younger of theſe 
was hired to a Roman carpenter, and led 
the greateſt part of his lite in obſcurity, 
till his ingenuity raiſed him to notice. He 
was afterwards made ſecretary to the ſenate. 
Lin, 40, &c.—Tuftin, 33, c. 1, &c.—Plut. 
in Paulo. — Flor. 2, c. 12,—Propert. 4. el. 
12, v. 39. 

Prrs14A, a celebrated kingdom of Aſia, 
which in its antient ſtate extended from the 
Helleſpont to the Indus, above 2800 miles, 
and from Pontus to the ſhores of Arabia 
above 2000 miles. As a province, Perſia 
was but ſmall, and according to the de- 
ſcription of Ptolemy, it was bounded on 
the north by Media, weſt by Suſiana, ſouth 

the Pertian gulph, and eaſt by Carmania. 


The empitc of Perfia, or the Perſian mo- 


narchy, was firſt founded by Cyrus the 
Great, abut 559 years before the Chriſtian 
era, and under the ſucceeding monarchs it 
became one of the moſt conſiderable and 

owerful kinzdoms of the carth. The 
| thats of Perha began to rcign in the follow- 
ing order: Cyrus, B. C. 559: Cambyſes 
529; and after the uſurpation of Smerdis 
for 7 months, Darius 521: Xerxes the 
Great 485: Artabanus 7 months, and Ar- 
tazerxes Longimanus 464: Xerxes II. 
425: Sogdianus 7 mbnths, 424: Darius II. 
or Nothus 423: Artaxerxes II. or Mem- 
non 404: Artaxerxes III. or Ochus, 358: 
Arfes or Arogus 337, and Darius III. or 
Codomanus, 335, who was conquered by 
Alexander the Great 231. The deſtruction 
of the Perfian monarchy by the Macedoni- 
ans was caſily effected, and from that time 
Perſia became tributary to the Greeks. 
After the death of Alexander, when the 
Mactdonian empire was divided among the 
officers of the deceaſed conqueror, Seleucus 
Nicanor made himſelf maſter of the Perſian 
provinces, till the revolt of the Parthians 
introduced new revolutions in the eaft, 


' Perfia was partly reconquered from the 


Greeks, and remained tributary to the 
Parthians for near 500 years, After this 
the (ſovereignty was again placed into 
the hands of the Perſians, by the revolt 
of Artaxerxes, a common foldier, A. D. 
229, who became the founder of the ſecond 
Perſian monarchy, which proved fo immi— 
cal to the power of the Roman emperors, 
In their national character, the Perſians 
were warlike, they were carly taught to 


ride, and to haudle the bow, and by the 


manly exerciſes of hunting, they were 
inured to bear the toils and fatigues of a 
minary life, Their national valor, how- 


he 


| 


2 


ever, ſoon degenerated, and their want 
of employment at home foan rendered 
them unfit for war. In the reign of 
Xerxes, when the empire of Perſia was in 
its moſt Horiſhing ſtate, a ſmall number of 
Greeks were enabled repeatedly to repe| 
for three ſucceſſive days, an almoſt inny. 
merable army. This cclebrated action, 
which happened at Thermopylz, ſhews in 
a ſtrong light the ſuperiority of the Gre. 
cian ſoldiers over the Perſians, and the bat. 
tles that before, and a ſhort time after, were 
fonght between the two nations at Mara. 
thon, Salamis, Platza and Mycale, are again 
un inconteſſible proof that theſe Aſiatics had 
more r-liance upon their numbers and upon 
the ſplendor and richneſs of their arms, 


than upon the valor and the diſcipline gf 


their troops. Their cuſtom, too prevalent 
2nong eaſtern nations, of introducing lux- 
ury into the camp, proved alſo in ſome mea. 
ſure deſtructive to their military reputation, 


and the view which the antients give ns of 


the army of Xerxes, of his cooks, ſlage- 
dancers, concubines, muſicians, and per. 
fumers, is no very favorable ſign of the 
ſagacity of a monarch, who, by his nod, 
could command millions of men to flock 
to his ſtandard. In their religion the Per- 
hans were very ſuperſtitious, they paid the 
greateſt vencration to the ſun, the moon, 
and the ſtars, and they offered ſacrifices to 
fire, but the ſupreme deity was never te- 
preſented by ſtatues among them. They 
permitted polygamy, and it was no incet 
among them to marry a fiſter, or a mo- 
ther. In their puniſhments they were cn. 
tremely ſevere, even to barbarity. The 
monarch always appeared with the greatet 
pomp and dignity ; his perſon was attended 
by a- guard of 15,000 men, and he had 
beſides, a body of 10,000 choſen hole 
men, called immortal, He ftiled himſelſ, 
like the reſt of the eaſtern monarchs, the 
King of kings, as expreſſive of bis great- 
neſs and his power. The Perhans were 
formerly called Cephenes, Achemenians, and 
Artæi, and they are often confounded witi 
the Parthians by the antient poets. Thy 
reccived the name of Perfians from Perle 
the ſon of Perſeus and Andromeda, wie 
is ſuppoſed to have ſettled among them. 
Perſepolis was the capital of the countiy 
Curl. 4, &Cc.—Plut, in Artax, Alex, 
Se — Mela. 1, &c.—Strab. 2, 15.—A* 
noph, Cyrop.—FHerodet, 1, c, 125, &. 
Apolled. 2.— Marcel. 23. a 

PrRSIcUud MARE, or Perſicus Sinus, 
part of the Indian occan on the coat « 
Perfia and Arabia, now called the Gult & 
Balyora, 

Prxsts, a province of Perſia a” 


know! 
luſtrio 
part e 
town, 
movec 
ſophy 
He al 
mon t 
rhetor; 
his ch: 
re mar 
a(mir 
ſaty ric 
orator: 
his po- 
and th 
peror 

ſatices 
boncis i 
follow 
ſome. 
the vic 
his fri 
his reg 
makin 
proprie 
vice of 
rected 
compa 
preſen 
aſini N 
non ha 
his ag 
which 
and a ] 
but Ce 
return 
of the 
fix in 
ſcurity 
they 1 
lome, 

were | 
by his 
difficu 
dcrns, 
rious 
vices 

which 
ſius ar 
venal, 
found 
Hawk 
edition 
ric Ca 
Whoſe 


ir wont 
'endered 
eign of 
L Was in 
imber of 
tO repe] 
ſt innu- 
action, 
hews in 
he Gre. 
the bat. 
ler, were 
it Mara 
are again 
atics bad 
ind upon 
ir atms, 
ipline of 
prevalent 
eng lux- 
me mea. 
putation, 
ve ns of 
, flage- 
and per- 
n of the 
his nog, 
to flock 
the Per- 
paid the 
he moon, 
*r1hces to 
Never te- 
a. They 
no incet 
Jr a mo- 
were c- 
ty. The 
e greateſt 
attended 
1 he had 
en hortke- 
J himſelf, 
urchs, the 
nis great- 
lans were 
nian, and 
aded wit 
5. They 
m Perle 
eda, wh? 
ng them, 
country, 

* Alex. 
I 5.— A* 
125 KC, 


s Sinus, 2 
» coalt vl 
e Gult of 


bounde 


bf 


hk E 
by Media, Carmania, Suſiana, and the 
Perfian gulf. It is often taken for Perſia 
itſelf. 

Aulus Prersivs FLAaccvs, a Latin 
poet of Volaterre, He was of an 
equeſtrian family, and he made himſelf 


known by his intimacy with the moſt il- 


juſtrious Romans of the age. The early 
part of his life was ſpent in his native 
town, and at the age of fixteen he was re- 
moved to Rome, where he ſtudied philo- 
ſophy under Cornutus the celebrated Stoic. 
He alſo received the inſtructions of Pale- 
mon the grammarian, and Virginius the 
chetorican. Naturally of a mild diſpoſition, 
his character was unimpeached, his modeſty 
remarkable, and his benevolence univerſally 
admired, He diftinguiſhed himſelt by his 
ſatyrical humor, and made the faults of the 
orators and poets of his age the ſubject ot 
his poems. He did not even ſpare Nero, 
and the more effectually to expoſe the em- 
peror to ridicule, he introduced into his 
ſatices ſome of his verſes. The rer mimal- 
lincis implerunt cornua bombis, with the three 
following verſes, are Nero's, according to 
ſome. But though he was ſo ſevere upon 
the vicious and ignorant, he did not forget 
his friendſhip for Cornutus, and he ſhowed 
his regard for his character and abilities by 
making mention of his name with great 
propriety in his ſatires. It was by the ad- 
vice of his learned preceptur that he cor- 
rected one of his poems in which he had 
compared Nero to Midas, and at his re- 
preſentation he altered the words Auricilas 
aſini Mida rex habet, into Auriculas aſiui quis 
non kabet ? Perſius died in the zoth year of 
his age, A. D. 62, and left all his books, 
which conſiſted of ſeven hundred volumes, 
and a large. ſum of money, to his preceptor, 
but Cornutus only accepted, the books, and 
returned the money to the ſiſters and friends 
of the deceaſed, The ſatires of Perſius are 
fix in number, blamed by ſome for ob- 
ſcurity of ſtyle and of language. But tho' 
they may appear almoſt unintelligible to 
ſome, it ought to be remembered that they 
were read with pleaſure and with avidity 
by his contemporaries, and that the only 
difficulties which now appear to the mo- 
derns, ariſe from their not knowing the va- 
rious characters which they deſcribed, the 
vices which they laſhed, and the errors 
which they cenſured. The ſatires of Per- 
ſius are generally printed with thoſe of Ju- 
venal, the beſt editions of which will be 
found to be Hennin. 4to L. Bat. 1695, and 
Hawkey, 12190. Dublin 1746. The beſt 
edition of Perſius, ſeparatc, is that of Me- 
ric Caſaubon, 1219. Lond. 1647. —A man 
whoſe quarrel with Rupilius, is mentioned 


2 


in a ridiculous manner by Horat. Fat. 7, 
He is called Hybrida, as being ſon of a 
Greek by a Roman woman, p 
PrRTINAx, Publius Helvius, a Roman 
emperor after the death of Commodus. 
He was deſcended from an obſcure family, 
and, like his father, who was either a ſlave 


or the ſon of a manumitted ſlave, he for 


ſome time followed the mean employment 
of drying wood and making charcoal. His 
indigence, however, did not prevent him 
from receiving a liberal education, and in- 
deed he was for ſume time employed in 
teaching a number of pupils the Greek and 
the Roman languages in Etruria. He left 
this laborious profeſſion for a military life, 
and by his valor and intrepidity he gradu- 
ally ruſe to offices of the higheſt truſt in 
the army, and was made conſul by M. Au- 
telius for his eminent ſervices.” He was aſ- 
terwards entruſted with the government of 
Me ſia, and at laſt he preſided over the city 
of Rome as governor, When Commodus 
was murdered, Pertinax was univerſally 
ſeleted to ſucceed to the imperial throne, 
and his retuſal, and the plea of old age and 
encreafing infirmities, did rot prevent his 
being ſaluted emperor and Auguſtus. He 
acquieſced with reluctance, but his mild- 
neſo, his economy, and the popularity of 


his adminiſtration, convinced the ſenate and 


the people of the prudence and the juſtice 
of their choice, He forbad his name to be 
inſcribed on ſuch places or eſtates as were 
part of the imperial domain, and exclaimed 
that they bclunged not to him but to the 
public. He melted ail the filver ſtatues 
which had been raiſed to his vicious pre- 
deceſſor, and he expoſed to public ſale, all 
his concubines, his horſcs, his arms, and 
all the inftruments of his pleaſure and ex- 
travagance. With the money raiſed from 
theſe he enriched the empire, and was 
enabled to aboliſh all the taxes which 
Commodus had laid on the rivers, ports, 
and highways, through the empire, This 
patriotic adminifiration gained him the 
affection of the worthieſt and moſt diſ- 
cerning of his ſubjects, but the extravagant 
and luxurious railed their clamors agaiuſt 
him, and when Pertinax attempted to in- 
troduce among the pretorian guards that 
diſcipline which was fo neceifary to pre- 
ſerve the peace and tranquillity of Rome, 
the flames of rcbcllion were kindled, and 
the minds of the ſoldiers totally alienated, 
Pertinax was apprized of this mutiny, but 
he refuſed to {ly at the hour of danger. He 
ſcorned the advice of his friends who wiſhed 
him to withdraw from the impending 
ſtorm, and he unexpectechy appeared be- 
fore the {editious pretorians, and without 


244 fear 


1 * . 


— 
eiii 
2 
— 
- 


2 2 
— —ͤ—ä—— ——— — - — 


2 


ws 


—— 


2 - 
— N — 


Fn * 
— TIRES 


. — 
- UP 


. 


E 


fear or concern, boldly aſked them whe- 
ther they who were bound to defend the 
perſon of their prince and emperor, were 
come to betray him and to ſhed his blood. 
His undaunted aſſurance and his intrepidity 
would have had the defired effect, and the 
ſoldiers had already begun to retire, when 
one of the moſt ſeditious advanced and 
darted his javelin at the emperor's breaſt, 
exclaiming, the ſoldiers ſend you this, The 
reſt immediately followed the example, and 
Pertinax muffling up his head, and calling 
upon Jupiter to avenge his death, remained 
unmoved, and was inftantly diſpatched. 
His head was cut off and carricd upon the 
Point of a ſpear as in triumph to the camp. 
This happened on the 28th of March, A. D. 
193. Pertinax reigned only 87 days, and 
His death was the more univerfally lamented 
as it proceeded from a feditious tumult, and 
robbed the Roman empire of a wiſe, vir- 
tuous, and benevolent emperor. Dio.— 
Herodian. Capitol. 

Prxds A, now Perugia, an antient town 
of Etruria on the Tyber, built by Ocnus. 
L. Antonius was beſieged there by Au— 
guftus and obliged to ſurrender. Stras. 5, 
—Lucan 1, v. 41.—Paterc. 2, c. 74.—Liv. 
9, c. 37. J. 10, c. 30 & 37. 

PescEnNius. Vid. Niger. ——A man 
jatimate with Cicero. 

Prss ixus {wntis,} a town of Phrygia 
where Atys, as ſome ſuppoſe, was buricd. 
It is particularly famous for a temple and a 


ftatue of the goddeſs Cybele, who was 


from thence called Peſ/muntia. Strab. 
12.—Pauſ. 7, c. 17.—-Liv. 29, c. 10 
& 11, 

PETX LTA, a town of Eubcea, 

PeTALVs, a man killed by Perſeus at 
the court of Cepheus. Ovid. Met. 5, v. 
115. 

PeTFELTA, a town. Vid. Petilia. 

PETELINUS LACUS, a lake near one of 
the gates of Rome. Liv. 6, c. 20. 

PETEON, a town of Bœotia. Strahb. g. 

PeTEUsS, a ſon of Orneus, and grandſon 
of Erechtheus. He reigned in Attica, and 
became father of Mneſtheus who went 
with the Greeks to the Trojan war. He is 
repreſented by ſome of the antients as a 
zaonſter, half a man and half a beaſt. 
Apelled. 3, c. 10.-—Par}. 10, c. 35. 


PetiLiA, now Serengeli, a town of 


Magna Grecia, the capital of Lucania, 
buiſt or perhaps only repaired by Philoctetes, 
who, after his return from the Trojan war, 
left his country Melibœa, becaufe his ſub- 
jects had revolted. Mela, 2, c. 4 —Liv, 
23, c. 20—Virg, An. 3, v. 402.— 
S'rab, 6. | 

PETILIA LEX was enacted by Petilius 


zue tribune, to make an enquiry and to | with great humanity to the Jews, and made 


— — 


P nz 


know how much money had been obtaineg 


from the conqueſts over king Antiochus. 

PEeT1L11, two tribunes whe accuſed 
Scipio Africanus of extortion, He was 
acquitted, 

PETIL1Us, a prætor who perſuaded the 
people of Rome to burn the books which 
had been found in Numa's tomb, about 
400 years after his death, His advice was 
followed, Plut. in Num. A plebeian 
decemvir, &c. A governor of the capitol 
who ſtole away the treaſures intruſted to his 
care. He was accuſed, but, tho' guilty, 
he was acquitted as being the friend of 
Auguitus. Horat. 1, Sat. 4, v. 94. 

PEToOSIR1S, a celebrated mathematician 
of Egypt. Juv. 6, v. 580. 

PETRA, the capital town of Arabia Pe- 
træa. Strab. 16. A town of Sicily, 
near Hybla, whoſe inhabitants are called 
Petrini & Petrenſes. A town of Thrace, 
Liv. 40, c. 22. Another of Pieria in 
Macedonia. Liv. 39, c. 26.—CL/c. in Very, 
I, c. 39. An elevated place near Dyr- 
rhachium. Lucan. 6, v. 16 & 70.—Cezf, 
Civ, 3, c. 42. Another in Elis. 
Another near Corinth. 

PETR&A, one of the Oceanides. Heſad. 
Th. A part of Arabia, which has Syria 
at the caſl, Egypt on the weft, Paleſtine on 
the north, and Arabia Felix at the ſouth. 
This part of Arabia was rocky, whence it 
has received its name. It was for the moſt 
part alſo covered with barren ſands, and 
was interſperſed with ſome fruitful ſpots, 
Its capital was called Petra. 

PETREIiVUS, a Roman ſoldier who killed 
his tribune during the Cimbrian wars, be- 
cauſe he heſitated to attack the enemy. He 
was rewarded for his valor with a crown of 
graſs. Plin. 22, c. 6. A licutenant of C. 
Antonius who defeated the troops of Cati- 
line. He took the part of Pompey againſt 
Julius Cæſar. When Cæſar had been victo- 
rious in every part of the world, Petreius, 
who had retired into Africa, atrempted to 
deftroy himſelf by fighting with his friend 
king Juba in fingle combat. Juba was 
Killed firſt, and Petreius obliged one of his 
ſlaves to run him through. Sal. Catil. 
—Appian.—Czf. 1, Civ. A centurion 
in Cæſar's army in Gaul, &c. Some read 
Petronius. 

PETRINUM, a town of Campania. Ho- 
rat. I, % 5, V. 5. 

PETRUCORITI, the inhabitants. of the 
modern town of Perigord in France. CA. 
7, J. 6. e. 95. 

PETRONIA, the wife of Vitellius. Tac#t, 
Hift. 2, c. 64. 

PEzTRONIUS, a governor of Egypt ap- 
pointed to ſucceed Gallus. He behaved 


war a 
Serab. 
death | 
A tribi 
A man 
when 
Tacit. 
in Ner 
Galba” 
empero 
a favo 
one of 
all his 
He wa 
effemin 
nights 
indulge 
gaieties 
volaptu 
pleaſure 
refined 
ever he 
an air o 
aFable | 
and fat: 
natural. 
Bithyni; 
with the 
norable 
the digi 
ceſſors © 
office h 
and gav 
ſure, th 
to him, 
but he « 
1 
favorites 
of conſy 
The acc 
imme dia 
from N. 
death. 1 
together 
ordered 
the eage! 
had ther 
after the. 
to die in 
manner: 
in diſcor 
and liſte 
love ver 
epigrams 
ſlaves or 
this ludi 
moments 
fore he e 
emperor, 
mMatrerly 
and the e 
letter Wat 
sonveyed 


Pe- 
ly, 
led 
Ace. 
A in 
err. 
Jy r- 
Cel. 


cod. 
Sy 112 
ie on 
2uth. 
ce it 
moſt 
and 
pots. 


dilled 
, be- 
, He 
vn of 
of C. 
Cati- 
zainſt 
icto- 
reius, 
ed to 
friend 
, was 
F his 
Catil. 
turion 
read 


Ho- 


the 
Ca). 


Tacit. 


t ap- 
: haved 
made 

wal 


P E 


war againſt Candace queen of Athiopia. 
Serab. 19.——A favorite of Nero, put to 
death by Galba.— A governor of Britain, — 
A tribune killed in Parthia with Craſſus.— 
A man baniſhed by Nero to the Cyclades, 
when Piſo's conſpiracy was diſcovered. 
Tacit. An. 15. A governor of Britain 
in Nero's reign. He was put to death by 
Galba's orders Maximus, a Roman 
emperor. Vid. Maximus. Arbiter, 
a favorite of the emperor Nero, and 
one of the miniſters and aſſociates of 
all his pleaſures and his debauchery, 
He was naturally fond of pleaſure and 
effeminate, and he paſſed his whole 
nights in revels and the days in ſleep. He 
indulged himſelf in all the delights and 
galeties of life, but though he was the moſt 
voluptuons of the age, yet he moderated his 
pleaſures, and wiſhed to appear curious and 
refined in luxury and extravagance. What- 
ever he did ſeemed to be performed with 
an air of unconcern and negligence, he was 
aFable in his behaviour, and his witticiſms 
and ſatirical remarks appeared artleſs and 
natural. 
Bithynia, and afterwards he was rewarded 
with the conſulſhip, in both of which ho- 
norable employments he behaved with all 
the dignity which became one of the ſuc- 
ceſſors of a Brutus or a Scipio. With his 
office he laid down his artificial gravity, 
and gave himſelf up to the purſuit of plea- 
ſure, the empetor became more attached 
to him, and ſeemed fonder ot his company, 
but he did not long enjoy the imperial fa- 
vors. Tigellinns, likewiſe one of Nero's 
favorites, jealous of his fame, accuſed him 
of conſpiring againſt the emperor's life, 
The accuſation was credited, and Petronius 
immediately reſolved to withdraw himſelf 
from Nero's puniſhments by a voluntary 
ceath. This was performed in a manner al- 
together unprecedented, A. D. 66. Petronius 
ordered his veins to be opened, but without 
the eagerneſs of terminating his agonies he 
had them cloſed at invervals. Some time 
after they were opened, and as if he withed 
to die in the ſame careleſs and unconcerned 
manner as he had lived, he paſſed his time 
in diſcourſing with his friends upon trifles, 
and liſtened with the greuteſt avidity to 
love verſes, amuſing ſtories, or laughable 
epigrams. Sometimes he manumitted his 
Raves or puniſhed them with ſtripes. In 
this ludicrous manner he ſpent bis laſt 
moments till nature was exhauſted, and be- 
fore he expired he wrote an epiſtle to the 
emperor, in which he had deſcribed with a 
matterly hand his nocturnal extravagances, 
aud the daily impurities of his actions. This 
letter was carefully ſealed, and after he had 
sonveyed it privately to the emperor, Pe- 


He was appointed proconſul of 


| 


Curt. 6. 


7. I 


tronius broke his ſignet, that it might not 
after his death become a ſnare to the inno- 


cent. Petronius diſtinguiſhed himſelf by 


his writings as well, as by his Juxury and 
voluptuouſneſs. He is the author of many 


elegant but obſcene compoſitions ſtill ex- | 


tant, among which is a poem on the civil 
wars of Pompey and Cæſar, ſuperior in 
ſome reſpeQs to the Pharſalia of Lucan, 
There is alſo the feaſt of Trimalcion, in 
which he paints with too much licentiouſ- 
nels, the pleaſures and the debaucheries of 
a corrupted court and of an extravagant 
monarch—reflettions on the inſtability of 
human life a poem on the vanity of 
dreams—another on the education of the 
Roman youth—two treatiſes, &c. The beſt 
editions of Petronius are thoſe of Burman, 
gto. Utr. 1709, and Reineſius, 8vo. 
1731. 

Prrrrus, a friend of Horace, to whom 
the poet addreſſed his cleventh epode. 

Prock, a ſmall iſland at the mouth of 
the Danube. The inhabitants ate called 
Peucæ, and Peucini, Strab. 7.— Lucan, 3, 
v. 202.—Plin. 4, c. 12. 

PeucEesTEs, a Macedonian ſet over 
Egypt by Alexander. He received Perſia 
at the general diviton of the Macedonian 
empire at the king's death. He behaved 
with great cowardice after he had joined 
himſelf ro Eumenes. C. Nrp. in Eum.— 
Plut.—Curt. 4, c. 8. An iſland which 
was viſited by the Argonauts at their re- 
turn from the conqueſt of the golden 
fleece. 

PEUCETIA, a part of Italy near Cam- 
pania, called alſo Meſapia and Calabria. It 
received its name from Peucetus the ſon of 
Lycaon of Arcadia, Strab, 6.—Plin. 3, 
c. It.—Owuid, Met. 14, v. 513. 

Pevcixi, a nation of Germany, called 
alſo Baflerne. Tacit. de Germ. 46. 

PeucoLAUus, an officer who conſpired 
with Dymnus againſt Alexander's life. 
Another, ſet over Sogdiana, 


IH. 9. 

Prxobökrs, a governor of Caria, who 
offered to give his daughter in marriage ta 
Aridzus the illegitimate ſon of Philip. 
Put. ' 

Puaciun, a town of Theſſaly. 
32, c. 13. I. 36, C. 13. 

Puacusa, a town of Egypt, on the 
eaſtern mouth of the Nile. 

Puza, a celebrated ſow which infeſted 
the neighbuurnood of Cromyon. It was 
deftroved by Theſcus as he was travellin 
from Trœzene to Athens to make himſelf 
known to his father. Some ſuppoſed that 
the boar of Calydon. ſprang from this ſow, 
Phza, according to ſame authors, was no 
other than a woman who proftituted hcriclf 


to 


Liu. 


i. 


Wy 


— — ]— . Ä—— W ̃ͥ ͤ—ͤmq—A ͤ0 


3 


to ſtrangere, whom ſhe murdered, and af- 
terwards plundered. Plat. in Theſ,— 
S$trab, 8. 

Pu Aci, an ifland of the Tonian ſea, 

near the coaſt of Epirus, anciently called 
Scheria, and afterwards Cree. The in- 
habitants, called Pace, were a luxurious 
and diſlolute people, from which reafon a 
glutton was generally ſtigmatized by the 
epithet of Ian When Ulyſſes was 
ſhipwrecked on the coaſt of Phæacia, 
Alcinous was then king of the iſland, whoſe 
gardens have been greatly celebrated. Ho- 
rat. 1, cp. 15, v. 24 - vid. Met. 13, v. 719. 
Pa vs 6 & 7.—Propert, 35 el. 2, v. 13. 

Pu Ax, an inhabitant of the iſland of 
Phxacia, id. Phæacia. A man who 
ſailed with Theſeus to Crete. An Athe- 
nian who oppolcd Alcibiaces in his admi- 
nilt ration. 

Pu&caAvStA, one of the Sporades in the 
Mgean. Plin. 4, c. 12. 

Publius, one of Niobe's children. 
Apellad. 3, c. 8. A Macedonian general 
who betrayed Eumenes to Antigonus. 
A celcbated courier of Gicece. Kat. 6. 

PH box, an Athenian put to death by 
the zo tyrants, His daughters, to eſcape 
tlie upprefiors and preſerve their chaſtity, 
threw tbemfſelves together into a well. —- 
A. diſciple of Socrates. He had been ſeized 
by pirates in his younger days, and the phi- 
luſopher, who ſeemed to ditcover ſomething 
uncommon and promiſing in his counte- 
nance, bought his liberty for a ſum of mo- 
ney, and ever after efteemed him. Phæ- 
don, after the death of Socrates, returned to 
Elis his native country, where he founded 
a ſect of philoſophers called Elean. The 
name of Puædon is affixed to one of the 
dialogues of Plato. Macrob. Sat. 1, c. 11. 
— Diog. An archon at Athens, when 
the Athenians were dircdted by the oracle 
to remove the bones uf Theſcus to Attica, 
Plut. in Thif. 

Dub, a daugliter of Minos and Pa- 
ſiplae, who married Theſeus, by whom 
the became mother of Acamas and Demo- 
hein, They bad already lived for ſome 
time in conjugal felicity, when Venus, 
who hatcd all the deſcendants of Apollo, 
Lec auſe thet god had diſcovered her amours 
with Mars, inſpired Phadra with an un- 
comquerable paſſion for Hippolytus the fon 
of Theleus, by the amazon Hippolyte. 
This ſtametul paſſion Phædra long at- 

tempted to fific, but in vain; and thete- 
fore, in the abſence of Theſcus, ſhe ad- 
dre bed Hippolytus with all the unpatience 
ot a Gelyonding lover. Hippoly tus rejected 
her with horror and diſdain ; but Pedra, 
incenſed on account of the reception the had 


EIN 


refuſal. At the return of Theſeus ſhe ac. 
cuſed Hippolytus of attempts upon her 
vietue, The credulous father liſtened to 
the accuſation, and without hearing the de- 
fence of Hippolytus, he baniſhed him from 
his kingdom, and implored Neptune, who 
lad promiſed tv grant three of his requeſts, 
to puniſh him in ſome exemplary manner, 
As Hippolytus Hed from Athens, his horics 
were ſuddenly terrified by a huge ſea- mon- 
ſter, which Neptune had ſent on the ſhore. 
He was dragged through precipices and 
over rocks, and he was trampled under the 
fect of his horſes, and cruſhed under the 
wheels of his chariot. When the tragical 
end of Hippolytus was known at Athens, 
Phæ dra confeſſed her crime, and bung her- 
ſelt in deſpair, unable to ſurvive one whoſe 
death her wickedneſs and guilt had gcca- 
ſioned. The death of Hippolytus, and the 
infamous paſhon of Phædia, are the ſubject 
of one of the tragedies of Euripides and of 
Seneca, Phadra was buried at Trae zene, 
where her tomb was fill ſeen in the age of 
the geographer Pauſanias, near the temple 
of Venus, which ſhe had built to render the 
goddeſs favorable to her inccſtuous paſſion, 
There was ncar her tomb a myrtle, whoſe 
leaves were all full of ſmail holes, and it 
was reported, that Phedra had done this 
with a hair pin, when the vehemence of 
her paſſion had rendered her mclancholy and 
almoſt deſperate, She was repreſentec in a 
painting in Apollo's temple at Delphi, as 
ſuſpended in the air, while her fiſter Ari- 
adne ſtood near to her, and fixed her eyes 
upon her. Plut. in 1heſ.—Pauf. t, c. 22. 
I. 2, c. 32.— Diod. 4.—lygin. fab. 47, & 
243. —Eurip. Scnec. & inllippo.—Iirg. En, 
6, v. 445.— 0 vid. Hereid. 4. 

PHEADRIA, a village of Arcadia. Par. 
88. 

Puk uus, one of the diſciples of So- 
crates, Cic. de Nat, D. 1. An Epicu- 
rean philoſopher. A Thiacian, who 
became one of the freed men of the empe- 
ror Auguſtus, He tranſlated into iambic 
verſes, the fables of Æſop, in the reign of 
the emperor Tiberius. They are divided 
into five books, valuable for their preciſion, 
purity, elegance, and fimplicity. They re- 
mained long buried in oblivion, till they 
were diſcovered in the libracy ef St. Rem), 
at Rheims, and publiſhed by Peter Pitbou, 
a Freachman, at the end of the 16th cn» 
| tury, Plhadrus was for ſome time perſecu— 
ted by Sejanus, becauſe this corrupt mini- 
ner believed that he was ſatiriſed and abu- 
ted in the encominms which the pert cevely 
where pays to virtue. The beſt editions ol 
Phædrus, are thoſe of Burman, 4to. Lev. 
1727. Hoogſtraten, 4to. Amt. 1701, and 


nict, reſyulved to puniſh bis colgncts and 


| Bazbou, 12mo. Paris, 1754. : 
PH xDY May 


P 
fit 
Cen 
Can 
c. 6 


origin 
he vif 
Pheœb 
he we 
his p 
world 
by the 
ever | 
bath u 
to dri 
re preſ 
queſt, 
expoſe 
Was in 
father 
ceec 1 
1 
or litt 
Phaete 
than h 
city t. 
horſes 
their 
from 
too lat 
ven a 
univerl 


had pe. 


this 
ce of 
y and 
in a 
hi, as 


Ari- 


-1gN of 
divided 
eciſion, 
hey re- 
uu they 
Remi, 
Pitbou; 
ch cen- 
berſecu— 
t mini— 
nd abu- 
or ever 
tions oi 
. Lev6. 
Gly and 


EDY May 


13 


firſt diſcovered that Smerdis, who had aſ- 
cended the throne of Periia at the death of 
Cambyſes, was an impoſtor. Herodot. 3, 
c. 69. 

Rien a prieſteſs of Apollo. 

Pu NAREIE, the mother of the philo- 
ſopher Socrates, She was a midwite by 
profeſſion. 

Pu NAS, a peripatetic philoſopher, diſ- 
ciple of Ariſtotle. He wrote an hiſtory of 
tyrants. Diog. Laert, 

Pu NNA, one of the Graces worſhipped 
at Sparta, Par. 9, c. 35. 

Pa=zNNn1s, a famous propheteſs in the 
age of Antiochus. Pauſ. 10, c. 15. 

PHz=SANA, a town of Arcadia, 

Pu sruu, a town of Crete. 
ther of Macedonian. Liv. 36, c. 13. 

PAE To, a fon of the Sun, or Phoebus, 
and Clymene, one of the Oceanides. He 
was fon of Cephalus and Aurora, accord- 
ing to Heſiod and Pauſanias, or of Titho- 
nus and Aurora, according to Apollodorus, 
He 1s, however, more generally acknow- 
tedged to be the fon of Phœbus and Cly- 
mene. Phacton was naturally of a lively 
diſpoſition, and a handſome figure. Venus 
became enamoured of him, and entruſted 
him with the care of one of her temples. 
This diſtinguiſhing favor of the goddets, 
rendered him vain and aſpiring, and when 
Epaphus, the ſon of Io, had told him, to 
check his pride, that he was not the fon of 
Phoebus, Phaeton reſolved to know his true 
origin, and at the inſtigation of his mother 
he viſited the palace of the ſun. He begged 
Phoebus, that if he really were his father, 
he would give him inconteſtible proofs of 
his paternal tenderneſs, and convince the 
world of his legitimacy. Pho&bus ſwore 
by the Styx, that he would grant him what- 
ever he required, and no ſooner was the 
vath uttered, than Phacton demanded ot him 
to drive his chariot for one day. Pha:bus 
repreſented the improprſety of ſuch a re- 
queſt, and the dangers to which it would 
expole him ; but in vain, and as the oath 
was inviolable, and Phaeton unmoved, the 
father inſtructed his ſon how he was to pro- 
ceed in his way through the regions of the 
air. His explicit directions were forgotten, 
or little attended to; and no ſooner had 
Phacton received the reins from his father, 
than he betrayed his ignorance and incapa- 
city to guide the chariot. The tiying 
horſes became ſenſible of the confuſion of 
their driver, and immediately departed 
from the uſual track. Phaeton repented 
too late of his raſhneſs, and alrcady hea- 
ven and earth were threatened with an 
univerſal conflagration, when Jupiter, who 


Ano- 


Pr DNY MA, a daughter of Otanes, who | 


of . 


thunderbolts, and hurled him headlong 
from heaven into the river Po. His body, 
conſumed with fire, was found by the 
nymphs of the place, and honored with a 
decent burial, His ſiſters mourncd his 
unhappy end, and were changed into pop- 
lars by Jupiter. [id. Phactontiades.} 
According to the poets, while Phaeton 
was unſkillfully driving the chariot of his 
father, the blood of the Ethiopians was 
dried up and their ſkin became black, a 
color which is fill preferved among the 
greateſt part of the inhabitants of the torrid 
zone. The territorics of Libya were alſe 
parched up, according to the ſame tradition, 
on account of their too great vicinity to 
the ſun; and ever fince Africa, unable to 
recover her original verdure and fruitful- 
neſs, has exhibited a ſandy country, and 
uncultivated waſte, According to thoſe 
who explain this poetical fable, Phaeton 
was a J.igurian prince, who ſtudied aftrono- 
my, and in whoſe age the neighbourhood 


The horſes of the Sun are called Phaetontis 
equi, either becauſe they were guided by 
Phaeton, or from the Gicek word (po 29w.), 
which expreſſes the ſplendor and luftre of 
that luminary. Virg. An. 5, v. 105.— 
Heſiod. Theog,—Orid. Met. 1, fab. 17. 1. 2, 
fab. 1, &c. Apollon. 4, Arg.—llorat, 
od. 11.—Scnec. in Medeu.— Apa .- Iy- 
gin. fab. 156. 

PHAETONTIADES, or Phaetontides, the 
ſiſters of Phaeton, who were changed into 
poplars by Jupiter, Ovid. Met. 2, v. 346. 
Vid. Heliaces. ; 

PHAETUSA, one of the Heliades changed 
into poplars, after the death of their bro» 
ther Phaeton. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 346. 

PHeavs, a town of Peloponneſus. 

PHaGers1Aa, a feſtival among the Greeks, 
obſerved during the celebration of the Di- 
ony ſia. It received its name from the good 
eating and living that then univerſally pre- 
vailed, pas. 

PHALACRINE, a village of the Sabines, 
where Veſpaſian was born. Suet. Feſp 2. 

Paarz, wooden towers at Rome erected 
in the ciicus. Ju. 6, v. 589. 

PHALACUS, a general of Phocts againft 
the Bœotians, killed at the battle of Che- 
ronæa. Diod. 16. 

PnaLsIA, a town of Arcadia. Pazſ. S, 
8 
PHALANNA, a town of Perrhæbia. Liv. 
42, Cc. 54. | 
PHALANTHUS, a Lacedæmonian, who 
founded Tarentum in Italy, at the head 
of the Partheniæ. His father's name was 
Aracus, As he went to Italy he was ſhip- 
wiccked on the coalt, and carried to ſhore 


had perceived the diſorder of the horſes of 


by 


the ſun, ſtruck the rider with one of His 


ot the Po was viſited with uncommon heats.” 


Seer 
— 
_—_— 


= —— 


. _ _——_ 
1 — 2 
WC 


* > 


"+ kl 


oF 


by 2 dolphin, and from that reaſon, there 
was a dolphin placed near his ſtatue in the 
temple of Apollo at Delphi. [Fid. Parthes 
r.] He received divine honors after 
death. TJufiin. 3, c. 4 - Pad. to, e. 10.— 
erat. 2, od. 6. & town and mountain 
ef the ſame name in Arcadia. 
E. . 

Pu AT AAis, A tyrant of Agrigentum, 
lo made uſe of the moit excrucrating tor- 


ments to puniſh his ſubjects on the ſmalleſt 


ſuſpicion. Perillus made him a brizen 
bull, and when he had preſented it to Pha- 
tarts, the tyrant ordered the inventor to be 
ſeized, and the firſt experiment to be mace 
on his body. Theſe cruclties did not Jong 
remain unrevenged, the pcople of Agrigen- 
tum revolted in the tenth year of his reign, 
and put him to death in the ſame manner 
as he had tortured Perillus, and many of 
dis ſudjects, after him, B. C. 552. The bra- 
ren bull of Phalaris was carried by Amilcar 
do Carthage; when that city was taken by 
Scipio, it was delivered again to the inhabi- 
fants of Agrigentum by the Romans, There 
are now ſome letters extant written by a 
certain Abaris to Thalaris with then reſpec- 
tive antwers, but they are ſuppoſed by {ume 
to be ſpurious. The beſt edition is that of 
the learned Boyle, Oxon, 1718. Cic. in 
Jerr. 4, ad tic. 7, cp. 12, de ic. 2.— 
Grid, de art. am. 1, v. 663.— Juv. 8, v. 81. 
Pin. 34, c. 8.—Diad. A Trojan 
killed by Turnus. Firg. An. , v. 762. 

PAL ARM, a citade) of Syracule, 
where Phalaris's bull was placed. 

PnALARus, a river of Bcaotia, falling 

into the Cephiſus. Pau. 9, c. 34. 

PHALCTDON, a town of Theilaly, Pe- 
ten. 4. : 

Pu ALEAS, 2 philoſopher and legiflator, 
&c. Aris. 

Pualtxtvus DeMmeTaICs. Vl. Deme- 
trius. 

PHALER1A, a town of Theſſaly. Lv. 
32, c. 85. 

PHALERIS, 2 Corinthian who led a co- 
jony to Epidamus from Corcyra. 


PRALERON, or PHALERUM, or Phalera, 


(orum), or Phalereus portus, an ancient 
harbour of Athens, about 25 ſtadia from 
the city, which for its ſituation and ſmall- 
neſs was not very fit for the reception of 
many ſhips. A place of Theſlaly. 

PRKALE&US, once of the Argonauts. Or- 
pics, 

PHAL1As, a ſon of Hercules and Heli- 
conis. polled. 

PHALLICA, feſtivals obſerved by the 
Egyptians in honor of Oſiris. They reccive 
their name from gar frmulachrum lig ne- 
Lu menbrivirilis, The inſtitution originat- 
ad in thus : after the murder of Oni, Ins 


aA Is | 


F..M 


was wnable to recover among the office 
limbs the privities of her huſband, - and 
therefore, as ſhe paid particular honor ty 
every pait of his body, ſhe diftinguifhed 


———— 


| that which was loſt with more honor, aud 


paid it more attention. Its repreſentation, 
called pha/lus was made with wood, and 
carried dwing the ſacred feftivals which 
' were inſtituted in honor of Ohris. The 
| people held it in the greateft veneration, it 
| was looked upon as an emblem of fecun- 
| dity, and the mention of it among the an- 
| tients, never conveyed any impure thought 
| 

| 

| 


— — 


or laſcivious reftection. The feftivals of 
the pratius were inütated by the Greeks, 
and introduced into Europe by the Athe» 
nians, u ho made the proceſhon of the pha/- 
{us part of the celebration of the Diony ſia 
of the god of wine. Thoſe that carried 
the phallus at the end of a long pole, were 
called puh. They generally appeared 
among the Greeks belmearcd with the 
dregs of wine, covered with ſkins of lambs, 
and wearing on their heads a crown of 
| Ivy. Lucian. de Dea. Syr., > Plat. de Ijid. 
r. 

PuAlvsivs, a citizen of Naupactum, 
who recovered his ſight by reading a leito 
ſent him by iculapius. Pa. 10, cap, 
uit. 4 

Pranxus, a promontory of the iſland 
of Chios famous for its wines, It was 
called after a King of the ſame name, who 
reigned there. Liv. 36, c. 43.— Ving. 6. 
2, V. 98. 

PANARAA, a town of Cappadocia, 
Strab. 5 

PuaANvASs, a famous Meſſenian, & c. who 
died B. C. 682. 

PAN ES, a man of Halicarnaſſus, who 
fled from Amaſis, king of Egypt, to the 
court of Cambyſes king of Perſia, whom he 
adviſed when he invaded Egypt, to paſs 
through Arabia, Herod, 3, c. 4. 

„ a town of Epirus. Liv. 32, 
c. 28. 

PHANGCLES, an elegiac poet of Greece, 
who wrote a poem upon that unnatural fin 
of which Socrates is aceuſed by ſome. He 
bai cap that Orpheus had been the fiſt 

who diſgraced himſelf by that filthy in- 
dulgence. Some of his fragments arc re- 
maining. 

PkAnobtMurYs, an hiſtorian who wrote 
on the antiquities of Attica, | 

PRANTASIA, a daughter of Nicarchus of 
Memphis in Egypt. Some have ſuppoſed 
that ſhe wrote a poem on the Trojan war, 
and another on the return of Ulyſſes te 
Ithaca, from which compoſitions Homer 
copied the greateſt part of his Iliad and 
Odytilcy, when be viſited Memphis, wheie 
they were d-pobitcd, 


Pratt 


Fr A 
among 
Pu 
bes. ] 
from \ 
to him 
be cart 
de had 
contain 
beautit! 
captiva 
and am 
poeteſs. 
pleaſure 
ever, he 
and Sa} 
herſelt 
was be 
chuceal 
TUCES, 
by a 1 
AE lian, 
phet. A 
Son. & 
Py A 
pio's fo 
Pu 1 
demon 
tie tyre 
4115. 1 
Paa 
Pia 
tne rew 
4. 
PA 
attemp! 
THY — 
Cyanip 
called ] 
his dog 
PA 
dabitan 
e. 30.— 
mea, w 
c. zo. 
PNA 
lea, wh 
pirates. 
was the 
1 
uf a pe; 
Ho athi 
Atheni: 
inendiy 
duct, i 
tie mol 
fc1 uplc 
Man he 
thip, | 
Cer un; 
PHA 


* 4. 


heile 


* 


F. H 


PuAN US, a ſon of Bacchus, who was | 
among the Argonauts. AApr/lod, 

Puaovw, a boatman of Mitylene in Leſ- 
bos. He received a ſmall box of oigtment 
dom Venus, who had prefented herſelf 
to him in the form of an old woman, to 
de carried ov:r into Afia, and as ſoon as 
de had rubbed himſelf with what the box 
contained, he became one of the moſt 
beautiful men of his age, Many were 
captivated with the charms of Phaon, 
and among others, Sappho, the celebrated 
poeteſs. Phaon gave himſelf up to the 
pleaſures of Sappho's company, but how- 
ever, he ſoon conceived a diſdain for her, 


and Sappho, mortifred at his coldneſs, threw | 


herſelf into the fea. Some lay that Phaon 
was beloved by the goddeſs of beauty, who 
concealed him for ſome time among let- 
tuces. AElian ſays, that Phaon was Killed 
by a man whoſe bed he was defiling. 
lian. V. H. 12. Ovid. Heroid. 21,—Palz- 
phat. de in. c. 49.—Athen, 1. - Lucian. ir, 
Sen. & Poliſtr. 

PuAxA, a town of Africa, burnt by Sci- 
piv's ſoldiers. 

P4ARACIDES, a general of the Lace- 
demonian fleet, who aſſiſted Diony nus 
the tyrant of Sicily againſt the Carthagini- 
ans. Polyzn. 2. 

PAR, or Pury, a town of Crete. 
Another in Neſſenia. Par. 4, c. 30. 

PuARASMANES, a king of Iberia, in 
tlic reign of Antoninus, &c. 1 acil. Aun. 6, 
C. 33. 

PMA AR, a Lacedæmonian officer, who 
attempted to make himſelf abſolute in St- 
eily. A Theſſalian, whole fon, called 
Cyanippus, married a beautiful woman 
called Leucone, who was torn to pieces by 
his dogs. Par th. 

PARIS, a town of Laconia, whoſe in- 
dabitants are culled Pawitcz. Pai. 3, 
c. 29,-—-A ſon of Mercury and Pluloda- 
mea, who built Plaræ in Metienia, Pau. 4, 
C. 30. ; 
PHARMECUSA, an iſland of the Mgean 
ſea, where Julins Cælar was ſcurd by fome 
pirates. Set. Caf. 4 Another, where 
was thewn Circe's tomb. S:rab. 

PuaRNABAZUS, a ſatrap of Perſia, fon 
uf a perſon of the ſame name, B. C. 409. 
He aſſiſted the Lacedzemontans againtt the 
Athenians, and gained their efteem by his 
inendiy behas our and ſupport. His con- 
duct, however, towards Alcibiades was of 
tlie malt pertidious nature, and he did not 
kruple to betray to lis mortal enemies the 
man he had long honored with his friend- 
ip. C. Nep. in Al, Put. An ofh- 
cer under Tamenes. — A king of Iberia. 

PHAKNACE, a town of Pontus. n. by 


C. 4. 


&S 
Paanrnices, a ſon of Mithridates, king 


of Pontus, who favored the Romans againſt 
his father, He revolted againſt Mithridates, 
and even cauſed him to be put to death, 
according to ſome accounts, In the civil 
wars of ſulius Czſar and Pompey, be in- 
tereſted himſelf for neither of the contead - 
ing parties, upon which Cæſar turned his 
arms againſt him, and conguered him. Ir 
was to expreſs the celerity of his operations 
in conquering Pharnaces, that the victorious 
| Roman made uſe of theſe words, Veni, vidi, 
diet. Flor. 3.—Suet. in Cæſ. 37.— Paterc. 2, 
6. $5. A king of Pontus, who made 
war with Eumenes, B. C. 181. A king 
of Cappadocia. A hibrarian of Atticus. 
| Cie, ad Att. | 
PHARNAPATES, a general of Orodes, 
king of Parthia, killed in a battle by the 
Romans. 


2 


the mother of Cambyſes. 

PnARNus, a king of Media, eonquered 
by Ninus king of Aſſyria. 

Pu Akos, a ſmall ifland in the bay of A- 
le xandria, about ſeven furlongs diſtant from 
the continent. It was joined to the Egyp- 
tian ſhore with a cauleway by Dexipha- 
nes, B. C. 284, and upon it was built a 
celebrated tower, in the reign of Ptolemy 
Soter, and Philadelphus, by Softratus, 
the ſon of Dcxiphanes. This tower, 
which was called the tower of Pharos, 
and which patled for one of the ſecen 
wonders ef the world, was built with 
white marble, and could be ſcen at the 
diſtance of 100 miles. On the top, fires 
| were conſtantly kept to direct ſailors in the 
bay, Which was dangerous and difficult of 
accels. The building of this tower coſt the 
Egyptian monarch 800 talents, which are 
equivalent to above 165,0001. Engliſh, if 
Artic, or if Alexandrian, double that ſum. 
There was this inicription upon it, Ang 
Prolemy to the gods the ſaviors, for the benefit 
of ſailars; but Soſtratus the architect, wiſh- 
ing to claim all the glory, engraved his own 
name upon the ſtones, and afterwards filled 
the hollow with mortar, and wrote the 
above mentioned inſcription, When the 
mortar had decayed by time, Ptolemy's 
nume diſappeated, and the following in- 
ſcription then became viſible: Softratus the 
Cnidiar, fon of Dexiphanes, to the gods the 
fawiers, for the benefit of ſailors, The word 
Phari«s is often uſed as Egyptian. Zan, 
2, v. 636. I. 3, v.:260. I. 6, v. 305: J. 9, 
v. 1005, &c.—Ovid. A. A. 3, v. 638. 
Plin. 4, c. 3t & 85. J. 36, c. 13.— Sab. 
17.—àſela. 2, c. 7.— Pn. 135 e. 11. 
Homer. ud. 4.— Flac. 2.— Fat. 2z Sylv. 25 
v. 102. — A watch-tower near Capreæ. 
Au iſland on the coatt of Ilyricum, 


_—— 


F Nen 


PHARNAIPES, the father of Caſtandra 


FH 
now called Lena. Mela. 2, c. 7. The 


emperor Claudius ordered a tower to be 
built at the entrance of the port of Oſtia, 
for the benefit of ſailors, and it likewiſe 
bore the name of Pharos, an appellation 
afterwards given to every other edifice 
which was raiſed to direct the courſe of 
ſailors, either with lights, or by ſignals. 
Juv. 11, v. 76, —Sut. 

PHARSAL us, now Farſa, a town of Theſ- 
faly, in whoſe neighbourtiood is a large plain 
called Pharfalia, famous for a battle which 
was fought there between Julius Cæſar and 
Pompey, in which the former obtained the 
victory. In that battle, which was fought 
on the 12th of May, B. C. 48, Cæſar loſt 
about 200 men, or according to others 
1200, Pompey's loſs was 15,000, or 
2 5,000, according to others, and 24,000 of 
his army were made priſoners of war by 
the cunqueror. Lucan, 1, &c.—-Plut. in 
Pomp. & Caf. — Appian. Civ, Ceſar. Civ, 
— Sutton. in Caf. —Dio.Caſf. That poem 
of Lucan in which he gives an account of 
the civil wars of Cæſar and Pompey, bears 
the name of Pharſalia. Vid. Lucanus. 

F hom a daughter of Danaus. Apol- 
od. 

PHARUS, a Rutulian killed by ZEneas. 
Firg. An. 10, v. 322. 

PHARUSIt, or PHAURUsII, a pcople of 
Africa, beyond Mauritania. Mela. 1, c. 4. 

PHASIAS, a patronymic given to Medea, 
as being born near the Phaſis. Ovid, 
Met. 7. 

PaaRkvYBus, a river of Macedonia falling 
into the Afgcan ſea, It is called by ſome 


\þ | Paphy rus. 
> PHARYCADON, a town of Macedonia, 
j 1 on the Peneus. S. g. 


PHARYGE, a town of Loctis. 

PHASELIS, a town of Pamphylia, which 
was long the refidence of pirates. Strub. 
I4.—Lucan, 8, C. 251.—Cic. agra. 25 C. 19. 

PHAS!1ANA, a Country of Aſia, ncar the 
tiver Phatis. The inhabitants, called Pha- 
ſiaui, are of Egyptian origin. 

PHAS1S, a ſon of Piocbus and Ocyroe. 
A river of Colchis riſing in the moun- 
tains of Armenia, now called Fasz. It is 
famous for the expedition of the Argonauts, 
who entered it, atter a long and perilous 
voyage, from which reaſon all dangerous 
voyages have been proverbially intimated 
by the words of failing t6 the Fhaſjis. 
There were on the banks of the Phaſis a 
great number of large birds, of which, ac- 
cording to ſome of the anuents, the Argo- 
nauts brought fume to Greece, and which 
were called on that account pheaſants. 
The Phaſis was reckoned by the antients 
ene of the largeſt rivers of Afia, Plir, 10, 
c. 45.— Martial, 13, ep. 62,—Strab, 11.— 


an _ *4 — _ - 
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P H 


Mela. 1, e 19.—Apolled. 1, &c.— Parſ. 4, 
c. 44.—0rpheus, 

Pu Ass us, a ſon of Lycaon. Apollod. 
PAU DA, a town of Pontus. 
PHavoRinvs, a Writer, the beſt edition 
of whoſe Greek Lexicon is that in fol, 
Venet. 1712. 

PHAYLL Us, a tyrant of Ambracia, bro. 
ther to Onomarchus of Phocis, &c. [ Vid, 
Phocis.) Pauſ. 10, c. 2. 

PHEA, or PHE IA, a town of Elis. Ha- 
mer. Il. 7. 

Pukxcabun, an inland town of Mace- 
donia. Liv. 31, c. 41. 

PHEGEUsS, or PHLEGEUS, a companion 
of Aneas, killed by Turnus. Firg. An. 
9, V. 765. Another likewiſe killed by 
Turnus. Id. 12, v. 371, &c. A prieſt 
ot Bacchus, the father of Alpheſibœa, who 
puri fied Alemæon of his mother's murder, 
and gave him his daughter in marriage. 
He was afterwards put to death by the 
chilchen of Alcmezon by Callirhoe, be- 
cauſe he had ordered Alcmzon to be killed 
when he had attempted to recover a collar 
which he had given to his daughter. | Fid, 
Alemæon.] Ovid. Met. q, v. 412. 

P4ELLIA, a river of Laconia. Pau. 3, 
c. 20. 

PHELLOE, a town of Achaia, Pau. 7, 
c. 26. ; 

PHELL US, a place of Attica.——A town 
of Elis, near Olympia. Strab. 

Parmius, a man introduced by Homer 
as a muſician among Penelope's ſuitors. 
Some lay that he taught Homer, for which 
the grateful poet immortalized his name. 
Hemer. Od. A man, who, according to 
ſome, wrote an account of the return of 
the Greeks from the Trojan war. The 
word is applied by Ovid, Am. 3, v. 7. 
indiſcriminately to any perſon who excels in 
muſic. 

PHEMONOE, a prieſteſs of Apollo, who 
is ſuppoſed to have invented heroic verſes. 
Pauſ. 10, c. 6. 

PuEXEUM, a town of Arcadia, whoſe 
inhabitants, called Phencat#, worſhip Mcr- 
cury. Cic. de Nat. D. z. 

PHENEUS, a town with a lake of the 
ſame name in Arcadia, whoſe waters are 
unwholeſome in the night, and wholeſome 
in the day time. Cic. de N. D. 3, c. 22. 
ig. An. 8, v. 165. — 0. Met. 15, 
v. 332. A ſon of Melas, killed by TIy- 
deus. Apollod. 

Puk, a town of Theſſaly where the 
tyrant Alexander reigned, whence he was 
called Pheraus. Strab. 8.— ic. 2, de Me. 
—Owid. in 1b. 321.—Pal. Max. 9, c. 13. 
A town of Attica. Another of La- 
conia in Peloponneſus. Liv. 35, C. 30. 


— 2 — —— 


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* 2 — * 


| PHER&V5y 


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Pa 
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C. 22. 
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c. 13» 
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30. 


RAN 5 


the 85th year of his age. 


it} © 
park xus, a ſirname of Jaſon, as being 


a native of Pheræ. 
PHERAULES, a Perſian whom Cyrus 


raiſed from poverty to aifluence. He after- 
wards gave up all his poſſeſſions to enjoy 
tranquillity and retirement. Aenoph, Cyr. 
PukRECLus, one of the Greeks during 
the Trojan war. Ovid, Her. 15. A pilot 


of the ſhip of Theſeus when he went to 
Crete. Plut. in The. 
PHERECRATES, a comic poet of Athens, 


which only few verſes remain. 


never abuſed the liberty which he had 
taken either Ly ſatire or defamation. He 
invented a ſort of verſe, which from him 
has been called Pherecratian, It conſiſted 
of the three laſt feet of an hexameter verſe, 
of which the tirſt was always a ſpondee, as 
for inſtance, the third verſe of Horace's 1, 
od. 5, Grato Pyrrha ſub antro. Ano- 
ther deſcended from Deucalion. Ci. Tuf. 

PHERECYVES, a philoſopher of Syros, 
diſciple to Pittacus, one of the firſt who 
delivered his thuughts in proſe, He was 
acquainted with the periods of the moon, 
and foretold eclipſes with the greateſt accu- 
racy. The doctrine of the immortality of 
the ſoul, was firſt ſupported by him, as 
alſo that of the metempſychoſis. Pythago- 
ras was one of his diſciples, remarkabie 
for his eſteem and his attachment to his 
learned maſter. When Pherecydes Jay 
dangerouſly ill in the iſland of Delos, 
Pythagoras haſtened to give him every 
alſiſtance ia his power, and when all his 
eitorts had proved ineffectual, he buried 
him, and after he had paid lum the laſt of- 
tices, he retired to Italy. Some, however, 
ſuppoſe, that Pherecydes threw himielt 
down from a precipice as he was going to 
Delphi, or according to others, he fell a ſa- 
ciihce to the louſy diſeaſe, B. C. 515, in 
Dicg,—Lactant. 
—— An hiſtorian of Leros firnamed the 
Athenian. He wrote an hiſtory of Attica, 
now loft, in the age of Darius Hyſtaſpes. 
A tragic poet. | 

PHERENDATES, a Perſian ſet over Egypt 
by Artaxerxes. 

PHERES, a ſoy of Cretkeus and Tyro, 
who built Pherz in Theifaly, where he 
reigned, Hc married Clymene, by whora 
he had Admetus. Apolled. A tun of 
Medea, ſtoned to death by the Corinthians 
on account of the poiſonous cloaths which 
ke had given to Glauce, Creon's daughter. 
[ Vid. Medea.) Pau. 2, c. 3. A tciend 
of Eucas kiiled by Haleſus. Jg. n. 
IQ, v. 413. 


' 


in the age of Plato and Ariftophanes. He | ſaid that the was devoured alive by worms, 
is ſuppoſed to have written 21 comedies, of | a puniſhment which, according to ſome of 


! ceeded Seſoſtris. 


7 


PHERETTAS, a patronymic of Admetus, 
ſon of Pheres. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 291. 

PHERETIMA, the wife of Battus, king 
of Cyrene, aad mother of Arcefilaus. After 
her ſon's death, the recovered the kingdom 
by means of Amaſis king of Egypt, and 
to avenge the murder of Arcefilaus, ſhe 
cauſed all his aſſaſſins to be crucified round 
the walls of Cyrene, and the cut off the 
breaſts of their wives, and hung them up 
near the bodies of their huſbands. It is 


He intro- the antients, was inflicted hy Providence 
duced living characters on the ſtage, but | for her unparalleled cruelties. 


Polyen. 8. 
Herodot. 4, c. 204, &c. 
PHERINUM, a town of Theſſaly. 
Putrown, a king of Egypt, who ſuc- 
He was blind, and he re- 


covered his fight by waſhing his eyes, ac- 


i 
| 
: 
| 
i 


þ 


cording to the directions of the oracle, in 
the urine of a woman who had never had 
any unlawful connections. He tried his 
wife frit, but ſhe appeared to have been 
faithleſs to his bed, and ſhe was burnt with 
all thoſe whoſe urine could not retiore fight 
to the king. He married the woman whoſe 
urine proved beneficial. Herodot. 2, c. 
111. 

PHIALF, one of Diana's nymphs. Ovid, 
Met. 3. A cclebrated courtezan, Tuv, 
10, v. 238. 


PHiALia, or PHtGALIA, a town of 


Arcadia. Pauſ. 8, c. z. 

PalAiLus, a king of Arcadia. 14, ib. 

PHiCORES, a people near the Palus Mz» 
otis. Mela, 1, c. 19. 

PauiDlas, a celebrated ſtatuary of A- 
thens, who died B. C. 432. He made 3 
ſtatue of Minerva at the requeſt of Pericles, 
which was placed in the Pantheon, It 
was made with ivory and gold, and 
meaſured 39 feet in height. His preſump- 
tion raiſed him many enemies, and he was 
accuſed of having carved his own image 
and that of Pericles on the ſhield of the 
ſtatue of the goddeſs, for which he was ba- 
niſhed from Athens by the clamotous popu- 
lace, He retired to Elis, where he deter- 
mined to revenge the ill- treatment he had 
received from his countrymen, by making 
a ſtatue which ſhould eclipſe the fame of 
that of Minerva. He was ſucceſsful in the 
attempt, and the ſtatue he made of Jupiter 
Oly mpius was always reckoned the beſt of 
all his pieces, and has paſſed for one of the 
wonders of the world, The people of Elis 
were io ſenſible of his merit, and of the 
honor he had done to their city, that they 
appointed his deſcendants tv the honorable 
office of keeping clean that magnificent 
ſtatue, and of preſerving it from * 

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Pan. 9, ©. 4.—Cic. de Orat.—Strab. 8.— 
Quintil. 12.—Plut. in Per. 

PHrvitk, a woman. Vid. Phidy le. 

Py1D1PPIiDES, a celebrated courier, Who 

n from Athens, to Lacedzmon, about 152 

Engliſh miles, in two days, to alk of the La- 
cedæmonians afſhit ance againſt the Perſians. 
The Athenians raiſed a temple to his me- 
mory. Ierodot. 6, c. 105.—C. Nep. in. 
Mitt. 

PrrD1TI4, a public entertainment at 
Sparta, where much frugality was obſerved 
as the word (Set. from Seda. 
Parco), denotes. Perſons of all ages were 
admitted; the younger frequented it as a 
ſchool of temperance and ſobriety, where 
they were trained to good manners and uſe- 
ful knowledge, by the example and the diſ- 
courſe of the elders. 


Pul box, a man who enjoyed the ſo- 


vereign power at Argos, and is ſuppoſed to 
have invented ſcales and meaſures, and 
coined filver at /Egina. He died B. C. 854. 
Arift.—Herodot. 6, c. 127. An antient 
legiſlator at Corinth. 

PurDYLE, a female ſcrvant of Horace, 
to whom he addreſſed 3. od, 23. 

P#1GALEI, a people of Peloponneſus, 
near Meſſenia. They were naturally fond 
of drinking, and negligent of domeſtic at- 
fairs. Pan. 8, c. 29. 

Puta, the eldeſt daughter of Antipater, 
who married Craterus. She afterwards 
married Demetrius, and when her huſband 
had loſt the kingdom of Macedonia, ſhe 
poiſoned herſelf. Plut. A town of Ma- 
cedonia. Liv. 42, c. 67. 1. 44, c. 2 & 34. 
An iſland, called alſo Phla. 

PulLADELPHIA, now Alah-/er, a town 
of Lydia. Plin. 5, c. 29. Another in 
Cilicia,—Arabia,—Syria. 

PHIL ADELPHUS, a king of Paphlagonia, 
who followed the intereſt of M. Antony. 
The ſirname of one of the Ptolemics, 
king of Egypt, by antiphraſis, becaule he 
deſtroyed all his brothers. Vid. Piolemæus 
2d. | 

PaiL#, a town and iſland of Egypt, 
above the ſmaller cataract, but placed op- 
poſite Syene by Plin. 5, c. 9g.—Lucen. 10, 
v. 313,—Seneca 2, Nat. 4, c. 2. One of 
the Sporades. 

PuilL&x1, two brothers of Carthage. 
When a conteſt aroſe between the Cyrene- 
ans and Carthaginians, about the extent of 
their territories, it was mutually agreed, 
that, at a ſtated hour, two men ſhould de- 
part from each city, and that whenever 
they met, there they ſhould fix the boun- 
daries of their country. The Philazni accord- 
ingly departed from Carthage, and met 
the Cyrcneans, when they had advanced 
far into their terri ories. This produced a 


3 


quarrel, and the Cyreneans ſuppbrted, that: 
the Philæni had left Carthage before the 
appointment, and that therefore they mutt 
retire, or be buried in the ſand. The 
Philæni refuſed, upon which they were 
overpowered by the Cyreneans, and accord. 
ingly buried in the ſand. The Carthagini. 
ans, to commemorate the patriotic deeds of 
the Philzni, who had ſacrificed their lives 
that the extent of their country might not 
be diminiſhed, raiſed two altars on the 
place where their bodies had been buried, 
which they called Philanorum are. Theſe 
altars were the boundarics of the Cartha. 
ginian dominions, which on the other fide 
extended as far as the columns of Hercules, 
which is about 2000 miles, or according to 
the accurate obſervations of the moderns, 
only 1420 geographical miles. Salluft, de 
bell. Jug. 19 & 79.—Sil. It. 15, v. 704. 

PILANIs, or PHILER1S, a courtezan. 
Vid. Phileris, 

PHIL us, a ſon of Ajax by Lyſide, the 
daughter of Coronus, one of the Lapithæ. 
Miltiades, as ſome ſuppoſe, was deſcended 
from him, A ſon of Augeas, who up- 
braided his father for not granting what 
Hercules juſtly claimed for cleaning his ſta- 
bles. { Vid. Augens.] He was placed upon 
his father's throne by Hercules. Apel- 
lod. 2. 

PHIiLAMMON, a celebrated muſician, ſon 
of Apollo and Chionc. A man who 
murdered Arſinoe, and who was lain by 
her female attendants. 

PHILARCHUS, a hero who gave aſſiſtance 
to the Phocians when the Perſians invaded 
Greece. 

PHILEMON, a comic poet of Greece, 
contemporary with Menander. He obtained 
ſome poctical prizes over Menander, not ſo 
much by the merit of his compoſition as by 
the intrigues of his friends. Plautus imi- 
tated ſome of his comedies. He lived to 


laughing on ſeeing an aſs eat figs, B. C. 274. 
His ſon, who bore the ſame name, 
wrote 54 comedies, of which ſome few 
fragments remain, which do not ſeem tv 
entitle him to great rank among the Greek 
comic writers. Val. Max. 9, c. 12.— 
Quintil, 10. —Plut. de ira coll. —Strab. 14. 
—— A poor mau of Phrygia. [ Vid. Baucis.} 
Au illegitimate ſoa of Priam. . 
PHILENE, a town of Attica, between 
Athens and Tanagra. Stat. Theb. 4, v. 
102. 
PHILERIS, an immadeſt woman, whom 
Philocrates the poet lampooned. Mart. 7. 
PulL Ros, a town of Macedonia. Pin. 
PHILESIUS, a leader of the 10,009 
Greeks after the battle of Cunaxa. 
PHILETERVUS, an cunuch made gover- 


ner 


his 97th year, and died, as it is reported, of 


nor of P 
relled wi 
maſter « 
foundati: 
dom of! 
there for 
pointed 
ſor. &. 
Cretan g 
and was 
PHIL 
Cos, in 
his ſon 
made pi 
The eleg 
have bee! 
tients. 
cording 
lian, 
lead in 
blown a\ 
. -$; 
hiſtorian. 
PHIL: 
Pur. 
tivored t 
Spartans 
conſpirat. 
Purli 
of Themi 
PurL1 
exus, by 
PH1LI 
who foug 
mans. I 
Punic wa 
Purt1 
of money 
Macedon 
p. 1, v. 
l, 395 C. | 
Put 
ently call 
of the St 
abounds 
called Ph 
cedonia, 
ſons of t 
came cele 
fought th 
Ntcrvalo 
and Antg 
Brutus az 
obtained 
924—1 / 
Paterc. 2 
==Plut. ; 
Suet, Ut 
51111. 
ander*s | 
eippides. 
Paull 


em to 
Greek 

12.— 
ab. 14. 


aucis.] 


etween 


4 Vo 


, whom 
art. 7. 

. Plin. 
10,000 


govere 
nor 


: FM 

nor of Pergamus by Lyſimachus. He quar- 
relied with Ly ſimachus, and made himſelf 
maſter of Pergamus, where he laid the 
foundations of a kingdom called the king- 
dom of Pergamus, B. C. 283. He reigned 
there for 20 years, and at his death he ap- 
pointed his nephew Eumenes as his tucceſ- 
ſor, Strab. 13.—Pauſ. 1, c. 8. A 
Eretan general who revolted from Seleucus, 
and was conquered, &c. Pon. 4. 

PHILETAS, A grammarian and poet of 
Cos, in the reign of king Philip, and of 
his fon Alexander the Great, He was 
made preceptor to Ptolemy Philadelphus. 
The elegies and epigrams which he wrote 
have been greatly commended by the an- 
tients, He was fo ſmall and flender, ac- 
cording to the improbable accounts of 
lian, that he always carried pieces of 
lead in his pockets, to prevent being 
blown away by the wind. Wlan. V. Ii. 
q, c. 14.— Ovid. Faſt. 1, el. 5. An 
hiſtorian. | 

PHILETIVS, a faithful ſteward of Ulyſſes, 

Prrf.YDAS, a friend of Pelopidas, who 
fivored the conſpiracy formed to expel the 
Spartans from Thebes. He received the 
conſpirators in his own houle. 

PulLtoks, a dealer in horſes in the ag 
of Themiſtocles, &c. Plat. in Them. 

PuiLIN NA, a courtezan, mother of Ari- 
exus, by Philip the father of Alexander, 

PxrLINnus, a native of Agrigentum, 
who fought with Annibal againſt the Ro- 
mans. He wrote a partial hiſtory of the 
Punic wars. C. Nep. in Arnib.—Polyb, 

PILIP PEI, or PHILIPPT, Certain pieces 
of money coined in the reign of Philip of 
Macedonia, and with his image. Horat. 2, 
p. 1, v. 2B4.—Liv. 34, c. 52. Il. 37, c. 59. 
e.. 

PHiLIPPI, a town of Macedonia, anti- 
ently called Das, and fituate at the eaſt 
ef the Stry mon on a riſing ground, which 
zbounds with ſprings and water. It was 
called Philippi, after Philip, king of Ma- 
cedona, who fortified it againſt the incur- 
ſions of the barbarians of Thrace, and be- 
came celebrated for two battles which were 
fought there in October, B. C. 42, at the 
nuerval of about 20 days, between Auguitus 
and Antony, and the republican forces of 
Brutus and Caſſius, in which the former 
obtained the victory. Owfd. Met. 15, v. 
524.— /in. 7, e. 45.— Fler. 4, e. 7.— 
Paterc. 2, c. 7, &c.—Appian. 2, cit. bell. 
iat. in Anten —fFirg, G. 1, v. 490.— 
Luct. Fug. 3 
PHILLIPPIDES, a comic poet in Alex- 


ander”s z ge. A courier called alſo Phi- 
eippides. 


FPuILI PPS rSTIs, A town of Thrace, 


near the Hebrus, built by Philip, the ſ:- 


3 


ther of Alexander. Liv. 39, c. 53. — Of 
Theſſaly, called Philippi. 

Pil tyrus Iſt, fon of Argeus, ſuc— 
ceeded his father on the throne of Mace do- 
nia, and reigned 38 years B. C. 40.— The 
ſecond of that name was the fourth ſon of 
Amyntas, king of Macedonia. He was 
fent to Thehes as an boſtage by his father, 
where he learnt the art of war under Epami- 
nondas, and ſtudied with the greateſt care 
the manners and the purſuits of the Greeks. 
He was re-called to Macedonia, and at the 
death of his brother Perdiccas, he aſcended 
the throne as guardian and protector of the 
youthful years of his nephew. His ambi- 
tion, however, ſoon diſcovered itſelf, and 
he made himſelf independent. The valor 
of a prudent general, and the policy of an 
experienced ſtateſman ſeemed requiſite to 
enſure his power. The neighbouring na- 
tions, ridiculing the youth and inexperience 
of the new king of Maccdonia, appeared in 
arms, but Philip ſoon convinced them of 
their error. Unable to meet them as yet 
in the field of battle, he ſuſpended their 
fury by preſents, and ſoon turned his arms 
againſt Amphipolis, a colony tributary te 
the Athenians. Amphipolis was conquer- 
ed, and added to the Kingdom of Mlacedo- 
nia, and Philip meditated no leſs than the 
aeftruction of a republic which had reu- 
dered itſelf ſo formidable to the reſt of 
Greece, and had even claimcd ſubmiſſion 
from the princes of Macedonia. His de- 
hgns, however, were as yet immature, and 
before he could make Athens an object of 
conqueſt, the Thraciaus and the Iliyrians 
demanded his attention, He made himſelf 
maſter of a Thracian colony, to which he 
gave the name of Philippi, and from which 
he received the greateſt advantages on ac» 
count of the golden mines in the neighbour» 
hood. In tte midft of his political proſ- 
perity, Philip did not neglect the honor of 
his family. He marticd Olympias the 
daughter of Neoptolenius, king of the Mo- 
lo, and when ſome time after he became 
father of Alexander, the monarch, con- 
ſcivus of the ineſtimable advantages which 
ariſe from the leſſons, the example, and the 
converſation of a learned and virtuous pre- 
ceptor, wrote a ktiter with his own hand to 
the philoſopher Ariſtotle, and begged him 
to retire from his uſual purſuirs, and to de- 
dicate his whole time to the inſtruction of 
the young prince. Every thing ſeemed now 


to conſpne to his aggrandizement, and hiſ- 
torians have obſerved that Philip received 


in one day the intelligence of three things 
which could gratify the moſt unbounged 
ambition, and tlatier the hopes of the muſt 


Rr F alpy ing - 


7," 


Ja. 


% 
4 
I; 


ach ing menarch : the birth of a ſon, an mades, one of the Athenian captives, re. 
honorable crown at the Olympic games, 
and a victory over the barbarians of Illyri- 
cum. But all theſe encreaſed rather than 
ſatiated his ambition, he declared his ini- 


\ 


— —— — 


oF _- 


mical ſentiments againſt the power of A- 
thens and the independence of all Greece, 
by laying ſiege to Olynthus, a place, which, 
on account of its ſituation and conſequence, 
would prove moſt injurious to the mtereſts 
of the Athenians, and moſt advantageous 
to the intrigues and military operations of 
every Macedonian prince. The Athenians, 
rouſed by the eloquence of Demoſthenes, 
fent 17 veſſels and 2,000 men to the afiſt- 
ance of Olynthus, but the money of Phi- 
lip prevailed over all their efforts. The 
greateſt part of the citizens ſuttered them- 
felves to be bribed by the Macedonian gold, 
and Olynthus ſurrendered to the enemy, 
and was inſtantly reduced to wins. His 
ſucceſſes were as great in every part of 
Greece, he was declared head of the Am- 
phictyonic council, and was entruſted with 
the care of the ſacred temple of Apollo at 
Delphi. If he was recalled to Macedonia, 
it was only to add freſh laurels to his 
crown, by victories over his enemies in 
Illyricum and Thcfſalvy, By afſuming the 
maſk of a moderatot and yeace-maker he 
gained confidence, and in attempting to 
protect the Peloponneſians againſt the en- 
eroaching power of Sparta, he rendered is. 
cauſe popular, and by ridiculing the inſults 
that were offered to his perſon as he paſſed 
through Corinth, he diſplayed to the world 
his moderation, and philoſophic virtues. 
In his attempts to make himſelf maſter 
of Euba«a, Plilip was unſuccetsful; and 
Phocion, who deſpiſed his gold as well as 
his mcanneſs, obliged him to evacuate an 
iſland whoſe inhabitants were as inſenſible 
to the charms of moncy, as they were un- 
moved at the herrors of war, and the bold 
efforts of a vigilant enemy. From Eubaa 
ke turned his arms againft the Scythians, 
but the advantages he obtained over this 
indigent nation were inconfiderable, and 
he again made Grcece an object of plunder 
and rapine. He advanced far into Bœotia, 
and a general engagement was fought at 
Chæronca. The fight was long and bloody, 
but Philip obtained the victory. His be- 
haviour aſter the battle reflects great diſ- 
grace upon him as a man, and as a mo- 
march, Io the hour of feſtivity, and dur- 
ing the entertainment which he had given 
to celebrate the frophies he had won, 
Philip allied om his camp, and with 
the inhumanity of a brute, he inſulted the 
bodies of the flain,. and exulted over the 
calamities of the priſoners of war. His in- 
flenes, howeves, Was checked when De- 


P H 


minded him of his meanneſs, by exclaim- 

ing, Why do you, O king, att the part of a 

Therfites, wh you can repreſent with ſa 

much dignity the eltvated character of as 

Agamemnon, The reproof was felt, De- 

mades received his liberty, and Philip 
learned how to gain popularity even among 
nis fallen enemies, by relieving their wants 

and eaſing their diſtreſſes. At the butile of 
Chzronea tlie independence of Greece was 
extinguiſhed ;; and Philip, unable to find 
new enemies in Europe, formed new en- 
terpiizes, and meditated new conqueſts. 
He was nominated general of the Greeks 
againſt rhe Perſians, and was called upon 
as wall as from inclination as duty tu re- 
venge thoſe injuries which Greece had ſuf- 
fered from the invaſions of Darius, and of 
Xerxes, But he was ſtopped in the midſt 
of his wailike preparations, he was ſtah- 
bed by Pauſanias as he entered the theatre 
at the celebration of the nuptials of his 
daughter Cleopatra, This murder has 
given riſe to many vefſections upon the 
cauſes which produced it, and many who 
conſider the recent repudiation of Olym- 
pias, and the reſentment of. Alexander, 
are apt to inveſtigate the cauſes of his 
death in the boſom of his family. Tha 
ridiculvus honors which Olympias paid to 
her huſband's murderer ſtrengthened the 
Auſpicion, yet Alexander declaied that he 
invaded the kingdum of Perſia to revenge 
his father's death upon the Perhan ſatraps 
and princes, by whoſe immediate intrigues 
the aſſaſſination had been committed. The 
character of Philip is that of a ſagacious, 
artful, prudent, and intriguing monarch, 
he was brave in the field of battle, clv- 
quent and diſſimulating at home, and he 
poſſeſſed the wonderful art of changing his 
conduct according to the diſpoſition and 
caprice of mankind, without ever altering 
his purpoſe, or loſing fight of his amli- 
tious aims. He poſſeſſed much perleve» 
rance, and in the execution of his plans he 
was always vigorous. The hand of an al- 
ſaſſin prevented him from atchieving the 
boldeſt and the moſt extenſive of his undet- 
takings, and he might have acquired as 
many laurels, and conquered as many na- 
tions as his ſon Alexander did in the ſue- 
ceeding teign, and the kingdom of Perſia 
might have becn added to the Macedonian 
empire, perhaps with greater moderation, 
with more glory, and with more laſting ad- 
vantages. The private character of Philip 
lies open to cenſure, and raiſes indignation 
The admirer of his virtues is diſguſted to 
find him among the moſt abandoned prot» 
titutes, aud ditgracing himſclf.by the mot 
| unnatural crimes and lalCivieug indulgence 

whit 


; 6 


whic 
aad t 
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uncot 
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His inf 
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friends, 
reigned 
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died, P. 
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diſtingu 
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its true 
every Vi 
ſity, he 
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the Rom 
his ex pe. 
mans dif, 
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Carthagi 
to meet 
ronſul L: 
territories 
obtained 
aud reduc 
him to ſu 
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mans diſc 
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puniſh his 
Katy, 7 


en- 
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reeks 
upon 
re- 
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of his 
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; who 
Olym- 
ander, 
of his 
Tha 
aid to 
ed tne 
that he 
evenge 
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trigucs 
I, The 
zacious, 
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le, elo- 
and he 
ging his 
ion and 
altering 
s ambi- 
perſeve- 
plans he 
Fan al- 
ring the 
is undet- 
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nany na- 
the ſuc» 
of Perſia 
\cedonial 
de ration, 
aſting ad- 
of Philip 
dignation. 
guited 10 
ned prol- 
the moſt 


ul ences 
dus 


whl 


P H 


which can make even the moſt debaiiched; 
and the moſt profligate to bluſh. He was 
mardered in the 47th year of his age, and 
the 24th of his reign, about 336 years be- 
fore the Chriſtian era. His reign is become 
uncommonly intereſting, and his admini- 
ſtration a matter of inſtruction. He is the 
firſt monarch whoſe life and actions are 
deſcribed with peculiar accuracy and hiſ- 
torical faithfulneſs. Philip was the father 
of Alexander the Great and of Cleopatra, hy 
Olympias; he had alſo by Audaca, an Il- 
lyrian, Cyna, who married Amyntas the 
ſon of Perdiccas, Philip's elder brother; 
by Nicaſipolis, a Theſſalian, Nicza, who 
married Caſſander; by Philinna, a Lariſſæan 
dancer, Aridzus, who reigned ſome time 
after Alexander's death; by Cleopatra, the 
niece of Attalus, Caranus and Europa, who 
were both murdered by Olympias ; and 
Ptolemy, the firſt king of Egypt, by Ar- 
ſinoe, who in the firſt month of her preg+ 
nancy was married to Lagus. Demoſi ll. in 
Phil. & Olynth. — Tuſtin. 7, &c.—Dizd. 16. 
—Plut.in Alex. Dem. & Apoph . Iſoc rut. ad 
Phil.—Curt. 1, Sc. A ſchines,— Pauſ. Ba- 
otic. Sc. The laſt king of Macedonia, 
of that name, was ſon of Demetrius. 
His infancy, at the death of his father, 
was protected by Antigonus, one of his 
friends, who aſcended the throne, and 
reigned for 12 years, with the title of 
independent monarch. When Antigonus 
died, Philip recovered his father's throne, 
though only 15 years of age, and he early 
diſtinguithed himſelf by his boldneſs and 
his ambitious views. His cruelty, however, 
to Aratus, ſoon diſplayed his character in 
its true light, and to the gratification of 
every vice, and every extravagant propen- 
fity, he had the meanneſs to ſacrifice this 
faithful and virtuous Athenian. Not ſatiſ- 
hed with the kingdom of Macedonia, Philip 
aſpired to become the friend of Annibal, 
and wiſhed to ſhare with him the ſpoils 
which the diſtreſſes and continual lots of 
the Romans ſeemed ſoon to promiſe. But 
his expectations were fruſtrated, the Ro- 
mans diſcovered his intrigues, and though 
weakened by the valor and artifice of the 
Carthaginian, yct they were ſoon enabled 
to meet him in the geld of battle. The 
conſul Lævinus entered without delay his 
territories of Macedonia, and after he had 
obtained a victory over him near Apollonia, 
aud reduced his fleet to aſhes, he compelled 
him to ſue for peace, This peaceful diſpo- 
htion was not permanei.ty and when the Ro- 
mans diſcovered that he had aſſiſted their 
immortal enemy Apnnibal, with men and 
money, they appointed T. Q. Flaminius tv 
puniſh his perfidy, and the violation of the 
Katy, The Roman couſul with his uſual 


— 


P H 


expedition, Invaded Macedonia, and in a 
general engagement, which was fought near 
Cynocephale, the hoftile army was totatly 
defeated, and the monarch ſaved his life 
with difficulty by flying from the field of 
battle, Deſtitute of reſources; without 
friends either at home or abroad; Philip 
was obliged to ſubmit to the mercy of the 
conqueror, and to demand peace by his 
ambaſſadors, It was granted with diffi- 
culty, the terms were humihating, but the 
poverty of Philip obliged him to accept 
the conditions; however diſadvantageous 
and degrading to his dignity. In the midſt 
of theſe public calamitiesz the peace of his 
family was diſturbed; and Perſes, the eldeſt 
of his ſons by a concubine, raiſed ſeditions 
againſt his brother Demetrius, whoſe con- 
deſcenſion and humanity had gained popu- 
larity among the Macedonians, and whog 
from his refidence at Rome, as aa hoſtage, 
had gained the good graces of the ſenate, 
and by the modeſty and innocence of his 
manners, had obtained forgiveneſs from 
that venerable body for the hoſtilities of 
his father. Philip liſtened with tov much 
avicity to the falſe accuſation of Pertes; 
and when he heard it aſſerted that Deme- 
trius withcd to rob him of his crown, he 
no longer heſitated to puniſh with death 
ſo unworthy and ſo ungrateful a ſon. No 
ſooner was Demetrius ſacrificed to credulity 
than Philip became convinced of his cruel- 
ty and raſhneſs, and to puniſh the perfidy 
of Perſes, he attempted to make Antigonus, 
another ſon, his ſucceſſor on the Macedo- 
nian throne, But he was prevented from 
exccuting his purpoſe by death, in the 42d 
year of his reign, 179 years before the 


Chriſtian æra. The aiſaſhn of Demetrius 


ſucceeded his father, and with the ſame 
ambition, with the ſame raſhneſs and op- 
preſſion renewed the war againſt the Ro- 
mans till his empire was deſtroyed and Ma- 
cedonia became a Roman province. Philip 
bas been compared with his great anceſtor 
of the ſame name, but though they poſſeſſed 
the ſame virtues, the ſame ambition, and 
were tainted with the ſame vices, yet the 
father of Alexander was more ſagacious and 
more intriguing, and the ſon of Demetrius 
was more ſuſpicious, more cruel, and more 
implacable, and according to the pretended 
prophecy of one of the Sibyls, Macedonia 
was indebted to one Philip for her rife and 
conſequence among nations, and under ano- 
ther Philip ſhe lamented the loſs of her 
power, her empire, and her dignity. Pelyb, 
16, Kc. - Juſtin. 29, &c.— Plat. in Flam, — 
Pauſ. 7, c. 8.— Liv. 31, &s. M. 
Julius, a Roman emperor, of an obſcure 
family in Arabia, frem whence he whs 
ſirnamed Arabian. From the loweſt rank 

| Rr 2 1 


», "as we a 


bn 


by 
1 
4 
* 


1 


in che army he gradually roſe to — 
higheſt oflices, and when he was made ge- 

neral of the pretorian guards he aſſaſſiuated 

Gordian to make himſelf emperor. To 

eſtabliſh himſelf with more certainty on the 

imperial throne, he left Meſopotamia a prey 

to the continual invaſions of the Perſians, 
and hurried to Rome, where his election 
was univerſally approved by the ſenate and 
the Roman people. Philip rendered his 
cauſe popular by his liberality and profu- 
ſion, and it added much to his ſplendor 
and dignity that the Romans during 
his reign commemorated the foundation 
of their city, a ſolemnity which was ob- 
ſerved but once every hundred years, and 
which was celebrated with more pomp and 
more magnificence than under the preced- 
ing reigns. 
with games and ſpectacles, the theatre of 
Pompey was ſucceſſively crowded during 
three days and three nights, and 2000 
ghadiators bled in the circus at once, for 
the amuſement and pleafure of a gazing 
Populace, His uſurpation, however, was 
thort, Philip was defcated by Decius, who 
had proclaimed himſelf emperor in Panno- 
nia, and he was afſatinated by his own 
ſoldiers near Verona, in the 45th year of 
his age, and the 5th of his reign, A. D. 249. 
His ſon who bore the ſame name, and who 
had ſhared with him the imperial dignity, 
was alſo maſſacred in the arms of his mo- 
ther. Young Philip was then in the 12th year 
of his age, and the Romans hmented in 
him the loſs of riſing talents, of natural hu- 
manity, and endearing virtues. Auel. Fic- 
tor. — Z0%im A native of Acarnania, 
phyſician to Alexander the Great. When 
the monarch had been ſuddenly taken ill, 
after bathing in the Cydnu Philip under- 
took to remove the complaint, when the reſt 


The people were entertained _ 


7 B 


Pſendophilippus.———A general of Caſſan- 
der, in Mtolia.——A Phrygian, made go- 
vernor of Jeruſalem by Antiochus, &c.—. 
A ſon of Herod the Great, in the reign of 
Auguſtus. A brother of Alexander the 
Great, called alſo Aridæus. Vid. Aridæus. 
A freed man of Pompey the Great, 
He found his maſter's body deſerted on the 
ſea ſhore, in Egypt, and he gave it a decent 
burial, with the aſſiſtance of an old Roman 
ſoldier, who had fought under Pompey,——- 
The father-in-law of the emperor Auguſtus, 
A Lacedzmonian who wiſhed to make 
lumfſelf abſolute in Thebes. An officer 

zade maſter of Parthia, after the death of 
Alexander the Great, A king of part 
of Syria, ſon of Antiochus Gryphus. A 
ſon of Antipater in the army of Alexander, 
A brother of Lyſimachus, who died 
ſuddenly after hard walking and labor. 
An hiſtorian of Amphipolis. A Cartha- 
ginian, &c. A man who wrote an hiſ- 
tory of Caria. A native of Megara, &c. 
A native of Pamphylia, who wrote a 
diffuſe hiſtory from the creation down to 
his own time. It was not much valued. 
He lived in the age of Theodoſius 2d. 


' 


PulLiscus, a famous ſculptor, whoſe 
ftatues of Latona, Venus, Diana, the Muſes, 
and a naked Apollo, were preſerved in the 
portico belonging to Octavia, ——A Greek 
comic poet, Pin. T1, c. 9. An Athe- 
nian who received Cicero when he fled to 
Macedonia. An officcr of Artaxerxes 
appointed to make peace with the Greeks, 

Pr1L1STION, a comic poet of Nicza in 
the age of Socrates. Martial. 2, ep. 41. 
——A phyſician of Locris. A. Cell. 7, 
e. 12. 

Pu. 181 us, a muſician of Miletus.— 
A Syracuſan, who during his baniſhment 
from his native country wrote an hiſtory of 


of the phyſicians believed that all medical | Sicily in 12 books, which was greatly com- 


aſſiſtance would be ineffectual. But as he 
was preparing his medicine, Alexander re- 
ecived a letter from Parmenio, in which he 
was adviſed to beware of his phyſician 
Philip, as he had conſpired againſt his life, 
The monarch was alarmed, and when Phi- 
lip preſented him the medicine, he give 
him Parmenio's letter to peruſe, and be- 
gan to drink the potion. The ſerenity and 
compoſure of Philip's countenance, as he 
read the letter, removed every ſupicion 
from Alcxander's breaſt, and he puriued 
the directions of his phyſician, and in a few 
days recovered. Plut, in Alex, Curt. 3.— 
Arrian, 2. A ſon of Alexander the Great, 
murdered by order of Olympias. A go- 
vernor of Sparta. A ſon of Caſſander. 
A man who-pretended to be the fon 
of Perſes, that he might lay claim to the 


«Kingdom of Macedonia. Ille was galled 


9 


ö 


mended. He was afterwards ſent againſt 
the Syracuſans by Diony ſius the younger, 
and he killed himſclf when overcome by 
the enemy, 356 B. C. Plat. in Dion.— 
Died. 13. 

PuILLo, an Arcadian maid, by whom 
Herculcs had a ſon. The father expoſed 
his daughter, but ſhe was ſaved by means of 
her lover, who was directed to the place 
where ſhe was doomed to periſh, by the 
chirping of a magpye, which imitated the 
plaintive crics of a child. Pauf. 8, c. 12. 

PHiLo, a Jewiſh writer of Alexandria, 
A. D 40, ſent as ambaſlador from his na- 
tion to Caligula. He was unſucceſsful in 


his embaſſy, of which he wrote an enter- 
taining account; and the emperor, Who 
withed to be worſhipped as a god, expreſſed 
bis diſſatisfaction with the Jews, becauſe 
in their” 


| they refuſed to place his flatues 


te mples> 


tem 
ſion 
beet 


WII 
Jew 
und 
Wie 
pern 
brar 
part 
atior 
ſacre 
thor 
of tl 
Phil. 
don 
his d 
bath. 
Triſr 
coun 
lofop 
Carn 
ſophe 
gram 
archit 
three 
He b 
were 
form 
Greek 
edited 
philoſ 


render: 
adppte 
but the 
inſtead 
tally d 
and P.. 
reſt of 
general 
comic 
gedies : 
Pur 
his ttea 
liſhed a 
of C. C 
Pa! 1 
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and par 
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cauſe h 
Which t 


nis na- 
(ful in 
1 Enter- 
who 


in their” 
emples» 


liſhed an hiſtory of Theſſaly. 


5 


temples. He was ſo happy in his expreſ- 
ſions and elegant in his variety, that he has 
been called the Jewiſh Plato, and the book | 
which he wrote on the ſufferings of the 
Jews in the reign of Caius, met with ſuch 
unbounded applauſe in the Roman ſenate, 
where he read it publicly, that he was 
permitted to conſecrate it in the public li- 
braries. His works were divided into three 
parts, of which the firſt related to the cre- 
ation of the world, the ſecond ſpoke of 
ſacred Hiſtory, and in the third, the au- 
thor made mention of the laws and cuſtoms 
of the Jewiſh nation. The beſt edition of 
Philo is that of Mangey, 2 vols. fol. Lon- 
don 1742. A man who fell in love with 
his daughter called Proſerpine, as ſhe was 
bathing. He had by her a ſon, Mercurius 
Triſmegiſtus. A man who wrote an ac- 
count of a journey to Arabia, A phi- 
loſopher who followed the doctrines of 
Carneades, B. C. 100. Another philo- | 
ſopher of Athens, tutor to Cicero, A 
grammarian in the firſt century. An 
architect of Byzantium, who floriſhed about 
three centuries before the Chriſtian era. 
He built a dock at Athens, where ſhips 
were drawn in ſafety and protected from 
ftorms. Cic. in Orat. 1, c. 14. A 
Greek Chriſtian writer, whoſe work was 
edited at Rome, 4to. 1772. A dialectic 
philoſopher, 260 B. C. i 

PHILoßoros, a mountain of Bœotia. 
Plut. 


— 


PülLocho kus, a man who wrote an 
hiſtory of Athens in 17 books. He died | 
. ©. 233. | 

PHiLG6CLES, one of the admirals of the 
Athenian fleet, during the Peloponneſian | 
war. He recommended to his countrymen | 
to cut off the right hand of ſuch of the ene- 
mies a3 were taken, that they might be 
rendered unfit for ſervice. His plan was 
adopted by all the To admirals except one, | 
but their expectations were fruſtrated, and, 
inſtead of being conquerors, they were to- 
tally defeated at Egoſpotamos by Lylſander, 
and Philocles was put to death, with the 
reſt of his colleagues. Plut. in Lyſ.——A 
general of Prolemy, king of Egypt. A | 
comic poet. 
gedies at Athens. 


2 


from him the arrows which had been dip- 
ped in the gall of the hydra, after he had 
bound himſelf by a ſolemn oath not to 
betray the place where his aſhes were de- 
poſited. He had no ſooner paid the laft. 
offices to Hercules, than he returned to 
Melibœa, where his father reigned. From 
thence he viſited Sparta, where be became 
one of the numerous ſuitors of Helen, and 
ſoon after, like the reſt of thoſe princes who 
had courted the daughter of Tyndarus, and 
who had bound themſclves to protect her 
from injury, he was called upon by Mene- 
laus to accompany the Greeks to the Tro- 
jan war, and he immediately ſet ſail from 
Melibœa with ſeven ſhips, and repaired to 
Aulis, the general rendezvous of the com- 


hined fleet. He was here prevented from 


joining his countrymen, and the offenſive 
ſmell which aroſe from a wound in his 
foot, obliged the Greeks, at the inſtigation 
of Ulyſſes, to remove him from the camp, 
and he was accordingly carried to the iſland 
of Lemnos, or as others ſay to Chryſe, where 
Phimachus, the ſon of Dolophion, was or- 
dered to wait upon him. In this ſolitary 
retreat he was ſuffercd to remain for ſume 
time, till the Greeks, on the tenth year of 
the Trojan war, were informed by the ora- 
cle that Troy could net be taken without 
the arrows of Hercules, which were then 
in the poſſeſſion of Philoctetes. Upon this 
Ulyſſes, accompanied by Diomedces, or ac- 
cording to others by Pyrrhus, was com- 
miſſioned by the reſt of the Grecian army 
to go to Lemnos, and to prevail upon Phi- 
joctetes to come and finiſh the tedious 
hege. Phiſoctetes recollected the ill- treat- 
ment he had received from the Greeks, and 
particularly from Ulyſſes, and therefore he 
not only refuſed to go to Troy, but he 
even perſuaded Pyrrhus to conduct him 
to Melibœa. As he embarked the manes 
of Hercules forbad him to proceed, but 
immediately to repair to the Grecian camp, 
where he ſhould be cured of his wounds, 
and put an end to the war, Philoctetes 
obeyed ; and after he had been reſtored to 
his former health by ZEſculapius, or ac- 
cording to ſume by Machavn, or Podalirus, 


| . > 
Another, who wrote tra- he deſtroyed an immenſe number of the 


Trojan enemy, among whom was Paris, 


PuiLocRArEs, an Athenian, famous for | the ſon of Priam, with the arrows of Her- 


his tieachery, &c. A writer who pub- 
A ſervant 
of C. Gracchus, A Greek orator. 
PaiLoCTETESs, fon of Pœan and Demo- 
naſſa, was one of the Argonauts according 
to Flaceus and Hyginus, and the arm-bearer 
and particular friend of Hercules. He was 
reſent at the death of Hercules, and be- 
cauſe he had exected the burning pile on 


Which the hero was conſumed, be received 


— — 


cules, When by his valor Troy had been 
ruined, he ſet fail from Aſia, but as he 


was unwilling to viſit his native country, he 


came to Italy, where, by the aſſiſtance of 
his Theſſalian followers, he was enabled 
to build a town in Calabria, which he 


called Petiha, Authors diſagree about the 


cauſes of the wound which Philoctetes re- 
ceived on the foot. The moſt antient my- 
thologiſts ſupport, that it was the bite of 

Rx 3 the 


Ji 
'H 
1 


1 
i 
l 


P H 


the ferpent which Jung had ſent to tor» | 
ment him, becauſe he had attended Her- 
cules in his laſt moments, and had buried 
his aſhes,* According to another opinion, 
the princes of the Grecian army obliged 
him to diſcover where the aſhes of 
Hercules were depoſited, and as he had 
made an oath not to mention the place, 
he only with his foot ſtruck the ground 
where they Jay, and by this means con- 
cluded he had not violated his folemn en- 
gagement. For this, however, he was ſoon 
after puniſhed, and the fall of one of the 
poiſoned arrows from his quiver upon the 
foot which had ſtruck the ground, occ: » 
ſioned ſo offenſive a wound, that the Greeks 
were obliged to remove him from their 
camp. The ſufferings and adventures of 
Philoctetes are the ſubject of one of tle 
beſt tragedies of Sophocles. Firg. An. 3, 
v. 46, —Pindar, Pyth. 1. Dici/. Cret. 1, 
c. 14 —Senec, in Here, — Syphocl, Phil. — 
Quint. Calab. 9 & 10.—Hygin. fab. 26, 97, 
& 102.—Diecd. 2 & 4.—Ovid. Met. 13, v. 
329. I. 9, v. 234. Trift. 5, el. 2.—Cic. 
Tuſc. c. 2.—Ptolem. Ha pl. 6. 

Puilocvr Rus, a prince of Cyprus in 
the age of Solon, by whoſe advice he 
changed the fituation of a city, which in 
gratitude he called Soli. Plut, in Sol. 

PuILop Aut, one of the Danaides, 
mother of Phares by Mercury. Pauſ. 7, 
. 22. 

Puilopfuvus, a poet in the age of Cice- 
ro, who rendered himſelf known by his 
Jaſcrvious and jndelicate verſes, Circ. de 
Finib. 2.—Horat. 1, Sat. 2, v. 121. 
A comic poet, ridiculed by Ariſtophanes, 

PhILoplcx, a daughter of Inachus, who 
married Leucippus. ä 

PutLo raus, à ſon of Minos, by the 
nymph Paria, from whom the iſland of 
Paros received its name. Hercules put 
tim to death, becauſe he had Killed two of 
his companions. Apelladl. 3, c. I.——A 
Pythagorean philoſopher of Crotona, B. C. 
374, who firſt ſuppprted the diurnal motion 
of the earth round its axis, and its annual 
motion round the fun, Cicero in Acad. 4, 
c. 30, has aſcribed this opinion to the Sy- 
racuian ptiloſopher Kicetas, and likewiſe to 
Plato; and from this paſſage ſume ſuppoſe 
that Copernicus flarted the idca of the ſyſ- 
tem which he afterwards eſtabliſhed. Diog. 
Lic. de erat. 3z.—lut. A luwgiver of 
Thebes. He was a native of Corinth, and 
of the family of thc Bacebiodes: Kc. 
Aviftet. 2, Polit, cap. ult. A mechanic 
of farentum. A firname of ÆEſculapius, 
wio had a temple in Laconia, near the 
Alopus. 

PurttLoLSGus, a freed man of Cicero. 
He benayed his malier to Antony, for 


P H 
which he was tortured by Pomponſa, the 
wife of Cicero's brother, and obliged to cut 
off his own fleſh by piece meal. and ta boil 
and eat it up. Plut. in Cic. &c. 
PHiLoMACHE, the wife of Pelias, King 
of Iolchos. According to ſome writers, 
ſhe was daughter to Amphiom, king of 
Thebes. 

PrrLomBROTUS, an archon at Athens, 
in whoſe age the ſtate was intruſted to So- 
lon, when torn by fact ions. Plut. in Sol. 

PrurLomtEDCus, a man who made himſelf 
abſolute in Phocæa, by promiſing to aſſiſt 
the inhabitants. Poly", 

PHiLdMELA, a daughter of Pandion, 
king of Athens, and fiſter to Procne, who 
had married Tereus king of Thrace. Pro- 
cne ſeparated from Philomela, to whom ſhe 
was 233 attached, ſpent her time 
in great melancholy till ſhe prevailed upon 
her huſband to go to Athens, and biing 
her ſiſter to Thrace. Tereus obeyed his 
wife's injunctions, but he had no ſooner 
obtained Pandion's permiſſion to conduct 
Philomela to Thrace, than he became en- 
a moured of her, and reſolved to gratify his 
paſſion. He diſmiſſed the guards, whom 
the ſuſpicions of Pandion had appointed 
to watch his conduct, and he offered vio- 
lence to Philomela, and afterwards cut of 
her tongue, that ſhe might not be able to 
diſcover his barbarity, and the indignities 
which ſhe had ſuffered. He confined her 
alſo in a lonely caſtle, and after he had taken 
every precaution to prevent a diſcovery, ne 
returned to Thrace, and he told Procne that 
Philomela had dicd by the way, and that 
he had paid the laſt offices to her remains. 
Procne, at this fad intelligence, put on 
mourning for the loſs of Philomela; but a 
year had ſcarcely elapſed before ſhe was 
ſecretly informed, that her ſiſter was not 
dead, Philomela, during her captivity, de- 
ſcribed on a piece of tapeſtry, her misfos- 
tunes and the brutality of Tereus, and 
privately conveyed it to Progne. She was 
then going to celebrate the orgies of Bac- 
chus when the received it, ſhe diſguiſed 
her reſentment, and as during the ſeſtivals of 
the god of wine, ſhe was permitted to rove 
about the country, ſhe haftened to deli- 
ver her ſiſter Philomela from her confine- 
ment, and ſhe concerted with her on the 
beſt meaſures of puniſhing the cruelty of 
Tereus; She murdered her ſon Itylus, who 
was in the fixth year of his age, and ſerved 
him up as food before her huſband during 
the feſtival. Tereus, in the midit of his re- 


paſt, called for Itylus, but Procne imme- 
diately informed him, that he was then 
feaſting on his fleſh, and that inflant Phi- 
lomela, by throwing on the table the head 
of Itylus, convinced the monarch of the 


cruulty 


, the 
o cut 
2 boil 


King 
iters, 


ng of 


hens, 
N So- 
Sol. 
mſelf 
aſſiſt 


dion, 
, who 
Pro- 
m ſhe 
time 
upon 
bi ing 
d his 
ſooner 
nduct 
le en- 
fy his 
whom 
vinted 
d- vio- 
cut off 
ble to 
znities 
d her 
ta ken 
Ty, ne 
je that 
d that 
mains. 
wut on 
but a 
E Was 
as nut 
ty, de- 
nisfox- 
„ and 
16 Was 
f Bac- 
ſguiſed 
vals of 
to rove 
» deli- 
onfine- 
on the 
elty of 
1s, who 
ſerved 
during 
nis re- 
imme - 
s then 
at Phi- 
ic head 
of the 
cruulty 


P. "I 


zruelty of the ſcene. He drew his ſword 
to puniſh Procne and Philomela, but as he 
was going to ſtab them to the heart, he was 
changed into a hoopoe, Philomela into 
a nightingale, Procne into a ſwallow, and 
Itylus into a pheaſant. This tragical ſcene 
happened at Daulis in Phocis ; but Pau- 
fanias and Strabo, who mention the whole 
of the ſtory, are filent about tne tranſ- 
formation, and the former obſerves, that 
Tereus, after this bloody repaf, fled to 
Megara, where he deſtroyed himſelf. The 
inhabitants of the place raiſed a monument 
to his memory, where they offered yearly 
ſacrihces, and placed ſmall pebbles mſtead 
of barley. It was on this monument that 
the birds called hoopoes were firſt ſeen; 
hence the fable of his metamorphoſis. Pro- 
£12 ant! Philomela died through exceſs of 
griet and melancholy, and as the nightin- 


„ 


gale's and tne ſwallow's voice is ꝓeculiarly 
pla tive and moeurntul, the poets have em- 


belli hed the fable by ſuppoſing, that the 
two unfortunate filers were changed into 
Þirds. Apsſlo i 3, c. 14. —Parſ. 1, c. 42. 
I. 10, c. 4.— Hygin. fab. 45.—Strab. 9.— 
Ovid, Met. 6. fab. 9 & 1@ —Pirz. G. 4, v. 
15& 517. A daughter of Actor, king 
of the Myrmidons. 

PuiLoMELUM, a town of Phrygia. Cic. 
4 Attic, 5, ep. 20. in Verr. 3, c. 83. 

PH1LoMEFLUS, a general of Phocis, who 
plundered the temple of Delphi, aud died 
B. C. 354 Vi. Phocis.— A rich muſi- 
cian. Mart. 4, cp. 5. 

Pa1LoN, a general of ſome Greeks, who 
ſettled in Aſia. Died. 18. 

PHILONIDES, a courier of Alexander, 
who ran from Sicyon to Elis, 160 miles, in 


4 n * 


* 


nine hours, and returned the ſame journey 


in 15 hours. P/in. 2, c. 71. 
PHILONIs, a name of Chione daughter 
of Dædalion, made immortal by Diana, 


PulLoxvok, a daughter of Tyndarus, | 


king of Sparta. Apollod. A daughter of 
Jobates, king of Lycia, who married Bel- 
lerophon. Id. 2. 

PILONGME, a daughter of Nyctimus, 


King of Arcadia, who threw into the Ery- , 


manthus two children, whom ſhe had by 
Mars, The children were preſerved. Plut. 
in Per, 
ton of Neptune. She became enamour- 
ed of Tennes, her huſband's fon by his 
firſt wife Proclea, the daughter of Clytius, 
and when he retuſcd to gratify her paſſion, 
the accuſed him of attempts upon her vir- 
tue, Cycnus believed the accuſation, and 


+ 


The ſecond wife of Cycnus, the 


ordered Tennes to be thrown into the ſca, | 


Kc. Pau. 10, C. 14 


PurtLonGmuUs, a fon of Electryon, king 


of Mycenz. 
Fusse, 8 village of Egypt. Scrab. 


1 - 


PRILoY NK Ton, a firname of one of the 
Ptolemies, king of Egypt. Vid. Ptolemzus. 

PHiLoPHRON, a general, who, with 
5000 ſoldiers, defended Peluſium againſt 
the Greeks, who invaded Egypt. Died. 16. 

PHILOPG:MEN, a celebrated general of 
the Achzan league, born at Megalapolis. 
His father's name was Grangis. His edu- 
cation was begun and finithed, under Caſ- 
ſander, E:damus, and Demophanes, and he 
carly diſtinguiſhed himſelf in the field of 
vattle, and appeared fond of agriculture 
and a country life. He propoſed himſelf 
Epaminondas for a model, and he was not 
unſucceſsful in imitating the prudence and 
the ſimplicity, the diſintereſtedneſs and 
activity of this famous Theban. When 
Megaiopolis was attacked by the Spartans, 
Philopemen, then in the goth year of his 
age, gave the moſt deciſive proofs of his 
valor and intrepidity. He afterwards al- 
ſiſted Antigonus, and was preſent in the 
famous battle in which the ÆEtolians were 
defeated, Raiſed to the rank of chief com- 
mander, he thewed his ability to diſcharge 
that important truſt, by killing with his 
own hand Mechanidas, the tyrant of Sparta; 
and if he was defeated in a naval battle by 
Nabis, he ſoon after repaired his loſſes by 
taking the capital of Laconia, B. C. 18%, 
and by aboliſhing the laws of Lycurguz, 
which had floriſhed there for ſuch a lengt 
of time. Sparta, after its conqueſt, became 
tributary to the Achæans, and Philopemen 


enjoyed the triumph of having reduced to 


ruins, one of the greateft and the moſt pow- 
erful of the citics of Greece. Some time 
after the Meſſenians revolted from the A- 
chæan league, and Philopœmen, who head- 
ed the Achæans, unfortunately fell from his 


J horſe, and was dragged to the enemy's 


camp. Dinocrates, the general of the Me 
ſenians, treated him with great ſeverity 
he was thrown into a dungeon, and obliged 
to drink a doſe of poiſon. When he re- 
ceived the cup from the hand of the execu- 
tioner, Philopemen aſked him how his 
countrymen had behaved in the field of 
battle; and when he heard that they had 
obtained the victary, he drank the whole 
with pleaſure, exclaiming, that this was 
comfortable news. The death of Philo- 
pœmen, which happened about 183 years 
before the Chriſtian era, in his 7oth year, 
was univerſally lamented, and the Achæ- 
ans, to revenge his death, immediately 
marched to Meſſenia, where Dinocrates, 
to avoid their reſentment, killed himſelf. 
The reſt of his murderers were dragged to 
his tomb, where they were ſacrificed ; and 
the people of Megalopolis, to ſhew farther 
their great ſenſe of his merit, ordered a bull 
to be yearly oflæred un his tomb, and hymns 

Ri 4 to 


n 


* 
— — 


3 


. — H— 
- 
- * 


r " 


* 


* — 


— 


— * 
— 

12 

21 
ry _ 


N. H. 


3 


to be ſung in his praiſe, and his actions to be | countrymen to attack the enemy. The 
celebrated in a panegyrical oration. He had whole was ſucceſsful, the Fidenates were 


alſo ſtatues raiſed tv his memory, which 
ſome of the Romans attempted to violate, 
and to deſtroy, to no purpoſe, when Mum- 
mius took Corinth. Philopœ men has been 
ſuſtiy called by his countrymen, the laſt of 
the Greeks. It. in vitd.— Tuflin. 32, c. 4. 
P. A native of Pergamus, who 
died B. C. 138. 

PuiLosr RK Tus, a famous ſophiſt, born 
at Lemnos, or according to ſome at Athens. 
He came to Rome, where he lived under 
the patronage of Julia, the wife of the 
emperor Severus, and he was entruſted by 
the empreſs with all the papers which con- 
tained ſome account, or anecdotes of Apol- 
lonius Thyanzus, and he was ordered to 
review them, and with them to compile an 
hiſtory. The life of Apollonius is written 
with elegance, but the improbable accounts, 
the fabulous ſtories, and exaggerated details 
which it gives, render it diſguſting. There 
is, beſidꝛs, another treatiſe remaining of his 
writings, &c. He died A. D. 244. The 
beſt edition of his writings, is that of Olea- 
rius, fol. Lipſ. 1709. His nephew, who 
lived in the reign of Heliogabalus, wrote 
an account of ſophiſts. A philoſopher 
in the reign of Nero. Another in the 
age of Auguſtus. 

PuflLöraAs, a ſon ef Parmenio, diſtin- 
guiſhed in the battles of Alexander, and at 
faſt accuſed of conſpiring againſt his life. 
He was tortured, and ſtoned to death, or, 
according to ſome, ſtuck through with darts 
by the ſoldicrs, B. C. 330. Curt. 6, c. 11.— 
ÞPlut. —Arrian. An officer in the army 
of Alexander. Another, who was made 
maiter of Cilicia, after Alexander's death, 
A phyſician in the age of Antony. He 


* y* ' ' 
ridiculed the expences and the extravagance 


of this celebrated Roman. Put. : 

PUILOTIRA, the mother of Mylo, &c. 
Pe/ yen. 8. 

PuiLoTiMUS, a freed man of Cicero. 
Cic. ad Div. 3, c. 9. 

P41L011s, a ſervant maid at Rome, 
who ſaved her Countrymen from deftruc- 
tion. After the ſiege of Rome by the 
Gals, the Fidenates aſſembled an army, 
and marched againſt the capital, demanding 
all the wives and daughters in the city, as 
the conditions of peace. This extraordi- 
nary demand aſtoniſhed the ſenators, and 
when they refuſed to comply, Philotis ad- 
viſed them to tend all their female ſlaves 
diſguiſed in matron's cloaths, and ſhe of- 
f:rcd to march herſelf at the head. Her 
advice was followed, and when the Fide- 
patcs had feaſted late in the evening, and 
were quite intoxicated, and fallen afleep, 
Philotis lighted a torch as a ſignal for .her 


”w 


conquered, and the ſenate, to reward the fi. 
delity of the female ſlaves, permitted them 
to appear in the dreſs of the Roman ma- 
trons. Plut. in Rom. Varro. de L. L. 5.— 
Ovid. de art. am. 2. 

PHrLoxENUs, an officer of Alexander, 
lo received Cilicia, at the general diviſion 
of the provinces, A ſon of Ptolemy, 
who was given to Pelopidas as an hoſtage, 
A dithyrambic poet of Cythera, who 
enjoyed the favor of Dionyſus, tyrant of 
Sicily, for ſome time, till he offended him 
by ſeducing one of his female ſingers. Dur- 
ing his confinement, Philoxenus compoſed 
an allegorical poem, called Cyclops, in 
which he had delineated the charaQter of 
the tyrant under the name of Polyphemus, 
and repreſented his miſtreſs under the name 
of Galatæa, and himſelf under that of Ulyſ- 
ſes, The tyrant, who was fond of writing 
poetry, and of being applauded, removed 
Philoxenus from his dungeon, but the poet 
refuſed ro purchaſe his liberty, by ſaying 
things unworthy of himſelf, and applaud- 
ing the wretched verſes of- Dionyſus, and 
therefore he was ſent to the quarries. When 
he was aſked his opinion at a feaſt about 
ſome verſes which Dionyſus had juſt re- 
peated, and which the courtiers had re- 
ceived with the greateſt applauſe, Philox- 
enus gave no anſwer, but he ordered the 
guards that ſurrounded the tyrant's table, 
to take him back to the quarries. Diony- 
ſius was pleaſed with his pleaſantry and 
with his firmneſs, and immediately forgave 
him, Philoxenus. died at Epheſus, about 
380 years before Chriſt. Put. A ccle- 
brated muſician of Ionia. A painter of 
Eretria, who made for Caſſander an excellent 
repreſentation of the battle of Alexander 
with Darius. He was pupil to Nicoma- 
chus. Plin. 31, c. 10. A philoſopher, 
who wiſhed to have the neck of a crane, 
that he might enjoy the taſte of his aliments 


longer, and with more pleaſure, Arif, 
eth, 3. 
* PHILLYLL1Vs, a comic poet. Athen. 


PHiLYRA, one of the Occanides, who 
was met by Saturn in Thrace. The god, to 
eſcape from the vigilance of Rhea, changed 
himſelf into a horſe, to enjoy the company 
of Philyra, by whom he had a ſon, half a 
man and half a horſe, called Chiron. Phi- 
lyra was ſo afhamed of giving birth to ſuch 
a monſter, that the entreated the gods to 
change her nature. She was metamorpho- 
ſed into the linden tree, called by her name 
among the Greek s. IIygin. fab. 138.— 
The wife of Nauplius. 


- 


PHILYRES, a people near Pontus. | 
PailSRILks, a patronymic of Chiron, 


the 


Phanic 


runc, v 
greater 
Bithyn 
ter of 
by wh 
After 
Idæa, 
jealous 
them c 
and crc 
tempts 
mediat. 
deprive 
ſoon al 
ſudden] 
were ſ⸗ 
continu 
which 1 
ſome t 
gerous 
Zetes a 
as the! 
ſight by 
he had 
inſtruct; 
by whie 
cauſes 0 
matter 
ſuppoſir 
for his « 
attribute 
he had 
to efcap 
howevct 
having ! 
nty, WI 
luis put 
elty to t 
Phincus 
Danae, 
by Her 
. 35 C. 
Urphens, 
king of 
his nie 
Cepheus 
devoured 
reſentme 
ever, de 
Ly the 
deſtroye 
diſpleaſe 
Kmony, 
attacked 
defended 
Phineus, 
them th 
& 4 — 
feb. 4. 


der, 
ſion 
my, 
age. 
who 
t of 
him 
Dur- 
oſed 
„ in 
er of 
mus, 
1ame 
Jlyf(- 
iting 
oved 
poet 
aying 
laud- 
„and 
V hen 
about 
ſt re- 
d re- 
hilox- 
d the 
table, 
iony- 
and 
orgave 
about 
ccle- 
nter of 
cellent 
xander 
coma- 
ſopher, 
crane, 
iments 


Atift, 


Iten. 
„ who 
god, to 
hanged 
Mmpany 
half a 
Phi- 
to ſuch 
gods to 
norpho- 
r name 


38.— 
8. | 
Chiron, 

tue 


3 


the ſon of Philyra. Ovid, art. am..-Virg. 
G. 3, v. 550. 

P41NEUS, a ſon of Agenor, king of 
Phœnicia, or according to forms of Nep- 
tune, who became king of Thrace, or as the 
greater part of the mythologiſts ſupport, of 
Bithynia. He married Cleopatra the daugh- 
ter of Boreas, whom ſome call Cleobula, 
by whom he had Plexippus and Pandion. 
After the death of Cleopatra, he married 
Idza, the daughter of Dardanus. Idza, 
jealous of Cleopatra's children, accuſed 
them of attempts upon their father's life 
and crown, or, according to fome, of at- 
tempts upon her virtue, and they were im- 
mediately condemned by Phineus to be 
deprived of their eyes. This cruelty was 
ſoon after puniſhed by the gods, Phincus 
ſuddenly became blind, and the Harpyics 
were ſent by Jupiter to keep him under 
continual alarm, and to ſpoil the meats 
which were placed on his table. He was 
ſome time after delivered from theſe dan- 
gerous monſters by his brothers-in-law, 
Zetes and Calais, who purſued them as far 
as the Strophades. He alſo recovered his 
ſight by means of the Argonauts, whom 
he had received with great hoſpitality, and 
inſtructed in the eaſieſt and ſpeedieſt way 
by which they could arrive in Colchis. The 
cauſes of the blindneſs of Phineus are a 
matter of diſpute among the antients, ſome 
ſuppoſing that this was inflifted hy Boreas, 
for his cructty to his grandſon, whilſt others 
attribute it to the anger of Neptune, becauſe 
he had directed the ſons of Phryxus how 
to eſcape from Colchis to Greece. Many, 
however, think that it proceeded from his 
having raſhly attempted to develop? futu- 
rity, while others aſſert that Zetes and Ca- 
luis put out his eyes on account of his cru- 
elty to their nephews, The ſceond wiſe of 
Phineus is called by ſome Dia, Eurytia, 
Danae, and Idothea. Phineus was Killed 
by Hercules. Arg. 2.—Apolod. 1, c. 9. 
l. 3, c. 15.—Dicd. 4.—lHygin. tab. 19.— 
Urphrus, —Flacc, The brother of Cepheus, 
king of Ethiopia. He was going to marry 
his niece Andromeda, when her father 
Cepheus was obliged to give her up to be 
devoured by a fca monſter, to appeaſe the 
reſentment of Neptune. She was, how- 
ever, delivered by Perſeus, who married her 
Ly the conſent of her parents, for having 
deſtroyed the ſea monſter, This marriage 
diſpleaſed Phineus: he interrupted the ce- 
remony, and with a number ot attendants, 
attacked Perſcus and his friends. Perſeus 


defended himſelf, and turned into flone 
Phineus, and his companions, by thowing 
them the Gorgon's bead. Apollod. 2, C. 1 
& 4.—(vid. Net. 5, fab. 1 & 2.— 17%. 


teh, (4. — A fon of Mclas, ——A loa of 


3 


Lycaon, king of Arcadia. — A ſon of 
Belus and Anchinoe. 

PHINTA, a king of Meſſenia, &c. Pauf. 
4, c. 4. 

PIN THIASs, a fountain where it is ſaid 
nothing could fink. Pe. 31, c. 2. 

Pulx ria, a town of Sicily, at the 
33 of the Himera, Cic. in Verr. 3, c. 

3. 

PIN T IAS, called alſo Pith'as, Pinthias 
and Phytias, a man famous for his un- 
paralleled friendſhip for Damon. I. 
Damon. A tyrant of Agrigentum, B. C. 
282, 

PulNro, a ſmall iſland between Sar- 
dinia and Corſica, now Fes. 

PHLA, a ſmall iſkmd in the lake Trito- 
nis. Herodot. 4, C. 178. 

PHLEGELAS, an Indian king beyond 
the Hydaſpes, who ſurcendered to Alexan- 
der. Curt. 9, c. 1. 

PHLEGETHON, a river of hell, whoſe 
waters were burning, as the word panty: D. 
from which the name is derived, ſeems to 
indicate. Virg. nu. 6, v. 550. Ovid. 
Met, 15, v. 532.—Senec. in Hipp. Sid. 1 30 
v. 564. 

PHLEG1TAS, a man of Cyzicus, when the 
Argonauts viſited it, &c, Hacc. 

PHLEGON, a native of Tralles in Lydia, 
one of the emperor Adrian's freed men. 
He wrote different treatiſes on the long 
lived, on wonderful things, beſides au 
hiſtorical account of Sicily, fixteen books 


on the olympiads, an acconnt of the prin— 


cipal places in Rome, three books of faſti, 
&c. Of theſe tome fragments remain. 
His ſtile was not elegant, and he wrote 
without judgment or preciſion. His works 
have been edited by Meurſius, 4to. L. Bat. 
1620, One of the horſes of the ſun, 

The word ſignifies burning. Ovid. Met. 2. 
PHLEGRA, or Phlegræus campus, a 
place of Macedonia, afterwards called Pal- 
lene, where the giants attacked the gods 
and were defeated by Hercules. The com- 
bat was afterwards renewed in Italy, in 2 
place of the ſame name near Cume. Sil. 8, 
v. 538. 1. 9, v. 305.—Strab. 5,—Dred. 4 & 
5,—Ovid, Met. 10, v. 151. |. 12, v. 378. 

l. 15, v. 532.— tat. 5, Sytlv. 3, v. 196. 
PuLEC VA, a people of Theſſaly. Some 
authors place them in Bœotia. They re- 
ceived their name from Phlegyas the ſom 
of Mars, with whom they plundered and 
burned the temple of Apollo at Delphi. 
Few of them eſcaped to Phocts, where they 
ſettled. Darf. 9, c. 36. — Homer. Il. 13.— 

Strab, 9. 
PaLEGYAS, a fon of Mars, king of the 
Lapitiz in Theſſaly. He was father of 
Ixton and Coronis, to whom Apollo ot- 
fered violence. When the father heard that 
his 


PM 


PM 


Kis drughter bad been ſo wantenly abuſed, ! guiſhed himſelf hy his prudence and mode. 


he marched an army againſt Delphi, and 
reduced the temple of the god to aſhes. 
This was highly reſented, Apollo killed 
Piilegyas and placed him in hell, where a 
huge ſtone hangs over his head, and keeps 
him in continual alarms, by its appearance 
of falling every moment. Pau/, 9, c. 36. 
Appelle. 3, c. 5. — Pind. Pyth. 3.— Ovid. 
Alet. 5, v. 87.—Screius ad Vir, An. 6, 
v. 618. 

Put As, one of the Argonauts, ſon of 
Bacchus and Ariadne. Pau. 2, c. 12. 

Pulis, (gen. untis,) a town in Pelo- 
ponneſus, now Staphliea, in the territory of 
Sic von. Another in Elis. Another 
in Argolis, now Drepans, 

Purauvs, a hrname of Bacchus. 

Puonkrok, one of the ſons of Somnus, 
and his principal minifter. His office was 
to aſſume the ſhape of ſerpents and wild 
tbeaſts, to inſpire terror in the minds of 
men, as his name intimates (ost). The 
other two miniſters of Somnus were Phan- 
raſta and Morpheus, Owd, Met. 11, v. 
640. 

Puoc za, now Fockia, a maritime town 
of lonia, in Aſia Minor, with two bar- 
hours, between Cumæ and Sinyrna, founded 
by an Athenian colony. It received its 
name from Phocus, the leader of me co- 
Tony, or from fp, ſea cal ue, which 
arc jound in great abuudance in the neigh- 
Pournood. The inhabitants, called Phocart 
& Placa enſen, were expert mariners, and 
founded many eities in different parts of 
2.vrope. They left Jonia, when Cyrus at- 
ecmprtcd to reduce them under his power, 


and they came after many adventures into 


Gaul, where they founded Maſfilia, now 
called Marſcilles, The town of Marſeilles 
is oſten diſtinguiſhed by the epithet of 
Fincalca, and its inhabitants called Pho- 
«&enſes, Phocæa was declared independent 
Þy Pompey, and under the forſt emperors 
of Rome it became one of the moit tio- 
Fiſhing cities of Aſia Minor. £jv. 5, e. 
31. J. 37, c. 31. 1. 38, c. 39.—Mela. 1, 
6. 17.—Pauf. 7, c. 3. —-Ileradt. 1, v. 165. 
—Strab. 14.—Harat. chi. 16.— Ovid. Met. 
6, v. 9. lin. 3, ©. 4. 
Puoctnits and Puocici, the inhabi- 
Ants of Plocis in Greece. : 
PuoC1LiDEs, i Greek port and phytoſo- 
er of Miletus, about 340 ycars hefore the 
Ctriftiay exa. The poctical picce now ex» 
tant called St rn, and attributcd to bim, 
15 not of his compoſition, but of another 
poet who lived in the reign of Adrian. 
PHocion, an Arhenian, celebrated for 
ris virtues, private as well is public. He 
was educared in the ſchool of Plato, and 
qu Xenocrates, and as ſoon as he appearee 


ration, his zeal for the pubic good, and bis 
myſitary abilities. He often checked the vi. 
lent and inconũderate meaſures of Demoſt. 
henes, and when the Athenians ſeemed eager 
to make war againſt Philip, king of Mace. 
donia, Phocion obſerved that war ſhould 
never be undertaken without the ſtrongeſ 
and moſt certain expectations of victory 
and {ucceſs, When Filip endeavoured tg 
make himſelf maſter or Eubœa, Phocian 
ſtopped his progreis, and ſoon obliged 
aim to relinquiſh his enterprize. During 
the time of his adminiſtration he was al. 
ways inclined to peace, though he never 
ſuffered his countrymen to become indo. 
tent, and to forget the jealouſy and rivalſhip 
of their neighbours. He was 45 times 
appointed guvernor of Athens, and ns 
greater encomium can be paſled upon his 
talents as a miniſter and ſtateſman, than that 
he never ſolicited that high,though dangerous 
office. In his rural retreat, or at the head 
of the Athenian armies, he always appeared 
bare footed, and without a cloak, whence one 
of his ſoldiers had occaſion to ubſerve when 
he ſaw him dreſſed more warmly than uſual 
during a ſevere winter, that ſince Phucion 
wore his cloak it was a fign of the moſt iu- 
clement weather. It he was the friend of 
temperance and diſcipline, he was not a leſs 
brilliant example of true heroiſm. Philip, 
as welt as his ton Alexander, attempted to 
bribe him, but to no purpoſe; and Phocion 
boaſkd in being ouc of the poareſt of the 
Athenians, and in deſerving the appellation 
of the Gel. It was through him that Greeee 
was ſaved from an impending war, and be 
| adveſed Alexander rather to turn his arms 
againſt Perka, than to ſhed the blood ef 
the Greeks, who were either bis allies or 
his ſubjects. Alexander was ſo ſenhble of 
his merit, and of his jotegrity, that he ſent 
him 100 talents from the ſpuils which be 
had obtained from the Perſians, but Pho- 
cion was too great to ſutfer himſelf to be 
bribed; and when the conqueror had at- 
tempted a ſecond time to oblige him, and 
to conciliate his favor, by offering him the 
government and poſſefſion of five cities, the 
Athenzan ejected the preſents with the 
ſame indifference, and with the ſame in- 
dependent mind. But not totally to deſpiſe 
the favors af the monarch, he begged Alex» 
ander to reſtare to their liberty tour ſlaves 
that were conſined in the citadel of Sardis, 
Antipater, who ſucceeded in the govern 
ment of Macedonia after the death of Alcs- 
ander, alſo attempted to corrupt the virtu- 
ous Athenian, but with the fame ſuccels 2 
his royal predeceſſor; and when a friend 
tad ubierved ta Phocion, thut if he cauid 
o refuſe the generous offers of his patrons 


among the ſtateſmen uf Athens, he dillin- 


| yet he ſhould conſider the good of way 
f 44 


Aren, 
cion 
were 
ſelves 
if the. 
he We 
which 
gances 
But vi 
againfi 
Athen 
taken, 
thereic 
he fle. 
peicho 
he was 
the fa 
nities « 
poſuie 
mented 
no more 
the mo 
eerved | 
greateſ 
the fat; 
perity « 
tell his 
dignitie 
from t 
years b 
was de 
the un} 
at laſt 1 
hearth, 
placed t 
inviolati 
ef a goc 
io the m 
Athens : 
Hall be. 
Phocion 
proſpery 
hetrayec 
by a ſr 
and un 
with ſc 
and his 
he appe 
armics | 
his prud 
of life hi 
much in 
in oblivi 
ingratitu 
raiſing h 
dcatin his 
in 2. .— 
Pu doc 
on the e: 
welt, 1 
of Corin 
on the n. 
boundari 


mode. 
ind his 
e vio- 
moſt. 
I eager 
Mace. 
ſhould 
rongeh 
victory 
wed ts 
hocian 
obliged 
During 
was a. 
> never 
e indo. 
valſhip 
times 
and no 
pon bis 
1an that 
Ngerous 
he head 
ppeared 
ence one 
ve when 
an uſual 
Phocin 
molt in- 
riend of 
not a leſs 
Philip, 
npted to 
Phocion 
ſt of the 
pellation 
it Greece 
„ and he 
his arms 
blood ef 
alles of 
-nh ble of 
it he ſen! 
x hich be 
but Pho- 
elf to be 
r had at- 
him, and 
1 him the 
cities, the 
with the 
ſame in- 
to deſpiſe 
ped Alex» 
zur {laves 
of Sardis, 
e govern- 
\ of Als 
the virtuy 
ſucccls a8 
a a friend 
he could 
15 patrons, 
f bis chil- 


Greig 


P H 


ren, and accept them for their ſake, Pno- | 


cion calmly replied, that if his children 
were like him they could maintain them- 
ſelves as well as their father had done, but 
if they behaved otherwiſe, he declared that 
he was unwilling to leave them any thing 
which might either ſupply their extrava- 
gances, or encourage their debaucheries. 
But virtues like theſe could not long ſtand 
againſt the inſolence aud fickleneſs of an 
Athenian aſſembly. When the Piræus was 
taken, Phocion was accuſed of treaſon, and 
theretore, to avoid the public indignation, 
he fled for ſafety to Polyperchon. Poly- 
peichon ſent him back to Athens, where 
he was immediately condemned to drink 
the fatal poiſon. He received the indig- 
nities of the people with uncommon com- 
poſme 53 and when one of his friends la- 
mented his fate, Phocion exclaimed, This is 
no more than what I expected, this treatment 
the moſt illuflrious citizens of Athens have re- 
cerved before me. He took the cup with the 
greateſt ſeregity of mind, and as he drank 
the fatal — he prayed for the proſ- 
perity of Athens, and bade his friends to 
tell his fon Phocus not to remember the in- 
dignities which his father had received 
from the Athenians. He died about 318 
years before the Chriſtian era. His body 
was deprived of a fuucral by order of 
the ungrateful Athenians, and if it was 
at laſt interred, it was by ſtealth, under a 
hearth, by the hand of a woman, who 
placed this inſcription over his bones: Ace 
inviolate, O ſacred hearth, the precious remains 
ef a goed man, till a better day —_ them 
to the monuments of their forefathers, when 
Athens jhall be delivered of her phrenzy, and 
Hall be more wiſe, It has been obſerved of 
Phocion, that he never appeared elated in 
proſperity, or dejected in adverſity, he never 
betrayed puſillanimity by a trar, or joy 
by a ſmile. His countenance was ſtern 
and unpleaſant, but he never behaved 
with ſeverity, his expreſſions were mild, 
and his rebukes gentic. At the age of 80 
he appeared at the head of the Athenian 
armics like the moſt active officer, and to 
his prudence and cool valor in every period 
of life his citizens acknowledged themſelves 
much indebted, His merits were not buried 
in oblivion, the Athenians repented of their 
ingratitude, and honored his memory by 
raiſing him ſtatues, and putting to a cruel 
Cat! his guilty accuſers. Plut, & C. Nep. 
in Vit, - Hiod. 16. 

Pu dcs, a country of Greece, bounded 
on the caſt by Bœotia, and by Locris on the 
welt. It originally extended from the bay 
of Corinth to the ſea of Eubœa, and reached 
on the north as far as Therm pylæ, but its 
boundaries were afterwards more contuac- 


3 2 


ed. Phocis received its name from Pho- 
cus, a ſon of Ornytion, who ſettled there. 
Tl.e inhabitants were called Phecenſes, and 
from thence the epithet of Phecicus was 
formed. Parnaſſus was the moſt celebrated 
of the mountains of Phocis, and Delphi 
was the greateſt of its towns. Phocis is 
rendered famous for a war which it main- 
tained againſt ſome of the Grecian repub- 
lies, and which has received the name of 
the Phocian war. This celebrated war ori- 
ginated in the following circumſtances :— 
When Philip, king of Macedonia, had by 
his intrigues, and well concerted policy, 
fomented diviſions in Greece, and diſturbed 
the peace of every republic, the Greeks 
univerſally became diſcontented in their ſitu- 
ation, fickle in their reſolutions, and jea- 
lous of the proſperity of the neighbouring 
ſtares. The Amphictyons, who were tho 
ſupreme rulers of Greece, and who at that 
time were ſubſervient to the views of the 
Thebans, the invetzrate enemies of the Pho- 
clans, thewed the ſame ſpirit of fickleneſs, 
and like the reſt of their countrymen, were 
actuated by the ſame fears, the ſame jea- 
louſy and ambition, As the ſupporters of 
religion, they accuſed the Phocians of im- 
piety for plowing a ſmall portion of land 
which belonged to the god of Delphi. They 
immediately commanded, that the ſacred 
field ſhould be laid waſte, an« that the Pho- 
cians, to expiate their crime, ſhould pay a 
heavy fine to the community. The icabi- 
lity of the Phocians to pay the fine, and 
that of the Amphictyons to enferce their 
commands by violence, gave riſe to new 
events. The people of Phocis were rouſed 
hy the eloquence and the popularity of 
Philomelus, one of their countrymen, and 
when this ambitious ringleader had libe- 
rally contributed the great riches he poſ- 
ſeſſed to the good of his countrymen, they 
reſolved to oppoſe the Amphictyonic coun 

cil by force of arms. He ſeized the rich 
temple of Delphi, and employed the trea- 
ſures it contained to raiſe a mercenary 
army. During two years hoſtilities were 
carried on between the Phocians and their 
enemies, the Thebans and the people of 
Locris, but no decifive battles were fought ; 
and it can only be obſcrved, that the Pho- 
cian priſoners were always put to an igno- 
minious death, as guilty of the moſt abomi- 
nable ſacrilege and 1mpiety, a treatment 
which was liberally retaliated on ſuch of the 
army of the Amphictyons as became the 
captives of the enemy. The defeat, however, 
and death of Philomelus, for a while 
checked their ſucceſſes; but the deceaſed 
general was ſoon ſucceeded in the com- 
mand by his brother called Onomarchus, 
his equal in buldneſs and ambition, and his 


ſuperior 


1 


* 


1 


| Caperior in activity and enterprise. Ono- 


warchus rendered his cauſe popular, the 
Theſſalians joined his army, and the neigh- 
bouring ſtates obſerved at leaſt a ſtrict neu- 
trality, if they neither oppoſed nor favored 
his arms. Philip of Macedonia, who had 
aſſiſted the Thebans, was obliged to retire 
from the ficld with diſhonor, but a more 
fucceſsful battle was fought near Magneſia, 
and the monarch, by crowning the head of 
his ſoldiers with laurel, and telling them 
that they fought in the cauſe of Delphi and 
heaven, obtained a complete victory. Ono- 
marchus was ſlain, and his body expoſed 
on a gibbet, 6000 ſhared his fate, and 
their bodies were thrown into the fea, as 
unworthy of funeral honors, and 3000 
were taken alive. This fatal defeat, how- 
ever, did not ruin the Phocians, Phayl- 
Jus, the only ſurviving brother of Philome- 
Jus, took the command of their armies, 
and doubling the pay of his ſoldiers, he 
encrcaſed his forces by the addition of 9600 
men from Athens, Lacedzmon, and A- 
chaia. But all this numerous force at laſt 
proved ineffectual, the treaſures of the tem- 
ple of Delphi, which had long defrayed the 
expences of the war, began to fail, diſſen- 
fivns aroſe among the ringleaders of Placis, 
and when Philip had croſſed the ftreights of 
Thermopylæ, the Phocians relying on his 
generoſity, claimed his protection, and im- 
plored him to plead their cauſe before the 
Amphictyonic council. His feeble inter- 
ceſſion was not attended with fucceſs, and 
the Thebans, the Locrians, and the Theſ- 
ſalians, who then compoſed the Ampiic- 
tyonic council, unanimouſly decreed, tuat 
the Phocians ſhould be deprived of the pri- 
vilege of ſending members among the Am- 
phictyons. Their arms and their horſes 
were to be ſold, for the benefit of Apollo, 
they were to pay the annual ſum of 60,0v0 
talents, til the temple of Delphi had been 
reſtored to its antient ſplendor and opu- 
lence ; their cities were to be diſmantled, 
and reduced to diſt inct villages, which were 
to contain no more than ſixty houſes each, 
at the diſtance of a furlong from one another, 
und all the privileges and” the immunities 
of which they were ſtripped, were to be 
conferred on Philip, King of Macedonia, 
for his eminent ſervices in the profecution 
of the Phocian war. The Maccdounians 
werb ordered to put theſe cruel commands 
into execution. The Phocians were un- 
able to make refiltance, and ten years af- 
ter they had undertaken the facred war, 
they ſaw their country laid delolate, their 
wails demoliſhed, and their cities in ruins, 
by the wanton jealouſy of their enemies, 
and the inflexible cruclty of the Macedo- 
nian ſoldiers, B. C. 348. They were not, 


N 


however, long under this diſgraceful fe. 
tence, their well known valor and courage 
recommended them to favor, and they gra- 
dually regained their influence and conſe. 
quence by the protection of the Athenian, 
and the favors of Philip. Liv. 32, c. 18. 
— Ovid. 2. Am. 6, v. 1 5. Met. 5, v. 276.— 
Demefth.—Tuftin, 8, & c. Diod. 16, &c, 
— Plat. in Dem. Ly/. Per. &C.—Strab, e. 
— Pauſ. 4, c. 5. p : 

PrHocus, ſon of Phocion, was diſſolute 
in his manners, and unworthy of the vir. 
tues of his great father. He was ſent to 
Lacedæmon to imbibe there the principles 
of ſobriety, of temperance, and frugality, 
He cruelly revenged the death of his tather, 
whom the Athenians had put to death. 
Plut. in Phoc, & Apoph. A ſon of An. 
cus by. Plamathe, killed by Telamon. Apel. 
lod. 3, e. 12. A ſon of Ornytion, wig 
led a colony of Corinthians into Phocis. He 
cured Antiope, a daughter of Nycteus, 
ot inſanity, and married her. Par, 2, 
e. 4. 

PHocYLIDES, an antient poet. Vid. 
Phocilides. 

Punk, a name given to Diana or the 
moon, on account of the brightneſs of that 
luminary. She became, according to A- 
pollodorus, mother of Aſteria and Latona, 
Vid. Diana. A daughter of Leucippus 
and Philodice, carried away with her fitter 
Hilaira, by Caſtor and Pollux, as ſhe was 
going to marry one of the ſons of Aphareus, 
Fid. Leucippides.—Apolled. 2, c. 10.— 
Pauſ. 2, e. 22: 

PHOEBEUM, a place near Sparta. 

Pia&Bfpas, a Lacedæmonian general, 
ſent by the Ephori to the aſſiſtance of the 
Macedonians againſt the Thracians. He 
terized the citadel of Thebes; but tho? he 
was diſgraced and baniſhed from the Lace- 
demonian army for this perfidious mea- 
lure, yet his countrymen kept poſſeſſion of 
the town. He died B. C. 377. C. Nep. 
in Pelap.— Died. 14, &. 

PuEICENA, a ſirname of Aſculapius, 
& c. as being deſcended from Pha bus. 
Virg. En. v. 773. 

Pubs, a name given to Apollo or the 
ſun. This word expreſſes the brightnels 
and ſplendor of that luminary (5e ). 
Vid. Apollo. 

Pd Mos, a lake of Arcadia. 

PBNTCE, or PHU:NICIA, a country of 
Alta, at the caſt of the Mediterranean, 
whoſe boundaries have been different in 
different vges, Some ſuppoſe that the names 
of Phœnicia, Syria, and Paleſtine, are in- 
diſcriminately uſed for one and the ſame 
country. Phcoenicia, according to Ptolemy, 


extended on the north as far as the Eleu— 


therus, a finall river which falls into the 
Meditc:» 


Mediterr. 
af Aradu 
rerritorie: 
boundary 
and Tyr 
the coun 
rally ind 
attributee 
vigation 
nihing f 
different 
acquired 
other nati 
ever was 
in appare 
epithet 0! 
originally 
\ubdued | 
Alexande 
ſuece ſſors 
called Pl 
Agenor, \ 
cording t 
of palm ti 
neighbout 
58.— Hor 
2, c. 7.— 
Lucret. 2. 
e. 12.0 
id. / 
bk BS, Ve 

Pu qi ni 
. 11. 

Pu. 

Puq vi 
Another 
with a to) 
of Erythr 

PN. 
Zolian if 

Pax 
a© 24 Natlvi 
529. 

Pd N! 
Argos, by 
pieceptor 
tatlier pro 
count of 
called Cly 
band, per 
tiate himſ 
miſtreſs. 
when An 
he drew | 
ſoon after 
divine ve 
Amynter 
lon, whic) 
meditated 
bud piety, 
«nd Pha: 
fied from 


king ot P 


ul ſer. 
-OUrage 
ey gra- 
conſe. 
enians, 
1 
276, 
6, &c. 


{rab, ©, 


liſſolute 
the vir. 
ſent to 
inciples 
ugality, 
ö father, 

death, 
of A. 
1. Api. 
n, Wig 
cis. He 
Jycteus, 
Pau, 2, 


or the 
$ of that 
to A- 
Latona, 
eucippus 
ner fitter 
ſhe was 
phareus, 
C. 10.— 


general, 
> of the 
ns. He 
tno* he 
he Lace- 
us mea- 
eſſion of 
G. Nep. 


culapius, 
Pha bus. 


lo or the 
rightnels 


P-i6 o-). 


Duntry of 
errancany 
erent iu 
he names 
„are in- 
he ſame 
Ptolemy, 
he Eleu- 
into the 


Me ditcis 


1 


Mediterranean ſca, a little below the iſland 
of Aradus, and it had Peluhum or the 
tetritories of Egypt as its more ſouthern 
boundary, and Syria on the eaſt. Sidon 
and Tyre were the moſt capital towns of 
the country. The inhabitants were natu- 
ally induſtrious, the invention of letters is 
attributed to them, and commerce and na- 
vigation Were among them in the moſt flo- 
jiſhing ſtate. They planted colonies in 
different countries, and their manufactures 
acquired ſuch a ſuperiority over thoſe of 
other nations, that among the antients, what- 
erer was elegant, great, or pleaſing, either 
in apparel! or domeſtic utenſils, received the 
epithet of Sidonian, The Phœniciaus were 
originally governed by kings. They were 
ſubdued by the Perſians, and afterwards by 
Alexander, and remained tributary to his 
ſucceſſors and the Romans. They were 
called Phœnicians from Phoenix, fon of 
Agenor, who was one of their kings, or ac- 
cording to others, from the great pumber 
of palm trees (povnes) which grow in the 
neighbourhood. Herodot. 4, c. 42. l. 5, c. 
8. Homer. Od. 15.— Mela. rt, c. 11. l. 
2, c. 7.—Strab. 16.—Apollud. 3, c. 1.— 
Lucret. 2, v. $829.—PÞlin. 2, c. 47. 1. 5, 
e. 12. Curt. 4, c. 2.—Virg. u. 1, &c. 
Ovid. Met. 12, v. 104. |. 14, v. 345. 
. 15, v. 288. 

Pu ick, a town of Epirus. 
IA. 

Pu xicrA. Vid. Phœnice. 

Ppuq vicus, a mountain of Bœotia. 
Another in Lycia, called alſo QC/ymprs, 
with a town of the ſame name. 
of Erythræ. Liu. 56, c. 45. 


Liv. 29, 


put 


Pac&nNICUSA, now Felicud!, one oi the | 


Tolian iſlands. 

PagzxIsSA, a patronymic given to Dido 
a* 2 native of Pheenicia, Firg. An. 4, v. 
$2.9, 

Pud Nix, ſon of Amyntor King of 
Argos, by Cleobule or Hippudamia, was 
pieceptor to young Achilles, When his 
father proved faithleſs to his wife, on ac- 
count of his fondneſs for a concubine, 
called Clytia, Cleobule, jealous of her hut - 
band, perſuaded her ſon Phoenix to iagta- 
tate himſelf into the favors of bis father”; 
miſtreſs. Phoenix eaſily tucceeded, but 
when Amyntor diſcovered bis intrigues, 
he drew a Curſe upon him, and the fon 
bon after was deprived of lis fight, by 
divine vengeance, According to lone, 
Amyntor himſelf put out the eyes of his 
lon, which ſo cruelly provoked him, that he 
meditated the death of his father. Reaſon 
dd piety, however, prevailed over paſhan, 
and Phanix, not to become a parricide, 
fied from Argos to the court of Peleus, 
king of Piithia, Here he was treated with 


—7— — ——— ——— —_—_— — 


— 
—— 


P H 


tenderneſs, Pelens carried him to Chiron, 
who reſtored him to his eye-fight, and ſoon 
atter he was made preceptor to Achilles, 
his benefactor's ſon. He was alſo pre- 
lented with the government of many cities, 
and made king of the Dolopes. He ac- 
companied his pupil to the Trojan war, 
and Achilles was ever grateful for the in- 
ſtructions and precepts which he had re- 
ceived from Phoznix. After the death of 
Achilles, Phenix with others, was com- 
miſſioned by the Greeks to return into 
Greece, to bring to the war young Pyr- 
rhus. This commiſſion he performed with 
ſucceſs, and after the fall of Troy, he re- 
turned with Pyrrhus and died in Thrace, 
He was buried, according to Strabo, near 
Trachinia, where a ſmall river in the 
neighbourhood received the name of Phe: - 
nix. Strab. 9.—Hemer. Il. 9, &c.— Ovid, 
in Ib. v. 259. Apollod. 2, c. 7.—Virg. Mn. 
2, V. 762. A ſon of Agenor, by a 
nymph who was called Telephaſſa, accord- 
ing to Apollodorus and Moſchus, or ac- 
cording to others, Epimeduſa, Perimeda, or 
Agriope. He was, like his brothers Cadmus 
and Cilix, ſent by his father in purſuit” of 
his ſiſter Europa, whom Jupiter had car- 
ried away under the form of a bull, and 
wen his enquiries proved unſucceſsful, he 
ſettled in a country, Which, according to 
ſome, was from him called Phanicia. 
From him, as ſome ſunpole, the Carthagi- 
nians were called Pani, Apolicd. 3.— h- 
gu. fah, 178 — -The father of Adonis, 


according to He ſiod.— 4A Theban, deli- 


veted to Alexander, &c. A native of 
icenegos, Who Was an officer in the ſervice 
21 Eumenes. 

PhobLok, one of the horſes of Admetus. 
mountain of Arcadia, near Piſa. It 
received its name from Pholus, the friend 
of Hercules, who was buricd there. It is 
otten contounded with another of the ſame 
name in Thetlaly, near mount Otbrys, 
Plin. 4, c. 6.-—-Lucan. 3, v. 198. 1.6, v. 
58. J. 7, v. 449.— Cl. 2. Faß. 2, v. 
34 female iet sant, of Cretan ori- 
pin, given With her two tons to Sergeſtus, 
Ly Inas. Firg. tn. 60 Ye. 255. A 
Culirtezan in the age of Horace, Horat. x 
JA. 33, Ve Yo 

PuoLus, ane of the Centaurs, ſon of 
Silenus and le lia, or, according to others, 
of Ixion, and the cloud. He kindly enter- 
tained Hercule, wien tie was going againſt 
the boar of Erimanthus, but he refuſed 
to give him wine, as that which he had 
belonged to the reſt of the Centaurs. Her- 
cules, upon this, without ceremony, 
Lroke tits caſk and drank the wine, The 
mell of the liquor drew the Centaurs from 
dne naghbourhged to the houſe of Pholus, 

but 


—_— 
＋ * 


* 2 — 
. ig wa, 
—— A. 4 
0 
_ 
— 


—— 


« 
do dt — 


. 2 — 


4 . 


4-4 r 4 


” MN 


but Hercules ſtopped them when tbey for- 
cibly entered the habitation of his friend 
and killed the greateſt part of them. Pholus 
gave the dead a decent funeral, but he mor- 
tally wounded himſelf with one of the ar- 
rows which were poiſoned with the venom 
of the hydra, and which he attempted to 
extract from the body of one of the Cen- 
taurs. Hercules, unable to cure him, bu- 
ried him when dead, and called the moun- 
tain, where his remains were depoſited, by 
the name of Pholoe, A pallod. 1.—Pau|. 3. 
irg. G. 2, v. 456. An. 8, v. 204.— 
Died. 4.— ral. 1.—Lucan. 3, 6, & 7.— 
Stat. IAcbh. 2. One of the friends of 
Zneas, killed by Turnus. Firg. u. 12, 
V. 341. 

Po RR AS, a ſon of Priam and Epitheſia, 
killed during the Trojan war, by Mene- 
Jaus, The god Somnus borrowed his tea- 
tures when he deceived Palinurus, and 
threw him into the ſca near the coaſt of 
Italy. Vg. An. 5, v. 842. A fon of 
Lapithus, who married Hyriaine, the 
daughter of Epeus, by whom he had Actor, 
&c. Died. 2. Fauſ. 5, c. 1. A ſhepherd 
of Polybus, king of Corinth. A man 
who proſaned Apollo's temple, & c. Ovid, 
Alet. 11, v. 414. A king of Argos. 
———- native of Syene, ſon of Methion, 
Killed by Perſeus. Ovid. Met. 5, fab. 3. 

Puokxcus, or PHORCYS, a fea deity, 
ſon of Pontus and Terra, who married his 
ſiſter Ceto, by whom he had the Gorgons, 
the dragon that kept the apples of the 
Heſperides, and other monſters. IIcſiad. 
Theogn. — Apulled. One of the auxiliaries 
of Priam, Killed by Ajax, during the Tru- 
Jan war. Homer. II. 17. A man whoſe 
ſeven ſons aſſiſted Turnus againſt Encas. 
Virg. Ax. 10, v. 328. 

PHokmio, an Athenian general, whoſe 
father's name was Aſopicus. He impo- 
veriſhed himſelf to maintain and ſupport 
the dignity of his army. His debts were 
ſome time aſter paid by the Athenians, who 
wiſhed to make him their general, an office 
which he refuſed, while he had ſo many 
debts, obſerving that it was unbecoming an 
officer to be at the head of an army, when 
he knew that he was poorer than the 
meaneſt of his ſoldiers. A general of 
Crotona. A Peripatetic philoſopher of 
Epheſus, who once gave a lecture upon the 
clutics of an officer, and a military protef(- 
ſion. The philuſopher was himſclf igno- 
rant of the ſubzeft which he treated, upon 
which Hannibal the great, who was one 
of his auditors, exclaimed that he had 
ſeen many Gdoating old men, but never 
one worſe than Phormio. Cic, de Nat, D. 
2.—An Athenian archon. A diſciple 


of Plato, choſen by the people of Elis, to | 


P N | 


make a reformation in their government, 
and their juriſprudence. 

ProRMis, an Arcadian who acquired 
great riches at the court of Gelon and 
Hiero in Sicily. He dedicated the brazen 
ſtatue of a mare to Jupiter Olympius in 
Peloponneſus, which ſo much reſembled 
nature, that horſes came near it, as if it 
had been alive. Pauſ. 5, c. 27. 

Puö Rö xus, the god of a river of Pe. 
loponneſus of the ſame name. He was ſon 
of the river Inachus, by Meliſſa, and he 
was the ſecond king of Argos. He mar. 
ried a nymph called Cerdo, or Laodice, by 
whom he had Apis, from whom Argolie 
was called Apia, and Niobe, the firſt wo- 
man of whom Jupiter became enamoured. 
Phoroneus taught his ſubjects the utility of 
laws, and the advantages of a ſocial life, 
and of friendly intercourſe, whence the in- 
habitants of Argolis are often called Phoro. 
ni. Pauſanias relates, that Phoroneus, 
with the Cephifus, Aſterion, and Inachus, 
were appointed as umpires in a quarrel be- 
tween Neptune and Juno, concerning their 
right of patronizing Argolis. Juno gained 
the preference, upun which Neptune, in a 
fit of retentment, dried up all the four ris 
vers, whoſe deciſion he deemed partial. He 
afterwards reſtored them to their dignity 
and conſequence. Phoroncus was the firſt 
who raiſed a temple to Juno. He received 
divine honors after death. His temple ill 
exiſted at Argos, under Antoninus the Ro- 
man emperor. Pauſ. 2, c. 15, &c.— 
Ipod. 2, c. 1.—Hygin. fab. 143. 

PHoKkON1s, a patronymic of To as ſiſter 
of Phoroneus. Ovid. Alet. r, v. 625. 


Puokxöxviun, a town of Argolis, built 
| by Phoroneus. 

ProTINUsS, an cunuch why was prime 
minuter to Ptolemy, king of Egypt. 
When Pompey fled to the court of Ptole- 
my, after the battle of Pllarſalia, Photinus 
adviſed his maſter not to receive him, but to 
put him to death. His advice was firictly 
followed. Julius Cziar ſome time after 
viſited Egypt, and Photinus raiſed ſeditions 
againlt him, for which he was put to 
death. When Czfar triumphed over Egypt 
and Alexandria, the pictures of Photinus 
and of lome of the Egyptians, were carried 
in the proceſſion at Rome. Plut. 

Puories, a ſon of Antonina, who be- 
trayed to Belliſarius his wife's debaucheries. 
A patrician in Jufſtinian's reign. 

PHoxys, a gencral of the Phoczansy 
who burnt Lanipſacus, &c. Polyen. 3. 
A tyrant of Chaleis, baniſhed by his 
ſubjects, &c. iet. Pol. 5, c. 4. 


— — 


| PuRAATES iſt, a king of Parthia, who 
ſucceeded Arſaces the 3d, called alio Phiia- 
He made war agaluſt Antiochus, 

kiog 


patius, 


king of 
ſucceſſiv 
behind | 
and una 
painted 
whoſe a 
had oft 
c. 5.— 
thridates 
againlt 
his atufl 
Syria, 21 
pretence 
murdere 
had bee: 
coliitcd | 
c. 1—P 
ed his fa 
thia, anc 
rage to 
of Ame 
Kingdom 
law ſit o 
expeditig 
He rene: 
tatner ha 
return in 
ſons Oro 
The 4th, 
by his fa 
murderec 
made W. 
lacceſs, 
much loſ 
tt. toncd 
ſoon reg: 
the ufurp 
Claimed t 
man em 
dors to P 
the favor 
wcceſ>tul 
of prace ; 
peror, rei 
Which the 
and Anto 
with thei 
tage men 
Wat Phra 
the hand; 
Rome, th 
ſecurity, 2 
volt as 100 
Lily ine 
ln, thou 
GW luppart 
Wis not o 
He was h 
of his con 
Preaatiges 
— 6. —"7: 
—ÞPlut. ; 


C32 


ment, 


zuired 
1 and 
Yrazen 
jus in 
mbled 
ik it 


of Pe- 
ras ſon 
nd he 
E Mar- 
ice, by 
A rgolig 
t wo- 
zoured. 
ility of 
al hife, 
the in- 
Phoroe 
roneus, 
nachus, 
rel be · 
ng their 
gained 
ne, in 2 
four Tis 
tial. He 
dignity 
the firſt 
received 
ple ſtill 
the Ro- 
& c.— 


as ſiſtes 


25. 
lis, built 


as prime 

Egypt. 
Ff Ptole- 
Photinus 
n, but to 
s fltictly 
me after 
{editions 
put to 
er Egypt 
Photinus 
e carried 


who be- 
zucheries. 
n. 

„ hocæans, 
% n. 8. 
ed by his 


. 

th 13 , who 

Iſo Phria- 

Lntiochusg 
King 


1 


king of Syria, and was defeated in three 
ſucceſſive batties. He left many children 
behind him, but as they were all too young, 
and unable to ſucceed to the throne, he ap- 
ainted his brother Mithridates king, of 
whole abilities, and military prudence he 
had often been a ſpectator. Julia 41, 
c. 3. The 2d, ſucceeded his father Mi- 
thridates as King of Parthia; and made war 
againſt the Scythians, whom he called v0 
his aſuſtance againſt Antiochus, king of 
Syria, and whom ne refuſed to pay, on the 
aretence that they came too late. He was 


murdered by ſome Greek mercenaries who 


had been once his captives, and who had 
edliſted in his army, B. C. 129. Fuſtin. 42, 
c. 1 —Plut. in Pomp. The 3d, tucceed- 
ed his father Pacorus on the throne of Par- 
thia, and gave one of his daughters in mar- 
rage to Tigranes the ſon of Tigranes king 
of Aimenia Suon after he invaded the 
kingdom of Armenia, to make his ſon-in- 
law ſit on the throne of his father. His 
expedition was attended with 1il tuccels. 
He renewed a treaty of alliance which his 
father had made with the Romans. Art his 
return in Parthia he was aſſaſſinated by his 
ſons Orodes and Mithridates. Tuſtin. 
The 4th, was nominated King of Parttiia 
by his father Orodes, whom he ſoon after 
murdered, as allo his own brothers. He 
made war againſt M. Antony with great 
ſucceſs, and ubliged him to retire with 
much luſs. Some time after he was de- 
tioned by the Parthian nobility, but ac 
ſvon regained his power, and drove away 
the uſurper, called T.:ridates, The uſurper 
claimed the protection of Auguitus the Ro- 
man emperor, aud Phraates ſent ambaila- 
dors to Rome to plead his cauſe, and gain 
the favors uf his powerful judge. He was 
lwccefotul in his embaſſy, he made a treary 
of prace and alliance with the Roman em- 
peror, relivred the enſigus and ſtandards 
which the Parthians had taken from C:aflus 
and Antony, and gave up his four ſons 
with their wives as hoſtages, till his en- 
gagements were perforraed. Some ſuppoſe 
tut Phractes delivered his children into 
the hands of Auguſtus tu be confined at 
Rome, that he might reign with greater 
ſecurity, as de knew his ſubjects would re- 
volt as 190n as they found any one of his 
Linily inclined to countenance their rebeÞ 
non, though at the ſame ume, they ſcorned 
do tupport the intereſt of any uſurper who 
Was not ut the royal houſe of the Arlacidæ. 
tic was however at lait murdered by one 
of his concubines, who placed her ion called 
Pnraatiges on the throne. Val. Max. 7, 
6 6. — Jin. 42, 6. 5.—Dicd. Caf. 51, Vc. 
—Plut, in Anton. c — Tait. Ann. 6, 
„ . - Ane of Pathia u die reign! 


Fs 


| of Tiberius. —A ſatrap of Patthia, Tacte. 


Ann. 6. c. 42. 


PHRAATICES, a ſon of Phraates 4th. 
He with his mother murdered his father, 
and took poſſeſſion of the vacant throne. 
His reign was ſhort, he was depoſed by his 
ſubjects, whom he had offended by eruelty, 
avaiice and oppreſſion. : 

PERADATES, an officer in the army of 
DWius at the battle of Arbels. 

PHRAGANDA, a pesple of Thrace. Ln 
26, c. 25 

PuRAUA Tes, the ſame as Phraates. Vid. 
Puraates. 

PHRANICATES, a general of the Parthian 
armies, &c, Strab, 16. 

Pak Ao0RkTEsS, ſucceeded his father Deioces 
on the throne of Media. He made war 
againſt the neighbouring nations, and con- 
quered the greateſt part of Aa. He was 
deieated and Killed in a battle by the Aſſy- 
rians, after a reign of 22 years, B. C. 625. 
Pauſ.— tHeredot. 1, e. 102. 0 
India remarkable for his frugahity. PA. 

PURASICLES, a nephew of Themiſtocles, 
whole daughter Nrcumacha be married. 
Plut. in Them. 

PizaziMus, the father of Poaxithea. 
Apelled. 

Pur Asivs, a Cyprian ſoothſaver, ſacri- 
ficed on an altar by Buſiris king of Egypt. 

Pyuk ATAPHERNES, 4. general uf the Mai- 
ſagetæ, who ſurrendered to Alexander. 
Curt. 8. A latrap, who, after the death 
| of Darius, fled to Hyicania, &c. 14. 

J PHEIAPATIUS, a King of Paithia who 
 loriſhed B. C. 195. 
PHRICLUM, 2 town near Thermopylæ. 
| Liv. 36, c. 13. 

PuRIxs, a river of Argolis. There is 
alſo a (mall town of that name in Elis, 
built by the Minyz. Herodot. 4, c. 148. 

PHRoONTMA, a daughter of Etcarchus, 
kingwf Crete. She was delivered to a fer. 
vant to be thrown into the lea, ty order of 
her father, at the inſtigation of his ſecond 
wife. The ſervant was unwilling to mus 
der the child, but as he was buund by an 
vath to throw her into the lea, he accurd- 
ingly let her down into the watep by a rope, 
and took her out again unhurt. Phronima 
was afterwards in the number of the concu- 
bines of Paly macitus, by whom ſhe became 
mother of Battus, the founder of Cyrene. 
tiere dat. 4, c. 154. 

P4koST1s, the pilot of the ſhip of Me- 
 nelaus, aſter the Trujan war, was: killed by 
Apollo. Pang. 10, C. 25.— One of the 
Argonauts. Apolled. 1. 

Pu xb Rl, a Scythian nation. 

Puk voks, a tiver of Aha Minor, dividing- 
Phrygia from Caria, and falling into the 
Hermus. F.. 


— * 


— 


PURY G1ay 


A king of 


P H 

Pnz vcr, a country of Aſia Minor, gene- 
rally divided into Phrygia Major and Minor. 
Its boundaries are not properly or ac- 
curately defined by ancient authors, though 
it appears that it was ſituate between By- 
thynta, Lydia, Cappadocia, and Caria, It 
received its name from the Bryp-s, a nation 
of Thrace, or Macedonia, who came to ſet- 
tle there, and from their name, by corrup- 
tion, aroſe the word Phrygia. Cybele was 
the chief deity of the country, and her feſ- 
tivals were obſerved with the greateſt ſo- 
lemnity. The invention of the pipe of 
reeds, and of all ſorts of needlework, is 
attributed to the inhabifants, who are re- 
preſented by ſome authors as ſtubborn, but 
vielding to correction (hence Phryx ver- 
beratus melior), as imprudent, effe minate, 
ſervile, and voluptuous; and to this Firgi/ 
ſeems to allude Anu. q, v. 617. The 
Phrygians, like all other nations, were 
called Barbarians by the Greeks; their 
muſic (Parygit cantus) was of a grave and 
ſolemn nature when oppolcd to the briſker 
and more chearful Lydian airs. Mcla. 1, 
c. 19.—Strab. 2, &c.Qvid. Met. 13, v. 429, 
& c.—-Ciciã, ad fam. ep. 16.— Flac. 27.— 
Die. 1, c. 50.—Plin. 8, c. 48.—Horat. 2, 
ed. g, v. 16.—Pauſ. 5, C. 25.— Hergdet. 7, 
©. 73. A city of Thrace, 

PurRYNE, a celebrated proftitute who 
floriſhed at Athens about 328 years before 
the Chriſt ian era. She was miſtreſs to Prax- 
iteles, who drew her picture. This was 
one of his beſt pieces, and it was placed in 
the temple of Apollo at Delphi. It is ſaid 
that Apelles painted his Pon Anadyo- 
mene after he had ſeen Phryne on the fea 
thore naked, and with diſhevelled hair. 
Phryne became fo rich by the liberality of 
her lovers, that ſhe offered to rebuild at 
her own expence Thebes, which Alexan- 
der had deſtroyed, provided this inſcrip- 
tion was placed on the walls: Alexander 
diruit, ſed meretrix Phryne refecit. This was 
retuled. Plin. 34, c. 8. There was alſo 
another of the ſame name who was accuſed 
of impiety. When ſhe ſaw that ſhe was 
going to be condemned, ſhe unveiled her 
buſum, which ſo influenced her judges, that 
ſhe was immediately acquitted. Quint//. 2, 
6. 16. 8 
Puk vxlcus, a general of Samos, who 
endeavoured to betray his country to the 
Athenians, &c. A flatterer at Athens. 
A tragic poet of Athens, diſcipie to 
Theſpis. He was the firſt who introduced 
a female character on the ſtage. Szrab, 14. 
A comic poet. 

PuxVNISs, a muſician of Mitylene, the 
firti who obtained a muſical prize at the 
Panathenza at Athens. He added wo 
ſuings to the lyre, which had always been 


. 


. 


uſed with ſeven by all his predeceſſorz 
B. C. 438. It is ſaid that he was original. 
ly a cook at the houſe of Hiero, king of 
Sicily. A writer in the reign of Com- 
modus, who made a collection in 36 
books of phraſes, and ſentences from the 
beſt Greek authors, &c. 

PuR vo, a celebrated general of Athens, 
who died B. C. $90. 

PyRYx us, a ſon of Athamas, King of 
Thebes, by Nephele. After the repudia- 
tion of his mother, he was perſecuted with 
the moſt inveterate fury by his ſtep-mother 
Ino, becauſe he was to fit on the throne of 
Athamas, in preference te the children of 
a ſecond wife. He was apprized of Ino's 
intentions upon his life, by his mother Ne- 
phele, or acecording to others, by his ptc- 
ceptor; and the hetter to make his eſcape, 


| he ſecured part of his father's treaſures, and 


privately left Beeotia with his ſiſter Helle, 
to go to their friend and relation Æctes, 
king of Colchis. They embarked on board 
a ſhip, or according to the fabulous account 
of the poets and mythologiſts, they mount- 
cd on the back of a ram whoſe fleece was 
of gold, and procceded on their journey 
through the air. The height to which they 
were carried made Helle giddy, and ſhe 
fell into the ſea. Phryxus gave her a de- 
cent burial on the Tca ſhore, and after he 
had called the place Helleſpont from her 
name, he continued his flight, and arnved 
ſafe in the Kingdom of Actes, where he 
offered the ram on the altars of Mars. Thc 
king received him with great tenderneſs, 
and gave him his daughter Chalciope in 
marriage. She had by him Phrontis, Me- 
lias, Argos, Cylindrus,whom ſome call Cy- 
torus, Catis, Lorus, and Hellen. Some 
time after he was murdered by bis father- 
in-law, who cnvicd him the poſſeſſion of 
the golden fleece; and Chalciope, to pre- 
vent her children from ſharing their father's 
fate, ſent them privately from Colchis to 
Bœotia, as nothing was to be dreaded 
there from the jealouſy or reſentment of 
Ino, who was then dend. The fable of 
the flight of Phryxus to Colchis on 2 
ram, h: been explained by ſome, wh 
obſcrve, that the ſhip on which he cm- 
barked, was either called by that name, of 
carried on her prow the figure of that ant» 
mal. The fleece of gold is explained by 
recollecting that Phryxus carried away im- 
menſe treaſures from Thebes. Phry xus vas 
placed among the conſtellations of heaven, 
after death. The 1am which carricd him (0 
Aſia, is ſaid to have been the fruit of Nep- 
tunc's amour with Theophanc, the daugh- 
ter of Alis, This ram hug been given de 
Athamas by the gods, to reward his pictf 


and religious lite, and Nephele procuicd if 
| E 


4s. 


for her 
be ſacri 
murder 
amply 
riſe to 
atchieve 
princes 
object 1 
and the 
for his 
Dad. 4 
rg, 
44. 1, c. 
14,185, 
A ſmall 
PaTH 
ealt of 1 
Achules 
often call 
V. 4.—( 
c. 3,—P, 
15 e. 10. 
by Tupit« 
bimſelf u 
FI. 3 
phion anc 
kd. 
_ Putri 
ſaly, bety 
Maliacus 
It was alt 
PVA, 
Attica, w 
to re-eſtat 
ranny, dr 
and led to 
te ule 
1 
artihce ſy 
yen, I, 
PY CU 
yrene, u 
PuYLX 
Fhylacus. 
hence he 
can. 6, V, 
Far. 8, 
v. 45, C 
P&vyL Xx 
Phocis. Hi 
g of Myn 


PayLAt 
ho loriſh 
 PiyLas 
vehus, an 
Pv. F, 


ta little d 
2 [hraf. 

Pu I er: 
lad 


PuvlEv 


ring the 
He 


——— . - 


5p H 


for her children, juſt as they were going to 


fors be ſacrificed to the jealouſy C? Ino. The 
als murder of Phryxus was ſome time after 
g of amply revenged by the Greeks. It gave 
_ tiſe to a celebrated expedition which was 
36 archieved under Jaſon, and many of the 
| The princes of Greece, and which had for its 
object the recovery of the golden fleece, 
* and the puniſhment of the king of Colchis 
fur his cruelty to the ſon of Athamas.” 
g of Did. 4.— Herodot. 7, c. 197.—Apvllon, 
udia- A. —Orpheus —Flaceus, —Strab, — Apol- 
with I:4.1, c. 9.—Pindar. Pyth., 4. — Hygin. fab. 
other 14, 183, &c,—Ovid. Heroid. 18, Met. 4. 
Ine of A ſmall river of Argolis. 
ren 0 Puruta, a town of Phthiotis, at the 
Ino eat of mount Othrys in Theſſaly, where 
r Ne- Achiiles was born, and from which he is 
is pic» often called Phthius heros, Har at. 4, ed. 6, 
(cape, v. 4.—Owvid. Met, 13, v. 156.—Mela. 2, 
es, and c. 3,—Propert. a, el. 14, v.lz38.—Cic. Tuſc. 
Helle, 1, c. 10. A nymph of Achaia, beloved 
FEetes, by jupiter, who, to ſeduce her, diſguiſed 
board bimſelf under the ſhape of a pigeon. AÆlian. 
.CcOUNt FH. „ 15. A daughter of Am- 
mount phion and Niobe, killed by Diana. A pol- 
ece was 14. 
journey P{THIGT1S, a ſmall province of Theſ- 
ich they ſaly, between the Pelaſgicus ſinus and the 
and ſhe Maliacus ſinus, Magneſia, and mount Eta. 
ra de- It was alſo called Achaia. Pauſ. 10, c. 8. 
after be Puva, a tall and beautiful woman of 
om her Attica, whom Piſiſtratus, when he wiſhed 
arrived ty re- eſtabliſh himſelf a third time in his ty- 
here he unny, dreſſed like the goddeſs Minerva, 
ars. Thee and led to the city on à chariot, making 
ndernels, the populace believe that the goddeſs her- 
ICIOPC IN {If came to reſtore him to power. 
tis, Me- B:rifice ſucceeded. Herodet. 15 Cc. 59.— 
call Cy- In. 1, c. 40. 
3», Some Pu vs, (wntis), a promontory, near 
is fathet- cyrene, now called Raſ-al-ſem. Lucan.g, 
Rflion of WH 'pyvixce, a town of Theflaly, built by 
e, to pro raylacus. Protefilaus reigned there, from 


ir father's 


whence he is often called Phylacides. Lu- 
Colchis to 


can. 6, v. 252.—A town of Arcadia, 


2 dreaded Parſ. 8, c. 54.——A town of Epirus. 
ntment oi v.45, c. 26. | 

e fable of PuvlAcus, a ſon of Deion, king of 
chis on 3 Bhtccis. He married Clymene, the daugh- 
ſome, ue ter of Mynias, and founded Phylace. Apol- 
ch he em-. | 


t name, o 


PBVLAxchus, a Greek biographer, 


f that an-: bo floriſhed, B. C. 221. 

x plained by PuvLAs, a king of Ephyre, ſon of An- 
d away un- ochus, and grandion of Hercules. 

Phry xus was Pu ver, a well fortified village of Attica, 


of heaven, 
rried bim (0 
uit of Np" 


ta little diſtance from Athens. C. Nep. 
1 Ihraf, | 


PVL EIS, a daughter of Theſpius. A- 
N lad. ' 


The | called PH by the Greeks. 


5 H 


pay Hercules what he had promiſed him 
for cleaning his ſtables. He was placed on 
his father's throne by Hercules. 

PuvLIk A. Vid. Philyra, | 

PaxyLLa, the wife of Demetrius Poli- 
orcetes, and mother of Stratonice, the wife 
of Seleucus. 

PHYLLALTA, a part of Arcadia.——A 
place in Theſſaly. | 

PaHYLLELUS, a mountain, country, and 
town of Macedonia. Apollen. Arg. 1. 

PavyLL1s, a daughter of Sithon, or ac- 
cording to others of Lycurgus, king of 
Thrace, who - hoſpitably recewed Nemo- 
phoon the ſon of Theſeus, who at his te- 
turn from the Trojan war, had ſtopped on 
her coaſts. She became enamoured of him, 
and did not find him inſenſible to her paſ- 
ſion. After ſome months of mutual ten- 
derneſs and affection, Demophoon ſet ſail 
for Athens, where his domeſtic affairs re 


turn as ſoon as a month was expired; but 
either his diſlike for Phyllis, or the irre- 
parable ſituation of his affairs, obliged him 
to violate his engagement, and the queen, 
grown deſperate on account of his abſences 
hanged herſelf, or according to others, threw 
herſelf down a precipice into the ſea, and 
periſhed, Her Fiends raiſed a tomb over 
her body, where there grew up certain trees, 
whoſe leaves, at a particular ſeaſon of the 
year, ſuddenly became wet, as if ſhedding 
tears, for the death of Phyllis. According 
to an old tradition, mentioned by Servius, 
Virgil's commentator, Phyllis was changed 
| by the gods into an almond tree, which is 
Some days 
after this metamorphoſis, Demophoon re- 
viſited Thrace, and when he heard of the 
tate of Phyllis, he ran and claſped the tree, 
which, though at that time ſtripped of its 
leaves, ſuddenly ſhot forth and bloſſomed 
as if ſtill ſenſible of tenderneſs and love. 
The abfence of Demophoon from the houſe 
of Phyllis has given riſe to a beautiful epiſ- 
tle of Ovid, ſuppoſed to have been written 
by the Thracian queen about the 4th month 
after her lover's departure. Ovid. Heroid. 
2, de Art, Am. 2, v. 353. Ti. 2.—tygin. 
fab. 59. A country woman introduced 
in Virgil's eclogues. The nurſe of the 
emperor Domitian. Suet, in Dom. 17,— 
A country of Thrace near mount Pangæus. 
Herodot. 7, c. 113. 

PuvLLivs, a young Beœotian, uncom- 
monly fond of Cygnus, the ſon of Hyria, a 
woman of Bœotia. Cygnus lighted his 
paſhon, and told him that to obtain a return 
of affection, he muſt previouſly deſtroy an 
enormous lion, take alive two large vultures, 
and ſacritfice on Jupiter's altars a wild bull 
that infeſted the country. This he eaſily 


the davgh* 

en given de PuyLEVUs, one of the Greek captains 

d bus pet luring the Troian war. A ſon of Au- 
procurcd 4s. He blamed his father for refuſing to 


etfected by means of artifice, and by the 
81 advice 


called him. He promiſed faithfully to re- 


— 


a8 P 1x 


advice of Hercules he forgot his partiality ander eroſſed when he went to conſult the 


for the ſen of Hyria. Ovid. Met. 7, | oracle of Ammon. Diod. e>. 

v. 372.--Nicand. in Heter. 3. A Spar-] Picræ, or Pier, a people of Scythia, pl: 

tan remarkable for the courage with which | called alſo Agatzhyrſz. They received this of 

he fought againft Pyrrhus, king of Epirus. | name from their painting their bodies with dai 

P4YLLGDCCE, one of Cyrene's attendant | different colors, to appear more terrible in Ac 

nymphs. Virg. G. 4, v. 336. the eyes of their enemies. A colony of — 

PHYLLos, a country of Arcadia.——A | theſe, according to Servius, Virgil's com- mc 

town of Theſſaly, near Lariſſa, where | mentator, emigrated to the northern parts Py 

Apollo had a temple. of Britain, where they ſtill preſerved their ] 

PnyLLtvus, a gereral of Phocis during } name and their ſavage manners, but they eitl 

the Phoc ian or ſacred war againſt the The- | are mentioned only by later writers. Mar- Th 

Hans. He had aſſumed the command after Tap 27, c. 18.—Claudian, de Hon, conf. ſom 

the death of his brothers Philomelus and | v. 54.— Pin. 4, c. 12.— J ſela. 2, c. 1. of! 

Onomarchus. Me is called by fume Phayl- | PrcTAvr, or Picröxzs, a people of Alf 

lus. Vid. Phocis, ö Gaul, in the modern country of Poicten. leng 

PWVYSCELLA, atownof Macedonia. Mela. | Cf. 7, bell. G. c. 4. whi 

2, 0. 3, - PicTXviuMm, a town of Gaul. into 

Puyscron, a famous rock of Baotia, FaBius PicTtos, a conful under whom poſe 

which was the reſidence of ghe Sphynx. ſilver was firſt coined at Rome, A. U. C. 485. the 

Plat. Preumnus, and PiLUMduUs, two deis Pier 

Puyscoa, à woman of Elis, mother of f ties at Rome, who preſided over the au- Pier] 

Narceus, by Bacchus. Pau. 5, c. 16. ſpices, that were required before the cele- was 

Puvyscox, a firname of one of the Ptole- | bration of nuptials. Pilumnus was ſuppoſed gian! 

mies kings of Egypt, from the great pro- | to patronize children, as his name ſeems in Py 

minency of his belly (Sven, renter). ſome manner to indicate, quod pellat mala 9, C. 

Pu vscos, a town of Caria, oppoſite | infantiz. The manuring of lands was firtt Pi 

Rhodes. Strad. 14. invented by Picumnus, from which reaſon to th 

Piyscvs, a river of Aſta, falling into] he is cafled Sterquilimus. Pllumnus is al- ſome 

the Tigris. The ten thouſand Greeks crof- | ſo invoked as the god of bakers, and mil- man 

ſed it on their return from Cunaxa. lers, as he is faid to have firſt invented how callec 

| Pu vA Ipks, the deſcendants of Phy-| to grind corn. Turnus boafted of being were 

li talus, a man who hoſpitably received and | one of his lineal deſcendants. Vrg. An. g, ed. 

k entertained Ceres, when ſhe viſited Attica. | v. 4.—Farre. in Pe 
195 Plut. in Theſ. Pi cus, a king of Latium, ſon of Saturn, Pauſ. 
n Puviox, a general of the people of Rhe- | who married Venilia, who is alſo called Ca- of the 
Fs gium againſt Dionyfius, the tyrant of Si-| nens, by whom he had Faunus. He waz Pr] 
"BY cily. He was taken by the enemy, and} tenderly loved by the goddeſs Pomona, tion ff 
1 tortured, B. C. 387, and his ſon was thrown and he returned a mutual affection. As he to ou 
FT 4 into the ſea. Died. 14. { was one day hunting in the woods, he wa: amon 

* Purx tun, a town of Elis. met by Circe, who became deeply enam- their 
9 PIA, or Prat 1a, feſtivals inftituted in | oured of him, and who changed him into 4 a tem 

| 14 honor of Adrian, by the emperor Antoni- | woodpecker,. called by the name of pian where 
Ti nus. They were celebrated at Puteoli, on f among the Latins. His wife Venilia wat milk 
| [1 the ſecond year of the Ofympiads. ſo diſeonſolate when ſhe was informed of priſon 
© Pi Asus, ageneral ofthe Pelaſgi. Strab,r3. | his death, that ſhe pined away. Some depriy 
1 1 Piekxt, the inhabicants of Picenum, | ſuppoſe that Picus was the ſoa of Pilum- Val. A 
q called alſo Picentes. They received their] nus, and that he gave out prophecies to lus Pr a 
1 19 name from pics, a bird by whoſe auſpices | ſubjets, by means of a favorite woods Herods 
. * they had ſettled in that part of Italy. Ital. pecker, from which cireumſtance originated Pro 
4 y $, v. 425.—Strab. 5. — Meta. 2, c. 4. the fable of his being metamorphoſed into: Northe 
| Pic NIA, the capital of the Picentini. | bird. Vg. n. 7, v. 45, 171, &c. -u word } 
SF Picexnrivs, a people of Iraly, between] Mer. 14, v. 320, &c. Ovid. 4 
* | Lucania and Campania on the Tufcan tea. PipoRUs, a town near mount Athos Tacit. 
1 They are different from the Piceni or Pi- | Herodot, 7, c. 122. Pit 
centes, who inhabited Picenum. I. It. 8, | PrpyTEs, a man killed by Ulyſſes dur- Vid. Þ 
N i v. RO. — Tacit. H. 4, c. 62. ing the Trojan war. Prim 
fl | | Pic£xNUM, or PiCENUS AGER, a coun- þ PiFLvus, a ſon of Neoptolemus, king 6 the cor 
1 f try of Italy near the Umbrians and Sabines, | Epirus, after his father. Pau. T, c. II. ſacred 
115 on the borders of the Adriatic, Liv. 21, PifkA, a fountain of Peloponneſus, b are oft 
2 | c. 6. |. 22, c. 9. I. 27, c. 43.—S:, to, | tween Elis and Olympia. Pau. 5, e. 16, Horat, 
FL v. 313.—Horat, 2, ſat. 3, v. 272.— fart. PIERIA, a ſmall tract of country | Martia 

L 1, ep. 44. x Theſſaly or Macedonia, from which tief v. 26, 
0 Vena, a Jake of Africa, which Alex- | epithet of Picrian was applied to the Muſe Pan 


ult the 


cythiag 
ed this 
es with 
1ble in 
lony of 
$ com- 
un parts 
d their 
Put they 

Mar. 


n. conſ. 
„ 


_ le of 
oictou. 


er whom 
J. C. 485. 
two (els 

the Als 
the cele- 
ſuppoſed 
ſeems in 
ellat mala 
8 was frtt 
ch reaſon 
nus is al- 
and mil- 
ented how 

of being 
g En, on 


of Saturn, 
called Ca- 
He waz 

s Pomona, 
mn. As he 
ds, he Was 
ply enam- 
him into 2 
ae of pic 
Venilia wat 
nformed ©! 
ay. Some 
of Pilum- 
hecies to his 
brite wood- 
e originated 
zhoſed into 3 
& c. Oui 


ount Athos 
Ulyſſes dure 


nus, king * 
15 Co 11. 

onneſus, b 

uſ. 5 © 16, 
f country | 
n which th 
to the Muſe 


P I 


and to poetical compoſitions. Martial. q, | 


2p. 88, v. 3.—Horat. 4, od. 8, v. 20. A 
place between Cilicia and Syria. One 
of the wives of Danaus, mother of ſix 
daughters called Actea, Podarce, — . 
Adyte, Ocypete, and Pilarge. Apollod. 2. 
be wife of Oxylus, the ſon of Hæ- 
mon. Pauſ. 5, c. 3.— The daughter of 
Pythas, a Milefian, &c. | 
PiIERIDEs, a name given to the Muſes, 
either becauſe they were born in Pieria, in 
Theſſaly, or becauſe they were ſuppoſed by 
ſome to be the daughters of Pierus, a king 
of Macedonia, who ſettled in Bceotia. 
Alſo, the daughters of Pierus, who chal- 
lenged the Muſes to a trial in muſic, in 
which they were conquered, and changed 
into magpies. It may perhaps be ſup- 
poſed, that the victorious Muſes aſſumed 
the name of the conquered daughters of 
Pierus, and ordered themſelves to be called 
Picrides, in the ſame manner as Minerva 
was called Pallas becauſe ſhe had killed the 
giant Pallas. Ovid. Met. 5. v. 300. 
PiEr1s, a mountain of Macedonia. Par. 
„e. 29. 
; PiERus, a mountain of Theſſaly, ſacred 
to the Muſes, who were from thence, as 
ſome imagine, called Pierides. A rich 
man of Theſſaly, whoſe nine daughters 


called Pierides, challenged the Muſes, and 


were changed into magpies, when conquer- 
ed. Pauſ. 9, c. 29,——A river of Achaia, 
in Peloponneſus. A town of Theſlaly, 
Pauſ. 7, c. 22. A mountain with a lake 
of the ſame name in Macedonia. 

PiETASs, a virtue which denotes venera- 
tion for the deity, and love and tenderneſs 
to our friends. It received divine honors 
among the Romans, and was made one of 
their gods. Actlius Glabrio firſt erected 
a temple to this new divinity, on the ſpot 
where a woman had fed with her own 
milk her aged father, who had been im- 
priloned by the order of the ſenate, and 
deprived of all aliments. Cic. de div. 1.,— 
Val. Max. 5y C. 4. 

Pro RxESs & MATTY AS, two brothers, &c. 
Herodot. The name of three rivers. 

PiGRUM MARE, a name applied to the 
Northern ſea, from its being frozen. The 
word Pigra is applied to the Palus Maœotis. 
Ovid. 4. Pont. 10, v. 61.-Plin. 4,6. 13.— 
Tacit, G. 45. 

P1LUMNUS, the god of bakers at Rome. 
Vid. Picumnus. | 

PiMPLA, a mountain of Macedonia, on 
the confines of Theflaly, near Olympus, 
ſacred to the Muſes, who on that account 
are often called Pimpleæ and Pimpleades, 
Horat, f, od. 26, v. g.—Strab. 10.— 
Martial. 12, ep. 11, v. 3.—Stat. 1. Sylv. 4, 
v. 26, Sylv. 2, v. 36. 

PinrRANA,atwwn on the Indus, Arian, 


21 


Prix ART, an iſland of the Zgean fea. 


A town of Syria, at the ſouth of 
mount Amanus. Plin. 3, c. 25,——0f 
Lycia, Strab. 14. 

PixnAzrvus & PoTrITivs, two old men 
of Arcadia, who came with Evander to 
Italy, They were inſtructed by Hercules, 
who viſited the court of Evander, how they 
were to offer ſacrifices to his divinity, in 
the morning, and in the evening, immedi. 
ately at ſun- ſet. The morning ſacrifice 
they punctually performed, but on the even- 
ing Potitius was obliged to offer the ſacrifice 
alone, as Pinarius neglected to come till af- 
ter the appointed time, This negligence 
offended Hercules, and he ordered, that for 
the future, Pinarius and his deſcendants 
ſhould preſide over the ſacrifices, but that 
Potitius, with his poſterity, ſhould wait 
upon the prieſts as ſervants, when the ſa- 
crifices were annually offered to him on 
mount Aventine. This was religiouſly ob- 
ſerved till the age of Appius Claudius, who 
perſuaded the Potitii by a large bribe, ts 
diſcontinue their ſacred office, and to have 
the ceremony performed by ſlaves. For 
this negligence, as the Latin authors ob- 
ſerve, the Potitii were deprived of fight, and 
the family became a little time after totally 
extindt. Liu. 1, c. 7.—Virg. u. 8, 
v. 269. &c.— Victor. de orig. 

M. PinAz1vs Rusca, a pretor, whe 
conquered Sardinia, and defeated the Corſi- 
cans. Cic. de orat. 2. 


PiNARUs, or PinDUs, now Delifou, 


| a river falling into the ſea near Iſſus, after 


_ between Cilicia and Syria. Dionyſ, 
er. 

Pi xc un, a town of Mœſia Superior, now 
Gradi ſca. 

Pix DARus, a celebrated lyric poet, of 
Thebes. He was carefully trained from his 
earlieſt years to the ſtudy of muſic and poe- 
try, and he was taught how to compoſe 


verſes with elegance and ſimplicity, by 


Myrtis and Corinna, When he was young, 
it 18 ſaid that a ſwarm of bees ſettled on his 
lips, and there left ſome honey-combs as he 
repoled on the gratis. This was univerſally 
explained as a prognoſtic of his future great- 
neſs and celebrity, and indeed he ſeemed 
intitled to notice when he had conquered 
Myrtis in a muſical conteſt. He was not 
however ſo ſucceſsful againſt Corinna, who 
obtained five times, while he was compe- 
titor, a poetical prize, which, according to 
ſome, was rather adjudged to the charms ot 
her perſon, than to the brilliancy of het 
genius, or ithe ſuperiority of her compoſi- 
tion. In the” public aſſemblies of Greece, 
where females were not permitted to con- 
tend, Pindar was rewarded with the prize, 
in preference to every other competitor; 
and as the conquerors at Olympia were the 

8 ſubject 


7 1 

ſubject of his eompoſitions, the poet was 
courted by ſtateſmen and princes. His 
hymns and pæans were repeated before the 
moſt crowded aſſemblies in the temples of 
Greece; and the prieſteſs of Delphi declared 
that it was the will of Apollo, that Pindar 
ſhould receive the half of all the fit fruit 
offerings that were annually heaped on his 
altars. This was not the only public honor 
which he received ; after his death, he was 
honored with every mark of reſpect, even 
to adoration, His ſtatue was erected at 
Thebes in the public place where the games 
were exhibited, and fix centuries after it 
was viewed with pleaſure and admiration, 
by the geographer Pauſanias. The honors 
which had been paid to him while alive, 
were alſo ſhared: by his poſterity ; and at 
the celebration of one of the feſtivals of 
the Greeks, a portion of the victim which 
had been offercd in ſacrifice, was reſerved 
for the deſcendants of the poct. Even the 
anoſt inveterate enemies of the Thebans, 
ſhewed regard for his memery, and the 
Spartans ſpared the houſe in which the 
prince of Lyrics had inhabited when they 
deſtroyed the kouſes and the walls of The- 
bes. The fame reſpe&t was alſo paid him 
by Alexander the Great, when Thebes was 
reduced to aſhes, It is ſaid that Pindar 
died at the advanced age of $6, B. C. 435. 
The greateſt part of his works have periſhed, 
He had written ſome hymns to the gods, 
{gar in honor of Apollo, dithyrambics to 
acchus, and odes on ſeveral victories ob- 
tained at the four greateſt feſtivals of the 
Greeks, the Olympic, Iſthmian, Pythian, 
and Nemean games. Of all theſe, the odes 
are the only compoſitions extant, admired 
for ſublimity of ſentiments, grandeur of 
expreſſion, energy and magnificence of 
ſtile, boldneſs: of metaphors, harmony of 
numbers, and elegance of diction. In theſe 
odes, which were repgated with the aid of 
muſical inſtruments, and accompanied by 


the various inflections of the voice, with 


ſuitable attitudes, and proper motions of 
body, the poet has not merely celebrated 
the place where the victory was won, but 
has introduced beautiful epiſodes, and by 
unfolding the greatneſs of his heroes, the 
clignity of their characters, and the glory 
of the ſeveral republics where they floriſh- 
ad, he has rendered the whole truly beauti- 
ful, and in the higheſt degree intereſting. 
Horace has not hefitated to call Pindar in- 
imitable, and this panegyric will not per- 
haps appear too offenſive, when we re- 
collect that ſucceeding critics have agreed 
in extolling his beautics, his excellence, 
the fire, animation, and enthuſiaſm of his 
genius, He has been cenſured for his af- 


PI 
the letter S was excluded. The beſt editions of 
Pindar are thoſe of Heyne, 4to. Gottingen, 
1773; of Glaſgow, 12mo, 1774; and of 
Schmidius, 4to. Witteberg. 1616. Athen, 
— Quintil, 10, c. 1. —Horat. 4, od. 2.— 
lian. V. H. 3.—Panſ. 1, c. 8. J. 9, c. 23. 
—Val. Max. 9, c. 12.—Plut. in Alev.— 
Curt. 1, c. 13. A tyrant of Epheſus, 
who killed his maſter at his own requeſ, 
after the battle of Philippi. Pt. A 
Theban, who wrote a Latin poem on the 
Trojan war. 

PinvDgAsvs, a mountain of Troas. 

PinDENISSUs, a town of Cilicia, on the 
borders of Syria. Cicero, when proconſul 
in Aha, beſieged it for 25 days and took it. 
Cic. ad M. Cœlium. ad Fam. 2, ep. 10. 

Pix pus, a mountain, or ratler a chain 
of mountains, between Theſſaly, Macedonia, 
and Epirus. It was greatly celebrated as 
being facred to the Muſes and to Apollo, 
Ovig. Met. r, v. 570.—Strab. 18.—Virg, 
Ecl. 10,——Lucan. 1, v. 674. l. 6, v. 339.— 
Mea. 2, e. 3. A town of Doris in 
Greece, called alſo Cyphas. It was water- 
ed by a ſmall river of the ſame name which 
falls into the Cephiſus, near Lilæa. Her. 
aut. 1, v. 56. 

PrixnGus, a river of Myſia, falling into 
the Danube. Plin. 3, c. 26. 

PiNNA, a town of Italy, at the mouth 
of the Matrinus, ſouth of Picenum. . 8, 
v. 518. | : 

PINT IAS. Vid. Phinthias. 

PIN TIA, a town of Spain, now ſuppoſed 
to be Falladelid, 

Pio, one of the deſcendants of. Her- 
cules who built Pionia near the Caycus in 
Myſia. It is ſaid that ſmoke iſſued from 
his tomb as often as ſacrifices were offered 
to him. Pauſ. 9, c. 18. 

Piö xi, a town of Myſia, near the 
Caycus. 

Pius, or PIR ZE Us, a celebrated har- 
bour at Athens, at the mouth of the Ce- 
phiſus, about three miles diſtant from the 
city. It was joined to the town by two 
walls, in circumference ſeven miles and an 
half, and ſixty feet high, which Themittocles 
wiſhed to raiſe in a double proportion 
One of theſe was built by Pericles, and 
the other by Themiſtocles. The towers 
which were raiſed on the walls to ſerve 
as a defence, were turned into dwelling- 
houſes, as the, population of Athens gra- 
dually increaſed. It was the moſt capa- 
cious of all the harbours of the Athenians, 
and was naturally divided into three large 
baſons called Cantharos, Aphrodifium, and 
Zea, improved by the labors of Themi- 
ſtocles, and made ſufficiently commodious 
for the reception of a fleet of 400 ſhips i 


ſectation in compoſing an ode, from which 


the Freateſt ſecurity. The walls — 


kille 
was 
a fol 
ſtill . 
The 


tories 
met h 
ſight 
not be 
the aj 
betwe 
was | 
and P 
as a p 
pair a 
in At 
that ti 
came 

fached 
friend! 
is bece 
after n 
only tl 
themſ. 
taurs, 

the on 
vited, 

War w 
the gu 
entelt 
the be 
With y 
thc bri 


ns of 
gen, 
| of 


then, 


n the 


Mm the 
conſul 
ok it. 
O. 
chain 
donia, 
ted as 
\ pollo, 
ig. 
* 
ris in 
water- 
which 

Her- 


ng into 


mouth 
Sil. $, 


uppoſcd 
of. Her- 


ycus in 
ed from 
» offered 


1ear the 


ed har- 
the Ce- 
from the 
by two 
s and an 
miſtocles 
oportion 
les, and 
e towers 
to ſerve 
dwelling- 
hens gra- 
oft capa- 
thenians, 
aree large 
fum, and 
f Themi- 
mmodious 
o ſhips in 
ius which 
joine 


2. I 


joined it to Athens with all its fortifications, 
were totally demoliſhed when Lyſander put 
an end to the Peloponneſian war by the re- 
duction of Attica. Pauſ. 1, c. 1.—Stredb. q, 
C. Nep. in Them.—Fler, 3, c. 5,—Tuflin, 
5, c. 8,—Ovid, Met. 6, v. 446. 

" PiRENE, a daughter of Danaus. LA 
daughter of CEbalus, or according to others, 
of the Achelous. She had by Neptune 
two ſons called Leches and Cenchrius, who 
gave their name to two of the harbours of 
Corinth. Pirene was ſo diſconſolate at the 
death of her ſon Cenchrius, who had been 
killed by Diana, that ſhe pined away, and 
was diffolved by her continual weeping into 
a fountain of the ſame name, which was 
{ill ſeen at Corinth in the age of Pauſanias. 
The fountain Pirene was ſacred to the 
Muſes, and according to ſome, the horſe 
Pegaſus was then drinking ſome of its wa- 
ters, when Bellerophon took it to go and 
conquer the Chimara. Pauſ. 2, c. 3.— 

vid. Met. 2, v. 240. 

PiRITHOUs, a ſon of Ixion and the 
s\oud, or according to others, of Dia, the 
daughter of Dcioneus. Some make him 
ſon of Dia, by Jupiter, who aſſumed the 
ſhape of a horſe whenever he paid his ad- 
dreiſes to his miſtreſs. He was King of the 
Lapithz, and as an ambitious prince he 
withed to become acquainted with Theſeus, 
king of Athens, of whoſe fame and exploits. 
he had heard ſo many reports. To ſee 
him, and at the ſame time to be a witneſs 
of his valor, he reſolved to invade his terri- 
tories with an army. Theſeus immediately 
met him on the borders of Attica, but at the 
hight of one another the two enemies did 
not begin the engagment, but ſtruck with 
the appearance of each other, they ſtepped 
between the hoſtile armies. Their meeting 
was like that of the moſt cordial friends, 
and Pirithous, by giving Theſeus his hand 
as a pledge of his fincerity, promiſed to re- 
pair all the damages which his hoſtilities 
in Attica might have occaſioned. From 
that time, therefore, the two monarchs be- 
came the moſt intimate and the moſt at- 
tached of friends, ſo much, that their 
*r:endſhip, like that of Oreſtes and Pylades, 
is become proverbial. Pirithous ſome time 
after married Hippodamia, and invited not 
only the heroes of his age but alſo the gods 
themſelves, and his neighbours the Cen- 
tiurs, to celebrate his nuptials. Mars was 
the only one of 11:4 gods who was not in- 
vited, and to punith this neglect, the god of 
war was determined to raiſe a quarrel among 
the gueſts, and to difturb the feltivity of the 
enteitunment. Eurythion, captivated with 


„ 


the beauty of Hippodamia, and intoxicated 
with wine, attempted to offer violence to 
Bc bride, but he was prevented by Theſeus 


NI. 


and immediately killed. This irritated the 
reſt of tne Centaurs, the conteſt hecame ge- 
neral, but the valor of Theſeus, Pirithous, 
Hercules, and the reſt of the Lapithæ, tri- 
umphed over their enemies. Many of the 
Centaurs were ſlain, and the reſt ſaved their 
lives by flight. [ Vid. Lapithus.) The death 
of Hippodamia left Pirithous very diſcon- 
folate, and he reſolved, with his friend 
Theſeus, who had likewiſe Joſt his wife, 
never to marry again, except to a goddeſs, 
or one of the daughters of the gods. This 
determination occaſioned the rape of Helen 
by the two friends, the lot was drawn, and 
it fell to the ſhare of Theſcus to have the 
beautiful prize. Pirithous upon this un- 
dertook with his friend to carry away Pro- 
ſerpine and to marry her. They deſcended 
into the infernal regions, but Pluto, who 
was apprized of their machinations to diſ- 
turb his conjugal peace, ſtopped the two 
friends, and cosfined them there. Piri- 
thous was tied to his father's wheel, or ac- 
cording to Hyginus, he was delivered to 
the Furies to be continually tormented. His 
puniſhment, however, was ſhort, and when 
Hercules viſited the kingdom of Pluto, he 
obtained from Proſerpine the pardon of 
Pirithous, and brought him back to his 
Kingdom fafe and unhurt. Some ſuppoſe 
that he was torn to pieces by the dog Cer- 
berus. [ Vid. Theſeus.] Ovid. Met. 12, 
fab. 4 & 5.—Heficd. in Scut. Her. — Homer, 
J. 2.—Pauf. 5, c. 10.—4polled. 1, c. 8. 
I. 2, c.. 5. — Hygin. fab. 14, 79, 15 5. - Dial. 


nu. 7, v. 304 —Mart. 7, ep. 23. 

Pius, a captain of the Thraciàns dure 
ing the Trojan war, killed by Thoas, king 
of Atolia, Homer. Il. 4. 

PIRUSTA, a people of Illyricum. Liv, 
45, C. 26. | 

PisA, a town of Elis on the Alpheus at 
the weſt of the Peloponneſus, founded by 
Piſus the ſon of Perieres, and grandſon of 
Zolus. Its inhabitants accompanied Neſ- 
tor to the Trojan war, and they enjoyed 
long the privilege of preſiding at the Oly m- 
pic games which were celebrated near their 
city. This honorable appointment was 
envied by the people of Elis, who made 
war againſt the Piſcans, and after many 
bloody battles took their city, and totally 
demoliſhed it. It was at Piſa that AÆnomaus 
murdered the ſuitors of his daughter, and 
that he himſelf was cunquered by Pelops. 
The inhabitants were called 1% C t. Some 
have doubted the exiſtence of ſuch a place 
as Piſa, but this doubt originates from 
Piſa's having been deſtroyed in fo remote 
an age. The horſes of Piſa were famous. 
The year on which the Olympic games 


were celebrated, was viten Called Pijz4s 
1 aunus, 


4.—Plut, in Ile. — Hoerat. 4, od. 7. —-Vrg. 


— = 
— 3 4 - 
w —— — ” * ** Pp 
- = 
A - — _, 6.45 * # » » I LL 
* * - + . - 
x 2 - - - A A - * — 
; 4 c — * 6 FY _ «*T 


— 


8 


annut, and the victory which was obtained 
there was called Piſææ remus olive. Vid. 
Olympia. Strab. 8.—Ovid. Trift. 2, v. 386. 
I. 4, el. 10, v. 95. — Mela. 2.—Virg. G. 3, 
v. 180.—Stat. Theb, 7, v. 416. — Pauſ. 6, 
e. 22. 

Prs x, a town of Etruria, built by a co- 
Jony from Piſa in the Peloponneſus. The 
inhabitants were called Piſani. Dionyſus 
of Halicarnaſſus affirms that it exiſted before 
the Trojan war, but others ſupport. that it 
was built by a colony of Piſeans who were 
ſhipwrecked on the coaſt of Etruria at their 
return from the Trojan war. Piſz was 
once a very powerful and floriſhing city, 
which conquered the Baleares, together 
with Sardinia and Corſica. The ſea on the 
neighbouring coaſt was called the bay of 
Piſæ. Virg. n. 10, v. 179.—Strab. 5.— 
Lucan. 2, V. 401.— Liu. 39, C. 2. I. 45z 
C. 13. 

P1s&Vs, a firname of Jupiter at Piſa, 

P1iSANDER, a ſon of Bellerophon killed 
by the Soly mi. ATrojan chief killed by 
Menelaus. One of Penelope's ſuitors, 
ſon of Polyctor. Ovid. Hereid. 1. A ſon 
of Antimachus, killed by Agamemnon dur- 
ing the Trojan war. An admiral of the 
Spartan fleet during the Peloponneſian war. 
He aboliſhed the democracy at Athens, and 
eſtabliſhed the ariſtocratical government of 
the four hundred tyrants. He was killed 
in a naval battle by Conon the Athenian 
general near Cnidus, in which the Spartans 
loſt 50 gallies, B. C. 394. Diod. A 
poet of Rhodes who compoſed a pocin 
called Heraclea, in which he gave an ac- 
count of all the labors and all the exploits 
of Hercules. He was the firſt who ever 
repreſented his hero armed with a club. 
Pauſ. 8, c. 22. 

PisATESs, or Pts #1, the inhabitants ef 
Piſa in the Peloponneſus. 

PisAUuRvus, now Foplia, a river of Pice- 
num, with a town called Piſaurum, now 
P:ſaro, which became a Roman colony in 
the conſulſhip of Claudius Pulcher. The 
town was dcftroyed by an earthquake in 
the beginning of the reign of Auguſtus. 
Mela, 2, c. 4.—Catull. 82.—Plin, 3.—Liv, 

e. K 3. bf, e. 37» 
97 3 ſon of Ixion and the cloud. 
— One ef the anceſtors of the nurſe of 
Ulyſſes. Homer. Od. 1, 

Pisos, a king of Etruria, about 260 
years before the foundation of Rome, Plin, 
75 ©. 20. 

" P1S1As, a general of the Argives in the 
age of Epaminondas. A ſtatuary at A- 
thens celebrated for his pieces. Pauſ. 


PisiD1A, an inland country of Alia Mi- 


nor, between Phrygia, Pamphylia, Galatia, 


3 


inhabitants were called Pfd. Cic. de 
Div. 1, c. 1. - Mela. 1, c. 2.—Strab. 12. 
—Liv. 37, c. 54 & 56. 

PrsIDICE, a daughter of Holus, whs 
married Myrmidon. A daughter of Nef. 
tor, A daughter of Pelias. The 
daughter of a king of Methymna in Leſ- 
bos. She became enamoured of Achilles 
when he invaded her father's kingdom, and 
ſhe promiſed to deliver the city into his 
hands if he would marry her. Achilles 
agreed to the propoſal, but when he be. 
came maſter of Methymna, he ordered Pi- 
fidice to be ſtoned to death for her perfidy. 
Parthen, erot. 21. 

P1s1s, a native of Theſpis, who gained 
uncommon influence among the Thebans, 
and behaved with great courage in the de- 
fence of their liberties. He was taken pri- 
ſoner by Demetrius, who made him gover- 
nor of Theſpiæ. 

PIs IsTRATIDæ, the deſcendants of Pi- 
ſiſtratus, tyrant of Athens. Vid. Piſiſtratus. 

Pis1STKATTDEs, a; man ſent as ambaſ- 
ſador to the ſatraps of the king of Perha by 
the Spartans. 

Prs1sTRATUs, an Athenian, ſon of 
Hippocrates, who carly diſtinguiſhed him- 
ſelf by his valar in the field, and by his 
addreſs and eloquence at home. After he 
had rendered himſelf the favorite of the 
populace by his liberality and by the intre- 
pidity with which he had fought their bat- 
tles, particularly near Salamis, he reſolved 
to make himſelf maſter of his country. 
Every thing ſeemed favorable to his am- 
bitious views; but Solon alone, Who was 
then at the head of affairs, and who had 
lately inſtituted his celebrated laws, op- 
poſed him and diſcovered his duplicity and 
artful behaviour before the public aſſembly. 
Piſiſtratus was not diſheartened by the- 
meaſures of his relation Solon, but he had 
recourſe to artifice. In returning from his 
country houſe, he cut himſelf in various 
places, and after he had expoſed his mangled 
body to the eyes of the populace, deplored 
his misfertunes, and accuſed his enemies ot 
attempts upon his life, becauſe he was the 
friend of the people, the guardian of the 
poor, and the reliever of the oppreſſed, he 
claimed a choſen body of 50 men from the 
populace to defend his perſon in future from 
the malevolence and the cruelty of his ene- 
mies. The unſuſpecting people unani- 
mouſly granted his requeſt, though Solon 
oppoſed it with all his influence; and Piſiſ- 
tratus had no ſooner received an armed 
band on whoſe fidelity and attachment he 
could rely, than he ſeized the citadel of 
Athens, and made himſelf abſolute. The 
people too late perceived their credulity; 


and Ifauria. It was rich aud fertile. The | 


ö 


yet, though the tyrant was popular, two - 


the e 
ſpire 
mea! 
city. 
expo! 
Athe 
them 
of lil 
tyran 
Lycu 
ſiſtrat 
Athen 
Piſiſſ. 
of his 
expel 
By m 
ſhape 
and c 
peopl. 
amon; 
thront 
herſc! 
tus, ſh 
deſs o 
who 1 
eſtabl 
which 
and fa 
In the 
fiſtrati 
fomet! 
daugh 
only t. 
were 
the int 
in-law 
could 
retired 
was dr 
means 


aggran 
neglect 
Atheni 
before 
the ſoy 
includi 
and he 
chus. 

his juſt 
ton, 

tyrant, 
his prix 
fellow 
general 
buted x 
tion, b 
Atheni. 


de mo 


i. 


Pic. de 


th, 12. 


„ whe 
Ff Neſ- 
— The 
n Leſ- 
\chilles 
m, and 
nto his 
\chilles 
he be- 
red Pi- 
zerhdy, 


gained 
hebans, 
he de- 
ten pri- 
gover- 


s of Pi- 
iſtratus. 
ambaſ- 


erſia by 


ſon of 
ed him- 
| by his 
After he 
> of the 
he intre- 
ieir bat» 
reſolved 
country. 
his am- 
ho was 
who had 
WS, op- 
icity and 
aſſembly. 

by the- 
3t he had 
from his 
1 various 
mangled 
deplored 
nemies of 
e was the 
n of the 
re ſſed, he 
from the 
ture from 
f his ene-* 
e unanl- 
gh Solon 
and Piſiſ- 
an armed 
hment he 
citadel of 
ute. The 
credulity3 
ur, two 0 


EN 


the citizens, Megacles and Lycurgus, eon- 
ſpired together againſt him, and by their 
means he was forcibly ejected from the 
city. His houſe and all his effects were 
expoſed to ſale, hut there was found in 
Athens only one man who would buy 
them. The private diſſentions of the friends 
of liberty proved favorable to the expelled 


tyrant, and Megacles, who was jealous of | 


Lycurgus, ſecretly promiſed to reſtore Pi- 
ſiſtratus to all his rights and privileges in 
Athens, if he would marry his daughter. 
Piſiſtratus conſented, and by the aſſiſtance 
of his father-in-law, he was ſoon enabled to 
expel Lycurgus, and to re-eſtabliſh himſelf. 
By means of a woman called Phya, whoſe 
ſhape was tall, whoſe features were noble 
and commanding, he impoſed upon the 
people, and created himſelf adherents even 
among his enemies. Phya was conducted 
through the ſtreets of the city, and ſhowing 
herſelf ſubſervient to the artifice of Piſiſtra- 
tus, ſhe was announced as Minerva, the god- 
deſs of wiſdom, and the patroneſs uf Athens, 
who was come down from heaven to re- 
eſtabliſh her favorite Piſiſtratus, in a power 
which was ſanctioned by the will of heaven, 
and favored by the attectien of the people. 
In the midſt of his triumph, however, Pi- 
ſiſtratus ſound himſelf unſupported, and 
ſometime after, when he repudiated the 
daughter of Megacles, he found that not 
only the citizens, but even his very troops 
were alienated from him by the influence, 
the intrigues, and the bribery of has father- , 
in-law. He fled from Athens were he 
could no longer maintain his power, and 
retired to Eubœa. Eleven years after he 
was drawn from his obſcure retreat, by 
means of his ſon Hippias, and he was a 
third time received by the people of Athens 
as their maſter and ſovereign. Upon this 
he ſacrificed to his reſentment the frieuds 
of Megacles, but he did not loſe fight of 
the public geod; and while he ſought the 
aggrandizement of his family, he did not 
neglect the dignity and the honor of the 
Athenian name. He died about 527 years, 
before the Chriſtian era, after he had enjoyed 
the ſovereign power at Athens for 33 years, 
including the. years of his baniſhment, 
and he was ſucceeded by his fon Hippar- 
chus. Piſiſtratus claims our admiration for 
his juſtice, his liberalty, and his modera- 
tion, If he was dreaded and deteſted as a 
tyrant, the Athenians loved and reſpected 
his private virtues and his patriotiſm as a 
fellow citizen, and the opprobrium which 
generally falls on his head may be attri- 
duted not to the ſeverity of his adminiſtra- 
tion, but to the republican principles of the 
Athenians, who hated and exclaimed againſt 
De moderation and equity of the mildeſt 


i. 


1 


ſovereign, while they flattered the pride 
and gratified the guilty deſites of the moſt 
ty rannical of their fellow ſubjects. Piſiſ- 
tratus often refuſed to puniſh the inſolence 
of his enemies, and when he had one day 
been virulently accufed of murder, rather 
than inflit immediate puniſhment upon 
the man who had criminated him, he went 
to the areopagus, and there convinced the 
Athenians that the accuſations of His ene- 
maes were groundleſs, and that his life was 
Irreproachable. It is to his labors that we 
are indebted for the preſervation of the po- 
ems of Homer, and he was the firſt, ac- 
cording to Cicero, who introduced them at 
Athens, in the order in which they now 
ſtand. Ae alſo eftabliſhed a public library 
at Athens, and the valuable books which be 
had diligently collected were carried into 
Perſia when Xerxes made himſelf maſter 
of the capital of Attica, Hipparchus and 
Hippias the ſons of Piſiſtratus, who have 
received the name of Pi/iftratide, rendered 
themſelves as illuſtrious as their father, but 
the flames of liberty were too powerful to 
be extinguiſhed. The Piſiſtratidæ go- 


verned with great moderation, yet the 


name of tyrant or ſovereign was inſup- 
portable to the Athenians. Two of the 
moit reſpectable of the citizens called Har- 
modius and Ariſtogiton, conſpired againſt 
them, and Hipparchus was diſpatched in 
a public aflembly. This murder was not 
bowever attended with any advantages, and 
though the two leaders of the conſpiracy, 
who have been celebrated through every 
age for their patrionſm, were ſupported 
by the people, yet Hippias quelled the tu- 
mult by his uncommon firmneſs and pru- 
dence, and for a while preſcrved that peace 
in Athens, which his father had often been 
unablę to command, This was not lung 
to continue. Hippias was at laſt expelled 
by the united efforts of the Athenians and 
of their allies of Peloponneſtts, and he left 
Attica, when he found himſelf uuable to 
maintain his power and independence. 
The reſt of the family of Piſiſtratus fol- 
lowed him in his baniſhment, and after 
they had refuſed to accept the liberal offers 
of the princes of Theſſaly, and the king of 
Macedonia, who withed them to ſettle in 
their reſpective territories, the Piſiſtratidæ 
retired to Sigzum, which their father had in 
the ſummit of his power conquered and 
bequeathed to his poſterity, After the ba- 
nithment of the Piſiſtratidæ, the Athenians 
became more than commonly jealous of 
their liberty, and often ſacrificed the moſt 
powerful of their citizens, apprehenſive of 
the influence which popularity, and a well 
directed liderality might gain among a fie k le 
and unſettled populace. The Piſiſtratidæ 

814 Were 


—— - 


P 1 
wer: baniſhed from Athens about 18 years 
after the death of Piſiſtratus, B. C. 510. 
lian. V. H. 13, c. 14.—Parſ. 7, c. 26. 
Herodot. t, c. 59. 1. 6, c. 103.— Cle. de 
erat. 3z.— Val. Max. 1, c. 2. A ſon of 
Neſtor, Apollod. A king of Orchome- 
nos, who rendered himſclf odious by his 
cruelty. towards the nobles. He was put 
to death by them, and they carried away 
his body from the public aſſembly, by 
hiding each a piece of his fleſh under their 
garments, to prevent a diſcovery from the 

cople, of which he was a great favorite. 

lut. in Par, A Theban attached to 
the Roman intereſt, white the conſul Fla- 
minius was in Greece, He aſſaſſinated the 
pretor of Bœotia, for which he was put to 
death, &c. 

P1580, a celebrated family at Rome, 
which was a branch of the Calpurnians, 
deſcended from Calpus the fon of Numa, 
Before the death of Auguſtus, 11 of this 
family had obtained the conſulſhip, and 
many had been honored with triumphs, on 
account of their victories, in the different 
Provinces of the Roman empire. Of this 
family, the moſt famous were Lucius 
Calpurnius, who was tribune of the people, 
about 149 years before Chriſt, and after- 
wards conſul. His frugality procured him 
the firname of Frugi, and he gained the 


greateſt honors as an orator, a lawyer, 


a ſtateſman, and an hiſtorian. He made 
a ſucceſsful campaign in Sicily, and re- 
warded his ſon, who had behaved with 
great valor during the war, with a crown 
of gold, which weighed twenty pounds. 
He compoſed ſome annals and harangues, 
which werc loſt in the age of Cicero, . His 
ſtile was obſcure and inclegant. 
Caius, a Roman conſul, A, U. C. 685. 
who ſupported the conſular dignity againſt 
the tumults of the tribunes, and the cla- 
mors of the people. He made a law to 
reſtrain the cabals which generally prevailed 
at the. election of the chief magiſtrates. 
w—— - Cnecius, another conſul under Au- 
guſtus. He was one of the favorites of 
Tiberius, by whom he was appointed go- 
vernor of Syria, where he rendered himſelf 
odious by his crueity, 
having poiſoned Germanicus, and when he 


ſaw that he was ſhunned and deſpiſed by 


his friends, he dcfiroyed himſelf, A. D. 
20. Lucius a governor of Spain, who 
was aſſiMnatcd by a peaſant, as he was tra- 
velling targugh the country. The mur- 


derer was ſeized and tortured, but he re- 


fuſed to confeſs the cauſes f the murder, 
Lucius, a private man, accuſed of 
having uttered ſeditious words againſt the 
emperor Tiberius, He was cy3ndemned, 
but a natural death ſaved hin from the 


{ peror Nero. 


He was accuſed of 


7 


hands of the executioner— Lucius, a 39, 

vernor of Rome for twenty years, an office 

which he diſcharged with the greateſt ju. 

tice and credit, He was greatly honored 

by the friendſhip of Auguſins, as well az 

of his preceptor, a diſtinction he deſerved, 

both as a faithful citizen and a man of 
learning. Some, however ſay, that Tibe. 
rius made him governor of Rome, becauſe 
he had continued drinking with him a night 
and two days, or two days and two nights, 
according to Pliny. Horace dedicated his 
pocm de arte Poetica, to his two ſons, 
whoſe partiality for literature had diſtin- 
guiſhed them among the reſt of the Ro- 
mans, and who were fond of cultivating 
poetry in their leiſure hours. Cneius, a 
factious and turbulent youth, who con- 
ſpired againſt his country with Catiline, 
He was among the friends of Julius Cæſar. 
Caius, a Roman who was at the head 
of a celebrated conſpiracy againſt the em- 
He had rendered himſelf a 
favorite of the people by his private, as 
well as public virtues, by the generoſity of 
his behaviour, his fondneſs of pleaſure 
with the voluptuous, and his aufterity with 
the grave and the reſerved. He had been 
marked by ſome as a proper perſon to 
ſucceed the emperor ; but the diſcovery of 
the plot by a freedman, who was among 
the conſpitators, ſoon cut him off, with all 
his partizans, He refuſed to court the at- 
fections of the people, and of the army, 
when the whole had been made public, 
| and inftead of taking proper meaſures for 
his preſervation, either by proclaiming 
himſelf emperor, as his friends adviſed, or 
by ſceking a retreat in the diſtant pro- 
vinces of the empire, he retitcd to his own 
houſe, where he opened the veins of both 
his arms, and blcd to death. Lucius, a 
ſenator who followed'the emperor Valerian 
into Perſia, He proclaimed himſelf em- 
peror after the death of Valerian, but he 
was defeated and put to death a few weeks 
after, A. D. 261, by Valens, &c.— Lu- 
cinianus, a ſenator adopted by the empe- 
ror Galba. He was put to death by O- 
tho's orders. A ſon-in-law of Cicero. 
A patrician, whoſe daughter married 
ulius Cæſar. Horat.— Iucit. Ann. & 
lift, Val. Max. Liu. Sueton.—Cic. de 
| offic. &c.—Pfut. in Cæſ. &c One of the 
30 tytants appointed over Athens by Ly- 
ſander. GS 


Campania, which the emperor Nero oftcu 
frequented, Tacit. An. 1. 

Pis$1kt's, a town of Thrace, near the 
river Neſtus. Herod, 7, c. 109. 


PisTOR, a firname given to jupiter by 
the Romans, ſignify ing baker, becaule 
2 


> 
»I 


\ Pizon1s villa, a place near Baie in 


when 
the g. 
loaves 
were | 
thenee 
of pro 
near 1 
deceiv: 
raiſed” 
394» « 

PIS 
ria, a 
Floren 
Salluff 

P1s 
to oth 


5, 
Prs 
who r 
father 
Art. 
PII 
nor. 
ſwam 
2 Y. 
Melu. 
A 
v. 46. 
PII 
ing wil 
Fat, 9 
PII 
of Etr 
Znari- 
the tc 
earthq 
liged tl 
a vulc 
which 
ſay, t 
there, 
name | 
inhabit 
Met. 1 
Pyr. 
PII 
PIT 
of perſ 
mans, 
cury a1 
a diade 
fluence 
her arr 
of an c 
bly, a! 
derbolt 
higuity 
attract 
a ſymt 
with t} 
cero, . 


 antjent 


the at! 


yz a $05 
m office 
fl juſ- 
honored 
well as 
eſerved, 
man of 
it Tibe- 
becauſe 
A night 
) nights, 
ated his 
70 ſons, 
| diſtin» 
the Ro- 
Itivating 
eius, 2 
ho con- 
Catiline, 
2s Cæſar. 
the head 
the em- 
himſelf a 
ivate, ay 
eroſity of 
pleaſure 
rity with 
had been 
perſon to 
covery of 
is among 
„ With all 
rt the al- 
he army, 
le public, 
aſures for 
oclaiming 
dviſed, or 
tant pro- 
o his own 
1s of both 
Lucius, 2 
Valerian 
mſelf em- 
n, bat he 
ew weeks 
.— Lu- 
the empe- 
ath by O- 
of Cicero. 
r married 
Ann, © 
1 
One of the 
s by Ly- 


r Baie in 


Nero often 


near the 


Jupiter 22 


7 2 


1 


when their city was taken by the Gauls, 
the god perſuaded them to throw down 
loaves from the Tarpeian hill where they 
were beſieged, that the enemy might from 
thenee ſuppoſe, that they were not in want 
of proviſions, though in reality they were 
near ſurrendering through famine, This 
deceived the Gauls, "and, they ſoon after 
raiſed! the ſiege. Ovid, Faſt. 6, v. 350. 
394, &C. 

P1sTORIA, now Piſſoja, a town of Etru- 
ria, at the foot of the Apennines, near 


Florence, where Catiline was defeated. | 


Salluſt. Cat. 57.—Plin, 3, e 
Pis us, a ſon of Aphareus, or according 
to others of Perieres. Apollod. 3.— Pau. 


Pr8vTHNES, a Perſian ſatrap of Lydia, 


who revolted from Darius Nothus. His 


father's name was Hyſtaſpes. Plut. in 
Art. 

PiTANE, a town of /Eolia in Aſia Mi- 
nor. The inhabitants - made bricks which 
ſwam on the ſurface of the water. Lucan. 


3, v. 305.—Strab. 13.—Pitruv. 2, e. 3. 


Mela. 1, c. 18.—Ovid. Met. 7, v. 357. 
A town of Laconia. Pindar. ci. 6, 
v. 46. 

PiTARATVsS, an Athenian archon, dur- 
ing whoſe magiſtracy Epicurus died. Cc, 
Fat, 

1 a ſmall iſland on the coaſt 
of Etruria, antiently called Anaria, and 
Enarina, with a town of the ſame name, on 
the top of a mountain, The frequent 
earthquakes to which it was ſubject, ob- 
liged the inhabitants to leave it. There was 
a vulcano in the middle of the iſland, 
which has given occaſion to the antients to 


ſay, that the giant Typhon was buried 


there. Some ſuppoſe that it received its 
name from 7:$;a4 monkeys, into which the 
inhabitants were changed by. Jupiter. Ovid, 
Met. 14, v. g0.—Plin. 3, c. 6.—Pindar, 
Fytk. x.—Strab. 1. 8 

Prirukus. Vid. Pikes... 

PiTHo, called alſo Suada, the goddeſe 
of perſuaſion among the Greeks and Ro- 
mans, ſuppoſed to be the daughter of Mer- 
cury and Venus. She was repreſented with 
a diadem on her head, to intimate her in- 
fluence over the hearts of men. One of 
her arms appears raiſed as in the attitude 
of an orator, haranguing in a public aſſem- 
bly, and with the other ſhe holds a thun- 
derbolt and fetters, made with flowers, to 
ſignify the powers of 1caſoning, and the 
attractions of eloquence. A caduceas, as 
a ſymbol of perſuaſion, appears at her fect, 
with the writings of Demoſthenes and Ci- 
cero, the two moſt celebrated among the 


, antients, who underitood how to r 


the attention of their audience, and tv 


P T 
rouſe and animate their various paſſions 
A Roman courtezan. She reccived 
this name on account of the allmements 
which her charms poſſeſſed, aud of her win- 
ning expreſſions. 

PirHoLAus & Lycoryron, ſeized 
upon the fovereign power of Pheræ, by kill- 
ing Alexander. They were ejected by Phi- 
lip of Macedonia. Diod. 16. 

PITHGLEON, an infignificant poet of 
Rhodes, who mingled Greek and Latin in 
his compoſitions. He wrote ſome epigrams. 
H:zrat. 1, ſat. 10, v. 21. 

PrTHoN, one of the body guards of A- 
lexander, put to death by Ant ochus. 

Piruvs, a nymph beloved by Pan. 
Boreas was alſo fond of her, but ſhe flight- 
ed his addreſſes, upon hien he daſhed her 
againſt a rock, and ſhe was changed into a 
pine tree. 

Pirr cus, a native of Mitylene in 
Leſbos, was one of the ſeven wiſe men of 
Greece. His father's name was Hyrradius. 
' With the aſſiſtance of the ſons of Alczus, 
ne delivered his country from the oppreſ- 
hon of the tyrant Melanchrus, and in the 
war which the ' Athenians waged againtt 
Leſbos he appeared at the head of his 
countrymen, and challenged to ſingle com- 
bat Phrynon the enemy's general. As the 
event of the war ſeemed to depend upon 
this combat, Pittacus had recourſe to arti- 
fhce, and when he engaged, he entangled 
his adverſary in a net, which he had. con- 


ed him, He was amply rewarded for this 
victory, and his countrymen, ſenſible of his 
merit, unanimouſly appointed him gover» 
nor of their city with unlimited authority. 
In this capacity Pittacus behaved with 
great moderation and prudence, and after 
he had governed his fellow citizens with 
the ſtricteſt juſtice, and after he had eſta- 
bliſhed and enforced the moſt ſalutary laws, 
he voluntarily reſigned the ſovereign power 
after he had enjoyed it for 10 years, obſerv- 
ing that the virtues and innocence of private 
lite were incompatible with the power and 
influence of a ſovereign. His diſintereſted- 
neſs gained him many admirers, and when 
the Mitylencans wiſhed to reward his pub- 
lic ſervices by preſcnting him with an im- 
menſe tract of territory, he refuſed to ac- 
cept more land than what ſhould be con- 
tained within the diſtance to which he could 
throw a javelin, He died in the 82d year 
of his age, about 570 years before Chritt, 
after he had ſpent the laſt 10 years of his 
life in literary caſe, and peaceful retirement, 
One of his favorite maxims was that man 
ought to provide gainſt misiortunes, to 
avoid them; but that if they ever happened 
| ne ougut to fupport them with patience 


and 


cealed under his ſhield and eaſily diſpatch- 


** 
I 


= — 


* 
= 


a * 
823 a 
2 
6 
—_ 
— 
ow 


* - O ——_— 
Re Ys I - 
4 a #4 > - 
- N — - oe 


13 


and refgnation. In proſperity friends were | 
to be acquired, and in the hour of ad- 
verſity their faithfulneſs was to be tried. 
He alſo obſerved that in our actions it was 
imprudent to make others acquainted with 
our deſigns, for if we failed we had expoſed 
ourſelves to cenſure and to ridicule. Many | 
of his maxings were inſcribed on the walls 
of Apollo's temple at Delphi, to ſhew to 
the world how great an opinion the Mityle- 
neans entertained of his abilities as a philo- 
ſopher, a moraliſt, and a man. By one of 
his laws, every fault committed by a man 
when intoxicated, deſerved double puniſh- 


ment. Diog.—Ariftet. Polit, —Plut. ia ſymp. 


—Pauſ. 10, c. 24. lian. V. H. 2, &c.— 
Val. Max. 6, c. 5. A grandſon of Porus 
king of India. 

PiTTHEA, a town near Tra:zene, Hence 
the epithet of Pittheus in Ovid. Meet. 15, 
v. 296. 

Pirrut vs, a King of Trazene in Argo- 
Jis, ſon of Pelops and Hippodamia. He 
was univerſally admired for his learning, 
wiſdom, and application; he publicly taught 
an a ſchool at Trezene, and even compoſed 
a book, which was ſeen by Pauſanias the 
geographer. He gave his daughter Athra 
in marriage to AÆgeus, king of Athens, 
and he himſelf took particular cate of the 
youth and education of his grandſon The- 
ſeus. He was buried at Trazene, which 
he had founded, and on his tomb was ſeen, 
for many ages, three ſeats of white marie, 
on which he ſat, with two other judges, 
whenever he gave laws to his ſubjects, or 
ſettled their diſputes. Pauſ. 1 & 2.—P/ut. 
in Theſ.—Strab. 8. 

PiTUAaniUs, 2 mathematician in the 
age of Tiberius, thrown down from the Tar- 
peian rock, &c. TJacit. Ann. 2. 

PrTULAN1, a people of Umbria. Their 
chief town was called Pitulum, 

PrtTY&A, a tewn of Alla Minor. A- 

lox. 

PiTY AS$Us, a town of Piſidia. Serab. 

PrTYonESUSs, a ſmall iſland on the coaſt 
of Peloponneſus, near Epidaurus. in. 

Prirvus (untis), now Pitckinda, a town 
of Colchis. Pliz. 6, c. 5. 

PiTYUsA, a ſmall iſland on the coaſt of 
Argolis. Plin. 4, c. 12. A name of 
Chios. Two (mall iflands in the Medi- 
terrancan, near the coaſt of Spain, of which 


| os 


' PLACENTIA, now called Placenza, ax 
ancient town and colony of Italy, at the 
confluence of the Trebia and Po. Liv, 21, 
c. 25 & 56. 1. 37, c. 10.— Another, near 
Luſitania, in Spain. 

PLACIDEIANUS, a gladiator in Horace's 
age, 2 Sat. 7. 

PLAaciDia, a daughter of Theodoſius 
the Great, ſiſter to Honorius and Arcadius, 
She married Adolphus, king of the Goths, 
and afterwards Conſtantius, by whom ſhe 
had Valentinian the zd. She died A. D. 
449- | 

PLAcrpivs JULIVS, a tribune of a co- 
hart, who impriſoned the emperor Vitel- 
lius, &c. Tacit. H. 3, c. 8 

PLAN ASA, a ſmall iſland of the Tyr- 

rhene ſea. Another, on the coaft of 
Gaul, where Tiberius ordered Agrippa, 
the grandſom of Auguftus, to be put to 
death. Tacit. Ann. 1, c. 3. A town on 
the Rhone. 
PLAN CI NA, a woman celebrated for her 
intrigues and her crimes, who married Piſo, 
and was accuſed with him of having mur- 
dered Germanicus, m the reign of Tiberius, 
She was acquitted cither by means of the 
empreſs Livia, or on account of the par- 
trality of the emperor for her perſun. She 
Rad long ſupported the ſpirits of her huſ- 
band, during his confinement, but, when 
ſhe ſaw herſelf freed from the accuſation, 
ſhe totally abandoned him to his fate. 
Subſervient in every thing to the will of 
Livia, ſhe, at her inſtigation, became guilty 
of the greateſt crimes, to injure the cha- 
rater of Agrippina. After the death of 
Agrippina, Plancina was accuſed of the 
moſt atrocious villainies, and, as ſhe knew 
that ſhe could not elude juſtice, the put 
herſelf to death, A. D. 33. Tacit. Ann, 6, 
. 26, &c. 

L. PrANx cus MunaTivs, a Roman, 
who rendered himſelf ridiculous by bis 
follies and his extravagance, He had been 
conſul, and had prefided over a province in 
the capacity of governor, but he forgot all 
his dignity, and became one of the moſt 
ſervile flatterers of Cleopatra and Antony. 
At the court of the Egyptian queen in A- 
lexandria, he appeared in the character of 
the meaneſt ſtage dancer, and, in comedy, 
he perſonated Glaucus, and painted his 
body of a green color, dancing on a public 


__ 


the larger was called Ebuſus, and the ſmaller | ſtage quite naked, only with a crown of 


Ophiuſa, Mela. 27 C. 7.—Strabh. Pin. 37 
e. 8. 

Prius, a firname given to the emperor 
Antoninus, on account of his piety and 
virtue. A ſirname given to a ſon of 
Metellus, becauſe he intereſted himſelf ſo 


green reeds on his head, while he had tied 
behind his back, the tail of a large ſea fiſh. 
This expoſed him to the public deriſion, 
and, when Antony had joined the reſt of 
his friends in cenſuring him for his unbe- 
coming behaviour, he deſerted to Octavius, 


warmly to have his father recalled from ba- 
piſthrmcat, 


friendſhip and attention, It was he who 
propolcdy 


who received him with great ma. ks of 


propoſ 
of Au! 
friend 
nity an 
of his 
has dec 
tainly « 
gance « 
written 
Gaul, 
in Ant 
the ſe 
wiſhed 
refuſed 
to dan; 
letus, 
PLA 
of Boe: 
land or 
ranean. 
Herodo. 
PLA 
Bœotia 
fines o 
2 batt]: 
the cor 
and Pa 
Atheni 
390,00 
with t 
army, 
few m 
Athen 
ſoldier; 
The pl 
the Pe 
receive 
count 
engage 
each 7 
This b 
tembe! 
cale, 4 
delivei 
to whi 
Perſiat 
vf the. 
a ho! 
The P 
intereſ 
niſhed 
Greece 
ot Dai 
bans, 
ning « 
troyed 
ander 
to the 
ce ſtor: 
the Pe 
under 
HY, e. 
Cie, d 


ra, 22 
; at the 
Liv, 21, 
er, near 


Horace's 


eodoſius 
.rcadius, 
e Goths, 
aom ſhe 
d A.D. 


of a co- 
YI Vitel- 


the Tyr- 
coaſt of 
Agrippa, 
put to 
town on 


for her 
ed Piſo, 
ing mur- 
Tiberius. 
is of the 
the par- 
Mn. She 
her huſ- 
it, when 
cuſation, 
his fate. 
W will of 
ne guilty 
the cha- 
death of 
| of the 
he knew 

the put 
. Ann, 6, 


Roman, 

by bis 
had been 
ovince in 
orgot all 
the moſt 
Antony. 
en in A- 
wacter of 
comedy, 
nted his 
| a public 
crown of 
had tied 
ſea fiſh. 
deriſion, 
e reſt of 
nis unbe- 
Octavius, 
na. ks of 
he who 


propolcdy 


23 

propoſed, in the Roman ſenate, that the title 
of Auguſtus ſhould be conferred on his 
friend Octavius, as expreſſive of the dig- 
nity and the reverence which the greatneſs 
of his exploits ſecmed to claim. Horace 
has dedicated 1 od. 7 to him; and he cer- 
tainly deſerved the honor, from the ele- 
gance of his letters, which are ſtill extant, 
written to Cicero. He founded a town in 
Gaul, which he called Lugdunum. Plut. 
in Anton A patrician, proſcribed by 
the ſecond triumvirate. His ſervants 
wiſhed to ſave him from death, but he 
refuſed it, rather than to expoſe their perſons 
to danger. Plangon, a courtezan of Mi- 
letus, in Ionia. 

PLATA, à daughter of Aſopus, king 
of Bœotia. Pau,, c. 1, &c. An iſ- 
land on the coaſt of Africa, in the Mediter- 
ranean. It belonged to the Cyreneans. 
Herodot. 4, c. 157. 

Pl ATA, and æ, (arum,) a town of 
Bœotia, near mount Cithæron, on the con- 
fines of Megaris and Attica, celebrated for 
a battle fought there, between Mardonius 
the commander of Xerxes king of Perſia, 
and Pauſanias the Lacedzmonian, and the 
Athenians. The Perſian army conſiſted of 
zoo, ooo men, 3000 of which ſcarce eſcaped 
with their lives by flight. The Grecian 
army, which was greatly inferior, loſt but 
few men, and among theſe 91 Spartans, 52 
Athenians, and 16 Tegeans, were the only 
ſoldiers found in the number of the ſlain, 
The plunder which the Greeks obtained in 
the Perſian camp was immenſe. Pauſanias 
received the tenth of all the ſpoils, on ac- 
count of his uncommon valor during the 
engagement, and the reſt were rewarded 
each according to their reſpective merit. 
This battle was fought on the 22d of Sep- 
tember, the ſame day as the battle of My- 
cale, 479 B. C. and by it Greece was totally 
delivered for ever from the continual alarms 
to which ſhe was expoſed on account of the 
Perſian invaſions, and from that time none 
vf the_princes of Perſia dared to appear with 
a hoſtile force beyond the Helleſpont. 
The Platæans were naturally attached to the 
intereſt of the Athenians, and they fur- 
niſhed them with a thouſand ſoldiers when 
Greece was attacked by Datis, the general 
of Darius. Platza was taken by the The- 
bans, after a famous ſiege, in the begin- 
ning of the Peloponneſian war, and deſ- 
troyed by the Spartans, B. C. 427. Alex- 
ander rebuilt it, and paid great encomiums 
to the inhabitants, on account of their an- 
ceſtors, whe had ſo brayely fought againſt 
the Perſians at the battle of Marathon, and 
under Pauſanias, Herodot. 8, c. 50.—Pauſ. 
Y, ©. 1,—Plut. in Alex. &c.—(C, Nep. & c. 
Lic, dg Offic. I, C. 18.—Strab.— Juſtin. 


oF 

PLATANIUS, a river of Bœotia. Pau. 
9, C. 24. 

PLaATo, a celebrated philoſopher of A- 
thens, ſon of Ariſton and Parectonia. His 
original name was Ariftocles, and he re- 
ceived that of Plato from the largeneſs of 
his ſhoulders. As one of the deſcendants 
of Codrus, and as the offspring of a noble, 
illuſtrious, and opulent, family, Plato was 
educated with care, his body was formed 
and invigorated with gymnaſtic exerciſes, 
and his mind was cultivated and enlightened 
by the ſtudy of poetry and of geometry, 
from which he derived that acuteneſs of 
judgement, and warmth of imagination, 
which have ſtamped his character as the 
moſt ſubtle and flowery writer of antiquity, 
He firſt began his literary career by writing 
poems and tragedies; but he was ſoon diſ- 
guſted with his own productions, when, at 
the age of 20, he was introduced into the 
preſence of Socrates, and when he was ena- 
bled to compare and examine, with critical 
accuracy, the merit of his compoſitions with 
thoſe of his poetical predeceſſors. He, 
therefore, committed to the flames theſe 
productions of his early years, which could 
not command the attention or gain the ap- 
plauſe of a maturer age. During eight 
years he continued to be one of the pupils 
of Socrates; and, if ne was prevented by a 
momentary indiſpoſition from attending the 
philoſopher's laſt moments, yet he collect- 
ed, from the converſation of thoſe that 
were preſent, and from his own accurate 
obſervations, the minuteſt and moſt cir- 
cumſtantial accounts, which can exhibit in 
its trueſt colors, the concern and ſenſibility 
of the pupil, and the firmneſs, virtues, and 
moral ſentiments, of the dying philoſopher. 
After the death of Socrates, Plato retired 
from Athens, and, to acquire that infor- 
mation which the accurate obſerver can de- 
rive in foreign countries, he began to tra- 
vel over Greece, He viſited Megara, 
Thebes, and Elis, where he met with the 
kindeſt reception from his fellow diſciples, 
whom the violent death of their maſter had 
likewiſe removed from Attica. He after- 
wards viſited Magna Grzcia, attracted by 
the fame of the Pythagorean philoſophy, 
and by the learning, abilitics, and reputa- 
tion, of its profeſſors. He afterwards paſſed 
into Sicily, and examined the eruptions 
and fires of the volcano of that iſland. He 
alſo viſited Egypt, where then the mathe- 
matician Theodorus floriſhed, and where 
he knew that the tenets of the Pythagorean 
philoſophy and metempſychoſis had been 
foſtered and cheriſhed. When he had fi- 
niſned his travels, Plato retired to the 
groves of Academus, in the neighbourhaod 
of Athens, where his lectures were foon 

attended 


— 


2 


attended by a crowd of learned, noble, and 


illuſtrious, pupils; and the philoſopher, 

by refuſing to have a ſhare in the admini- 

tration of affairs, rendered his name more 

famous, and his ſchool more frequented. 

During forty years he preſided at the head 

of the academy, and there he devoted his 

time to the inſtruction of his pupils, and 
compoſed thoſe dialogucs which have been 

the admiration of every, age and country. 

His fludies, however, were interrupted for 
a while, whilſt he obeyed the preſſing calls 
and invitations of Dionyſus, and whilſt he 
perſuaded the tyrant to become a man, 
the father of his people, and the friend of 
liberty. [Yid. Dionyſius 2d.] In his dreſs 
the philoſopher was not oftentatious, his 
manners were elegant, but modeſt, imple, 
without affectation, and the great honors 
which his learning deſerved were not paid 
to his appearance, When he came to the 
Olympian games, Plato reſided, during 
the celebration, in a family who were to- 
tally ſtrangers to him. He cat and "drank 
with them, he partook of their innocent 
pleaſures and amuſements; but, though he 
told them his name was Plato, yet he 
never ſpoke of the employment he purſued 
at Athens, and never introduced the name 
of that philoſopher whoſe doctrines he fol- 
lowed, and whoſe death and virtues were 
favoute*topics of converſation. in every part 
of Greece. When he returned home, he 
was attended by the family which had ſo 
kindly entertained him; and, as being a 
native of Athens, he was defired to ſhew 
them the great philoſopher whole name he 
bore : their ſurpriſe was great when he told 
them that he himſelf was the Plato whom 
they wiſhed to behold. In his diet he was 
moderate, and, indeed, to ſobriety and 
tcraperance in the uſe of food, and to the 
waut of thoſe pleaſures which entecble the 
body and enervate the mind,, ſome have at- 
tributed his preſervation during the tre- 
meadous peſtilence which raged at Athens 
with ſo much fury at the beginning of the 
Peloponneſian war, Plato was never ſubject 
to any long or lingering indiſpoſition, and, 
though change of climate had enfeebled a 
conititution naturally ſtrong and healthy, 
the philoſopher lived to an advanced age, and 
was often heard to ſay, when his phy ſicians 
adviſed him to leave his rcfidence at Athens, 
where the air was impregnated by the peſti- 
lence, that he would not advance one fingle 
ſtep to gain the top of mount Athos, were he 
ailued to attain the great longevity which 
the inhabitants of that mountain were ſaid to 
e14zoy above the :eſt of manxiad. Plato dicd 
on his birth day, in the $1tt year of his age, 
about 348 years before the Chiiſtian era. 
Hi, laſt moments were caſy aud without 


$6 


pain, and, according to ſome, he expire 
in the midſt of an entertainment, or, ac. 
cording to Cicero, as he was writing. The 
works of Plato are numerous; they are al} 
written in the form of dialogue, except 
12 letters, He ſpeaks always by the mouth 
of others, and the philoſopher has no where 
made mention of himſelf except once in 
his dialogue entitled Phædon, and, another 
time, in his apology for Socrates, Hig 
writings were ſo celebrated, and his opji. 
nion ſo reſpected, that he was called divine; 
and, for the elegance, melody, and ſweet. 
neſs, of his expreſſions, he was diſtinguiſh. 
ed by the appellation of the Athenian bee, 
Cicero had ſuch an eſteem for him, that, in 
the warmth of pancgyric, he exclaimed 
errare mehercule malo cum Platone, qui 
cum lis vera ſentire; and Quintilian ſaid, 
that, when he read Plato, he ſeemed to 
hear not a man, but a divinity, ſpeaking, 
His ftile, however, though admired, and 
commended by the beſt and moſt refined of 
critics among the ancients, has not eſcaped 
the cenſure of ſome of the moderns, and the 
philoſopher has been blamed, who-ſupports 
that fire is a pyramid tied to the carth by 
numbers, that the world is a figure con- 
fiſting of 12 pentagons, and who, to prove 
the metempſychoſis and the immortality 
of the ſoul, aſſerts, that the dead are born 
from the living, and the living from the 
dead. The ſpeculative mind of Plato was 
employed in examining things divine and 
human, and he attempted to fix and al- 
certain, not only the practical doctrine of 
morals and politics, but the more ſubtle 
and abſtruſe theory of- myſtical theogony, 
His philoſophy was univerſally received 
and adopted, and it has not only governed 
the opinions of the ſpeculative part of 
mankind, but it continues ſtill to influence 
the reaſoning, and to divide the ſentiments, 
of the moderns. In his ſyſtem of philo- 
ſophy, he followed tl.e phy ſics of Hera- 
clitus, the metaphyſical opinions of Pytha- 
goras, and the morals of Socrates. He 
maintained the exiſtence of two beings, 
one ſelf-exiſtent, and the other formed by 
the hand of a pre-exiftent creature, god and 
man. The world was created by that ſelf. 
exiſtent cauſe, from the rude indigefted 
maſs of matter which had exifted from all 
eternity, and which had even beeu ant- 
| mated by an irregular principle of motion. 
Tue origin of evil could not be traced under 
tae government of adeity, without admitting 
a ſtubborn intractability and wildneſs con- 
genial to matter, and from theſe, conſe— 
quently, could be demonſtrated the devia- 
tions from the laws of nature, and from 
thence the extravagant paſſions and appetites 
of men. From materials like theſe wel 


foi med 


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ful firud 
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exclaimed 
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Plato was 
divine and 
x and aſ- 
doctrine of 
ore ſubtle 
theogony, 

received 
governed 
e part of 
o influence 
ſentimentzs, 
of philo- 

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of Pytha- 
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yo bcings, 
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a from all 
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and from 

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theſe welt 
foi wed 


P L. 
farmed the four elements, and the heauti- 
ful ſtructure of the heavens and the earth, 
and into the active, but irrational, princi- 
ple of matter, the divinity infuſed a ra- 
tional ſoul. The ſouls of men were form- 
ed from the remainder of the rational ſoul 
of the world, which had previouſly given 
exiſtence to the inviſible gods and demons. 
The philoſopher, therefore, ſupported the 
doctrine of ideal forms, and the pre- exiſt- 
ence of the human mind, which he conſi- 
dered as emanations of the Deity, which 
can never remain ſatisfied with objects or 
things unworthy of their divine original. 
Men could perceive, with their corporeal 
ſenſes, the types of immutable things, and 
the fluctuating objects of the material world; 
but the ſudden changes to- which theſe are 
continually obnoxious, create innumerable 


diſorders, and hence ariſes deception, and, 


in ſhort, all the errors and miſeries of hu- 
man life, Yet, in whatever ſituation man 
may be, he is ſtill an object of divine con- 
cern, and, to recommend himſelf to the 
favor of the pre- exiſtent cauſe, he muſt 
comply with the purpoſes of his creation, 
and, by proper care and diligence, he can 
recover thoſe immaculate powers with 
which he was naturally endowed, All 
ſcience the philaſopher made to conſiſt in 
reminiſcence, and in recalling the nature, 
forms, and proportions, of thoſe perſect 
Md immutable efſences, with which the 
human mind had been converſant. From ob- 
ſervations like theſe, the ſummit of felicity 
might be attained by removing from the ma- 
terial, and approaching nearer to the intel- 
lectual, world, by curbing and governing 
the paſſions, which were ever agitated and 
inflamed by real or imaginary objects. The 
paſſions were divided into two claſſes ; the 
firſt conſiſted of the iraſcible paſſions, which 
originated in pride or reſentment, and were 
ſeated in the breaſt : the other, founded on 
the love of pleaſure, was the concupiſcible 
part of the ſoul, ſeated in the belly, and in- 
{crior parts of the body, Theſe different orders 
induced the philoſoper to compare the ſoul 
to a ſmall republic, of which the reaſoning 
and judging powers were ſtationed in the head, 
25 in a firm citadel, and of which the ſenſes 
were its guards and ſervants.. By the iraſ- 
cible part of the ſoul men aſſerted their dig- 
nity, repelled injuries, and ſcorned dangers ; 
and the concupiſcible part provided the ſup- 
port and the neceſſities of the body, and, 
when governed with propriety, it gave riſe 
to temperance. Juſtice was produced by the 
regular dominion of reaſon, and by the ſub- 
miſſion of the paſſions ; and prudence aroſe 
from the ſtrength, acutenels, and perfection, 
of the ſoul, without which all other v irtues 
could not exiſt, But, amidit all this, wil- 


<< 


P L 


dom was not eafily attained ; at their crea- 
tion all minds were not endowed with the 


ſame excellence, the bodies which they 
animated on earth were not always in har- 
mony with the divine cmanation ; ſome 
might be too weak, others too ſtröng, and 
on the firſt years of a man's life depended 
his future confequence ; as an effeminate 
and licentious education ſeemed calculated 
to deſtroy the purpoſes of the divinity, 
while the contrary produced different ef- 
fects, and tended to cultivate and improve 
the reaſoning and judging faculty, and to 
produce wiſdom and virtue. Plato was the 
firſt who ſupported the immortality of the 
ſou! upon arguments ſolid and permanent, 
deduced from truth and experience. He did 
not imagine that the diſeaſes, and the death 
of the body, could injure the principle of 
life and deſtroy the ſoul, which, of itſelf, 
was of divine origin, and of an uncorrupted 
and immutable eſſence, which, though inhe- 
rent for a while in matter, could fot loſe 
that power which was the emanation of God. 
From doctrines like theſe, the great founder 
of Platoniſm concluded, that there might 
exiſt in the world a community of men, 
whoſe paſſions could be governed with mo- 
deration, and who, from knowing the evils 
and miſeries which ariſe from Hl conduct, 
might aſpire to excellence, and attain that 
perfection which can be derived from the 
proper exerciſe of the rational and moral 
powers. To illuſtrate this more fully, the 
philoſopher wrote a book, well known by 
the name of the republic of Plato, in which 
he explains with acuteneſs, judgment, and 
clegance, the riſe and revolution of civil 
ſociety ; and ſo reſpected was his opinion 
as a legiſlator, that his ſcholars were em- 
ployed in regulating the republics of Ar- 
cadia, Elis, and Cnidus, at the defire of 
thoſe ſtates, and Xenocrates gave political 
rules for good and impartial government to 
the conqueror of the eaſt, The bet edi- 
tions of Plato are thoſe of Francof. fol. 
1602; and Bipont. 12 vols. Svo. 1788. 
Plato Dial. &c.—Cic. de voffic. 1, &C.— 
Plut. in Sol. &c. Seneca. ep. Quintil. 10, 


c. I, &c,—ZElian. V. H. 2 & 4. —Par. 1, 
c. 30, —Dieg. 


A ſon of Lycaon, king 
of Arcadia, A Greek poet, called the 
prince of the middle comedy, who flo- 
riſhed B. C. 445. Some fragments remain 
of his picces. | 
PLATOR, a man of Dyrrhachium, put 
to death by Piſo. Cie. Piſ. 34. 
PLAvis, a river of Venetia, in Italy. 
PLAUTIA LExX, was enacted by M. Plau- 
tius, the tribune, A. U. C. 664. It required 
every tribe annually to chuſe fiſteen perſons 
of their body, to ſerve as judges, making 
the honor common to all the three orders, 
5 accord- 


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according to the majority of votes in every 
tribe. Another, called alſo Pletia, A. 


U. C. 675. It puniſhed with the inter- Plantianus ſo much, that he would even 


dictio ignis & aque, all perſons who were 
found guilty of attempts upon the ſtate, or 
the ſenators or magiſtrates, or ſuch as ap- 
peared in public armed with an evil defign, 
or ſuch as forcibly expelled any perſon from 
his legal poſſeſſions. ; 

Plaurtus, a Roman, who became ſo 
diſconſolate at the death of his wife, that 
he threw himſelf upon her burning pile Val. 
Max. 4, c. 6. Caius, a conſul ſent againſt 
the Privernates, &c. Aulus, a governor 
of Britain, who obtained an ovation for the 
eonqueſts he had obtained there over the Bar- 
barians. One of Otho's friends. He diſ- 
ſuaded him from killing himſelf. Late- 
ranus, an adulterer of Meflalina, who con- 
ſpired againſt Nero, and was capitally con- 
demned. Aulus, a general who defeated 
the Umbrians and the Etrurians. Caius, 
another genera], defeated in Lufitania. 
A man put to death by order of Caracalla. 
M. Sylvanus, a tribune, who made a 
law to prevent ſeditions in the public afſem- 
blies. Rubellius, a man accuſed before 
Nero, and ſent to Aſia, where he was a- 
ſaſſinated. 

PLAuTIiANUs, FULvICs, an African of 
mean birth, who was baniſhed for his ſedi- 
tious behaviour in the years of his obſcu- 
rity. In his baniſhment, Plautianus formed 
an acquaintance with Severus, who, ſome 
years after, aſcended the imperial throne, 
This was the beginning of his proſperity ; 
Severus paid the greateſt attention to him, 
and, if we believe ſome authors, their fa- 
miliarity and intercourſe was carried beyond 
the bounds of modeſty and propriety. Plau- 
tianus ſhared the favors of Severus in ob- 
ſcurity as well as on the throne. He was 
inveſted with as much power as his patron 
at Rome, and in the provinces, and, in- 
deed, he wanted but the name uf em- 
peror to be his equal. His table was ſerved 
with more delicate meats than that of 
the emperor; when he walked in the 
public ſtreets he received the moſt diftin- 
guiſhing honors, and a number of criers 
ordered the mott noble citizens, as well as 
the meaneſt beggars, to make way for the 
favorite of the emperor, and not to fix 
their eyes upon him. He was concerned 
in all the rapine and deſtruction which was 
committed through the empire, and he en- 
riched himſelf with the poſſeſſions of thoſe 
who had been ſacrificed to the emperor's 
cruelty or avarice, To complete his tri- 
umph, and to make himſelf ſtill greater, 
Plautianus married his favorite daughter 
Plautilla to Caracallz, the ſon of the em- 
peror ; and ſo caget was the emperox to in- 


' 8” 
dulge his inclinations in this, aud in en 
other reſpect, that he declared he loved 


wiſh to die before him. The marriage of 
Caracalla with Plautilla was attended with 
ſerious conſequences. The ſon of Severus 
had complied with great reluctance, and, 
though Plautilla was amiable in her man- 
ners, commanding in aſpect, and of 3 
beautiful countenance, yet the young prince 
often threatened to puniſh her haughty and 
imperious behaviour as ſoon as he ſucceeded 
to the throne. Plautilla reported the whole 
to her father, and to ſave his daughter from 
the vengeance of Caracalla, Plautianus con- 
ſpired againſt the emperor and his ſox, 
The conſpiracy was diſcovered, and Seve. 
rus forgot his attachment to Plautianus, 
and the favors he had heaped upon him, 
when he heard of his perfidy. The wicked 
miniſter was immediately put to death, and 
Plautilla baniſhed to the iſland of Lipari, 
with her brother Plautius, where, ſeven 
years after, ſhe was put to death by order 
of Caracalla, A. D. 211. Plautilla had 
two children, a ſon, who died in his child» 
hood, and a daughter, whom Caracalla 
murdered in the arms of her mother. Dien. 
Caf 

PLAUTILLA, a daughter of Plautianus, 
the favorite miniſter of Severus. Vid. Plau- 
tianus. The mother of the emperot 
Nerva, deſcended of a noble family. 

M. Accius PLAuTvus, a comic poet, 
born at Sarſina, in Umbria. Fortune 
proved unkind to him, and, from compe» 
tence, he was reduced to the menneſt po- 
verty, by engaging in a commercial line, 
To maintain himſelf, he entered into the 
family of a baker as a common ſervant, 
and, while he was employed in grinding 
corn, he ſometimes dedicated a few mo- 
ments to the comic muſe. Some, how» 
ever, confute this account as falſe, and 
ſupport that Plautus was never obliged to 
the laborious employments of a bakehouſe 
for his maintenance, He wrote 25 cume- 


dies, of which only 19 are extant. He 


died about 184 years before the Chriſtian 
era; and Varro, his learned countryman, 
wrote this ſtanza, which deſerved to be en- 
graved on his tomb : 


Paſ quam morte captus eft Plautus, 
Comardia luget, ſcena e deſerta ; 
Deinde riſus, ludus, jocuſque, & numeri 


Innumeri fimul omnes collacrymarunt. 


The plays of Plautus were univerſally e- 
teemed at Rome, and the purity, the 
energy, and the elegance, of his language, 
were, by other writers, conſidered as object 
of imitation ; and Varro, whoſe judgment 
is great, and generally deciſive * 


that, i 
Latin, 
of Pla 
every \ 
more 

Plautu 
more e 
cenſur. 
his low 
obſcen 
Jangua 
to be 

preſſio 
univer 
happy 
kures, 

varied, 
racters 
troph 
emper 
acted « 
compl: 
comic 
paſſed 
poſitio 
with : 
guage 
manne 
ment, 
applau 
diſput 
Plautu 


ſuitors 
rope's 
reſt o 
morta 
rived | 
becau! 
moſt 

the Cj 
derive 
met 


in ey 
he he! 
zuld even 
arriage of 
ded with 
f Severus 
nce, and, 
her man« 
and of a 
ung prince 
ughty and 
ſucceeded 
the whole 
zhter from 
anus con- 
| his ſos. 
and Seve. 
lautianus, 
pon him, 
ne wicked 
death, and 
of Lipari, 
ere, ſeven 
1 by order 
utilla had 
his child» 
Caracalla 
ner. Dien, 


Plautianns, 
Vid. Plaus 
e emperot 
nily. 
MIC poet, 
Fortune 
m compe · 
jeaneſt po- 
ercial line. 
d into the 
on ſervant, 
n grinding 
a few mo- 
ome, how» 
falſe, and 
obliged to 
| bakehouſe 
© 25 come- 
xtant. He 
e Chriſtian 
duntryman, 
d to be en- 


& numerh 
arunt. 


verſally el 
purity, the 
s language, 
d as object 
e judgment 
o declares, 

cha 


P IL. 


that, if the Muſes were willing to ſpeak | 


Latin, they would ſpeak in the language 
of Plautus. In the Auguſtan age, how- 
ever, when the Roman language became 
more pure and refined, the comedies of 
Plautus did not appear free from inaccu- 
racy. The poet, when compared to the 
more elegant expreſſions of a Terence, was 
cenſured for his negligence in verſification, 
his low wit, execrable puns, and diſguſting 
obſcenities. Yet, however cenſured as to 
language or ſentiments, Plautus continued 
to be a favorite on the ſtage. If his ex- 
teſſions were not choice or delicate, it was 
univerſally admitted that hz was more 
happy than other comic writers in his pic- 
tures, the incidents of his plays were more 
varied, the acts more intereſting, the cha- 
racters more truly diſplayed, and the cata- 
itrophe more natural. In the reign of the 
emperor Diocletian, his comedies were till 
acted on the public theatres, and no greater 
compliment can be paid to his abilities as a 
comic writer, and no greater cenſure can be 
paſſed upon his ſucceſſors in dramatic com- 
fition, than to obſerve, that for 500 years, 
with all the diſadvantage of obſolete lan- 
guage and diction, in ſpite of the change of 
manners, and the revolutions of govern- 
ment, he commanded, and received, that 
applauſe which no other writer dared to 
diſpute with him. The beft editions of 
Plautus are that of Gronovius, 8vo. L. Bat. 
1664; that of Barbou, 12mo. in 3 vols, 
Paris, 1759 ; that of Erneſti, 2 vols. 8vo. 
Lipſ. 1760; and that of Glaſgow, 3 vols. 
12mo. 1763. FVurro apud Quintil. 10, c. 
1.—-Cic. de offic. t, &. De Orat. 3, &c. 
—Horut. 2, p. I, V. 58, 170. de ar T. poet. 
54 & 270. ZElianus, a high prieſt, who 
conſecrated the capitol in the reign of Veſ- 
paſhan. Tacit. Hi. 4, c. 53- 
PtliiA pts, or VEXOILIæ, a name gi- 
ven to ſeven of the daughters of Atlas by 
Pleione or Athra, one of the Oceanides. 
They were placed in the heavens after 
death, where they formed a conſtellation 
called Pleiades, near the back of the bull 
in the Zodiac. Their names were Alcyone, 
Merope, Maia, Electra, Taygeta, Stcrope, 
and Celeno. They all, except Merope, 
who married Siſyphus, king of Corinth, 
had ſome of the immortal gods for their 
ſuitors. On that account, therefore, Me- 
rope's tar is dim and obſcure among the 
reſt of her ſiſters, becauſe ſhe married a 


mortal. The name of the Pleiades is de-- 


rived from the Greek work N, to ſal, 
becauſe that conſtellation ſhows the time 
moſt favorable to navigators, which is in 
the ſpring. The name of Vergiliz they 
derive from wer, the ſpring. They are 
$metimes called Atlantides, from their fa- 


6 


; P L 


ther, or Heſperides, from the gardens of 
that name, which belonged to Atlas. Hy- 
gin, fab. 192. P. A. 2, c. 21.,—Ovid. Mer. 
13, v. 293. Faſt. 5, v. 106 & 170.— He- 
fed. oper. & dies. — Hemer. Od. 5. — Horat. 4, 
od. 14 —Firg. G. 1, v. 138. l. 4, 233. 
Seven poets, who, from their number, 
| have received the name of Pleiades, near 
the age of Philidelphus Ptolemy, king of 
Egypt. Their names were Lycophron, Theo- 
| critus, Aratus, Nicander, Apollonius, Phi- 
licus, and Homerus the Younger. 

PlrIö Nr, one of the Oceanides, who 
married Atlas, king of Mauritania, by 
whom ſhe had twelve daughters, and a ſon 
called Hyas. Seven of the davghters were 
changed into a conſtellation calted Pleiades, 
and the reſt into another called Hyades. 
Ovid. Faſt. 5, v. 84. 

PlymMMYRIUM, now Maſſa Oliveri, a 
promontory with a ſmall caſtle of that 
name, in the bay of Syracuſe, Vg. u. 
3, v. 693. 

PLEMNEVS, a king of Sicyon, ſon of 
Peratus. His children always died as ſoon 
as born, till Ceres, pitying his misfortune, 
offered herſelf as a nurſe to his wife, as ſhe 
was going to be brought to bed. The child 
tived by the care and protection of the 
goddeſs, and Plemncus was no ſooner ac- 
quainted with the dignity of his nurſe, 
than he raiſed her a temple.— Pauſ. 2, c. 5 
& 17. 

PLEeUMosTT, a people of Belgium, the 
"2 of modern Tournay. Czf. G. 5, 
c. 38. 

PLEURATVUSs, a king of Illxricum. 

PLEVURON, a ſon of Ætolus, who mar- 
ried Xantippe, the daughter of Dorus, by 
whom he had Agenor. He founded a city 
in Ætolia on the Evenus, which bore his 
name. Apollod. 1, c. 7.— lin. 4, c. 2.— 
Sil. 15, v. 310. —Paxſ. 7, c. 13.— Ovid. 
Met. 7, v. 382. 

PLEXAURE, one of the Oceanides. Hee 
fed. 

PLExIPPUs, a fon of Theſttus, brother 
to Althza, the wife of CEncus. He was 
killed by his nephew Meleager, in hunting 
the Calydonian boar, His brother Toxeus 
ſhared his fate. A fon of Phineus and 
Cleopatra, brother to Pandion, king of A- 
thens. Apollod. 

C. PLinivs SgcunDYys, firnamed I: 
| Elder, was born at Verona, of a noble 
family. He diſtinguiſhed himſelf in the 
field, and, after he had baen made one of 
the augurs at Rome, he was appointed go- 
vernor of Spain In his public character 
he did not neglect the pleaſures of literature, 
the day was employed in the adminiftra- 
tion of the aflairs of his province, and the 


night was dedicated to ſtudy, Every mo- 
ment 


1 


ment of time was precious to him; at his 
meals one of his ſervants read to him books 
valuable for their information, and from 
them he immediately made copious extracts 
in a memorandum book. Even while he 
dreſſed hinfclf after bathing, his attention 
was called away from ſurrounding objects, 
and he was cither_cmploycd in liſtening to 
another, or in dictating himſelf. To a mind 
ſo carneſtly devoted to learning, nothing 
appeared too laborious, no undertaking too 
troubleſome. He deemed every moment loft 
which was not dedicated to ftudy, and, from 
theſe reaſons, he never appeared at Rome 
but in a chariot, and, wherever he went, he 
was always accompanied by his amanuenſis. 
He even cenſured his nephew, Pliny the 
Younger, becauſe he had indulged himſelf 
with a walk, and fternly obſerved, that he 


might have employed thoſe moments to bet- 


ter advantage. But, if his literary purſuits 
made him forget the public affairs, his pru- 
dence, his abilities, and the purity and in- 
nocence of his charadter, made him known 
and reſpected. He was courted and admired 
by the emperors Titus and Veſpaſian, and 
he received from them all the favors which 
a virtuous prince could offer, and an honeſt 
ſubje& receive. As he was at Miſenum, 
where he commanded the fleet, which was 
then ſtationed there, Pliny was ſurpriſed at 
the ſudden appearance of a cloud of duſt and 
aſhes, He was then ignorant of the cauſe 
which produced it, and he immediately ſet 
fail in a ſmall veſſel for Mount Veſuvius, 
which he at laſt diſcovered to have made a 
dreadful eruption. The fight of a number 
of boats that fled from the coaſt to avoid the 
danger, might have deterred another, but 
the curioſity of Pliny excited him to advance 
with more boldneſs, and, though his veſſel 
was often covered with ſiones and aſhes, 
that were continually thrown up by the 
mountain, yet he landed on the coaſt, The 
place was deſerted by the inhabitants, but 
Pliny remained there during the night, the 
better to obſerve the mountain, which, dur- 
ing the obſcurity, appeared to be oye conti- 
nual blaze. He was ſoon diſturbed by a 
ereadful earthquake, and the contrary wind 
on the morrow prevented him from returning 
to Miſenum. The cruptions of the volcano 
encreaſed, and, at laſt, the fire approached 
the place where the philoſopher made his 
obſervations. Pliny endeavoured to fly 
before it, but though he was ſupported by 
two of-his ſervants, he was unable to eſcape. 
He ſoon fell down, ſuffocated by the thick 
vapors that ſurrounded him, and the inſup- 
portable ſtench of ſulphureous matter. His 
body was found three days after, and dc- 
cently buried by his nephew, who-was then 
at Miſenum with the fleet, This memora- 


ble event happened in the 79th year of the 
Chriſtian era, and the philoſopher who pe. 
riſhed by the eruptions of the volcano, Fay 
been call 


66 


ti. 


7 L 


led by ſome the martyr of nature, 
He was then in the 56th year of his age. 
Of the works which he compoſed none are 


extant but his natural hiſtory in 37 books. 


It is a work, as Pliny the Younger ſays, full 

of crudition, and as varied as nature itſelf, 

It treats of the ſtars, the heavens, wind, rain, 

hail, minerals, trees, flowers, and plants, 

beſides an account of all living animals, 

birds, fiſhes, and beaſts; a geographical 

deſcription of every place on the globe, and 

an hiſtory of every art and ſcience, of com- 
merce and navigation, with their riſe, pro- 
greſs, and ſeveral improvements. He is 
happy in his deſcriptions as a naturaliſt, he 
writes with ferce and energy, and though 
many of his ideas and conjectures are ſome- 
times l- founded, yet he poſſeſſes that fe- 
cundity of imagination, and vivacity of ex- 
preſſion, which are requiſite to treat a ſub- 
ject with propriety, and to render an hiſtory 
of nature pleaſing, intereſting, and aboveall, 
inſtructive. His ſtile poſſeſſes not the graces 
of the Auguſtan age, it has neither its pu- 
rity, and elegance, nor its ſimplicity, but is 
rather cramped, obſcure, and ſometimes un- 
intelligible. Yet for all this it has ever been 
admired and eſteemed, and it may be called 
a compilation of every thing which had been 
written before his age on the various ſubjects 
which he treats, and a judicious collection 
from the moſt excellent treatiſes which had 
been compoſed on the various productions 
of nature, Pliny was not aſhamed to mention 
the authors which he quoted, he ſpeaks of 
them with admiration, and while he pays the 
greateſt compliment to their abilities, his 
cncomiums ſhow, in the ſtrongeſt light, the 
goodneſo, the ſenſibility, and the ingenuoul- 
neſs of his own mind. He had written 160 
volumes of remarks and annotations on the 
various authors which he had read, and (9 
great was the opinion in his contemporaries, 
of his erudition and abilities, that a man 
called Lartius Lutinius offered to buy his 
notes and obſervations for the enormous ſum 
of about 32421. Engliſh money. The phi- 
loſopher, who was himſelf rich and inde- 
pendent, rejected the offer, and his compi- 
lations, after his death, came into the hands 
of his nephew Pliny. The beſt editious of 
Pliny arc that of Harduin, 3 vols. tol. Pa- 
tis 1723, that of Frantzius, 10 vols. 8v0. 
Lipl. 17783, that of Brotier, 6 vols, 12mvy 
Paris 1779, and the Variorum S vo. in 8 
vols. Lip(. 1775 to 1789. Lacit. au. 1, e. 
69. I. 13, c. 20. 1. 15, c. 53.— Plin. ep. 
xc. — C. Cæcilius Secundus, firnamed 
the younger, was ſon of L. Cæcilius by the 


| filter of Pliny the elder. He was adopted by 


hz3 


his u 
whoſ 
xecet\ 
unde! 
appe⸗ 
himſe 
with 
eſt or 
his pi 
of thi 
from 
his cl 
emplc 
nocen 
dete© 
his h 
been 
the i 
conſul 
ful ac 
which 
and 1 
prono 
he pre 
the of 
ſul, a 
the fi 
partia 
been 
provir 
declar 
of Ch 
of me 
innoce 
crime: 
themſ 
on f 
ul 
br iy 
at Roz 
poor, 
arroga! 
examp 
rance, 
band þ 
he wa: 
giſt rat. 
ſionate 
the ret 
Commu 
gave h 
the va 
which 
buted 
the edi 


rally fx 


ment 0 
of tho 
of the 
made | 
Martial 
When t 
ned, P 


of. the 
ho pe- 
* 
nature. 


ys, full 
e itſelf, 
d, rain, 
plants, 
nimals, 
raphical 
be, and 
of com- 


ſe, pro- 


He is 
aliſt, he 
though 
re ſome- 
that fe- 
y of ex- 
it a ſub- 
1 hiſtory 


tbove all 


ne graces 
its pu- 


y, but 1 
mes un 


ver been 
be called 
had been 
ſubjects 
collection 
hich had 
oductions 
» mention 
ſpeaks of 
e pays the 


lities, h 


light, the 


1gcnuou 


. 


ritten 160 
ons on the 


d, and 


(> 


mporaries, 
hat a man 
to buy his 
mous ſum 

The pbi- 
and inde- 
his compi- 
the hands 


editions 


of 


s. tol. Pa- 
vols. 8v0. 


8 vo. in 
„ a1, I, 


C. 


— Plin. ep. 
„ firnamed 
lius by the 
by 
hs 


adopted 


P L 

his uncle, whoſe name he aſſumed, and 
whoſe eſtates and effects he inherited. He 
received the greateſt part of his education 
under Quintilian, and at the age of 19 he 
appeared at the bar, where he diſtinguiſhed 
himſelf ſo much by his eloquence, that he, 
with Tacitus, were reckoned the two great- 
eſt orators of their age. He did not make 
his profeſſion an object of gain like the reſt 
of the Reman orators, but he refuſed fees 
from the richt as well as from the pooreſt of 
his clients, and declared that he cheerfully 
employed himſelf for the protection of in- 
nocence, the relief of the indigent, and the 
detection of vice. He publiſhed many of 
bis harangues and orations, which have 
been loſt. When Trajan was inveſted with 
the imperial purple, Pliny was created 
conſul by the emperor. This honor the con- 
ful acknowledged in a celebrated panegyric 
which, at the requeſt of the Roman ſenate, 
and in the name of the whole empire, he 
pronounced on Trajan, Some time after 
he preſided over Pontus and Bithynia, in 
the office, and with the power, of pro- con- 
ſul, and by his humanity and philanthropy 
the ſubject was freed from the burden of 
partial taxes, and the perſecution which had 
been begun againſt the chriſtians of his 
province was ſtopped when Pliny ſolemnly 
declared to the emperor that the followers 
of Chriſt were a meek and inoffenſive ſet 
of men, that their morals were pure and 
Innocent, that they were free from all 
crimes, and that they voluntarily bound 
themſelves by the moſt ſolemn oaths te ab- 
ſtain from vice, and to relinquiſh every fin- 
ful purſuit, If he rendered himſelf popu- 
lar in his province, he was not leſs reſpected 
at Rome. He was there the friend of the 
poor, the patron of learning, great without 
arrogance, affable in his behaviour, and an 
example of good breeding, ſobricty, tempe- 
rance, and modeſty, As a father and a huſ- 


band his character was amiable ; as a ſubject 


he was faithful to his prince; and as a ma- 
giftrate, he was candid, open, and compaſ- 
fionate. His native country ſhared among 
the reſt, his unbounded benevolence ; and 
Comum, a ſmall town of Inſubria which 
gave him birth, boaſted of his liberality in 
the valuable and choice library of baoks 
which he collected there. He alſo contri- 
buted towards the expences which attended 
the education of his countrymen, and libe- 


rally ſpent part of his eſtate for the advance- 


ment of literature, and for the inſtruct ion 
of thoſe whom poverty otherwiſe deprived 
of the advantages of a public education. He 
made his preceptor Quintilian, and the poet 
Martial, objects of his benevolence, and 
when the daughter of the former was mar- 
hed, Pliny wrote to whe father with the 


| 


* «© 
P'L 

greateſt civility ; and while he obſerved that 
he was rich in the poſſeſſion of learning 
though poor in the goods of fortune, he 
begged of him to accept, as a dowry for his 
beloved daughter, 50,000 ſeftercts, about 
300 |, I would not, continued he, be ſo mo- 
derate, were I not aſſured from your modeſty, 
and difinterefledneſs, that the ſmallneſi 2 
preſent will render it acceptable, He died 
in the 52d year of his age, A. D. 113. He 
had written an hiſtory of his own times, 
which is loſt. It is ſaid, that Tacitus did 
not begin his hiſtory till he had found it 
impoſhble to perſuade Pliny to undertake 
that laborious taſk, and indeed what could 
not have been expected from the panegyriſt 
of Trajan, if Tacitus acknowledged him- 
ſelf inferior to him in delineating the cha- 
rafter of the times. Some ſuppoſe, but 
falſely, that Pliny wrote the lives of illuſ- 
trious men, univerſally aſcribed to Corne- 
lius Nepos. He alſo wrote poetry; but his 
verſes have all periſhed, and nothing of bis 
learned works remains, but his panegyrie 
on the emperor Trajan, and 10 books of 
letters, which he himſelf collected and 
prepared for the public, from a numerous 
and reſpectable correſpondence. Theſe let- 
ters contain many curious and intereſting 
facts, they abound with many anecdotes of 
the generoſity and the humane ſentiments of 
the writer. They are written with elegance 
ant great purity, and the reader every where 
diſcovers that affability, that condeſeenſion 
and philanthropy which ſo egregiouſly mark 
ed the advocate of the chriſtians. Theſe 
letters are eſteemed by ſome, equal to the 
voluminous epiſtles of Cicero. In bis panes 
gyric, Pliny's ſtile is florid and brilliant, 
he has uſed, to the greateſt advantage, the 
berties of the panegyriſt, and the eloquence 
of the courtier. His ideas ate new and re- 
fined, but his dition is diſtinguiſhed by that 
affectation and pompoſity which marked the 
reign of Trajan. The beſt editions of Pli- 
ny, are thoſe of Geſner, 8vo. Lipſ. 1776, and 
of Lallemand, r2mo: Paris apud Barbou, and 
of the panegyric ſeparate, that of Schwartz, 
4to. 1746, and of the epiſtles, the Variorum 
L. Bat. 1669, 8vo. Plin. ep.— Fa. 
Sidonius, | 

PLinTaine, a town of Egypt on the 
Mediterranean. | 

PLISTARCHYs, ſon of Leonidas, of the 
family of the Euryſthenidæ, ſucceeded o 
the Spartan throne at the death of Cleom- 
brotus. Herodot. gy c. 10.-—A brothei 
of Caſſander, 

PLIiSTHANUS, a philoſopher of Elis who 
ſucceeded in the ſchool of Phædon. Deg. 

PLIisTHENES, a ſon of Atreus king of 
Argos, father of Menelaus and Agamem- 
non, according to Heſiod and others. Ho- 


It mer, 


P. L 

mer, however, calls Menelaus and Agamem- 
nqn ſons of Atreus, though they were in 
| reality the children of Pliſthenes. The, fa- 
ther died very young, and the two children 
were left in the houte of their grandfather, 
who took care of them and inftrutted them. 
From his attention to them, therefore, it 
ſcems probable that Atreus was univerſally 
acknowledged their protector and father, 
and thence their ſirname of Atridæ. Owid. 
Rem, Am, v. 778.— Dictyſ. Cret. 1.— Ho- 
mer. II. 8 

-PL1sTINvs, à brother of Fauſtulus the 
| ſhepherd, who ſaved the life of Romulus 

and Remus, He was killed in a ſcuffle 
which happened between the two bro- 
thers. | 

PLisToXknax & PLIST6NAX, ſon of 
Paufanias, was general of the Lacedzmo- 
nian armies in the Peloponneſian war. He 
was baniſhed from his kingdom of Sparta 
for 19 years, and was afterwards recalled 
by order of the oracle of Delphi. He 
reigned 58 years, He had ſucceeded Pliſ- 
tarchus. Thucyd. | 

Pils r us, a river of Phocis falling into 
the bay of Corinth. Scrab. . 

_ ProTz#, ſmall iſlands on the coaſt of 
Ftolia. 

PLoTINA PoMPEIA, a Roman lady who 
married Trajan while he was yet a private 
man. She entered Rome in the proceſhon 
with her huſband when he was ſaluted em- 

ror, and diftinguiſhed herſelf by the affa- 

ility of her behaviour, her humanity, and 
liberal offices to the poor and friendleſs, She 
accompanied Trajan in the eaſt, and at his 
death ſhe brought back his athes to Rome, 
and ſtill enjoyed all the honors and titles of 
a Roman empreſs under Adrian, who, by 
her means, had ſucceeded to the vacant 
throne. At her death, A. D. 122, ſhe was 
ranked among the gods, and received di- 
vine honors, which according to the ſuper- 
Kition of the times, ſhe {ecmed to deſtrve, 
from her regard for the good and the proſ- 
perity of the Roman empire, and for her 
private virtues. Dion. 

Prorivors Lis, a town of Thrace built 
by the empcror Trajan, and called after 
Plotina, the founder's wife, —Another in 
Dacia. 

PLoTinUus, a Platenic philoſopher of 
Lycopolis in Egypt. He was for. eleven 
years a pupil of Ammonius the philoſopher, 
and after he had profited by all the inſtruc- 
tions of his learned preceptor, he deter- 
mined to improve his knowledge and to 
viſit the territories of India and Perſia to 
receive information. He accompanied Gor- 
dian in his expedition into the eaſt, but the 
day which proved fatal to the emperor, 


| 


| 


. 
He ſaved himſelf by flcht, and the follow. 
ing year he retited to Rome, where he pub- 
licly taught philoſophy. His ſchool was 
frequented by people of every ſex, age, and 
quality; by ſenators, as well as by plehe. 
tans, and fo great was the opinion of the 
public of his honeſty and candor, that 
many,. on their death-bed, left all their 
poſſeſſions to his care, and entruſted their 
children to him, as tp a ſuperior being, 
He was the favorite of all the Romans; and 
while he charmed the populace by the 
force of his cloquence, and the ſenate by 
his doctrines, the emperor Gallicnus courted 
him, and admired the extent of his learning. 
It is even ſaid, that the emperor and the 
empreſs Salonina intended to re- build a de- 
cayed city of Campania, and to appoint the 
philoſopher over it, that there he might ex- 
perimentally know, while he preſided over 
a colony of philoſophers, the validity and 
the uſe of the ideal laws of the republic of 
Plato, This plan was not executed, through 
the envy and the malice of the enemies of 
Plotinus. The philoſopher, at laſt, become 
helpleſs and infirm, returned to Campania, 
where the liberality of his friends for awhile 
maintained him. He died A. D. 270, in 
the 66th year of his age, and as he ex- 
pired, he declared that he made his laſt 
and moſt violent efforts to give up what 


reſt of the univerſe. Amidſt the great qua- 
lities of the philoſopher, we diſcover tome 
ridiculous ſingularities. Plotinus never per- 
mitted his picture to be taken, and he ob- 
ſerved, that to ſee a painting of himſelf in 
the following age, was beneath the notige 
of an enlightened mind. Theſe reaſons 
alſo induced him to conceal the day, the 
hour,” and the place of his birth. He never 
made uſe. of medicines, and though his 
body was often debilitated by abſtinence or 
too much ſtudy, he deſpiſed to have re- 
courſe to a phyſician, and thought that it 
would degrade the gravity of a. philoſopher. 
His writings have been colle&ed by his pu- 
pil Porphyry. They conſiſt of 54 diffe- 
rent. treatifes divided into fix cqual parts, 
written with great ſpifit and vivacity ; but 
the rogſonings are abſtruſe, and the ſubjects 
metafihyſfical. The beſt edition is that of 
Picinus, fol. Baſil, 1580. ; 
Plorius CrisPinvs, a ſtoie philoſo- 
pher and poet, whoſe verſes were very ine- 
legant. He was firnamed Aretalogus. He- 
rat. I, ſat. I, V. 4. 
Lugdunum, who taught grammar at Rome, 
and had Cicero among his pupils. Cic. de 
Orat. Griphus, a man made ſenator by 


Veſpaſian. Tucit. Hift. 3z.— A centurion 
in Czlar's army. C. B. C. 3, c. 19. 
Tucca, a friend of Horace and of VIg 


nearly terminated the lite of the philoſopher, 


| 


wi9 


» 


there was moſt divine in him and in the, 


Gallus, a native. of 


a pt 
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OW 4 
ub- 
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te by 
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id the 
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ht ex- 
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nies of 
become 
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awhile 
270, in 
he ex- 
his laſt 
P what 
d in the 
at qua- 
er 1ome 
ever per- 
d he ob- 
mſelf in 
e notige 
reaſons 
day, the 
He never 
ough his 
mence or 
have re- 
nt that it 
loſopher. 
y his pu- 
54 diſte- 
mal parts, 
xcity ; but 
ze ſubjecs 
1s that of 


Th philoſo- 
very me- 
logus. le- 
a native 0 
ww at Rome, 
Is." Cic. de 
» ſenator bY 
A centurion 


25 —＋ 


c. 19.— 
of Virgily. 
wi9 


P L. 


1 


who made him his heir. He was ſelectedſ of converſation. The moſt eſteemed of 


ty Auguſtus, with Varius, to review the 
Aueid of Virgil. Herat. 1, Sat, 5, v. 40. 
Lucius, a poet in the age of the great 
Marius, whole exploits he celebrated in his 
verſes, | 


PLUTARCHYUS,-a native of Chæronea, 
deſcended of a teſpectable family. His fa-. 


ther, whoſe name is unknown, was diſtin- 
zuiſhed for his learning and virtues, and his 
grandfather, called Lamprias, was alſo as 
conſpicuous for his eloquence and the fe- 
cundity of his genius. Under Ammonius, 


a reputable teacher at Delphi, Plutarch was 


made acquainted with philoſophy and ma- 
thematics, and ſo well eſtabliſhed was his 
character, that he was appointed by his 
countrymen, while yet very young, to go 
to the Roman pro-conſul, in their name, 
upon an affair of the moſt important na- 
ture. This commiſſion he executed with 
honor to himſelf, and with ſucceſs for his 
Country, He afterwards travelled in queſt 
of knowledge; and after he had viſited, like 
a philoſopher and an hiſtorian, the territo- 
ries of Egypt and Greece, he retired to 
Rome, where he opened a ſchool. His re- 
putation made his ſchool frequented. The 
emperor Trajan admired his abilities, and 
honored him with the office of conſul, and 
appointed him governor of Illyricum. Af- 
ter the death of his imperial benefactor, 
Plutarch removed from Rome to Chæronca, 
where he lived in the greateſt tranquillity, 
reſpected by his fellow- citizens and raiſed 
to all the honors which his native town 
could beſtow. In this peaceful and ſolitary 
retreat, Plutarch cloſely applied himſelf to 
ſtudy, and wrote the greateſt part of his 
works, and particularly his lives. He died 
in an advanced old age at Chæronea, about 
the 140th year of the chriſtian era. Plu- 
farch had five children by his wife, called 
Timoxena, four ſons and one daughter, 
Two of the ſons and the daughter died 
when young, and thoſe that ſurvived were 
called Plutarch and Lamprias, and the lat- 
ter did honor to his father's memory, by 
giving to the world an accurate catalogue of 
his writings. In his private and public 
character, the hiſtorian of Chæronea was 
the friend of diſcipline. He boldly aſſerted 
the natural right of mankind, liberty; but 
he recommended obedience and ſubmiſlive 
deference to magiſtrates, as neceſſary to pre- 
ſerve the peace of ſociety. He ſupported, 
that the moſt violent and dangerous public 
factions aroſe too often from private diſ- 
putes and from miſunderſtanding. To ren- 
der himſelf more intelligent, he always car- 
ried a common place-book with him, and 
e preſerved with the greateſt care what- 


his works are his lives of illuſtrious meng 
of whom he examines and delineates the 
different characters with wonderful fkill 
and impartiality, He neither miſrepre - 
| ſents the virtues, nor hides the foibles of 
his heroes. He writes with preciſion and 
with fidelity, and though his - dition is 
neither pure nor elegant, yet there is ener- 
gy and animation, and in many deſerip- 
tions he is inferior to no hiſtorian. In ſome 
of his narrations, however, he is often too 
circumſtantial, his remarks are often inju- 
dicious; and when he compares the heroes 
of Greece with thoſe of Rome, the candid 
teader can eafily remember which fide of 
the Adriatic gave the hiſtorian birth. Some 
have accuſed him of not knowing the gene- 
alogy of his heroes, and have claured him 
for his ſuperſtition; yet for all this, he is 
the moſt entertaining, the moſt inſtructive, 
and intereſting . of all the writers of ancient 
hiſtory; and were a man of true taſte and 
Judgement aſked what book he wiſhed to 
ſave from deſtruction, of all the profane 
compoſitions of ' antiquity, he would per- 
haps without hefitation reply, the Lives of 
Plutarch. In his moral treatiſes, Plutarch 
appears in a different character, and his 
miſguided philoſophy, and erroneous doc- 
trines, render ſome of theſe inferior compo- 
ſitions puerile and diſguſting. They how- 
ever contain many uſeful leſſons, and cu- 
rious fats, and though they are compoſed 
without connection, compiled without 
judgement, and often abound with impro- 
bable ſtories, and falſe reaſonings, yet they 
contain much information, and many ufeful 
reflections. The beſt editions of Plutarch 
are that of Francfort, 2 vols. fol. 1599; 
that of Stephens, 6 vols. 8vo. 1572; 
the Lives by Reifke, 12 vols. 8vo. Lipf. 
1775; and the Moralia, &c. by Wyt- 
tenbach, Put. A native of Eretria, 
during the Peloponneſian war. He was 
defeated by the Macedonians, Plut. in 
A a 

PLUTIA, a town of Sicily. Cic. in Verr. 

PLuTo, ſon of Saturn and Ops, inhe- 
rited his father's kingdom with his bro- 
thers Jupiter and Neptune. He received 
as his lot the kingdom of hell, and what- 
ever lies under the earth, and as ſuch he 
became the god of the infernal regions, of 
death and funerals. From: his functions, 
and the place he inhabited, he received dif- 
ferent names. He was called Dis, Hades, 
or. Ades, Clytopolon, Agelaſtus, Orcus, &c. 
As the place of his reſidence was obſcure 
and gloomy, all the goddeſſes refuſed to 
marry him ; but he determined to obtain 
by force what was denied to his ſolicha- 


ever judicious obſcryations fell in the courſe * 


tions, As he once viſited the iſland of Si- 
11 2 eily, 


„ enn 


> — 
» 3 
— a 


* 
— 
- 


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—— 
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* 


Des — D 
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1 


ehy, after a violent earthquake, he faw 
Proſerpine, the daughter of Ceres, gather- 
ing flowers in the plains of Enna, with a 
crowd of female- attendants, He became 
enamoured of her, and immediatcly car- 
ricd her away upon his chariot drawn by 
four horſes, To make his retreat more 
unknown, he opened himſelf a paſſage 
through the earth, by ſtriking it with his 
trident in the lake of Cyane in Sicily, or, 
according to others, on the borders ot the 
Cephiſus in Attica. Proſerpine called up- 
on her attendants for help, but in vain, and 
ſhe became the wife of her raviſher, and the 
queen of hell, Pluto is generally repre- 
ſented as holding a trident with two teeth, 
he has alſo keys in his hand, to intimate 
that whoever enters his kingdom can never 
return. He is looked upon as a hard-heart- 
ed and inexorable god, witn a grim. and 
diſmal countenance, and for that reaſon 
no temples were raiſed to his honor as to 
the reſt of the ſuperior gods. Black vic- 
tims, and particularly a bull, were the only 
ſacrifices which were oftcred to him, and 
their blood was not ſprinkled on the altars, 
or received in veſſels, as at other ſacrifices, 
but,it was permitted to run «down into the 
earth, as if it were to penetrate as far as 
the realms of the god. The Syracuſans 
yearly ſacrificed to him black bulls, near 
the fountain of Cyane, where, according to 
the received traditions, he had ditappeared 
with Proferpinc. Among plants, the cy- 
preſs, the narciſlus, and the maiden-hair, 
were ſacred to him, as alſo every thing which 
was dcemed inauſpicious, particularly the 
number two. According to ſome of the 
aucients, Pluto ſat on a throne of tulphur, 
from which iſſued the rivers Lethe, Cocy- 
zus, Phlegethon, and Acheron. The dog 
Cerberus watched at his feet, the harpics 
hovered around him, Proſerpine far on his 
jeſt hand, and near to the goddeſs food 
the Eumenides, with their heads covered 
with ſnakes. The Parcz occupied the right, 
and they gach held in their bands the ſym- 
bois of their officc, the diſtaff, rhe ſpindle, 
and the ſcifſa;s. Pluto is called by ſome 
the father of the Eumenides. During the 
war of the gods and the Titans, the Cyclops 
made a helmct, which rendered the bearer 
inviſible, and gave it to Pluto. Perſcus was 
armed with it when he cuuqueted the Gor- 
gons. Heficd. Theeg. — Hemer. L. —Apellod. 
1, &c.—llygin. fab. 155. P. A. 2.— Stat. 
Theb, 8. Dicd. 5. - Ovid. Met. 3, fab. 6.— 
Pauf. 2, c. 36. —Orpheus Hymn, 17, &c.— 
Cie, de Nat. D. 2, ( 26.— Plate de rep.— 
Ari pid. in Med. Hi pol — A ſchyl. in Perſ. 
Tum. —Parre, I. V. q.—Catull, ep. 3.— 


n . 4z v. 502. An, &, v. 273. l. 8, 


q 


; 


— — 


Ceres, the goddeſs of corn, has 


P 0 


v. 296.— Lusan. 6, v. 715.— Herat. 2, ed. 
3 & 18,—Senec, in Here. fur. 

Pruroxtun, a temple of Pluto in Ly- 

dia, Cie. de div. 1, c. 36. 

PLUTUs, ſon of Jafion or ory. by 

deen con- 

founded by many of the mythologiſts with 

Pluto, though plainly diſtinguiſhed from 


him as being the god of riches. He was 


brought up by the goddeſs of peace, and 
on that accaunt, Pax was repreſented at 
Athens, as holding the god of wealth in 
her lap The Greeks ſpoke of him as of a 
fickle divinity, They repreſented him as 
blind, becauſe he diftributed riches indiſ- 
criminately ; he was lame, becauſe he came 
ſlow and gradually; but had wings, to inti- 
mate that he flew away with more velo- 
city, than he approached mankind.” Lucian 
in Tim. Pauſ. q, c. 16 & 26.—llygin. P. A, 


—driftoph. in Plus. — Diod. 5. 


PLuvivs, a ſirname of Jupiter as god 
of rain. He was invoked by that name 
among the Romans, whenever the carth was 
parched up by continual heat, and was in 
want of refretbening ſhowers. He had an 


altar in the temple on the capitol. Tibull, 
L, /. 7, v. 26. 
PLYNTERIA, a feftival among the 


Greeks, in honor of Aglauros, or rather of 
Minerv2, who received from the daughter 


of Cecrops the name of Aglauros, The 


word ſcems to be derived from naunn, 
lava re, becauſe, during the folemnity, they 
undreſſeq the ſtatue of the voddefs. and 
waſhed it. The day on which it was ob- 
ſerved, was univerſally ſooked upon as un- 
fortunate aud inauſpicious, and on that ac- 
count, no perſon was permitted to appear 
in the temples, as they were purpoſely 
ſurrounded with ropes.. The arrival of 
Alcibiades in Athens that day, was 
deemed very unfortunate; but however, 
the fucceſs that ever after attended him, 
proved it to be otherwiſe, It was cuſ- 
tomary at this feſtival to bear in proceſſion 
a cluſter of figs, which intimated the pro- 
greſs of civilization among the tuſt inhabi- 
tunts of the earth, as figs ſerved them for 


| food after they had found a diſlike for 


acorns. Pollux, 
_ Px1Gevs, a village of Egypt, near Pha» 
nicia. Stab. 16. 
PN VX, à place of Athens, ſet apart by 


Solon for holding aſſemblies, C. Nep. 
Att. 3. 

PokßLicius, a lieutenant of Pompey ia 
Spain. 


PoDALIRIUS, a ſon of Aſculapius and 
Epione, He was one of the pupils of the 
Centaur Chiron, and he made himſelf un- 
der bim fuch a walter of medicine, Mat 

: : during 


ed. 
Ly- 
, by 


con- 
with 
from 
Was 
and 
d at 
th in 
s of a 
im as 
indiſ- 
came 
inti- 
velo- 
Luca 


„ 
is god 


name 
th was 
Was in 
had an 
Tibull. 


ig the 
ther of 
aughter 
The 
nub, 
they 
15 and 
vas ob- 
was un- 
that ac- 
| appear 
urpoſely 
rival of 
7. was 
\owevery 
cd him, 
vas cuſ- 
roce ſſion 
the pro- 
t inhabi- 
them for 


like for 
ear Phœ- 
apart by 
C. Nep. 
Pompey in 
lapius and 
ils of the 
imſelf un- 


IC ine o what 
auruig 


him a temple, and paid him divine honors. 


ticus the great friend of Athens. The only 


* 

during the Trojan war, the Greeks invited 
him to their camp, to flop a peſtilence 
which had bated the (kill of all their phy- 
ficians. Some however ſuppoſe, that he 
went to the Trojan war not in the capacity 
of a piyhcian in the Grecian army, but as 
a warrior, attended by his brother Macha- 


on, in 30 ſhips, with ſoldiers from cha- 


tia, Ithome, and Trica At bis return 
from the Trojan war, Podalirius was ſhip- 
wrecked on the coaſt of Caria, where he 
cured of the falling ſickneſs a daughter of 
the king of the place. He fixed his hahi- 
tation there, and built two towns, one of 
which he called Syrna, by the name of his 
wife. The Carians, after his death, built 


Dictys. Cret.— . Snyrn. 6 & 9.—Ovid de 
Art. Am. 2. Trift. el. 6.— Pau. 3. — A 
Rutulian engaged in the wars of Ancas and 
Turnus. Virg. An. 12, v. 304. 

PeDARCE, a daughter of Danaus. 

PopARCEs, a ſon of Iphiclus of Theſ- 
ſaly, who went to the Trojan war The 
Grſt name ef Priam. When Troy was 
taken by Hercules, he was redeemed from 
Navery by his ſiſter Heſione, and from 
thence received the name of Priam. Vid. 
Priamus. 

PoDARESs, a general of Mantinca, in the 
age of Epaminondas. Pan. 8, c. 9. 

Po DAR GE, one of the Harpies, mother 
of two of the horſes of Achilles, by the 
Zephyrs. The word intimates the fwwifr- 
neſs of her feet. 

PordARGUs, a charioteer of Hector. 
TTomer, v 

P at, fon of Thaumacus, was among 
the Argonauts. The father of Philocte- 
tes. The ſon is often called Pœantia proles, 


P 0 


| lebrated victory. C. Nep. in Milt. & is 
Attic, 3.—Pauſ. 1.—Plin, 35. 

Pani, a name given to the Carthagi- 
nians. It ſeems to be a corruption of the 
word Phari or Phenices, as the Carthagi- 
nians were of Phœnician origin. Serv. ad 
Virg. t, v. 302. 

Pazon. Vid. Pæon. 

P ON, a part of Macedonia. 7a. 
Pzonia. | 

Pavs, a part of mount Pindus, 

Pooos, a harbour of the Trezenians on 
the coaſt of te Peloponneſns. It received 
this name on account of its appearing to 
come forward before the town of Trœzene, 
as the beard, (ve,) does from the chin. 
Strab. 8. Mela. 2. 

Po LA, a city of Iſtria, founded by the 
Colchians, and afterwards made a Roman 
colony, and called Pietas Julia. Plin. 3, 
c. 9.—Mefa. 2, c. 3.—Strab. 1 & 5, 

PoLEMARCHUS, Vid. Archon. The 
aſſaſſin of Polydorus. 

PoLEMOCRATIA, a queen of Thrace, 
who fled to Brutus after the murder of 
Cæſar. She retired from her kingdom be- 
cauſe her ſubjects had lately murdered her 
huſband. 

PSLEMON, a youth of Athens, ſon of 
Philoftratus. He was much given to de- 
bauchery and extravagance, and ſpent the 
greateſt part of his life in riot and drunk - 
enneſs. He once, when intdxicated, en- 
tered the ſchool of Xenocrates, while the 
philoſopher was giving his pupils a lecture 


was ſo ſtruck with the eloquence of the 
academician, and the force of his argu- 


en account of his father, Ovid. Met. 13, 
v. 45. | 

Pa cYLE, a celebrated portico at Athens, | 
which received its name from the variety | 


(ren of paintings which it contained. | 


t was there that Zeno kept his ſchool, and 
the ftoics alſo received their leſſons there, 
whence their name (@ goz, a porch). The 
Pacile was adorned with pictures of gods 
and benefactors, and among many others 
was that of the ſiege and ſacking of Troy, 
the battle of Theſeus againſt the Amazons, 
the fight between the Lacedzmonians and | 
Athenians at CEnoe in Argolis, and of At- 


ced the diſſipated life he had led, and ap- 
plied himſelf totally to the ſtudy of philo- 
ſophy. He was then in the zoth year of 
his age, and from that time he never drank 
any other liquor but water; and after the 
death of Xenocrates he ſucceeded in the 
{ſchool where his reformation had been 
effected. He died about 270 years before 
Chriſt, in an extreme old age. Dieg. in 
ta. - Horat. 2, ſat. 3, v. 254. A ſon 
of Zeno the rhetorician, made king of 
Pontus by Antony, He attended his patron 
in his expedition againſt Parthia. After the 
battle of Actium he was received into favor 
by Auguſtus, though he had fought in the 
cauſe of Antony, He was killed ſome 


upon the effects of intemperance, and he 


ments, that from that moment he renoun- 


reward which Miltiades obtained after the | time after by the barbarians near the Palus 
battle of Marathon, was to have his pic- | Mzotis, againſt whom he had made war. 
ture drawn more conſpicuous than that of | Stra. — Dion. His ſon of the fame name 
the reſt of the officers that tought with was confirmed on his father's throne by 
nim, in the repreſentation which was made | the Roman emperors, and the province ot 
of the engagement, which was hung up in | Cilicia was alſo added to his kingdom by 


ths Pacitr, in eommemeration of that ce- | Claudius, —An officer in the army of 
| 7 Tt 3 Alcxandery, | 


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199 
Alexander, intimate with Philotas, &c. 
Cart, 7, c. I, &c. A rhetorician at 
Rome, who wrote a poem on weights and 
meaſures, ſtill extant. He was maſter to 
Perſius the celebrated ſatyriſt, and died in 
the age of Nero. A ſophiſt of Laodicea 
in Aſia Minor, in the reign of Adrian. He 
was often ſent to the emperor with an em- 
baſſy by his countrymen, which he executed 
with great ſucceſs. He was greatly favored 
by Adrian, from whom he. exacted much 
money. In the 56th year of his age he 


buried himſelf alive, as he labored with } 


the gout. He wrote declamations in 


Greek. 
PoLEMONIUM, now Vatija, a town of 


Pontus, at the eaſt- of the mouth. of the 


Thermodon. 
PoL1as, a ſirname of Minerva, as pro- 


tectreſs of cities. 


PoLICHNA, a town of Troas on Ida. 
Herodot. 6, c. 28. Another of Crete. 
Thucyd. 2, c. 85. . | 
_ PoL1t1A, a feſtival at Thebes in honor 
of Apollo, who was repreſented there with 
grey hair, (mon©-), contrary to the prac- 
tice of all other places. The victim was a 
Þull, but when it happened once that no 
Hull could be found, an ox was taken from 
the cart and ſacrificed. From that time 
the ſacrifice of laboring oxen was deemed 
Jawful, though before it was looked upon 
as a capital crime. 8 

PoLIloxcErkEs, (deſtroyer of cities), a 
firname given to Demetrius, ſon of Antigo- 
nus. Plu. in Demet. 

Potis Ma, à town of Troas, on the 
Simois. Strab. 13. 

PoLIi5TRATVUS, an Epicurean philoſo- 
her, born the ſame day as Hippoclides, 
with whom he always lived in the greateſt 
Intimacy. They both dicd at the ſame hour. 
Dicg.-—Val. Max. 1. 

PoLiTEs, a ſon of Priam and Hecuba, 
killed by Pyrrhus in his father's preſence. 
Virg. An. 2, v. 526, &c. His ſon, who bore 
the ſame name, followed Maneas into Italy, 
and was one of the friends of young Aſca- 
nius. Id. 5, v. 564. 

PoLtiToKIUM, a city of the Latins de- 
ſtroyed by the Romans, before Chriſt 639, 
Liv. 1, c. 33. 

3 a proſt itute, & c. Juv. 2, 
v. 68. 

PoLLA ARGENTARIA, the wife of the 
poet Lucan, She aſſiſted her huſband in 


cFotrecting the three firſt books of his Phar- 


alia. Stat. Sylv. 1 & 2. 
FoLLEXTIA, now Polenza, a town of 


Liguria in Italy, famous for wool. There 


was a celebrated battle fought there between 
the Romans and Alaric, king of the Huns, 


*about the 403d year of the Chriſtian craj 


4 


„ 
in which the former, according to ſome, 
obtained the victory. Mela. 2, c. 7.— 
Plin. 8, c. 48. —Suet. Tib. 37.—Sil. 8, v. 
598.—Cic. 11, Tam. 13. A town of Ma- 
jorca, Plin, & Mela. Of Picenum, 
Liv. 39, c. 44. 1. 41, c. 27. 

Polio, C. Afinius, a Roman conſul, 
under the reign of Auguſtus, who diſtin- 
guiſhed himſelf as much by his eloquente 
and writings as by his exploits in the field. 
He defcated the Dalmatians, and favored 
the cauſe of Antony againſt Auguſtus. He 
patronized, with great libetality, the poets 
Virgil and Horace, who have immortalized 
him in their writings. He was the firſt 
who raiſed a public library at Rome, and 
indeed his example was afterwards follow- 
ed by many of the emperors. In his li- 
brary were placed the ſtatues of all the 
learned men of every age, and Varro was the 
only perſon who was hanored there dur- 
ing his lifetime. He was with J. Cæſar 
when he croſſed the Rubicon. He was great- 
ly eſteemed by Auguſtus when he had be- 
come one of his adherents, after the ruin of 
Antony. Pollio wrote ſome tragedies, ora- 
tions, and an hiſtory, which was divided 
into 17 books. All theſe compoſitions are 
loſt, and nothing remains of his writings 
except a few letters to Cicero. He died an 
the 8oth year of his age, A. D. 4. He is 
the perſon in whoſe honor Virgil has in- 
ſcribed his fourth eclogue, Palio, as a re- 
conciliation was effected between Auguſtus 
and Antony during. bis conſulſhip. The 
poct, it is ſuppoſed by ſome, makes men- 
tion of a ſon of the conſul born about this 
time, and is laviſh in his excurſions into 
futurity, and his predictions of approaching 
proſperity. Paterc. 2, c. 86.-—Hoerat. 2, od. 
t. Sat. 10, 1. 1.—-Virg. Ecl. 3 & 4.—Val. 
Max. 8, c. 13. — Cin. 10. —Annius, 2 
man accuſed of ſedition before Tiberius, 
and acquitted, He afterwards conſpired 
againſt Nero, &c. Tacit. 6, c. 9.1. 15, c. 
56. Vedius, one cf the friends of Au- 
guſtus, who uſed to feed his fiſhes with 
human fleſh. This cruelty was diſcovered 
when one of his ſervants broke a glaſs in 
the preſence of Auguſtus, who had been 
invited to a feaſt. The maſter ordered the 
ſervant to be ſeized ; but he threw himſelf 
at the feet of the emperor, and begged him 
to interfere, and not to ſuffer him to be de- 
voured by fiſhes. Upon this the cauſes of 
his apprehenſion were examined, and Au- 
guſtus, aſtoniſhed at the barbarity of his 
favorite, cauſed the ſervant to be diſmiſſed, 
all the fiſh-ponds to be filled up, and the 
cryſtal glaſſes of Pollio to be broken to 
pieces, A man who poiſoned Britan- 
nicus, at the inſtigation of Nero. An 
hiſtorian in the age of Conſtantine the 

X Great. 


9 


2 0 


12 EE 


onſul, 
liſtin- 
Uence 
fie lcd. 
vored 
He 
poets 
ilized 
tre 
„and 
How- 
is li- 
Il the 
as the 
dur- 
Ceſar 
great- 
d be- 
uin of 
„ora- 
vided 
ns are 
itings 
ed an 
He is 
is in- 
a re- 
puſtus 
The 
men- 
t this 


e the 
Great. 


P O 


Great. A ſophiſt in the age of Pumpey 
the Great. A friend of the emperor | 
Veſpaſian. 


PoL Lis, a commander of the Lacedæ- 
monian fleet defeated at Naxos, B. C. 377. 
Died. 

PolLius FELrx, a friend of the poet 
Statius, to whom he dedicated his ſecond 
Sylva. 

PoLLUPEX, now Final, a town of Ge- 
noa. 

PoLLUTIA, a daughter of L. Vetus, put 
to death after her huſband Rubellius Plau- 
tus, by order of Nero, &c. Tacit. 16. Ann. 
c. 10 & 11. 

Pol Lux, a ſon of Jupiter, by Leda the 
wife of Tyndarus. He was brother to 


Caftor. [d. Caftor. ] ——A Greek writer, 


who floriſhed A. D. 186, in the reign of 
Commodus, and died in the 58th year of 
his age. He was born at Naucratis, and 
taught rhetoric” at Athens, and wrote an 
uſctul work called Onomaſticon, of which 
the beſt edition is that of Hemſterhuſius, 2 
vols., fol. Amſt. 1706. a 

PoLT1s, a king of Thrace, in the time 
of the Trojan war. 

Por.us, a celebrated Grecian actor. 
A ſophiit of Agrigentum. 

PoLusCA, a town of Latium, formerly 
the capital of the Volſci. The inhabitants 
were called Pelluftini, Liv. 2, c. 39. 

PoLY&NUs, a native of Macedonia, who 
wrote eight books in Greek of ſtratagems, 
which he dedicated to the emperors Anto- 
ninus and Verus, while they were making 
war againſt the Parthians. He wrote alſo 
other books which have been loſt, among 
which was an hiſtory, with a deſcription 
of the city of Thebes. The beſt editions 
of his ftratagems are thoſe of Maſvicius, 
8vo. L. Bat. 1690, and of Murſinna, 12mo. 
Berlin, 17 56.——A friend of Philopœmen. 
An orator in the age of Julius Cæſar. 
He wrote in three books an account of An- 
tony's expedition in Parthia, and likewiſe 
publiſhed orations. A mathematician, 
who afterwards followed the tenets of Epi- 
curus, and diſregarded geometry as a falſe 
and uſoleſs ſtudy. Cic. in Acad. queft. 4. 

PoLYANUsS, a mountain of Ds, 
near Pindus. Strab. : 

PoLYARCKUs, the brother of a queen of 
Cyrene, &c. Polyen. 8. 

PoLyBIDAS, a general after the death 
of Ageſipolis the Lacedzmonian, He re- 


duced Olynthus. 


PoLYBivus, or PoLYBUs, a king of Co- 


rinth, who married Peribeza, whom ſome 


have called Merope. He was fon of Mer- 
cury by Chthonophyle, the daughter of 
Sicyon, king of Sicyon. He permitted his 


wite, Who had no children, io adopt and 


mane and benevolent heart. 


0 


edueate as her own ton, CEdipus, who had 


been found, by his ſhepherds expoſed in the . 


woods, He had a daughter called Lyſia- 
naſſa, whom he gave in marriage to Ta- 
laus, ſon of Bias king of Argos. As he 
had no male child, he left his kingdom to 
Adraſtus, who had been baniſhed from his 
throne, and who had fied to Corinth for 
protection. Hygin. fab, 66,—Pauſ. 2, c. 6. 
Apollod. 3, c. 5. x 

PoLYB1vs, a native of Megalopolis in 
Peloponneſus, ſon of Lycortas, e Was 
early initiated in the duties, and made ac- 
quainted- with the qualifications of a ſtateſ- 
man, by his father, who was a ſtrong ſup» 
porter of the Achæan league, and under 
him Philopemen was taught the art of 
war, 
ſelf by his valor againſt the Romans, and 
when Perſeus had been conquered, he was 
carried to the capital of Italy as a priſoner 
of war. But he was not long buried in 
the obſcurity of a dungeon. Scipio and Fa- 
bius were acquainted with his uncommon 
abilities as a warrior and as a man of learu- 
ing, and they made him their friend by 
kindneſs and attention. Polybius was not 
inſenſible to their merit; he accompanied 
Scipio in his expeditions, and was preſent 
at the taking of Carthage and Numantia. 
In the midſt of bis proſperity, however, he 
felt the diſtreſſes of his country, which had 
been reduced into a Roman province, and, 
like a true patriot, he relieved its wants, 
and eaſed its ſervitude by making uſe of the 
influence which he had acquired by his ac- 
quaintance with the moſt powerful Ro- 
mans. After the death of his friend and 
benefactor Scipio, he retired from Rome, 
and paſſed the reſt of lus days at Megalo- 
polis, where he enfoyed the comforts. and 
honors which every good man can receive 
from the gratitude of his citizens, and from 
the ſelf- ſatisfaction which attends a hu- 
He died in 
the 82d year of his age, about 124 years 
before Chriſt, of a wound which he had 
received by a fall from his horſe, He 
wrote an univerſal hiſtory in Greek, di- 


wars of Rome with the Carthaginians, and 


by Paulus. The greateſt part of this value 
able hiſtory is loſt; the fave firſt books are 
extant, and of the twelve fallowing the 
fragments are numerous. The hiftary of 
Polybius is admired for its authenticity, and 


the Greeks, who was experimentally and 
profeſſedly acquainted with the military 
operations, and the political meatures uf 
which he makes mention. He has been 


recommended in every age and country as . 


| Tis thy 


In Macedonia he diſtinguiſhed him- - 


vided into 40 books, which began with the 


finiſhed with the conqueſt of Macedonia 


he is, perhaps, the only hiſtorian among. 


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the beſt maſter in the art of war, and no- 
thing can more effectually prove the eſ- 
teem in which he was held among the Ro- 
mans, than to mention that Brutus, the 
murderer of Cæſar, peruſed his hiftory 
with the greateſt attention, epitomized it, 
and often retired from the field where he 
had drawn his ſword againſt Octavius md 
Antony, to read the inſtructive pages which 
deſcribed the great actions of his anceſtors, 
Polybius, however great and entertaining, 
is ſometimes cenſured for his unneteſſary 
digreſſions, for his uncouth and ill-digeſted 
narrations, for his negligence, and the in- 
accurate arrangement 0 his words, But 
every where there is inſtruction to be 
found, information to be collected, and cu- 
rious facts to be obtained, and it reflects 
not much honor upon Livy for calling the 
hiftorian, from whom he has copied whole 
books almoſt word for word, without gra- 
titude or acknowledgement, haudquaguam 
ſpernendus auctor. Dionyſus alſo of Hali- 
carnaſſus, is one of his moſt violent accu- 
ſers ; but the hiſtorian has rather expoſed 
his ignorance of true criticiſm, than diſco- 
vered inaccuracy or inelegance. The beft 
editions of Polybius are thoſe of Gronovius, 
3 vols. 8vo. Amſt. 1670, of Erneſti, 3 vols. 
8vo, 1764, and of Schweighzuſer, 7 vols. 
8vo. Lipf. 178 5. Plut. in Phil. in præc.— 
Liv. zo, c. 45.—Pauſ. 8, c. 30.—A freed 
man of Auguſtus. Ser. A phy ſician, 
diſciple and ſucceſſor of Hippocrates. 
A ſoothſayer of Corinth, who foretold to his 
ſons the fate that attended them in the Tro- 
Jan war. ' 

PoLyB@A, a daughter of Amyclas and 
Diomede, ſiſter to Hyacinthus. Payf. 3, 

19. 
: Pow wearing. Vid. Pol vyœrrs. 

PoLYRGTES, one of the giants who 


| made war againſt Jupiter. He was killed by 


Neptune, who cruſhed him under a part 


bf the iſland of 3 as he was walking 


acroſs the Ægean. Pau. 1, c. 2.—Hygin. 


in pre. fab. , N 
PoLyYBus, a king of Egypt in the time 
of the Trojan war.—-One of Penelope's 
ſuitors. Ovid. Heroid. 1.——A king of 
Sicyon.— A king of Corinth, Vid. Po- 
lybius, 
PoLycApn, a ſon of Lelex. He re- 
ecived divine honors after death with his 
wife Meſſene, at Lacedzmon, where he 
had reigned, Pau. 4, c. 1, &c. A ſon 
of Butes, who married a daughter of Hyl- 


lus. 
PoLYCARPUS, a famous Greek writer, 


born at Smyrna, and educated at the ex- 
pence of a rich but pious lady. Some 


Juppoſe that he was St. John's cliſciple. He 


| 


P 0 


Rome to ſettle the feſtival of Eafter, but 


to no purpoſe. He was condemned to be 
burnt at Smyrna, A. P. 167. His epiſtle 
to the Philippians is ſimple and modeſt, 
yer replete with uſeful precepts and rules 
for the conduct of life. The beſt edition 
of Polycarp's epiſtle, is that of Oxon, Svo. 
1708, being annexed to the works of Ig. 
natius. 

PoLYCASTE, the youngeſt of the daugh 
ters of Neſtor. According to ſome authors 
ſhe married Telemachus, when he viſited 
her father's court in queſt of Ulyſſes. 

PoLYCHAREs, a rich Meſſenian, ſaid ts 
have been the cauſe of the war which was 
kindled between the Spartans and his coun- 
trymen, which was called the fiſt Meſſe- 
nian war. 

PoLyCLEA, the mother of Theſſalus, 
Ec. x 

PoLYCLEs, an Athenian in the time of 
Demetrius, &c. Polyen. 5. A famous 
athlete, often crowned at the four ſolemn 
games of the Grecks. He had a ſtatue in 
Jupiter's grove at Olympia. Pau. 6, c. 1. 
_ PoLycLETVUs, a celebrated ſtatuary of 
Sicyon, about 232 years before Chriſt. He 
was univerſally reckoned the moſt ſkilful 
artiſt of his profeſſion among the ancients, 
and the ſecond rank was given to Phidias. 
One of his pieces, in which he had repre- 
ſented a body-guard of the king of Perſia, 
was ſo happily executed, and ſo nice and 
exact in all its proportions, that it was 
looked upon as a moſt perfect model, and 
accordingly called the Rule. He was ac- 
uainted with architecture. Pauſ. 2 & 6.— 
Duintit, I2, C. 10. Another who lived 
about 30 years after. A favorite of the 
emperor Nero, put to death by Galba. 

PoLvclirvus, an hiſtorian of Lariſſa. 
Athen. 12.—&lion. 16, c. 41. 

PoLYCRATEs, a tyrant of Samos, well 


tune which attended him. He became 
very powerful, and made himſelf maſter, 
not only of the neighbouring iſlands, but 
allo of ſome cities on the coaſt of Aſia. 
He had a fleet of a hundred ſhips of war, 
and was fo univerſally reſpected, that Ama- 
ſis, the king of Egypt, made a treaty of al- 
liance with him. The Egyptian monarch, 
however, terrified by his continued pro- 
ſperity, adviſed him to chequer his enjoy» 
ments, by relinquiſhing ſome of his moſt 
favorite objefts. Polycrates complied, 
and threw into the ſea a beautiful ſeal, the 
moſt valuable of his jewels, The volun- 
tary loſs of ſo precious a ſeal afflicted him 
for ſome time, but a few days after, he re- 
ceived as a preſent a large fiſh, in whoſe 
belly the jewel was found. Amaſis no 


became biſhop of Smyrna, and went to | ſooner heard this, than he rejected all alli- 


i ance 


known for the continual flow of good for- 


ance ' 
ed, t 
woulc 
viſite 
he ha 
nor. 
years 
gover! 
of Pol 
had di 
houſe 
dream 
was C 
14.— 
of At] 
tion, \ 
temne 
ſtatuar 
Pot 
woma! 
'Diogne 
we 1 
Naxos, 
Plut. de 
Por 
life of 
Drog. 
PoLy 
of the D 
father of 
An 
obtained 
his adve 


is counti 
\ ſon of 
Hector. 
r0jans, « 
he Greek 
fter he h 
he enemy 
„ Ke. 
ated Here 
ed a 
at he c. 
N its moſt 
th ſome 
a ſudde 
mbling e 
attemp 
ent in hi: 
Wever, V 


iſited 


id te 
Was 
OUun- 


[ eſle- 
lalus, 
ne of 


1ents, 
1idias., 
repre- 
Perſia, 
e and 
Was 
Il, and 
1$ ace 
Gm 
| lived 
of the 


arifſa. 


, well 
d for- 
xecame 
naſter, 
ds, but 
f Aſia. 
f war, 
Ama» 
of al- 
onarch, 
d pro- 
enjoy- 
s mo 
cal, che 
volun- 
ed him 
he re- 
1 whoſe 
afis no 
all alli- 
ance 


FD 


ance with the tyrant of Samos, and obſery- 
ed, that ſooner or later his good fortune 
would vanith. Some time after Folycrates 
viſited Magneſia on the Mzxander, where 
he had been invited by Oraetes, the gover- 
nor. He was ſhamefully put to ceath, 522 
years before Chriſt, merely becauſe the 
governor wiſhed to terminate the proſperity 
of Polycrates. The daughter of Polycrates 
had diſſuaded her father from going to the 
houſe of Orcetes, on account of the bad 
dreams which the had had, but her advice 
was diſregarded. Pauf. 8, c. 14.—-S7rab, 
14.— Herodot. 3, c. 39, &c. A ſopbiſt 
ef Athens, who, to engage 33 atten- 
tion, wrote 2 panegyric on Buſiris and Cly- 
temneſtra. Quintil. 2, c. 17,—— An ancient 
ſtatuary. 

PoLYCRETA, or POLYCRITA, a young 
woman of Naxos, who became the wite of 
'Diognetus, the general of the Erythreans, 
xc. Polyan, 8. Another woman of 
Naxos, who died through exccts of joy. 
Plut. de clar. Mul. 

PoLycriTUs, a man who wrote the 
life of Dionyſus, the tyrant of Sicily. 
Drog. | 

PoLYCToR, the huſband of Stygna, one 
of the Danaides. Apolled. 2, c. 1. The 
father of Piſander, one of Penelupe's ſuitors, 
— An athlete of Elis. It is ſaid that he 
obtained a victory at Olympia by bribing 
bis adverſary, who was ſuperior to him in 
ſrength and courage. Pau. 5, c. 21. 

PoLYDAMON, an Aſſyrian prince killed 
by Perſeus. Ovid. Met. 5, fab. 3. 

PoLYDAMAS, a Trojan, ſon of Antenor 
by Theano, the ſiſter of Hecuba. He mar- 
ried Lycaſte, a natural daughter of Priam. 
He is accuſed by ſome of having betrayed 
is country to the Greeks. Dares. Phry. 
\ ſon of Panthous, born the ſame night as 
Hector. He was inferior to none of the 
tojans, except Hecter, who fought againit 
he Greeks. He was at laſt killed by Ajax, 
ſter he had Naughtered a great number of 
he enemy. Dietyſ. Cret. 1, &c.— Homer, I. 
2, xc. A celebrated athlete, who imi- 
ated Hercules in whatever he did. He 
lled a lion with his fiſt, and it is ſaid 
at he could ſtop a chariot with his hand 
n its moſt rapid courſe. He was one day 
th ſome of his friends in a cave, when 
a ſudden, a large piece of rock came 
mbling down, and while all fled away, 

attempted to receive the falling frag- 
dent in his arms. His prodigious ſtrength, 
dwever, was inſufficicnt, and he was in- 
atly cruſhed to pieces under the rock. 
auf. E, c. 5. One of Alexander's of- 
rs, intimate with Parmenio. Curt. 4, 
Is, 


1 0 


of Egypt. It is ſaid that ſhe gave Helen a 
certain powder, which had the wonderful 
power gi driving away care and melancho- 
ly. Hemcr. Od. 4, v. 228. 

PoLYDECTEs, a king of Sparta, of the 
family of the Proclidæ. He was ſon of Eu- 
nomus. Pau. 3, c. 7. A ton of Mag- 
nes, king of the iſland of Seriphos. He re- 
ceived with great kindneſs Danae and her 
lon Perſeus, who had been expoſed on the 
fea by Actifius. [ Vid. Perfeus.} He took 
particular care of the education of Perfous ; 
but when he became enamoured of Danac, 
he removed him from his kingdom, appre- 
nenſive of his reſentment. Some time at- 
ter he paid his addrefles to Danae, and 
when ſhe rejected him, he prepared to oi- 
fer her violence, Danae fied io the altar 
of Minerva for protection, and Dictys, the 
brother of Polydectes, who had himſelf 
waved her from the ſea- waters, oppoſed her 
raviſhe;, and armed himſelf in her defence. 
At this critical moment, Perſeus arrived, 
and with Meduſa's head he turned into 
ſtones Polydedctes, with the affociates of his 
guilt, The crown of Seriphos was given 
to Dictys, who had thewn himſelf fo active 
in the cauſe of innocence. Ovid, Met. 5, v. 
242.—tygin, fab. 63, &c,+——A ſculptor 
of Greece. Plin, 

Pol. vk uc ka, a fountain of Laconia, 
near Therapne. /. . 

PoLYDORA, a daughter of Peleus king 
of Theflaly, by Antigone, the daughter of 
Eurytion. She married the river Speichi- 
us, by whom the had Mneſtheus, polled, 
One of the Oceanides. Heffod,—— 
A daughter of Meleager king of Calydon, 
who married Protefilaus. She killed her- 
ſelf when ſhe heard that her huſband was 
dead. The wife of Proteſilaus is more 
commonly called Laodamia. [ Fid. Pro- 

tefilaus.] Pauſ. 4, c. 2. A daughter of 
Perieres. An ifland, of the Propontis 

near Cyzicus. 

PoLyYpORUs, a fon of Alcamenes, king 

of Sparta. He put an end to the war which 

had been carried on during 20 years, be- 

tween Meſſenia and his ſubjects, and during 

his reign, the Lacedzmonians planted two 

colonies, one at Crotona, and the other at 

Locri. He was univerſally reſpected. He 

was aſſaſſinated by a nobleman, called Po- 

lemarchus. His fon Eurycrates ſucceeded 

him 724 years before Chriſt, Pauf. 3.— 

Herodot. 7, c. 204.—A celebratedcarverof 

Rhodes, who with one ſtone made the fa- 

mous ſtatue of Laocoon and his children. 

Plin. 34, C. 8. A ſon of Hippomedon, 
who went with the Epigoni to the ſecond 

Theban war. Pau. 2. A ſon of Cad. 

mus and Hermione, who married Nycteis, 

by whom he had Labdacus, the father of 


POLYDAMNA, the wife of Thonis, king | 


Laius. 


ne — 


rity x 2 — — 


4 - 
Ss — em Rr « Om— — % = 
8 — + — whe * — 
= > 
r F. - 4 — 8 - 
— Py. . 
- wr 21 — — 2 


I. + << 


— — 


. Ta 


- - of — 
_—_— — — — — 
—— ECD DIS —— — N 
i — 


© -—- 7 A 
— — 


—_— LT » 


— — — 


”— : 
- * — —— 


— „ 


—— Oc 5... . 
— r RS * * 


* ** oy oy 
- - . — — = * * = Oo = 
* - \ 4 
= - — 
- * — * 5 — Lacs iS 3 
* * - & a 
: * 8 . — he 2 __ - 
: — — 1 "> . — 3 
— — — 6 - — - 
- — — — — — _ — 
- Ty - T — — 1 
_ _- : AS — _ _ 
- _ . — = — - — 
— * * 
* 


— 
——— 


FP 


E.xi:13, He had ſucceeded to the throne of 
Thcbes, when his father had gone to Illy- 
ricum. A pollod. 3. A brother of Jaſon 
oft Pheræ, who Killed his brother, and terized 
upon his poſſeſſions. Diod. 1 5. A ton 
er Pram Killed by Achilles. Another 
fon cf Priam by Hceeuba, or according to 
others by Laothoe, the daughter of Altes, 
King of Pedafus. As he was young and 
mex2erizenced when Troy was beſieged by 
the Greeks, his father removed him to the 
court of Polymneſtor, king of Thrace, 
and alſo entruſted to the care of the mv- 
narch a large ſum of money, and the great- 
eſt part of his treaſures, till his country 


was freed from forcign invaſton. No 


fooner was the death of Priam known mn 
Thrace, than Polymneftor made himſcif 
maſter of the riches which were in his poſ- 
feſton, and to enſure them the better, he 


aſſaſſinated young Polydorus, and threw 


his body into the ſca, where it was found 
by Hecuba. Vid. Hecuba.] According to 
Virgil, the body of Polydorus was buried 
near the ſhore by his aſſaſſin, and there 
grew on his grave a myrtle, whoſe boughs 
dropped blood, when Aneas, going to 
Italy, attempted to tear them from the 
tree. [Vid. Polymuneſtor.] Firg. An. 3, v. 
zl, &c.—Ap9!iod, 35 C.12,—Ovid. Met. 133 
V. 432. —Ilomer. II. 20.—-Dichſ. Cret. 2, 
c. 18. 

Pol. voi us, a ſirname of Mercury. Pauſ. 

PoLYGNGTUs, a celebrated painter of 
Thaios, about 422 years before the Chriſ- 
tian era. His father's name was Aglao- 
phon. He adorned one of the public por- 
ticos of Athens with his paintings, in 
which he had repreſented the moſt ſtriking 
events of the Trojan war. He particularly 
excelled in giving grace; livelineſs, and ex- 

con to his picces. The Athenians were 
fo pleaſed with him, that they offered to 
reward his labors with whatever he pleaſed 
to accept. He declined this generous offer, 
and the Amphictyonic council, which was 
eompolſed of the repreſentatives of the prin- 
cipal cities of Greece, ordered that Polyg- 
notus - ſhould be maintained at the public 
expence whcrever he went. Quintil. 12, c. 
10.—Plin. 33 & 34 —Plut. in Cim.— 
Fauſ. 10, c. 25, &c.— A ſtatuary, —Plin. 
ki and TExLEGONUs, ſons of 
Proteus and Coranis, were killed by Her- 
cules. Apolled. 

PoLYHYMNIA and POLYMNIA, one of 
the Muſes, daughter of Jupiter and Mne- 
moſyne. She preſided over finging and 
rnetoric, and was deemed the inventreſs 
of harmony. She was repreſented veiled 
in white, holding a ſceptre in her left hand, 
and with her right raiſed up, as it ready 


13 
to harangue. She had a crown of jeg 
on her head, Heidl. Theog, —Plui, in 
Symp. —[Torat, 1, od. 1.—O0vid, Faſt, om 
V. 9. 


back to"Jife Glaucus, the ſon of Minos, by 
applying to his body 4 certain herb, with 
winch he had ſcen a ſerpent reſtore life tg 
another which was dead. [Id. Glaucus,] 
Apallod. 3, ©. 3.—A fon of Hercules by one 
ot the daughters of Theſtius. pod. 
—A Corinthian ſoothfayer, called alſo Pe. 
lybius.—A dithyrambic poet, painter, and 
muſician. . 

| PoLYLAvs, a ſon of Hercules and Eu- 
rybia. 

PoLVME NES, an officer appointed to take 
care of Egypt after it had been conquered 
by Alexander, Curt. 4, c. 8. 

PoLYMEDE, a daughter of Autolycus, 
who married /Eſon, by whom ſhe _ 
(on. She ſurvived her huſband only a try 
days. Apollod. 1, c. 13. 

PoLYMEDDN, one of Priam's illegiti 
mate children. 

PoLYMELA, one of Diana's compa 
nions. She was daughter of Phylas, ant 
had a ſon by Mercury. Homer, II. 16. 

A daughter of Avlus ſeduced by Ulyſſes 
A daugiitcr of Actor. She was the fu 
wife of Peleus the father of Achilles. 

| PoLYMNESTES, a Greck poet of Col 
phon. Pauf. 1, c. 14.—A native of Ther 
father of Battus or Ariſtoles, by Phroni 
ma, the daughter of Etearchus, king 
Oaxus. Herodot 4, c. 150. 

PoLYMNESTOR, a king of the Thraci 
Cherſoneſus, who married Ilione the elde 
of Priam's daughters. When the Greek 
beſieged Troy, Priam ſent the greateſt p 
of his treaſures, together with Polydut 
the youngeſt, of his ſons, ta Thrace, wie 
they were entruſted to the care of Polyn 
neſtor. The Thracian monarch paid es 


| wi 


Pol xis, a phyſician who brought 


wiſhin, 
moſt 1 
drawn | 
froduce 
princel: 
upon h 
pins, u 
dren, \ 
ording 
d Poly 
ant iſla 
ver, re! 
erves, | 
lirace, 
f her ſo 
Ae, apf 
Ihe mo 
mpoſitic 
Is Own 
rother © 
joy, the 
nd fami 
d, offer 
nemnon, 
Iroy Ilio 
ccepted 
atched | 
d been 
olydoru: 
mneſtor 
lurder of 
drmed th 
er a cap 
d his co 


ie anſwen 
Kd alway 
Id him t. 
Ve lis lif 


hdy of 


cs. Eu 


Firg. 23 


430, & c 
eded on 


A you 


attention to his brother-in-law x but Wing, an 
he was informed that Priam was dead, WF Olympi 
murdered him ta become mafter of Fer Fi, 
riches which were in his poſſeſſion. Nebes, by 
that time, the Greeks were returning s thro 
torious from Troy, followed by all WF it was 
captives, among whom was Hecuba, brother 
mother of Polydorus. The fleet flop alterna 
on the coaſts of Thrace, where one of WF throne b 
female captives diſcovercd on the thore WF year was 
body af Polydorus, whom Polym crown te 
had thrown ito the ſea, The dreadfu WW» fled 1 
telligence was immediately commun, the d 
to the mother, and Hecuba, who recolW'he count 
the frightful dreams which ſhe had ha bead of 
the preceding night, did nat doubt but Wbes. Th, 
lymneftor was the cruel aſſaſſin. She '&d amor 
ſolved to revenge her ſon's death, and Me to attac 
mediatcly ſhe called gut Poly mneſtot, bebes. 


it comba 


wiſhing to impart to him a matter of the 


of jene | 
moſt important nature. The tyrant was 


- Plut. it 


Faſt, „ ev into the ſnare, and was no ſooner in- 

” Wh:duced into the apartments of the Trojan 
>» brought Wprioce's, than thg female captives ruſhed 
Minos, by upon him, and put out his eyes with Their 
erb, with pins, while Hecuba murdered his two chil- 
ore liſe ts dren, who had accompanied nim. Ac- 
Glaucus.] {cording to Euripides, the Greeks condemn- 
ales by one WC Poly mneſtor to be banithed into a diſ- 
polled..." ifland for his perfidy. Hyginus, how- 
-4 alſo P:. er, relates the whole differently, and ob- 


erves, that when Polydorus was ſent to 
hrace, Ilione his filter took him inſtead 
f her ſon Deiphilus, who was of the ſame 
ge, apprehenſive of her huſband's cruelty, 
The monarch was unacquainted with the 
mpoſition, he looked upon Polydurus as 
is own ſon, and treated Deiphilus as the 
rother of Ilione. After the deſtruction of 
joy, the conquerors, who withed the houſe 
nd family of Priam to be totally extirpa- 
d, offered Electra, the daughter of Aga- 


ainter, and 
les and Eu- 


ated to take 
n Conquered 


Autolycus, 
ſhe had Ja 
| only a fe 


m's illegitie<mnon, to Polymnelſtor, it he would de- 

Iroy Ilione and Polydorus. The monarch 
12's compaWecepted the offer, and immediately dif- 
Phylas, anW-*c<d his own fon Deiphilus, whom he 
„ IL. 16. d been taught to regard as Poly dorus. 


olydorus, who paſſed as the fon of Po- 


2 by Ulyſſes 
4 mneſtor, conſulted the oracle after the 


» was the WW 


.chilles. urder of Deiphilus, and when he was in- 
poet of Cola med that his father was dead, his mo- 
tive of Then er a captive in the hands of the Greeks, 
„ by Phronl d his country in ruins, be communicated 
hus, king F< anſwer of the god to Ilione, whom he 

ad always regarded as his mother, Ilione 
E the Thraci jd him the meaſures ſhe had purſucd to 


ve his life, and upon this he avenged the 
dy of Polymneſtor, by putting out his 
es. Eurip, in Hecub.— IIygin. fab. 109. 
Virg. n. 3, v. 45, &c.— vid. Met. 13, 
430, &c. A King of Arcadia, ſuc- 
eded on the throne by Ecmis. Paus. 8. 
A young Mileſian, who took a hare in 
ming, and afterwards obtained à prize at 


lione the eld 
en the Grech 
he greateſt p 
ith Poly dot 
Thrace, wit 
are of Porn 
arch paid est 
law x but wit 


n was dead, WF Olympic games. 
mafter of Wor Ticks, a fon of QEdipus, king of 
gefion. Mebes, by jocaſta. He inherited his fa- 
e returning "+ throne with his brother Eteocles, 
wed by all ut was mutually agreed between the 
as Hecuba, Wo brothers, that they thould reign each a 


a alternately, Etcocles firſt aſcended 
throne by right of ſeniority ; but when 
year was expired, he refuſed to reſign 
crown to his brother. Polynices, upon 
„ fled to Argos, where he married 


ne Acer Roy? 
Where One 1 
on the {hore 
om Polym" 
The dreadfu 


iy commune a, the daughter of Adraſtus, the king 
, who recolleſi che country, and levied a large army, at 
n ſhe had hae head of which he marched againſt 
\at doubt but Wes. The command of this army was 
aflaſſin. de ded among ſeven celebrated chicks, who 
„ acath, and eto attack the ſeven gates of the city 
Poly mne flo bebes. The battle was decided by a 

ue combat between the two brothers, 


Jodl. I, Co , 


of the officers of Alexander, 


P O 


who both killed one another. { Vid. Eten - 
cles.] Aſchyl. ſept. ante Theb,—Eurip. 
Phoeniſ, —Sencc, in Theb,—— Diad. 4.— y- 
gin. fab. 68, &c,—Pauſ, 2, c. 20. 1. 9, 
c. 5. —Apollod. 3, c. 5. 

Po LvYNOER, one of the Nereides. Apol- 

PoLYPEMON, a famous thief, called Al- 
ſo Procrujtes, who plundered all the tra- 
vellers about the Cephiſus, and near Eleuſis 
in Attica, He was killed by Theſcus. 
Ovid calls him father of Procruſtes, and 
Apollodorus of Sinis. Fd. Procruſtes. Pang. 
I, c. 38,—Ovid. in Ib. 409.— Diod. 4. 
Plut. iu Theſ. 

PoLYPERCHON,oOr POLYSPERCHON, one 
Antipater, at 
his death, appointed him governor of the 
kingdom of Macedonia, in preference to his 
own ſon Caffander. Polyperchon, though 
old, and a man of experience, ſhewed great 
ignorance in the adminiſtration of the go- 
vernment, He became cruel not anly to 
the Greeks, or ſuch as oppoſed his am- 
bitious views, but even to the helpleſs and, 
innocent children and friends of Alexander, 
to whom he was indebted for his rife and 
military reputation. He was, killed in a 
battle 309 B. C. Curt.—Dicd. 17, &c.— 
Tuſtin, 13. 

PoLYPAEMUs, a celebrated Cyclops, 
king of all the Cyclops in Sicily, and 
ſon of Neptune and Thooſa, the daughter 
of Phorcys. He is repreſentcd as-a mon- 
ſter of ſtrength, of à tail ſtature, and one 
eye in the middle of the forehead. He 
ted upon human fleſh, and kept his flocks 
on the coats of Sicily, when Ulyſſes, at tis 
return from the Trojan war, was driven 
there. The Grecian prince, with twelve of 
his companions, viſited the coalt, and were 
ſeized by the Cyclops, who coutined them 
in his cave, and daily devoured two of 
them. Ulyfles would have ſhared the fate 
of his companions, had he not intoxicated 
the Cyclops, and put out his eye with a 
hrebrand while he was afleep. Polyphe- 
mus was awaked by the ſudden pain, he 
{topped the entrance of his cave, but Ulyſ- 
ſes made his eſcape by creeping between 
the legs of the rams of the Cyclops, as 
they were led out to fecd on the mountains, 
Polyphemus became cnamoured of Gala- 
tæa, but his addreſſes were diſregarded, 
and the nymph ſhunned his preſence, The 
Cyclops was more carneit, and when he ſaw 
Galatza ſurrender herſclf to the pleaſures of 
Acis, he cruſhed his rival with a piece of 
a broken rock. Thecorit. 1.—Ovid, Met. 
13, v. 772.—-Homer, od. 19.—Eurip. in 
Cyclop.—Hygin. fab. 125,—Virg. An. z, 
v. 619, &c. One of the Argonauts, ſon 
of Elatus and Hippea, Hyyin. 14. 

PoLYPHONTES, one of the Heraclidæ, 

Who 


0 
| 


. —ů — — 
— 


„ 
1 —. — , 


oe -& 


who killed Creſphontes, king of Meſſcnia, 
and uſurped his crown. hein. fab. 137. 
One of. the Theban generals, under 
Ereocles. Aſchyl. Sept. ante I feb, 

PoLyPaTEs, a ſon of Pirithous and 
Hippadamia. Homer, Il. 2.— Pauſ. 10, 
V. 26, A ſon of Apollo by Pythia. 
One of the Trojans whom Æneas ſaw when 
he viſited the internal regions. Firg. An. 
6, v. 484. 

Por yYSPERCHON, Vd. Poly perchon. 

PoLYSTHRNATus, a Macedonian ſoldier, 
who found Darius after he had been ſtab- 
bed by Belus, who gave him water to 
drink, and carried the laſt injunctions of 
the dying monareh to Alexander. Curt. 5, 
e. 13. An epicurean phileſopher who 
Avrithed B. C. 238. 

PoLyTEcwnts, an artiſt of Colophon, 
who married Adon, the daughter of Pan- 
daſtrus. 

PoLyYTriovn, a friend of Alcibiades, 
with whom he prophaned the mytteries of 
Ceres. Pau. 1, c. 2. 

PoLyTiMETUS, a river of Sogdiana. 
Curt, 6, C. 4. 

PoLyeHRoN, a prince killed by his ne- 
phew Alexander, the tyrant of Phere. 

PoLyT&3%PUs, a man ſent by the Lace- 
dæmoniaus with an army againſt the Arcu- 
dians. He was killed at Orchomenus. 
Dind. 15. 

PoLyxFva, a daughter of Priam and 
Hecuba, celebrated for her beauty and ac- 
compliſhments. Achilles became enam- 
oured of her, and ſolicited her hand, and 
their marriage would have been conſum- 
mated, had not Hector her brother oppoſed 
it, Polyxena, according to ſome authors, 
accompanicd her father when he went to the 
tent ot Achilles to redeem the body of his 
ſon Hector. Some time after the Grecian 
hero came into the temple of Apollo to ob- 
tain a ſight of the Trojan princeſs, but he 
was nitudered there by Paris; and Polyxe- 
na, who had returner! his atfection, was ſo 
atHicted at his death, that ſhe went and ſa- 
crificed herſelf on his tomb. Some how- 
ever ſuppoſe, that that ſacrifice was not vo- 
luntzry, but that the manes of Achilles ap- 
peared to the Greeks as they were going to 
embark, and demanded of them the ſacrifice 
of Polyxena. The princeſs, who was in the 
number of the captives, was upon this drag- 
ged to her lover's tomb, and there immo— 
lated by Neoptol-mus, the ſon of Achilles. 
Ovid. Met. 13, fab. 5, & c. Didtyſ Cret. 3, 

& 5.—Pirg. An. 3, v. 321.—Catul. ep 65. 
— Hygin. fab, 90. 

Pol xxXE VI As, a Syrian general, who 
floriſhed B. C. 192. 

Pol vxkxs, one of the Greek princes 
during the Trojan war. His father's name 
Was Agaſthenes. 


Homer, II. 2. —Fauſ. 5, 
6 


1 09 


6. 3 A ſon of Medea by Jaſen—_p 
young Athenian who became Hind, xt 
Plut. in Par. A general of Diunyſy 
from whom he revolted. 

PoLYx0, a prietteſs of Apolſo's tempt 
in Leninos. She was alſo nurſe to queey 
Hypfipyle. It was by her advice that t 
Lemnian women murdered all their but 
bands. Apollon. 1. —Flacc. 2, —Hygin. ſi 
t ö. One of the Atlantides.— A m 
tive of Argos, who married Tlepolemy 
ſon of Hercules. She followed him | 
Rhodes, after the murder of his und 
Licymnius, and when he departed for th 
Trojan war with the reſt of the Gree 


py Þ 
Marcel 
ciliatio 
vits, bi 
A daug 
Cxſar' 
Incontil 
duced | 
room u 
feries « 
upon tt 
of Anr 
P.mpe 


at Rom 


princes, ſhe became the ſole miſtreſs of He 
kingdom, After the Trojan war, Hela 56k 
fied from Peloponnefus to Rhodes, we bby 
Poly xo reigned. Polyxo detained her, “““ 
to puniſh her as being the cauſe of a e 
in which Tlepolemus had periſhed, the ole 4 
dered her to be hanged on a tree by her ft ned © 
male ſervants, diſguiſed in the habit e 1 W 
Furies. [ Vid. Helgna.} Pau. 7, c. 19. i 
The — nn of the w. b. © 
of Dauaus. _ 
PoLyYzELUs, a Greek poet of Rhode ol 
He had written a po*m on the origin a 2 I 
Virth of Bacchus, Venus, the Mules, &. 93. 
Some of his vertices are quoted by Athenzu 7 oY 
Hias. P. A. 2, c. 14.—An Athena d bee 
archon. | ot 
PoMAx&THRES, a Parthian ſoldier, w| — 7 
killed Craſſus according to ſome. Plat. 4 * 
Poukrta, Ponzrit, and Power! « Wi 
SUESSA, a town of Italy, totally Cefiroxe - ha 
by the Romans, becauſe it had revolt We acc 
Virg. Ain. 6, v. 778. oy lg 
PowmETIN A, one of the tribes of the pe 0 2 
ple at Rome. 1 wy 
Pomona, # nymph at Rome who n 3 
ſuppoſed to preſide over gardens, and to 3 
the goddeſs of all ſorts of fruit-trees. e /448 
tad a temple at Rome, and a regular pri a 
called Flamen Pomonalis, who offered tact Vl 
fices to her divinity, for the preſervation * K's A 
fruit. She was generally repreſented X "i | 
litting on a baſket full of flowers and ft ad tus e 
and holding a bough in one hand, and: my 
ples in the other. Pomona was parti of Wt 
lacly delighted with the cultivation of 1 | 5 
earth, the diſdained the toils of the be —_— 
and the fatigues of hunting. Many of WY . EIT 
gods of the country endeavoured to 5 = 's * 
ner affection, but ſhe received thei 4 L I 
cefſes with coldneſs. Vertumnus was Wil . 
only one, who, by aſſuming different ſba A — = O 
and introducing himſelf into her compa 3 _ 
under the form ot an old woman, pre 2 
ed upon her to break her vow of celib 2 b 4 0 
and to marty him, This deity wi Bl FL 
known among the Greeks. Ovid. Me 2 
v. 628, &c. "Ma 


Po EIA, a daughter of Sextus , 


Jaſen.— 
ne blind, &t 
of Divnyfius 


polſo's temph 
urſe to que 


advice that ti 
all their buſ 
Y —Hygin. ſ 
les.—— A M1 
1 Tlepolemy 
owed him 
of his und 
parted for th 
of the Greel 


miſtreſs of th4 


n war, Hely 
Thodes, whe: 


ained her, and 


auic of 2 wa 

iſhed, ſhe Or 

tree by her fe 

1 the habit « 
©, C. 19. 


ze of the wire 


et of Rhode 
ne origin an 


e Mules, &. 


by Athenzu 
An Athena 


in ſoldier, w. 
me. Plut, 
1d Power! 
tally defiroye 
had revolt 


bes of the pe 


ome who v 
ens, and to 
lit-trees. $ 
a regular prit 
offered tact 
preſervation 
repreſented 
wers and fr 
hand, and: 
a was partic 
tivation of | 
s of the he 

Many of 
/oured to 
ived their 
1mnus was 
litferent tha! 
her compa 
oman, pre\ 
w of celib 
deity was 
Ovid. Ma. 


* Sextus f 


EE 
by Scribonia, She was promiſed to | 


Marcellus, as a means of procuring a recon- 
ciliation between her father and tie trium- 


jirs, but ſhe married Scubonius Libo. 
A daughter of Pompey the Great, N 
Oxſar's third wife. She was accuſed of 
incontinence, becruſe Clodius had intro- 
duced imſelf in women's cloaths into the 
room where ſhe was celebrating the myſ- 
teries of Cybele, Ceſar repudjated her 
upon thi- accuſation. Put. The wife 
of Annzus Seneca, was the daughter of 
Pompeius Paullinus.— There was a portico 
at Rome, called Pompeia, much frequented 
by all orders of people. Ovid. art. am. v. 67, 
—Nart. 11, ep. 48. 

PowPElA LEx, by Pompey the Great, 
d& amvitu, A. U. C. 701. It ordained that 
whatever perſon had been convicted of the 
crime of ambitus, ſhould be pardoned, pro- 
vided he could impeach two others of the 
ſame crime, and occaſion the condemnation 
of one of them. Another by the ſame, 
A. U. C. 701, which forbad the uſe of /au- 
datores in trials, or perſons who gave a 
good character of the priſoner then im- 
peached. Another by the ſame, A. U. C. 
583. It reſtored to the tribunes their ori- 
gina! power and authority, of which they 
tad been deprived by the Coinclian law.— 
Another by the ſame A. U. C. 701. It 
ſhortened the forms of trials, and. enacted 
that the three firſt days of a trial ſhould 
de employed in examining witneſſes, and it 
allowed only one day to the parties tu make 
their accuſation and defence. The plaintiff 
was confined to two hours, and the detend- 
ant to three. This law had for its object 
the riots, which happened from the quar- 
rels of Clodius and Milo. Another by 
the ſame, A, U. C. 6923. It required, that 
the judges ſhould be the richeſt of every 
century, contrary to the uſual form, It was 
however requiſite that they ſhould be ſuch 
as the Aurelian law preſcribed. —— Another 
of the ſame, A. UV. C. 701. Pompey was 
by this empowered to continue in the go- 
vernment of Spain five years longer. 

PomerilAnus JUPITER, a large ſtatue 
of Jupiter, near Pompey's theatre, whence 
it received its name. Plin. 34, Cc. 7. 

PowPFIANUS, a Roman knight of An- 
tioch, raiſed to offices of the greateſt truſt, 
under the empcror Aurelius, whoſe daugh- 


ter Lucilla be married. He lived in great | 
popularity at Rome, and retired, from the | abilities. 


P © 

Pomyett or Pourtiun, a town of 
Campania, built, as ſome ſuppoſe, by Her- 
cules. It was partly demoliſhed by an 
earthquake, A. D. 63, and afterwards re- 
built, Sixteen years after it was (wallowed 
up by another earthquake, which aceom- 
panied one of the eruptions of mount Ve- 
ſuvius. Hegculaneum, in its neighbour- 
hood, ſhared the ſame fate. The people of 
the town were then aſſembled in a-theatre, 


| where public ſpeRacies were exhibited. 


Vid. Herculaneum. Liv. g, c. 38.—Strab. 
6.— ela. 2, c. 4. — Dionyſ. 1. — Seneca 
Queſt. 4. 

PomMyEzoPGL is, a town of Cilicia, for- 
merly called S/. Mela. 1, c. 
Another in Paphlagonia, originally called 
Eupatoria, which name was exchanged 
when Pompey conquered Mithridates, 

. Pontus, a conſul who carried on 
war againſt the Numantines, and made a 
ſhameful treaty. He is ile tit of that no- 
ble family, of whom mention is made, 
Flor. 2, c. 18. Cneus, a Roman gene- 
ral, who made war againſt the Marſi, aud 
triumphed over the Piceni. Ile declared 
himſelf againſt Cinna and Marius, and ſup- 
ported the intereſt of the republic. He 
was ſirnamed Stralo, becauſe he ſquinted. 
While he was marching againſt Marius, a 
plague broke out in his army, and raged 
with ſuch violence, that it carried away 
I1,000 men ina few days. He was killed 
by a flaſh of lightening, and as he had be- 
haved with cruelty while in power, the 
people dragged his body through the ſtreets 
of Rome with an iron hook, and threw 
it into the Tiber. Paterc. 2.—P/ut. in 
Pamp. Rufus, a Roman conſul with 
Sylla. He was ſent to finiſh the Marſian 
war, but the army mutinied at the in{liga- 
tion of Pompeius Strabo, whum he was to 
ſucceed in command, and he was aifaffinat- 
ed by ſome of the ſoldiers. Appian. Civ. 1. 
— {A A general who ſucceeded Mctellus 
in Spain, and was the occaſion of a war 
with Numantia. Another general taken 
priſoner by Mittridates, Sextus, a go- 
vernor of Spain, who cured himſelf of the 
gout by placing himſelf in corn above the 
knee. Plin. 22, C. 25. Rufus a grand- 
lon of Sylla. A tribune of rhe ſoldicrs 
in Nero's eign, deprived of his oifice when 
Pilo's conſpiracy was diſcovered. Tacir. 
A conſul praiſed for his learning and 
Owid. ex pont. 4, ep. 1. A 


13.— 


court when Commodus ſucceeded to the | ſon of Theophaues of Mitylene, famous 


imperial crown. He ought, according to 
Julian's opinion, to have been chofen and 
adopted as ſucceſſor by M. Aurelius. 
A general of Maxentius, killed by Conſtan- 
ne.—A Roman put io Ecath by Cara- 
calla Ms 


| 


for his intimacy with Pumpey the Great, 
and for his writings, Jacit. Ann, 6.-—A 
tribune of a preturian cohort under Galba. 
A Roman Knight put tv death by tie 
emperor Claudius for his adultery with 
Melſſalina, Tacit, 11, Ann. ——Cnevus, fire 

nauic d 


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named Mag uu, from the greatneſs of his | 


exploits, was ſon of Pompeius Strabo, and 
Lucilia. He early diſtinguiſhed himſelf in 
the field of battle, and fought with ſucceſs 
and bravery under his father, whoſe courage 
and military prudence he imitated. He 
began his career with great popularity, the 
beauty and elegance of his perſon gained 
him admirers, and by pleading at the bar, 
he diſplayed his eloquence, and received the 
moſt unbounded applauſe. In the diſturb- 
ances which agitated Rome, by the ambition 
and avarice of Marius and Sylla, Pompey 
followed the intereſt of the latter, and by 
levying three legions for his ſervice he gain- 
ed hrs friendſhip and his protection. In 
the 26th year of his age, he conquered Sici- 
ly, which was in the power of Marius and 
his adherents, anc in 4o days he regained 
all the territories of Africa, which had for- 
ſaken the intereſt of Sylla. This rapid ſuc- 
ceſs aſtoniſhed the Romans, and Sylla, who 
admired and dreaded the riſing power of 
Pompey, recalled him to Rome. Pompey 
immediately obeyed, and the dictator, by 
filuting him with the appellation of the 
Great, ſhewed to the world what expecta- 
tions he formed from the maturer age of his 
victorious licutenant. This founding title 
was not ſufficient to gratify the ambition of 
Pompey, he demanded a triumph, and when 
'Sylla refuſed to grant it, he emphatically 
exclaimed, that the ſun ſhone with more ar- 
dor at his rifing than at his ſetting. His aſ- 
ſurance gained what petitions and entrea- 
ties could not obtain, and he was the firſt 
Roman knight who, without an office nn- 
der the appointment of the ſenate, marched 


in triumpbal proce ſſion through the ftreets | 


of Rome. He now appeared not as a d 


pendant, but as a rival of the dictator, and 
his oppoſition to his meaſures totally ex- 


cluded him from his will. After the death 
of Sylla, Pompey ſupported himſelf againfl 
the remains of the Marian faction, which 
were headed by Lepidus. He defeated 
them, put an end to the war which the re- 
volt of Sertorius in Spain had occaſioned, 
and obtained a ſecond triumph, though 
Kill a private citizen, about 73 years before 
the Chriſtian era. He was ſoon after made 
conſul, and in that office he reſtored the 
tribunitial power to its original dignity, and 
in forty days removed the pirates from the 
Mediterranean, where they had reigned 
for many years, and by their continual 
Punder and audacity, almoſt deſtroyed rhe 
whole naval power of Rome. While he 
proſecuted the piratical war, and extirpated 
theſe maritime robbers in their obſcure 
retreats in Cilicia, Pompey was called to 
greater undertakings, ind by the influence 
of his friends at Rome, and of the tribune 


3 


P 0 


we, by fo 
hment 

rommon, © 
agreement 
f Pompe) 
Nr, and th 
arbitrarily 
Pompey v 
Spains, W 
ad Parth! 
Czſzr ren 
he contin 
f Gaul fe 
awerful 


Manilius, he was empewere@ to finiſh che 
war againſt two of the moſt powerful mo. 
narchs of Aſia, Mithridates, king of pon. 
tus, and Tigranes, king of Armenia. In 
this expedition Pompey ſhewed himſelf ng 
ways inferior to Lucullus, who was then at 
the head of the Roman armies, and who 
reſigned with reluctance an office which 
would have made him the conqueror of 
Mithridates, and the maſter of all Af 
His operations againſt the king of Pontus 
were bold and vigorous, and in a generg 
engagement, the Romans ſo totally defeated 
the enemy, that the Afratic monarch &. 


caped with difficulty from the field of bat. es 
tle. [ Lid. Mithridaticum hellum.] Pompey ds whi 
did not loſe fight of the advantages dif. oN and I 
patch would enſure; he entered Armen, 155 fat} 
received the ſubmifhun of king Tigranes, of iſe hi 
and aſter he had conquered the Albanians in 
and Iberians, viſited countries which were "ne 0 
ſcarce known to the Romans, and, like a with dit 
maſter of the world, diſpoſed of kingdoms veror of 
and provinces, and received homage from Rome, tt 
12 crowned heads at once, he entered Sy- Nerat. 'Th 


ria, and puſhed his conqueſts as far as the 
Red Sea. Part of Arahia was ſubdued, 
ſudæa became a Roman province, and when 
he had now nothing to fear from Mithri- 
dates, who had voluntarily deftroyed him- 
ſelf, Pompey returned to Italy with all the 
pomp and majeſty of an eaſtern conqueror. 


uſhip ſb, 
ould be 
aul, Thi 
een gra 
hen Po 
hich he 


The Romans dreaded his approach, they Hh. 
knew his power, and his influence among nemies, 


his troops, and they feared the return of 
another tyrannical Sylla, Pompey, how- 
ever, baniſhed their fears, he diſbanded his 
army, and the conqueror of Afia entered 
Rome like a private citizen. This modeſt 
and prudent behaviour gained him more 
friends and adherents than the moſt un- 


ent, and 
tly cele 
doſition b 
oon rouſe 
Ow time 
ould be 


bounded power aided with proſufion and — 
liberality, He was honazed with a tris imes ar 
umph, and the Romans, for three ſuccefiive Weld co: 
days, gazed with aſtoniſhment on the Nis now 


riches and the ſpoils which” their con- 
queſts had acquired in the eaft, and ex- 
preſſed their raptures at the fight of the 
different nations, habits, and treaſures 
which preceded the conqueror's chariot. 
But it was not this alone which gratified 
the ambition, and flattered the pride of 
the Romans; the advantages of their con- 
queſts were more laſting than an empty 
ſhow, and when 20,000 talents were 
brought into the public treaſury, and when 
the revenues of the republic were raiſed from 
0 to 85 millions of drachmæ, Pompey be- 
came more powerful, more flattered, and 
more envied. To ftrengthen himſelf, and 
to triumph over his enemies, Pompey ſoon 
after united his intereſt with that of Czlat 
and Craſſus, and formed the firſt trium vi- 

rate; 


Rubicon, 
llities, ar 
hat he c 
y ſtamp 
led fron 
tired to 
art of th 
Popular, | 
nary 
mM tg pr 
Won an 
y embra 
15 camp, 
de friend 
Roman 
e(ar W. 


ly day 


280. 


finiſh the hment ſhould be mutual, their cauſe 
erful mo- mon, and their union permanent. The 
3 of Pon. | eement was completed hy the marriage 
enia. In f pompey with Julia, the daughter of Cæ- 
imſelf no , and the provinces of the republic were 
as then at Ubitrarily divided among the triumvirs. 
and why Pompey was allotted Africa and the two 
ice which pains, while Craſſus repaired to Syria, to 
queror of $f) Parthia' to the empire of Rome, and 
all Afa, Czfzr remained ſatisfied with the reſt, and 
of Pontus he continuation of his power as governor 
2 general e Gaul for five additional years, But this 
y defeated dowerful confederacy was ſoon broken, the 
march eſ. faden death of Julia, and the total defeat 
d of bat. Wc craſſus in Syria, ſhattered the political 
] Pompey Winds which held the jarring intereſt of Cæ- 
tages dil. er and Pompey united. Pompey dread- 
Armenia, Med his father-in-law, and yet he affected to 
; Tigranes, lefpiſe him; and by ſuffering anarchy to 
Albanians prevail in Rome, he convinced his fellow- 
hich were WW: izens of the neceſſity of inveſting him 
id, like a Nich dictatorial power. But while the con- 
kingdoms ueror of Mithtidates was as a ſovereign at 
nage from i ome, the adherents of Cæſar were not 
arered Sy- rent. They demanded that either the con- 
far as the a/ſhip ſhould be given to him, or that he 
$ ſubdued, ould be continued in the government of 
„and when WG:ul. This juſt demand would perhaps have 
m Mithri- 


een granted, but Cato oppoſed it, and 
ben Pompey ſent for the two legions 
hich he had lent to Cæſar, the breach be- 


oyed him- 
ith all the 


Conqueror, ne more wide, and a civil war inevitable. 
oach, they eſar was privately preparing to meet bis 
nce among Bnemies, while Pumpey remained indo- 
return of ent, and gratified his pride in ſeeing all 
pey, how- uly celebrate his recovery from an indiſ- 
banded his {Wftion by univerſal tejoicings. But he was 
ha entered Noon rouſed from his inactivity, and it was 
his modeſt Now time to find his friends, if. any thing 
him more 


ould be obtained from the caprice and the 


2 moſt un- Wckleneſs of a people which he had once 
fuſion and Npenghted and amuſed, by the exhibition of 
with a tis mes and ſpectacles in a theatre wluch 
e ſucceſſixe 


ould contain 20,000 ſpectators. Cæſar 


nt on the as now near Rome, he had croſſed the 
their con- Rubicon, which was a declaration of hoſ- 
ſt, and ex- llities, and Pompey, who had once boaſted 
icht of the What he could raifc legions to his athitance 


tc, by ſolemnly ſwearing, that their at- | 


— — — 
— — —Uää —— —w¹Lſſu— — 


E 0 


power, and the conqueror haſtened to Spain 
there to defeat the intereſt of Pompey, and 
to alienate the hearts of his ſoldiers. He 
was too ſucceſsful; and when he had gained 
to his cauſe the weſtern parts of the Roman 
empire, Czfar croſſed Italy and arrived in 
Greece, where Pompey had retired, ſup- 
ported by all the power of the caſt, the 
wilhes of the republican Romans, and 
by a numerous and well-diſciplined army. 

nough ſuperior in numbers, he refuſed to 
give the enemy battle, while Cæſar conti- 
nually haraffed him, and even attacked his 
camp. Pompey repelled him with great 
ſucceſs, and he might have decided the war 
if he had continued to purſue the enemy, 
while their confuſion was great, and their 
eſcape almoſt inevitable. Want of provi- 
ſions obliged Cæ ſar to advance towards 
Theſſaly; Pompey purſued him, and in the 
plains of Pharſalia the two armies engag- 
ed. The whole was conducted againſt the 
advice and approbation of Pompey, and by 
ſuffering his troops to wait for the approach 
of the enemy, he deprived his ſoldiers of 
that advantage which the army of Cæſar 
obtained by running to the charge with 
ſpirit, vigor, and animation. The cavalry 
of Pompey ſoon gave way, and the general 
retired to his camp, overwhelmed with 
grief and ſhame. But here there was no 
lafety, the conqueror puſhed on every ſide, 
and Pompey diſguiſed himſelf, and fled to 
the ſca coaſt, whence he paſſed to Egypt, 
where he hoped to find a fafe aſylum, rill 
better and more favorable moments re- 
turned, in the court of Ptolemy, a prince 
whom he had once protected and enſured 
on his throne, When Ptolemy was told 
that Pompey claimed his ptotection, he 
conſulted his miniſters, and had the baſe- 
neſs to betray, and to deceive him. A boat 
was ſent to fetch him on ſhore, and the 
Roman general left his galley, after an af- 
fectionate and tender parting with his wife 
Cornelia, The Egyptian ſailors ſat in ſul- 
len ſilence in the boat, and when Pom- 
pey diſembarked, Achillas and Septimius 
aſſaſſinated him. His wife, who had fol- 


| treaſures 
r's chant. 
ich gratified 
he pride of 
f their con- 
an empty 
alents were 


y ſtamping on the ground with his foot, 
ed from the city with precipitation, and 
tired to Brunduſium with the conſuls, and 
art of the fenators. His cauſe indeed was 
Popular, he had been inveſted with diſcre- 
Ioary power, the ſenate had entreated 
m to protect the republic againſt the uſur- 


4 and when ion and tyranny of Cæſar; and Cato, 
e raiſed from y embracing his cauſe, and appearing in 
Pompey be. camp, ſeemed to indicate, that he was 


attered, and 
himſelf, and 
ompey ſoon 
nat of Czar, 
irſt triumvi- 


de friend of the republic, and the aſſertor 
Roman liberty and independence. But 
lar was now maſter of Rome, and in 


| tened away from the bay of Alexandria, 


lowed him with her eyes to the ſhore, was 
a ſpectatot of; the bloody ſcene, and ſhehaſ- 


not to ſhare his miferable fate. He died 
B. C. 48, in the 58th, or 5gth year of 
his age, the day after his birth day, His 
head was cut off, and ſent to Cæſar; who 
turned away from it with horror, and ſhed 
a flood of tears. The budy was left for 
ſome time naked on the ſca ſhore, till the 
humanity of Philip, one of his freed men, 
and an old ſoldier, who had often followed 
his ſtandard to victory, raiſed a burning 


y days all Italy acknowledged his | 
raten | 


pile, and depoſited his aſhes under a 
| | | mound 


—— — — O 


3 


mound of earth, Cæſar erected a monu- 
ment on his remains, and the emperor A- 
drian, two centuries after, when he viſited 
Egypt, ordered it to be repaired at his own 
expence, and paid particular honor to the 
memory of a great and good man, The 
character of Pompey, is that of an intrigu- 
ing and artful general, and the oris probi, 
and animo inverecunds of Salluſt, ſhort and 
laconic as it may appear, is the beft and 
moſt deſcriptive picture of his character, 
He wiſhed it to appear that he obtained all 
his honors and dignity from merit alone, 
and as the free and unprejudiced favors of 
the Romans, while he ſecretly claimed 
them by faction and intrigue ; and he who 
wiſhed to appear the patron, and an ex- 
ample of true diſcipline and ancient fim- 
plicity, was aot aſhamed publicly to bribe 
the populace to gain an election, or to ſup- 
port his fayerites. Yet amidſt all this diſ- 
ſimulation, which was perhaps but conge- 
nial with the age, we pcrceive. many other 
firiking features; Pompey was kind and 
clement to the conquered, and gencrous to 
his captives, and he buried at his own ex- 
pence Mithridates, with all the pomp and 
the ſolemnity which the greatneſs of- his 
ower, and the extent of his dominions 
ecmed to claim. He was an encmy to 
flattery, and when his character was im- 
peached by the malevolence of party, he 
condeſcended, though conſul, to appear be- 
fore the cenſorial tribunal, and to ſhew that 
his act ions and meaſures were not ſubverſive 
of the peace and the independence of the 
people. In his private character he was as 
remarkable, he lived with great temperance 
and moderation, and his houfe was ſmall, 
and not oftentatiouſly furniſhed. He de- 
ſtroyed with great prudence the papers 
which were found in the camp of Sertorius, 
leſt miſchievous curiofity ſhould find cauſes 
to accuſe the innocent, and tv meditate 
their deſtruct ion. With great difintereſted- 
neſs he refuſed the preſents which princes 
and monarchs offered to him, and he or- 
dered them to be added to the public re- 
venue. He might have ſeen a better fate, 
and terminated his days with more glory 
if he had not acted with ſuch imprudence 
when the flames of civil war were fiſt 
kindled; and he reflected with remorſe af- 
ter the battle of Pharſalia upon his want of 
uſual ſagacity and military prudence, in 
fighting at ſuch a diitance from the ſea, 
and in leaving the fortihed places of Dyr- 
rachium to rect in the open plain an enc- 
my without provifions, without friends, 
and without reſources. The misfortunes 
which attended him after the conqueſt of 
Mithridates, are attributed by Chriſtian 
wriicrs to his impiety ig prophaning the 


P 0 


temple of the Jews, and in entering wit 


the inſolence of a conquerer the Holy of ſo c 
Holies, where even the ſaered perſon of the call 
high prieſt of the nation was not admitted lord 
but upon the moſt ſolemn occaſions, His feat 
duplicity of behaviour in regard to Cicero and 
is deſervedly cenſured, and he ſhould not only 
have violently ſacrificed to party and ſedi. Her 
tion a Roman, whom he had ever found his Ant 
firmeſt friend and adherent. In his meet. to de 
ing with Lucullus he cannot but be taxed era, 
with pride, and he might have paid more Ec. 
deference and more honor to a general, why Trog 
was as able and more entitled than himſelf mari; 
to finiſh the Mithridatic war. Pom cat 
married four different times. His firſt ma- 1699 
trimonial connection was with Antiſtia, the Po 
daughter of the pretor Antiſtius, whom be pelun 
divorced with great reluctance to marry &. c. 3. 
mylia, the daughter-in-law of Sylla. Amy- Po 
lia died in chila-bed; and Pompey's mar- Rome 
riage with Julia, the daughter of Cæſa, the m 
was a ſtep more of policy than affection. an ex 
Yer Julia loved Pompey with great tender- Piſos. 
neſs, and her death in child-bed was the a gran 
ſignal of wr between her huſband and her at Ro: 
father, He afterwards married Cornelia, his pu 
the daughter of Metellus Scipio, a woman Pon 
commended for her virtues, beauty, and ac- lius. 
compliſhments. Plut. in witd.—Flor. 4. WW ſhe hat 
—Paterc. 2, e. 29.— Dio. Caf. —Lucan... Rome. 
Appian,—Czf, bell. Civ.—Cic, Orat. 68, a Po 
Attic. &&c.— Eutrop..——The two ſons of 4arried 
Pompey the Great, called Cneivs and Sextus, of Che 


were matters of a powerful army, when the ed, 


death of their father was known. They god ch 
prepared to vppoſe the conqueror, but Cz-W lus into 
ſar purſued them with his uſual vigor and ried aw 
ſucceſs, and at the battle of Munda they Pom 
were defeated, and Cneius was left among Pom 
the flain, Sextus fled to Sicily, where he te Pom 
ſor ſome time ſupported himſelf ; but the fie gre: 
murder of Cæſar gave tiſe to new event, Who hac 
and if Pompey had been as prudent and u and ſhe 
ſagacious as his father, he might have be . Fiece-m 
come perhaps as great and as formidable. WW *2t it i. 
He treated with the triumvirs as an equal; Pmpon 
and when Auguſtus and Antony had the ds, &c. 
imprudence to truſt themſelves without Rome b. 
arms and without attendants in his ſhip Pour 
Pompey, by following the advice of hi viſed his 
friend Menas, who wiſhed him to cut off de Ran 
the illuſtrious perſons who were maſters oy -A 
the world, and now in his power, might Cicero. 
have made himſelf as abſolute as Caxſar hi, long r 
but he refuſed, and obſerved it was unbe —Flac 
coming the fon of Pompey to act with ſuc Me fa a 
duplicity. This friendly meeting of Pan ad cont 
pey with two of the triumvirs was not pro dim for 
ductive of advantages to him, he wiſhed! her in ] 
have no ſuperior, and hoſtilities beg Nie in the 
Porapey was at the head of 350 ſhips, at .— 
| appeared fo formidable to bis enemies, 1 ted of, 


e deſtry) 


ring with 
Holy of 
ſon of the 
admitted 
ons. His 
to Cicero 
10uld not 
and ſedi- 
found his 
his meet- 
be taxed 
paid more 
neral, who 
an himſelf 
Pompey 
s firſt ma- 
ntiſtia, the 
whom he 
Marry R. 
lla. Amy- 
9 mar- 
of Czar, 
| affffe&tion, 
cat tender- 
>d was the 
and and her 
d Cornelia, 
, a woman 
uty, and ac- 
.fr. 4 
Lucan. 
rat. 68, at 
wo ſons of 
and Sextus, 
y, when the 
wn. They 
or, but Cx- 
zl vigor and 
Munda they 
left _ 
v, where he 
4 but the 
new events, 
udent and a3 
ght have be- 
formidable. 


as an equal 
ony had the 


lves withou 
in his ſhip 
dvice of bi 


m to cut ol 
ere maſters 0 
20Wcr, might 


te as Czſar 


it was unbe 
act with ſuc 
eting of Pun 
> was not pro 
, he wiſhed te 
ilities began 
350 ſhips, 
8 enemies, an 


e 


fo confident of ſucceſs in himſelf, that he | 


called himſelf the ſon of Neptune, and the 
lord of the fea. He was however ſoon de- 
feated in a naval engagement by Octavius 
and Lepidus, and of all his numerous fleet 
only 17 fail accompanied his flight to Aſia. 
Here for a moment he raiſed ſeditions, but 
Antony ordered him to he ſeized, and put 
to death about 35 years before the Chriſtian 
era. Plut. in Anten. &c.,—Paterc. 2, e. 55, 
&c,—Flor. 4, c. 2, &c,——Trogus. Vid. 
Trogus. Sextus Feſtus, a Latin gram- 
marian, of whoſe treatiſe de verborum ſigni- 
ficatione, the beſt edition is in 4to. Amſt. 
1699. 

PoMPELON, a town of Spain, now Pom- 
peluna, the capital of Navarre, Pin. 1, 
e. 3. 

. NuMA, the ſecond king of 
Rome. [ Vid. Numa.] The deſcendants of 
the monarch were called Pompilius Sanguis, 
an expreſſion applied by Horace to the 
Piſos. Art, Poet. v. 292. Andronicus 
a grammarian of Syria, who opened a ſchool 
at Rome, and had Cicero and Cæſar among 
his pupils. Sucton. 

PoMyILIA, a daughter of Numa Pompi- 
lius. She married Numa Martius, by whom 
ſhe had Ancus Martius, the fourth king of 
Rome. 

PoupiLus, a fiſherman of Ionia. He 
carried into Miletus, Ocyroe the daughter 
of Cheſias, of whom Apollo was enamour- 
ed, but before he had reached the ſhore the 
god changed the boat into a rock, Pompi- 
lus into a fiſh of the ſame name, and car- 
ried away Ocyroe. Plin. 6, c. 9 & 32. 

Porprscus, an Arcadian. Polyen. 5. 

Po MONA, the wife of Q. Cicero, ſiſter 
to Pomponius Atticus. She puniſhed with 
the greateſt cruelty, Philologus, the ſlave 
who had betrayed her huſband to Antony, 
and ſhe ordered him to cut his, fleſh by 
piece-meal, and afterwards to boil it and 
eat it in her preſence. —A daughter of 
Pumponius Grecinus, in the age of Auguſ- 
lus, &c. Another matron baniſhed from 
Rome by Domitian, and recalled by Nerva. 

PompoNnius, the father of Numa, ad- 
viſed his ſon to accept the regal dignity which 
the Raman ambaſſadors offered to him. 
A celebrated Roman intimate with 
Cicero. He was firnamed Atticus, from 
hi long reſidence at Athens. [ Vid. Atticus.] 
——Flaceus, a man appointed. governor of 
Mefia and Syria by Tiberius, becauſe he 
tad continued drinking and eating with 
vim for two days without intermiſſion. 
diet. in Theb, 42.— A tribune of the peo- 
ple in the time of Servilius Ahala the con- 
lul.——Labeo, a governor of Mafia ac- 
cuſed of. ill management in his province. 
He deſtroyed himfelf by opening his veins. 


4 


? 0 


Tacit. An. 6, v. 29.———Mela, a Spaniard 
who wrote a book on geography. [ Vd. 
Mela.) A proconſul of Africa accuſed 
by the inhabitants of his province and ac- 
quitted, &c. A Roman who accuſed 
Manlius the dictator of cruelty. He tri- 
umphed over Sardinia of which he was 
made governor, He eſcaped from Rome; 
and the tyranny of the triumvirs, by aſſum- 
ing the habjt of a pretor, and by travelling 
with his ſervants diſguiſed in the dreſs of 
lictors with their faſces. Secundus, an 
officer in Germany in the age of Nero. He 
was honored with a triumph for a victory 
over the barharians of Germany. He 
wrote ſome poems greatly celebrated by 
the ancients for their beauty and elegance, 
They are loſt. A friend of C. Gracchus. 
He was killed in attempting to defend him. 
Plut. in Grace, An officer taken priſo- 
ner by Mithridates. A diſſolute youth, 
&c. Horat. 1, ſat. 4, v. 52. Sextus, a 
lawyer, diſciple to Papinian, &c. 

Po MupostANus, a Roman put to death 
by Domitian. He had been before made 
conſul by Veſpaſian. 

PomeTina. [Vid.] Pontina. 

C. PomyTINUs, a Roman officer who 
conquered the Allobroges after the defeat 
of Catiline. 

Pon us, a king of Arcadia. Pauſ. 8, c. 5, 

Pons AL1vs was built by the empe- 
ror Adrian at Rome. It was the ſecond 
bridge of Rome in following the current of 
the Tyber. It is ſtill to be ſeen, the largeſt 
and moſt beautiful in Rome. Am y- 
lius, an ancient bridge at Rome, originally 
called Sublicius, becauſe built with wood 
{ſublice.) It was raiſed by Ancus Martius, 
and dedicated with great pomp and ſo- 
lemnity by the Roman prieſts. It was re- 
built with ſtones by Emylius Lepidus, 
whoſe name it aſſumed. It was much in- 
jured by the overflowing of the river, and 
the emperor Antoninus, who repaired. ity 
made it all with white marble. It the 
laſt of all the bridges of Rome, in follow- 
ing the courſe of the river, and ſome veſ- 
tiges of it may ſtill be ſeen. Anienſis 
was built acroſs the river Anio about three 
miles from Rome. It was rebuilt by the 
eunuch Narſes, and called after him, when 
deſtroyed by the Goths——Ceftus was 
built in the reign of Tiberius by a Roman 
called Ceſt ius Gallus, from whom it re- 
ceived its name, and carried back from an 
iſland of the Tiber to which the Fabricius 
conducted, ——Aurelianus was built with 
marble by the emperor Antoninus.—- 
Armonienſis was built by Auguſtus, to join 
the Flaminian to the Emylian road, —— 
Bajanus was built at Baia in the ſea by 


Caligula, It was ſupported by boats, anti 
| „ meaſured 


B. 0 


meaſured about ſix miles in length. 
Janicularis received its name from its vi- 
cinity to mount Janiculum. It is ftill 
ſtanding. Milvius was ahout one mile 
from Rome. It was built by the cenſor 
Hlius Scaurus. It was near it that Con- 
ſtantine defeated Maxentius. Fabricius 
was built by Fabricius, and carried to an 
ifland of the Tiber. —Gardius was built 
by Agrippa. Palatinus near mount Pa- 
latine, was alſo called Senatorius, . 
the ſenators walked over it in proceſſion 
when they went to conſult the Sibylline 
books. It was begun by M. Fulvius, and 
finiſhed in the cenſorſhip of L. Mummius, 
and ſome remains of it ate ſtill viſible. 
Trajani was built by Trajan acroſs the Da- 
nube, celebrated for its bigneſs and magni- 
ficence. The emperor built it to aſſiſt more 
expeditiouſly the provinces againſt the bar- 


. barians, but his ſucceſſor deftroyed it, as 


he ſuppoſed that it would be rather an in- 
ducement for the barbarians to invade the 
empire. It was raiſed on 20 piers of hewn 
ſtones, 150 feet from the foundation, 60 
feet broad, and 170 feet diſtant one from 
the other, extending in length above a 


mile. Some of the pillars are fill ſtand- 


ing. Another was built by Trajan over 
the Tagus, part of which ſtill remains. 
Of temporary bridges, that of Cæſar 
over the Rhine was the moſt famous. 
The largeſt ſingle arched bridge known 
is over the river Elaver in France, called 
Pons Veteris Brivatis. The pillars ftand 
on two rocks, at the diſtance of 195 feet. 
The arch is 84 feet high above the water. 
Suffragiorum was built in the Campus 
Martius, and received its name, becauſe the 
populace were obliged to paſs over it when- 
ever they delivered their ſuffrages at the 
elections of magiſtrates and officers of the 
ſtate. Tirenſis, a bridge of Latium be- 
tween Arpinum and Minturne. Trium- 
phalis was on the way to the capitol, and 
paſſed over by thoſe who triumphed. 
Narnienſis joined two mountains near Nar- 
nia, built by Auguſtus, of ſtupendous 
height, 60 miles from Rome ; one arch of 
it remains, about 100 feet high, 

PonTtA, a Roman matron who com- 
mitted adultery with Sagitta, &c. Tactit. 
Ann. 13. A mother famous for her 
cruelty. Martial. 1, ep 34. A ſirname 
of Venus at Hermione. Pau. 2, c. 34. 
A woman condemned by Nero as guilty of 
a conſpiracy. She killed herſelf by open- 
ing her veins. She was daughter of Petro- 
mus, and wife of Bolanus. Juv. 6, v. 637. 
An iſland. Vid. CEnotrides. 

PoxTICUM MARE, the ſea of Pontus, 
generally called the Euxine. 

Poxilcus, a poet of Rome, contem- 


. 8 


porary with Propertius, by whom he {: 
compared to Homer. He wrote an account 
of the Theban war in heroic verſe. Propert. 

x, el. 7. A man in Juvenal's age, fond 

of boaſting of the antiquity and great actions 

of bis family, yet without poſſeſſing himſelf 
one ſingle virtue. 

PoxTINA, or POMPTINA LACUS, a lake 

in the country of the Volſci, through which 

the great Appian road paſſed. Travellers 
were ſometimes' conveyed in a boat, drawn 
by a mule, in the canal that ran along the 
road from Forum Appii to Tarracina, 
This lake is now become fo dangerous, from 
the exhalations of its ſtagnant water, that 
travellers avoid paſſing near it. Horat, 1, 
Sat. 5, v. 9.—Lucan. 3, v. 85. 

Po x Ti vus, a friend of Cicero. A 
tribune of the people, who refuſed'to riſe 
up when Czfar paſſed in triumphal pro- 
ceſſion. He was one of Cæſar's murderers, 
and was killed at the battle of Mutina. 
Sueton. in Ceſar, 78.—Cic. 10, ad fam, 
A mountain of Argolis, with a river 
of the ſame name. Pau. 2, c. 73. 

PoNTius AUFIDIANUES, a Roman citi- 
zen, who upon hearing that violence had 
been offered to his daughter, puniſhed her 
and her raviſher with death. Val. Max. 6, 
6 . Hereimius, a general of the Sam- 
nites, who ſurrounded the Roman army 
under the conſuls T. Veturius and P. Poſt- 
humius. As there was no poſübility of 


his father what he could do with an army 
that were priſoners in his hands. The old 
man adviſed him either to let them go un- 
touched, or put them all te the ſword. 
Pontius rejected his father's advice, and 
ſpared the lives of the enemy, after he had 
obliged them to paſs under the yoke with 
the greateſt ignominy, He was afterwards 
conquered, and obliged in his turn to pals 
under the yoke. Fabius Maximus defeated 
him, when he appeared again at the head 
of another army, and he was afterwards 
ſhamefully put to death by the Romans, 
after he had adorned the triumph of the 
conqueror. Liv. 9, c. 1, &c. Comi- 
nius, a Roman who gave information to 
nis countrymen who were beheged in the 
capitol that Camillus had obtained a vic- 
tory over the Gauls. Put. A Roman 
ſlave who told Sylla in a prophetic firain, 
that he brought him ſucceſs from Bellona. 
ne of the favorites of Albucilla. He 
| was degraded from the rank of a ſenator. 
Facit.—— Titus, a Roman centurion, whom 
Cicero de Senc&. mentions as poſſeſſed vi 
uncommon ſtrength. 

PoxnTUs, a kingdom of Afia Minor, 
bounded on the eaſt by Colchis, welt / 


the Halys, north by the Euxine ſea, and 
5 | : .  fou!t 


eſcaping for the Romans, Pontius conſulted. 


9,C. 


conſl 
abay 
Ge. 
man 
Syria 
mon: 
Ptole 
of R. 
by hi 
whic| 
rounc 
the en. 
Nut tc 
hvely 
chus : 
&Ypt, 
Peale, 
C. 12. 
the pe 


cloqut 


he wa 


he is 
count 
'opert, 

fond 
tions 
imſelf 


a lake 
which 
vellers 
drawn 
ng the 
racina. 
s, from 
er, that 
orat, I, 


i A 
to riſe 
zal pro- 
wderers, 
Mutina. 
ad fon. 

a river 
nan citi- 
-nce had 
iſhed her 
Max. 6, 
the Sam- 
an army 
p. Poſt- 
@ bility of 
conſulted: 
an army 

The old 
em go un- 
he ſword. 
JIvice, and 
fter he had 
yoke with 
afterwards 
urn do paſs 
us defeated 

t the head 
afterwards 

e Romans, 

npb of the 

— Com- 

or mation to 

ge d in the 
aimed a VviC- 

— A Roman 

hetic ſtrain, 

rom Bellon3. 
bucilla. He 
of a ſenatof. 
urion, whom 


polle ſled oi 


Aka Minor, 
chis, welt 7 
tine [ca, 4 


ſeut 


y.D 


fouth by part of Armenia, It was divided 
into three parts according to Ptolemy, 
Pontus Galaticus, Pontus Polemoniacus & 
Pontus Cappadocius, It was governed by 
kings, the firſt of whom was Artabazes, 
either one of the ſeven Perſian noblemen 
who murdered the uſurper Smerdis, or one 
of, their deſcendants, The Kingdom of 
Pontus was in its moſt floriſhing ſtate un- 
der Mithridates the Great. When J. Cæſar 
had conquered it, it became a Roman pro- 
vince, though it was often governed by mo- 
narchs who were tributary to the power of 
Rome. Under the emperors a regular go- 
vernor was always appointed over it. Pon- 
tus produced caſtors, whoſe teſticles were 
highly valued among the ancients for their 
ſalutary qualities in medicinal proceſſes. 
Virg. G. r, v. 68.—Mela. 1, c. 1 & 19.— 
Strab, 12.—Cic. pro Leg. — Man. —Appian. 
—Ptol. 5, c. 6. A part of Myſia in Eu- 
rope on the borders of the Euxine fea, 
where Ovid was baniſhed, and from whence 
he wrote his four books of epiſties de Ponto, 
and his fix books de Triſtibus. Ovid. de 
Pont.——An ancient deity, father of Phor- 
cys, Thaumas, Nereus, Eurybia, and Ceto, 
by Terra. He ts the ſame as Oceanus. 
clpollod. 1, c. 2. 

Po x ius Evuxinvs, a celebrated ſea, 
ſituate at the weft of Colchis between 
Ala and Europe, at the north of Aſia Mi- 
nor. It is called the Black Seu by the mo- 
derns. Vid. Euxinus. 

M. PopiLius, a conſul who was in- 
formed, as he was offering a ſacrifice, that 
a ſedition was raiſed in the city againſt the 
ſenate. Upon this he immediately went 
to the populace in his ſacerdotal rubes, and 
quieted the multitude with a ſpeech, He 
lived about the year of Rome 404. Liv. 
9, c. 21.—Hal. Max. 7, c. 8. Caius, a 
conſul, who, when beſieged by the Gauls, 
abandoned his baggage to ſave his army. 
(ic. ad Heren, 1, c. 15. Lænas, a Ro- 
man ambaſſador to Antiochus, King of 
Syria. He was com miſſioned to order the 
monarch to abſtain from hottilities againſt 
Ptolemy, King of Egypt, who was an ally 
of Rome. Antiochus wiſhed to evade him 
by his anſwers, but Popilius, with a ſtick 
which he had in his hand, made a circle 
round kim on the ſand, and bade him, in 
the name of the Roman ſenate and people, 
not to go beyond it before he ſpoke deci- 
hvely. This boldneſs intimidated Antio- 
chus; he withdrew his garriſons from E- 
gypt, and no longer meditated a war againſt 
Ptolemy. Val. Max. 6, c. 4.—Liv. 45, 
c. 12,—Paterc 1, c. 10. A tribune of 
the people who murdered Cicero, to whoſe 
eloquence he was igadebted for his life when 


he was accuſed of particide, Pliut,—A 


” 0 


pretor who baniſhed the friends of Tiberlus 
Gracchus from Italy. A Roman conſul 
who made war againſt the people of Nus 
mantia, on pretence that the peace had not 
been firmly eſtabliſhed. He was defeated 
by them.——A ſenator who alarmed the 
conſpirators againſt Cæſar, by telling them 
that the whole plot was diſcovered. A 

Roman emperor. Vid. Nepotianus. | 

PoeLic6LA, one of the firſt conſuls. 
Vid. Publicola, 

Poyy.&A SABINA, a celebrated Roman 
matron, daughter of Titus Ollius. She 
married a Roman knight called Rufus Criſ- 
pinus, by whom ſhe had a ſon, Her per- 
ſonal charms, and the elegance of her fi- 
gure, captivated Otho, who was then one 
of Nero's favorites. He carried her away 
and married her; but Nero, who had ſeen 
her, and had often heard her accompliſh- 
ments extolled, ſoon deprived him of her 


company, and ſent him out of Italy, on 


pretence of prefiding over one of the Ros 
man provinces. After he had taken this 
ſtep, Nero repudiated his wife Octavia, on 
pretence of barrenneſs, and married Pop- 
pea. The cruelty and avarice of the em- 
peror did not long permit Poppæa to ſhare 
the imperial dignity, and though ſhe had 
already made him father of a ſon, he began 
to deſpiſe her, and even to uſe her with 
barbarity. She died of a blow which ſhe 
received from his foot when many months 
advanced in her pregnancy, about the 65th 
year of the Chriſtian era. Her funeral was 
performed with great pomp and folemnity, 
and ſtatues raiſed to her memory, It is 
ſaid that ſhe was ſo anxious to preſerve her 
beauty and the elegance of her perſon, that 
500 aſſes were kept on purpoſe to afford her 
milk in which ſhe uſed daily to bathe. 
Even in her baniſhment ſhe was attended 
by 50 of theſe animals for the ſame pur- 
poſe, and from their milk ſhe invented a 
kind of ointment, or pomatum, to preſerve 
beauty, called poppœanum from her. Pin. 
II, c. 41.— Dio. 62.—Juv. 6.—Sucton. in 
Ner. & Oth.— Tacit. 13 & 14. A beau» 
tiful woman at the court of Nero, She was 
mother to the preceding. Tacit, Ann. 11, 
8 
Porppæus SABINUS, a Roman of ob- 
ſcure origin, who was made governor of 
ſome of the Roman provinces. He de- 
ſtroyed himſelf, &c. Tacit. 6, Ann. 39. 
Sylvanus, a man of conſular qignity, 
who brought to Veſpaſian a body of 600 
Dalmatians. A friend of Otho. 

PoPpULONIA, or PoruLAN IU, a town 
of Etruria, near Piſæ, deſtroyed in the civil 
wars of Sylla. Strab. 5. — Virg. An. 10, 

v. 172.— Mela. 2, c. 5,—Plin., 3, c. 5. 
PoRATA, a tiver of Dacia, now Pruth, 
Uu 3 falling 


=- << * ſl 
* 


* 


7 6 


| | 
falling into the Danube a little below Axi- 
opoli. 


poxc 14, a ſiſter of Cato of Utica, greatly 
commended by Cicero. A daughter of 
Cato of Utica, who married Bibulus, and 
after his death, Brutus. She was remark - 
able for her prudence, philoſophy, courage, 
and conjugal tenderneſs. She gave berſelf 
a heavy wound in the thigh, to ſee with 
„ ſhe could bear pain; and 
when her huſband aſked her the reaton of 
it, ſhe ſaid, that ſhe wiſhed to try whether 
ſhe had courage enough to ſhare not only 
his bed, but to partake of his moſt hidden 
ſecrets. Brutus was aftoniſhed at her con- 
fancy, and no longer detained from her 
knowledge the conſpiracy which he and 
many other illuftrious Romans had formed 
againſt J. Cæſar. Porcia wiſhed them ſuc- 
ceſs, and though the betrayed fear, and 
fell into a ſwoon the day that her huſband 


was gone to aſſaſſinate the diftator, yet ſhe | 


was faithful to her promiſe, and dropped 
nothing which might affect the fituation of 
the conſpirators. hen Brutus was dead, 
ſhe refuſed to ſurvive him, and attempted 
to end her life as a daughter of Cato. Her 
friends attempted to terrify her; but when 
the ſaw that every weapon was removed 
from her reach, ſhe ſwallowed burning 
coals and died, about 42 years before the 
Chriſtian era. Valerius Maximus ſays, 
that the was acquainted with her buſband's 
couſpiracy againſt Cæſar when ſhe gave her- 
ſelf the wound. Val. Max. 3, c. 2. l. 4, 
c. 6.— Plat. in Brut. Oc. 

PoRCIA LEX, de civitate, by M. Por- 
eius the tribune, A. U. C. 453. It or- 
dained that no magiſtrate ſhould puniſh with 
death, or ſcourge with rods, a Roman ci- 


tizen when conderaned, but only permit. 


him to go into exile. Salluft, in Cat, Liv. 
10.—Cic. pro Rab. 

 PorCiNA, a ſirname of the orator M. 
A. Lepidus, who lived a little before Ci- 
cero's age, and was diſtinguiſhed for his 
abilities. Cic. ad Her. 4, C. 5. 

M. Porcivs LaTRko, a celebrated ora- 
tor who killed himſelf when laboring under 
a quartan ague, A. U. C. 750. Lici- 
nius, a Latin poet during the time of the 
third Punic war. A Roman ſenator 
who joined the conſpiracy - of Catiline, 
A ſon of Cato of Utica, given much to 
drinking. 

PokEDORAX, one of the 40 Gauls whom 
Mithridates ordered to be put to death, and 
to remain unburied for conſpiring againſt 
him. His miſtreſs at Pergamus butied him 
againſt the orders of the monarch. Put. 
de wvirt. mul, $6 

PokIixA, a river of Pelopunneſus, Pauſ. 


8, CG 15. 


1 0 


PotestLi nx, an iſland near Leſhew 
Strab 13.— Pin. 5, c. 31. | | 

PorPHYRIoON, a ſon of Calus and 
Terra, one of the giants who made war 
againſt Jupiter, He was fo fornifiable, 
that Jupiter, to conquer him, inſpired him 
with love for ſuno, and while the giant en- 
deavoured to obtain his wiſhes, he, with 
the aſſiſtance of Hereules, overpowered him. 
Horat. 3, od. 4.— Mart. 13, ep. 78;—Apel- 
lod. 1, c. 6. 

PoRPHYR1s, a name of the iſland Cy. 
thera. 

PoRPHYRIVS, a Platonic philoſopher of 
Tyre. He ſtudied eloquence at Athens 
under Longinus, and afterwards retired ts 
Rome, where he perfected biniſelf under 
Plotinus. Porphyry was a man of univer- 
ſal information, and, according to the teſti- 
mony of the ancients, he excelled his con- 
temporaries in the knowledge of hiſtory, 
mathematics, muſic, and philofophy. He 
expreſſed his ſentiments with elegance and 
with dignity, and while other philoſophers 
ſtudied obſcurity in their language, his ſty le 
was rematkable for its ſimplicity and grace, 
He applied himſelf to the ſtudy of magic, 
which he called a theeurgic or divine ope- 
ration. The books that he wrote were nu- 
merous, and ſome of his ſmaller treatiſes 
are ſtil] extant. His moſt celebrated work, 
which is now loſt, was again the religion 
of Chriſt, and in this theological conteſt he 
appeared ſo formidable, that moſt of the 
fathers of the church have been employed 
in confuting his arguments, and developing 
the falſehood of his ſſertions. He has been 
univerſally called the greateſt enemy whick 
the Chriſtian religion had, and indeed his 
doctrines were ſo pernicious, that a copy 
of his bouk was publicly burnt by order 
of Theodofius, A. D. 388, Porphyry re- 
ſided for ſome time in Sicily, and died af 
the advanced age of 71, A. D. 304. The 
beſt edition of his life of Pythagoras is that 
of Kuſter, 4to. Amſt, 1707, that of his 
treatiſe De Abſlinentia, is De Rhoer. Traj. 
ad Rhen, 8vo. 1767, and that De Antre 
| Nympharum, is 8vo. Traj. ad Rhen. 1765. 
A Latin poet in the reign of Conſtan- 
tine the Great. 

Po R RINA, one of the attendants of Car- 
mente when ſhe came from Areadia. Ovid 
1. Faſt. v. 633. 

PozS8NNA or PorsENnA, a king of E- 
truria, who declared war againſt the Ry» 
mans, becauſe they refuſed to reftore Tu- 
quin to his throne and to his royal privi- 
leges. He was at firſt ſucceſsful, the Ro- 
mans were defeated, and Porſenna would 
have entered the gates of Rome, had not 
Cocles ſtood at the head of a bridge, and 


1 1 = _ 
CC — — —— * Zee 3 1 — — _ 


| ſuppotted the tury of the whole Etrurian 


| — 


minalis 
enfis, If 
Tia was 
foot of 
ceived 
latia. — 
Agonen 
Mons, 
threw a 
obſerver 
there wi 
the nun 
of Pliny 
erence 
paces, 

' Pog1 
Porcius, 
Por 


elbow 


and 
e war 
Mable, 
ed him 
ant en- 
„ with 
d him. 
Apol- 


d Cy- 


pher of 
Athens 
tired to 
7 under 
univer- 
he teſti» 
his con- 
hiſtory 7 
iy. He 
nce and 
oſophers 
his ſty le 
nd grace. 
pf magic, 
ine ope- 
were nu- 
treatiſes 
ed work, 
religion 
onteſt he 
NN of the 
employed 
eveloping 
: has been 
my which 
indeed his 
at a copy 
by order 


04. The 
'ras is that 
hat of his 
hoer. Tra) 
De Antre 
hen. 1765. 
A Conſtan- 


nts of Car- 
dia. Ovid 


king of E- 
i the Ro- 
reftore Tu- 
royal privi- 
ul, the Ro- 
enna won 
Ce, had not 
bridge, and 
ole Etrurtan 
. 


” © 


army, While his companions behind were 
cutting off the communication with the op- 
polite ſhore. This act of bravery aſtoniſhed 
Porſenna; but when he had ſeen Mutius 
g&cxvola enter his camp with an intention to 
murder him, and wien he had ſeen him 
burn his hand without emotion, to convince 
him of his fortitude and intrepidity, he no 
longer dared to make head againſt a. people 
ſo brave and ſo generous, He made a peace 


with the Romans, and never after ſupported 


the claims of Tarquin. The generoſity of 
Porſenna's behaviour to the captives was 
admired by the Romans, and to reward his 
humanity they raiſed a brazen ſtatue to his 
honor, Liv. 2, c. 9, &c,—Plut. in Public, 
Fler. 1, c. 10.—Herat. ep. 16.—Virg. 
u. 8, v. 646. 

PoRTA CarkNYA, a gate at Rome, 
which leads to the Appian road. Ovid, 
Faft. 6, v. 192. Aurelia, a gate at 
Rome, which received its name from Au- 
relius, a conful who made a road which 


led to Piſa, all along the coaſt of Etruria. 


Aſinaria led to mount Cœlius. It re- 
ceived its name from the family of the 
Afinii,——Carmentalis was at the foot of 
the capitol, built by Romulus. It was 
afterwards called Scelerata, becauſe the 300 
Fabii marched through when they went tv 
fight an enemy, and were killed near the 
river Cremera. Januolis was near the 
temple of Janus —Eſquilina was alſo 
called Metia, Taurica, or Libitinenſis, and 
all criminals who were going to be executed 
generally paſſed through, as alſo dead bo- 
dies which were carried to be burnt on 
mount Eſquilinus. Flaminia, called alſo 
Flumentana, was ſituate between the Ca- 
pitol and mount Quirinalis, and thro' it 
the Flaminian road paſſed. Fontinalis 
led to the Campus Martius. It received 
its name from the great number of fountains 
that were near it Navalis was fituate 
near the place where the ſhips came from 
Oſtia. Viminalis was near mount Vi- 
minalis. Trigemina, called alſo O/i- 
enfis, led to the town of Oftia. Catula- 
ria was near the Carmentalis Porta, at the 
foot of mount Viminalis.—Collatina re- 
ceived its name from its leading to Col- 
latia.——-Collina, called alſo Quirinalis 
Agonenfis, and Salaria, was near Quirinalis 
Mons. Annibal rude up to this gate and 
threw a ſpear into the city. It is to be 
obſerved, that at the death of Romulus 
there were only 3 or 4 gates at Rome, but 
the number was encreaſed, and in the time 
of Pliny there were 37, when the circum» 
ference of the walls was 13 miles and 200 
paces, 


PokriA & PokTius. Vd. Porcia & 


Pore ius. 


a 


” 0. 


at Rome, celebrated in a very ſolemn and 
lugubrious manner. Varro. de L. L. 55 


* 5 | 
| PoxTumMNvs, a ſea deity, Vd. Me- 
licerta. 


Poxus, the god of plenty at Rome, 
He was ſon of Metis or Prudence, Plato. 
A king of India when Alexander in- 
vaded Afia, The conqueror of Darius 
ordered him to come and pay homage to. 
him, as a dependant prince. Porus ſcorn- 
ed his commands, and declared he would 
go and meet him on the ſrontiers of his 
kingdom ſword in hand, and immediately 
he marched a large army to the banks of 
the Hydaſpes. The ftream of the river was 
rapid; but Alexander eroſſed it in the ob- 
ſcurity of the night, and defeated one of the 
ſons of the Indian munarch. Porus him - 
ſelf renewed the battle; but the valor of 
the Macedonians prevailed, and the Indian 
prince retired covered with wounds, on the 
back of one of his elephants. Alexander 
ſent one of the kings of India to demand 
him to ſurrender, but Porus killed the meſ- 
ſenger, exclaiming, is not this the voice of 
the wretch who has abandoned his country? 
and when he at laſt was prevailed upon ta 
come before the conqueror, he approached 
him as an equal, Alexander demanded of 
him how he wiſhed to be treated; lie 4 
ting, replied the Indian monarch. This 
magnanimous anſwer ſo pleaſed the Ma- 
cedonian conqueror, that he not only re- 
ſtored him his dominions, but he encreaſed 
his kingdom by the conqueſt of new pro- 
vinces ; and Porus, in acknowledgment of 
ſuch generofity and benevolence, became 
one of the moſt faithful and attached friends 
of Alexander, and never violated the aſſur- 
ances of peace which he had given him. 
Porus is repreſented as 2 man of uncommon 
ſtature, great ſtrength, and proportionable 
dignity. Plut. in Ser. — Philofo, 2, c. 10. 
—Curt, 8, c. 8. &c.—Claud. Conſ. Honor: 
4. Another king of India in the reign 
of Alexander. A king of Babylon, 

Pösipks, an eunuch and freedman of 
the emperor Claudius, who roſe ro honors 
by the favor of his maſter. Juv. 14, v. 
94- 

Po$IDEUM, a promontory and town of 
Tonia, where Neptune had a temple. 
Strab. 14, A town of Syria below Li- 
banus. Pin. 5, c. 20. A town near 
the Strymon, on the borders of Macedonia. 
Plin. 4, e. 10. 

Posipow, à name af Neptune among 
the Greeks, 

Pos1DoNIA, a tawn of Lucania, better 


known by the game of Paſtum, Vid. 


Pæſtum. 


Pokrue | town of Eubaa, eben, a or le of Neps 
PoR7MOS, 4 town of Buben. Demefthgl Pry - — 


| PorTuMNAL1A, feſtivals of Portumfins 


* 
- — 
- - — 
— = 


= —2— . * 


— 
2 2 — , 


— —— o- 


— 2 


: _ * 22 
- —— ———— . — —— —-— — — — 


_ 
err 


: — ——— — * 1 


— 229 - "e- 
1 22 


. 
© * 4) noe «2 — 


” PE Ss 


— — — 
* * 
— _ 7 
* * —— = 


— 


a 
— 


. 
Rn 


of 
* — 1 4 
— 14 = - 
* T 
23 


* 


2 0 


tuns, near Cænis in Italy, where the | 
ſtreights of Sicily are narroweſt, and ſcarce 
a mile diſtant from the oppoſite ſhore. 

Postbown1vs, a philoſopher of Apamea. 
He lived at Rhodes for ſome time, and 
afterwards came to Rome, where, after 
cultivating the friendſhip of Pompey and 
Cicero, he died in his 84th year. He at- 
tempted to meaſure the circumference of the 
earth, he accounted for the tides from the 
motion of the moon, and calculated the 
height of the atmoſphere ro be 400 ſtadia, 
nearly agreeing to the ideas of the mo- 
derns, (ic. Tuſe. 5, c. 37.—Strab. 14.— 
Another philoſopher, born at Alexandria in 
Egypt. 

Pos 10, a native of Magncſia, who wrote 
an hiftory of the Amazons, 

PoSTRKUMIA, a veſtal virgin, accuſed of 
adultery ang acquitted. The wife of 
pervius Sulpicius. Cc. ep,—A daughter 
of Sylla. 

PosTHUMIUs ALBINUS, a man who 


ſuffered Himſelf to be bribed by Jugurtha, ( 


againſt whom he had been fent with an 
army.— A writer at Rome, whom Cato 
ridiculed for compoſing an hiſtory in Greek, 
aud afterwards offcring apologies for the in- 
accuracy and inclegance of his expreſſions. 


————Tybero, a maſter of horſe to the dic- | 


tator Amilius Mamercus. He was him- 
ſelf made dictator in the war which the 
Romans waged againſt the Volſci, and he 
puniſhed his ſon with death for fighting 
againſt his orders, A. U. C. 312. Liv. 4, 
c. 23._—Spurius, a conſul ſent againſt the 
Samnites. He was taken in an ambuſh by 
Pontius the enemy's general, and obliged 
to paſs under the yuke with all his army. 
He faved his life by a ſhameful treaty, and 
when he returned to Rome, he perſuaded 
the Romans not to reckon as valid the en- 

agements he had made with the enemy, as 
it was without their advice. He was given 
up to the enemy becauſe he could not per- 
fo:m his engagements; but he was releaſcd 
by Pontius for his generous and patriotic 
behaviour. —Aulus, a dictator who de- 
feated the Latins and the Yollci. Tu- 
beitus, another diftator who defeated the 
Aqui and Volſci. Lucius a conſul ſent 
againſt the Samnites. A general who 
deteated the Sakines, and who was the 
fir who obtained an ovation. A man 
poiſoned by bis wife. A general who 
conquered the Aqui, and who was ſtoned 
by the army, becauſe he refuſed to divide 
the promiſed ſpoils. Flor. 22.— Lucius, 
a Roman cunſui, who was defcated by ihe 


Boii. 


his head was cut of from his body, and 
cairjed in trinmph by the barbarians into 
their (cmples, where they made with the 


He was left among the flain, and 


yo 


their gods, Marcus Craſſus Latianus, 
an officer proclaimed emperor in Gaul, A. 
D. 260. He reigned with great popula. 
rity, and gained the affection of his ſub. 
jects by his humanity and moderation. He 
took his ſon of the ſame name as a colleague 
on the throne. They were both aſſaſſinated 
by their ſoldiers, after a reign of fix years, 
Megilthus, a conſul againſt the Sam- 
nites and Taientines, Quintus, a man 
put to death by Antony. A ſoothſayer 
in the age of Sylla. Spurius, an enemy 
of Tib. Gracchus Albus, a Roman de- 
cemvir, ſent to Athens to collect the moſt 
ſalutary laws of Solon, &c. Liv. 3, c. 
3r. Sylvius, a ſon of Æncas and Sylvia, 

PosTvERTA, a goddeſs at Rome, who 
pre ſided over the painful trayails of women, 
| Ovid. Faſt. 1, v. 633. 

Po$1UMIA via, a Roman road about 
the town of Hoſtilia. 

PosTumius. Vid. Poſthumius. 

\ PoTAmipss, nymphs who prefided over 
rivers and fountains, as their name, (dla ast, 
fluvius) implies, 

PoTAmMoN, a philoſopher of Alexandria, 
in the age of Auguſtus. He wrote ſeveral 
treatiſes, and confined himſelf to the duce 
trines of no particular ſect of philoſophers. 

PoTAmos, a town of Attica near Su- 
nium. Strab. g. 

Po TEN TIA, a town of Picenum, Liv, 
39, C. 44 

PoTHINUS, a tutor to Ptolemy, king of 
Egypt. He adviſed the monarch to mur- 
der Pompey, when he claimed his protec- 
tion after the battle of Pharialia, He ſtir- 
red up commotions in Alexandria, when 
Ceſar came there, upon which the con- 
queror ordered him to be put to death. Lu- 
can. 8, V. 483. 

PoTwos, one of the deities of the Samo- 
thracians. Plin. 36, c. 5. 

PoTiD&A, a town of Macedonia, fituate 
in the peninſula of Pallene. It was found» 
ed by a Corinthian colony, and became 
tributary to the Athenians, from whom 
Philip of Macedonia took it. The con- 
queror gave it to the Olynthians ta render 
them more attached to his intereſt. Caſ- 
ſander repaired and enlarged it, and called 
it Cafſandria, a name which it ſtill pre- 
| ſerves, und which has given occaſion to 
Livy to ſay, that Caſſander was the ori- 
ginal founder of that city. Liv. 44, © 
1 I.—Demsſth, Olynth.—Strab. 7.— Pau. 55 

6.83. 
| N a town of Atolia, Lis. 
28, c. 8. 

PO TINA, a goddeſs at Rome, who pre- 
ſided over children's potions. Varro, 

PoTiTivVs. Vd. Pinarius, 

PoTN1z, a town of Bœotia, where Bac- 


—— 


ſculi a faded vollel to offex libations to 


| cbus had a temple, The Pytnians, dure 


Latianus, 
Jaul, A. 
popula- 
his {ub- 
ion. He 
colleague 
Taſhnated 
ſix years, 
the Sam- 
„ a man 
oothſayer 
mn enemy 
oman de- 
the moſt 
1. 3, c. 
nd Sylvia, 
me, who 
}f women, 


had about 


8. 
ſided over 


„(vcla ass, 


lexandria, 
»e ſeveral 
1 the Cuce 
vſophers. 
near Su- 


um. Liv, 


y, king of 
h to Murs 
his protec- 

He ſtir- 
ria, when 
1 the con- 


cath. Lu- 
the Samo» 


nia, ſituate 
was found» 
nd became 
rom whom 

The con- 
is to render 
reſt. Caſ- 
and called 
it ſtill prey 
occaſion to 
„as the ori- 
Liv. 44, . 


1.— Pau. 57 
tolia, Liv, 


e, who pres 
Varro, 


| whe re Bac · 


ans, having 
once 


once murdered tho prieſt of the god, were 
ordered by the oracle, to appeaſe his reſent- 
ment, yearly to offer on his altars a young 
man. This unnatural ſacrifice was conti- 
nued for ſome years, till Bacchus himſelf 
ſubſtituted a goat, from which circum- 
ſtance he received the appellation of Ago- 
b:lus and AEgophagus. There was here a 
fountain whoſe waters made horſes run 
mad as ſoon as they were touched. There 
were alſo here certain goddeſſes called Pet - 
niades, on whoſe altars, in a grove ſacred to 
Ceres and Proſerpine, victims were ſacrifi- 
ced. It was alſo uſual at a certain ſeaſon 
of the year, to conduct into the grove, 
young pigs, Which were found the follow- 
ing year in the groves of Dodona. The 
mares of Potnia deſtroyed their maſter 
Glaucus, fon of Siſyphus. Vd. Glaucus. 
Pauſ. 9, c. 8.—Virg. C. 3, v. 267.— 
Alian. V. H. 15, c. 25. A town of 
Magneſia. 

PraAcTiuM, a town and ſmall river of 
Aſia Minor, on the Helleſpont. 

PR&AC1aA, a Cyurtezan at Rome, who 
influenced Cethegus, and procured Aſia as 
a conſular province for Lucullus. If. in 

UC, 

PRx&ANESTE, a town of Latium, about 
21 miles from Rome, built by Telegonus, 
ſon of Ulyſſes and Circe, or according to 
others by Cæculus the fon of Vulcan, 
There was a celebrated temple of Fortune 
there, with two famous images, as alſo an 
oracle, which was long in great repute. 
Cic. de Div. 2. c. 41.—Pirg. An. 7, v, 
680.— Horat. 3, od. 4.—Stat, 1. Sylv. 3, 
v. 80. 

Pz sos, a ſmall town of Crete, deſtroy- 
ed in a civil war by one of the neighbour- 
ing cities, 

Pzx&sTI, a nation of India, Curt. 9, 
c. 8, 

PR TOR, one of the chief magiſtrates 
at Rome. The office of Prætor was firſt 
inſtituted A. U. C. 388, by the ſenators, 
who wiſhed by ſome ncw honor to compen- 
fate for the loſs of the conſulſhip, of nich 
the plebeians had claimed a thare. The 
Prætor received his name @ preeunds. 
Only one was originally elected, and an- 
other A. U. C. 501. One of them was 
totally employed in adminiſtering juſtice 
among the citizens, whence he was called 
Prætor wrbanus, and the Other appointed 
judges in all cauſes which related to fo- 
reigners, In the year of Rome 520, two 
more prætors were created to aſſiſt the con- 
ful in the government of the provinces of 
Sicily and Sardinia, which had been lately 
conquered, and two more when Spain was 
reduced into the form of a Roman pro- 


vince, A. U. C. 551. Sylla the dictator | 


added two more, and Julius Cæſar en- 
creaſcd the number to. 10, and afterwards 
to 16, and the ſecond triumvirate to 64. 
After this their numbers fluctuated, being 
ſometimes 18, 16, or 12, till, in the de- 
cline of the empire, their dignity decreaſed, 
and their numbers were reduced to three, 
In his public capacity the Prætor admini- 
{tered juſtice, protected the rights of widows 
and orphans, prefided at the celebration of 
public teftivals, and in the abſence of the 
conſul afſembled or prorogued the ſenate as 
he pleaſcd He alfo exhibited ſhows to 
the people, and in the feſtivals of the Bona 
Dea, where no males were permitted to 
appear, his wife preſided over the reſt of 
the Roman matrons. Feaſts were an- 
nounced and proclaimed by him, and he 
had the power to make and repeal laws, if 
it met with the approbation of the ſenate 
and people. The quzitors were ſubject to 
him, and in the abſence of the conſuls, he 
appeared at the head of the armies, and in 
the city he kept a regiſter of all the freed- 
men of Rome, with the reatons for which 
they had received their freedom. In the 
provinces the Prætors appeared with great 
pomp, fix liftors with the faſces walked 
before them, and when the empire was 
encreaſed by conqueſt, they divided like 
the conſuls their government, and provinces 
were given them by lot. When the year 
of their prztorſhip was elapſed, they were 
called propretors, if they ſtill continued at 
the head of their province. At Rome, the 
Prætors appeared alſo with much pump, 
two lictors preceded them, they wore the 
præteata, or the white robe with purple 
borders, they ſat in curule chairs, and their 


tribunal was diſtinguithed by a ſword and 


a ſpear, while they adminiſtered juſtice. 
The tribunal was called preatorium. When 
they rode they appeared on white horſes at 
Rome, as a mark of diſtinction. The Præ- 


tor who appointed judges to try foreign. 


cauſes, was called prator peregrinus. The 
Prætors Cereales, appointed by Julius Cæſar, 
were employed in providing corn and pro- 
viſions for the city. They were on that 
account often called frumentarii. 

PRRTORIA, a town uf Dacia, now 
Cronſtudt. Another, now Acu, in 
Piedmont. 

PRKToklus, a name ironically applied 
to Al. Sempronius Rufus, becauſe he was 
diſappointed in his ſolicitations for the præ- 
torſhip, as being too diſſolute and luxurious 
in his manners. He was the firſt who had 
a ſtork brought to his table. Horat, 2, Sar, 
2, V. 50. 

PRATUTIUM, a town of Picenum. 17a, 
15, v. 568. Liv, 22, C. 9. J. 27, C. 43. 


Uus 


Pas, 


3 


PxAsTtANx, now Verdant, à large iſland 
al the mouth of the Indus. Plin. 6, c. 20. 

PaAasSIAs, a lake between Macedonia 
and Thrace, where were filver mines. He- 
rodot. 5, c. 17. 

PrASIT, a nation of India in Alexan- 
der's age. Curt. 9, c. 2. 

PRATELLIA LEX, was enacted by Pra- 
tellius the tribune, A. U. C. 398, to curb 
and check the ambitious views of men who 
were lately advanced in the ſtate. Liv. 7, 
e. 15. 

PRATINAS, a Greek poet of Phlius, 
contemporary with AÆſchy lus. He was the 
firſt among the Greeks who compoſed ſa- 
tires, which were repreſented as farces. Of 
theſe 32 were acted, as alſo 18 of his tra- 
gedies, one of which only obtained the 
poetical prize. Some of his verſes are ex- 
tant, quoted by Athenzus, Pau. 2, c. 
13. 
PRATAGURAB;, an Athenian writer, who 
publiſhed an hiftory of the Kings of his 
own country. He was then only 19 years 
old, and three years after, he wrote the 
life of Conſtantine the great. He had alſo 
written the life of Alexander, all now 
Joſt. 

PxAxIAs, a celebrated ſtatuary of A- 
thens, Pau. 10, c. 18. 

PxAx1DAMAs, a famous athlete of Ægi- 
ma. Pau. 6, c. 18. : 

PRAXID Ac, a goddeſs among the 
Greeks, who preſided over the execution of 
enterprizes, and who puniſhed all evil ac- 
tions, Pauſ. 9, c. 33. 

PRANILA, a lyric poeteſs of Sicyon, 
who floriſhed about 492 years before Chriſt, 
Pauſ. 3, c. 13. 

PaAxIiPHANts, a Rhodian, who wrote 
a learned commentary on the obſcure paſ- 
ſages of Sophocles.—An hiftorian. Drog. 

Pa Axis, a ſirname of Venus at Megara. 
Pau. 1, c. 43. 

PrRAxXITELES, a famous (culptor of Mag- 
na Græcia, who floriſhed about 324 years 
before the Chriſtian era. He chiefly work- 
ed on Parian marble, on account of its 
beautiful whiteneſs. He carried his art to 
the greateſt perfection, and was ſo happy 
in copying nature, that his ſtatues ſeemed 
to be animated. The moſt famous of his 

ieces was a Cupid which he gave to 

hryne, This celebrated courtezan, who 
wiſhed to have the beft of all the ſtatues of 
Praxiteles, and who could not depend up- 
on ber own judgment in the choice, alarm- 
ed the ſculptor, by telling him his houſe 
was on fire. Praxiteles upon this, ſhewed 
his eagerneſs to ſave his Cupid from the 
flames, above all his other pieces; but 
Ph:yne reſtrained his fears, and by diſco» 
vering her attifice, obtained the favorite 


3 


ſtatue. The ſculptor employed his chiſel 
in making a ſtatue of this beautiful cour- 
texan, which was dedicated in the temple 
of Delphi, and placed between the ſtatues 
of Archidamus, king of Sparta, and Phi- 
lip, king of Macedon. He alſo made a 
ſtatue of Venus, at the requeſt of the people 
of Cos, and gave them their choice of the 
goddeſs, either naked or veiled. The for- 
mer was ſuperior to the other in beauty 
and perfection, but the inhabitants of Cos 
preferred the latter. The Cnidians, who 
did not wiſh to patronize modeſty and de- 
corum with the — eagerneſs as the peo- 
ple of Cos, bought the naked Venus, and 
it was ſo univerſally eſteemed, that Nico- 
medes, king of Birhynia, offered the Cni- 
dians to pay an enormous debt, under 
which they labared, if they would give him 
their favorite ſtatue. This offer was not 
accepted. The famous Cupid was bought 
2 the Theſpians by Caius Cæſar, and car- 
ried to Rome, but Claudius reſtored it to 
them, and Nero afterwards obtained poſ- 
ſeſſion of it. Pau. 1, c. 40. |. 8, c. 9.— 
Plin. 7, c. 34 & 36. 

PRAXITHEA, a daughter of Phraſimus 
and Diogenea. She married Erechtheus, 
king of Athens, by whom ſhe had Cecrops, 
Pandarus, and Metion, and four daughters, 
Procris, Creuſa, Chthonia, and Orithy ia. 
polled: 3, c. 15.—A daughter of Theſtius, 
mother of ſome children by Hercules. 1d, 
2, c. 7,—A daughter of Erechtheus ſacri- 
hced by order of the oracle. 

PxEL1vVs, a lake in Tuſcany, now Caſ- 
tiglione. *Cic, Mil. 27.—Plin. 3, c. 5. 

PrEUGENES, a fon of Agenor. Pauf, 
2, . 8. a 

PRETASPESs, a Perſian who put Smerdis 
to death, by order of king Camby ſes. He- 
rodet. 3, c. 30. | 

PrxTamMiDes, a patronymic applied to 
Paris as being ſon of Priam. It is alfo 
given to Hector, Deiphobus, and all the 
other children of the Trojan monarch, 
Ovid. Heroid. —Virg. nu. 3, v. 295. 

PRI Aus, the laſt king of Troy, was 
ſon of Laomedon, by Strymo, called Pla- 
cia by ſome. When Hercules took the 
city of Troy, [ Vid. Laomedon.) Priam was 
in the number of his priſoners, but his ſiſ- 
ter Heſione redeemed him from captivity, 
and he exchanged his original name of Po- 
darcus for that of Priam, which fignifhes 
bought or ranſomed. | Vid. Podarces.) He 
was alſo placed on his father's throne by 
Hercules, and he employed himſelf with 
well directed diligence in repairing, fortify- 
ing, and embelliſhing the city of Troy. Hg 
had married, by his father's orders, Ariſba, 
whom now he divorced for Hecuba, the 


j 


daughter of Dimas, or Ciſſeus, a neigh» 
"ay bouring 


unde 


chiſel 
cour- 
emple 
ſtatues 
d Phi- 
ade a 
people 
of the 
he for- 
beauty 
of Cos 
„ Who 
nd de- 
ie peo- 
s, and 
Nico- 
e Cni- 

under 
ve him 
vas not 
bought 
nd car- 


raſimus 
htheus, 
>ecrops, 
ighters, 
rithy ia. 
heſtius, 
1 
s ſacri- 


ow Caſe 
＋ 
Pauſ. 


Smerdis 
es. He- 


plied to 
is alfo 
all the 
nonarch. 
5. 1 
Oy, w 
eh Pla- 
ook the 
1am was 
t his fiſ- 
A ivity, 
on Po- 
ſignifies 
.] He 
hrone by 
ſelf with 
, fortify- 
roy. He 
T Ariſba, 
-uba, the 
a neigh» 


bouring 


P R 

pouring prince. He had by Heeuba 17 
children, according to Cicero, or according 
to Homer, 19; the moſt celcbrated of 
whom are Hector, Paris, Deiphobus, Helc- 
nus, Pammon, Polites, Antiphus, Hippo- 
nous, Troilus, Creuſa, Laodice, Polyxena, 
and Caſſandra, Beſides theſe he had 
many others by concubines, Their names, 
according to Apollodorus, are Melampus, 
Gorgythion, Philemon, Glaucus, Agathon, 
Evagoras, Hippothous, Cherfidamas, Hip- 
podamas, Meſtor, Atas, Dorcylus, Dryops, 
Lycaon, Aſtygonus, Bias, Evander, Chro- 
mius, Teteſtas, Mclius, Cebrion, Laodocus, 
Idomencus, Archemachus, Echephron, Hy- 
perion, Aſcanius, Arriiztus, Demoeoon, 
Dejoptes, Echemon, Clovius, AÆgioneus, 
Hypirychus, Lyfithous, Poly medon, Me- 
dula, Lyſi mache, Medeſicaſte, and Ariſto- 
deme. After he had reigned for ſome time 
in the greateſt proſperity, Priam expreſſed 
a defire to recover his filter Heſione, whom 
Hercules had carried into Greece, and mar- 
ried to Telamon his friend. To carry this 
plan into execution, Priam manned a fleet, 
of which he gave the command to his ſon 
Paris, with orders to bring back Heſione. 
Paris, to whom the goddeis of beauty had 
romiſed the faireſt woman in the world, 

[Pa Paris] neglected in ſome meaſure his 
ather's injunctions, and as if to make re- 
priſals upon the Greeks, he carried away 
Helen, the wife of Menelaus, king of 
Sparta, during the abſence of her huſband. 
Priam beheld this with ſatisfaction, and he 
countenanced.'his ſon by receiving in his 
palace the wife of the king of Sparta. 
This rape kindled the flames of war; all 
the ſuitors of Helen, at the requeſt of Me- 
nelaus, [ Vid. Menelaus] aſſembled to re- 
venge the violence offered to his bed, and 
a fleet, according to ſome, of 140 ihips, 
under the command of the 69 chiefs that 
furniſhed them, ſet ſail for Troy, Priam 
might have averted the impending blow 
hy the reſtoration of Helen; but this he 
refuſed to do, when ' the ambaſſadors of 
the Greeks came to him, and he immedi- 
ately raiſed an army to defend himſfelt. 
Troy was ſoon beſieged, frequent ixirmiſhes 
took place, in which the ſucceſs was va- 
rious, and the advantages on both ſides in- 
conſiderable. The ſiege was continued for 
ten ſucceſſive years, and Priam had the 
misfortune to ſce the greateſt part of his 
children maſſacred by the enemy. Hector, 
the eldeſt of 'theſe, was the only one upon 
whom now the Trojans looked for protec- 
tion and ſupport ; but he foon fell à ſacri- 


fice to his own courage, and was killed by 
Achilles, 


P 


was in the enemy's camp. The gods, ac- 


cording to Homer, intereſted themſelves 
in favor of old Priam. Achilles was pre- 
vailed upon by his mother, the goddels 
Thetis, to reſtore Hector to Priam, aud 
the king of Troy paſſed through the Gre- 
cian camp conducted by Mercury the mei- 
ſenger of the gods, who with his rod had 
made him inviſible. The meeting of Pri- 
am and Achilles was ſolemn and affect ing, 
the conqueror paid to the Trojan monarch 
that attention and reverence which was 
due to his dignity, his years, and his miſ- 
fortunes, aud Priam in a ſuppliant manner 
addreſſed the prince whoſe favors he claim- 
ed, and kifſed the hands that had rubbed 
him of the greatcſ and the beſt of his chil- 
dren. Achilles was moved by his tears 
and entreaties, he reſtored Hector, and 
permitted Priam a truce of 12 days for the 
funeral of his ſon. Some time after Troy 
was betrayed into the hands of the Greeks 
by Antenor and Eneas, and Priam upon 
this reſolved to die in the defence of his 
country. He put on his armour, and ad- 
vanced to meet the Greeks, but Hecuba by 
her tcars and entreaties detained him near 
an altar of Jupiter, whither the had fled 
for protection. While Priam yielded to 
the prayers of his wife, Polites, one of 
his ſons, fled alſo to the altar before Neo- 
ptolemus, who purſued him with fury. 
Polites, wounded and overcome, fell 
dead at the feet of his parents, and the a- 
ged father, fired with indignation, vented 
the moſt bitter inveétives againſt the 
Greek, who paid no regard to the ſanc- 
tity of altars and temples, and raifing 
his ſpear darted it upon him. The ſpear, 
hurled by the feeble hand of Priam, 
touched the buckler of Neoptolemus, and 
fell to the ground. This irritated the ſon 
of Achilles, he ſeized the grey hair of Pri- 
am, and, without compaſſion or reverence 
for the ſanctity of the place, he plunged 
his dagger iuto his breatt. His head was 
cut off, and the mutilated body was leſt 
among the heaps of flain. Dicłyſ. Cret. r, 
& c. Dares Phryg,—llerodot. 2.— 8 10, 
c. 27.—Homcr. Il. 22, &c,—Eurip: in Troad. 
i. Tuſc. I. Q. Smyrn. 1.—Firg. Fn. 2, 
v. 507, &c.—Herat. Od. 10, v. 14.—- Hy- 


| gin, fab. 110.—Y. Calaber. 15, 


PRiArus, a deity among the antients, 
who preſided over gardens, aud the paits 
of generation in the ſexes. He was fos 
of Venus by Mercury or Adouis; or ac- 
cording to the mwuie received opinion, b 
Bacchus. The goddeſs of beauty, who 


| was enamoured of Bacchus, went to mect 
Priam ſeverely felt his loſs, and | him as he returned victorious from his In- 


as he loved him with the greateſt reuder- þ dian expedition, and by him the had Pi- 


nets, he wiſhed to ranſom his body which 


apus, Who was born at Lampſacus. Pri- 
| apus 


F 

apus was fo deformed in all his limbs, 
particularly the genitals, by means of Juno, 
who had aſſiſted at the delivery of Venus, 
that the mother, aſhamed to have given birth 
to ſuch a monſter, ordered him to be expoſed 
on the mountains. His life, however, was 
preſerved by ſhepherds, and he received 
the name of Priapus, propter deformita- 
tem & membri wirilis magnitudinem. He 
ſoon became a favorite of the people of 
Lampſacus, but he was expelied by the 
inhabitants on account of the freedom he 
took with their wives. This violence was 
puniſhed by the fon of Venus, and when 
the Lampſacenians had been afflicted with 
a diſeaſe in the genitals, Priapus was re- 
called, and temples. erected to his honor. 
Feſtivals were alſo celebrated, and the peo- 
ple, naturally idle and indolent, gave them- 
ſelves up to every laſciviouſneſs and impu- 
rity during the celebration. His worſhip 
was alſo introduced in Rome ; but the Ro- 
mans revered him more as a god of or- 
chards and gardens, than as the patron of 
licentiouſneſs. A crown painted with dif- 
ferent colors was offered to him in the 
ſpring, and in the ſummer a garland of 
ears of corn, An aſs was generally ſacri- 
ficed to him, becauſe that animal, by its 
braying, awoke the nymph Lotis, to whom 
Priapus was going to offer violence. He 
is generally repreſented with an human 
face and the ears. of a goat; he holds a 
ſtick in his hand, with which he terrifies 
birds, as alſo a club to drive away thieves, 
and a ſcythe to prune the trees and cut 
down the corn, He was crowned with 
the leaves of the vine, and ſometimes with 
laurel, or rocket. The laſt of theſe plants 
is ſacred to him, and it is ſaid to raiſe the 
paſhons and excite love. Priapus is often 
diſtinguiſhed by the epithet of phal/us, faſ- 
cinus, Ityphallus, or ruber, or rubicundus, 
which are all expreſſive of his deformity, 
Catull. ep. 19 & 20.—Colum. 2. de Cult, 
hort.—Horat. 1, ſat. 1.-—Tibull. 1, el. 1, 
v. 18.—-Qvid. Faft. 1, v. 415. l. 6, v. 
319.—Virg. Ecl. 7, G. 4, ». 111.—Pauſ. 
9, c. 3i.— gu. fah, 160. —Dicd. 1. 
A town of Aſia Minor near Lampſacus, 
now Carabea. Priapus was the chief deity 
of the place, and from him the town re- 
ecived its name, becauſe he had taken re- 
fuge there when baniſhed from Lampſacus. 
Strab. 12.—Mela. 1, c. 19. An ifland 
near Epheſus. Plin. 5, c. 31. | 

PRIEN E, a maritime town of Aſia Mi- 
nor at the foot of mount Mycale, one of 
the twelve independent cities of Ionia. It 
gave birth to Bias, one of the ſeven wiſe 
men of Greece. It had been built by an 
Athenian colony, Pauſ. 7, c. 2. l. 8, c. 
24.— Se. 12. 


| 


F"--M 

PRIMA, a daughter of Romulus and 
Herſilia. 

Px10N, a place at Carthage. 

Prx1SC1ANuUs, a celebrated grammarian 
at Athens, in the age of the emperor Ju. 
tinian, 

Pr1sCILLA, 2 woman praiſed for her 
conjugal affection by Statius, 5 C/. 1. 

Per1scus SERviILIvs, a dictator at 
Rome who defeated the Veientes and the 
Fidenates.—A firname of the elder Tar- 
quin king of Rome. Vid. Tarquinius,— 
A governor of Syria, brother to the empe- 
ror Philip. He proclaimed himſelf empe- 
ror in Macedonia when he was informed 
of his brother's death, but he was ſoon 
after conquered and put to death by De- 
cius, Philip's murdercr,—A friend of the 
emperor Severus.—-A friend of the empe- 
ror Julian, almoſt murdered by the popu- 
lace. —Helvidius, a quæſtor in Achaia dur- 
ing the reign of Nero, remarkable for his 
independent ſpuit, &c. Tacit. Hiſt. 4, c. 
6.—Tuvenal.—An officer under Vitellius. 
—Ovre of the emperor Adrian's friends.— 
A friend of Domitian.—An orator, whoſe 
diſhpated and luxurious manners Horace ri- 
dicules, 1 Sat. 7, v. 9. 

Px1sST1s, the name A one of the ſhips 
that engaged in the naval combat which 
was exhibited by ZEneas at the anniverſary 
of his father's death. She was commanded 
by Mneſtheus. Firg. An. 1, v. 116. 

PrIvERNUs, a Rutulian killed by Ca- 
pys in the wars between Æncas and Turnus. 
Virg. Au. , v. 576. 

PrarvERNUM, now Piperno Vecchio, a 
town of the Volſci in Italy, whoſe inhabi- 
tants were called Privernates. It became a 
Roman colony. Liv. 8, c. 10.—Virg. An. 
11, v. 540.—Cic. 1 Div. 43. 

Pzxova, the wife, of the emperor Pro- 
bus.— A woman who opened the gates of 
Rome to the Goths. N 

PrzoBus, M. Aurelius Severus, a native 
of Sirmium in Pannonia. His father was 
originally a gardener, who by entering the 
army roſe to the rank of a military tribune. 
His fon obtained the ſame office in the 22d 
year of his age, and he diftingutſhed him- 
ſelf ſo much by his probity, his valor, his 
intrepidity, moderation, and clemency, that 
at the death of the emperor Tacitus, he was 
inveſted with the imperial purple by the 
voluntary and uninfluenced choice of his 
ſoldiers, His election was univerſally ap- 
proved by the Roman ſenate and the pco- 
ple ; and Probus, ſtrengthened on his throne 
by the affection and attachment of his ſub- 
jects, marched againſt the enemios of Rome, 
in Gaul and Germany. Several battles 
were fought, and after he had left 400,000 


barbarians dead in the field, Probus * 
5 


us and 


nmariay 
ror Juſ- 


for her 
I'S 
ator at 
and the 
ler Tar- 
inius.— 
e empe- 
f empe- 
nformed 
ras ſoon 
by De- 
3 of the 
» empe- 
e popu- 
lala dur- 
for his 
iſt. 4, c. 
/ itellius. 
1ends.— 
r, whoſe 
OIACC ri- 


he ſhips 
t which 
niverſary 
a manded 
16. 

| by Ca- 
Turnus. 


ecchio, 2 
e inhabi- 
JECAMECe 4 


irg. An, 


ror Pro- 
gates of 


a native 
ther was 
tering the 
y tribune. 
n the 22d 
hed him- 
valor, his 
ency, that 
s, he was 
e by the 
ice of his 
rlally ap- 
| the peco- 
his throne 
f his ſub- 
of Rome, 
battles 
t 400, ooo 
us turned 

his 


* 


his arms againſt the Sarmatians. The ſame 
ſucceſs attended him, and after he had 
quelled and terrified to peace the nume- 
rous barbarians of the north, he marched 
through Syria againſt the Blemmyes in the 
neighbourhood of Egypt. The Blemmyes 
were defeated with great ſlaughter, and the 
military character of the emperor was fo 
well eſtabliſhed, that the king of Perſia ſued 
for peace by his ambaſſadors, and attempt- 
ed to buy the conqueror's favors with the 
moſt ſplendid preſents. Probus was then 
feaſting upon the molt common feet when 
the ambaſſadors were introduced ; but with- 
out even caſting his eyes upon them, he 
ſaid, that if their maſter did not give pro- 
per ſatisfaction to the Romans, he would 
lay his territories deſolate, and as naked as 
the crown of his head. As he ſpoke, the 
emperor took off his cap, and ſhewed the 
baldneſs of his head to the ambaſſadors, 
His conditions were gladly atcepted by 
the Perſian monarch, and Probus retired 
to Rome to convince his ſubjects of the 
greatneſs of his conqueſts, and to elaim 
from them the applauſe which their 
anceſtors had given to the conqueror of 
Macedonia or the deſtroyer of Carthage, 
as he paſſed along the ſtreets of Rome. 
His triumph laſted ſeveral days, and the 
Roman populace were long entertained 
with ſhows and combats. But the Ro- 
man empire, delivered from its foreign 
enemies, was torn by civil diſcord, and 
peace was not re-eſtabliſhed till three uſurp- 
ers had been ſeverally defeated. While his 
ſubjects enjoyed tranquillity, Probus en- 
couraged the liberal arts, he permitted the 
inhabitants of Gaul and Illyricum to plant 
vines in their territories, and he himſelf 
repaired 70 cities in differcut parts of the 
empire which had been reduced tv ruins. 
He alſo attempted to drain the waters which 
were ſtagnated in the neighbourhood of 
Sirmium, by conveying them to the ſea by 
artificial canals. His armies were employ- 
ed in this laborious undertaking; but as 
they were unaccuſtomed to ſuch toils, they 
ſoon mutinied, and felt upon the emperor 
as he was paſſing into one of the towns of 
Illyricum. He fled into an iron tower 
which he himſelf had built to obſerve 
the marſhes, but as he was alone and with - 
out arms, he was ſoon overpowered and 
murdered iu the 50th year of his age, after 
a reign of fix years and four months, on 
the ſccond of November, before Chriſt 
282. The news of his death was received 
with the greateſt conſternation, not only 
his friends, but his very enemies deplored 
his fate, and even the army, which had been 
concerned in his fall, erected a monument 


over his body, and placed upou it this in- 


—— — 


T 

ſcription : Hic Probus imperator, wer? probus 
fitus eft, victor omnium gentium barbararum, 
vittor etiam tyrannorum, He was then pre- 
paring in a few days to march againſt the 
Per ſians that had revolted; and his victories 
there might have been as great as thoſe he 
obtained in the two other quarters of the 
globe. 
his family, who had ſhared his greatneſs, 
immediately retired from Rome, not to 
become objects either of private or public 
malice. Zoſ.—Preb.— Saturn. Emi- 
lius, a grammarian in the age of Theodo- 
ſius. The lives of excellent commanders, 
written by Cornelius Nepos, have been 
falſely attributed to him, by ſome authors. 
An oppreſſive prefect of the pretorian 
guards, in the reign of Valentinian. 

PRO CAS, a king of Alba, after his ſa- 
ther Aventinus. He was father of Amulius 
and Numitor. Liv. 1, c. 3,—Ovid. Met. 
14, v. 622.—Virg, An. 6, v. 767. 

PRochYTA, an ifland of Campania in 
the bay of Puteoli, now Precida. Virg. 
u. , v. 715. 

ProC1L1vs, a Latin hiſtorian in the age 
of Pompey the great. Varro. 

PROCiLLA JULIA, a woman of uncom- 
mon virtue, killed by the ſoldiets of Otho. 
Tacit. Agric. 4. 

C. VALERivs PROCIL.LUS, a prince of 
Gaul, intimate with Cæſar. 

PRocLEA, a daughter of Clytius, who 
married Cycnus, a ſon of Neptune. Pauf. 
IO, C. 14. 

ProCLEs, a ſon of Ariſtodemus and Ar- 
gla, born at the ſame birth as Euryſthenes. 
There were continual diſſentions among the 
two brothers, who both ſat on the Spartan 
throne. [ Vid. Euryſthenes & Lacedamon.} 
A native of Andros in the /Egean ſea, 
who was crowned at the Olympic games. 
Pauf. 6, c. 14. A man who headed the 
Tonians when they took Samos. Id. 7, c. 
4. A Carthaginian writer, ſon of Eu- 
crates. He wrote ſome hiſtorical treatiſes, 
of which Pauſanias has preſerved ſome frag- 
ments. Id. 4, c. 35. A tyrant of Epi- 
daurus, put to death and thrown into the 
ſea, Plut. de crac. A general of the 
Naxians in Sicily, who betrayed his coun- 
try to Diony ſius the tyrant, for a ſum of 
money. 

ProCL1bvs, the deſcendants of Procles, 
who ſat on the throne of Sparta together 
with the Euryſthenide, Vd. Lacedzmon 
and Eury fthenes. 

Procne, Vid. Progne. 

PrRoconNESUs, now Marmora, an iſland 
of the Propontis, at the north-caſt of Cy- 
zicus; alſo called Elaphonneſus and Newris, 
It was famous for its fine marble. Fin. 5, 
c. 32.— rad. I3.—M.la. 2, c. 7. 

PRO - 


He was ſucceeded by Carus, and 


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Pnocorits, a celebrated officer of n 
noble family in Cilicia, related to the em- 
peror Julian, with whom he lived in great 
intimacy. He was univerſally admired 
for his integrity, but he was not deſtitute 
of ambition or pride. After he had fig- 
nalized himſelf under Julian and his ſuc- 
ceſſor, he retired from the Roman pro- 
vinces among the barbarians in the Thra- 


Elan Cherſonneſus, and ſome time after he 


ſuddenly made his appearance at Conftan- 
tinople, when the emperor Valens had 
marched into the caſt, and he proclaimed 
himſelf raaſter of the eaſtern empire. His 
uſurpation was univerſally acknowledged, 
and his victories were ſo rapid, that Va- 
Jens would have reſigned the imperial pur- 
ple, had not his friends intervened. But 
now fortune changed, Procopius was de- 
feated in Phrygia, and abandoned by his 
army. His head was cut of, and carried 
to Valentinian in Gaul, A. D. 366. Pro- 
copius was ſlain the 42d year of bis age, 
and he had uſurped the title of emperor 
for about eight months. 4Zmmian, Marcel: 
25 & 26. A Greek hiſtorian of Cæſa- 
rea in Paleſtine, ſecretary to the celebrated 
Belifarius, A. D. 534. He wrote the lit- 
tory of the reign of Juſtinian, and greatly 
celebrated the hero whonle favots and pa- 
tronage he enjoyed. This hiſtory is di- 
vided into, 8 books, 2 of which give an 
account of the Perſian war, 2 of the Van- 
dals, and 4 of the Guths, to the year 552, 
which was afterwards continued in 5 books 
by Agathias till 559. Of this performance 
the character is great, though perhaps the 
Hiſtorian is often too ſevere on the emperor. 
The works of Procopius were edited in 

vols. folio. Paris, 1662. \ 

Pxockis, a daughter of Erechtheus, 
king of Athens. She married Cephalus. 
Lad. Cephalus.) FVirg, An. 6, v. 445.— 
A daughter of Theſtius. 

Prockus fis, a famous robber of At- 
tica, killed Ly Theſeus, near the Cephiſus. 
He ticd travellers on a bed, and if their 
length exceeded that of the bed, he uſed 
to cut it off, but if they were ſhorter, he 
had them ſtretched to make their length 
equal to it, He is called by ſome Damattes 
and Polypemon. Ovid. Heraid, 2, v. 69. 
Met. 7, v. 43. —Plut. in The. 

PzoctLa, a ptoſtitute in Juvenal's age, 
2, V. 68. 

PRocülzius, a Roman knight very in- 
timate with Auguſtus. He 1s celebrated 
for his humanity and fraternal kindneſs to 
his brothers Murzna and Scipio, with 
whom he divided his poſſcſhons, after 
they had forfeited their eftates, and incur- 
red the diſpleaſure of Auguſtus for hding 


with young Pompey. He was ſent by * 


—— n—_—_ 
— 


* 


P KR 

guſtus to Cleopatra, to endeavour to bring 
her alive into his preſence, but to no pur. 
poſe. He deſtroyed j*mſelf when labor. 
ing under a heavy diſeaſe Hort. 2, od. 2. 
—Plut. in Anton.-—Plin, 36, c. 24.—A de- 
bauchee in Nero's reign. Ju. 1, v. 40. 

ProcuULus J[UL1vs, a Roman who, af. 
ter the death ot Romulus, declared that he 
had ſeen him in appearance more than hu. 
man, and that he had ordered him to bid 
the Romans to offer him ſacrifices under 
the name of Quirinus, and to reſt aſſured 
that Rome was deſtined, by the gods, to 
become the capital of the world. Plut. in 
Rom — Liu. 1, c. 16.—Geganius, a Ro- 
man conſul.—Placitius, a Roman who con- 
queried the Hernci,—A friend of Vitellius. 
—A conſul under Nerva. -A man accuſed 
of extortion, —An African in the age of 
Aurelius. He publiſhed a book intitled de 
reg/onibus, or religionibus, on foreign coun- 
tries, &c.—An officer who proclaimed 
himſe;t emperor in Gaul, in the reign of 
Probus. He was ſoon after defeated, and 
expoſed on a gibbet. He was very de- 
bauched and licentious in his manners, and 
had acquired riches by piratical excurfions. 

Pzocyon, a ftar near Sirius, or the 
dog ſtar, before which it generally riſcs in 
Juiy. Cicero calls it Anticanis, which is 
of the ſame fgnifcation ( now»). [ce 
rat. 3, ot. 29. —Gic. de nat. D. 2, c. 44. 

ProDiCUs, a ſophiſt and rhetorician of 
Cos, about 396 years before Chriſt. He 
was ſent as ambaſſactor by his countrymen 
to Athens, where he publicly taught, and 
had among his pupils Euripides, Socrates 
Theramenes, and Ifocrates. He wavatied 
trom town to tawn in Greece, to procure 
admirers and get money. He made his 
auditors pay to hear him harangue, which 
has given occaſion to ſome of the antients 
to ſpeak of the orations of Prodicus, for 50 
drachmas. In his writings, which were 
numerous, he compoſed a beautiful epiſode, 
in which virtue and plcaſure were intro» 
duced, as attempting to wake Hercules one 
of their votaries. The hero at laſt yielded 
to the charms of virtue, and rejected plea- 
ſure, TPhis has been imitated by Lucian. 


Prodicus was at laſt put to death by the 


Athenians, on pretence that be corrupted 
the morats of their youth. Fenoph. memsr, 
PROE RNA, à town of Phthiotis. Iv. 

63, c. 14. | 
PacsTipEs, the daughters of Pra tus, 
king of Argolis, were three in number, Ly- 
ſippe, Iphinoe, and Iphianaſſa. They be- 
came inſane for neglect ing the worſhip of 
Racchus, or according to others, for pre ſer- 
ring themſelves to Juno, and they ran about 
the fields believing themſelves to be cows, 
and flying away nut te be harneſſed pan 
box 


claim 
left ! 
of Jo 
ned 
Antic 
zolis, 
he m: 
nobe 
Greec 


to bring 
no pur- 
1 labor. 
„ Od, 2, 
—A de- 
v. 40. 
ho, af. 
that he 
than bu- 
1 to bid 
s under 
t aſſured 
gods, to 
Plut. in 
5 A Ro- 
vho con- 
Vitellius. 
accuſed 
age of 
1itled de 
gu Coun» 
oclaimed 
reign of 
ited, and 
very de- 
mers, and 
curhons. 
, or the 
y riſes in 
which is 
or). Ha- 
c. 44. 
orician of 
rift, He 
untrymen 
ught, and 
Socrates 
travelle 
to procure 
made bis 
ne, which 
e antients 
us, for 50 
hich were 
ul epiſode, 
vere intro» 
ercules one 
aft yielded 
ected plea- 
by Lucian. 


ath by the 


\ corrupted 
oph. mem. 
otis. Live 


of Pra tus, 
umber, Ly- 

They be- 
, worſhip of 
for prefer» 
ey ran about 
to be cows, 
zefled to the 
_ 


F. x 


dow or to the chario :. Proetus applied to 
— to cute his daughters of their in- 
ſanity, but he retuſed to employ him when 
he demanded the third part of his kingdom 
2s a reward, This neglect of Prœtus was 
puniſhed, the infanvy became contagious, 
and the monarch at laſt promiſed M-1ampus 
two Parts of his kingdom and one of his 
daughters, if he would reftore them and 
the Argian women to their ſenſes. Melam- 
pus conſented, and after he had wrought 
the cure, he married the moſt beautiful of 
the Preetides. Some have called them Ly- 
ſippe, Ipponoe, and Cyrianaſſa. Ap Hd. 
2, c. 2.—Virg. Ecl. 6. — Ovid. Met. 1 5.— 
Lactant. ad Stat. Theb.1 & 3. 

Pzœrus, a king of Argos, ſon of Abas 
and Ocalea, He was twin brother to Acri- 
ſius, with whom he quarrelled even before 
their birth. This diſſention between the 
wo brothers encreaſed with their years. 
After their father's death, they both tried 
to ohtain the kingdom of Argos; but the 
claims of Acrifius prevailed, and Prœtus 
left Peloponneſus and retired to the court 
of Jobates, king of Lycia, where he mar- 
rizd Stenobœa, called by ſome Antea or 
Antiope. He afterwards returned to Ar- 
zolis, and by means of his father-in-law, 
he made himſelf maſter of Tirynthus. Ste- 


* R 
Jupiter Ammon, where they gave eradlet; 
Herodot. 2, c. 55. CS 

PRoOMETHEI JUGUM & ANTRUM, 2 
place on the top of mount Caucaſus, in 
Albania. 

PRoukrutts, a ſon of Tapetus by Cly- 
mene, one of the Oceanides. He was 
brother to Atlas, Mencetius, and Epime- 
theus, and ſurpaſſed all mankind in cunning 
and fraud. He ridiculed the gods, and de- 
ceived Jupiter himſelf, He ſacrificed two 
bulls, and filled their ſkins, one with the 
fleſh and the other with the bones, and aſked 
the father of the gods, which of the two he 
preferred as an offering. Jupiter became 
the dupe vf his artrfice, and chole the bones, 
and from that time the prieſts of the tem- 
pies were ever after ordered to burn the 
whole victims on the altars, the fleſh and 
the bones altogether, To puniſh Pro- 
metheus and the reſt of mankind, Jupiter 
took fire away from the earth, but the 
ſon of Iapetus out- witted the father of the 
gods, He climbed the heavens by the aſ- 
ſiſtance of Minerva, and ſtole fire from the 
chariot of the ſun, which he brought down 
upon the earth, at the end of a ferula. This 
provoked Jupiter the more; he ordered 
Vulcan to make a woman of clav, and after 
he had given her life, he ſent ner to Pro- 


— 


nobcea had accompanied her huſband to] metheus, with a box of the richeſt and moſt 


Greece, and ſhe became by him mother of | 
the Prœtides, and of a ſon called Mega- 
penthes, who, after his father's death, 
ſucceeded on the throne of Tirynthus. 
(Vid. Stenebæa.] Homer. II. 6.— dpoiicd. 
By ©: fo 

PRod t, a daughter of Pandion, king 
of Athens, by Zeuxippe. She married 
Tereus king of Thrace, by whom ſhe bad 
a {un called Irylus, or Itys. id. Philo- 
mel, 

PrzorAus, a native of Elis, father to 
Philanthus and Lampus, by Lybppe. Pau. 
3 e. 3. 

PrRomAcaus, one of the Epigoni, ſon 
of Parthenopæus. Pan. 2, C. 20. A 
fon of Piophis, daughter of Eryx, king of 
Sicily, II. 8, c. 34.—AqM athlete of Pal- 
lene. A ſon ot &fon, killed by Pelias. 
Apel lad. 

PRoMATHIDAS, an hiſtorian of Hera- 
clea, 

PRoMATAION,. a man who wrote an 
tiſtory of Italy. Pl/ut. in. Rom. 

PromEtpen, a native of the iſland of 
Naxos, & c. 

Pon NAA, one of the prieſteſſes of the 
temple of Dodona. It was from her that 
Herodotus received the tradition that two 
doves had flown from Thebes in Egypt, one 
é Dudona, and the ether to the temple of 


valuable prefents which ſhe had received 
from the gods. [d. Pandora.] Prome- 
theus, who ſuſpected Jupiter, took no no- 
tice of Pandora or her box, but he made 
his brother Epimetheus marry her, and the 
god, now more irritated, ordered Mercu- 
ry or Vulcan, according to 7Efchylus, to 
carry this artful mortal to mount Caucaſus, 
and there tie him to a rock, where for 
30,000 years, a vulture was to feed upon 
his liver, which was never | diminiſhed, 
though continually devoured. He was de- 
livered from this painful confinement about 
zo years afrerwards by Hercules, who kil- 
led the bird of prey. The vulture, or ag- 
cording to others, the eagle, wich de- 
voured the liver of Prometheus, was bora 
from Typhon and Echidna. According ta 
Apolludorus, Prometheus made the farit 
man and woman that ever were upon the 
earth, with clay, which he animated by 
means of the fire which he hd ſtolen from 
heaven. On this account therefore, the 
Athenians raiſed him an altar in the grove 
of Academus, where they yearly eclebrat- 
ed games in his honor. During theſe 
games there was a race, and he who car- 
ried a burning torch in his hand without 
extinguiſhing it, obtained the prize. Pro- 
metheus, as it is univerſally credited, had 
received the gift of prophecy, and all the 


4 


gods, 


- i 


— 
4 x — 2 2 2 = >> 
4 . a CY 
_———— —̊[— - = - 
= _ * — . = =_ 
Sa. 
: . - 


s — „3 — — ———— — = 
— 
— 


. — —— — - 
5 


# - 6. Fane, — 
- ——U— ee Re — . 
— 


7 
* 
A 
_— 3 ES 57 
1 = = 
— 
- 2 
5 o 


P R 
gods, and even Jupiter himſelf conſulted | 


bim as a moſt infallible oracle, To him man- 
Kind are indebted for the invention of many 
of the uſeſul arts; he taught them the uſe 
of plants, with their phy ſical power, and 
from him they received the knowledge of 
taming horſes and different animals, either 
to cultivate the ground, or for the purpoſes 
of luxury. 2 Theog.— Apellod. 1, & 
2.—Pauſ. 1, e. 30. I. 5, c. 11.—Hygin. 
fab. 144. —£ſchyl. in Prom. — irg. Ecl. 6. 
— Ovid. Met. 1, v. 82.—Horat, 1, od. 3,— 
Seneca in Med. 

PROMETH1TS, & PROMETHIDES, a pa- 
tronymic applied to the children of Prome- 
theus as to Deucalion, & c. Ovid, Met. 10, 
v. 390. 

PrRoMETHUS & DAMASICHTHON, two 
ſons of Codrus, who conducted colonics 
into Aſia Minor. Pa 1, c. 3. 

PrRoMULvUs, a Trojan killed by Turnus. 
Virg. An. 9, v. 574. 

PRoNAPIDES, an ancient Greek poet of 
Athens, who was, according to ſome, pre- 
ceptor to Homer, It is ſaid that he fiſt 
taught the Greeks how to write from the 
left to the right, contrary to the cuſtom oi 
writing from the right to the left, which is 
ftill obſerved by ſome of the eaſtern na- 
tions. Diod. 3. 

PRONAx, a brother of Adraſtus king of 
Argos, ſon of Talaus and Lyfimache. Pau/. 

» ©. Ss 
, ProNoE, a daughter of Phorbus, mother 
of Pleuron and Calydon, by Zolus. 

PrRonJmuUs,, a Theban who played ſo 
fcilfully on the flute, that the invention of 
that muſical inſtrument is attributed to him, 
Pau. 9, c. 12. 

Przoxous, a ſon of Phlegeas, killed by 
the ſons of Alcmæon. 
PRONUBA, a ſirname of Juno, becauſe 
ſhe prefided over marriages. Vg. 
ProPERTIVS (Sextus Aurelius,) a Latin 
t born at Mevania, in Umbria. His 
ather was a Roman knight, whom Au— 
guſtus proſcribed, becauſe he had followed 
the intereſt of Antony. He came to Rome, 
where his genius and poetical talents ſoon 
recommended him to the notice of the great 
and powerſul. Mecænas, Gallus, and Vir- 
gil, became his friends, and Auguſtus his 
patron. Mecænas wiſhed him to attempt 
an epic poem, of which he propoſed the 
emperor for hero; but Propertius refuſed, 
ebſerving that his abilities were unequa! to 
the taſk. He died about 19 years before 
Chriſt, in the 40th year of his age. His 
works conſiſt or four books of elegics, 
which are written with ſo much ſpirit, vi- 
vacity, and energy, that many authors call 
him the prince of the elegiac poets among 


5 


not free from faults, and the many laſcivi- 
ous expreſſions which he uſes, deſervedly 
expoſe him to cenſure, Cynthia, who iy 
the heroine of all his elegies, was a Roman 
lady, whoſe real name was Hoſtia, or Hoſ- 
tilia, of whom the poet was deeply enam- 
oured. Though Mevania is more generally 
ſuppoſed to be the place of his birtlF yet 
four other cities of Umbria have diſputed the 
honor of it; Heſpillus, Ameria, Peruſia, 
and Aſſiſium. The beſt edition is that of 
Santenjus, 4to. Traj. ad Rh. 1780, and 
when publiſhed together with Catullus, and 
Tibullus, thoſe of Gtævius, 8vo. Utr. 1680, 
of Vulpius, 4 vols. Patavii, 1737, 1749, 
1755, and the edition of Barbou, 12mo. Pa- 
ris, 1754. Ovid. Tri. 2, v. 465.1. 4, el. 10, 
v. 53, de art, am. 3, v. 333.— Martial. 8, 
6p. 73+ |. 14, ep. 189.—Quintil, 10, c. l. 
—Plin. b, ep. |. 9, cp. 22. 
Proy@TIDES, ſome women of Cyprus, 
ſeverely puniſhed by Venus, whoſe divi- 
nity they had deſpiſed. They ſent their 
daughters to the ſea ſhore, where they proſ- 
tituted themſelves to ſtrangers. The poets 
have feigned, that they were changed into 
ſtones, on account of their inſenſibility ts 
every virtuous ſentiment. Juſtin. 18, c. 5, 
— Ovid. Met. 10, v. 238. 
PROxPONTISs, a ſca which has a commu» 
nication with the Euxine, by the Thracian 
Boſphorus, and with the Ægean by the Hel- 
leſpont, now called the ſea of Marmera, 
It is abont 175 miles long and 62 broad, 
and it received its name from its vicinity to 
Pontus. Mela. 1, c. 19.—Strab, 2.—0rid, 
1. Trift. , v. 29.—Propert. 3, el. 22. 
PRO VITA, a ſirname ot Diana, She 
had a temple at Eleuſis in Attica. 
PRoSCHYSTIVS, a firname of Neptune, 
among the Greeks. Pau. 2. 
| PROSERPINA, a daughter of Ceres by 
ſupiter, called by the Greeks Perſephone. 
She was ſo beautiful, that the father of the 
gods himfelf became enamoured of her, 
gnd deceived her by changing himſelf into 
a ſerpent, and folding her in his wreaths, 
Proſerpine made Sicily the place of her 
refidence, and delighted herſelf with the 
beautiful views, the flowery meadows, and 
limpid fireams, which ſurrounded the 
plains of Enna. In this ſolitary retreat, 23 
ſhe amuſed herſelf with her female attend- 
ants in gathering flowers, Pluto carned her 
away into the infernal regions, of which 
ſhe became the queen. [V. Pluts. ] Ceres 
was ſo diſconſolate at the lofs of her daugh- 
ter, that ſhe travelled all over the world, 
but her inquiries were in vain, and ſhe nevc 
would have diſcovered whither the had been 
carried, had not ſhe found the girdle ct 
Proſerpine on the ſurface of the waters d 


the Latins. His poetry, though elegant, is 


þ the fountain Cyane, near which che raviſher 
| had 


had 
dom 
Cere 
thuſa 
away 
paire 
to pu 
temp 
was 
when 
the x 
the r 
taken 
gions 
poſſib 
Ely ſia 
from | 
the or 
ry the 
owl. 
Ceres 
Profer 
Pluto 
ſhoulc 
mothe 
wife e 
death 
opinio 
if the 
nifler, 
the he 
it was 
the de 
the ho 
The Si 
worſhi 
that th 
earth: 
opened 
crificed 
the blo 
pine w; 
cients, 
names 
cafe, 7 
Dan, 
„ e. 37 
t aft, 4 
| 6, \ 
err. 4. 
Apoll 
Llaudias 
Pros 
mouths 
Pros 
A. D. 4 
ly Man 
Pkos 
ung w 
ame f. 
auf, 2. 
Prot 
ibdera 


laſcivi- 
ſetvedly 
who uy 
Roman 
or Hoſ- 
y name 
enerally 
irtißß yet 
uted the 
Peruſia, 
s that of 
So, and 
llus, and 
tr. 1680, 
75 1749, 
2mo. Pa- 
4, el. 10, 
art idl. 8, 
10, c. l. 


f Cyprus, 
zoſe divi- 
ſent their 
they proſ- 
The poets 
anged into 
fability ts 
7. 18, c. 5. 


a commu- 
e Thracian 
py the Hel- 
Marmora. 
d 62 broad, 
vicinity to 
„ 2.— Ovid. 
el. 22. 
Diana. She 
A. 

xf Neptune, 


zf Ceres by 
Perſephone. 
father of the 
ned of her, 
himſelf into 
his wreaths, 
place of her 
elf with the 
\cadows, and 
rounded the 
ry retreat, 28 
male attend- 
0 Carried her 
ns, of which 
Puts. ] Ceres 
of her daugh- 
er the world, 
and ſhe nevQ 
xr ſhe had been 
the girdle 0 
the waters d 
-h the raviſhel 
had 


1 


had opened himſelf a paſſage to his king- 
dom by ſtriking the earth with his trident. 
Ceres ſoon learned from the nymph Are- 
thuſa that her daughter had been carried 
away by Pluto, and immediately ſhe re- 
paired to Jupiter, and demanded of him 
to puniſh the raviſher, Jupiter in vain at- 
tempted ro perſuade the mother, that Pluto 
was not unworthy of her daughter, and 
when he ſaw that ſhe was inflexible for 
the reſtitution of Proſerpine, he ſaid that 
ſhe might return on earth, if ſhe had not 
taken any aliments in the infernal re- 
gions. Her return, however, was im- 
poſſible, Proſerpine, as ſhe walked in the 
Elyſian fields, had gathered a pomegranate 
from a tree and eaten it, and Aſcalaphus was 
the only one who ſaw it, and for his diſcove- 
ry the goddeſs inſtantly turned him into an 
owl. Jupiter, to appeaſe the reſentment of 


Ceres, and ſooth her grief, permitted that, 


Proſerpine ſhould remain fix months with 
Pluto-in the infernal regions, and that ſhe 
ſhould ſpend the reſt of the year with her 
mother on earth. As queen of hell, and 
wife of Pluto, Proſerpine preſided over the 
death of mankind, and, according to the 
opinion of the ancients, no one could die, 
if the goddeſs herſelf, or Atropos her mi- 
nifler, did not cut off one of the hairs from 
the head. From this ſuperſtitious belief, 
it was uſual to cut off ſome of the hair of 
the deceaſed, and to ſtrew it at the door of 
the houſe, as an offering for Proſerpine. 
The Sicilians were very particular in their 
worſhip to Proſcrpine, and as they believed 
that the fountain Cyane had riſen from the 
earth at the very place where Pluto had 
opened himſelf a paſſage, they annually ſa- 
crificed there a bull, of which they ſuffered 
the blood to run into the water. Proſer- 
pine was univerſally worſhipped by the an- 
cients, and ſhe was' known by the different 
names of Core, Theogamia, Libitina, He- 
cate, June inferna, .Antheſphoria, Cotyto, 
Daois, Libera, & c. Plut. in Luc. —Pauf. 
„c. 37. 1. 9, c. 31,—Ovid. Met. 5, fab. 6. 
%. 4, v. 417.—Virg. An. 4, v. 698. 
|. 6, v. 138.—Strab. 7,—Died. 5. —Cic. in 
Verf. 4.— Hygin. fab. 146.— Heſiod. Theog. 
—Apclled. 1, c. 3.— Orpheus. hymn. 28.— 
Cuudian. de rapt. Pref. 

PRosopiris, an ifland in one of the 
mouths of the Nile. Herodet. 2, c. 4. 

PROSPER, one of the fathers who died 
A. D. 466. His works have been edited 
ly Mangeant, fol. Paris, 1711. 

PkosSYMNA, a part of Axrgolis, where 
uno was worſhipped. It received its 
ame from a nymph who nurſed Juno. 
auf, 2. 

PxorAGBRAS, a Greek philoſopher of 
ibdera in Thrace, who was originally a 


”© 


porter. He became one of the diſciples of 
Democritus, when. that philoſopher had 
ſeen him carrying faggots on his head, 
poiſed in a proper equilibrium. He ſoon 
rendered himſelf ridiculous by his doc- 
trines, and in a book which he publiſhed, 
he denied the exiſtence of a ſupreme being. 
This doctrine he ſupported by obſerving, 
that his doubts aroſe from the uncertainty 
of the exiſtence of a ſupreme power, and 
from the ſhortneſs of human life. This 
book was publicly burnt at Athens, and the 
philoſopher baniſhed from the city, as a 
worthleſs and contemptible being. Prota- 
goras viſited, from Athens, different iſlands 
in the Mediterranean, and died in Sicily in 
a very advanced age, about 400 years before 
the Chriftian era, He generally reaſoned 
by dilemmas, and always left the mind in 
ſuſpence about all the queſtions which he 
propoſed. Some ſuppoſe that he was 
drowned. Diog. 9.—Plut, in Protag. 
A king of Cyprus, tributary to the court of 
Perſia. Another. 

PROTAGORI ES, an hiſtorianof Cyzicus, 
who wrote a treatiſe on the games of Daph- 
ne, celebrated at Antioch. 

ProTEL COLUMNE, a place in the re- 
moteſt parts of Egypt. PFirg. An. 11, v. 
262, | 

PROTESILAT TURRITS, the monument of 
Protefilaus, on the Helleſpont. Plir. 4, c. 
11.—Mecla. 2, c. 2. 

PRG TEsILAus, a king of part of Theſ- 
ſaly, ſon of Iphiclus, originally called lo- 
laus, grandſon of Phylacus, and brother 
to Alcimede, the mother of Jaſon. He 
married Laodamia, the daughter of Acaſ- 
tus, and ſome time after he departed with 
the reſt of the Greeks for the Trojan war 
with 40 ſail. He was the firſt of the Greeks 
who ſet foot on the Trojan ſhore, and as 
ſuch he was doomed by the oracle to periſh, 
therefore he was killed, as ſoon as he 
had leaped from his ſhip, by Aneas or 
Hector. Homer has not mentioned the 
perſon who killed him. His wife Laoda- 
mia deſtroyed herſelf, when ſhe heard of 
his death. [ Vid. Laodamia.] Protefilaus has 
received the patronymic of Phylacides, 
either becauſe he was deſcended from 
Phylacus, or becauſe he was a native of 
Phylace. He was buried on the Trojan 
ſhore, and, according to Pliny, there were 
near his tomb certain trees Which grew 
to an extraordinary height, which as ſoon 
as they could be diſcovered and ſcen from, 
Troy, immediately withered and decayed, 
and afterwards grew up again to their 
former height, and ſuffered the ſame vi- 
eiſſitude. Homer, II. 2.— Ovid. Met. 12, 
fab. 1. Heroid. 13.—Proepert. 1, el. 19.— 
Hygin. fab. 103, &c, | 


PRorzvs, 


| 


P R 


5 R 


Prortevt,a fea deity, ſon of Oceanve and ſ perfetion what the labors of art could at 


Tethys, or accurding to ſome of Neptune and | 
Piicenice. He had received the gitt of pro- 
phecy from Neptune, and from his know- 
tedge of futurity, mankind received the 
greateſt ſervices, He uſually 1efided in 
the Carpathian ſcaz and, like the reſt of the 
gods, he repoſed himſelf on the ſea ſhore, 
where ſuch as wiſhed to conſult hun gene- 
rally reſo ted. He was difficult of acceſs, 
and when conſulted he refuſed to give an- 
ſwers, by immediately aſſuming different 
thapes and cluding the graſp, if not pro- 
perly ſecured in fetters. Ariſtus was in 
the number of thoſe who conſulted him, as 
alſo Hercules, Some ſuppoſe that he was 
originally a king of Egypt, known among 
his ſubjects by the ame of Cetes, and they 
aſſert that he had two ſons, Telegonus and 
Polygonus, who were both killed by Her- 
eules. He had alſo ſome daughters, among 
whom were Cabira, Eidothea, and Rhetia. 
Homer. Od. 4, v. 360.—0vid. Met. 8, fab. 
10. Am, cl. 12, v. 36.—llefrd. Theog.— 
Firg. G. 4. v. 337.—Hygin. fab. 118.— 
Flerodet. 2, c. 112.— Dies. 1. 

PROoTHENOR, a Bœotian who went to 
the Trojan war. Homer. Il. 2. 

PrxoTHEUS, a Greck at the Trojan war. 
A Spartan who endeavoured to prevent 
2 war with the Thebans. 


Pornos, a ſon of Lycaon. Apolled, 
A ſon of Agrius. 
PrxoTo, one of the Nereidess Apollod. 


PROTOOGH NEA, a daughter of Calydon, 
I» Zolia the daughter of Amythaon. She 
nad a ſon called Oxillus by Mars. Apol- 
tad. 1. 

ProTOGENFS, a painter of Rhodes, who 
foriſhed about 328 years before Chriſt. 
He was originally ſo poor that he painted 
ſhips to maintain himſelf. His country- 
men were ignorant of his ingenuity before 
Apclles came to Rhodes, and offered to buy 
all kis pieces. This opened the eyes of the 
Rhodiaus, they became ſenſible of the me- 
rit of their countryman, and liberally re- 
warded him. Protogenes was employed 
for ſeven years in finiſhing a picture of Ja- 
lyſus, a celebrated huntſman, ſuppoſed to 
have been the ſon of Apollo, and the foun- 
der of Rhodes. During all this time the 
painter lived only upon lupines and water, 
thinking that ſuch aliments would leave 
him greater flights of fancy; but all this 
did not ſeem to make him more ſucceſsful 
in the perfection of his picture. He was to 
repreſent in the piece a dog pantipg, and 
with froth at his mouth, but this he never 
could do with ſatisfaction to himſelf ; and 
when all his labors ſeemed to be without 
ſucceſs, he threw his ſponge upon the piece 
in a fit of anger. Chance alone brought to 


— 


de, the fall of the ſponge upon the picture 
repreſented the froth at the mouth of the 
dog in the moſt perfet and natural man- 
ner, and the piece was univerſally admired, 
Protogenes was very exact in his repreſen- 
tations, and copied nature with the greateſt 
nicety, and this was blamed as a fault by 
his friend Apelles. When Demetrius be- 
ſieged Rhodes, he refuſed to ſet fire to a 
part of the city which might have made 
him matter of the whole, becauſe he knew 
that Protogenes was then working in that 
quarter. When the town was taken, the 
painter was found cloſely employed in a 
garden in finiſhing a picture; and when the 
conqueror aſked him, why he ſhowed not 
more concern at the general calamity he 
rephed, that Demetrius made war againſt 
the Rhodians, and not againſt the fine arts. 
Pauf. 1, c. 3.—-Plin. 35, e. 10.—lian. JV. 

[.12.—Tuv. 3, v. 120.— Plat. in Dem. 
One of Caligula's favorites, fatnous for his 
crifelty and extravagance. 

PrRoTOGENIA, a daughter of Deucalion 
and Pyrrha. She was beloved by Jupiter; 
by whom ſhe bad Æthlius, the father of 
Endymion. Apollod. 1, c. 7.—Pauf. 5, c. 1. 
—Hygin. fab. 155. Another. Vid. Pro- 
togenea, 

PrzoToMEDUSA, one of the Nereides, 
called Protomelia by Heſiod. 

PrxoxEnvs, a Bœotian of great authority 
at Thebes; in the age of Xenophon. Poly- 
an, A writer who publiſhed hiſtorical 
accounts of Sparta. Athen. 

PRUDENTIVUs Aurelius Clemens, a Latin 
poet who floriſhed A. D. 392, and was ſuc- 
ceſſively a ſoldier, an advocate, and a judge. 
His poems are numerous, and all theologt- 
cal, devoid of the elegance and purity of 
the Auguſtan age, and yet greatly valued, 
The beſt editions are the Delphin, 40. 
Paris 1687; that of Cellarius, 12mo. Halz 
17023 and that of Parma, 2 vols. 4to. 
1788. 

PeUMNIDES, a king of Corinth. 

PRUsA, a town of Bithynia, built by king 
Pruſias, from whom it received its name. 
Plin. 10, ep. 16. | 

PzUus#vus, Dion, floriſhed A. D. 105. 

PRavus145,a king of Bithynia, who flonth- 
| ed 221 B. C. Another, firnamed Vena- 

tor, who made an alliance with the Ro- 
mans when they waged war with Antio- 
chus, king of Syria. He gave a kind 1e- 
ception to Annibal, and by his advice he 
made war againſt Eumenes, king of Perga- 
mus, and defeated him. Eumenes, who 
was an ally of Rome as well as Pruſias, 
complained before the Romans of the hoſ- 
tilities of the king of Bithynia. Q. Fla» 


minius was ſent from Rome to ſettle the 
( diſputes 


dilpute 


no 100 
ſias, to 
to him 
thagini 
all the 


menes 
Juntary 
Roman 
the pre 
his me; 
vors of 
he viſt 
in the | 
himſelf 
when |} 
houſe, 
of vi 
verers. 
him cot 
the Rot 
he ret'n 
and pla 
The bai 
where | 
Jupiter, 
Some 13 
Pruſias, 
meaneſt 
without 
cruel an 
tuous, 4 
was nat 
peared | 
fo rende 
lyb.-Li 
Annib,— 
Pr vn 
Peayr 
who pre 
privilege 
feſtivals 
a large | 
gave aud 
together 
ſignal Ce1 
tanes we 
were in 
choſen ft 
elected, 
were thr. 
ther wer 
white 0! 
drawn y 
hiſt, and 
were dra 
days, as 
but it is 
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rary, V 
created t. 
oe full 


torical 


Latin 
as ſuc- 
judge. 
eologi- 
rity of 
valued, 
n, 470. 
), Halz 
Is. Ito. 


by king 


$ name. 


108. 
» floriſh- 
ed Vena- 
the Ro- 
h Antio- 
kind 1e- 
dvice he 
f Perga- 
es, who 
Pruſias, 
the hoſ- 
Q. Fla- 
ettle the 
diſputes 


PE N 


dulputes of the two monarchs, and he was 


ro loom arrived in Bithynta, than Pru- 
ſias, to gain his favor, prepared to deliver 
to bim, at bis requeſt, the celebrated Car- 
tbagmian, to whom he was indebted for 
all the advantages he had obtained over Eu- 
menes ; but Annibal prevented it by a vo- 
Juntary death. Pruſias was obliged by the 
Roman ambaſſador to make a reſtitution of 
the provinces he had conquered, and by 
his meanneſs he continued to enjoy the fa- 
vors of the Romans. When ſome time after 
he viſited the capital of Italy, he appeared 
in the habit of a manumitted ſlave, calling 
himſelf the freed-man of the Romans; and 
when he was introduced into the ſenate- 
houſe, he ſaluted the ſenators by the name 
of viſible deities, of ſaviors and deli- 
yerers, Such abje& behaviour rendered 
him contemptible not only in the eyes of 
the Romans, but of his ſubjects, and when 
he returned home the Bithynians revolted, 
and placed his ſon Nicomedes on the throne, 
The baniſhed monarch fled to Nicumedia, 
where he was aſſaſſinated near the altar of 
Jupiter, about 149 years before Chriſt, 
Some 1ay that his ſon became his murderer, 
Prufias, © according to Polybius, was the 
meaneſt of monarchs, without boneſty, 
without morals, virtue, or principle ; he was 
cruel and cowardly, intemperate and volup- 
tuous, and an enemy to all learning. He 
was naturally deformed, and he often ap- 
peared in public in the habit of a woman 
to render his deformities more viſible. Po- 
lyb,—Liv.—Fuftin. 31, ©c.—C, Nep. in 
Amb, —Plut. in Ham. c. 

PRVMNo, one of the Oceanides. 

PR VTANEsy certain magiſtrates at Athens 
who preſided over the ſenate, and had the 
privilege of aſſembling it when they pleaſed, 
feſtivals excepted. They generally met in 
a large hall, called prytaneum, where they 
gave audiences, offered ſacrifices, and teaſted 
together with all thoſe who had rendered 
ſignal ſervice to their country. The Pry- 
tanes were elected from the ſenators which 
were in number 500, 50 of which were 
choſen from each tribe. When ther” were 
elected, the names of the 10 tribes of Athens 
were thrown into one veſſel, and into ano- 
ther were placed nine black beans and .a 
white one, The tribe whoſe name was 
drawn with the white bean, preſided the 
firſt, and the reſt in the order in which they 
were drawn. They preſided each for 35 
days, as the year was divided into 10 parts; 
but it is unknown what tribe preſided the 
reſt of thoſe days which were ſupernume- 
rary, When the number of tribes was in- 
crealed to 12, each of the Prytanes preſided 
ou full month. — Some of the principal 


| | 


magiſtrates of Corinth were alſo called Piy- 
= "div ; G. 

PrYTAN1s, a king of Sparta, of the fa- 
mily of the Proclidæ. Pas. 2, c. 36.— 
One of the friends of Æneas killed by Tur - 
nus. Pirg, Ex. q, v. 767. 

Ps AM X Tux, one of the Nereides, mo- 
ther of Phocus by Macus, king of Ægina. 
Apollod. 3, c. 12. —Ovid. Met. 11, v. 398. 

A daughter of Crotopus, king of Ar- 
gos. She became mother of Linus by Apollo, 
and, to conceal her ſhame from her father, 
ſhe expoſed her child, which was found by 
dogs and torn to pieces. Par. 1, c. 43. 


A fountain and town of Thebes. Flacc. 
I, v. 364. 


PSAMATHOS, a town and port of Laco- 


nia. Pau. 3, c. 25. 

Ps Au uE NI, us, ſucceeded his father A- 
maſis on the throne of Egypt. Cambyſes 
made war againſt him, and as he knew that 
the Egyptians paid the greateſt veneration 
to cats, the Perfian monarch placed ſome of 
theſe animals at the head of his army, and 
the enemy, unable to defend themſelves, and 
unwilling to kill thoſe objects of adoration, 
were caſily conquered, Pſammenitus was 
twice beaten, at Peluſium and in Memphis, 
and became one of the priſoners of Cam- 
byſes, who treated him with great huma- 
nity. Pſammenitus however raiſed ſedi- 
tions againſt the Perhan monarch; and at- 
tempted to make the Egyptians rebel, for 
which he was put to death by drinking 
bull's blood. He had reigned about fix 
months. He floriſhed about 525 years be- 
oh the Chriſtian era. Heradot. 3, e. 10, 

e. 

PSAMMETICHUS, à king of Egypt. He 
was one of the 12 princes who thared the 
kingdom among themſelves; but as he was 
more popular than the reſt, he was baniſhed 
from his dominions, and retired into the 
marthes near the ſea ſhore. A deſcent of 
ſome of the Greeks upon Egypt proved fa- 
vorable to his cauſe; he joined the enemy, 
and defeated the 11 princes who had ex= 
pelled him from the country, He reward- 
ed the Greeks, by whoſe valor he had re- 
covered Egypt, he allotted them ſome ter- 
ritory on the ſea coaſt, patronized the libe · 
ral arts, and encouraged commerce among 


his ſubject. He made uſeleſs enquiries , 


to find the ſources of the Nile, and he 
ſtopped, by bribes and money, a large 
army of Scythians that were marching 
againſt him. He died 627 years before the 
Chriſtian era, and was buried in Minerva's 
temple at Sais. During his reign there was 
a contention among ſome of the .neigh- 
bouring nations about the antiquity of their 
language. Plammetichus took, a part in the 


X x conteſt, 


2p 8 


Na, He confined two young children, 
nd fed them with milk ; the ſhepherd to 
whoſe care they were entruſted, was ordered 
never to ſpeak to them, but to watch dili- 
gently their articulations. After ſome time 
the ſhepherd obſerved, that whenever he 
entered the place of their confinement they 
repeatedly exclaimed Beccvs, and he gave 
information of this to the monarch, Pſam- 
metichus made enquiries, and found that 
the word Beccos ſignified bread in the Phœni- 
cian language, and from that circumſtance, 
therefore, it was univerſally concluded that 
the language of Phœnicia was of the greateſt 
antiquity. Heredet, 2, c. 28, &c.—Polyen, 
8.—Strab. 16. A ſon of Gordius, bro- 
ther to Periander, who held the tyranny at 
Corinth for three years, B. C. 584. Ariftor. 
Polit. 5, c. 12. 

Psamm1s or Pſammuthis, a king of E- 
zypt, B. C. 376. 

Psaphts, a town on the confines of At- 
tica and Bœotia. There was there an ora- 
ele of Amphiaraus. 

PsAPHo, a Libyan who taught a number 
of birds which he kept to ſay, Pſapho is a 
god, and afterwards gave them their liberty, 
The birds did not forget the words which 
they had been taught, and the Africans paid 
divine honors to Pſapho, lian. 


attendant 


PsECAs, one of Diana's 
nymphs. Ovid. Met. 3. 

PsoPH1s, a town of Arcadia. Pauſ. 8, 
©. 24.— 0d. Met. 5, v. 607. A river 


and town of Elis. A daughter of Eryx. 
A town of Acarnania.— Another of 
Libya. 

PsYCHE, a nymph whom Cupid married 
and carried into a place of bliſs, where he 
long enjoyed her company. Venus put her 
to death becauſe ſhe had robbed the world 
of her ſon; but Jupiter, at the requeſt of 
Cupid, granied immortality to Pſyche. 
The word ſignifies the fou!, and this per- 
ſonification of Pſyche is poſterior to the 
Auguſtan age, though fill it is connected 
with ancient mythology. Pſyche is gene- 
rally repreſented with the wings of a but- 
terfly, to intimate the lightneſs of the ſoul, 
of which the butterfly is the ſymbol, and 
on that account, among the ancients, when 
a man had juſt expired, a butterfly appeared 
fluttering above, as if riſing from the mouth 
of the deceaſcd, 

PsYCHRUS, a river of Thrace. When 
ſheep drank of its waters they were ſaid 
always to bring forth black lambs. Ariſtot. 

PsYLL1, a people of Libya near the 
Syrtes, very expert in curing the venomous 
bite of ſerpents, which had no fatal effect 
upon them. Szrab. 17.— Dio. 51, c. 14.— 
Lucan 9, v. 894, 937,-Uerodvt. 4, c. 173. 
— Pa. 95 C. s ; 


| 


— 


—_ 


P T 


PTELEUM, a town of Theſſaly on he people 
borders of Bœotia. Lucan, 6, v. $52... N 
Liv. 35, c. 43. * * 

PTERELAUS, a ſon of Taphius, preſent. aud 
ed with immortality by Neptune, provides Bl Lope. 
he kept on his head a yellow lock. Hi: n wp 
daughter cut it oft, and he died. He peigy. 1 
ed at Taphos in Argos, & c. Apolled. 2, nf 
c. 4. 190 

PTERIA, a well fortified town of Cap. 22 
padocia. It was in the neighbourbood, x- 3 
cording to ſome, that Crœſus was defcated prey 
by Cyrus. Herodot. 1, e. 76. + ud 4 _ | 
, PTOLEDERMA, a town of Arcadia, Payſ — 75 

e. 27. | ed” 

PToLEMAEUM, a certain place at Ather: 8 
| to exerciſe and ſtudy, Cc. 5, f. -onig 3 

1. * 

PToLEME&vs iſt, firnamed Lagus, a ki? = 
of Egypt, ſon of Arſinoe, who, when prey- 3 * 
nant by Philip of Macedonia, married La. * f 
gus, a man of mean extraction. ¶ Vid. Lagus) ay 4 
Ptolemy was educated in the court of the * h: 
king of Macedonia, he became one of the 3 
friends and aſſociates of Alexander, and re 
when that monarch invaded Afia, the {vn * 1 
of Arſinoe attended him as one of his gene- ws 
rals, During the expedition, he behaved of * = 
with uncommon valor; he killed one WM... "SY P 
the Indian monarchs in ſingle combat, and lo vis | 
it was to his prudence and courage tha! 1 
Alexander was indebted for the reduction ,, C, 
of the rock Aornus. After the conquerur's Wi on FP 6 
death, in the general diviſion of the Mace- on by 2 
donian empire, Ptolemy obtained as h r N 
ſhare the government of Egypt, with Libya, of 115 br 
| and part of the neighbouring territories of Will in —— + 
Arabia. In this appointment the gover- =o Ss 
nor ſoon gained the eſtcem of the people EE X 
by acts of kindneſs, by benevolence and ſent 2 
clemency, and though he did not aſſume gend; 
the title of independent monarch, till 1) I niltarv K 
years after, yet he was ſo firmly eſtabliſhed, 4 10 
that the attempts of Perdiccas to drive hin juſt bs 4 
away from his poſſeſtions proved abortive; = H 
and Ptolemy, after the murder of his rl i "6 
by Grecian ſoldiers, might have added Aae pa 
the kingdom of Macedonia to his Egyptiai v d : 
territories, He made himſelf matter d ration 10 * 
Cœloſyria, Phoenicia, and the neighbouring and b . f 
coaſt of Syria, and when he had reduced Je- rich 4 l . 
ruſalem, he carried above 100,000 priſoners 52 4 
to Egypt to people the extenſive city d te dif a 
Alexandria, which became the capital of while — 
his dominions. After he had rendered theſe nde wo 
priſoners the moſt attached and faithful of 3 
his ſubjects by his liberality and the gratmt volt of 1 
of privileges, Ptolemy aſſumed the title rue hr 
king of Egypt, and ſoon arter reduced Cy kindled by 
prus under his power. He made war wich the death g 
ſucceſs againſt Demetrius and Antigonus, bliſhed 
who diſputed his right to the provinces 6 Philadelph, 


Syria; and from the aſiftance he gave to the 
peopk 


lefcated 
a. Payſ 
 Ather: 


ic. F. Fe 


„ a Kin? 
en preg 
ried La- 
Lagus) 
rt of the 
e of the 
der, and 

the fon 
his gene- 
| behaved 
| one-£f 
bat, and 
rage tha! 
reduction 
nquerut : 
he Mace- 
d as bis 
th Libya, 
ritories ot 
he gover- 
he people 
lence and 
ot aſſume 
n, till 19 
ſtabliſhed, 
drive him 
abortive; 
f his rival 
ve added 
s Egyprial 
maſter d 
ghbouring 
educed ſe- 
o priſoners 
ve city dl 
capital v 
dered thelt 
faithful « 
1 the gral 
the title & 


duced Cy" 


le war will 
Antigonus, 
rovinces 6 
aye to the 
peope 


nian. Curt. — Plut. in Alex. 


lade/phus by antipbrafis becauſe he killed two 


1 


people of Rhodes againſt their common 


enemies, he received the name of Soter. 
While he extended his dominions, Ptolemy 
was not negligent of the advantages of his 
people, The bay of Alexandria being 
dangerous of acceis, he built a tower to 
conduct the ſailors in the obſcurity of the 
night, [ Vid. Pharos, | and that his ſubjects 
might be acquainted with literature, he laid 
the foundation of a library, which, under 
the ſucceeding reigns, became the moſt ce- 
lebrated in the world. He alſo cſt1bliſhed 
in the capital of his dominions a ſociety 
called ie, of which the members, main- 
tained at the public expence, were em- 
ployed in philoſophical reſearches, and in 
the advancement of ſcience and the liberal 
arts, Ptolemy died in the 84th year of 
bis age, after a reign of 39 years, about 
284 years before Chriſt, He was ſuc- 
ceded by his ſon Ptolemy Philadelphus, 
who had been his partner on the throne 
the laſt ten years of his reign. Ptolemy 
Lagus has been commended for his abili- 
ties, not only as a ſovereign, but as a writer; 
and among the many valuable, compoſitions 
which have been loſt, we are to lament an 
hiſtory of Alexander the Great, by the king 
of Egypt, greatly admired and valued for 
elegance and authenticity. All his ſucceſ- 
ſors were called Ptolemies _ * hy 4 
10, 2. 7.— Tuſtin. 13, &C.—F0lyb. 2.—Ar- 
5 A — The 2d, 
ſon of Ptolemy the firſt, ſucceeded his father 
en the Egyptian throne and was called Phi- 


of his brothers. He ſhewed himſelf worthy 
in every reſpect to ſucceed his great father, 
and conſcious of the advantages which ariſe 
from an alliance with powerful nations, he 
ſent ambaſſadors to Italy to ſolicit the 
friendſhip of the Romans, whoſe name and 
military reputation, had become univerſally | 
known for the victories which they had 
juit obtained over Pyrrhus and the Taren- 
tines. His ambaſſadors were received with 
marks of the greateſt attention, and imme- 
diately after four Roman ſenators came to 
Alexandria, where they gained the admi- 
ration of the monarch and of his ſubjects, 
and by refuſing the crowns of gold and 
rich preſents which were offered to them, 
convinced the world of the virtue and of 
the diſintereſtedneſs of their nation. But 


while Ptolemy ſtrengthened himſelf by al- 


lances with foreign powers, the internal 
peace of lis kingdom was diſturbed by the 
revolt of Magas his brother, king of Cyrene. 
The ſedition however was ſtopped, though 
Kindled by Antiochus king of Syria, and 
the death of the rebellious prince re-eſta- 
bliſhed peace for ſome time in the family of 
Philadelphus, Antiecbus the Syrian king 


J 


3 


married Berenice the daughter of Ptolemy; 
and the father, though old and infirm, con- 
ducted his daughter to her huſband's king- 
dom, and aſſiſted at the nuptials. Phila- 
delphus died in the 64th year of his age, 
246 years before the chriſtian era. He 


left two ſons and a daughter, by Arſinoe 


the daughter of Lyſimachus. He had after- 
wards married his ſiſter Arſinoe whom he 
loved with uncommon tenderneſs, and to 
whoſe memory he began to ere a cele- 
brated monument. [ Vid. Dinocrates.] Dur- 
ing the whole of his reign Philadelphus was 
employed in exciting induſtry, and in en- 
couraging the liberal arts and uſeful know- 
ledge among his ſubjects. The inhabitants 
of the adjacent countries were allured by 
promiſes and preſents. to encreaſe the num- 
ber of the Egyptian ſubjects, and Ptolemy 
could boaſt of reigning over 33,339 well 
pcopled cities. He gave every poſſible en- 
couragement to commerce, and by keeping 
two powerful fleets, one in the Mediterra- 
nean, and the other in the Red ſea, he made 
Egypt the mart of the world. His army 
conſiſted of 200,000 foot, 40,000 horſe, be- 
ſides 300 elephants and 2000 armed cha- 
riots. With. juſtice therefore he has been 
called the richeſt of all the princes and mo- 
narchs of his age, and indeed the remark is 
not falſe when it is obſerved, that at his 
death he left in his treaſury 750,000 Egyp- 
tian talents, a ſum equivalent to two hun- 
dred millions ſterling. His palace was the 
aſylum of learned men, whom he admired 
and patronized. He paid particular atten- 
tion. to Euclid, Theocritus, Callimachus, 
and Lycophron, and by increafing the li- 
brary, which his father had founded, he 
ſhewed his taſte for learning, and his wiſh 
do encourage genius. This celebrated li- 
brary. at his death contained 200,000 vo- 
lumes of the beſt and choiceſt books, and 
it was afterwards encreaſed to 700,000 
volumes. Part of it was burnt by the 
flames of Cæſar's fleet when he ſet it on 
fire to ſave himſelf, a circumſtance how- 
ever not mentioned by the general, and 
the whole was again magnificently re- 
paired by Cleopatra, who added to the 
Egyptian library that of the Kings of 
Pergamus. It is ſaid that the old teſtament 
was tranſlated into Greek during his reign, 
a tranſlation which has been called Septu- 
agint, becauſe tranſlated by the labors of 70 
different perſons. Eutrop.— Juſtin. 17, e. 
2, Sc. Liv. —Plut.—Theecrit. — Athen, 
12.—Plin. 13, c. 12.—Die. 42.—Gellius 6, 
a. 33 The 3d, ſucceeded his father Phi- 
ladelphus on the Egyptian throne. He early 
engaged in a war aKinſt Antiochus Theus, 
for his unkindneſs to Berenice the Egyptien 
king's ſiſter, whom be had marnijed with the 

XX 2 conſent 


Þ F 


eonſent of Philadelphus. With the moſt 
rapid ſucceſs he conquered Syria and Cili- 
lia, and advanceti as far as the Tigris, but a 
ſedition at home ſtopped his progreſs, and 
he returned to Egypt loaded with the ſpoils 
of conquered nations. Among the immenſe 
riches which he brought he had above 2500 
ſtatues of the Egyptian gods, which Cam- 
byſes had carried away into Perfia when 
be canquered Egypt. Thefe were reſtored 
to the temples, and the Egyptians called 
their ſovereign Ewergetes, in acknowledg- 
ment of his attention, beneficence, and reli- 
gious zeal for the gods of his country, The 
laſt years of Ptolemy's reign were paſſed in 
peace, if we except the refuſal of the Jews 
to pay the tribute of 20 ſilver talents which 
their anceſtors had always paid to the 
Egyptian monarchs. He alſo intereſted 
himſelf in the affairs of Greece, and aſſiſted 
Cleomenes the Spartan king againſt the 
leaders of the Achæan league; but he had 
the mortification to ſee his ally defeated, 
and even. a fugitive in Egypt. Evergetes 
died 221'years befor: Chriſt, after a reign of 
25 years, and, like his two illuſtrious pre- 
deceſſors, he was the patron of learning, and 
indeed he is the laſt of the Lagides who 
gained popularity among his ſubjefts by 
clemency, moderation, and humanity, and 
who commanded reſpec even from his ene- 
mies, by valor, prudence, and reputation. 
It is ſaid that he depoſited 15 talents in 
the hands of the Athenians to he permitted 
to tranſlate the original manuſcripts of 
Aſchylus, Euripides, and Sophocles. 

Ut. in Clem. Sc. Poſyl. 2.— Juin. 29, 
& c. The 4th, ſucceeded his father Ever- 
g<tes on the tkrone of Egypt and received 
the firname of Philepater by antiphraſis, be- 
cauſe, according to ſome hiſtorians, he de- 
-Jiroyed his father by puiſon. He began his 
reign with acts of tue greateſt cruelty, and 
he ſucceſſively ſacrificed to his avarice his 
ewn mother, his wite, his ſiſter, and his 
brother. He received the name of Tiplion, 
trom his extravagance and debauchery, and 
that of Gallus, becauſe he appeared in the 
ttreets of Alexandria like one of the bac- 
chanals, and with all the geſtures of the 
prieſts of Cybele. In the midfi of his 
picaſures Philopater was called to wat 
azaimnit Antiochus king of Syria, and at the 
head of a powerful army he ſoon invaded 
bis cnemy's territorics, and might have 
added the kingdom of Syria to Egypt, if 
had made a prudent ute of the victories 
ich attended his arms. In his return he 
ted ſeratalem, but the Jews prevented 
zum ſercibly from entepgs their temple, for 
ich intolence to his Moy the monarch 
«termined to extirpate the whole nation. 
ne 0:d4crtd an iamenie number of Jews to 


* 


be expoſed in a plain, and trodden unde 
the feet of elephants, but by a ſupernaturg 
inſtinct the generous animals turned their 
fury not on thoſe that had been devoted tg 
death, but upon the Egyptian ſpeRtator;, 
This circumſtance terrified Philopater, and 
he behaved with more than common king. 
neſs to a nation which he had ſo lately de- 
voted to deſtruction. In the latter part of 
his reign the Romans, whom a dangerous 
war with Carthage had weakened, but at 
the ſame time rouſed to ſuperior activity, 
renewed, for political reaſons, the treaty of 
alliance which had been made with the 
Byyptian monarchs. Philapater at laſt, 
weakened and enervated by intemperance 
and continual debauchery, died in the 37th 
year of his age, after a reign of 17 years, 
204 years before the Chriſtian zra, Hig 
death was immediately followed by the 
murder of the companions of his voluptu- 
ouſneſs and extravagance, and their carcaſes 
were dragged with the greateſt ignominy 
through the ſtreets of Alexandria. Polyb, 
— Tuſtin. zo, &'c.—Plut. in Cleom.——The 
5th, ſucceeded his father Philopater as king 
of Egypt, though only in the 4th year of his 
age. During the years. of his minority he 
was under the protection of Soficius and of 
Ariſtomenes, by whoſe prudent adminifira- 
tion Antiochus was diſpoſſeſſed of the pro- 
vinces of Cœloſyria and Paleſtine, which he 
had conquered by war, The Romans alſo 
renewed their alliance with him after their 
victories over Annibal, and the concluſion 
of the ſecond Punic war, This flattering 
embaſſy induced Ariſtomenes to offer the 
care of the patronage of the young monarch 
to the Romans, but the regent was confirm- 
ed in hi:whonorable office, and by making 
a treaty of alliance with the people of A- 
chaia, he convinced the Egy ptians that be 
was qualified to wield the ſceptre and to 
govern the nation. But now that Ptolemy 
had reached his 14th year, according to the 
laws and cuſtoms of Egypt, the years of his 
minority had expired, He received the 
firaame of Epiphanes, or illuftrious, and was 
crowned at Alexandria with the greateſt 
ſolemnity, and the faithful Ariſtomenes re- 
ſigned into his hands an empire which he 
had governed with honor to himſelf, and 
with credit to his ſovereign. Young Pto- 
lemy was no ſooner delivered from the 
ſhackles of a ſuperior, than he betrayed the 
ſame vices which had characterized his 
father, the counſels of Ariftomenes were de- 
ſpiſed, and the miniſter who for ten years 
had governed the kingdom with equity and 
moderation, was ſacrificed to the caprice df 
the ſovereign, who abhorred im for tht 
falutary advice which his own vicious It 


{ations did not permit him to 4 


His cruel 
ſubjects, | 
the prudet 
Polycrates 
miniſters, 
gance Epip 
with the R 
ed himſelf 
with a nat] 
ſo many ac 
againſt An! 
with mon 
aughter ( 
hom he h 
e had raiſ 
Aſter a reip 
hriſt, Pto 
ters, whon 
heir poſſe] 
eleucus k 
So —Tuſti 
us father E 
nd receive. 
count of 
leopatra. 
ge when hi 
hg his min. 
his moth 
uch who 1 
de war 
0g of Syri 
aeſtine an 
the Egyp 
ſucceſſes 
my, who 
during the 
Fyptians ra 
other Ptole 
m of Epix 
abliſhed | 
med his 2 
urper, and 
Chts and pr 
ul bellav 
Mprehende 
that Peli 
Mained in t 
alled his h 
ner on t 
bow to 
us union of 
'S incenſed 
Ma large a 
Pogrels, ; 
Mer were 
Wing war 
Wm the fea 
„ mutual; 
Fay ſe 
not pow 
d nnd no 


ly tepaire 


unde 
atural 
| their 
ted to 
tators, 
r, and 
kind- 
ly de- 
part of 
1gaous 
but at 
Qivity, 
reaty of 
1th the 
at laſt, 
perance 
he 37th 
7 yers, 
a, His 
by the 
roluptu= 
carcaſes 
z7nominy 
Palyb. 
be 
r as king 
ar of his 
jority he 
Is and of 
miniſtra- 
the pro- 
which be 
nans alſo 
fter their 
oncluſion 
flattering 
| offer the 
r monarch 
confirm - 
y making 
ple of A- 
$ that he 
re and to 
it Ptolemy 
Jing to the 
ears of his 
ceived the 
8, and Was 
he greateſt 
zmenes te- 
> which he 
mſelf, and 
/oung Pto- 
from the 
etrayed the 
terized bis 
es were de- 
zr ten years 


equity an 


ie caprice of 
Th! tor the 
vicious - 


t follow 
| WW His 


1 


His cruelties raiſed (editions among his 
ſubjects, but theſe were twice quelled by 
the prudence and the moderation of one 
polycrates, the moſt faithful of his corrupt 
miniſters, In the midſt of his extrava- 
race Epipbanes did not forget his alhance 
with the Romans; above all others he ſhew- 
ed himſelf eager to cultivate friendſhip 
with a nation from whom he could derive 
ſo many advantages, and during their war 
azainſt Antiochus he offered to aſſiſt them 
with money againſt a monarch, whoſe 
aughter Cleopatra he had married, but 
hom he hated on account of the ſeditions 
e had raiſed in the very heart of Egypt. 
\fter a reign of 24 years, 180 years before 
hiſt, Ptolemy was poiſoned by his mini- 
rs, whom he had threatened to rob of 
heir poſſeſſions to carry on a war againſt 
eleucus king of Syria, Liv. 35, c. 13, 
fo —Tuſtin, &c. The 6th, ſuccceded 
is father Epiphanes on the Egyptian throne, 
ad received the firname of Philometor, on 
count of his hatred againſt his mother 
leopatra, He was in the 6th year of his 
ge when he aſcended the throne, and dur- 
pg his minority the Kingdom was governed 
his mother, and at her death by an eu- 
uch who was one of his favorites. He 
de war againſt Antiochus Epiphanes, 
ag of Syria, to recover the provinces of 
aeſtine and Cœloſyria, which were part 
| the Egyptian dominions, and after ſeve- 
ſucceſſes he fell into the hands of his 
emy, who detained him in confinement. 
uring the captivity of Philometor, the 
gyptians raiſed to the throne his younger 
otner Ptolemy Evergetes, or Phy ſcon, alſo 
n of Epiphanes, but he was no ſooner 
abliſhed in his power than Antiochus 
med his arms againſt Egypt, drove the 
urper, and reſtoted Philumetor to all his 
pits and privileges 4s king of Egypt. This 
ful beaviour of Antiochus, was ſoon 
Jmaprehended by Philumetor, and when he 
that Peluhum, the key of Egypt, had 
mined in the hands of his Syrian ally, he 
aled his brother Phyſcon, and made tim 
ner on the throne, and concerted with 
bow to repel their common enemy. 
is union of intereſt in the two royal bro- 
5 incenſed Antiochus ; he entered Egypt 
a large army, but the Romans checked 
Nogreſs, and obliged him to retire. No 
mr were they delivered from the im- 
Wing war than Philometor and Phyſcon, 
am the fear of danger had united, began 
„mutual jealouſy to oppoſe each other's 
. Phy ſcon was at lait baniſhed by the 
"mr power of his brother, and as he 
4 tnd no ſupport. in Egypt, he imme- 
tely repaired to Rome. To excite more 
Sally the cympalion of the Romans, 


3 


and to gain their aſſiſtance, he appeared in 
the meaneſt dreſs, and took his reſidence in 
the moſt obſcure corner of the city. He 
received an audience from the ſenate, and 
the Romans ſettled the diſpute between the 
two royal brothets, by making them inde- 
pendent of one another, and giving the 
government of Libya and Cyrene to Phyſ« 
con, and confirming Philometor in the pot- 
ſeſſion of Egypt, and the iſland of Cyprus. 
Theſe terms of accommodation were gladly 
accepted, but Phyſcon ſoon claimed the 
dominion of Cyprus, and in this he was 
lupported by the Romans, who wiſhed tg 
aggrandize themſelves by the diminution of 
the Egyptian power. Philometor refuſed to 
deliver up the iſland of Cyprus, and to call 
away his brother's attention, he fomented 
the ſeeds of rebellion in Cyrene. But the 
death of Philometor 145 years before the 
Chriſtian era, left Phyſcon maſter of Egypt, 
and all the dependent provinces. Philos 
metor has been commended by ſome hiitg= 
rians for his clemency and moderation. 
Diod. — Liv. —Peolyb.-——The 7th Ptolemy, 
ſirnamed Phyſcon, on account of the promi- 
nence of his belly, aſcended the throne of 
Egypt after the death of his brother Philo- 
meter, and as he nad reigned for ſome time 
conjointly with him, [ Vid. Ptelemæus 6th. 
his ſucceſſion was approved, though the 
wife and the ſon of the deceaſed monarch 
laid claims to the crown. Cleopatra was 
ſupported in her claims by the Jews, and it 
was at laſt agreed that Phyſcon ſhould 
marry the queen, and that her ſon ſhould 
ſucceed on he throne at his death. The 
nuptials were accordingly celebrated, but 
on that very day the tyrant murdered le- 
opatra's ſon in her arms. He ordered him- 
ſelf to be called Evergetes, but the Alexans 
drians retuſed to do it, and ſtigmatized him 
with the appellation of Aatergetes, or evil 
doer, a ſirname which he deſerved by his 
tyranny and oppreſſion. A leries of barba- 
rity rendered him odious, but as no one 
attempted to rid Egypt of her tyrant, the 
Alexandrians abandoned their habitations, 
and fled from a place which continually 
ſtreamed with the blood of their maſlacred 
fellow citizens. If their migration proved 
fatal to the commerce and' proſperity of 
Alexandria, it was of the moſt eſſential 
lervice to the countries where they retired; 
and the numbers of Egyptians that ſought 
a ſafer aſylum in Greece and Aſia, intro- 
duced among the inhabitants of thoſe coun- 
tries the diiferent profeſſions that were 
practiſed with ſucceſs in the capital of 
Egypt. Phyſcon endeavoured to re-pedple 
the city which his cruelty had laid defolate; 
but the fear of ſharing the fate of its former. 


| inhabitants, prevailed more than the promiſe 
Xx 3 of 


9 

of riches, rights, and immunities. The 

King at laſt diſguſted with Cleopatra, repu- 

diated her, and married her daughter by 

Philometor, called alſo Cleopatra, He till 

continued to exerciſe the greateſt cruelty 

Upon his ſubjects, but the prudence and 

vigilance of his miniſters kept the people in 

tranqui.lity, till all Egypt revolted when 

the king had baſely murdered all the young 

men of Alexandria, Without friends or 
ſupport in Egypt, he fled to Cyprus, and 
Cleopatra, the divorced queen, aſcended the 
throne. In his baniſhment Phyſcon dread- 
eq leſt the Alexandrians ſhould alſo place 
the crown on the head of his fon, by his 
ſiſter Cleopatra, who was then governor of 
Cyrene, and under theſe apprcheniions he 
fent for the young prince, called Memphitis, 
to Cyprus, and murdered him as ſoon as he 
reached the ſhore. To make the barbarity 
more complete, he ſent the limbs of Mem- 
phitis to Cleopatra, and they were received 
as the queen was going to celebrate Her birth 
day. Soon after this he invaded Egypt with 
an army, and obtained a victory over the 
forces of Cleopatra, who being leit without 
friends or aſſiſtance, fled to her eldeſt daugh- 
ter Cleopatra, who had married Demetrius, 
King of Syria. This decifive blow reſtored 
Phyſcon to his throne, where he continued 
to reign for ſome time hated by his ſubjects 
and feared by his enemies. He died at Alex- 
andriz in the 67th year of his age, after a 
reign of 29 years, about 116 years before 
Chriſt. Some authors have extolled Payſcon 
for his fondneſs for literature; they have 
obſerved, that from his extenſive knowledge 
he was called the p4:/s/ogi//, and that he 
wrote a comment upon Homer, beſides an 
hiſtory in 24 books, admired for its elegance, 
and often quoted by ſucceeding authors 
whoſe pen was employed on the lame ſub- 
jet. Died. Juſlin. 38, &c.—Athen, 2.— 
Porphyr, The 8th, ſurnamed Lathyrus, 
from an excreſcence like a pea on the noſe, 
ſucceeded his father Phyſcon as king of E- 
gypt. He had no ſooner aſcended the 
throne than his mother Cleopatra, who 
reigned conjointly with him, expelled him 
to Cyprus, and placed the crown on the 
head of his brother Ptolemy Alexander, 
her favorite ſon. Lathyrus, baniſhed from 
Egypt,became king of Cyprus; and ſoon after 
he appeared at the head of a large army, to 
make war againſt Alexarver Janneus, king 
of dæa, through whoſe aſſiſtance and in- 
tr e he had been expelled by Cleopatra. 
The fewiſh monarch was conquered, and 
£0,000 of his men were left on the field of 
battle. Lathyrus, after he had exerciſed 
the greateſt cruelty upon the Jews, and 
made vain attempts to recover the king- 


| yr 3 


death of his brother Alexander reffored hin 
to his native dominions. Some of the cities 
of Egypt refuſed to acknowledge him x; 
their ſovereign, and Thebes, for its ohfj. 
nacy, was cloſely beſieged for three ſurerf. 
five years, and from a powerful and popu- 
lous city it was reduced to ruins. In the 
latter part of his reign Lathyrus was calle 
upon to aſſiſt the Romans with a navy fo 
the conqueſt of Athens, but Lucullus, wig 
had been ſent to obtain the wanted (upply, 
though received with kingly henors, wa 
diſmiſſed with evaſive and unſatisfa@yry 
anſwers, and the monarch refuſed to jar 
with troops which he deemed neceſſary : 
preſerve the peace of his kingdom. Lz 
thyrus died 81 years before the Chriſti 
era, after a reign of 35 years fince the 
death of his father Phyſcon, eleven of whic| 
he tad paſſed with his mother Cleopatra c 
the Egyptian throne, eighteen in Cyprus 
and ſeven after his mother's death. Ht 
was ſucceeded by his only daughter Cle 
patra, whom Alexander the ſon of Ptolen 
Alexander, by means of the dictator Syllz 
ſoon after married and murdered. J 
Hift.— Fufiin. 39.—PÞPlut. in Luc. — up 
in Mithrid. The gth. Vid. Alexands 
Ptolemy iſt; for the roth Ptolemy, wid, A 
lexander Ptolemy 2d; for the 11th, 2 
Alexander Ptolemy 3d. The 12th, th 
illegitimate fon of Lathyrus, aſcended ! 
throne of Egypt at the death of Alexant 
3d. He received the firname of Ault 
becauſe he played ſkilfully on the flute. H 
riſe ſhowed great marks of prudence a 
circumſpeRion, and as his predeceſſor! 
his will had left the kingdom of Egypt 
the Romans, Auletes knew that he cu 
not be firmly eſtabliſned on his thro 
without the approbation of the Roman 
nate, He was ſucceſsful in his application 
and Cæſar, who was then conſul, and 
want of money, eſtabliſhed his ſucceſl 

and granted him the alliance of the Roms 
after he had received the enormous ſum 
about a million and 162,500l, fterl 
But thetic meaſures rendered him unpopi 
at home, and when he had ſuffered the! 
mans quietly to take poſſeſſion of Cyp" 
the Egyptians revolted, and Auletes 8 
obliged to fly from his kingdom, and « 
protection among the moſt powerful of 

allies. His complaints were heard at Re 
at firſt with indifference, and the mu 
of 100 noblemen of Alexandria, whom 

Egyptians had ſent to juſtify their Þ 
ceedings before the Roman ſenate, rende 
him unpopular and ſuſpected. Pon} 
however, ſupported his cauſe, and the 
tors decreed to re-cſtabliſh Auletes 0 

throne; but as they proceeded (low! 


dom of Egypt, retued to Cyprus till the | 


the execution of their plays, the wor 
* ty 


ret! 
lay 
Dia 

is 
ſolu 

by r 
jon: 
driv 
hea 
plac 

no f 
tice 
and 
and 
ſupr 
from 
after 
the ( 
wo 
eldet 
hſter 
thror 
the d 
prote 
and: 
point 
their 
lent ; 
rema 
we r 
the C 
brate 
wife 
tian r 
pro 1 
un. 0 
ius Or 
conjo 
had n 
his fat 
and p 
Prolen 
avarici 
reigni 
year o 
fatal b 
of Eg) 
refuſec 
by the 
dercd 
thore u 
Gality, 
of Pha 
Pompe 
from ſ 
Alexan 
faithileſ 
enemy. 
rious cl 
throne; 
the will 
ed Ptol, 


of Bey 


eſtored him 
ff the cities 
ge him ax 
its ohſti. 
ree ſuccef. 
and POPU» 
S. In the 
was called 
a navy for 
-ullus, who 
ted (upply, 
:@nors, was 
ſatisfacton 
ſed to par 
ieceſſary t 
dom. LI 
he Chriſti 
s fince the 
en of which 
2leopatia o 
in Cyprus 
death. H 
ighter Cles 
of Ptolen 
ctator Syll: 
ed. Jae 
(C7 Ppi7 
. Alexandt 
my, vid. A 
e 11th, vi 
he 12th, th 
aſcended ! 
pf Alexant 
C of Aultti 
he flute. IH 
wudence # 
rede ceſſot 
of Egypt 
hat he cu 
1 his thro 
e Roman 
applicativ 
znſul, and 
1s ſuccef 
the Rona 
mous ſum 
ool. fterl 
im unpop! 
tered the! 
n of Cyp" 
Auletes 
om, and ſe 
,werful of 
eard at Ro 
1 the mur 
ria, whom 
fy their 
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ed. Pom 
and the te 
zuletes on 
led (owl? 
the mor” 
le. 


1 
retired from Rome to Epheſus, where he 
lay concealed for ſume time in the temple of 
Diana. During his abſence from Alexandria, 
lis daughter Berenice had made herſelf ab- 
folute, and eſtabliſhed herſelf on the throne 
by a marriage with Archelaus, a prieſt of Bel- 
lona's temple at Comana, but ſhe was ſoon 
driven from Egypt, when Gabinius, at the 
head of a Roman army, approached to re- 
place Auletes on his throne, Auletes was 
no ſooner reſtored to power than he ſacri- 
ticed to his ambition his daughter Berenice, 
and behaved with the greateſt ingratitude 
and perfidy to Rabirius a Roman who had 
ſupplied him with money when expelled 
from nis kingdom. Auletes dicd four years 
after his reſtoration, about 51 years before 
the Chriſtian era. He left two ſons and 
two daughters, and by his will ordered the 
eldeſt of his ſons to marry the eldeſt of his 
hiters, and to aſcend with her the vacant 
throne. As theſe children were young, 
the dying monarch recommended them to the 
protect ion and paternal care of the Romans, 
and accordingly Pompey the Great, was ap- 
pointed by the ſenate to be their patron and 
their guardian. Their reign was as turbu- 
lent as that of their predeceſſors, and it is 
remarkable for no uncommon events, only 
we may obſerve that the young queen was 
the Cleopatra who ſoon after became ſo cele- 
brated as being the miſtreſs of J. Cæſar, the 
wife of M. Antony, and the laſt of the Egyp- 
tian monarchs of the family of Lagus. Cc. 
pro Rabir.—Strab, 17.— Dion. 39. — Ap- 
pian, de Civ. The 1 3th, ſirnamad Diony- 
ſis or Bacchus, aſcended the throne of Egypt 
conjointly with his iter Cleopatra, whom he 
had married, according to the directions of 
his father Auletes. He was under the care 
and protection of Pompey the Great, [ "id. 
Ptelemeus 12th.}] but the wickedneſs and 
avarice of his minifters ſoon obliged him to 
reignindependent. He was then in the 13th 
year of his age when his guardian, after the 
fatal battle of Pharſalia, came to the ſhores 
of Egypt, and claimed his protection. He 
refuſed to grant the required aſſiſtance, and 
by the advice of his miniſters he baſely mur- 
dered Pompey after he had brought him to 
ſhore under the maſk of friendſhip and cor- 
Gality. To curry the favor of the conqueror 
of Pharſalia, Ptolemy cut off the head of 
Pompey, but Cæſar turned with indignation 
from ſuch perfidy, and when he arrived at 
Alexandrja he found the king of Egypt as 
faithleſs to his cauſe as to that of his fallen 
enemy. Cxſar fat as judge to hear the va- 
rivus claims of the brother and ſiſter to the 
throne; and to ſatisfy the people, he ordered 
the will of Auletes to be read, and confirm- 
ed Ptolemy and Cleopatra in the polleil.on 
of Egypt, and appointed the two younger 


— 


1 


children maſters of the iſland of Cyprus. 
This fair and candid decifion might have left 
no room for diſſatis faction, but Ptolemy was 
governed by cruel and avaricious miniſters, 
and therefore he refuſed to acknowledge 
Cæſar as a judge or a mediator, The Ro- 
man enforced his authority by arms, and 
three victories were obtained over the Egyp- 
tian forces, Ptolemy, who had been for 
ſome time a priſoner in the hands of Czſar, 
now headed his armies, but a defeat was 
fatal, and as he attempred to ſave his life 
by flight, he was drowned in the Nile, 
about 46 years before Chriſt, and three 
years and eight months after the death of 
Auletes, Cleopatra, at the death of her 
brother, became ſole miſtreſs of Egypt; but 
as the Egyptians were no friends to female 
government, Cæſar obliged her to marry 
her younger brother Ptolemy who was then 
in the cleventh year of his age. Appian. 
Civ, — Ceſar in Alex, —Strab, 17. — Je- 
fſeph. Ant. — Dio. — Plut. in Ant. &c,—-Sutre 
ton, in Cæſ. Apion, king of Cyrene, 
was the illegitimate ſon of Ptolemy Phyſ= 
con. After a reign of 20 years he died; 
and as he had no children he made the Ro- 
mans heirs of his dominions. The Romang 
preſented his ſubjects with their indepen» 
dence, Liv. 70. Ceraunus, a ſon of 
Ptolemy Soter by Eurydice the daughter of 
Antipater. Unable to ſucceed to the throne 
of Egypt, Ceraunus fled to the court of Se- 
leucus, where he was received with friendly 
marks of attention. Seleucus was then 
king of Macedonia, an empire which he had 
lately acquired by the death of Lyſimachus in 
a battle in Phrygia, but his reign was ſhort, 
and Ceraunus perfdiouſly murdered him 
and aſcended his throne 280 B. C. The 
murderer, however, could not be firmly 
eftabliſhed in Macedonia, as long as Arſinoe 
the widow, and the children of Ly ſimachus 
were alive, and entitled to claim his King» 
dom as the lawful poſſeſſion of their father, 
To remove theſe obſtacles Ceraunus made 
offers of marriage to Arſinoe who was his 
own ſiſter. The queen at firſt refuſed, but 
the proteſtations and folemn promiſes of 
the uſurper at laſt prevailed upon her to 
conſent. The nuptials, however, were no 
ſoon ercelebrated thanCeraunus murdered the 
two young princes, and confirmed his uſur- 
pation by rapine and cruelty. But now three 
powerful princes claimed the kingdom of 
Macedonia as their own; Antiochus, the 
ſon of Seleucusz; Anfiganus, the ſon 
of Demetrius; and Pyrrhus, the king of 
Epirus. Theſe enemies, however, were ſoon 
removed; Ceraunus conquered Antigonus 
in the field of battle, and ſtopped the hoſti- 
lities of his two other wvals by promiſes 
and money, He did not long remain in- 

Xx 4 active, 


S 


active, a barbarian army of Gauls claimed 
a tribute from him, and the monarch imme- 
diately marched to meet them in the beld. 
The battle was long and b.uody. The Ma- 
eedonians might have obtained the victory 
if Ceraunus had ſhown more prudence. 
He was thrown down from his elephant, and 
taken priſoner by the enemy, who imme- 
diately tore his body to pieces. Ptolemy 
had been king of Macedonia only 18 
months. TFuftin. 24. & c.— Pauſ. to, c. 10. 
An illegitimate ſon of Ptolemy Lathy- 
rus, king of Cyprus, of which he was ty- 
rannically diſpoſſeſfed by the Romans. Cato 
was at the head of the forces which were 
ent againſt Ptolemy by the ſenate, and the 
Roman general propoſed to the monarch to 
retire from the throne, and to paſs the rett 
of his days jn the abſcure office of high 
een: in the temple of Venus at Paphos. 
his offer was rejected with the indignation 
which it merited, and the monarch poiſoned 


himſelf at the approach of the enemy. The | 


treaſures found in the iſland amounted to 
the enormous ſum af 1,356,2501. ſterling, 
which were carried to Rome by the con- 
querors. Plut. in Cat. — Val Max. 9 — 
for. 3.——A man who attempted to make 
himſelf king of Macedonia, in oppoſition to 
Perdiccas, He was expelled by Pclopidas. 
A ſon of Pyrrhus king ot Epirus, by 
Antigone, the daughter of Berenice. He 
was left governor of Epirus when Pyrihus 
went to Italy to aſſiſt the Tarentines agoinſt 
the Romans, where he preſided with great 
prudence and moderation. He was killed 
bravely fighting, in the expedition which 
Pyrrhus undertook againſt Sparta and Ar- 
gos. An eunuch, by whoſe friendly aſ- 
fiſtance Mithridates the Great, ſaved his life 
after a battle with Lucullus. A King of 
Epirus, who dicd very young as he was 
marching an army againſt the ZEtolians, 
who had ſeized .part of his dominions. 
Fuſtin. 28. A king of Chalcidica in Sy- 
ria, about 30 years before Chriſt. He 
oppoſed Pompey when he invaded Syria, 
but he was defcated in the attempt, and 
the conqueror {pared his life only, upon re- 
ceiving 1000 talents. Toſeph. Aut. 13. 
A nephew of Antigonus, who commanded 
an army in the Peloponneſus. He revolted 
trom his uncle to Callander, and ſome time 
after he attempted 0 bribe the ſoldiers of 
Ptulemy Lagus, king of Egypt, who had 
invited him to his camp. 
and impriſoned for this treachery, and the 
Egyptian monarch at laſt, ordered him to 
dzink hemluck. »—— A ſon of  Seleucus, 
killed in the celchrated battle Which was 
fought at Iſſus, between Darius and Alex- 
ander the Great. A fon of Juba, made 
King of Mauritania, He was Jon of Cleo- | 


P. U 


patra Selene, the daughter of M. Antony, 


and the celebrated CIcopatra. He was put 
to death by Caius Caligula. Dio. Tacit, 
Ann. 11 A friend of Otho, A fa- 
vorite of Antiochus, king of Syria. He 
was ſirnamed Marron ——A Jew, famous 
for his cruelty and avarice. He was for 
ſome time governor of ſericoo, about 135 
years before Chrift.——A poweriul Jew 
during the troubles which diſturbed the peace 
of Judza, in the reign of Auguſtus. A 
lon of Antony by Cleopatra ſirnamed Phi 
ladelphus, by his father, and made maſter of 
Pha:nicia, Syria, and all the territorics of 
Aſia Minor, which were ſituated between 
the Agean and the Euphrates. Plat. in 
Anton. — A general of Herod, king of 
Judæa A ſon of Chryſermus, who vi- 
ſited Cleomenes, king ot _ when im- 
priſoned in Egypt. A governor of Alex- 
anCiia, put to acath by Cleomenes.— 
Claudius, a ce!ebrated geographer and aftro-= 
loger in the reign of Adrian and Antoninus, 
He was a native of Alexandria, or according 
to others, of Peluſium, and on account of 
his great learning, he received the name of 
moſt wiſe, and moſt divine, among the 
Greeks. In his ſyſtem of the world, he 
places the earth in the centre of the uni- 


con 


He was ſeized 


firnamed Pros. 


verſe, a docttine univerſally believed and 
—_— till the 46th century, when it was 

uted and ejected by Copernicus. Hig 
geography is valued for its learning, and 
the very uſcful information which it gives. 
Beſides his ſyſtem and geography, Ptolemy 
wrote other books, in one of which he gives 
an account of the hxed ftars, of 1022 of 
which he gives the certain and definite lon- 
gitude and latitude, The beſt edition of 
Ptolemy's geography, is that of Bertius, 
fol. Amſt. 1618, and that of his treatiſe 
de Judiciis Ajlrologicis by Camerar. 4to. 
1535, and of the Harmonica, 4to. Wallis, 
Oxon, 1683. 

PToLEMArs, a town of Thebais in 
Egypt, called after the Ptolemies, who beau- 
tified it. There was alſo another city of the 
ſame name in the territories of Cyrene, It 
was fituaic on the ſea coaſt, and according 
to fome, it was the ſame as Barce. [ Vid. 
Barce.] A city of Paleſtine, called alſo 
Acon, Mela. 1, c. 8. J. 3, c. 8.— Nin. 2, 
c. 73.—-Strab. 14, &c. 

Proll V cus, a ſtatuary of Corcyra, pupil 
to Critias the Athenian. , Pauſ. 6, c. 3. 

PTous, a ſon of Athamas and Tbemiſto, 
who gave his name to a mountain of Beotiay 
upon which he built a temple to Apollo, 
The god had alſo a cele- 
brated oracle on mcunt Ptous. Plat. de 
orac. def. —Pauf. 9, e e I, c. 9. 

PusLicivs, a Roman 


much like Pompey this. G 


Were 


reed-man, o 


zeat, that they 


were © 
Wax. 9 
Pupt 
lay wit 
A 
Valeriu. 
Vid. Va 
PuBt 
Philo th 
mitted 
from the 
was cho 
An 
that all 
by the .. 
by the p 
Pur 
who flor 
He was 
patrician 
him up 
his freed 
elteem 0 
reckoned 
ſoon ecli 
leſque c 
There re 
moral ſe 
placed ir 
tion of v 
PuBL 
the Rom 
ſpired v 
A præto 
was on!.) 
conſul n. 
In ſpite ( 
He was 
triumph 
conſul v 
made di 
the cour 
accuted | 
PuLc 
ror Theo 
piety, r 
daughter 
ment of 
She was 
picty, an 
Virtues 
She diec 
Ravenna, 
A fi 
abſolute 
pire. 
Pure 
thage, nc 
Pull 
Puxtc 
Was unde 
Lage, B. 
Vas the 9 


ertius, 
reatiſe 
. 4to. 
Vallis, 


ais in 
beau- 
of the 
ze, It 
cording 
| [Vid. 
led allo 
Plin, 23 


2, pupil 
3 
emiſto, 
Beotiay 
Apollo, 
a cele- 
ut. de 


15 c. 9s 
nan, 10 
zt they 

were 


9 YU 


were often confounded together. al. 
Max, 9, C. 14. 

PurLt1cia Lex forbad any perſon to 
play with, bad or fraudulent deſigns. 

PuB:.1CGLA, Aa name given to Publius 
Valerius on account of his great popularity. 
Vid. Valerius. 

PUBLIL1A LEx, was made by Poblilius 
Philo the dictator, A. U. C. 445. It per- 
mitted one of the cenſors to be elected 
from the plebeians, ſince one of the conſuls 
was choſen from that body. Liv. 8, c. 12. 
Another, by which it was ordained, 
that all laws ſhould be previouſly approved 
by the ſenators, before they were propoſed 
by the. people. ; 

PuzLius SyYRT's, a Syrian mimic pot, 
who floriſhed about 44 years before Chriſt, 
He was originally a ſlave ſold to a Roman 
patrician, called Domitius, who brought 
him up with great attention, and gave him 
his freedom when of age. He gained the 
elteem of the muſt powerful at Rome, and 
reckoned J. Cæſar among his patrons. He 
ſoon eclipſed the port Laberius, whoſe bur- 
leſque compoſitions were in general eſteem, 
There remains of Publius, a colle tion of 
moral ſentences, written in 1ambics, and 
placed in alphabetical order, the neweſt edi- 
tion of which is that of Patav. Comin. 1740, 

PuBL1Uus, a prænomen, common among 
the Romans, Caius, a man who con- 
ſpired with Brutus __ Cæſar. 
A prætor who conquered Palæpolis. He 
was only a plebeian, and though neithe; 
conſul nor dictator, he obtained a triumph 
in ſpite of the oppoſition of the ſenaturs. 
He was the firſt who was honored with a 
tiumph during a prætorſhip. A Roman 
conſul who defeated the Latins, and was 
made dictator. A Roman flatterer in 
the court of Tiberius. A tribune who 
accuted Manlius, &c. 

PuULC4ERIA, a daughter of the empe- 
ror Theodoſius the Great, famous for her 
piety, moderation, and virtues. A 
daughter of Arcadius, who held the govern— 
meut of the Roman empire for many years. 
She was mother of Valentinian. Her 
piety, and her private as well as public 
virtues have been univerſaily admired, 
She died A. D. 452, and' was interred at 
Ravenna, where her tomb is ſtill to be ſeen, 
—— A ſiſter of Tbeodoſius, who reigned 
abſolute for ſome time in the Roman em- 
pire. | 

PULCHRUM, a promontory near Car- 
tage, now Raſafran. Liv. 29, c. 27. 

PULLUs, a firname of Numitorius. 

Puxtcum BELLYUM, the firſt, Punje war 
vas undertaken by the Romans againit Car-, 
lage, B. C. 264. The ambition df Rome 


Vas the grigin This War. For vpwargs vi, 


oF, ©] 


240 years, the two nations had beheld with: 


lecret j-a,v1:fy each other's power, but the 
hd totally eradicated every cauſe of conten- 
tions, by ſeitling in three ditferent treaties 
the boundaries of their reſpective territories, 
the number of their allies, and how far 
one nation might fail in the Mediterranean 
without giving offence to the other. Sicily, 
an ifland of the higheſt conſequence ts 
the Carthagintians as a commercial nation, 
was the ſcat of the firſt diſſentions. The 
Mamertini, a body of Italian mercenaries, 
were appointed by the king of Syracuſe to 
guard the town uf Meſſana, but this tu- 
multuus tribe, inſtead of protecting the 
citizens, bately maſſacred them, and ſeized 
their poſt. ſhons, This act of cruelty raiſed 
the indignation of all the Sicilians, and 
Hiero, King of Syracuſe, who had em- 
piuyed them, prepared to punith their per- 
hdy; and the Mametrtini, beſieged in Meſ- 
lana, and without friends or teſources, re- 
lolved to throw themſelves for protection 
into the hands of the firſt power that could 
relieve them. They were however divided 
in their ſentiments, and, while ſome im- 
plored the afliftance of Carthage, others 
call-d upon the Romans for prote&. n. 
Without heſitation or delay, the Cartha- 
ginians entered Meſſana, and the Romans 
alio ha.tened to give to tie Mamertini, that 
aid which had been claimed from them with 
as much eagerneſs as from the Carthaginians, 
At the approach of the Roman troops, the 
Mamertini, who bad 1mplored their aſſiſt- 
ance, took up arms and turced the Cartha- 
ginians to evacuate Meſſana. Freſh forces 
were poured in on eveiy fide, and though 
Carthage feemed tuperior in arms and in 
reſources, yet the valor and intrepidity of 
the Rumans, daily appeared more formid- 
able, and Hicro, the Syracuſan king, who 
hitheto embraced the intercfi of the Car- 
thaginians became the moſt faithful ally 
of the republic, From a private quarrel 
the war became general. The Romans ob- 
tained a victory in Sicily, but as their ene- 
mies were maſters at tea, the advantages 
they gained were (mall and inconſiderable. 
To make themſelves equal to their adver- 
{aries, they aſpired to the dominion of 
the fea, and in 60 days timber was cut 
down, and a fleet of 120 gallies com- 
pletely manned and proviſioned. The ſuc- 
ceſſes they met by ſca were trivial, and 
little advantage could be gained over an 
enemy that were ſailors by actual practice 
and long experience. Duilius at laſt obtained 


a victory, and he was the firſt Roman who 
ever received a triumph after a naval battle. 
The loſſes they had already ſuſtained, in- 
(duced, the Carthaginians to fue, log, peace, 
and the Romans, whom an, unſucceſsful deg, 
| 


ſcent 


FJ 
ſrent upon Afriea, under Regulus, [Id. 
Regulus. ] had rendered difident, liſtened to 
the propoſal, and tlie firft Punic war was 
concluded B. C. 241, on the following 
terms.—The Carthaginians pledged them- 
ſelves to pay tothe Romans within 20 years, 
the ſum of 3000 Euboic talents, they pro- 
miſed to releaſe all the Roman captives 
without ranſom, to evacuate Sicily, and 
the other iſlands in the Mediterrancan, 
and not to moleft Hiero, king of Syracuſe, 
er his allics. After this treaty the Cartha- 
ginians who had loſt the dominion of Sar- 
dinia and Sicily, made new conqueſts in 
Spain, and ſoon began to repair their loſſes 
by mduftry and labor. They planted colonies, 
and ſecretly prepared to revenge themſelves 
upon their powerful rivals. The Romans 
were not inſenſible of their ſucceſſes in Spain, 
and to ſtop their progrefs towards Italy they 
made a ſtipulation with the Carthaginians, 
by which they were not permitted to croſs 
the Therus, or to moleſt the cities of their 
ullies, the Saguntines. This was for ſome 
time obſerved, but when Annibal ſucceeded 
to the commind of the Carthagiman armies 
in Spam, he ſpurned the boundaries which 
the jealouſy of Rome had ſet to his arms, 
and he immediately formed the ſiege of Sa- 
guntum. The Romans were appriſed of 
the hoſtilities which had been begun againſt 
their allies, but Saguntum was in the hands 
ot the active enemy before they had taken 
any ſteps to oppoſe him, Complaints were 
carried to Carthage, and war was deter- 
mined upon by the influence of Annibal in 
the Carthaginian ſenate, Without delay or 
difidence, B. C. 218, Annibal marched a 
numerous army of 90,000 foot and 12,000 
horſe, towards Italy, refolved to carry on 
the war to the gates of Rome. He croſſed 
the Rhone, the Alps, and the Apennines, 
with uncommon celerity, and the Roman 
conſuls who were fiationed to ſtop his pro- 
greſs, were ſeverally defeated. The battle 
of Trebia, and that of the lake of Thraſy— 
menus, threw Rome into the greateſt ap- 
prehenfions, but the prudence and the dila- 
tory meaſures of the dictator Fabius ſoon 
taught them to hope for better times. Yet 
the conduct of Fabius was univerſally cen- 
ſured a3 cowardice, and the two conluls 
who ſucceeded him in the command, by 
purſuing a different plan of operations, 


ſomn brought on a decihve action at Cannæ, 


in which 45,000 Romans were left in the 
held of battle. This bloody victory cauſed 
ſo much conſternation at Rome, that ſome 
authors have declared, that if Annibal had 
immediately marched from the plains of 


Cannz to the eity, he would have met with, 


no 1efiſiance, but would have terminated a 
Jong and dangerous war with glory to 


| 


| 


| 


p © 
himſelf, and the moſt 'ineſtimable advan, 
tages to his country, This cetebratee 
victory at Cann left the conqueror maſte; 
of two camps, arid of an immenſe booty; 
and the cities which had hitlerto obſerved a 
neutrality, no ſooner ſaw the Acfcat of the 
Romans, than they eagerly embraced the 
intereſt of Carthage, The news of this 
victory was carried to Carthage by Mago, 
and the Carthaginians refuſed to believe it 


till three buſhcls of golden rings were ſpread 


before them, which had been taken from 
the Roman Knights in the field of battle, 
After this Annibal called his brother Af. 
drubal from Spain with a large reinforce. 
ment; but the march of Aſdrubal was in- 
tercepted by the Romans, his army was de- 
teated, and himſelf flain. Affairs now had 
taken a different turn, and Marcellus, who 
had the command of the Roman legions in 
Italy, ſoon taught his countrymen that 
Annihal was not invincible in the field. In 
dliſterent parts of the world the Romans 
were making very rapid conqueſts, and if 
the ſudden arrival of a Carthaginiin army 
in Italy, at firft railed fears and apprchen- 
ſiens, they were ſoon enabled to diſpute 
with their enemics for the ſovereignty of 
Spain, and the dominion of the fea. An- 
mbal no longer appeared formidable in Italy; 
if he conquered towns in Campania or Mag- 
na Græcia, he remained maſter of them 
only while his army hovered in the neigh- 
bourhood, and if he marched towards Rome 
the alarm he occatiuned was but momentary, 
the Romans were prepared to oppoſe him, 
and his retreat was therefore the more diſ- 


| honorable. The conqueſts, of young Scipio 


in Spain had now raifed the expectations of 
the Romans, and he had no ſooner re- 
turned to Rome than he propoſed to re- 
move Annibal from the capital of Italy by 
carrying the war to the gates of Carthage, 
This was a bold and hazardous enterprize, 
but though Fabius oppoſed it, it was uni- 
verſally approved by the Roman ſenate, 
and young Scipio was empowered to fail 
to Africa, The conqueſts of the young 
Roman were as rapid in Africa as in Spain, 
and the Carthaginians, apprehenſive for the 
fate of their capital, recalled Annibal from 
Italy, and preferred their ſafety at home, 
to the maintaining of a long and expenſive 
war in another quarter of the globe. An- 
nibal received tlieir orders with indignation, 


and with tears in his eyes he left Italy, 


where for 16 years he had known no ſu- 
pcrior in the field of battle. At his arrival 
in Africa, the Carthaginian general ſoon 
collected a large army, and met his exulting 
adverſary in the plains of Zama. The bat- 
tle was long and bloody, and thpugh one 


nation fought for glory, and che other - the 
eaſe! 


=. a A I. .. ˙ w cnc c-—cq- 


99 — 


t! 


advan, 
ecbratet 
* maſter 
booty - 
ſerved a 
t of the 
ced the 
of this 
Mago, 
>lieve it 
e ſpread 
Mm from 
battle. 
her Al- 
in force- 
Was in- 
was de- 
ow had 
5, Who 
gions in 
en that 
eld. In 
Romans 
and if 
in army 
prchen- 
diſpute 
gpty of 
. An- 
in Italy; 
or Mag- 
of them 
e neigh- 
1s Rome 
nentary, 
1fe him, 
gore diſ- 
g Scipio 
ations of 
oner re- 
d to re- 
Italy by 
Darthage. 
terprize, 
Was uni- 
1 ſenate, 
d to fail 
e young 
in Spain, 
e ſor the 
bal from 
at home, 
expenſixe 
be. An- 
ignation, 
eft Italy, 
n no ſu- 
vis arrival 
eral ſoon 
5 exulting 
The bat- 
pugh one 
er for the 
dear: 


r.U 
gcarer ſake of liberty, the Romans obtained 
the victory, and Annibal, who nad ſworn 
eternal enmity to the gods of Rome, tcd 
from Carthage after he had adviſed his 
countrymen to accept the terms of the con- 
queror. This battle of Zama was deciſive, 
the Carthaginiens ſued for peace, which the 
haugaty conquerors granted with difficulty. 
The conditions were theſe ; Carthage was 
permitted to hold all the poſſeſſions which 
ſhe had in Aftien before the war, and tv be 
governed by her own laws andi inſtitutions, 
She was ordered to make reſt itutin of al 
the ſhips and other effects which had been 
taken in violation of a truce that had been 
agreed upon by both nations. She was tv 
ſurrender the whole of her fleet, except 10 
gallies ; ſhe was to releaſe and deliver up all 
the captives, deſerters, or fugitives, taken 
or received during the war; to indemnify 
Mafiniſſa for all the loſſes which he had 
ſuſtained ; to deliver up all their elephants, 
and for the future never more to tame or 
break any more of theſe animals. She was 
not to make war upon any nation whatever, 
without the conſent of the Romans, and 
ſhe was, to reimburſe the Romans, to pay 
the ſum of 10,009 talents, at the rate of 200 
talents a year for lifty years, and the was to 
giveup hoſtages from the nobleſt families for 
the performance of theſe ſeveral articles; 
and till the ratification of the treaty, to ſupply 
the Roman forces with money and provi- 
ſions. Theſe humiliating conditions were 
accepted 201 B. C. and immediately 4000 
Roman captives were releaſed, five hundred 
gallies were delivered and burnt on the ſpot, 
but the immediate exaction of 200 talents 
was more ſeverely felt, and many of the 
Carthaginian ſenators burſt into tears Dur- 
ing the 50 years which followed the con- 
cluſion ef the ſecond Punic war, the Car- 
thaginians were employed in repairing their 
loſſes by unwearied application and in- 
duſtry ; but they found ſtill in the Romans 
a jealous rival, and a haughty conqueror, 
and in Maſiniſſa the ally of Rome, an in- 
triguing and ambitious monarch. The king 
of Numidia made hiniſelf maſter of one 
of their provinces ; but as they were un- 
able to make war without the conſent of 
Rome, the Carthaginians ſought relief by 
embaſſies, and made continual complaints 
in the Roman ſenate of the tyranny and 
oppreſſion of Maſiniſſa. Commiſſioners 
were appointed to examine the cauſe of 
their. complaints; but as Maſiniſſa was the 
ally of Rome, the intereſt of the Cartha- 
inians was neglected, and whatever ſeem- 
ed to depreſs their republic, was agreeable 
to the Romans. Cato, who was in the 
number of the commiſſioners, examined 
the capital of Africa with a jealous cye ; 
| 1 


P U 

| he ſaw it with concern, rifing as it were 
from its ruins; and when he returned to 

Rome he declared in full ſenate, that the 
peace of Italy would never be eſtabliſhed 
while Carthage was in being. The ſena- 
tors, however, were not guided by his opi- 
nion, and the delenda / Curthago of Cato 
did not prevent the Romans from acting 
with moderation, But while the ſenate 
were debating about the exiſtence of Car- 
thage, and while they conſidered it as a 
dependent power, and not as an ally, the 
wrongs of Africa were without redreſs, 
and Maſiniſſa continued his depredations. 
Upon this the Carthaginians reſolved to do 
o their cauſe that juſtice which the Romans 
ad denied them; they entered the field 
againſt the Numidians, but they were de- 
teated in a bloody battle by Maſiniſſa, who 
was then go years old. In this bold mea- 
ſure they had broken the peace; and as their 
late defeat had rendered them deſperate, 
they haſtened with all poſſible ſpeed to the 
capital of Italy to juſtify their proceedings, 
and to implore the forgiveneſs of the Ro- 
man ſenate. The news of Maſiniſſa's vic- 
tory had already reached Italy, and imme- 
diately ſome forces were ſent to Sicily, 
and from thence ordered to paſs inte 
Africa. The ambaſſadors of Carthage ro- 
ceived evaſive and unſatistactory anſwers 
from the ſenate ; and when they ſaw the 
Romans landed at Utica, they reſolved to 
purchaſe peace by the moſt ſubmiſſive 
terms which even the moſt abject ſlaves 
could offer. The Romans acted with the 
deepeſt policy, no declaration of war had 
been madc, though hoſtilities appeared in- 
evitable ; and in anſwer to the ſubmiſſive 
offers of Carthage the conſuls replied, that 
to prevent every cauſe of quarrel, the Car- 
thaginians mult deliver into their hands 300 
hoſtages, all children of ſenators, and of 
the moſt noble and reſpectable families. 
The demand was great and alarming, but 
it was no ſooner granted, than the Romans 
made another demand, and the Carthagi- 
nians were told that peace could not con- 
tinue if they refuſed to deliver up all their 
ſhips, their arms, engines of war, with all 
their naval and military ſtores. Tre Car- 
thaginians complied, and immediately 
40,000 ſuits of armour, 20,000 large en- 
gines of war, with : plentiful ſtore of am- 
munitions and miſſile weapons were f{ur- 
rendered. After this duplicity had ſuc- 
ceeded, the Romans laid open the final re- 
ſolutions of the ſenate, and the Carthagi- 
nians were then told that, to avoid hoſtili- 
ties, they muſt leave their antient habita- 
tions and retire into the inland parts of 
Africa, and found another city, at the diſ- 


| tance of not leſs than ten miles from *h 
ea, 


P UV 


ſea. This was, heard with horror and in- 
digbation; the Romans were fixed and in- 
exorable, and Carthage was filled with 
tears and lamentations. But the ſpirit of 
liberty and independence was not yet ex- 
tinguiſhed in the capital of Africa, and the 
Carthaginians determined to ſacrifice their 
lives for the protection of their gods, the 
tombs of their forefathers, and the place 
which had given them birth. Before the 
Roman army approached the city, prepa- 
rations to ſupport a ſiege were made, and 
the ramparts of Carthage were covered 
with ftanes, to compenſate for the weapons 
and inſtruments of war which they had 
ignorantly betrayed, to the duplicity of 
their enemies. Aſdrubal, whom the de- 
ſpair of his countrymen had baniſhed on 
account of the unſucceſsful expedition a- 
gainſt Maſiniſſa, was immediately recalled ; 
and in the moment of danger, Carthage 
ſeemed to have poſſeſſed more ſpirit and 
more vigor, than when Annibal was vic- 
tot ious at the gates of Rome, The town 
was blocked up by the Romans, and a re- 
gular ficge begun. Two years were ſpent in 
uſeleſs operations, and Carthage ſeemed 
ſtill able to riſe from its ruins, to diſpute 
for the empire of the world ; when Scipio, 
the deſcendant of the great Scipio, who 
finiſhed the ſecond Punic war, was ſent to 
conduct the ſiege. The vigor of his ope- 
rations ſoon baffled the efforts and the bold 
reſiſtance of the beſieged; the communi- 
eations which they had with the land were 
cut off, and the city, which was twenty 
miles in circumference, was completely 
ſurrounded on all des by the enemy. 
Deſpair and famine now raged in the city, 
and Scipio gained acceſs to the city walls, 
where the battlements were low and un- 
guarded, His entrance into the ſtreets was 
Ciſputed with uncommon fury, the houſes 
as he advanced were ſet on ne to itop his 
progreſs; but when a body of 50,000 per- 
fons of either ſex, had claimed quarter, 
the reſt of the inhabitants were diſhearten- 
ed, and ſuch as diſdained to be priſoners of 
war, periſhed in the flames, which gradu- 
ally deſtroyed their habitations, 147 B. C. 
after a continuation of hoſtilities for three 
years. During 17 days Carthage was in 
flames ; and the ſoldiers were permitted to 
redeem from the fire whatever poſſeſſions 
they couid, But while others profited from 
the deſtruction of Caithage, the philoſophic 


P U 


man affairs, and u her turn fie may exhibit 
another flaming Carthage, This remarkable 
event happened about the year of Rome 
606, The news of this victory cauſed the 
greateſt rejoicings at Rome; and imme- 
diately commiſſioners were appointed by 
the Roman ſenate, not only to raze the 
walls of Carthage, but even to demoliſh 
and burn the very materials with which 
they were made; and in a few days, that 
city which had been once the ſeat of com- 
merce, the madel of magnificence, the 
common ſtore of the wealth of nations, 
and one of the moſt powerful ſtates of the 
world, left behind no traces of its ſplen- 
dor, of its power, or even of its exiſtence. 
Polyb.—Orofius,— Appian. de Punic, &c.— 
Flor. —Plut. in Cat. GSc,—Strab,—Liv, 
(t. Diod. | 

PuPrA4 LEx de ſenatu, required that the 
ſenate ſhould not be aſſembled from the 
1Sth of the calends of February to the ca- 
lends of the ſame month, and that before 
the embaſhes were either accepted or re- 
jected, the ſenate ſhould be held on no ac- 
count, ; 

Puprvs, a centurion of Pompey's army, 
ſeiſed by Cæſar's ſoldiers, &c. Caf. B. C. 
it, 8, 43. 

Pueitxus, Marcus Claudius Maximus, 
a man of an obſcure family, who raiſed 
himſelf by his merit to the higheſt offices 
in the Roman armies, and gradually became 
a pretor, conſul, prefect of Rome, and a 
governor of the provinces. His father was 
a blackſmith. After the death of the Gor- 
dians, Pupicnus was elected with Balbinus 
to the imperial throne, and to rid the world 
of the uſurpation and tyranny of the Max- 
imini, he immediately marched againſt 
theſe tyrants; but he was ſoon informed 
that they had been ſacrificed to the fury 
and reſentment of their own ſoldicrs ; and 
therefore he retired to Rome, to enjoy the 
tranquillity which his merit claimed. He 
ſoon after prepared to make war againſt the 
Perſians, who inſulted the majeſty of Rome, 
bue in this he was prevented, and was 
maſſacred A. D. 236, by the pretorian 
guards, Balbinus ſhared his fate. Pupie- 
nus is ſometimes called Maximus, In his 
private character he appeared always grave 
and ſerious, he was the conſtant friend of 
juſtice, moderation, and clemency, ard no 
greater encomium can be paſſed upon his 
virtues, than to ſay that he was inveſted with 


geacral, ſtruck by the melancholy aſpect | the purple without ſoliciting for it, and that 
of tue ſcene, repeated two lines from Ho- 
mer, which contained a prophecy concern- 
ing the fall of Troy. He was aſked by the 
hiſtorian Poly bius, to what he then applied 
nis prediction? To my country, replied Sci- 
pio, for her toe 1 dread the vicifſttude of hu» 


the Roman ſenate ſaid that they had ſe- 
lected him from thouſands, becauſe they 
| knew no perſon more worthy or better 
qualified to ſupport the dignity of; au em» 
peror. . 


* 
. 


4 4 » 2501 ' 
PueF1vs, a tragic pack in the age of J. 
Czxlur. 


Czſa 
when 
Fage 
whic| 


lantic 
rota 
35S, 
Pr 
ma, 
by a 
calle« 
from 
the 1 
quent 
miner 
Cicer 
is no 
ne id 


fruits 
Circu! 
comr 


ducec 


„ c Jab a oa 


0 


they 
etter 
cin 


of J. 


lar 


F Y 


Cxſar. His tragedies were ſo pathetic, that | 
when they were repreſented on the Ronian 
age, the audience melted into tears, from 
which circumſtance Horace calls them /a- 
crymeſa, 1 ep. 1, v. 67. ; 

Puro IRI, two iſlands of the At- 
lantic on the African coaſt, now Lanca- 
rota and Fortuventura, Plin. 6, c. 31. l. 
35, e. 6. Tr 

purer, a maritime town of Campa- 
nia, between Baiz and Naples, founded 
by a colony from Cumæ. It was originally 
called Diczarchia, ang afterwards Futeoli, 
from the great number of wells that were in 
the neighbourhoud. It was 


mineral waters and hot baths, and near it 
Cicero had a villa called Pyteolanum. It 
is now called Puzzsli, and contains, in- 


much fre- 
quented by the Romans, on account of its 


| 


| 


Ry 7. . 


under the earth, and that they came out in 
the harveſt time with hatchets to cut down 
the corn as if to fell a foreſt, They went 
on gonts and lambs of proportionable ſta- 
ture to themſelves, to make war againſt 
certain birds, whom ſome call cranes, which 
came there yearly from Scythia to plunder 
them. They were originally governed by 
Gerina a princeſs, who was changed into 
a crane," for boaſting herſelf” fairer than Ju- 
no. Ovid. Mel. 6, v. 90.— Hemer. II. 3. 
—Strah. 7. Arifl. Anim 8, c. 12.— Jud. 
13, v. 186. Pin. 4, &c.— Mela. 3, c. 8. 
— Set. in Aug. 83. Philaſtr. icon. 2, e. 
22, mentions that Hercules once fell aſleep 
in the deſerts of Afri a, after he had con- 
quered Anteæus, and that he was ſuddenly 


awakened by an attack which nad been made 
upon bis body, by an army of theſe Lili- 


fied of its antient magniticence, not more | putians, Wi diſcharged their arrows with 


thin 10,000 inhabitants. Sil. 13, v. 385. 
Strab. 5.—Parre. L. L. 4, c. 5—Cic. 
Fhil. 3, . 3* fam. 57 EP. 15. — Mela. 2, 
c. 4.—Panſ. 8, c. 7. , 8 
PUTICUL.®, a place of the Eſquiline 
gate, where the meaneſt of the Roman po- 
pulace were buried. Part of it was con- 
vet ed into a garden by Mecænas, who re- 


rat. 1. Sat. 8, v. 8 — Var o. L. L. 4, c. 5. 


PYANEPSIA, an Athena feitival, cele- 


brated in honor of Theſeus and his com- 
panions; who, after their return from 
Crete, were entertained with alf manner of 
fruits, and particularly pulſe. From this 
circumftance the Pyanepha was ever attei 


commemorated by the bo:ling of pulſe, ano | 


Toy ein muare, Some however | {uppole, 
that it was obſerved in commemos ation of 
the Heraclide, who were entertained with 
pulſe by the Athenians. ng 

Pp, a'town of Macedonia, origi- 
nally called Citron, ſituate between the 
mouth of the rivers Aliacmon and Lydius. 


It was in this city that Caſſander maſſa- his reign, 


cred Olympias the mother of Alexander the 
Great, his wife Roxane, and his ſon Alex- 
ander 
was fought there, on the 22d of June, B. 
C. 168, between the Romans under Paulus 


Who founded Carthage. 
cciv2d it as a preſent fron Auguſtus. He- 


| 

[ . . 

| the greateſt number of them in te ſkin of 
\ 

| 


great fury upon his arms and legs. The 


hero, pleaſed with their courage, wrapped 


the Nemzan lion, and carried hem to Eu- 


ryſtheus. 


PyGoMAL1ovw, 2 king of Tyre, ſon of 
Belus, and brother to the celebrated Dido, 
At the death of 
his father, he aſcended the vacant throne, 

and {von became odious by his cruelty and 
avarice, He ſacrificed every thing to the 
| gratification of bis predorsinant paſſions, 
and he did not even ſpare the life of Sichzus, 

Dicio's huſband, becauſe he was the mot 

powerful and opulent of all the Phœnicians. 
| This murder he committed in a temple, of 
which Sichæus was the prieſt ; but inftead 
| of obtaining the riches which he defired, 
Pygmalion was ſhunned by his ſubjects, 
and Dido, to avoid further acts of cruelty, 
| fled away with her huſband's treaſure, and 
' large colony to the caſt of Africa, wiere 
| ſhe tounded a city. Pygmalion died in the 
| 56th year of his age, and in the- 47th of 
| Virg. u. 1, v. 347, &c.— 
| Fuftin, 18, c. 5. —Apollod. 3, Ital. 1. 
A celebrated ſtatuary of the iſland of Cy- 


Pydna is famous for a battle which | prus. The debauchery of the females of 


| Amathus,' to which he was a witneſs, 
'-created in him ſuch an averſion for the fair 


and king Philip, ia which the latter was ſex, that he reſolved never to marry. The 


conquered, and Macedonia ſoon after te- 
duced into the form of a Roman province. 
Juſtin. 14, c. 6. Fler. — Plus. in Paul. — 
Liv. 44, c. 10. 5 ä 

ProkLA, a ſeaport town of Ionia. Liv. 
37, c. IT. 


affe ct ion which he had denied to the other 
ſex, he liberally beſtowed upon the works 
of his own hands, He became enam ured 
| of a beautiful ſtatue of marble which he 


had made, and at his earneſt requeſt and 
| pravers, according to the mythologiſts, the 


PYOMAI, a nation of dwarfs, in the ex- goddeis of beauty changed this favorite ſta- 
tremeſt parts of India, or according to | tue into a woman, whom the artiſt mar- 


others, in Ethiopia, Some authors amm, 


' ried, and by whom he had a fon called 


that they were no more than one foot high, | Paphus, who founded the city cf that name 


and that they built their houſes with egg- 


mnells. Ariſtgtle ſays that they lived in holes 


in Cyprus. Ovid. Met. 10, fab. 9. 
PYLADES, a lon ef Strophius, king of 
Phocis, 


Pp Y 


” FT 


Phocis, by one of the ſiſters of Agamem- | ſenia, ſituate on the weſtern coaſt of the Pelo- 


non. He was educated, together with his 
couſin Oreftes, with whom he formed the 
moſt inviolable friend{hip, and whom he 
aſſiſted to revenge the murder of Agamem- 
non, by aflaſſinating Clytemneſira and .- 
gyſthus. He alſo accompanied him to 
Taurica Cherſoneſus, aud for his ſervices 
Orcites rewarded him, by giving bim his 
ſiſter Electra in marriage. Pylades had by 
her two ſons, Medon and Strophius. The 
friendſhip of Orettes and Pylades became 
proverbial. [ Vid. Oreftes.} ip. in 1phig. 
— A ſchyl. in Ag. &c,—Paif. 1. A ce- 
lebrated Greek muſician, in the age of 
Philopœmen. Plut. in Phil.-—— A mimic 
in the reign of Auguftus, baniſhed, and af- 
ter wards recalled. 

PL, a town of Aſia, between Cap- 
padocia and Cilicia. Cir. 5, ad. att, The 
word Pyle which fignifhes gates, was often 
applied by the Greeks to any fireights or 
paſſages which opened a communication be- 
tween one countty and another, ſuch as the 
Nreights of Thermopylz, of Perha, Hyr- 
Eeania, &c. 

Pyrt &mE wes, a Paphlagonian, who came 


tc the Trojan war, and was Killed by Me- 


ponneſus, oppoſite the ifland Sphacteria inthe 
lonian ſea, It was alſo called Coryphaſion, 
from the promontory on which it was erected. 
It was built by Pylus, at the head of a co- 
lony from Megara. The founder was diſpol- 
ſeſſed of it by Nelcus, and fled into Elis, 
where he dwelt in a ſmall town, which he 
alſo called Pylos.-——A town of Elis, at 
the mouth of the river Alphcus, between 
the Peneus and the Selleis. Another 
town of Elis, called Triphyliachn, from 
Triphylia, a province of Elis, where it was 
lituate, Theſe three cities, which bore the 
name of Pylos, diſputed their reſpective 
right to the honor of having given birth to 
the celebrated Neſtor, fon of Neleus. The 
Pylos, which is fituate near the Alpheus, 
leems to win the palm, as it had in its 
neighbourhood a ſmall village called Gera- 
nus, and a river called Geron, of which 
Homer makes mention. Pindar, however, 
calls Neſtor king of Meſſenia, and therefore 
gives the preference to the fi ſt mentioned 
of theſe three cities. Apolled, 1, c. 19. l. 
3, c. 15.—Panſ. 1, c. 39.—Strab, 9.— 


| Hemer, Il. 2, Od. z. 


Prius, a town. [Vid. Py/os.]——A 


nelaus. His fon, called Harpalion, was | ſon of Mars by Demonice, the daugliter of 
Killed by Meriones. /ielyſ. Cret. 2, c. 34. | Agenor, He was preſent at the chace of 


Hemer. Il. 2, &c. A king ot Mzxo- 
nia, who ſent his ſons, Meſtes and Anti- 
phus, to the Trojan war. Another ſon 
of Nicomedes, baniſhed from Paphlagonia 
by Mithridates, and reltured by Pompey. 
Evtrop. 5 & 6. 

PyYLacGR@£, a name given to the Am- 
phictyonic council, beeauſe they always 


the Calydonian boar. Ap2//:d, t: . 

PyRa, a part of mount CEta, on which 
the body of Hercules was burnt, Liv. 36, 
c. 30. 

PrRAcmon, one of Vulcan's workmen 
in the forges of Mount Atna. The name 
is derived from two Grcek words, which 
hgnity fire and an anvil, Virg. An. 8, v. 


aſlembled at Pylæ, near the teniple of 425. 


Delphi. 

Pyl Ao, a ſon of Neleus and Chloris, 
killed by Hercules with his brothers. Aipel- 
lod. 1, c. 9. 

PYLARGE, a daughter of Danaus. Apel- 
lc. 

PYLARTES, à Trojan killed by Patro- 
clus. Homer. II. 16. 

PyLAs, a king of Megara. He had the 
misfortune accidentally 40 Kill bis uncle 
Bias, for which he tied away, leaving bis 
king dom to Pandios, his lun-in-law, who 
had been driven frum Athens. Apo/led. 3, 
c. 15.—Pau. 1, c. 39. | 

PyLENE, a town of Atolia. Homer, 
3 

PyLEVs, a Trojan chief, killed by A- 
chiles. 
Orchomeros. 

PyYLLEoN, a town of Theflaly. Liv, 
42, c. 42. : | 

PyLo, a daughter of Theſpius, mother 
of H:ppotis, { 


AP lied. 
Tos, now Neyerin, a town of Mci- 


| 


A ſon of Clymenus, King of, 


Pyxacmos, a man killed by Cæncus. 
Ovid. Met. 12, v. 450. 

PyYR &CHMEs, a king of Eubea.——A 
King of Pxonia during the Trojan war. 

PyRkAmus, a youth of Babylon, who 
became enamoured of Thiſbe, a beautiful 
virgin, who dwelt in the neighbourhood. 
The flame was mutual, and the two lovers, 
whom their parents forbad to marry, re- 


gularly received each other's addreſſes, 


ibrough the chink of a wall, wiich ſepa- 
rated their hauſes. After the mult folemn 
vows of fincerity, they both agreed to clude 
the vigilance of their friends, and o meet 
one another at the tomb of Ninus, under 
a white mulberry tree, without the walls of 
Babylon. Thiſbe came firſt to the ap- 
pointed place, but the ſudden arrival of a 
lioneſs frightened her away; and as the 
fled into a neiglibouring cave ſhe d1pped 
ner veil, which the lioneſs found 2ud be- 
meared with blood. Pyramus fuon r- 
rived, he ſound Thiſbe's veil all loc; 
and conclucing that ſhe had been torn to 


pieces 


panes 

tabbec 
wan 

trom t 
ing Py1 
nul re 
ſcene” 
which, 
with tt 
bore f 


Nacho 
Pyk 
of higl 
from 8 
to the 
their n 
ge bryc 
(mp) * 
days. 
mepher 
hich 
mines e 
ran dov 
„deem 
Diod. 5 
3 v. 41 
Pk 
ducing 
houſe to 
offer the 
this, toc 
Pyrenz1 
As if he 
frura the 
Ovid. 1M 
PyzE 
of the ſ 
etfered v 
attack C 
world a 
ſhe fled: 
torn to pi 
mother o 
A founta 


the laws 
Pyzcc 
who follo 
Vire. Ain 
PyRGc 
gems, in 


He had th 


encus. 


— 
r. | 
, who 
auiiful 
rhood. 
lovers, 
yy re- 
lreſſes, 
1 ſepa- 
ſolemn 
5 clude 
o meet 
under 
va'ls of 
he ap- 
al of 2 
as ſhe 
11»pped 


ud be- 


JON r- 
bio 
torn 10 

pieces 


TA 


panes by the wild! beaſts of the place, he 
nabbed | himſelf with his. fword. Tbiſhe, 
when her fears, were vaniſhed, returned 
nom the cave and at the fight of the dy- 
ing Pyramus, ſhe, tell upon the {word which 
44, rceked with his blood. This tragical 
ſcene happened under a mulberry tree, 
which, as the poets mention, was ſtained 
with the blood of the lovers, and ever after 
bore fruit of the color of blood. 
Mt. 4, v. 56, &c.—Hygin.: fab. 243. 
A river of Ciligia, riſing in mount Taurus, 
and falling into the Pamphylian ſea. Cic. 
3s fam. 11.— Dion / Perieg. 
PrarnmA VENnUs, 4 town of Gallia 
Narbonenſis. 8 
PYRENAÆI, ag mountain, or a long ridge 


of high mountains, which ſ(eparaàte Gaul 


from Spain, and extend from the Atlantic 
to the Mediterranean fea. 


Bebrycius, [ Vd. Pyrene] or from the fire 
(wp) which onge raged, chere for ſeveral 
days. 


which it occaſioned, that all the filver 
mines of the mountains were melted, and 
ran down in large rivulets. This account 
1s deemed fabulous by Strabo and others. 
Died. 5,——Strab. 3.—:iHela. 2, c. 6. —ltal. 
3, v. 41 5,—Liv. 21, 0 60.-— Pin. 4, c. 20. 

PYREN Aus, a king of Thrace, who 
ducing a ſhower of rain, gave ſhelter in his 
houſe to the nine muſes, and attempted to 
offer them violence, The goddetles upon 
this, took to their wings and flew, away. 
Pyrenzus, who attempted to follow them, 
as if he had wings, threw himſelf down 
from the top of a tower and- was Killed, 
Ovid. Met. 5, v. 274. 

PV RENE, a daughter of Bebrycius, king 
of the ſouthern parts of Spain. Hercules 
effeced violence - tow her; before he went to 
attack Geryon, and the brought into the 
world a ſerpent, which fo territied her, that 
ſhe fled into the woods, where ſhe was 
torn to pieces by wild beaſts. A nymph, 
mother of Cycnus by Mars. Apol/od. 
A fountain near Corinth. A ſmall vil- 
lage in Celtic Gaul, near which, according 
to ſome, the river Iſter took its riſe, 

PyrGi1, an anticat town of Etruria, on 
the ſca coat. Virg. An. 10, v. 184. —Liv. 
36, c. 3. : 

PyRG1oNn, an hiftorian who wrote on 
the laws of Crete. Athen. 

Pyzco, the nurſe of Priam's children 
who followed Æneas in his flight from Troy. 
Virg. An. 5 V. 645. 

PVRCOTELESs, a celebrated engraver on 


gems, in the age of Alexander the Great. 


He had the excluſive privilege vt engraving 


oP 


the eonqueror, as Lyſippus was the oh! 
ſculptor who was permitted to make ftatues 
of him. Plin, 37. 


Ovid. | 


4 


U 
#4 


They receive 
their name from. Pyrene the daughter of 


This tire was originally kindled by 
ſhepherds, and ſo intenſe was the heat 


PYRGUs, a fortified place pf Elis in the 
Peloponneſus. | FSS 

PyRTPPE,' a daughter of Theſpius, 

PRo, one of the Occanides. Heſiod. 

| »+PyRors; one of the horſes of the ſuns 
Ovid, Met, 2, v. 153. 

PVYVRONIA, a ſirname of Diana. 

PytRHA, a daughter of Epimetheus and 
Pandora, who married Deucalion, the ſon 
of Prometheus, who reigned in Theſſaly: 
In her age all mankind were deſtroyed by a 
deluge, and the alone, with her huſband, eſ- 
caped from the general deſtruction, by ſavs 
ing themſelves in a boat which Deucalion 
had made by his father's advice. When the 
waters had retired from the ſurface of the 
earth, Pyrrha, with her huſband, went to 
the oracle of Themis, where they were di- 
rected, to repair the loſs of mankind, to 
throw tones behind their backs. They 
obeyed, and the ſtones which Pyrrha threw 
were changed into women, and thoſe of 
Deucalion into men. {[Yid. Deucalion.] 
Pyrrha became mother of Amphictyon, 
Hellen, and Protogenca, by Deucalion. 
Ovid. Met. 1, v. 350, &c.— Hygin. fab. 
I 53.—Apollon, Rind. 3, v. 1085. A 
daughter of Creon, king of Thebes. Pau. 
9, c. 10. The name which Achilles 
bore when he diſguiſed himſelf in women's 
cloaths, at the court of Lycomedes. Hy- 
gin. fab. 96. A town of Eubœa. Mela, 


2, C. 7. A promontory of Phthiotis, 
on the bay of Malia. A town of Lef- 
bos. 


A beautiful courtezan at Rome, 
of whom Horace was long an admirer. He- 
ral. 1, od. 5, | 

PYRRHEUS, a place in the city of Am- 
bracia. Liv. 38, c. 5. 

PYVRRUI ASTRA, a place of Lucania, 
Liv. 35, c. 27. 

PYRRHIAS, a boatman of Ithaca, re- 
mar kable for his humanity. He delivered 


rom flavery an old man wha had been taken 


by pirates, and robbed of ſome pots full of 
pitch. The old man was ſo grateful fur 
this Kindneſs, that he gave the puts to his 
deliverer, after he had told him that they 
contained gold under the pitch. Pyii was 
upon this, offered the ſacrifice of a Hull to 
the old man, and retained him in his house, 
with every act of kindneſs and attention, 
till the time of his death. Plat. in queſt. 
G. A general of the Ætolians, defeated 


by Philip, king of Macedonia, 
PyYRRHICHA, a kind of dance ſaid to 
be invented and introduced into Greece by 
Pyrrhus the ſon of Achilles. The dancers 
were generally armed, 
Prx- 


. 


| 


9 


- Pyxnvicvs, a free town of Laconfa. 
Pauſ.'3, c. 21. 

PyRKRHID A, a patronymic given to the 
fucceſſors of Neoptolemus in Epirus. 

PyRRHo, a philoſopher of Elis, diſciple 
to Anaxarchus, and. originally a painter. 
His father's name was Pliſtarchus or Piſto- 
crates. He was in continual ſuſpenſe of 
judgment, he doubted of every thing, ne- 
ver made any conclufions, and when he had 
carefully examined a ſubject, and inveſti- 
gated all its parts, he concluded by ſtill 
doubting of its evidence. This manner of 
doubting in the philoſopher has been called 
Pyrrhonyſm, and his diſciples have received 
the appellation of ſceptics, inquiſitors, ex- 
aminers, &c. He pretended to have ac- 
quired an uncommon dominion over opi- 
nion and paſſions. The former of theſe 


virtues he called ataraxia, and the latter 


mat riopathia, and ſo far did he carry his 
want of common feeling and ſympathy, 
that he paſſed with uncontern, near a ditch 
in which his matter Anaxarchus lad fallen, 
and where he nearly perilbed. He was 
once in a ſturm, and when all hopes were 
vaniſhed, and deſtruction certain, the phi- 
loſopher remained unconce ned; and while 
the reſt of the crew were loſt in lamenta- 
tions, he plainly told them fo look at a 
pig u en was then feeding himſelf on 
board the veſſel, exclaiming, This is @ true 
model for the wiſe man, As he thowed fo 
much indifference in every thing, and de- 
clared that lite and death were the fame 
thing, ſome of his diſciples aſked him, 
why he did not hurry himſelf out of the 
world; becaufe, ſays he, here is no differ- 
ence between life and death, When he 
walked in the ſtreets he never looked be- 
hiad, or moved from the road for a chanot, 
even in its moſt 1-pid courſe ; and indeed, 
a3 ſome authors remark, this mdifference 
for his ſafety, often expuſed him to the 
greateſt and moſt imminent dangers, from 
which he was ſaved” by the interference of 
his friends who followed him. He floriſh- 
ed B. C. 304, and died at the advanced 
age of 90. He left no writings behind him. 
His countrymen were ſo partial to him, 
that they raiſed ſtatues to his memory, and 
exempted all the philoſophers of Elis from 
taxes. Diog. 9. Cic deorat.3.—Pauſ.6,c. 24. 

PyRRHUS, a ſon of Achilles and Deida- 
mia, the daughter of king Lycomedes, who 
received this name from the ye/lowneſs of his 
hair. He was allo called Neoptviemus, or 
new wanrrig, becauſe he came to the Trojan 
war in the laſt years of the celebrated ſiege 
of the capital of Troas. Id. Neoptolemus. 
——— A king of Epirus, deſcended from A- 
chilies, by the fide f his mother, and from 


Hercules by that of his father, and {un N 


| 


| 


| 


* 


| Bacides and Phthia. He was ſaved wha 
an infant, by the fidelity of his ſervant, 
from the purſuits of the enemies of his fa. 
ther, who had been baniſhed from i; 
kingdom, and he was carried to the cout 
of Glautias king of Iyricum, who ey. 
cated bim with great tenderneſs. © Cain. 
der, king of Macedonia, wiſhed to diſpatch 
him, as he had ſo much to dread from bim: 
but Glautias, not only refuſed do deliver 
him up into the hands of his enemy, büt 
he even went with an army, and placed 
him on he throne of Epirus, though only 
12 years of age. About hve years after, the 
abſence of Pyrrhus, to attend the nuptialy 
| of one of the daug! ters of Glautias, raiſed 
new commotions. The monarch was ex. 
pelled from his throne by Neoptole mus, 
who had uſurped it after the death of =. 
cides ; and being ſtill without reſources, be 
applied to his brother-in-law Demetrius for 
aſſiſtance. He accompanied Demetrius at 
| the battle of Ipſus, and fought there with 
all the prudence and intrepidity of an ex- 
penenced general, He afterwards paſſeq 
mto Egypt, where by his marriage with 
Antigone the daughter of Berenice, he 
ſoon obtained a ſufficient force to attempt 
the recovery of his throne. He was ſuc- 
ceſsful in the undertaking, but to remove 
all cauſes of quarrel, he took the uſurper 
to ſhare with him the royalty, and ſome 
time after he put him to death under pre- 
tence that he had attempted to poiſon him, 
In the ſubſequent years of his reign, Pyr- 
thus engaged in the quarrels which diſturbed 
the peace of the Macedonia monarchy, he 
marched againſt Demetrius, and gave the 
Macedonian ſoldiers freſh proofs of tis va- 
lor and activity. By diſümulation he in 
gratiated himſeif in the minds of his ene- 
my's ſubjects, and when Demetrius la- 
bored under a momentary illneſs, Pyrrhus 
made an attempt upon the crown of Mace- 
donia, which, if not then fucceſsful, ſoon 
after rendered him maſteriof the Kingdom, 
| This be ſhared with Lyfimiachus for ſeven 
months, till the jealouſy of the Maceds- 
nians, and the ambition of his colleague, 
obliged him to retire. Pyrrhus was medi- 
dating new conqueſts, when the Tarentines 
invited him to Italy to aſſiſt them againſt 
the encroaching power of Rome. Ht 
gladly accepted the invitation, but his paſ- 
ſage acroſs the Adriatic proved nearly fatal, 
and he reached the ſhores of Italy, after the 
loſs of the greateſt part of his troops in 4 
form. At his entrance into Tarentum B. C. 
280, he began to reform the manners of the 
inhabitants, and, by introducing the ſtricteſt 
diſcipline among their troops, to accuſtom 
them to bear fatigue and to defpiſe dangers. 
ln the firſt battle which be fought with the 
Romans, 


Roman 
he was 
phants, 
ance, a 
their ca 
equal 0 
that ſuc 
tim. F 
ter, to 
ſued for 
refuſed, 
about th 
Romans 
their ſe! 
kings, 2 
attack : 
ſoon aft 
ſlaughte 
ſpicuou! 
their en 
tory as 
the war 
was inv 
who lab 
and tne 
His fond 
to quit! 
tum, an 
obtained 
ans, anc 
was for 
pruject | 
popularit 
ſolent, a 
and ſhey 
return t. 
event for 
rived at 
lities wit 
ny, but 
been det 
under C 
tion, B. 
prize, an 
nad been 
dants of 
repair his 
Antigony 
nian thro 
over his 
the thror 
marched 
Cleonym 
rations w 
of Lacon 
treachel y 
Argives d 
terfere in 
were conf 
their nob! 
but in the 
the town, 
maſter gf 


d when 
ervants, 
bis z. 
om hi; 
he Court 
0 edu. 
Caſhin. 
diſpatch 
m bim; 
deliver 
my, bi 
! placed 
gh only 
ter, the 
nuptials 
$, raiſed 
was Cx- 
tolemug, 
of (Ea. 
urces, he 
etrius for 
etrius 2t 
dere with 
}f an ex- 
Is paſſed 
age with 
nice, he 
attempt 
was ſuc- 
» remove 
e uſurper 
and ſome 
nder pre- 
fon bim. 
gn, Pyr- 
diſturbed 
archy, he 
gave the 
of his va- 
on he in 
f his ene- 
ctrius la- 
„ Pyrrhus 
of Mace- 
[sful, ſoon 
Kingdom. 
for ſeven 
+ Maceds- 
colleague, 
vas medi- 
Tarentines 
em againſt 
»me. He 
ut his paſ- 
early fatal, 
y, after the 
troops m 4 
ntum B. C. 
ners of the 
the ſtricteſt 
U accuſtom 
fe dangers- 
ht with the 
Romany 


2 Y 


Romans, he obtained the victory, but for this 
ke was more particularly indebted to his ele- 
phants, whoſe bulk, and uncommon appear- 
ance, aſtoniſhed the Romans, and terrified 
their cavalry. The number of the lain was 
equal on both fides, and the conqueror ſaid 
that ſuch another victory would totally ruin 
him. He alſo ſent Cineas, his chief miniſ- 
ter, to Rome, and though victorious, he 
ſued for peace. Theſe offers of peace were 
refuſed, and when Pyrrhus queſtioned Cineas 
about the manners and the character of the 
Romans, the ſagacious miniſter replied, that 
their ſenate was a venerable aſſembly of 
kings, and that to fight againſt them was to 
attack another Hydra. A ſecond battle was 
ſoon after fought near Aſculum, but the 
laughter was ſo great, and the valor ſo con- 
ſpicuous on both fides, that the Romans and 
their enemies reciprocally claimed the vic- 
tory as their own, Pyrrhus ſtill continued 
the war in favor of the Tarentines, when he 
was invited into Sicily by the inhabitants, 
who labored under the yoke of Carthage, 
and the cruelty of their own petty tyrants. 
His fondneſs of novelty ſoon determined him 
to quit Italy, he left a garriſon at Taren- 
tum, and croſſed over to Sicily, where he 
obtained two victories over the Carthagini- 
ans, and took many of their towns, He 
was for a while ſucceſsful, and formed the 
projet of invading Africa, but ſoon his 
popularity vaniſhed, his troops became in- 
folent, and he behaved with haughrineſs, 
and ſhewed himſelf oppreſſive, ſo that his 
return to Italy was deemed a fortunate 
event for all Sicily. He had no ſooner ar- 
rived at Tarentum, than he renewed hoſti- 
lities with the Romans with great acrimo- 
ny, but when his army of 80,000 men had 
been defeated by 20,000 of the enemy, 
under Curius, he left Italy with precipita- 
tion, B. C. 274, aſhamed of the enter- 
prize, and mortified by the victories which 
had been obtained, over one of the deſcen- 
dants of Achilles. In Epirus he began to 
repair his military character, by attacking 
Antigonus, who was then on the Macedo- 
nian throne, He gained ſome advantages 
over his enemy, and was at laſt reflored to 
the throne of Macedonia. He afterwards 
marched againſt Sparta, at the requeſt of 
Cleanymus, but when all his vigorous ope- 
rtions were inſufficient to take the capital 
ot Laconia, he retired te Argos, where the 
treachety of Atiſteus invited him. The 
Argives defired him to retire, and not to in- 
terfere in the affairs of their republic, which 
were confounded by the ambition of two of 
their nobles. He complied with their wiſhes, 
but ia the night he marched his forces into 
the town, and might have made himſelf 


maſter of the place, had not he retarded his 


* 
progreſs by entering it with his elephants. 
The combat that enſued was obſtinate and 
bloody, and the monarch, to fight with more 
boldneſs, and to encounter dangers with 
more facility, exchanged his dreſs, He was 
attacked by one of the enemy, but as he was 
going to run him through in his own defence, 
the mother of the Argive, who ſaw her ſon's 
danger from the top of a houſe, threw down 
a tile, and brought Pyrrhus to the ground. 
His head was cut off, and carried to Anti- 
gonus, who gave his remains a magnificent 
funeral, and preſented his aſhes to his fon 
Helenus, 272 years before the Chriftian era. 
Pyrrhus has been deſervedly commended for 
his talents as a general; and not only his 
friends, but alſo his enemies, have been 
warm in extolling him; and Annibal de- 
clared, that for experience and ſagacity the 
king of Epirus was the firſt of commanders. 
He had Kaka Alexander the Great for a 
model, and in every thing he wiſhed not 
only to imitate, but ro ſurpaſs him. In the 
art of war none were ſuperior to him, be 
made it not only his ſtudy as a general, but 
even he wrote many books on encamp- 
ments, and the different ways of training 
up an army, and whatever he did, was by 
principle and rule. His uncommon under- 
ſtanding, and his penetration, are alſo ad- 
mired ; but the general is ſeverely cen- 
ſured, who has no ſooner conquered a 
country, than he looks for other victories, 
without regarding, or ſecuring what he has 
already obtained, by meaſures and regula- 
tions honorable to himſelf, and advantage- 
ous to his ſubjects. The Romans paſſed 
great encomiums upon him, and Pyrrhus 
was no lefs {truck with their magnanimity 
and valor; ſo much indeed, that be ex- 
claimed, that if he had ſoldiers like the 
Romans, or if the Romans had him for a 
general, he would leave no corner of the 
earth unſeen, and no nation unconquered. 
Pyrrhus married many wives, and all for 
political reaſons ; beſides Antigone he had 
Lanaſſa the daughter of Agathocles, as alſo 
a daughter of Autoleon king of Pæonia. 
His children, as his biographer obſerves, 
derived a warlike ſpirit from their father, 
and when he was aſked by one to which of 
them he ſhould leave the kingdom of Epi- 
rus, he replied, ro him who has the ſharpeſt 
ſword. Alian. = an. 10.—Plut. in vi- 
ta.—Tuſtin. 17, Cc.— Liv. 13 & 14.— 
Horat. 3, od. 6..-—A king of Epirus ſon 
of Ptolemy, murdered by the people of 
Ambracia. His daughter, called Lauda- 
mia, or Deidamia, ſucceeded him. Par. 
A ſon of Daedalus, 
PysTF, the wife of Seleucus, taken pri- 
ſoner by the Gauls, &c, Polyen. 2. 
PyT44GSRASs, a celebrated philoſopher, 
d ©, born 


3 


3 


bent Samos. His father Mneſarchus was in muſic and medicine, and his knowledge they CO! 
a perfon of diſtinctions and, taerefore, the | of mathematics, and of natural philoſophy, barbaria 
ton received that education which Was moſt | gained him friends and admirers, and, in the P 
calculated to enlighten his mind and invigo- amidſt the voluptuouſneſs that prevailed his auth 
vate his body. Like his contemporaries, le | among the inhabitants of Crotonay the Sa- pute hi: 
was early made acquainted with poctry and | mian ſage found his inſtructions reſpeRed, the mot 
muſic; eloquence and aſttonomy became and his approbation courted : the moſt de- with the 
His private fudies, and, in gy ranaſtic exer- bauched and efferainate were pleaſed with they hel 
ciſes, he often bore the palm for ſtrength the cloquencc and the grace ful dehivery of of the m 
2nd dexterity. He frit made himſelf the philoſoplicr, who boldly upbraided them became 
known in Greece, at the Olympic games, for their vices, and called them to mot? The gre 
where he obtained, in the 18th year of his | virtuous and manly purluits. Theſe ani- poſſeſſed 
age, the prize Cox wreſtling ; and, after he mated harangues were attended with rapid the war! 
nad been admired for the che gance und the | ſucceſs, and a reformation ſoon took place and the: 
dignity ot his petlon, and the brilliancy of | in the morals and the life of the people of venerate 
his underſtanding, he retired into the eaſt. | Crotona. The females were exhorted to the rule 
In Egypt and Cbaldæa he gained the con- become modeſt, aud tie left off their principa 
dence of the prieſts, and lcarned from gaudy ornaments 3 the youths were called boaſted 1 
them the artful policy and the ſymbolic away from the pi ſuits of pleaſure, and in- The San 
writings, b which wey governed the ſtantly they forgot their intemperance, aud ſupporte 
paid to their parents that ſubmiſſive atten- trantmig 


princes as well as the people, and, after he | 
had ſpent many years in gathering all the | tion and deference which the precepts of e 
imbibe 


information which could be collected from Pythagoras required. AS to the old, they : 
antique tradition concerning the nature of | were directed no longer Ot ſpend their the ſolit 
the gods and the immortality of the ſoul, time in amaſling money, but to improve More ſtr 
Pythagoras reviſited his native iſland. The their underſtanding, and to ſeek that peace any þ 
erent 


tyranny of Polycrates at Samos diſguſted and thoſe comforts of mind which fruga- 
nd philanthropy, alone that of ti 


the philoſopher, who was a great advocate lity, benevolence, a 

for national independence, and, though he can produce. The ſober and religious be- bered to 

was the favorite of the tyrant, he retired | haviour of the philoſopher Rrongly recom- pony 
Ing the * 


from the iſland, and a ſecond time afifted | mended the neceſſity aud importance of 

at the Olympic games. His fame was too theſe precepts. Pythagoras Was admired fur phorbus; 
well known to elcape notice; he was ſa- his venerable aſpect, his voice Was harmo- Hermoti 
juted in the public aſſembly by the name of | nious, his eloquence perſuaſive, and the te- laſt of al 
Ke phijt, or wile man; but he refuſcd the putation he had acquired by his diſtant tra- ciples to 


and was ſatisfied with that of | vels, and by being crowned at the Olympic te ſuppo 
He te- tom the 


appellation, | 

hiloſopher, or, the friend of av! dom, „At games, was great and important. 

the Oly mpic games, ſaid he, in explana- gularly frequented the temples of the gods, 4 N 
ormed. 


ation he wiſned to | and paid lis devotion to the divinity at an x : 
Oras 1h 


tion of this new appe 
eſt and 


aiſame, „ ſome are attracted with the de- early hour; he lived upon the pul 

fire of obtaining crowns and honors, others | moſt innocent food, he cloathed himself crested 

come to expoſe their different commodities | like the prieſts of the Egyptian gods, and matter: 

to ſale, while curioſity draws a third claſs, by his continual purifications, and regal who hin 

and the deſire of contemplating whatever | offerings, he ſeemed to be ſuperior to the mY p 
ATRN 


| reſt of mankind in ſanAity. Theſe artful 
hie an objed numbers 
and pere 
orreſpo1 
AITLONY 
cator, 
Dercelved 
ommon 
deſides t 
nd amb 
f virtue, 
le and | 
n the en 
leaſures 
buſidete 


deſerves notice in that celebrated aſſembly : 
thus, on the more extenſive theatre of the | racaſures united to render 
world, While many ſtruggle for the glory of not only of reverence, but of invitation. 
a name, and many pant Cor the advantages To (ct himſclf at a greater diſtauce from 
of fortune, a few, and indecd but a few, | bis pupilsy a number of years was required 
who are neither deſirous of money, nor am | to try their various diſpoſitions ; the mot 
bitious of fame, ate ſufficiently gratified to talkative were not permitted to ſpeak in th 
be ſpectators of the wonder, the hurt); and preſence of their maſter before they 08 
tg magnihcence of the fcene.”” From; been his auditors for five Years, and rio 


Oiympia the philoſopher vihtcd the repub- who poileiled a natural taciturnity Were al 
nes of Elis and Sparta, and retired to Mag- lowed to ſprak alter a probation of wit 
na Gracia, Where he fixed his habitation in years Wien they were capabie of recen 
1d town of Ctotona, about the goth year | ing the ſ{rciet inüructions of the philok 


of nis age. Here he founded a (ect which pher, they were taught the uſe of eypbel 


Mas received the name of the Italian, and and hierugly phic writings, and Pythagon i 

he foon faw himſelf ſurrounded by 4 git at might buait that his pupils could correſps de 
number of pupils, which the 1ccommenda- together, though in the moſt diſtant 3 8 th 
non of his mental, as well as his perſonal, gions, in unknown characters; and by 6 ien 


uad receivt 
ph 


een UM WED. nad yrocured. Bs fill | fights and W's which they 


yledge 
ſophy, 
and, 
evailed 
the Sa. 
pected, 
oſt de- 
:d with 
very of 
d them 
O mot? 
eſe ani 
th rapid 
»k place 
eopic of 
orted 10 
off their 
re called 
„and in- 
nee, and 
ve atten» 
recepts cf 
old, they 
end their 
improve 
hat peace 
ich fruga- 
py, alone 
,210US be- 
ly recom- 
Ortance of 
admired fur 
zs harmo- 
and the te- 
diſt ant tra- 


C Olympic 
t. He te- 
f the gods, 
vinity at an 
puck and 
ied himſel 
gods, and 
and regal 
zexior to the 
Theſe artful 
& an vbjeet 
of invitation. 
iſtance from 
was required 
IS; the mol 
ſpeał in th 
ore they ha 
rs, and ben 
nity were 4 
ation of ww 
bie of recen 
F the philojo 
afe of eypbet 
ad Pythagon 
ald correlps/ 
& diſtant 3 
„; and by © 

beweg 
uad 


1 


they could diſcover, though ſtrangers and 
barbarians, thoſe that had been educated 
in the Pythagorean ſchool. So great was 
his authority among his pupils, that, to diſ- 
pute his word was deemed a crime, and 
the moſt ſtubborn were drawn to coincide 
with the opinions of their opponents when 
they helped their arguments by the words 
of the maſter ſaid ſo, an expreſſion which 
became proverbial in jurare in verba magiftri, 
The great influence which the philoſopher 

ſſeſled in nis fchool was transferred to 
the warld ; the pupils divided the applauſe 
and the approbation of the people with their 
venerated maſter, and, in a ſhort time, 
the rulers and the legiſlators of all the 
principal towns of Greece, Sicily, and Italy, 
boaſted in being the diſciples of Pythagoras. 
The Samian philoſopher was the firſt who 
ſupperted the doctrine of metempſyche/ts, or 
tranſmigration of the ſoul into different bo- 
dies, and thoſe notions he ſcemed ts have 
imbibed among the prieſts of Egypt, or in 
the ſolitary retreats of the Brachmans, 
More ſtrenuouſly to ſupport this chimerical 
ſyſtem, he declared he recollected the dif- 
ferent bodies his ſoul had animated before 
that of the ſon of Mneſarchus. He remem- 
bered to have been /Ethalides, the ſon of 
Mercury, to have aſſiſted the Greeks dur- 
ing the Trojan war in the character of Eu- 
phorbus, [ Vid. Euphorous.) to have been 
Hermoetimus, afterwards a hſherman, and 
lait of all Pythagoras. He forbad his dif- 
ciples to eat fleſh, as alſo beans, becauſe 
Lc ſuppoſed them to have been produced 
from the ſame putrified matter from which, 
at the creation of the world, man was 
formed, In his theological ſyſtem Pytha- 
goras ſupported that the univerſe was 
created from a fhapeleſs heap of paſſive 
matter, by the hands of a powerful being, 
who himſelf was the mover and foul of the 
world, and of whoſe fubſtance the fouls of 
mankind were a portion. He conhdered 
numbers as, the principles of every thing, 
and perceived in the univerſe regularity, 
orreſpondence, beauty, proportion, and 
armony, as intentionally produced by the 
reator, In his doctrines of morality, he 
perceived in the human mind, propenſuies 
ommon to us with the brute creation; but, 
efides theſe, and the paſſions of avarice 
Ind ambition, he diſcovercd the nobler ſeeds 
virtue, and ſupported that the mult am- 
le and perfect gratification was to be found 
1 the enjoyment of moral and intellectual 
eaſures, The | thoughts of the paſt be 
wfdered as always preſent to us, and he 
eheved that no enjoyment could be had 
tere the mind was diſturbed by conſciouſ- 
els of guilt, or fears about futurity. This 
buon induced the philoſopher to recoin- 


p V 


| mend to his followers a particuht mode of 


education, The tender years of the Pytha- 
gorcans were employed in continual labor, 
in ſtudy, in excrciſe, and repoſe; and the 
philuſopher maintained this well known and 
important maxim, that many things, eſpe- 
clally love, are beft learnt late. In a more 
advanced age, the adult was deſired to be- 
have with caution, ſpirit, and patriotiſm 
and to remember, that the community and 
civil ſociety demanded his exertions, and 
that the good of the public, and not his 
own private enjoyments, were the ends cf 
his creation. From leſſons like theſe, the 
Pythagoreans were ſtrictly enjoined to call 
to mind, and carefully to review, the ac- 
tions, not only of the preſent, but of the 
preceding days. In their acts of devotion, 
they early repaired to the moſt ſolitary 
places of the mountains, and after they 
had examined their private and public 
conduct, and converſed with themſelves, 
they joined in the company of their friends, 
and early refreſhed their body' with light 
and frugal aliments. Their converſation 
was of the moſt innocent nature; poli- 
tical or philoſophic ſubjects were diſcuſſed 
with propriety, but without warmth, and, 
after the conduct of the following day was 
regulated, the evening was ſpent with the 
lame religious ceremony as the morning, in 
a ſtrict and partial ſelf-examination. From 
ſuch regularity nothing but the moſt ſalutary 
conſequences could ariſe, and it will not ap- 
pear wonderful. that the diſciples of Pytha- 
goras were ſo much reſpected and admired 
as legiſlators, and invitated for their con- 
ſtancy, friendſhip, and humanity. The au- 
thors that lived in, and after, the age of 
Alexander, have rather tarniſhed than 
brightened the glory of the founder of the 
Pythagorean ichuol, and they have obſcurcd 
his fame by attributing to him actions 
which were diſſonant with his character as a 
man and a moraliſt. To give more weight 
to his exhortations, as ſome writers men- 
tion, Pythagoras retired into a ſubterrancous 
cave, where his mother ſent him intelli- 
gence of every thing which happened dur- 
ing his abſence. After a certain number 
of months he again re-appeared on the 
earth with a grim and ghaſtly countenance, 
and declared, in the afſembly of the people, 
that he was returned from hell. From fi- 


| milar exaggerations, it has been aſſerted 


that he appeared at the Olympic games 
with a golden thigh, and that he could 
write in letters of Hood whatever he pleaſed 
on a looking glaſs, and that, by ſctting it 
oppoſite to the moon, when full, all the 
characters which were on the glaſs became 
legible on the moon's diſc. They alſo 
ſupport, that, by ſome magical words, he 

17 tamed 


— , — 


— — 


— — . 


— —e—— — — 


4 a 


— ———— — 


3 


tarned 2 bear, ſtopped the flight of an | 
eagle, and appearea on the ſame day and 
at the ſame inſtant in the cities of Crotona 
and Metapontum, &c. The time and tne 
place of the death of this great philoſopher 
are unknown; yet many ſuppoſe that he 
died at Metapontum about 497 years before 
Chriſt; and ſo great was the veneration of 
the people of Magna Gracia for him, that 
he received the ſame honors as were paid 
to the immortal gods, and his houſe be- 
came a ſacred temple, Succeeding ages 
likewife acknowledged his merits, and 
when the Romans, A. U. C. 411, were 
commanded by the oracle of Delphi, to 
ere a ſtatue to the braveſt and wiſeſt of 
the Greeks, the diſtinguiſhed honor was 
conferred on Alcibiades and Pythagoras. 
Pythagoras had a daughter, called Damo. 
There is now extant a poetical compohtion 
aſcribed to the philoſopher, and called the 
golden werſes of Pythagoras, which contain 
the greateſt part of his doctrines, and mo- 
ral precepts; but many ſupport, that it is 


a ſuppoſititious compoſition, and that the 


true name of the writer was Lyſis. Py- 
thagoras diſtinguiſhed himſelf alſo by his 
diſcoveries in geometry, aſtronomy, and 
mathematics, and it is to him that the 
world is indebted for the demonſtration of 
the 47th propoſition of the firſt book of 
Euclid's elements, about the ſquare of the 
hypothenuſe. It is ſaid, that he was fo 
elated after making the diſcovery, that he 
made an offering of a hecatomb to the 
gods; but the ſacrifice was undoubtedly 
of ſmall oxen, made with wax, as the phi- 
loſopher was ever an enemy to ſhedding 
the blood of all animals. His ſyſtem of 
the univerſe, in which he placed the ſun in 
the center, and all the planets moving in 
elliptical orbits round it, was deemed chi- 
merical and improbable, till the deep en- 
quiries and the philoſophy of the 16th cen- 
tury proved it, by the moft accurate calcu- 
lations; to be true and inconteſtable. Dio- 
genes, Porphyry, Iamblicus, and others, 
bave written an account of his life, but 
with more erudition, perhaps, than vera- 
city. Cic. de Nat. D. 1, c. 5. Tuſc. 4, 
c. 1.——Diog. Sc. $.—Hygin. fab. 112.— 
Ovid. Met. 15, v. 60, &c.—Plato.—Plin, 
34, c. 6.— Gl. 9y.—lamblic.— Po phyr.— 
Plat. A ſoothſayer at Babylon, who 
foretold the death of Alexander, and of 
Hephzſtion, by cenſulting the entrails of 
victims. A tyrant of Epheſus, — One 
of Nero's wicked favorites. 

PyTHEAS, an archon at Athens. A 
native of Maſſilia, famous for his knowledge 
of aſtronomy, mathematics, philoſophy, 
ard geography, He alio diſtinguiſhed him- 


2 


ſelf by his travels, and, with a mind thei 
wiſhed to ſeek information in every corne: 
of the earth, he advanced far into the north. 
ern ſeas, and diſcovered the ifland of 
Thule, and entered that then unknown ca 
which is now called the Baltic. His di. 
coveries in aſtronomy and geography wer: 
ingenious, and, indeed, modern navigators 
have found it expedient to juſtify and ac- 
cede to his eoncluſions. He was the fir 
who eftabliſhed a diſtinction of climate b 
the length of days and nights. He wrote 
diffcrent treatiſes in Greek, which have 
been loſt, though ſome of them were ex- 
tant in the beginning of the fifth century, 
Pytheas lived, according to ſome, in the 
age of Ariſtotle. Strab. 2, &c.—Plir. zy. 
An Athenian rhetorician, in the aye 
of Demoſthenes, who diftinguiſhed himſel 
by his intrigues and oppoſition to the mea- 
ſures of Demoſthenes, of whom he obſery- 
ed, that his orations ſmelt of the lamp. 
Pytheas joined Antipater after the dcath oi 
Alexander the Great. His orations were 
devoid of eleganee, harſh, unconnected, 
and diffuſe, and from this circumſtance he 
has not been ranked among the orators of 
Athens. lian. V. I. 77 C. 7. Plut. in 
Dem. & Polit. pr. 

PyTHEs, a native of Abdera, in Thrace, 
who obtained a crown at the Olympia 
games. Pau. 6. 

Pyrnzus, a Lydian, famous for his 
riches, in the age of Xerxes. He kind!) 
entertained the monarch and all his army, 
when he was marching on his expedition 
againſt Greece, and offered him to deftay 
the expences of the whole war. Xerxe⸗ 
thanked him with much gratitude, and 
promiſed to give him whatever he ſhoutd 
require. Pytheus aſked him to diſmiſs his 
ſon from the expedition: upon which the 
monarch ordered the young man to be cut 
into two, and one half of the body to. be 
placed onthe right hand of the way, andthe 
other on the left, that his army might march 
between them. Plut. de mul. wirt.— Herodot. 

PyTH1A, the prieſteſs of Apollo at Del. 
phi. She delivered the anſwers of the god 
to ſuch as came to conſult the oracle, and 
was ſuppoſed to be ſuddenly infpired by 
the ſulphureous vapors which iſſued from 
the hole of a ſubterraneons cavity within 
the temple, over which ſhe ſat bare on 2 
three legged ſtool, called a tripod. In ths 
ſtool was a ſmall aperture, through whic' 
the vapor was exhaled by the prieſteſs, ane 
at this divine inſpiration, her eyes ſudden! 
ſparkled, her hair ſtobd on end, and a fh 
vering run over all ker body. In this coo 
vulſive fate ſhe ſpoke the oracles of the 
god, often with loud howlings and cit 


and he 
the pri 
ſpirit N 
not alv 
one of 
ſuch a 
that Ci 
prieſts 
tripod, 
ration, 
ple; al 
tinued 
ſituatio 
fore ſhi 
to wall 
her hai 
talis, a 
alſo ſho 
place, 
which 
was ori 
was ch: 
lian, ha 
and nor 
age of f 
that ſac 
dreſſed 
mate th 
were ſol 
laws of 
ther pha 
baviour 
or the ſ. 
There \ 
hdes ſu 
two we 
The mo 
monoe, 
been the 
The orac 
meter v 
time afte 
conſultec 
about tl 
that thoſ 
make lar 
thence a 
the magn 
ple of De 
to tne di 
untavoral 
anſwer, 
Who aſſiſt 
and there 
the Pythi 
wacle, | 
lo, c. 5 


Juſtin. 24 
ip. in Io 
ted in ho 
of Delphi 
curing tc 


Apollo hy 


nd that 
 Corne! 
e north- 
land of 
own ſca 
His dit. 
hy wert 
vigators 
and ac- 
the firſt 
mate by 
e wrote 
ch have 
were ex- 
century, 
, in the 
Plin. 37. 
the aye 
d himſelt 
the mea- 
e obſerv- 
he lamp. 
dcath of 
ons were 
onnected, 
iſt ance he 
orators of 


- Plut, in 


n Thrace, 
Olympian 


s for his 
le kindly 
his army, 
expedition 
to defray 

Xerxe⸗ 
ude, and 
he ſhould 
diſmiſs his 
which tne 
to be cut 
ody to. be 
y, and the 
ight march 
Herodot. 
Ho at Del- 
of the god 
oracle, and 
nfpired by 
jſſued from 
vity within 
bare on 2 
d. In the 
ough which 
1efteſs, and 
es ſudden! 
, and a (h4 
In this con 
acles of the 
and cine 


3 


znd ker articulations were taken down by 
the pricft, and ſet in order. Sometimes the 


ſpirit of inſpiration was more gentle, and 


not always violent; yet Plutarch mentions 
one of the prieſteſſes who was thrown into 
ſuch an exceſſive fury, that not only thoſe 
that conſulted the oracle, but alſo the 
priefts that conducted her to the ſacred 
tripod, and attended her during the inſpi- 
tation, were terrifigd, and forſook the tem- 
ple; and ſo violent was the fit, that ſhe con- 
tinued for ſome days in the moit agonizing 
ſituation, and at laſt died. The Pythia, be- 
fore ſhe placed herſelf on the tripod, uſed 
to walh her whole body, and particularly 
her hair, in the waters of the fountain Caſ- 
talis, at the foot of mount Parnaſſus. She 
Aſo ſhook a laurel tree that grew near the 
place, and fometimes eat the leaves with 
which the cruwned herſelf. The prieſteſs 
was originally a virgin, but the inftitution 
was changed when Echechrates, a Theſſa- 
lian, had otfered violence to one of them, 
and none but women who were above the 
age of fifty were permitted to enter upon 
that ſacred office. They always appeared 
dreſſed in the garments of virgins to inti- 
mate their purity and modeſty, and they 
were ſulemnly bound to obſerve the ſtricteſt 
laws of temperance and chaſtity, that nei- 
ther phantaſtical dreſſes nor laſcivious be- 
haviour might bring the office, the religion, 
or the ſanctity of the place into contempt. 
There was originally but one Pythia, be- 
hdes ſubordinate prieſts, and afterwards 
two were choſen, and ſometimes more. 
Tlie moſt celebrated of all theſe is Phe- 
monoe, who is ſuppoſed by ſome to have 
been the firſt who gave oracles at Delphi. 
The oracles were always delivered in hexa- 
meter verſes, a cuſtom which was ſome 
time after diſcontinued. The Pythia was 
conſulted only one month in the year, 
about the ſpring. It was always required 
that thoſe who cunſulted the oracle ſhould 
make large preſents to Apollo, and from 
thence aroſe the opulence, ſplendor, and 
the magnificence, of that celebrated tem- 
ple of Delphi. Sacrifices were alſo offered 
to the divinity, and if the omeps proved 
untavorable the priefteſs retyſed to give an 
anſwer, There were generally five prieſts 
who aſſiſted at the offering of the ſacrifices, 
and there was alſo another who attended 
the Pythia, and aſũiſted her in receiving the 
vacle, [ Vid. Delphi, Oraculum.] Pau. 
lo, c. 5.— Died. 16.—Strab, 6 & 9.— 
Juſtin. 24, c. 5.—Plut. de orat. def. — Eu- 
b. in Ton,,-Chryſot.——Games celebra- 
ted in honor of Apollo, near the temple 
of Delphi. They were firſt inſtituted, ac- 
cording to the more received opinion, by 
Apollo higſelf, in commemoration of the 


I 
victory which he had obtained over the fer. 


pent Python, from which they received 
their name; though others maintain that 
they were firſt eſtabliſhes by Agamemnon, 
or Diomedes, or by Amphictyon, or laſtly 
by the council of the Amphictyons, B. C. 
1263. They were originally celebrated 
once in nine years, but afterwards cvery 
fifth year, on the ſecond year of every 
olympiad, according to the number of the 
Parnaſhan nymphs who congratulated A- 
pollo after his victory. The gods them- 
ſelves were originally among the number of 
the combatants, and according to ſome au- 
thors the firſt prizes were won by Pollux, 
in boxing; Caſtor, in horſe-races; Her- 
cules, in the pancratium 3 Zetes, in fight- 
ing with the armour ; Calais, in running; 
Telamon, in wreſtling; and Peleus, in 
throwing the quoit. Theſe illuſtrious con- 
querors were rewarded by Apollo himſelf, 
who was preſent, with crowns and laurel. 
Some however obſerve, that at firſt it was 
nothing but a muſical contention, in which 
he who ſung beſt the praiſes of Apollo ob- 
tained the prize, which was preſents of gold 
or ſilver, which were afterwards exchanged 
for a garland of the palm tree, or of beech 
leaves. It is ſaid, that Heſiod was re- 
fuſed admiſſion to theſe games, becauſe he 
was not able to play upon the harp, which 
was required of all ſuch as entered the 
liſts. The ſongs which were ſung were 
called rvI:n0; vpeory, the Pythian modes, di- 
vided into five parts, which contained a 
repreſentation of the fight and victory of 
Apollo over Python; araxpovoig, the pre pa- 
ration for the fight ; wamwupa, the firft at- 
tempt; nxataxthguriuc;, faking breath and 
colleting courage; wajpbor xas TaxTuai, the 
inſulting ſarcaſms of the god over his van- 
quiſhed enemy; ovpryyesy, an imitation of the 
ies of the ſerpent ; juſt as he expired un- 
der the blows of Apollo. A dance was 
alſo introduced ; and in the 48th Olympiad, 
the Amphictyons, who prefided over the 
games, encreaſed the number of muſical 
inſtruments by the addition of a flute, but, 
as it was more peculiarly uſed in funeral 
ſongs and lamentations, it was ſoon reject- 
ed, as unkt for merriment, and the feſti- 
vals which repreſented the triumph of A- 

lo over the conquered ſerpent. The 
1 according to ſome, introduced 
them into their city, and called theni A- 
pullinares ludi. Pauſ. 10, c. 13 & 37.— 
Strab. g. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 447.—Plin. 7. 
oy do Pythagorean philoſoph 

PyTHIAS, A an philoſopher, 
intimate with Damon. [id. Phintias. 
A road which led from Theſſaly to 
Tempe, AElian.—A comic character, 
&c, 


{ 


| Yy3 PyTH10ONg 


—— 2 — — — 


from Aratus. 
count, 
wrote the life of Aratus. 
death with Phouc:on. 
on Italy. 


age of Philip of Macedonia, 
great favorite of the monarch who ſent him 
to Thebes, when that city, at the inftiga- 
tion of Demoſthenes, was going to take up 
arms againſt Philip. 


death by Ptolemy Lagus. n 
Killed Cotys king of Thrace at the inſtiga - 


of 


PyTiroN, an Athenian, killed, with 
20 ſoldiers, when he attempted to drive 


the garriſon of Demetrius from Athens, 
&c: 


Polyæn. 5. 
PyTHIUM, a town of Theſſaly. Liv. 


42, c. 53. I. 44, c. 2. 


PyTHIvs, a Syracuſan, who defrauded 


Canius, a Roman knight, to whom he had 
ſold his gardens, &c. 


Cic, de off. 3, c. 14. 
A firname of Apollo, which he re- 


ceived for his having conquered the ſerpent 
Python, or becauſe he was worſhipped at 
Delphi; called alſo Pytho. 


PyTHho, the ancient name of the town of 


Delphi, which it received a7? Tw Tvfr70ai, 
becauſe the ſerpent which Apollo killed 
rotted there. 
Nape. 


It was alſo called Parnaſſia 
Vid. Delphi. 
PyTHocHAankts, a muſician who aſſuaged 


the fury of ſome wolves by playing on a 
muſical inſtrument, &c. 


ZElian. 

PyTn&cLEts, an Athenian deſcended 
It is ſaid, that on his ac- 
and for his inſtruction, Plutarch 
A man put to 
A man who wrote 


PyTHoDGRUS, an Athenian archon in 


the age of Themiſtocles. 


PyYTHOLAVs, the brother of Theba, the 


wife of Alexander tyrant of Pherz. He 
aſſiſted his ſiſter in diſpatching her huſband. 
Plut. 


PyTnow, a native of Byzantium, in the 
He was a 


Plut. in Dem, — Diod. 
One of the friends ot Alexander put to 


tion of the Athenians. 


R 7 


A celebrated 
lerpent ſprung from the mud and ſtagnated 
waters which remained on the ſurface of 
the earth after the deluge of Deucalion. 
Some, however, ſuppoſe that it was pro. 
duced from the earth by Juno, and ſent by 
the goddeſs to perſecute Latona, who was 
then pregnant by Jupiter, Batona eſcaped 
his fury by means of her lover, who 
changed her into a quail during the remain. 
ing months of her pregnancy, and after. 
wards reſtored her to her original ſhape in 
the iſland of Delos, where ſhe gave birth 
to Apollo and Diana. Apollo, as ſoon x; 
he was born, attacked the monſter, and 
killed him with his arrows, and in com. 
memoration of the victory which he had 
obtained, he inſtituted the celebrated Py. 
thian games. Strab, 8.—Parſ. 2, c. 7, |, 
to, c. 6,—-lIygin,.-Ovid. Met. 1, v. 438, 
& c. Lucan. 5, v. 134. 

PyYTREoNnICE, an Athenian proſtitute 
greatly honored by Harpalus, whom Alex- 
ander ſometime before had intruſted with 
the treaſures of Babylou. He married her; 
and according to ſome, ſhe died the very 
moment that the nuptials were going to te 
celebrated. He railed her a ſplendid mo- 
nument on the road which led from Athens 
to Eleuſis, which coſt him 3o talenis, 
Dicd. 17.— Pauſ. 1.—Athen. 13, &c. 

PyYTHONISSA, a name given to the 
prieſteſs of Apollo's temple at Delphi. 
She is more generally called Pythia. [ i. 
Pythia.) Tue word Pythoniſ/a was com- 
monly applied to women who attempted io 
explain futurity. 

PYTNA, a part of Mount Ida. 

PyYyTTALUs, a celebrated athlete who ob- 
tained a prize at the Oly mpie games, Pai, 


A man who | 9, c. 16, 


cury, 
ſquare. 


of Nero. 


Q U 


| UADERNA, a town of Italy. 


Quant, an antient nation of Ger- 


many, near the country of the Marco- 
manni, on the borders of the Danube, in 
modern Moravia. 
ſelves celebrated by their oppoſition to the 
Romans, by whom they were often de- 
feated, though not totally ſubdued, 
in Germ. 42 & 43. 


They rendered them- 


Tactit. 
An. 2, c. 63. 

QUADEATUS, a firngme given to Mer- 
becauſe ſome of his ſtatues were 
A governor of Syria in the age 


Quavrntrrons or QUADKRICEPS, A 


fiznarne of Janus, becauſe he was repre- 


QU 


ſented with four heads. He had a temple 
on the Tarpeian rock, raiſed by L. Ca 
tulus. 

QUAESTORES, two officers at Rome, firlt 
created A. U. C. 269. They received thei 
name a quarendo, becauſe they collected 
the revenues of the ſtate, and had the ton 

management of the public treaſury. The 
queilorſhip was the firſt office which could 
be had in the ſtate. It was requiſite tz 
the candidates ſhould be 24 or 25 yea! 
"of age, or according to ſome 27. In tht 
year 332, U. C. two more were ad 
ded to the others, to attend the conſuls 
to take care of the py of the armes 


ab! 620 


a0! 
whic 
Thel 
& het 
recei 
Ron 
lor. 
tend 
prov 
cuſte 
to th 
ciule 
ors, 

1£4ts 
dent 
in th 
app. 
any 

ſhip 
calie 
were 
tue! 
care, 
and 

er c 
whe 
Tie) 
triur 
be h 
of tl 
been 
title 

ceive 
a vie 
firm 
erty 
baita 
and 

decl: 
the 
with 
riſe t 
once 
ethey 
time 
tent 

ed 7 
gene 


celebrated 
ſtagnated 
ſurface of 
Deucalion. 
Was pro- 
nd ſent by 
, Who was 
1a eſcaped 
wer, who 
he remain» 
and after. 
1 ſhape in 
gave birth 
as ſoon as 
nſter, and 
d in com. 
ch he had 
brated Py. 
8 „ % hk 
1, v. 43), 


proftitute 
hom Alex- 
ruſted with 
arried her; 
d the very 
oing to be 
jendid mo- 
om Athens 
30 talen. 
, & e. 
en to the 
at Delphi. 
this. [Via 
was com- 
ttempted to 


b 
cte who ob- 
ames, Pail, 


ad a temple 
by L. C. 


t Rome, firll 
r ceived then 
ey collected 
had the tod 
aſury. Ide 
which could 
equiſite tha 
or 25 yen 
27. Int 
e were 20 
the conſuls 
the armics 

abrvad, 


Q-U 


abroad, and to ſell the plunder and booty! 
which had been acquired by conqueſt. 
Theſe were called Peregrini, whilſt the 
& hers, whoſe employment was in the city, 
received the naine of Urbeni, When the 
Romans were maſters of all Italy, four 
more were created, A. U. C. 439, to at- 
tend the pra- conſuls and propretors in their 
provinces, and to ovlicet all the taxes and 
cuſtoms which each particular diſtrict owed ! 
to the republic, They were called Provin- 
ciales, Sy la the dictator created 20 queſt- 
ors, and J. Cæſat 40, to fill up the vacant 
(cats in the ſenate; from whence it is evi— 
dent that the quæſtors ranked as ſenators 
in the ſenate. The quæſtors were always 
appointed by the ſenate at Rome, and if 
any perſon was appointed to the quæſtor- 
ſhip without their p£1miſhon he was only 
ealied Proqueſior. The queftores urbani 
were apparently af more conſequence than 
tne reli, the treaſury was entruſted to their 
care, they kept an account of all receipts 
end diſburſements, and the Roman eagles 
er enſigns were always in their poſſeſſion 
when the armies were not on an expedition. 
Tixy required every gener:4 betore he 
triumphed to tell them, upon his vath, that 
be had given a juſt account of the number 
of the lain on both tules, and that he had 
been ſaluted imperator by the ſoldiers, a 
title which every commander generally re- 
ceived from his army after he had obtained 
a victory, and which was afterwards con- 
firmed and approved by the ſenate. The 
city quæſtors had alſo the care of the am- 
baſſadors, they lodged and received them, 
and ſome time after, when Auguſtus was 
declared emperor, they kept the decrees of 
the ſenate, which had been before entruſted 
with the ediles and the tribunes. This gave 
riſe to two new offices of truſt and honor, 
one of which was que/ter patatii, and the 
ether guter principils or aug, fome- 
times called candidatus principis, The 
tent of the quæſtor in the camp was call- 
ed qruzſtorium, It ſtood near that of the 
general. 

QUARK, a people of Gaul. 

QUARIUS, a river of Beevtia. 

QUERCENS, a Rutulan who fought ; 
againſt the Trojans. Vg. An. g, v. 684. | 

QUERQUETUL ANUS, a name given to 
mount Cœlius at Rome, from the oaks | 
which grew there. Tacit. An. 4, c. 65. 

Qu1itT1s FANUM, a temple without the | 
walls of the city of Rome. Quies was the 
guddeſs of reſt. Her temple was fituate 
near the Colline gate. 

L. Qu1iET vs, an officer under the empe- 
ror Trajan, who behaved with great valor 
the rxpcditions Which were yudertaken 


A_ AS 


Q U 


by the army which he commanded. He 
was put to death by Adrian, 

QuiN TIA PRATA, Vid QuINTIA. 

QUuiNncCTiIAvUs, a man who counfpired 
againſt Nero, for which he was put to 
death. | ; 

QU1xCTILiA, a comeflian who refuſed 
to betray a conſpiracy which had been 
tormed againſt Caligula. 

QUuiNnCTiCus T. a Roman conſul who 
gained ſome victories over the qui and 
the Volſci, and obtained a triumph tur ſub- 
duing Piæneſte. Cſo, a man accuſed 
before the Roman people, and vindicated 


by nis father Cincinnatus. A Roman 
celebrated for his frugality. [Id. (icin - 
nutus.] A maſia of horſe. A Ro- 


man conſul when Annibal invaded Italv. 
A brother of Flaminius, baniſhed 
from the ſenate hy Cato, for killing a Gaul, 
An ofticer killed by the Carthagi- 
nians. An ofkcer under Dolabe lla. 
Another who detcated the Latins, A 
conſul who obtained a victory over the 
Vollci. Hirpinus. F741, Hirpinus. 

QUINDA, a town of Cilicia. 

QUuINDECIMYITRI, an order of prieſts 
whom Tarquin the proud appointed to take 
care of the Sibylline books. They were 
originally two, but afterwards the number 
was increaſed to ten, to whom Sylla added 
hve more, whence their name. IId. De- 
cemviri & Duumviri. 

QuIixQUATRtA, a feſtival in honor of 
Minerva at Rome, which continued during 
tive days, The beginning of the celebration 
was the 1$th of March. The firſt day's 
ſacrihces and oblations were preſented, but, 
nowever, without the effuſion of blood. 
On the ſecond, third, and fourth days, 
ſhows of gladiators were exhibited, and. 
on the fifth day there was a ſolemn pro- 
ceſſion through the ſtieets of the city. On 
the days of the celebration, ſcholars ob- 
tained holy days, and it was uſual for them 
to offer prayers to Minerva for learning 
and witdom, which the goddeſs patronized ; 
and on their return to ſchool, they pre- 
lented their maſter uh a gift which has 
ceceived the name of Minerval, They were 
much the fame at the Panathenza of the 
Greeks, Plays were alſo atted and diſ- 
putations were held on ſubjects of litera- 
ture. They received their name from the 


{ frve days which were devoted for the, cele- 


bration. 

QUINQUENNALES LUDI, games Ccle- 
brated by the Chians in honor of Homer 
every fifth year. Thete were alſo ſome 
games among the Romans which bore this 


name. They are the ſame as the Actiau 
games. Vid. Actia. | 
Yy 4 Quitte, 


2 

QOursrrAvRAT4A, a place on the bor- 
ders of the Tiber near Rome, which had 
been cultivated by the great Cincinnatus. 
Liv. 3. c. 26. 

Qv15T1iL1Anus Marcus Fabius, a cele- 

brated rhetorician born in Spam. He 
opened a ſchool of rhetoric at Rome, and 
was the firſt who obtained a ſalary from the 
ſtate as being a public teacher. After he 
had remained twenty years in this laborious 
employment, and obtained the merited ap- 
plauſe of the moſt illuſtrious Romans, not 
only as a preceptor, but as a pleader at the 
bar, Quintilian, by the permiſſion of the 
emperor Domitian, retired to enjoy the 
fruits of his labors and induftry. In his 
retirement he aſſiduouſly dedicated his time 
to the ſtudy of literature, and wrote a 
treatiſe on the cauſes of the corruption of 
eloquence. Some time after, at the preſſ- 
ing ſolicitations of his friends, he wrote his 
inflitutiones oratoriæ, the moſt perfect and 
complete ſyſtem of oratory extant. It is 
divided into 12 books, in which the author 
explains from obſervation, as well as from 
experience, what can conſtitute a good and 
perfect oratur, and in this he not only men- 
tions the purſuits and the employments of 
the rhetorician, but he alſo ſpeaks of his 
education, and begins with the attention 
which ought to be thewn him even in lus 
cradle, He was appointed preceptor to the 
two young princes whom Domitian deſtined 
for his ſucceſſors on the throne, but the 
prom which the rhetorician rcecived 
rom the favors and the attention of the 
emperor, and from the ſucceſs which his 
writings met in the world, were embittered 
by the loſs of his wife, and of his two ſons. 
It is ſaid that Quintilian was poor in his 
retirement, and that his indigence was re- 
lieved by the lib-rality of his pupil, Pliny 
the younger. He died A. D. 95. His 
inſtitutions were diſcoveied in the 1415th 
year vi the Chriſtian era, in an old tower 
of a monaſtery at St. Gal, by Poggio Brac- 
ciolini, a native of Florence. The beſt 
editions of Quintilizn are thoſe of Getner, 
gto. Gotting. 1738; of IL. Bat. 8vo. cum 
rotis wariorum 1665; of Gibſon, 410. 
Oxon. 1693; and that of Rollin repub- 
liſhed in 8vo. London, 1792. 
' QuinTILius VARUVS, a Roman gover- 
nor of Syria. [ Vid. Nas. A friend 
of the emperor Alexander. A man put 
to death by the emperor Severus. 

QUINTILLA, a courtezan at Rome, & c. 
Fuv. 7, v. 75. | 
" QuinTILLUs M. Aurelius Claudius, a 
brother of Claudius, who proclaimed him- 
ſelt 'emperor, and 17 days after deſtroyed 
himſelf d by opening his veins in a bath, 


| 


| 


Q U 
when he heard that Aurelian was marching 
againſt lim, about the 270th year of the 
Chriſtian era. 


QuirTUs, or QUINCTIUS, one of the 


names of Cincinnatus. Perf. t, v. 73. 
QUuixNTVvs CuzTius RuFvs, a Latin 
hiſtorian, who floriſhed, as ſome ſuppoſe, 
in the reign of Veſpaſian or Trajan. He 
has rendered himſelt known by his hiſtory 
of the reign of Alexander the great. This 
hittory was divided into 10 books, of 
which the two firſt, the end of the fifth, 
and the beginning of the fixth are loft, 


| This work is admired for its elegance, the 


purity, and the floridneſs of the ſtyle. It 
is however blamed for great anachroniſms, 
and glaring miſtakes in geography, as well 
as hiſtory, Freinſhemius has written a 
ſupplement to Curtius, in which he ſeems 


for the loſy which the hiſtory has ſuffered, 
by a learned collection of facts and circum- 
ſtances from all the different authors who 
have employed their pen in writing an ac- 
count of Alexander, and of his Abatic 
conqueſts. Some ſuppoſe that the hiſtorian 
is the ſame with that Curtius Rufus, who 
lived in the age of Claudius, under whom 
he was made conſul. This Rutus was born 
of an obſcure family, and he attended a 
Roman quzſtor in Africa, when he was 
met at Adrumetum by a woman above an 
human ſhape, as he was walking under the 
porticos in the midele of the day. This 
extraordinary character addrefſed the indi- 
gent Roman, and told him that the day 
ſhould come in which he ſhould govern 
Atrica with conſular power. This ſtrange 
prophecy animated Rufus; he repaned to 
Rome, where he gained the favors of the 
emperor, obtained cunſular hunors, and at 
laſt retired as pru-conſul to Africa, where 
he died. The beſt editions of Curtius are 
thoſe of Elzevir, 8vo. Amſt. 1673; of 
Snakenburg 4to. L. Bat. 1724; and of 
Barbou, 12mo. Paris 1757. Tacit. ann, 
11, c. 23, &c. 

Quix1Us ViRANIUS, a governor ef 
Cappadocia, Cicero, the brother of Ci- 
CCro, Catulus, a Roman coulul. A 
friend of Cælar. 

QUIKINALIA, fcftivals in honor of Ro- 
mulus, ſignamed Quirinus, celebrated on 
the 13th of the calends of March. 

QUIKINALLS, 4 viilat Rome, originally 
called Agonins, and afterwards Cellinus. 
The name of Quirinalis it obtained from the 
inhabitants of Curcs, who ſettled therc un- 
der their King Tatius. It was alſo called 
Cabalinus, from two marble ſtatues of 2 
horſe, one of which was the work of Phi- 
dias, and the other of Praxiteles, Liv. 1, 


0. 44 


to have made ſome very ſatisfactory amends, 


. 44 - 
conan] 
Quirin 

n 
the R 


janus. 
at Lan 
obtcur 
honors 
guvern 
made 
the em 
the gr 
but ſo 
diated 
Ann. 7 


f 


to Pto| 
monate 
pay hu! 
danger 
Egypt 
Rome, 
ing ler 
unlawf 
by Cid 
Cc. pr 
of Aus 
tory wi 
tony at 
to Vary 
Quinti 
— A 
tan, w 
empero 


revolte 
thens. 
Raw 
Rhamf{ 
Raw 
three c. 
ter the 
three tr 
109 yoi 
milics, 
ties of 


ching 
of the 


of the 


3 
Latin 
ypoſe, 


mums, 
1s well 
ten a 
ſee ms 

mends 
tered, 
ircum- 
s who 
an ac- 
Aſiatic 
iſtorian 
„ Who 
whom 

as born 
nded a 
Ne was 
ove an 
der the 
This 

e indi- 
he day 
govern 

range 
aned to 
of the 
and at 
where 
'tius are 
73; of 
and of 
it. aun. 


rnor ef 
r of Ci- 
oh 


r of Ro- 
ated on 


iginally 
Cellinus. 
from the 


Q VU 
e. 44 -— Ovid. Faſt. 375. Met. 14, v. 845. 
One of the gates of Rome near mount 
Quirinalts. 

QUizInNUs, a firname of Mars among 
the Romans. This name was alſo given 
% Romulus when he had been made a gud 
by his ſuperſtitious ſubjects. Ovid. Faſt. 
2, v. 478. Alſo a ſirname of the god 
janus. Sulpitius, a Roman conſul burn 
at Lanuvium. Though deſcended of an 
obſcure family, he was raifed to the greateſt 
honors by Auguſtus. He was appointed 
governor of Syria, and was afterwards 
made pieceptor to Caius, the grandſon of 
the emperor. 
the grand-daughter of Syila and Pompey, 
but ſome time after he ſhamefully repu- 
diated her. He died A. D. 22. 
Aun. 3, &c. 


He married Amilia Lepida, 


Tacit. 


Wo 
Qu:riTEs, a name given to the Roman 
citizens, becauſe they admitted inta their 
city the Sabines, who inhabited the town 
of Cures, and who on that account were 
called Quirites. After this union, the two 
nations were indiſcriminately and promiſcu- 
ouſly called by that name. It is, however, 
to he obſerved that the word was confined 
at Rome, and not uſed in the armies, as 
we tind ſome of the generals applying & 
only to ſuch of their ſoldiers as they diſ- 
mifled or diſgraced. Even ſome of the 
emperors appealed a ſedition, by calling 
their rebellious ſoldiers by the degrading 
appellation of Quirites. Sueten. Cæſ. 70. 
—Laemprid. 53. — Lucas 5, v. 558.— Ho- 
rat. 4, od. 14, v. 1.—FVarro. de L. L. 4. 
—Liv. 1, c. 13.— Ovid. Faft. 2, v. 479. 


| 


* 


R A 


ABIRIUS, C. 
who lent an immenſe ſum of money 
to Ptolemy Auletes, king of Egypt. The 
monarch afterwards, ngt only refuted to re- 
pay him, but even confined him, and en— 
dangered his life. Rabirius eſcaped from 
Egypt with dithciulty, but at his return to 
Rome, he was accuſed by the ſenate of havy- 
ing lent money to an Alrican prince, for 
unlawful purpoſes. He was ably deſended 
by Cicero, and acquitted with difhculty, 
Lic, pro Rab. A Latin poet in the age 
of Auguſtus, who wrote a poem on the vic- 
tory which the emperor had gained over An- 
tony at Actium. Seneca has compared lim 
to Virgil for elegance and majcity, bat 
WQuintilian is not fe favorable to his poetry. 
——An architect in the reign of Domi- 
tian, who built a eclcbrated palacc for the 
emperor, of which the ruins arc ſtill feen at 
Rome. 

RaciLra, the wife of Cincinnatus. Liv. 
3, e. 26. 

RaciLivs, a tribune who complained 
in the ,fenate of the faction of Clodius. 
Gi. in Very. 2, c. 12. ad Q. fr. 2, c. 1. 

RE&$SACEs, an officer of Artaxerxes. He 
revolted from his maſter, and fled to A- 
thens, 

Rauisks, a king of Egypt. Vid. 
Rbamſes. 

RAMNks, or RHAMNENSES, one of the 
three centuries inſtituted by Romulus. Af- 
ter the Roman people had been divided into 
three tribes, the monarch elected out of each 
100 young men of the beſt aud nobleſt fa- 
milics, with which he formed three compa» 
ties of horſe. One of them was called 


a Roman knight, 


— 


R E 


Ramnes, either from the tribe of which i 
was choſen, or from Romulus. Another 
was called Tatian, and the third Zucercs. 
"arr, de L. I. 4, c. 9.—Liv. 1, c. 13.— 
Horat. de Art. poct. 340.— Plat. in Rom. 

RANDA, a village of Perſia, where 3008 
rebellious Perfhans were flain by Chiles. 
Pelyen. 7. | 

Rayo, a Rutulian chief, & c. Firg. Zn. 
10, v. 748. 

RasciP3L1s, a Macedonian ſent to the 
aſſiſtance of Pompey. Cæſur. bell. Civ. 3, 
e. 4 

RAVTNNA, a town of Italy on the Ad- 
riatic, which became celebrated under the 
Roman emperors for its capacious harbour, 
which could contain 250 ſhips, and for being 
for ſome time the {eat of the weſtern empire. 
It was difficult of acceſs by land, as u ſtood 
on a ſmall peninſula; and fo 1ll ſupplied 
with water, that it fold at a higher price 
than wine, according to Martial. The em- 
perors kept one of their fleets there, and 
the other at Miſenum, on the other ſide of 
Italy. It was founded by a colony of 
Theſſalians, or, according to others, of Sa- 
bines. Strab. 5. — Sue. in Aug. 49.— 
Lin. 36, c. 12.—Aſcla. 2, c. 4. — Martial. 
ep 93, v. 8, &c. 

RAVNLA, a celebrated debauchee, &c. 
Jus, q. 

Rausact, a people of Gaul, whoſe 
chief town is now Augſt on the Rhine, 
Cæſ. G. 1, c. 5- 

REIT Tx, a pleaſant town of Umbria, builr 
as ſome ſuppoſe before the Trojan war, about 
15 miles from Fanum Vacunæ, ncar tha 


lake Velinus, Cybele was the chick gcity 


8. 


ä—)—— — — 


Romans raiſed a temple to this imaginary 


. rici, now the people of Rernes and St. Mae 


of the place. It was famous for its aſſes. 
Strab. 5,—Dionyſ. Hat. 1,—Varrd. de R. R. 
T.-L. 25, c. 7.1. 26, c. 11.1. 28, c. 45. 
—Cic. Cat. 3, c. 2. N. 2 2, C. 2. 
RevictLvs, a deity whoſe name is de- 
rived from the word redry-, (to return). The 


deity on the (pot where Annibal had re— | 
tired when he hr ADE Rome, as if to 
deſiege it. 

Rupees, a nation among the Armn- 


Hes, in Britanny. Ce]. B. E. 2, e. 46. 

REoitlLx, or RrG!LLUM, a town in 
the country of the Sabines in Italy, about 
20 miles from Rome, celebrated for a battle 
which was fought there, A. U. C. 258, be- 
tween 24,000 Romans, and 40,000 Etru- 
rians, who were headed by the Tarquins. 
The Romans obtained the victory, and 
ſcarce 16,c00 of the enemy elcaped from 
the feld of battle. Caſtor and Pollux, ac- 
cording to ſome accounts, were ſeen mount- 
ed on white horles, and hgliting at the head 
of the Roman army. Liv. 2, c. 16.—Dt- 
eny/. Hal. 5.— Plat. in 5 2r .—V al. Max. 1. 
w— Flor. 1.—Suet. Tib. 


REG1LLIANUS, Q. 2 Nowrts, a Dacian 
who entered the Komen armics, and was 
raiſed to the greateſt honors under Valerian. 
He was elected emperor by the populace, 
who werc diſſatisfied with Gallienu:, and was 
ſoon after murdered by his ſoldiers, A. D. 
262. 

ReciLLvs, a ſmall lake of Latium, 
whoſe waters fall into the Anto, at the eaft 


of Rome. The dictator Poſthumius de- 
feated the Latin army near it. Liv. 2, c 
x9. 


Reoinum, à town of Germany, now 
fuppoſed Ratiſbon or Regenſburg. 

RecirumMm LEey1DVM, a town of Modena, 
now Regie, at the ſouth of tie Po. Fiin, 
I, ©. 15.— Cie. 2, fam. $. I. 83s . N. 

M. ATT1i11vus Rrad tus, a conſul dure 
ing the firſt Funic war. He reduced Brun- 
duhum, and in his ſceond conſulſhip he took 
64, and ſunk zo, gillics of the Carthagi- 
nian fleet, on the coaſls of Sicily. After- 
wards he landed in Africa, and ſo rapid was 
his ſucceſs, that in a ſhort time he made 
himſeif maſter of about 200 places of con- 
ſequence on the coaſt. The Carthaginians 
frd for peace, but the conqueror refuſed to 
grant it, and {von attcr he was defeated in 
a battle by Xanthippus, gud 30,000 of his 
men were left on the field of battle, and 
1 5,000 taken priſoners, Regulus was in the 


number of the captives, and he was carried 


in triumph to Cutbage. He was atterwards 

ſent by the enemy to Rome, to propole an 

accommodation, and an exchange of pri- 

ners; and it lus commithon was unfuc- 
6 


—  — 


ceſsful, he was bound by the moſt folemn 
oaths to return to Carthage, without delay. 

When he came to Rome, Regulus diſſuaded 
his counttymen from accepting the terms 
which the enemy propoſed, and when his 
opinion had had due influence on the ſenate, 
Regulus retired to Carthage agreeable to his 
engagements. The Carthagimans were told 
that their offers of peace had heen rejected 
at Rome, by the means of Regulus, and 
therefore they prepared to puniſh him with 
the greateſt ſeverny. His eye-brows were 
cut, and he was expoſed for ſome days to 
the exceſſive heat of the meridian ſun, and 
afterwards Confined in a barrel, whoſe fides 
were every where filled with large iron 
{pikes, till de died in the greateſt agonies, 
is ſutferings were heard at Rome, and the 
{enate permitted his widow to inflict what» 


; ever puniſhment ſhe pleaſed on ſome of the 


moſt illuſtrious captives of Carthage, who 
were in their hands. She confincd them 
alto in prefſes filled with ſharp iron points, 
and was ſo exquifite in her cruelty, that 
the ſenate at laſt interfered, and topped the 
harbarity of her puniſhments. Regulus 
died about 251 ycars before Chriſt. Si. 6, 
v. 319.,—Ftoyr. 2, c. 3.—ltforat. 3, Od. 5.— 
Cie, de off. 1, c. 13.— ul. Max. 1, c. 1. l. 
9, e. 2.— Lin. ep. 16. Memmius, a 
Roman made governor of Greece by Cali- 
gula. While Kegulus was in his province, 
the emperor wiſhed to bring the celebrated 
ſtatue of Jupiter Oly mpius, by Phidias, to 
Rome; but this was ſupernaturally pre- 
vented, and according to antient authors, 
the ſhip which was to convey it was de- 
firoyed by lightning, and the workmen 
who attempted to remove the ſtatue, were 
terrified away by ſudden noiſes. Dis. (. 
A man who condemned Sejanus.——- 
Roſcius, a man who held the conſulſhip 
but ſor one day, in the reign of Vitellius. 

KEmMr, a nation of Gaul, whoſe principal 
town Duricortorium, is now Rheims, in 
the north of Champagne, Plin, 4, c. 17.— 
Caf. B. G. 2, c. 5. 

RE MNMIA LIX de judicits, was enacted to 
puniſh all calumniators. The letter K was 
marked on thei forehead. This law was 
aboliſhed by Conſtantine the Great, (,. 
Pro K. 


Rtub bus, a chief of Tibur whoſe arms 
| were ſeized by the Rutultans, and afterwaras 
| became part of the plunder which Euryalus 
| obtained. PFirg. An. 9, v. 360.— 4 
friend of Turnus, trampled to death by I: 
horſe; which Orfiluchus had wounded, 1d. 
11, v. 636, &c. 


|  RimiTLvs Svr. vIUs, a king of Alba, de- 

| ſtroy ed by lightning on I of his im- 

| piety. . 1. 4, v 

REMUR1A, festivals cdablimed at — 
/ 


ſolemn 
 Gelay, 
ſſuaded 
term; 
nen his 
ſenate, 
e to his 
ere told 
jeched 
us, and 
m with 
s were 
days to 
un, and 
xe ſides 
ge iron 
agonies. 
and the 
Q what- 
ie of the 
ge, who 
ed them 
n points, 
ity, that 
pped the 
Regulus 
il. 65 
Nd. 5.— 
. 
1mius, 2 
by Cali- 
province, 
elchrated 
nidias, to 
ally pre- 
authors, 
Vas de- 
workmen 
atue, were 
Dis. (Call. 
2nus.— 
conſulſhip 
Vitelhus. 
e principal 
Theims, in 
4, c. 17.— 


enacted to 
tter K was 
s law uns 
reat. Ci: 


vhoſe arms 
| afterwards 
ch Euryalus 
360, —4 
Icath by las 
unded. 14. 


of Alba, de- 
of his im- 


ed at Rome 
by 


R H 


by Romulus, to appeaſe the manes of his 


brother Remus. They were afterwards call- 
ed Lemuria, and celebrated yearly. 
Remus, the brother of Romulus, was 
expoſed together with him, by the cruelty 
of his grandfather. In the conteſt which 
happened between the two brothers about 
building a city, Romulus obtained the pre- 
ference, and Remus, for ridiculing the rifing 
walls, was put to death by his brother's or- 
ders, or by Romulus himfelf, [Vid. Ro- 
mulus.] The Romans were atflited with a 
plague after this murder, upon which the 
oracle was conſulted, and the manes of 
Remus appeaſed by the inſtitution of the 


Remuria. Ovid. One of the auxiliaries 
of Turnus againſt Ancas. Virg. An. , 
v. 330. 


RESs NA, a town of Meſopotamia, fa- 
mous for the defeat of Sapor by Gordian, 

Resvs, a ſmall river of Aſia Minor, fall- 
ing into the Mæander. 

RETINA, a village near Miſenum. Pin. 
6, ep. 16. 

RevpiGcNr, a nation of Germany. Tucit. 
de Germ. 40. 

Ru A, a large river, now the Volga, of 
Ruſha. A medicinal root which grew on 
its bank was called Rha barbarum, RAU- 
barb. 

RuaAcliA, a promontory in the Mediter- 
rancan ſca, projecting from the Pyrenean 
mountains, 

Raacivs, a Cretan prince, the firſt of 
that nation why entered Tonia with a colo- 
ny. He ſeized Claros, of which he became 
the ſovercign. He married Manto, the 
daughter of Tireſias, who had bcen ſeized 
on his coaſts, Parf. 7, c. 3. 

Rus cöris, an antient name of Alexan— 
dria, the capital of Egypt. Strab,—Pauf. 
Ke. . 

RHADAMANTHUS, a fon of Jupiter and 
Europa, He was born in Crete, which he 
abandoned about the zoth year of his age. 
He paiſed into ſome of tl Cyclades, where 
he reigned with ſo much juſtice and impar- 
tiality, that the antients have faid he be- 
came one of the judges of hell, and that he 
was employed in the infernal regions in 
obliging the dead to confels their crimes, and 
in puniſhing them for their offences. Rha- 
damanthus reigned not only over fome of 
the Cyclades, but over many of the Greek 
cities of Aſia. Pau. 8, c. 53.—0wvid, Met. 
9, v. 435.— Diad. 5.— Plato, — Homer. Il. 4, 
v. $64.—Pirg. u. 6, v. 566. 

RHADAMISTUS, a ſon of Pharnatmanes 
king of Iberia. He married Zenobia, the 
daughter of his uncle Mithridates, king of 
Armenia, and ſome time after put hin to 


death, He was put death by his father 


Joſtris. 


R H 


for his cruelties, about the year 52 of the 


Chriſtian era, Tacit, Ann, 13, c. 37. 
Raavnivrs, a ſon of Nel:us. 
RHATEUM, a city of Phrygia. 
Rur, or Rr, an antient and war- 

like nation of Etruria. They were driven 

from their native country by the Gauls, and 
went to ſettle on the other fide of the Alps. 

Vid. Rhatia, Plin, 3, c. 20.—Juſtin. 20, 

e. 5. 

Rn =T1A, a country at the north of Italy, 
between the Affps and the Danube, which 
now forms the territories of the Griſons, of 
Tyrol, and part of Italy. It was divided 
into two parts, R/etia prima and Rhetia ſe- 
canda, The firſt extended from the ſources 
of the Rhine to thoſe of the Licus, a {mail 
river which falls intF the Danube. The 
other, called alſo Vindelicia, extended from 
the Licus to another ſmall river called CEnus, 
towards the caſt, The principal towns cf 
Rhetia were called Curia, Tridentum, Be- 
lunum, Feltria. The Rnætians rendered 
themſelves formidable by the frequent inva- 
ſions they made upon the Roman empire, 
and were at laſt conquered by Druſus, the 
brother of Tiberius, and others under the 
Roman emperors. Vrg. G. 2, v. 96.— 
Strab. 4. — Fin. 3, o. 20. l. 14, c. 2, &c.— 
Herat. 4, Od. 4 & 14. 

Ru AHS, a King and augur, who aſſiſt- 
ed Turnus againſt /ZEnens. He was killed 
in the night by Niſus. Vg. u. 9, v. 
325. 

RHAMNUSs, a town of Attica, famous for 
a temple of Amphiaraus, and a ſtatue of the 
goddeſs Nemeſis, who was from thence call- 
ed Khamnufia, This ſtatue was made by 
Phidias, out of a block of Parian marble 
which the Perhans intended as a pillar to be 
erected to commemorate their expected 
victory over Greece, Pauf. 1.—Plin. 36. 

Ru AuNusla, a name of Nemeſis. Vid. 
Rhamnus. 

RuAaMPsINITUS, an opulent king of 
Egypt who ſucceeded Proteus. He built- a 
large tower with ſtones, at Memphis, where 
his rickes were depoſited, and of which he 
was robbed by the artihce of the architect, 
&c. Herodot. 2, c. 121, &c. 

RHAMSES, or RAMISES, a powerful king 
of Egypt, who with an army of 700,000 
men, conquered Ethiopia, Libya, Perſia, 
and other caſtern nations. In his reign, 
according to Pliny, Troy was taken. Some 
authors conſider him to be the ſame as Se- 

Tacit. Ann, 2, c. 60.—LPlin. 36, 

e. 8. g 
RuAN is, one of Diana's attendant 

nymphs. Ovid. Met. 3. 


Ru Akos, or RHARIUM, a plain of At- 
tica, where corn was tut ſown by Tripto- 
lemus, 


— —— — — 


— 


. 


—— —— ˙ L — — 


le mus. It received its name from the ſower's 
father, who was called Rharos. 

Ruscus, a king a Thrace, who 
invaded the poſſeſſions of Cotys, and was 
Put to death by order of Tiberius, & c. Tacit. 
tn. 2, e. bg.  ; | 

Rita, a daughter of Coalus and Terra, 
who mariied Saturn, by whom the had V eſta, 
Ceres, Juno, Pluto, Neptune, &c,, Her 
huſband, however, devoured them all as foon 
as born, as he had ſfucceeded tv the throne 
with the ſolemn promiſe that he would raiſe 
no male children, or according to others, 
becauſe he had been informed by an oracle, 
that one of his ſuns would dethrone him. 
To ſtop the cruelty of her huſband, Rhea 
conſulted her parents, and was advited to 
impoſe upon him, br perhaps to fly into 
Crete. Accordingly, when ſhe brought 
forth, the child was immediately concealed, 
and Saturn devoured up a ſtone which his 
wife had given him as her own child. The 
fears of Saturn were ſoon proved to be well 
founded, A year after, the child, whoſe 
name was Jupiter, became fo ſtrong and 
powerful, that he drove his father from his 
throne. Rhea has been confounded by the 
mvthologitts with ſome of the other god- 
die ſles, and many have ſuppoſed that the 
Was the fame divinity that received adora- 
tion under the various names of Bona Dea, 
Cybeclc, Dindymena, Magna mater, Ceres, 
ena, Titæa and Terra, Tellus, and Ops. 
"T7 id. Cybele, Ceres, Veſta, c.] Rhea, af- 
ter the expulſion of her huſband from his 
throne, followed him to Italy, where he eſ- 
rubliſhed a kingdom. Her benevolence in 
this part of Europe was ſo great, that the 
golden age of Saturn is often called the age 
of Rhea. cia. Theog. — Orpheus. in 
tHlymn,—-Homer, ib.— A ſchy!. Prom. — Eu- 
1pid, Bace, & Elec. Ovid. Faft. 4, v. 197. 
— Apoliod. i, c. I, &c. Sylvia, the 
mother of Romulus aud Remus. She is 
alſo called Ilia. Fid. Ilia. A nymph 
of Italy, who is ſaid to have borne a ſon 
called Aventinus to Hercules. Pirg. An. 
7, v. 659. 

RutBAs, or RHEBUs, a river of Bithy- 
nia, flowing from mount Olympus into the 
Euxine ſca. Flace. 7, v. 698. 

Ru D& Ns. Vid. Redones. 

Rur cem, now K Hege, a town of Italy, 
in the country af the Brutii, oppohte Met- 
ſana in Sicily, where a colony of Meſſenians 
uncler Alcidumidas ſetiled, B. C. 723. It 
was originally called Khegium, and after- 
wards Rhegium Julium, to diſtinguiſh it 
from Rhegium Lepidi, a town of Ciſalpine 
Gaul. Some ſuppoſe that it received its 


name from the Greek word nj⁰νn⁰ñ⁰fœõ h, 70 
$reab, becauſe it is ſituate on the ſtreights 
ot Carybd's, whick were formed when the: 


1 


iſland of Sicily, as it were, was broken and 
ſeparated from the continent of Italy. This 
town has always been ſubject to great 
earthquakes, by which it has often heen de- 
ſtroyed. The neighbourhood is remarkable 
for its great fertility, and for its delightful 
views. Sil. 13, v. 94.—Cic. pro Arch, 3.— 
Ovid. Met. 14, v. 5 & 48.—Tuftin, 4, c. 1, 
— Mela. 2, c. 4.— Straß. 6. 

RneGusc1, a people of the Alps. 

Rur ii. Vid. Remi. 

Ruk vr, a imall ifland of the Agean, 
about 200 yards from Delos, 18 miles in 
circumference, The inhabitants of Delos 
always buried their dead there, as their own 
ifland was conſecrated to Apollo, where no 
dead bodies were to be inhumated. Stra- 
bo ſays, that it was uninhabited, though 
it was once as populous and floriſhing as the 
reſt of the Cyclades, Polycrates conquered 
it, and conſccrated it to Apullo, after ne had 
tied it to Delos by means of a long chain. 
Rhene was ſometimes called the ſmall De- 
los, and the iſland of Delos the great 
Delos. Thucyd. 3.—Strab. 10.—Mela, 2, 
8. 7 
4 Ritx1, a people on the borders of the 
Rhine. 

RuEN s, one of the largeſt rivers of Eu- 
rope, which civides Germany from Gaul. 
It riſes in the Rixtian Alps, and falls into 
the German ocean, Virgil has called it 
bicoyrnis, becauſe it divides itſelf into two 
ſtreams. The river Rhine was a long time 
a barrier between the Romans and the Ger- 
mans, and on that account its banks were 
covered with firong caſtles. J. Cæſar was 
the firſt Roman who croſſed it to invade 
Germany. The waters of that river were 
held in great vencration, and were ſuppoſed 
by the anticnt Germans to have fome pecu- 
liar virtue, as they threw their children into 
it, either to try the fidelity of the mothers, 
or to brace and invigorate their limbs. If 
the child ſwam on the ſurface, the mother 
was acquitted of ſuſpicion, but if it ſunk 
to the bottom, its origin was deemed ille- 
gitimate. In modcin geography the Rhine 
is known as dividing itſelf into four large 
branches, the Waal, Lech, Iflel, and the 
Rhine, That branch which til] retains the 
name of Rhine, loſes itſelf in the ſands 
above modern Leyden, and is afterwards 
no longer known by its antient appellation, 
ſince the year 860, A. D. when the inun- 
dations of the ſca deſtroyed the regularity 
of its mouth. Cid. Met. 2, v. 258.— 
Strab. 4.—NMetg. 2, c. 5. I. 3, c. 2.4 
far de bell. G. 4, c. 10.— Tacit. Ann. 2, e. 
6.—Virg. An. 8, v. 727. A \mall river 
of Italy, falling into the Po on the ſouth, 
now Rg. Sit, 8, v. 600. lin. 3, c. 16. 
J. 16, c. 36. mY | 


R«E9s 


NR. 


ginal 
war | 
conti. 


en and 
This 
great 
en de- 
rk able 
igt ful 


5 


. * 
Ly . 1. 


Egean, 
nes in 
Delos 
ir own 
ere no 
Stra- 
though 
7 as the 
quered 
ne had 
chain. 
all De- 
great 
ela, 2, 


of the 


of Eu- 
n Gaul. 
Us into 
alled it 
to two 
ng time 
ne Ger- 
KS Were 
ſar was 
mvadc 
er were 
uppoſed 
e pecu- 
ren into 
nothers, 
ibs. If 
mother 
it ſunk 
cd ille- 
Lt Rhine 
ur large 
and the 
ains the 
e ſands 
erwards 
cllation, 
Ce inun- 
-gularity 
2 58, 
2.— 4 
. 
all river 
e ſouth, 
35 C. 15. 


Ro- 


1 


Ruro mirs, a Perſian who revolted name. 


from Artaxerxes, &c. Died, 15, A Per- 


gan officer killed at the battle of Iſſus. Curt. 


25 e. 5 

RueSUs, a King of Thrace, ſun of the 
S$trymon and Terpfichore, or, according to 
others, of Eioneus by Euterpe. After many 


-warlike exploits and conqueits in Europe, 


he marched to the aſſiitance of Priam, king 
of Troy, againſt the Greeks. He was ex- 
pected with great impatience, as an antient 
oracle had declared, that Troy ſhould never 
ne taken, if the Forde of Rheſus drank 
the waters of the Xanthus, and fed upon 
the graſs of the Trojan plains. This oracle 
was well known to the Greeks, and there- 
fore two of their beſt generals, Diomedes 
and Ulyſſes, were commithoned by the red 
to intercept the Thracian prince. The 
Greeks entered his camp in the night, flew 
him, and carried away his horſes to their 
camp. Hemer. Il. 10. Die. t. 2.— 
2 I, c. 3. Vi:g. An. 1, v. 473. 
d. Met. 13, v. 98. 
RuyttoGENes, a prince of 8 


pain, Who | 


äTUT— — — — 


- —p—- -—— - 


R H 
c. 30. I. 38, c. 7.— Plin, 


Liv. 27 
4z C. 2. 

RuiyHa, or Rufpux, a town of Arca» 
dia. Stat. 4. Theb, v. 286. 

RaurynA&1, large mountains at the north 
of Scythia, where, as ſome ſuppoſe, the 
Gorgons had fixed their reſidence. The 
name of Riphzan was applied to any cold 
mountain in a northern country, and indeed 
theſe mountains ſeem to have exiſted only 
in the imagination of the poets, though 
ſome make the Tanais rite there. Plin, 4, 
c. I2.—Lucan, 3, v. 272. l. 3, v. 382. l. 
4, v. 418.— Vg. G. t, v. 240. |. 4, v 
51 

Ruixrnox, a Greek poet of Tarentum, 
in the age of Alexander. 

Ruryazvs, one of the Centaurs. Ovid, 
Met. A Trojan praiſed for kis juſtice, 
&c. Fire, Mn. 2, v. 426. Vid. Ripheus. 

Rurvm, Vid. Rhion. 

RarzoniTa, a people of Illyricum, 


— } Whoſe chief town was called RA/zinizm. 


| J. iu. 455 Co 26. 


( 


ſurrendered to the Romans, and was treat- | 


ed with great humanity. 
RAF rico, 2 mountain of Rhætia. 
Rates, a place in Arcadia, Pau. 8, 
8. . 
RHExXENOR, a ſon of Nauſithous, King 
of Phaacia. [ſomer. Id. 


Athens. 
Antony in Aſia. 


— ä—ͤGQä—iö— —AU!Dcc GO 


Ruo pa, now Kgſes, a ſea- port town of 
Spain. Liv. 34, c. 8. A town of the 
Rhone, from which the river received it 
name. It was ruined in Pliny's age. Pain. 
Jy e. 4. 

RHODANUS, a river of Gallia Narbo- 


nenſis, riſing in the Rhætian Alps, and fall- 


7..-—— The father 
or Chalciope, the wife of A{geus, king of | 


A muſician who accompanied 
nume of the Rhone. 


RuxXIBIUs, an athlete of Opus, Who 


obtained a prize at the Olympic games, 
Pauf. 6. 

RHarAnus, a Greek poet of Thrace, ori- 
ginally a ſlave. He wrote an account of the 
war between Sparta and Meflenia, which 
continued for twenty years, as alſo an hiſ- 
tory of the principal revolitions and events 
which had taken place in Thetlaly. Of 
this poetical compofition, nothing but a 
tew verſes are extant. He florithed about 
200 years before the Chriitian era. Pau. 4. 

Ru tba do, a river of Hyrcania, Curt. 
6, . 4. 

RHiMOTACLES, a king of Thrace, who 
revolted from Antony to Auguſtus, He 
boaited of his attachment to the emperor's 
perſon at an entertainment, upon which Au- 
guſtus laid, proditionem amo, preditores vero 
«7. 

RurtnocoLURA, a town on the borders 
of Paleſtine and Egypt. LV. 45, c. rr. 

Rutox, a promontory of Achala, oppo- 
ſite to Antirrhium in Atolia, at the mouth 
of the Corinthian gulf, called alſo the Dar- 
danelles of Lepanto. The ſtrait between 
Naupactum aud Patræ bore allo the {ame | 


—  - 


court. 


ing into the Mediterranean ſea, near Mar- 
leilles. It is one of the largeſt and moſt 
rapid rivers of Europe, now known by the 
Mala. 1, e. g. I. % ©. 
3.-—O0vid. At. 2, v. 258.— .I. 3, v. 447. 
— Marceil, 15, &c Cafe. bell. G. t, c. 
1. — lin, c. 4 —Strab. 4. —Lucan, 1, v. 
433. 1. 6, v. 475. 
Ruopr, a daughter of Neptune. Apolled. 
Of Danaus. 77. 
RRHODIA, one of the Oceanides. Heffod. 
A daughter of Danaus. polled. 
REHomoGyNer, a daughter of Phraates, 
king of Parthia, who married Demetrius, 
when he was in baniſhment at her father's 
Polyen. S. 
RaGDpGPr, or RHoDGPIS, a celebrated 


courtezan of Greece, who was fellow ſer» 


vant with Æſop, at the court of a king 
of Samos. She was carried to Egypt by 
Xanthus, and her liberty was at laſt boughr 
by Charazes of Mitylene, the brother of 
Sappho, who was enamoured of her, and 
who married her. She ſold her favors at 
Naucratis, where ſhe collected ſo much 


money, that, to render her name immortal, 


ſhe conſecrated a number of ſpits in the 
temple of Apollo at Delphi ; or, according . 
to others, erected one of the pyramids of 
Egypt. lian ſays, that as Rhodope was 
one day bathing herſelf, an eagle carried 

away 


* 


R H 


near Pſammetichus, king of Egypt, at 


Memphis. The monarch/ was ſtruck with 


the beauty of the ſandal, ſtrict enquiry was 
made to find the owner, and Rhodope, 


when diſcovered, marricd Piammetichus. 
Herovet. 2, c. 134, &c.—Ovid. Heroid, 15. 
—— /Elian. V. II. 13, c. 33. 


name, 


Rus pöpt, a high mountain of Thrace, 
extending as far as the Euxine fea, all acroſs 
the country, nearly in an caſtern direction. 
Rhodope, according to the poets, was the 


wife of Hemus, king of Thrace, who was 
changed into this mountain, becauſe the 
preferred herielf to Juno in beauty. 


v. 73.—Sereca. in Herc. Oet. 


Ruoporkius, is uſed in the ſame fig- 
nitication as Thracian, becauſe Rhodope 


Ovid. 
Heraid. 2.—Firg. G. 4, 


was a mountain of that country. 
PP . a. 
v. 461. 

Ruop⁰UN IA, the top of mount Gta. 
Liv. 36, c 16. 

Ro pus, a celebrated iſland in the Car- 
pathian ſea, 120 miles in circumference, at 
the ſouth of Caria, from which it is diſtant 
about 20 miles, ite principal cities were 
Rhodes, founded about 408 ycars before the 
Chriſtian era, Lindus, Camiſus, Jalylus. 
Rhodes was famous for the ſiege which it 
ſupported againſt Demetrius, and for a cc- 
lebrated ſtatue uf Apollo. [Fid. Colofſus.] 
The Rhodians were originally governed by 
kings, and were independent, but this go- 
vernment was at. Lit exchanged for a de- 
mocracy and an ariſtocracy. They were 
naturally given up to commerce, and during 
many ages, they were the moſt powerful 
nation by ſea, Their authority was re- 
ſpected, and their laws were fo univerſally 
approved, that every country made ulc of 
them to decide diſputes concerning mari- 
time airs, and they were at laſt adapted 
hy other commercial nations, and introduced 
into the Roman codes. When Alcxander 
made himſelf maſter of Afia, the Rhodians 
luſt their independence, but they ſoon after 
aſſerted their natural privileges under his 
cruel ſucceſſors, and continued to hold that 
influence among nations to which their ma- 
ritimc power and conſequence entitled them. 
They afiſted Pompey againſt Cæſar, and 
were defeated by Caſſius, and became de- 
pendent upon the Romans. The iſland of 
Rhodes has been known by the fevera! 
Mames of Ophiuſa, Stadia, Telchinis, Co- 
rymbia, Trinacrta, Milica, Asteria, Porſſa, 
Atabyria, Oleeſſa, Marcie, and Pelagia. It 
rcethed the ume of Rhvces, either on #C- 


Perizonius 
ſuppuſes there were two perſons of that 


Ovid. 
Mer. 6, v. $7, & c.—Virg. Eel. 8. G. 3, V. 
351.—NMela. 2, c. 2.—Streb. 7.—Ital. 2, 


ö 


ä 


KR HH 


away ene of ber ſandais, and dropped it f count of Rhode, a beautiful nymph who 


dwelt there, and who was one of ine fteo- 
rites of Apollo, or becauſe roſes, (ed), 
grew ein great abundance all over the iſland, 
Strab, 14.— Homer. Il. 2.-—DNela 2, c. 7.— 
Diod. 5.—Plin. 2, c. 62 & $7. 1. 5, c. 31, 
Hor. 2, c. 7.—Pindar. Olymp. 7.— Lucan, 
8, v. 24%.—(ic, pro Man, leg. in Brut. 13. 
Liu. 27, c. 30. |. 37, c. 2. 

RiQquus, a horſe of Mezentius, whom 
his maſter addreſſed with the determination 
to conquer or to die, when he ſaw his ſon 
Lauſus Lrought lifeleſs from the battle. This 
beautiful addrets is copied from Homer, 
where likewiſe Achilles addreſſes his Vorſes. 
Firg. Mn. 10, v. $61. 

Ruœ cus, one of the Centaurs, who at» 
tempted to offer violence to Atalanta. He 
was killed at the nuptials of Pirithous by 
Bacchus. Owuid, Met. 12, v. 301.—Firg.G. 
2. One of the giants killed by Bacchus, 
under the form of a lion, in the war which 
theſe ſons of the earth waged againſt Jupiter 
and the gods, Horat. 2, Od. 19, v. 23. 

Ro, a nymph beloved by Apollo. 

RH TEVUM, or Ruœ ros, a promontory 
of Troas, on the Helleſpont, near which the 
body of Ajax was buried. Ovid. Aject. 11, 
v. 197. 4 Ff. v. 279.—Firg. An. 6, v. 
50 5. J. 12, v. 486. 

1 Ri@Tivs, a mountain of Corſica, now 
92 

Rukrus, a king of the Marrubii, who 
married a woman called Caſperia, to whom 
Archemorus, his ſon by a former wife, offer» 
ed violence. After this inceſtuous attempt, 
Archemorus fled to Turuus, king of the Ru- 
tuli. Firg. An. 10, v. 388. A Rutu- 
lian Killed by Euryalus in the night. Id. , 
v. 344.— An Ethiopian killed by Perſeus. 


| Ovid. Met. 5, v. 38. | 
Ruosacrs, a Pcrhan killed by Clitus as 


he was going to ſtab Alexander at the batile 
of the Granicus, Curt. 8, c. 1. 

RHosus, a tuwn of Syria, on the gull of 
Iſſus, celebrated for its earthen ware. Cic. 
6. Att. 1. 

RuoxalANil, a people at the north of 
the Paulus NMœotis. Tacit, Hiſt. 1, c. 79. 

Ruox ANA, or RoxANA, a miſtreſs of 
Alexander, daughter of a Perſian ſatrap. Vid. 
Roxana. 

Rox Av, a nation againſt whom Mi- 
thridates made war, &c. 

RivTExr and RUTHENT, a people of 
Gaul. 

RavxpAcus, a large river of Myſia, in 
Aſia Minor. /n. 5, c. 32. 

Ruyx1HoN, a dramatic writer of Syra- 
cuſe, who floriſhed at Tarcntum, where he 
wiote 38 plays. Authors are divided with 
reſpeét to the merit oat his cumpoſitions, 
and the abilities of the writer, 


Ru vy, 


partic 
ſhe p 
Robig 
April 
alſo t 
She v 
bligh! 


fonnc 
20th 
year 
after 
the b. 
Tro1: 
Oiym 
but a 
Palat; 
lower 
larba 
ſtand: 
grim 
trom 

niſhm 
an aſl 
collec 
found 
habit 
tine, 

and « 
wars 

views 
a nati 
ViiIze 
claſſes 
ed in 

the ſu 
tende. 


ph who 
E fre: o- 
(Leden), 
e iſland. 


, whom 
nination 
Eis ſon 
le. This 
Homer, 
s Lorſes. 


who at» 
ta, He 
hous by 
Virg. N. 
Bacchus, 
ir which 
Jupiter 
4%. 

zl. 

montory 
hich the 
Viet. 11, 
#. 6, v. 


ca, now 


bii, who 
0 whom 
fe, offers 
attempt, 
the Ru- 
\ Rutu- 
5 2 9, 
Perſeus. 


Clitus as 


he batile 


e guli of 
re. Cic. 


north of 
e. 79. 

iſtreſs of 
rap. Fid, 
10m Mi- 
zeople of 
My fa, in 
of Syra- 
where he 
ded with 


poſitions, 


Ru vy, 


now Rigel, near Cologne, 


R O 


of Helice. 

RrcobuLumM, a village of Germany, 
Tacit. H. 4, 
c. 71. 

RI I. Vid. Rhiphzi. 

Rr1y-4evs, a Trojan who joined AMncas 
the night that Troy was reduced to aſhes, 
and was at laſt killed after making à great 
carnage of the Greexs. He is commended 
fur his love of juſtice and equity, ex. 
An, 2, v. 339 & 426. One of the Cen- 
taurs. , Ovid. Met. 12. 

RixAMAR A, a people of Illyricum. Liv. 
45, c. 26. ASCE 

RoBico, or Rv nico, a goddets at Rome, 
particularly worſhipped by huſbandmen, as 
the preſided over corn. Her teitivals, called 
Robigalia, were celebrated on the 25th of 
April, and jncenſe was offered to her, as 
alſo the intrails of a ſheep, and of a dog. 
She was intreated to preſerve the corn from 
blights. Ovid. Fafl. 4, v. g911.—Firg. G. 
1, v. 151. -Parro. de L. L. 5, de R. R. 1, 
8 . | 

RopuMNA, now Recanne, a town of the 
£dui, on the Loire. b 

Ro uA, a city of Italy, the capital of the 
Roman empire; ſituate on the banks of the 
river Tiber, at the diſtance of about 16 
miles from the ſea. The name of its foun- 
der, and the manner of its foundation, are 
nut preciſely known. Romulus, however, 
is univerſally ſuppuſed to have laid the 
fonndations of that celebrated city, on the 
2cth of April, according to Varto, in the 
year 3961 of the Julian period, 3251 years 
after the creation of the world, 753 before 
the birth of Chriſt, and 431 years after the 
Trojan war, and in the 4th year of the faxth 
Olympiad. In its original ftate, Rome was 
but a ſmall caſtle vn the ſummit of mount 
Palatihe ; aud the founder, to give his fol- 
lowers the appearance of a nation, or a 
barbarian - horde, was obliged to erect a 
ſtandard as a common aſylum for every 
criminal, debtor, or nffirdercr, who fled 
trom their native country to avad the pu- 
niſhment which attended them. From ſuch 


an aſſemblage a numerous body was, ſoon 


collected, and before the deith of, the 
founder, the Romans had covered with teu 
habitations, the Palatine, Capitolinc, Aven- 
tine, Eſquiline hills, with mount Cœlius, 
and Quirinalis. After many fucceſsyl 
wars againſt the neighbouring Rates, the 
views of Romulus were directed to regulate 
a nation natwally fierce, Warlike, and unci- 
viized, The people were divided into 
claſſes, the intereſts ot the whole were link- 
ed in a common chain, and the labers of 
the ſubje&, as well as thoſe of his patron, 
ended to the ſame end; the aggrandizement 


% 


4 


| 


| muliis, the power of 


R 0 


PuvPA, a town of Achaia, at the weſt | of the ſtate. . Under the ſucceſſors of Roe 


ome. was encreaſed, 
and the boundaries uf her dominions ex- 
tended ; while one was employed in reguy 
lating the forms of worſhip, and in incul- 
cating in the minds of his ſubjets a reve- 
rence for the deity, the other was engaged 
In enforcing diſcipline among the army, and 
raiſing the conſequence of the ſoldiers in 


the government of the ſtate, and a third 


macle the object of his adminiſtration con- 
lift in adorning his capital, in beautifying 


the edifices, and in fortifying it with towers 


and walls. During 244 years, the Romans 
were governed by kmgs, but the tyranny, 
the oppreſſion, and the violence of the laſt 
of theſe monarcis, and of his family, be- 
came ſo atrocious, that a revolution was 
eſtected in the tate, and the democratical 
government was eltabliſhed, The mo- 
narchical government. exiſted under ſeven 
princes, who began to reign in the following 
order: Romulus, B. C. 753; and after one 
year's interregnum, Numa, 715; Tullus 
Hoſtilius, 672; Ancus Martius, 640; Tar- 
quin Priſcus, 615; Servius Tullius, 578; 
and Tarquin the Proud, 534, expelled 25 
years after, B. C. 509; an this regal ads 
miniſtration has been properly denominated 
the intancy of the Roman empire. Aiter 
the expulſion of the Tarquins from the 
throne, the Romans became more ſenſible 
of their conſequence: with their liberty 
they acquired a ſpirit of faction, and they 
became fo jealous of their independence, 
that the firſt of their conſuls who had been 
the moſt zealous and, animated in the aſ- 
ſettion of their freedom, was baniſhed from 
the city becauſe he bare the name, and was 
of the family, of the tyrants; and another, 
to ſtop their ſuſpicions, was obliged to pull 
down his houſe, whule Rateline(s and mag= 
nificence above the reſt, ſeemed incompa- 
tible with the duties and the-rank, of a pri- 
vate citizen. They knew morg effectually 
their power when they had faught with 
ſucceſs againit Porfenna, the king of Etru- 
ria, and ſome. of the neighbouring ſtates, 
who ſupported the claim of the tyrant, and 
attempted to replace him on his thrane by 
force of arms. A government which is 
entruſted into the hands of two of the moſt 
diſtinzuiſhed of its members, for the li- 
mited ſpace of one year, cannot but give 
riſe to great men, glorious exploits, and 
tremendons ſeditions, The general who 1s 
placed at the head of an army during a 
campaign, muſt be active and diligent, 
when he knows that his power is terminated 
with the ycar, and if he has a becoming 
anlition, he will diſtinguiſh his conſul- 
ſhip by ſome uncorgmon act of valor, be 
la e he deſetnds from the dignity of au abſo- 

lug 


— 


R 0 

tee magiltrate to the depender.ce of a fellow 
citizen, Yet theſe attempts for the attain- 
tent of glory, oſten fail of ſucceſs; and 
trough the Romans could once boaſt that 
every individual in their armies could dif- 
charge with fidelity and honor the ſuperior 
offices of magiſtrate and conſul, there are 
to be found in their annals many year- 
marked by overthrows, or difgraced by the 
Al conduct, the oppreſſion, and the wanton- 
neſs of their generals. [Yrd. Conful.Y To 
the fame which their conqueſts and daily 
Ccceſſes had gained abroad, the Romans 
were not a little indebted for their gra- 
du1l riſe to ſuperiority, and to this may be 
allded the policy of the cenſus, which every 
Efth year told them their actual ſtrength, 
vad how many citizens were able to bear 
a:ms. And indeed it was no ſmall ſatis- 
tation to a people who were continually 
making war, to ſce, that in ſpite of all the 


toffes which they might ſuſtain in the field, 
the increaſe of the inhabitants of the city 
was ptodigious, and almoſt incredible, and 
dad Romulus lived after the battle of Actium, 
he would have been perſuaded with difficulty 
that above four millions of inhabitants were 
contained within thoſe walls, which in the 
moſt fleriſhing period of his reign could 
farce muſter an army of 3000 infantry, 
und zoo horſe. But when Rome had floriſh- 
A under the contulat government for about 
120 years, and had beheid with pleaſure 
te conqueſts oi her citizens over the 
neighbouring ſtates and cities which, ac- 
carding to a Roman Hſtorian, ſhe was 
alhatned to recolle& in the ſummit of her 
power, an Iirruption of the barbarians of 
Gaul tendereti her very exiſtence precarious, 
and her name was nearly extinguiſhed. 


The valor ot zn injured individual, [Ed. 


Camillus} faved it from deſtiuction, yet 
nor hefore its buildings and temples were 
T iis celebrated event, 
which gave the appellation of another 
ſounder of Reme to Camillus, has been 


teduced to àſhes. 


Jouvked upon as a glorious zra to the Ro- 
mans. The hours 


lots repaued, were totally confumed, and 
when the city aroſe again trom its ruins, the 
ſtrects were enlarged, convenience as well 
as order was obſerved, taſte and regularity 
were conſulted, and the poverty, ignorancc, 
and ruſticity of the Romans, ſeemed to be 
-tinguithed with their old habitations. 


But no ſooner were they freetl from the 


icars of their barbarian invaders, than they 

turned their arms againſt thuſe ſtates which: 

r-1uted to acknowledge their ſuperiority, 01 

vicld their independence. Their wars with 

12 [rhus and the Tarentines, diſplayed the! 

:haratter iu a different view ; if they before 
I 


and cottages which 
Romulus had erected; and all his ſucceſ- 


| 


— 


— — 


| 


| 


R © 


had Fought for freedom and independence» 
they now drew their ſword for glory; aud 
here we may ſce them conquered- in the 
held, and yet refuſing to grant that peace 
for Which their conqueror himſelf had ſucd. 
The advantages they gained from their 
battles with Pyrrhus, were many. The 
Roman name became known in Greeee, 
Sicily, and Africa, and in loſing or gaining 
a victory, the Romans were enabled te 
examine the mane uvres, obſerve the dif. 
cipline, and contemplate the order and the 
encampments of thoſe ſoldiers whoſe friends 
and anceftors had accompanicd Alexander 
the Great in the conqueſt of Afia, Italy 
became ſubjedted to the Romans at the 
end of the war with the Tarentines, and 
that period of time has been called the 


| ſecond age, or the adoleſcence of the Ro- 


man empire, After this memorable zra 
they tried their ſtrength not only with diſ- 
tant nations, but alſo upon a new element; 
and in the long wars which they waged 
againſt Carthage, they acquired territory, 


and obtained the ſovercignty of the ſea, 


and though Annibal for fixteen years kept 
them in continual alarms, hoveref round 
their gates, and deſtroyed their armies al- 
moſt before their walls, yet they weie 
doomed to conquer, [ Vid. Punicum-vellum, 
and foon to add the kingdom of Macedonia, 
[Fid. Macrdonicum Bellum, ] and the pro- 
vinces of Aſia, [ Vid. Mithridaticum lellum,] 
to their empire. But while we conhcer 
the Romans as a nation ſubduing thei 
neighbours by war, their manners, their 
counſels, and their purſuits at home are 
not to be forgotten, To be warriors 
was their profeſſion ; their aſſemblies in the 
Campus Martius were a mecting of armed 
men, and very properly denominated an 
army. Vet while their conqueſts were ſo 
extenſive abroad, we find them torn by fac- 
tions at home; and ſo far was the reſentment 
of the poorer citizens carricd, that we ſee 
the enemy at the gates of the city, while 
all are unwilling to take up arms and ta 
unite in the defence of their common liberty. 
The ſenators and the nobles were ambirious 
of power, aud cndeaveured to retain in 
their hands that influence which had been 
excrcited with ſo much ſucceſs, aud ſuch 
cruclty by their monarchs. This was tlie 
continual occaſion of tumults and fedition. 
The people were jealous of their liberty. 
The oppreſſion of the nobles irritated 
them, and the firtpes ts which they were 
"0 often expoſed without mercy, was often 
productive of revolutions. The pla beians, 


though originally the pooreſt and moſt con- 
:cmptible citizens of an indigent nation, 
whoſe food in the firſt ages of the empire 
was only bread and ſalt, and whoſe drink 

vat 


Pas 1 
by th 
they 
Coance 
ther, 
aſſert 
to ſh; 
and t 
of pl: 
peale 
valor 
of di 
theſe 
ple f 
enjoy 
battle 
her f 
ſover. 
ed. 
bands 
becon 
oppre 
Cinat! 
cauſe 
and 
a M; 
that 
enem 
titude 
tice u 
buurs 
even 
left ir 
a fan 
of a 
umn 
ag 
intere 
ſide, 
ducec 
Unde 
civil 
excel; 
privat 
the (9 
actvert 
ſincer. 
ſuppo 
abolit; 
the ai 
ſon at 
iade pe 
and at 
ſeeme. 
Out th 
the tit 
to ev 
lome | 


\dence) 
; and 
in the 
peace 
d ſucd. 
| ther 
The 
Jreeee, 
gaining 
„ed to 
the dif- 
and the 
friends 
exander 
„ Taly 
at the 
es, and 
led the 
the Ro- 
able #ra 
vith dif- 
Yement; 
y waged 
erritory, 
the ſca, 
ars kept 
round 
mies al- 
ey wee 
Vellum) 
acedon:u, 
the pro- 
7 Lellam,] 
conſidet 
ing they 
ers, their 
10me are 
Warriors 
lies in the 
of armed 
inated an 
s were ſo 
rn by fac- 
reſentment 
hat we ſee 
ity, while 
ns and to 
on liberty. 
» ambitious 
retain in 
1 had been 
aud ſuch 
115 was the 
1d (edition. 
eir liberty. 
s irritated 
i they were 
, was often 
| pl: beans, 
1 moſt con- 
ent nation, 


the empire 
thoſe drink 
wal 


R b 

PFs water, ſoon gained rights and privileges 
by their oppoſition. Though really tlaves, 
they became powerful in the ſtate; one 
conceſſion from the patricians produced ano- 
ther, and when their independence was boldly 
aſſerted by their tribunes, they were admitted 
to» ſhare in the higheſt dffices of the ſtate, 
and the laws which fotbad the intermarriage 
of plebeian and patrician families; were re- 
pealed, and the meaneſt peaſant could hy 
valor and fortitude be raitcd to the digni'y 
of dictator and conſul. It was not till 
theſe privileges were obtained by the peo- 
ple from the ſenate, that Rome began to 
enjoy interna! peace and tranquillity, her 
battles were then fought with more vigor, 
her ſoldiers were more animated, and her 
ſuvereignty was more univerſally eftabliſh- 
ed, But ſupreme power lotlged in the 
bands of a factious and ambitious cftizen, 
becomes too often dangerous, The greateſt | 
oppreſſion and tyranny took place of ſubor- 
dination and obedience, and from thoſe 
cauſes proceeded the unparalleled ſlaughter 
and eftufion of blood under a Sylla or 
a Marius, It has been juſtly obſerved, 
that the firſt Romans conquered their 
enemies by valor, temperance and for- 
titude ; their moderation alſo and their juſ- 
tice were well known among their neigh- 
buurs, and not only private poſſeſſions, but 
even mighty kingdoms and empires, were 
left in their power, to be diſtributed among 
a family, or to be enſured in the hands 
of a ſucceſſor. They were alſo choſen 
umpires, to decide quarrels, but in this 
honorable office they conſulted their own 
intereſt; they artfully ſupported the weaker 
fide, that the more powerful might be re- 
Guced, and gradually become their prey. 
Under J. Cæſar and Pompey, the rage of 
Civil war was carried to unprecedented 
exceſs; it was not merely to avenge a 
private injury, but it was a conteſt for 
the ſovereignty, and though each of the 
adverfaries wore the maſk of pretended 
ſincerity, and profeſſed himſelf to be the 
ſupporter of the republic, not leſs than the 
abolition of freedom and public liberty was 
the aim, What Julius began, his adopted 
ſon atchieved, the antient ſpirit of national 
independence was extinguithed at Rome, 
and after the battle of Actium, the Romans 
ſeemed unable to govern themſelves with- 
out the aſſiſtance of a chief, who under 
the title of imperator, an appellation given 
to every commander by his army after 
ſome ſignal victory, reigned with as much 
power aud as much ſovereignty as another 
Tarquin. Under their emperors the Ro- 
mans lived a luxurious and indolent life, 
they had long forgot to appear in the field, 
and their wars were left to de waged by 


| 


R © 
mercenary troops, who fought without 
ſpirit or animoſity, and who were ever 
ready to yield to him who bought their alle- 
giance and fidelity with the greateſt ſums of 
money. Their leaders themſelves were not 
the moſt prudent or the moſt humane, the 
power which they had acquired by bribery 
was indeed precarious, and among a people, 
where not only the higheſt offices of the 
ſtate, but even the imperial purple itſelf, 
are expoſed to ſale; there cannot be expected 
much happineſs or tranquillity in the palace 
of the emperor. The reigns of the ſuceſ- 
ſors of Anguſtus were diſtinguiſhed by 
variety; one was the moſt abandoned and 
profligate of men, whom his own vices 
and extravagance hurried out of the world, 
while his ſucceſſor, perhaps the moſt cle- 
ment, juſt, and popular of princes, was 
ſacrificed in the midſt of his guards and 
attendants by the dagger of ſome offendedl 
favorite or diſappointed eunuch. Few in- 
deed were the emperors of Rome whoſe 
days were not ſhortened by poiſon, or the 
{word of an aſſaſſin, If one for ſome time 
had the imprudence to truſt himſelf in the 
midſt of a multitude, at laſt to periſh by 
his own credulity, the other conſulted his 
ſafety, but with no better ſucceſs, in the 
innumerable chambers of his palace, and 
changed every day, to elude diſcovery, the 
place of his retirement. After they had 
been governed by a race of princes, re- 
markable for the variety of their charac- 
ters, the Roman poſſeſſions were divided 
into two diſtinct empires, by the enter= 
prizing Conſtantine, A. D. 328. Conſtan- 
tinople became the ſeat of the eaſtern em 
pire, and Rome remained in the poſſefſiom 
of the weſtern emperors, and continued ta 
be the capital of their dominions. In the 
year $00 of the Chriſtian zra, Rome with 
Italy was delivered by Charlemagne, the 
then emperor of the weſt, into the hands of 
the Pope, who ſtill continues to hold the 
ſovereignty, and to maintain his indepen- 
dence under the name of the Eccleſiaſtical 
States. — The original poverty of the Ro- 
mans has often been diſguiſed by their 
poets and hiſtorians, who wiſhed it to ap- 
pear, that a nation who were maſters of 
the world, had had better beginning, tham 
to be a race of ſhepherds and robbers. Yet 
it was to this ſimplicity they were indebted 
for their ſuccefles, Their houſes were 
originally deſtitute of every ornament, they 
were made with unequal boards, and co- 
vered with mud, and theſe ſerved them 
rather as a ſhelter againſt the inclemency of 
the ſeaſons than for relaxation aud eaſe, 
Ti!l the age of Pyrrhus, they deſpiſed 
riches, and many ſalutary laws were enact- 
ed to reſtrain luxury and to puniſh indo- 


22 lenses, 


8 


ſence. They obſerved great temperance in 
their meals: young men were not permitted 
to drink wane till they had attained their 
30th year, and it was totally forbidden to 
women. Their national ſpirit was ſup- 
ported by policy; the triumphal proceſ- 
fion of a conqueror along the ſtreets amidſt 
the applauſe of thouſands, was well cal- 
culated to promote emulation, and the 
numbers of gladiators which were regularly 
introduced not only in public games and 
ſpectacles, but alſo at private meetings, 
ſerved to cheriſh their fondneſs for war, 
whilſt it ſteeled Meir hearts againſt the calls 
of compaſſion, and when they could gaze 
with pleaſure upon wretches whom they 
forcibly obliged to murder one another, 


they were not inactive in the deſtruction of 


thoſe whom they conſidered as inveterate 
foes or formidable rivals in the held. In 
their puniſhments, civil as well as military, 
the Romans were ſtrit and rigorous ; a 
deſerter was ſeverely whipped and fold as 
a ſlave, and the degradation from the rank 
of a ſoldier and dignity of a citizen was 
the moſt ignominious ſtigma which could 
be affixed upon a ſeditious mutineer. The 
tranſmarine victories of the Romans proved 
at laſt the ruin of their innocence and bra- 
very. They grew fond of the luxury of 
the Aſiatics; and conquered by the vices 
and indolence of thoſe nations whom they 
had fubdued, they became as effeminate 
and as diſſolute as their captives. Marcellus 
wis the firſt who introduced a taſte for the 
fine arts among his countrymen. The 
ſpoils and treaſures that were obtained in 
the plunder of Syracuſe and Corinth, ren- 
dered the Romans partial to elegant refine- 
ment and ornamental equipage. Though 
Cato had deſpiſed philoſophy | Vid. Carne- 
ades] and declared that war was the only 
profeſſion of his countrymen, the Romans, 
by: their intercourſe with the Greeks, ſoon 
became fond of literature ; and though they 
had once baniſhed the ſophiſts of Athens 
from their city, yet-they beheld with rap- 
ture their ſcttlement among them, in the 
principal towns of Italy, after the con- 
queſt of Achaia. They ſoon after began to 
imitate their poliſhed captives, and to culti- 
vate poetry with ſucceis. From the valor 
of their heroes and conquerors, indeed, the 
ſublime ſubjects were offered to the genius 
of their poets; but of the little that remains 
to celebrate the early victories of Rome, 
nothing can be compared to the nobler ef- 
fuſions ol the Auguſtan age. Virgil has dune 
fo much for the Latin name thatthe ſplendor 
and the tiiumphs of his country are forgotten 
for a waile, when we are tranſported in the 
admiration of the majeſty of his num- 
bers, the elegant delicacy of his expreſiions, 
3 


R 0 
and the fire of his muſe ; and the applauſeg 
given to the lyric powers of Horace, the 
ſoftneſs of Tibullus, the vivacity of Ovid, 
and to the ſuperior compoſitions of other 
reſpectable poets, ſhall be unceaſing ſo 
long as the name of Rome excites our re- 
| verence and our praiſes, and fo, long as 
genius, virtue, and abilities are honored 
amongſt mankind. Though they originally 
rejected with horror a law which propoſed 
the building of a publie theatre, and the 
exhibition of plays, like the Greeks, vet 
the Romans ſoon proved favorable to the 
compoſitions of their countrymen. Livius 
was the firſt dramatic writer of conſequence 
at Rome, whoſe plays began to be exhibited 
A. U. C. 514. After him Nævius and 
Ennius wrote for the ſtage; and in a more 
poliſhed period Plautus, Terence, Cæcilius, 
and Afranins claimed the public attention, 
and gained the moſt unbounded applauſe, 
Satire did not make its appearance at Rome 
till too years after the introduction of co- 
medy, and ſo celebrated was Lucilius in this 
kind of writing, that he was called the in- 
ventor of it. In hiſtorical writing the pro- 
greſs of the Romans was ſlow and incon- 
ſiderable, and for many years they im- 
ployed the pen of foreigners to compile 
their annals, till the ſuperior abilities of a 
Livy were made known. In their worſhip 
and ſacrifices the Romans were uncommon- 
ly ſuperſtitious, the will of the gods was 
conſulted on every occahon, and no general 
marthed to an expedition without the pro- 
vious aſſurance from the augurs, that the 
omens were propitious, and his ſucceſs al- 
moſt indubitable. Their ſanctuaries were 
numerous, they raiſed altars not only to the 
gods, who, as they ſuppoſed, preſided over 
their city, but alſo to the deities of con- 
quered nations, as well as to the different 
paſhons and virtues. There were no leſs 
than 420 temples. at Rome, crouded with 
ſtatues, the prieſts were numerous, and 
each divinity had a particular college of ſa- 
cerdotal ſervants. Their wars were declared 
in the moſt awful and ſolemn manner, and 
prayers were always offered in the temples 
for the proſperity of Rome, when a defeat 
had been ſuſtained, or a victory won. The 
power of fathers over their children was 
very extenſive, and indeed unlimited ; they 
could fell them or put them to death at 
pleaſure, without the forms of trial or the 
interference of the civil magiſtrates. Many 
of their ancient familics were celebrated 
for the great men which they bad produced, 
but the vigorous and intereſted part they 
took in the management of the republic 
expoſed them often to danger, and ſome 
have obſerved that the Romans ſunk into 


indoleuce and laxury when the G 
0 


the Fabi 
who had 
led them 
the bloo 
triumvir: 
powerful 
cities hy 
citizens, 
to her as 
in her h 
the provi 
repreſente 
fitting on 
hand, wit 
and a tro 
Cato de } 
Horat. 2, 
Paterc,— 
w[ ucan,- 
Rl N, 4 
434,— Parr 
= Harti 
Evander.— 
to Italy \ 
Italus & 
tncſe fem: 
that the ca 
RoMAN 
Roma. 
Roman 
m— Anotl 
of Conſtan 
Route 
turion in 
Hi. 
Round. 
der which | 
Ovid. 23 Fa 
Romurz 
10, c. 17. 
Röustrf 
man Pec 
King, and t 
An 8, v. « 
Roud Lu 
Nandſon of 
born at the | 
two childrer 
by order o 
crown of hi 
ere preſerv 
wer ſtoppet 
ane and fe 
vere found b 
tepherds, u 
dren, V 
In, the twin: 
Jt Amulius 
Town to the} 
Werwards un 
termine wh 
ve the mai 
vurſe to om 


co 
1 this 
e in- 
pro- 
con- 
im- 
mpile 
of a 
r{hip 
mon- 
; Was 
:neral 
> pro- 
it the 
ſs al- 
Were 
to the 
d over 
con- 
ferent 
0 leſs 
| with 
„ and 
of ſa- 
eclared 
er, and 
emples 
defeat 
. The 
en Was 
|» they 
cath at 
or the 
Many 
lebrated 
oduced, 
ut they 
republic 
id ſome 
nk into 
Cournelity 
che 


R 8 


Jed them to victory, had been extinguiſhed in 


triymvirates. When Rome was become 
powerful, ſhe was diſtinguiſhed from other 
cities by the flattery of her neighbours and 
citizens, a form of worſhip was eſtabliſhed 
to her as a deity, and temples were raifed 
in her honor not only in the city but in 
the provinces. The goddeſs Roma was 
repreſented, like Minerva, all armed and 
fitting on a rock, holding a pike in her 
hand, with her head covered with a belmet, 
and a trophy at her feet. Liv. 1, &c,— 
Cato de R. R.—Virg. An. G. & Ecl.— 
Horat. 2, ſat. 6, & .- Fer. 1, c. 1, &c.— 
Paterc.— Tacit. Ann, & Hiſt. — TIA. 4. 
—Lucan.-Plut. in Rom. Num. &c,—Cic, 
4. Nat. H. 1, &c.— Pin. 7, &c.—YFuftin. 
43.— Varro de L. L. S. — al. Max. 1, &c. 
—Aartiul. 12, EP: 8. A daughter of 
Evander..——A Trojan woman who came 
to Italy with Eneas. A daughter of 
Italus & Luceria, It was after one of 
theſe females, according to ſome authors, 
that the capital of Italy was called Roma. 

RoMAn1t, the inhabitants of Rome. Vid. 
Roma, 

Roux us, an officer under Theodoſius. 
Another poiſoned by Nero. A fon 
of Conſtans, &c. 

RomiLius MARCELLUS, a Roman cen- 
turion in Galba's reign, &c. Tacit. 1, 
Hi. 

Ro ud i 4, a name given to the figtree un- 
der which Romulus and Remus were found. 
Ovid. 2, Faſt. v. 412. 

RoMULEA, a town of the Samites. Liv. 
10, c. 17. 

Röuöbtrloæ, a patronymic given to the 
Roman people from Romulus their firſt 
King, and the founder of the city. FVirg, 
An. 8, V. 638. 

RomMULUs, a ſon of Mars and Ilia, 
randion of Numitor king of Alba, was 
born at the ſame birth with Remus. Theſe 
two children were thrown into the Tiber 
by order of Amulius, who uſurped the 
crown of his brother Numitor ; but they 
ere preſerved, and according to Florus the 
wer ſtopped its courſe, and a ſhe-wolf 
ame and fed them with her milk till they 
rere found by Fauſtulus, one of the king's 
hepherds, who educated them as his own 
uldren, When they knew their real ori- 
In, the twins, called Romulus and Remus, 
ur Amulius to death, and reftored the 
Town to their grandfather Numitor. They 
fter w ards undertook to build a city, and to 
termine which of the two brothers ſhould 
ave the management of it, they had re- 
vurſe to omens and the flight of birds. 


the bloody wars of Marius and of the two 


th; Fabii, the Emylii, the Marcelli, Ye. | 
who had ſo often ſupported their ſpirit, and 


| virgins. 


R O 


mulus to mount Palatine. 


mulus, twelve; and therefore, as his num- 
ber was greater, he began to lay the foun- 


become à warlike and powerful nation, as 
the birds from which he had received the 
omen were fond of prey and {laughter, 
Romulus marked with a furrow the place 
where he wiſhed to erect the walls; but 
their flenderneſs was ridiculed by Remus, 
who leaped over them with the greateſt 
contempt. This irritated Romulus, and 
Remus was immediately put to death, 
either by the hand of his brother or one of 
the workmen. When the walls were built, 
the city was without inhabitants; but Ro- 
mulus, by making an afylum of a ſacred 
grove, ſoon collected a multitude of fugi- 
tives, foreigners and criminals, whom he 
received as his lawful ſubjects. Yet, how= 
ever numerous theſe might be, they were 
deſpiſed by the neighbouring inhabitants, 
and none were willing to form matrimonial 
connections with them. But Romulus ob- 
tained by force what was denied to his pe- 
titions, The Romans celebrated games in 
honor of the god Conſus, and forcibly car- 
ried away all the females who had aſſembled 
there to be ſpectators of theſe unuſual ex- 
hibitions. Theſe violent meaſures offended 
the neighbouring nations; they made war 
againſt the ravithers with various ſucceſs, 
till at laſt they entered Rome, which had 
been betraycd to them by one of the ſtolen 
A violent engagement was begun 
in the middle of the Roman forum ; but 
tlie Sabines were conquered, or, according 
ts Ovid, the two enemies laid down their 
arms when the women had ruſhed between 
the two armies, and by their tears and en- 
treaties raiſed compaſſion in the boſoms of 
their parents and huſbands, The Sabines 
left their original poſſeſſions and came to 
live in Rome, where Tatius, their king, 
ſhared the ſovereign power with Romulus. 
The introduction of the Sabines into the 
city of Rome was attended with the moſt 
ſalutary conſequences, and the Romans, by 
purſuing this plan, and admitting the con- 
quered nations among their citizens, rene 
dered themleives more powerful and more 
formidable. Afterwards Romulus divided 
the lands which he had obtained by con- 
queſt; one part was reſerved for religious 
uſes, to erect temples, and to conſecrate al- 
tars; the other was appropriated for the 
expenccs of the ſtate; and the third part 
was equally diſtributed among his ſubjects, 
who were divided into three claſſes or 
tribes, The mom aged and experienced, 
to the number of 100, were allo choſen, 


1 


22 2 whom 


Remus went to mount Aventine, and Ros 


Remus ſaw firſt 
a flight of fix vultures, and ſoon after, Ro- 


dations of the city, hopeful that it would 


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Whora the monarch might conſult in mat- 
ters of the higheſt importance, and from 
their age they were called ſenators, and from 
their authority patres. The whole body of 
the peoplo was alſo diſtinguiſhed by the name 
of patricians and plebeians, patron and 
client, who by mutual intereſt were in- 
duced to preſerve the peace of the ſtate, 
and to promote the public good. Some time 
after Romulus difappeared as he was giving 
inſtructions to the ſenators, and the eclipſe 
of the ſun, which happened at that time, 
was favorable to the rumor which aſſerted 
that the king had been taken up to heaven, 714 
B. C. after a reign of 39 years. This was 
further confirmed by J. Proculus, one of 
the ſenators, who ſolemnly declared, that 
as he returned from Alba, he had ſeen 
Romulus in a form above human, and that 
he had directed him to tell the Romans to 
pay him divine honors under the name of 
Quirinus, and to aſſure them that their city 
was doomed one day to become the capital 
of the world. This report was immediately 
credited, and the more ſo as the ſenators 
dreaded the reſentment of the people, who 
ſuſpected them of having offered him vio- 
lence. A temple was raiſed to him, and a 
regular prieſt, called Flamen Quirinalis, was 
appointed to offer him ſacrifices. Romulus 
was ranked by the Romans among the 

2 great gods, and it is not to be wondered 
that he received ſuch diſtinguiſhed honors, 
when the Romans confidered him as the 
founder of their city and empire, and the 
ſon of the god of war. He is generally re- 
preſented like his father, fo much that it is 
difficult to diſtinguiſh them. The fable of 
the two children of Rhea Sylvia being nou- 
riſhed by a ſhe wolf, aroſe from Lupa, 
Fauſtulus's wife, having brought them up. 
[Yid. Acca.} Dionyſ. Hal. 1 & 2.—Liv. 1, 
E. 4, &c.— Juſtin. 43, c. 1 & 2.— Flor. 1, 
c. 1,—Plut, in Romul.— Val. Max. 3, c. 2. 
I. 5, c. 3.— Pin. 15. c. 18, &c.—Virg. 
Eu. 8, v. 342, 635. — Od. Met. 14, v. 616 
& 845. Faſt. 4, & c. — Herat. 3, od. 3.— 
Juv. 18, v. 272. 

RomULUus SYLvivs, or ALLADIUS, a 
King of Alba. Momyllus Avguſtulus, 
the laſt of the emperors of the weſtern em- 
pire of Rome, His country was conquered 
A. D. 476, by the Heruli, under Odoacer, 
who aſſumed tne name of king of Italy. 

Romus, a ſon of Encas, by Lavinia. 
Some ſuppoſe that he was the founder of 
Rome. A ſon of Amathion. 

RosciA LI Xx de theatris, by L. Roſcius 
Otho the tribune, A. U. C. 685. It re- 
quired that none ſhould ſet in the 14 firſt 
icats of the theatre, if they were not in poſ- 
ſeſñon of 400 ſeſtertia, which was the for- 


unc iequired to be a Roman knight. 


K rf 
Nöscravvn, the port of Thu, tip 


Roſſand. 5 


Q. Roscivs, a Roman actor, ſo cele- reacherouſly 
brated on the ſtage, that every comedian of Jacit — 
excellence and merit has received his name. who diſgr ace: 

is eyes were naturally diftorted, and he 1 * 
always appeared on the ſtage with a maſk, vir wo! 
but the Romans obliged him to act his {ca THe. © 
characters without, and they overlooked the lied to bran 
deformities of his face, that they might the WF ** inhabita 
better hear his elegant pronunciation, and + 1, Sat. 
be delighted with the ſweetneſs of his voice, nne 
He was accuſed on ſuſpicion of diſhonorable n 1 
practices: but Cicero, who had been one of his 4 7 115 
pupils, undertook his defence, and cleared T7 " n 
him of the malevolent aſperſions of his ene- p Foes 
mies, in an elegant oration fill extant, .“ lg 
Roſcius wrote a treatiſe, in which he com- eee | 
pared with great ſucceſs and much learning, 3 anc 
the profeſſion of the orator with that of the — ; = 
comedian, He died about 60 years betore 33 * 


Chriſt. Horat. 2, ep. 1.—Quintil.—Cic, 
pro Roſ. de erat. 3, de Div. 1, &c. Tuſe. 3, 
&c,—Plut. in Cic. Sextus, a rich citi- 
zen of Ameria, murdered in the dictator- 
ſhip of Sylla. His ſon, of the ſame name, 
was accuſed of the murder, and eloquently 
defended by Cicero, in an oration {til} ex- 
ſtant. A. U. C. 573. Cic. pro S. Roſcio 
Amer. Lucius, a lieutenant of Cæſar's 
army in Gaul, Otho, a tribune, who 
made a Jaw to diſcriminate the knights 
from the common people at public ſpectacles. 

Ros & Camyevs, or RosI1A, a beautiful- 
plain in the country of the Sabines, near 
the lake Velinum. FarreR. R. 1, c. 7, 
Virg. An. 7, v. 712.—Gic. 4, Att. 15. 

RoSI1LLANUS AER, à territory in 
Etruria. 

Rosius, a harbour of Cilicia.— A man 
made conſul only for one day under Vitel- 
lius, &c. Tacit. 

Rosutlun, a town of Etruria, now 
Monte Roſi. 

RoToMAGUS, a town of Gaul, now Rouen. 

Rox ANA, a Perſian woman, taken pri- 


je of Juvena 
eat genius as 
RuB1co, a 
RuBo, the 
altic at Riga, 
RUBRA $A! 
ett, at the e 
m Rome. 
C. 49. 

Ru BRA Ly) 
of Carthag. 
the lands ir 
RUBRIUS, | 
lon under 1 
in who fled 

Roman attai 
Vitellius.— 
or with Dom 
officer in C 
UBRUM u. 
veen Arabia 
ten called! 
nded with t 
an ſea, PJi, 


ſoner by Alexander. The conqueror became . 666. a L 
enamoured of her and married her, She pl a 4 
| behaved with great cruelty after Alexander's WW. Fe = : : 
death, and ſhe was at laſt put to death by e poet 4 - 
Caſſander's order. She was daughter of v. 396 5 
Darius, or, according to others, of one of UFINUS | 
his ſatraps. Curt. 8, c. 4. I. 10, c. 6 g Vitelliu 
Plut. A wife of Mithridates the Great, UEEUS Bon 
who poiſoned herſelf. tian guards 
RoxoLANI, a people of European Sar: cd by A 
matia, who proved very active and rebel- tg A, 
lious in the reign of the Roman emperors. Alina, and r 
RU BTA, the :5rth cape at the north of Pppza gol 
Scandinavia, 0 Ruffinus C 
RuBELLivs BLANDUS, a man whe Nero, "Tas 
married Julia, the daughter of Druſus, 2 13 Coll 
: $ 
—Oas of the deſcendants of wry _ fur prelery 


1 


cele· Tit, ——Plautus, an illuſtrious Roman, 
an of who diſgraced himſelf by his aftogance and 
une, ambitious VIEWS. Juv. 8, v. 39. | 
d he Rust, now Ruwo, a town of Apulia, from 
nak, ch the epithet Kubeus is derived, ap- 
i his lied to bramble buſhes which grew there. 
d the Tic inhabitants were called Rubitin/, Ho- 
no at, I, Sat. 5, v. 94. —Pig. C. 1, v. 
* 66. 
voice, Wi Runicon, now Rugone, a ſmall river of 
brable aly, which it ſeparates from Ciſalpine 
of his aul. It riſes in the Apennine mountains, 
leared nd falls into the Adriatic fea. By croſſing 
ene , and thus tranſgreſſing the boundaries of 
Xtant. is province, J. Cæſar declared war againſt 
com- Wh: ſenate and Pompey, and began the civil 
nüt Wars. Lacan. 1, v. 185 & 213.—Strab. 5. 
of the duet. In Caf. 32. 
before Rusikxus LApra, a tragic poet in the 
. ge of Tuvenal, conſpicuous as much for his 
uſe. eat genius as his poverty. Fuv. 7, v. 72. 
h citi- ¶ Ru BIGO, a goddeſs. Vid. Robigo. 
Kater. Ro, the Dwina, which falls into the 
— altic at Riga. ; 
mem MRrzna sAx A, a place of Etruria, near 
till _ elit, at the diſtance of about eight miles 
9 = m Rome. Mart. 4, ep. 64, v. 15.—Liv. 
10 . . 
ey who — Lex was enacted after the tak- 
Knights of Carthage, to make an equal diviſion 
Ctacies. ¶ the lands in Africa. 
eautiful- RUBRIUS, a Roman knight accuſed of 
Sy Near Won under Tiberius, &c. Tacit.——A 
c. 7-— Wn who fled to Parthia on ſuſpicion that 
15. Roman affairs were ruined. A friend 
ory MV itellius. An obſcure Gaul in great 
or with Domitian. WU, 4, v. 105.— 
Aman ocer in Cæſgar's * — 1 : 
r Vitel- UBRUM MAKE (the Red ſea), is ſituate 
: veen Arabia, Egypt, and Æthiopia, and 
ia, now ten called Erythræum mare, and con- 
nded with the Arabicus ſinus, and the 
w Rouen, ian ſea, Plin, 6, c. 23 & 24.— Liv. 36, 
** — 7. 1. 42, c. 52. I. 45, c. 9.—Virg. An. 
, * 686. — Lacan. 8, v. 853. 
T deere, a town of Calabria built by a 
my * colony, and famous for giving birth 
— 4 he poet Ennius, Cic. pro Arc. — Ital. 
1 v. 396. 
ay 6 ou NUS, a general of Gaul in the 
y Co Ve 'ot Vitellius, &c. Tacit. H. 2, c. 9 
he Great ceFus CRrISPINUS, an officer of = 
gun guards under Claudius. He was 
222 be. hed by Agrippina for his attachment 
nd re itannicus and Octavius, the ſons of 
Peron na, and put himſelf to death. His 
e North 0 Foppæa Sabina, by whom he had a fon 
4  Ruffiqus Criſpinus, afterwards mar- 
man * Nero, Tucit. 12. Hi. c. 42. l. 16, 
ulus, 1 f A ſoldier preſented with a civic 
* _ for prelerying the life of a citizen, 


reacherouſly put to death by Nero, &c. 


R U 


| Rvrr1ina, a town of Gaul, now Na 
in Alſace, 
RuF1lLvs, a Roman ridiculed by Ho- 
race, Sat, 2, v. 27, for his effeminacy. 
UL, RUFINIANUS, a rhetorician, &c. 
UFINUS, a general of Theodoſius, &. 
Ruf R, a town of Campania, of which 
the inhabitants were called Ryfreni. Cic, 
ro, Fam, 71,—Sil. 8, v. 568.—Virg. Au. 7, 
v. 739. 
RuFRIVUM, a town of Samnium, now 
RuHe. Liv. 8, e. 25. 
RvuFvs, a Latin hiſtorian. [ Vd. Quintius.} 
A friend of Commodus, famous for his 
avarice and ambition. One of the an- 
ceſtors of Sylla, degraded from the rank 
of a ſenator becauſe ten pounds weight of 
gold was found in his houſe. A governor 


of Judæa. A man who conſpired againſt 
Domitian. A poetof Epheſusin thereign 
of Trajan. He wrote fix books on ſimples, 
now loſt. A Latin poet, ——Sempro- 
nius. Vd. Pretorius. 


Rudi, now KRugen, an ifland of the 
Baltic, 

Rucir, a nation of Germany, Tacit. 
de Germ. 43. 

RuP1L1vs, an officer ſurnamed Rex, for 
his authoritative manners. He was pro- 
{cribed by Auguſtus, and fled to Brutus. 
Forat. 1. Sat. 7, v. 1. A writer whoſe 
treatiſes de figuris ſententiarum, & c. were 
edited by Runnken, 8vo. L. Bat. $768, 

Ruscino, a town of Gaul at the foct 
of the Pyrenees, Liv. 21, c. 24.——A 
ſea- port town of Africa, Id. 30, c. 10. 

Ruscus, a town of Gaul. 

RuscoNIAa, a town of Mauritania. Ziv, 
21, c. 24. 

RuSELL#, an inland town af Etruria 
deſtroyed by the Romans, Liv, 28, c. 45. 

Rus?iNna, a town of Africa near Adru- 
metum. S.. It. 3, v. 260.— Hirt. Af. v. 
640. 

RusUuccuruUM, a town of Mauritania, 
believed modern Algiers. 

RuTENT, a people of Gaul, now Ruverge 
ne, in Guienne, Caf. B. G. 

Rusticus, L. Jun. ARULENUS, a mas 
put to death by Domitian. He was the 
friend and preceptor of Pliny the younger, 
who praiſes his abilities ; and he is likewiſe 
commended by Tacitus, 16, H. c. 26.— /in. 
I. ep. I4.—Suet. in Donn. A friend of 
M. Aurelius. | 

RuTjLa, a deformed old woman, who 
lived near 100 years, & c. Plin. 7, c. 48. 
— TFuv. 10, v. 294. 

+ KUTILUS, a rich man reduced to beg - 
gary by his extravagance. J. IL, v. 2. 
P. RuTtiLivs Rurus, a Roman conſul 
in the age of Sylla, celebrated for his virtues 


and wiikangs, He 1 36 to camply with 


4 3 a 


"KU 3 


the requeſts of his friends becauſe they were | poem on mount Ætna. He wrote all x ſuppoſe 
unjuſt, When Sylla had baniſhed him from | itinerary, publiſhed by Burman in the p monian 
Rome he retired to Smyrna, amidſt the ac- Latini minores, L. Bat. 4to. 1731. the cou 
clamations and praiſes of the people; and RuTUBA, a river of Liguria, falling were fit 
when ſome of his friends wiſhed him to be | from the Apennine into the Mediterraney betweer 


recalled home by means of a civil war, he | Luran, 2, v. 422. Of Latium, fall bounded 


ſeverely reprimanded them, and ſaid, that | into the Tiber. Lucan. 2, v. 422. and Um 
he wiſhed rather to ſee his country bluſh at RuTUuBvus, a gladiator, &c. Horet, 1 Aqui, a 
his exile, than to plunge it into diftreſs by | Sar, 7, v. 96. eſt part 
his return. He was the firſt wha taught RUuTUL1, a people of Latium, known ſcended 
the Roman ſoldiers to fabricate their own { well as the Latins, by the name of 4; the Cam 
arms. During his baniſhment he employed | rig:nes, When Ancas came into Tt) nites, E 
his time in ſtudy, and wrote an hiſtory of | Turnus was their king, and they ſupport The Sab 
Rome in Greek, and an account of his own | him in the war which he waged agamft H a; being 
life in Latin, befides many other works. | foreign prince. The capital of their dom the Ron 
Ovid. Faſt. 6, v. 563.—Seneca de Benef.— | nions was called Ardea. Ovid. Faft, 4, females. 
Cic. in Brut, de Orat. 1, c. 53.-Val. Max. | 883. Met. 14, v. 455, &c.—Virg. An, invited. 
2, c. 3. I. 6. c. q—Paterc. 2, c. 9. A | &c.—P/in. 3, c. 8. eſt part « 
Roman proconſul, who is ſuppoſed to have RU1VUy#, a ſea port town on the ſout ſeſſions, ; 
encouraged Mithridates to murder all the | ern coaſts of Britain, abounding in ext ſettled u 
Romans who were in his provinces. lent oyſters, whenee the epithet of Ru at laſt t 
Lupus, a pretor, who fled away with three | pinus. Some ſuppoſe that it is the mod Rome 3; 
eohorts from Tarracina.— A rheterician. | town of Dover, but others Rickborough Their «| 
Quintil. 3, c. 1. A man who went | Sandwich. Lucan, 6, v. 67.— Juv. % MW Keate, Cy 
againſt Jugurtha, A friend of Nero. 141. ä 2 tum, Col 
———A poet of Gaul, in the reign of Ho- RVTHAI MoNTES. Vid. Rhipzi, nation for 
norius. According to ſore, he wrote a for the ky 
was very 
LEES S 5 Vat. 15. 
WY _— 18.— Dio 
e. . 1. 

S A S A der. 14, 
: a 135, 8, V. 
ABA, a town of Arabia, famous for | of the country which lies between the! SARIN: 
frankineenſe, myrrh, and aromatic | bines and the Marſi. Hence the epithet Africa, in 
plants. The inhabitants were called Sabei. | Sabellicus, Horat, 3, od. 6.—Virg. C. defcated fo 
Strab. 16.— Died. 3.—Virg. G. 1, v. 57. v. 255. ; of the caſt 
En. 1, v. 420. SABELLUS, a Latin poet in the reig SABINT 
SABACHUS, or SABACON, a king of | Domitian and Nerva. with Ovid 


#thiopia, who invaded Egypt and reigned Juris SABINA, A Roman matron, Wy elegies, in 
there, after the expulſion of king Amaſis. 4 married Adrian by means of Plotina the tioned, an 
After a reign of 50 years he was terrified by | of Trajan. She is celebrated for lier pri from Hipp 
a dream, and retired into his own kingdom. | as well as public virtues. Adrian tre fon to Hip! 


Herodot. 2, c. 137, &c. ter with the greateſt aſperity, thougt lis, from 1 
SABE1, a people of Arabia, Vid. Saba, | had received from her the imperial pull Penelope; 
SABATA, a town of Liguria, ſuppoſed to | and the empreſs was ſo ſcufible of hs sud to be 

be the modern Savena. Sit. 8, v. 461.— Kindneſs, that ſhe boaſted in his pre! Ovid. Am. 

Strab. 4. A town of Aſſyria. that ſhe had diſdairſed to make kim whom the £ 
SAZATHA, a town of Arabia, now Sa- ther, left his children thould become i received di 

aa odious or more ty rannical than he h one of thoſ 
SABATERA, a town of Syria. S“. 3, | was, The behaviour of Sabina at 1 When he et 

v. 256. exaſperated Adrian that he poiſoned BY to be of La 


SABATINI, a people of Samnium, living | or, according to ſome, obliged ker to a 7 v. 178.— 
on the banks of the Sabatus, a river which | herſelf. The emperor at that time 1 defcated by 
ſalls into the Vulturnus. Lw. 26, c. 33. under a mortal diſcaſe, and there ao procla 

SABAZIUE, a firname of Bacchus, as alſo | was the more encouraged to ſacrifice pi beginning C 
of jupiter. to luis iclentment, thar ſhe might by. ſoon after d. 

SauRAs, a king of India. * | vive him. Divine honors were pald! cape from t! 

SABELL A, the nurſe of the poet Horace. memory. She died after the had my alubterranc 
1 Sat. 9, v. 29. ried 38 years to Adrian, A. D. I 3% | meſtics, whe 

SABELLT, a people of Italy, deſcended SABINI, an antient people . ah luccethve Ve 
from the Sabines, or according to ſome from { oned among the Aborigines, Or mo retreat, and 
the Sunnis, They inhabited that part ny whoſe origin way not xn . ber frequent 


40 


* 


Alſo af 
he poety 


7 fallin L 
.erranean 
a, fallin 


Heorat, 2 


known 1 
- of Abs 
nto Italy 
ſupports 
gamſft ti 
1eir dom 
Faſt. 4, 
g. fin, 


the ſout 
in exc 
t of Rut 
the mode 
borough 


Juv. 4 


ipæi. 


een the! 
he epithet 
-Virg. G, 


the reig 


matron, \ 
otina the 
or her pri 
drian tre 
y, though 
perial pur 
dle of Is 
1 his pre 
ke kim 4 
become it 
an he hu 
ina a a 
poiſonec 
| ker to de 
t time at 
d thereto 
acrifice di 
night 1108 
erc paid 10 
had been! 
D. 138. 

» Of Italyy! 
, or thoſe a 
Know 

i» 


S A 


ſuppoſe that they were originally a Lacedz- 
monian colony, who ſettled in that part of 
the country. The poſſeſſions of the Sabines 
were ſituated in the neighbourhood of Rome, 
between the river Nar and the Anio, and 
bounded on the north by the Apennines 
and Umbria, ſouth by Latium, eaſt by the 
Aqui, and Etruria on the weſt. The great- 
eſt part of the contiguous nations were de- 
ſcended from them, ſuch as the Umbrians, 
the Campanians, the Sabelli, the Oſci, Sam- 
pites, Herniei, /Equi, Marſh, Brutii, &c. 
The Sabines are celebrated in antient hiſtory 
as being the firſt who took up arms againſt 
the Romans, to avenge the rape of their 
females at a ſpectacle where they had been 
invited. After ſome engagements, the great- 
eſt part of the Sabines left their antient poſ- 
ſeſſions, and migrated to Rome, where they 
ſettled with their new allies. They were 
at laſt totally ſubdued, about the year of 
Rome 373, and ranked as Roman eitizens, 
Their chief cities were Cures, Fidenæ, 
Reate, Cruſtumerium, Corniculum, Nomen- 
tum, Collatia, & c. and the character of the 
nation for chaſtity, for purity of morals, and 
for the knowledge of herbs and incantations, 
was very great. Herat, 17, ep. 28.—Cic. 
Vat. 15.—Plin. 3, c. 12.—Lit, 1, c. 9 & 
18.— Dionyſ. 2, c. 51. —Strab. 5. — Flor. 1, 
c. 1. J. 3, c. 18.—Ital. 8, v. 424.—Ovid. 
Met. 14, v. 775 & 797. Am. 1, v. 101. 
13, 8, v. 6t.—Juv. 10, v. 197. 

SARINIANUS, a general who revolted in 
Africa, in the reign of Gordian, and was 
defcated ſoon after, A. D. 240. —A general 
of the caſtern empire, &c. 

SABINUS Avus, a Latin pcet intimate 
with Ovid. He wrote ſome epiſtles and 
elegies, in the number of which were men- 
tioned, an epiitle from Eneas to Dido, 
from Hippolytus to Phædta, and from Ja- 
fon to Hiphpyle, from Demophoon to Phyl- 
lis, from Paris to CEnone, from Ulyſſes to 
Penelope ; the three laſt of which, though 
faid to be his compoſition, are ſpurious, 
Ovid. Am. 2, v. 18. A man from 
whom the Sabines received their name. He 
received divine honors after death, and was 
one of thoſe deities whom ZEneas invoked 
when he entered Italy, He was ſuppoſed 
to be of Lacedzmonian origin. Vid. An. 
7 v. 178. An officer of Czfar's army 
defcated by the Gauls. Julius, an officer 
Wo proclaimed himſelf emperor in the 
beginning of Veſpahan's reign. He was 
ſoon after defeated in a battle; and to cf- 
cape from the conqueror, he hid himſelf in 
alubterrancous cave, with two faithful do- 
meſtics, where he continued unſeen for nine 
ſuccetfive years, His wife found out his 
etreat, and ſpent her time with him, till 
ber frequent viſits to the cave diſcovered the 


by the Perſians, 


; $44 


8 X 


| place of his concealment. He was dragged 


before Veſpaſian, and by his orders put to 
death, though his friends intereſted them- 
ſelves in his cauſe, and his wife endeavours 
ed to raiſe the emperor's pity, by ſhowing 
him the twins whom ſhe had brought forth 
in their ſubterraneous retreat, Corn. a 
man who conſpired againſt Caligula, and 
afterwards deſtroyed himſelf. Titius, à 
Roman ſenator ſhamefully accuſed and con- 
demned by Sejanus. His body, after exe- 
cution, was dragged through the ſtreets of 
Rome, and treated with the greateſt indig- 
nities, His dog conſtantly followed the 
body, and when it was thrown into the Ti- 
ber, the faithful animal plunged in after it, 
and was drowned. Plin. 8, c. 40.— 
Poppæus, a Roman conſul, who preſided 
above 24 years over Mœſia, and obtained a 
triumph tor his victories over the barba- 
rians. He was a great favorite of Auguſtus 
and of Tiberius, Tacit. Ann. Flavius, 
a brother of Veſpaſian, killed by the popu- 
lace, He was well Known for his fidelity 
to Vitellius. He commanded in the Roman 
armies 35 years, and was governor of Rome 
for 12, A friend of Domitian. A 
Roman who attempted to plunder the tem- 
ple of the Jews.——A friend of the empe- 
ror Alexander. A lawyer. 

SABis, now Sambre, a river of Belgic 
Gayl, falling into the Maeſe at Namur, 
Czſar. 2, c. 16 & 18. | 

SaBoTA, the ſame as Sabatha. 

SABRACZ, a powerful natien of India, 
Curt. , c. 8. 

SABRATA, a maritime town of Africa, 
near the Syrtes. It was a Roman colony, 
[tal, 3, v. 256. Plin. 5, c. 4. 

SABRINA, the Severn in England. 

SABURA, a general of Juba, king of 
Numidia, defeated and killed in a battle, 
Lucan, 4, v. 722. ; 

SABURANUS, an officer of the pretorian 
guards. When he was appointed to this 
othce by the emperor Trajan, the prince 
preſented him with a ſword, ſaying, Uſe this 
weapon in my ſervice as lang as my command; 
are juft ; but turn it againſt my 6wwn (+46), 
whenever I become cruel or male 1 

SABUS, one of the antient kir t the 
Sabines; the ſame as Sahinus. | 
binus. A king of Arabia, 

SACADAS, a muſician and poet of gos, 
whe obtained three ſeveral times the prize 
at the Pythian games. Pt. de myſ..—-Pauſ, 
6, c. 14. 

Sacæ, 4 people of Scythia, who inha- 
bited the country that lies at the caſt of 
Bactriana and Sogdiana, and towards the 
north of mount Imaus, The name af Sa- 
c was given in genera] to all the Scythians, 
They had no towns, ac- 
cor ng 


8 A 


eerding to ſome writers, hut lived in tents. 
x 6, c. 13.—Herodet. 3, c. 93. J. 7, c. 
3. 

SACER Mors, a mountain near Rome. 
Vid. Mons ſacer. 

SACER Locus, a wood of Campania, 
on the Liris. | 

SACER PORTUS, Or SACRI PORTUS, a 

ace of Italy, near Præneſte, famous for 
a battle that was fought there between 
Sylla and Marius, in which the former ob- 
tained the victory. Palerc. 2, c. 26.— 
Lucan. 2, V. 134. 

SACRANI, a people of Latium, Who 
aſſiſted Turnus againſt ZEneas. They were 
deſcended from the Pelaſgians, or from a 
prieſt of Cybele. Virg. An. 7, v. 796. 

SACRATOR, one of the friends of Tur- 
nus. Virg. u. 10, v. 747. 

SACRA VIA, a celebrated ſtreet of Rome, 
where a treaty of peace and alliance was 
made between Romulus and Tatius. It led 
from the amphitheatre to the capitol, by 
the temple of the goddeſs of Peace, and the 
temple of Cæſar. The triumphal proceſ- 
fions paſſed through it to go to the capitol. 
Horat. 4, ed. 2. |. 1, ſat. 9.— Liv. 2, c. 
13.—Cic. Planc. 7, Att. 4, ep. 3, 

SACRATA LET militaris. A. U. C. 411, 
by the dictator Valerius Corvus, as ſome 
ſuppoſe, enacted that the name of no ſol- 
dier which had been entered in the mufter 
roll ſhould be ſtruck out but by his conſent, 
and that no perion who had been a military 
tribune ſhould execute the office of duct, 
erdinum. 

M. SackxrTvik, a friend of Cæſar, 
killed at Dyrrachium. Cæſ. bell. C. 

Sacri poRTUs. Vid. Sacer portus, 

SACRUM BELLUM, a name given to the 
wars carried on concerning the temple of 
Delphi. The firſt began B. C. 448, and in 
it the Athenians and Lacedzmonians were 
nuxiliaries on oppoſite fides, The ſecond 
war began 357 B. C. and finiſhed g years 
after by Philip of -Macedonia, who de- 
Fr-yed all the cities of the Phocians. Vid. 
ocis. A promontory of Spain, now 
Cape St. Vincent, called by Strabo the moſt 
weſterly part of the earth. 

SADALES, a ſon of Cotys, king of 
Thrace, who aſſiſted Pompey with a body 
of 500 horſemen. Caf. bell. C. 3. 

Sanus, a river of India, 

SADYATEs, one of the Mermnadz, who 
reigned in Lydia 12 years after his father 
Gyges. He made war againſt the Mileſians 
for fix years. Herodot. 1, c. 16, &c. 

S&TABI5s, a town of Spain near the 
rung on a riſing hill, famous for its fine 

inen. Sil. 3, v. 373. 

SAGALASSUS, a tewn of Piſidia, on 


8 A 


the borders of Phrygia, now Sadjally, 
Liv. 38, c. 15. 

SAGANA, a woman acquainted with 
magic and enchantments, Horat, ed. 5, 
V. 25, 

SAGARI1S, a river of Afia, riſing from 
mount Dindymus in Phrygia, and falling 
into the Euxine. Vid. Sangaris.' Ovid, ex 
Pont. 4, ep. 10, v. 47. One of the 
companions of Aineas, killed by Turnus. 
Virg. An. 5, v. 263. l. 9, v. 575. 

C. SAGITTA, an officer who encouraged 
Piſo to rebel againſt the emperor Nero, &c, 
Tactt. Hiſt. 4, c. 49. 

SAGRA, a ſmall river of Italy in the 
country of the Pruzii, where 1305000 Cro- 
toniatz were routed by 10,000 Locrians 
and Rhegians, Cic. Nat. D. 2, c. 2.— 
Strab. 6. 

SAGUNTUM, or SAGUNTUS, a town of 
Hiſpania Tarraconenſis at the weſt of the 
Iberus, about one mile from the ſea ſhore, 
now called Morwedrs. It had been founded 
by a colony of Zacynthians, and by ſome 
of the Rutuli of Ardea, Saguntum is ce— 
lebrated for the clay in its nezghbourhood, 
with which cups, pocula Saguntina, were 
made, but more particularly it is famous 
as being the cauſe of the ſecond Punic war, 
and for the attachment of its inhabitants to 
the intereſt of Rome. Hannibal took it af« 
ter a ſiege of about eight months; and the 
inhabitants, not to fall into the enemy's 
hands, burnt themſelves with their houtes, 
and with all their effects. The conqueror at- 
terwards rebuilt-it, and placed a garriſon 
there, with all the noblemen whom he de- 
tained as hoſtages from the ſeveral neigh- 
bouring nations of Spain. Some ſuppoſe 
that he called it Spartagene. Flor. 2, c. 6, 
L. 21, c. 2, 7, 9.—Sil, 1, v. 271.— 
Lucan, 3, v. 350.—Strab. 3.— Mela. 2; 
6. . 3 
Salis, now Sa, a town in the Delta of 
Egypt, ſituate between the Canopic, and 
Sebennytican mouths of the Nile, and an- 
tiently the capital of Lower Egypt. There 
was there a celebrated temple dedicated to 
Minerva, with a room cut out of one ſtone, 
which had been conveyed by water from 
Elephantis by the labors of 2zo00 men in 
three years. The fione meaſured on the 
outſide 21 cubits long, 14 broad, and 8 
high. Ofris was alſo buried near the town 
of Sais. The inhabitants were called Saitz, 
One of the mouths of the Nike, which is 
adjoining to the town, has received the 
name of Saiticum, Strab, .17,—Herodit, 
2, c. 17, &c. . 

SALA, a town of Thrace, near the 
mouths of the Hebrus. A town of Maus 


LY 


ritania—of Phrygia.—A river of Germany 
. tally 


de 4th © 


fling i 
pits. 
filling 1 
SAL = 
ts be un 
7 ©. 2. 
SAL 4 
Athens, 
public 
ticir diff 
— A nai 
on accot 
cities. 
SALA 
pus, by 
mourecd 
;!tland of 
her nam 
fon calle: 
* SALA 
now Cols 
ms, on 
fite Ele: 
league, 1 
ſame nan 
cumferen 
a colony 
ſome of 
iſlands at 
a battle 
the flects 
fians, w. 
enemy's 
and thoſe 
380 ſail. 
fought on 
the Greek 
about 20 
which we 
they cont: 
antiently 
chria, ap 
iS (aid thi 
the contin 
to the Tr 
Inis. Fer 
Plat. S ( 
wal. M. 
cla. 2 
14, v. 28 
SALAu 
ealt of the 
dy Teucer 
iſland Sal 
baniſhed, 
Chriſtian le 
die epithet 
applied to 
allo called 
His deſcer 
town for 


roy ed by 


24 *4 


2 


with 
6d, 5, 


from 
alling 
id, ex 
f the 
ITnus. 


raged 
5 &c. 


n the 
Cro- 
Cr1ans 


2.— 


wn of 
of the 
ſhore, 
unded 
{ome 
is ce- 
rhood, 
, were 
amous 
ic Wer, 
ants to 
it af 
ind the 
nemy's 
houles, 
2ror af« 
rarriſon 
he de- 
neigh 
ſuppoſe 
2 C. 6. 
271.— 
lela. 23 


Delta of 
die, and 
and an- 

There 
dated to 
ge ſtone; 
er from 
men in 
on the 
, and 8 
he town 
d Saitæ. 
yhich is 
ved the 
Herodit, 


ear the 
of Maus 


3ermany 


tally 


8 A 


8 A 


bling into the Elbe, near which are ſalt | Strab. g.—-Herodot. 8, c. 94, Sc. — Hera. 


pits. Tarit, An. 13, c. 57. Another 
filling into the Rhine, now the Il. 

SALACON, a poor man who pretended 
to be uncommonly rich, & c. Cic. ad Div. 
5 c. 24. 

SALAMINIA, a name given to a ſhip at 
Athens, which was employed by the re- 
public in conveying the officers of ſtate to 
ticir different adminiſtrations abroad, &c. 
—A name given to the iſland of Cyprus, 
on account of Salamis, one of its capital 
cities. 

SALXKuts, a daughter of the river Aſo— 
pus, by Methone. Neptune became ena- 
moured of her, and carried her to an 
Hand of the Ægean, which afterwards bore 
her name, and where ſhe gave birth to a 
fon called Cenchreus. Died, 4. 

* SAL AMIS, SALAMINS, or SALAMINA, 
now Coloruri, an iſland in the Saronicus Si- 
Ms, on the ſouthern coaſt of Attica, oppo- 
ſite Eleuſis, at the diſtance of about a 
league, With a town and harbour of the 
fame name. It is about 50 miles in cir- 
eumference, Tt was originally peopled by 
a colony of Jonians, and afterwards by 
ſome of the Geeks from the adjacent 
ſands and countrics. It is celebrated for 
a battle which was fought there between 
the fleets of the Greeks and that of the Per- 
fians, when Xerxes invad<d Attica, The 
enemy's ſhips amounted to above 20co, 
and thoſe of the Peloponnenaus to about 
380 ſail. In this engagement; which was 
fought on the 2oth of October, E. C. 480, 
the Greeks loſt 40 ſhips, and the Perſians 
ahout 200, beſides an immenſe Humber 
which were taken, with all the ammunition 
they contained. The iflind of Salamis was 
antiently called Sciras, Cychria, or Cen- 
chria, and its bay the gulf of Engia. It 
is ſaid that Xerxes attempted to join it to 
the continent. Teucer and Ajax, who went 
to the Trojan war, were natives of Sala- 
inis. Strab. 2.— eradot. 8, c. 56, Sc.— 
Plat, & C. Nep. in Them. Sc. — Diad. 4. 
Val. Max. 5, c. 3.—Pauſ. 1, c. 35, Os. 
Mela, 2, c. 7.——Lucan. 5, v. 109.— ... 
4, v. 283. 

SALAuis, or SALAMINA, a town at the 
eaſt of the iſland of Cyprus. It was built 
dy Teucer, who gave it the name of the 
ſand Salamis, from which he had been 
baniſhed, about 1270 years before the 
Chriſtian era; and from this circumflance 
tlc epithets of ambigua' an1 of altera were 
applied to it, as the mother country was 
allo called vera, for the fake of diſtinction, 
His deſcendants continued matters. of the 
town for above Soo years, It was de- 
froved by an carthquake, and rebuilt in 


Be 4th Cem, aud called Conſtantia, | 
, J a 8 * | | 


EF. 1 4 


* 


I, od. 7, v. 21,—Paterc. 1, c. t. Lauras. 
3, v. 183. | 

SALAPIA, or SXLAP1z, now Salpe, a 
town of Apulia, where Annibal retired 
aftcr the battle of Cannz. It was takem 
from the Carthaginian general by Marcel- 
lus. Some remains of this place may be 
traced near a lake called Salapina Palusg 
now uſed for making ſalt, which, from the 
ſituation near the ſea, is eaſily conveyed by 
{mall boats to ſhips of ſuperior burden. 
Lucan, 5, v. 377.--Val. Max. 3, c. 8. 
Pin. 3, C It. 

SALARA, a town of Africa propria, ta- 
ken by Scipio. Liv. 29, c. 34, &c. 

SALARIA, a ftreet and gate at Rome 
which led towards the country of the Sa- 
bines. It received the name of Salari 
becauſe ſalt, (%%), was generally 8 
to Rome that way. Mart, 4, ep. 64.— 
A bridge called Salurius, was built 4 miles 
from Rome, thro' the Salarian gate on the 
river Auio. 

SALASSI, 2 people of Ciſalpine Gaul, 
who were in continual war with the Ro- 
mans. They cut off 10,000 Romans un- 
der Appius Claudius, A. U. C. 610, and 
were ſoon after defeated, and at laſt totally 
ſubdued and ſold as flaves by Auguſtus. 
Their country, now called Fal D' Aena, 
after a colony ſettled there, and called Au- 
gufta Pratoria, was fituate in a valley be- 
tween the Alps Graiæ and Penninæ, or 
Great and Little St. Bernard. Liv. 21, c. 
38.—Plin. 3, c. 17.—Strab. 4. 

SALEIUS, a poet of great merit in the 
age of Domitian, yet pinehed by poverty, 
though born of iuſtriaus parents, and diſ- 
tinguiſhed by purity, ot manners and inte- 
grity of mind. Ju. 7, v. 88.— Quint. 10, 
e. I. 4 2. Mi 

SALENT, a people of Spain. Mele 3, 
C. I. * * 

SALENTINI, a people of Italy, nor- 
Apulia, on the ſouthern coaſt of Calabria, 
Their chief towns were Brundufium, Ta- 
rentum, and Hydruntum. Lal. 8, v. 579. 
—Pirg. An. 3, v. 400.—Varro de R. R. 1, F 
c. 24.—Strab. 6.—Mela. 2, c. 4. 8 4 

SALERNUM, now Salerno, a town of 
the Picentini, on the ſhores of the Tyr- 
rhene ſea, ſouth of Campania, and famous 
for a medical ſchool in the lower ages. 
Plin, 13, c. 3.— Liv. 34, c. 45.—Lucan, 
2, v. 425.—Paterc. I, c. 15.—Horat. 1, 
p. 15. 

SALGANEVUS, or SALGANEA, a town of 
Bueotia, on the Euripus. Liv. 35, c. 37, 
&c | 

SALIA, a town of Spain, where Pru- 
dentius was born. Mela. 
SALICA, a town of Spain, 


Bari 


8 A 


Satt, a college of prieſts at Rome, 
inſtituted in honor of Mars, and appointed 
by Numa, to take care of the ſacred ſhields 
called Ancylia, B. C. 709. [ Vid. Ancyle.] 
They were twelve in number, the three 
elders among them had the ſuperintendance 
of all the reſt; the firſt was called prœſul, 
the ſecond dates, and the third magier. 
Their number was afterwards doubled by 
Tullus Hoſtilius, after he had obtained a 


victory over the Fidenates, in conſequence 


of a vow which he had made to Mars. 


The Salii were all of patrician families, 
The 
firſt of March was the day in which the 
Sali: obſerved their feſtivals in honor of 
They were generally dreſſed in a 
ſhort ſcarlet tunic, of which only the 
edges were ſeen; they wore a large purple 
colored belt about the waiſt, which was 
They had on 
their heads round bonnets with two corners 
Kanding up, and they wore in their right 
hand a ſmall rod, and in their left a ſmall 
In the @bſervation of their ſo- 
lemnity they firſt offered ſacrifices, and 
afterwards went through the ſtreets dancing 
in meaſured motions, ſometimes all toge- 
ther, or at other times ſeparately, while 
muſical inſtruments were playing before 
them. They placed their body in different 
attitudes, and ftruek with their rods the 
ſhields which they held in their hands. 
They alſo ſung hymns in honor of the gods, 
Particularly of Mars, Juno, Venus, and 
Minerva, and they were accompanied in 
the chorus by a certain number of virgins, 
habited like themſelves, and called Saliæ. 
The Salii inſtituted by Numa were called 
Palatini, in contradiſlinction from the others, 
hved on mount Palatine, and 
Thoſe that 
wers added by Tullus were called Cellini, 
Agnales, or Quirinales, from a mountain 
of the ſame name, where they had fized 
meir reſidence. Their name ſeems to have 
been derived a fallende, or ſultando, be- 
cauſe, during their feftivals, it was parti- 
cularly requiſite that they ſhould leap and 
entertainments 
were uncemmonly rich and ſumptuous, 
whence dapes ſaliares is proverbially applied 
to ſuch repaſts as are moſt ſplendid and 
It was uſual among the Romans 
when they declared war, for the Sali 
to ſhake their ſhields with great violence, 
as if to call upon the god Mars to come to 
Liv. 1, c. 20,—Parro de 
L. L. 4, c. 15.—Ovid. Faſt. 3, v. 387.— 
Dienyſ. 3.— lor. 1, c. 2, &c.— Vg. An. 
A nation of Germany who 
invaded Gaul, and were conquered by the 


and the office was very honorable. 


Mars. 


faſtened with braſs buckles. 


buckher. 


becauſe th ; 
offered their ſacrifices there. 


dance, Their feaſts and 


eoftly, 


their aſſiſt ance. 


8, v. 285. 
emperor Julian, Amm. Mar. 17. 


8 A 


SALINKATOR, a firname common to the 
family of the Livii, and others, 

SALIUs, an Acarnanian at the games 
exhibited by Aneas in Sicily, and killed 
in the wars with Turnus. Virg. An. 8, v. 
298. |. 10, v. 753. 

Crispus SALLUSTIUS, a Latin hifto. 
rian born at Amiternum, in the country of 
the Sabines. He received his education at 
Rome, and made hiraſelf known as a pub. 
lic magiſtrate in the office of queſtor and 
conſul. His licentiouſneſs and the depra- 
vity of his manners, however, did not ef. 
cape the cenſure of the age, and Salluſt 
was degraded from the dignity of a ſena- 
tor, B. C. 50. His amour with Fauſta, 
the daughter of Sylla, was a ſtrong proof 
of his debauchery ; and Milo, the huſband, 
who diſcovered the adulterer in his houſe, 
revenged the violence offered to his bed by 
beating him with ſtripes, and ſelling him 
his liberty at a high price. A continuation 
of extravagance could not long be ſupported 
by the income of Salluſt, but he extricated 
himſelf from all difficulties by embracing 
the cauſe of Cæſar. He was reſtored to 
the rank of ſenator, and made governor of 
Numidia. In the adminiftration of his 
province Salluſt behaved with unuſual ty» 
ranny ; he enriched himſelf by plundering 
the Africans, and at his return to Rome he 
built himſelf a magnificent houſe, and 
bought gardens, which, from their delight. 
ful and pleaſant ſituation, ſtill preſerve the 
name of the gardens of Salluſt. He mar- 
ried Terentia, the divorced witc of Cicero; 
and from this circumſtance, according to 
ſome, aroſe an immortal hatred between 
the hiſtorian and the orator. Salluſt died 
in the 51 year of his age, 35 years before 
the Chriſtian era. As a writer he is pecu- 
larly diſtinguiſhed. He had compoſed 2 
hiſtory of Rome, but nothing remains of 
it except a few fragments, and his only 
compoſitions extant are his hiſtory of Cati- 
line's conſpiracy, and of the wars of ju- 
gurtha, king of Numidia, In theſe cele- 
brated works the author 1s greatly com- 
mended for his elegance, the vigor and 
animation of his ſentences ; he every where 
difplays a wonderful knowledge of the hu- 
man heart, and paints with a maſterly hand 


| the cauſes that gave riſe to the great events 


which he relates. No one was better ac» 
quainted with the vices that prevailed 1n 
the capital of Italy, and no one ſeems to 
have been more ſevere againſt the follics ot 
the age, and the failings of which he him- 
ſelf was guilty in the eyes of the would, 
His deſcriptions are clegantly correct, and 
his harangues are nervous and animated, 
and well ſuiting the character and the di- 
ferent purſuits of the great men in whey 
M0! 


Nou 
owe 
EXOTe 
with 
old a 
cenſu 
able 

Tho 
has 
with 
reade 
paſſir 
re flec 
band 
diſgr, 
poſt 
rat 
regul 
As all 
thent 
putec 
thoſe 
1742 
Quin 
Mar! 
hiſto 
zmita 
rema 
Rom 
himſ 
and 
luxur 
him. 
Secu 
intim 
zema 
neſs | 
rect. 
alle 
perly 
clus V 
was 
Conc 
ty th 
for d 
Afte) 
was 

the E 
peria: 
thous 
firini 
mans 
with 


to the 


game; 
Killed 


5 v. 


hiſto- 
try of 
ion at 
1 pub. 
or and 
depra- 
ot eſ- 
Salluſt 
a {enae 
Fauſta, 
J proof 
i\band, 
houſe, 
bed by 
ng him 
1uation 
ported 
ricated 
bracing 
red to 
rnor of 
of his 
ual ty» 
ndering 
ome he 
e, and 
delight» 
rve the 
le mare 
Cicero; 
ding to 
between 
at died 
s before 
43 pecus 
poſed 2 
jains of 
us only 
f Lati- 
of ju- 
ſe cele- 
y com- 
gor and 
y where 
the hu- 
ry hand 
t events 
ter ace 
ailed in 
ſeems to 
follics of 
he him- 
e would, 
ect, and 
nimated, 
the dif- 
n whoſe 
moud 


8 A 


mouth they are placed. The hiſtorian, 
however, is blamed for tedious and infipid 
exordiums, which ofren diſguſt the reader 
without improving him; his affectation of 


old and obſolete words and phraſes 1s alſo | 


+07 A 


| of his own, Ovid. Met. 4, v. 286; l. 18, 


v. 319.——Hygin, fab, 271. - 


SALMANTICA, a town of Spain, now 
Salamanca. 


SALMGYNE, a town of Elis in Peſopon- 


cenſured, and particularly his unwarrant- | neſus, with a fountain, from which the 


able partiality in ſome of his narrations. 


Though faithful in every other reſpect, he 
has not painted the character of Cicero 
with all the fidelity and accuracy which the 
reader claims from the hiſtorian; and in 
paſſing in ſilence over many actions which 
reflect the greateſt honor on the friſt hul- 
band of Terentia, the rival of Cicero has 
diſgraced himſelf, and rendered his com- 
poſitions leſs authentic. There are two 


erations or epiſtles to Cæſar, concerning the | 


regulation of the ſtate, attributed to him, 
as alſo an oration againſt Cicero, whoſe au- 
thenticity ſome of the moderns have diſ- 
puted. The beit editions of Salluſt, are 
thoſe of Haverkamp, 2 vols. 4to. Araſt. 
1742; and of Edinburgh, 12mo. 1755. 
Quintil. 10, c. 1.—Surt. de Gram, in Caſ.—— 
Martial 14, ep. 191. A nephew ot the 
hiſtorian, by whom he was adopted. He 
zmitated the moderation of Mæcenas, and 
remained ſatisfied with the dignity of a 
Roman knig't, when ke could have made 
himſelf powerful by the favors of Auguſtus 
and Tiberius. He was very effeminate and 
luxurious. Horace dedicated 2, od. 2, to 
him. Tacit. Ann. 1.—Plin. 34, c. 
Secundus Promotus, a native of Gaul, very 
intimate with the emperor Julian. He is 
remarkable for his integrity, and the ſound- 
neſs of his counſels. Julian made him pre- 
fect of Gaul. There is alſo another Salluſt, 
called Secundus, whom ſome have impro- 
perly confounded with Promotus. Secun— 
us was alſq one of Julian's favorites, and 
was made by him prefect of the caſt. He 
Conciliated the good graces of the Romans 
by the purity of his morals, his fondnefs 
for diſcipline, and his religious principles, 
After the death of the emperor Jovian, he 
was univerſally named by the ofjicers of 
the Roman empire to ſucceed on the im- 
perial- throne; but he refuſed this great 
though dangerous honor, and plcaded in- 
frinities of body and old age. The Ro- 
mans wiſhed upon this to inveſt his ſon 
with the imperial purple, but Secundus op- 
poſed it, and obſerved that he was too 
young to ſupport the dignity. A prefect 
of Rome in the reign of Valentinian. 
An othcer in Britain. 

SALMAC1S, a fountain of Caria, near 
Halicarnaſſus, which rendered cfteminate 
all thoſe who drank of its waters. It was 
there that Hermaphroditus changed his tex, 
though he ſtill retaiucd the chatacteriſtics 


by whom he had Tyro. 


Enipcus takes its ſource, and falls into the 


| Alpheus, about 40 ttadia from Olympia, 


which on account of that is called Samo 
| mis. Ovid. 3. amor. el. 6, v. 43. A 
, promontory at the eaſt of Crete, Dios 
7 5. ; 
| SALMONEUsS, a king of Elis, fon of 
Folus and Enarete, who married Alcidice, 
| He wiſhed to be 
called a god, and to receive divine honors 
from his ſubjects; therefore, to imitate the 
thunder, he uſed to drive his chariot over a 
brazen bridge, and darted burning torches 
on every fide, as if to imitate the lighten- 
ing. This impiety provoked Jupiter., Sale 
moneus was ftruck with a thunderbolt, 
and placed in the infernal regions near his 
brother Siſyphus. Homer. Od. 11, v. 235. 
Apollod. 1, c. 9.—Hygin. fab. 60. Diod. 
4.—-Virg. En. 6, v. 535. 

SALMONI1S, a name given to Olympia. 
Vid. Salmone. 

SALMUS, (untis,) a town of Afia near 
the Red Sea, where Alexander ſaw a thea. 
trical repreſentation. Died. 17. 

SALMYDEGSUS, a bay on the Euxine 
ſea, N 

Salo, now Aalen, a river in Spain, 
falling into the Iberus. Mart, 10, 2p. 20. 

SALODURUM, now Soleure, a town of 
the Helvetii. 

SALOME, a queen 3 This name 
was common to ſome of the princeiſes in 
the family of Herod, &c. 

SALON, a country of Bithynia. 

SALONA, or SALONE&, a town of Dal. 
matia, about 10 miles diſtant from the coaft 
of the Adriatic, It was the native place 
of the emperor Dioclehan, and he retired 
there to enjoy peace and tranquillity, aſter 
he bad abdicated the imperial purple, and 
built a ſtately palace, the ruins of wh'eh 
were fiill ſcen in the 16th century. A 
ſmall village of the fame name preſerves 
the traces of its fallen grandeur. Near is 
Spalatro. Lucan, 4, v. 404.—Czf. Bell. 
| CU, 9 Mel. 237 e. 3. \ 

SALONI%%A, a celebrated matron whe 
married the emperor Galizenus, and diſtin- 
| guiſhed herſelf by her private as well as 
| public virtues, She was the patroneſs of 
all the fine arts, and to her clemency, 
| mildneſs, and benevolence, Rome was in- 
; debted ſume time for her peace and proſpe- 
| rity. She accompanied her huſband in 
ſome of is expeditions, and often called 


1 


— 


him 


19 


him away frem the purſuits of pleaſure to 


make war againſt the enemies of Rome. 
She was put to death by the hands of the 
gonſpiators, who alſo aſſaſſinated her huſ- 
band and family, about the year 268 of 
the Chriftian era. 

SALONINUS, a fon of Afffnius Pollig. 
Ke received his name from the conqueſt of 
Sajonz by his father. Some ſuppoſe that 
he is the hero of Virgil's fourth eclogue, 
in which the return of the golden age is fo 
warmly and beautifully anticipated. 

SALoxninus, P. Licinius Cornelius, a 
fon of Gallienus, by Salonina, ſent into 
Gaul, there to be taught the art of war. 
He remained there ſome time, till the 
ufurper Poſthumius aroſc, and proclaimed 
himſelf emperor, Saloninus was upon this 
clelivered up to his enemy, and put to death 
in the 10th year oi his age. 

SALONIUs, a friend of Cato the cenfor. 
The daughter of Cenſorius married Salonius 
in his old age. Plut.--——A tribune and 
centurion of the Roman army hated by the 
Populace for his ſtrict ne ſs. 

Salis, a colony of E:ruria, whoſe in- 


habitantz are called Sa/pmnates, Lid. 5, 
C. 31. : . 
SALSUM, a river in Spain. Cz/. 
SALVIAN, one of the fathers of the «th 


century, of whoſe works the beſt edition, 
is the 12mo. Paris 1684. 

SALVIDIENUS, an officer in the army 
of Auguſtus. He was betrayed by An- 
tony, and put to death. A Latin writer 
in the age of the emperor Probus. 

SALVvIUS, a flute player faluted king by 
the rebettious flaves ot Sicily in the age of 
Marius. He maintained for ſome time war 
- againſt the Romans, A nephew of the 
. emperor Otho. A friend of Pompey, 

＋＋＋ man put to death by Domitian. 
A freedman of Atticus. Cic. ad Dr, 95 
c. 11. —-Anuther of the ſon of Horteuſius. 
Aa. 

SALYES, a people of, Gaul on the Rhone. 
Liv. 5, c. 34 & 35. J. 21, c. 26. 

SAMARA, a river of Gaul, now called 
the Somme, 

SNA, a City and country of Paleſ- 
tine, ſamous in facred hiſtory. The inha- 
bitants, called Samaritans, were compoſed 
of Heathens and rebellious Jews, and on 
having a temple built there after the form 
of that of Jerufalem, a lating enmity 
arofc Vetween the people of Judza and of 
Samaria, ſq that no intercourſe took place 
between the two countrics, and the name 
of Samaritan became a word pt reproach, 
and as if it were a cuile. | 

SAMAROBRIVA, A town ef Gaul, now 
Fmicn: in Picardy. | 

SAMBUL0s, a mountain near Meſopota- 


| 


— — IE 
—O— 


| 


anticat liberty by Auguſtus. 


( 


8 A 
mis, where Hercules was worſhipped, Tal 
eit. A. 12, c. 13. 

SAMBUS, an Indian king defeated” by 
Alexander. Died, 17. A river of In. 
dia, 

SAME, or Samos, a ſmall ifland in the 
Fonian ſea near Ithaca, called alſo Ceptal.- 
lenia. Virg. En. 3, v. 271. 

SAMIA, a daughter of the river Mzan. 
der. Pauſ. 7, c. 4 A funame of Ju« 
no, becauſe ſhe was worſhipped at Samos, 

SAMNITE, or AMNITE&, a people of 
Gaul. 

SAMNITES, a people of Italy, who in- 
habited the country fituate between Pice- 
num, Campania, Apulia, and antient La- 
tium, They diſtinguiſhed themſelves by 
their implacable hatred againſt the Romans, 
in the firſt ages of that empire, till they 
were at laſt totally extirpated, B. C. 272, 
atter a war of 71 years. Their chief town 
was called Samnium or Samnis. Liv. 7, 
Ge.—Flor, 1, c. 16, &c. I. 3, e. 18.— 
Strab. 5. Lucan, 2.—Futrop. 2. 

SAMN1UM, a town and port of Italy 


inhabited by the Samnites. Vid. Sam- 
nites. 

SAMOCHONITES, a ſmall lake of Pas 
teftine. 


SAMONIUM, a promontory of Crete, 
Samos, an iſland in the Ægean ſea, on 
the coaſt of Aſa Minor, from which it is 
divided by a narrow ſtreight, with a capital 
of the fame name, built B. C. 986. It is 
about 87 miles in circumference, and is 
famous for the birth of Pythagoras. It has 
been antiently called Parthenia, Anthemuſa, 
Stephane, Melamphyllus, Anthemus, Cypa- 
ita, and Dryuſa. It was fri in the poſe 
ſchon of the Leleges, and afterwards cf 
the Ionians. The people of damos were at 
firſt governed by kings, aud afterwards the 
form of their government became demo- 
cratical and oligarchical, Samos was m its 
moſt fioriſhing fituaticn under Polycrates, 
who had made himſelf abſolute there. The 
Samians aſhfted the Greeks againk the 
Perſians when Xerxes invaded Europe, and 
were reduced under the power of Athens, 
atter a revolt, by Pericles, B. C. 441. They 
were afterwards ſul . dued by Eumencs, king 
of Pergamus, and were reitgred to their 
Under Veſ- 
pakan, Samos became a Koman province. 
Juno was held in the greateſt vencration 
there, her temple was uncommomiy mag» 
nifcent, and it was even ſaid that the god- 
defs had been born there, on the banks of 
the Imbraſus, Mela. 2, c. 7.—Pauf. 7, c. 
2 & 4.—Plut, n Per. — Pin. 5, c. 31.— 
Virg. An. I, V. 20,— Thucyd. The 
{lands of Samothrace and Cephallenia were 

alſo known by the name of Samos. 
a | SAMOSAT Ag 


Sau- 
Euphtat 
Lucian 

SAM 
iſtand ir 
of the H 
which it 
known 
Melitis, 
It was a 
zuiſhed 
coaſt of 
or by th 
38 mile 
Pliny, « 

travellers 
tants of 
however 
and that 
by the cc 
and Phe 
for 2 deh 
and reac 
mountai! 
pened be 
Was Owir 
waters © 
conſidere 
thracians 
myſteries 
orig in the 
of ſac red, 
aſylum tc 
land w. 
but after, 
mocratic: 
ummuniti. 
of Veſpa; 
ef the iſla 
of a pro! 
Herodot. 
v. 208.— 
Saus 
grandſon « 
SANA, 
which Xe 
convey th 
SANAO 
SANCH 
tan born 
ethers, at 
before the 
language © 
books, in 
theology 2 
the neighb 
from the v 
the annals 
temples of 
This hiſtor 
lo, a nz 


$6ign of t. 


8 A 


Euphrates, below mount Taurus, where 
Lucian was born. 

SAMOTHRACE, or SAMOTARACTA, an 
iſland in the Ægean ſea, oppoſite the mouth 
of the Hebrus, on the coaſt of Thrace, from 
which it is diſtant about 32 miles, It was 
known by the ancient names of Lercofra, 
Melitis, Electria, Leucania, and Dardania. 
It was afterwards called Samos, and diſtin- 
zuiſhed from the Samos which lies on the 
coaſt of Ionia, by the epithet of Thracian, 
or by the name of Samothrace. It is about 
38 miles in circumference, according to 
Pliny, or only 20 according to modern 
travellers. The origin of the firſt inhabi- 
tants of Samotkrace is unknown. Some, 
however, ſuppoſe that they were Thracians, 
and that the place was afterwards peopled 
by the colonics of the Pelaſgians, Samians, 
and Pheœnicians. Samethrace is famous 
for a deluge which inundated the country, 
and reached the very top of the higheſt 
mountains, This inundation, which hap- 
pened before the age of the Argonauts, 
was owing to the ſudden overflow of the 
waters of the Euxine, which the ancients 
conſidered merely as a lake. The Samo- 
thracians were very religious; and as all 
my ſteries were ſuppoſed to have taken their 
origin there, the iſland received the ſirname 
of facred, and was a ſafe and inviolable 
aſylum to all fugitives and criminals. The 
land was originally governed by Kings, 
but afterwards the government became de- 
mocratical. It enjoyed all its rights and 
un munities under the Romans till the reign 
ef Veſpanan, who reduced it with the reſt 
ef the iſlands in the Ægean into the form 
of a province. Plin. 412.—Strab. 10.— 
Herodot. 7, c. 108, &c.—Virg. An. 7, 
v. 208.— Mela. 2, c. 7.—Pauſ. 7, c. 4. 

SAMUS, a fon of Anczus and Samia, 
grandſon of Neptune. Pauſ. 7, c. 4. 

SANA, a town of mount Athos, near 
which Xerxes began to make a channel to 
convey the ſca, | 

SANAOs, a town of Phrygia, Strab. 

SANCHONIATHON, a Phoenician hiſto- 
tian born at Berytus, or, according to 
ethers, at Tyre. He floriſhed a few years 
before the Trojan war, and wrote, in the 
language of his country, an hiſtory in nine 
books, in which he amply treated of the 
theology and antiquities of Pheenicia, and 
the neighbouring places. It was compiled 


from the various records found in cities and 
the annals which were uſually kept in the 
temples of the gods among the antients. 
This hiſtory was tranſlated into Greek by 
Philo, a native of Byblus, who lived in the 
$*iga of the emperor Adrian, Some few 


Cantosxta, 2 town of Syria, near the | 


| S A 
fragments of this Greek tranſlation ære 


extant, Some however ſuppoſe them to be 
ſpurious, while others contend that they are 
true and authentic, 

SANCUS, SANGUS, or SANCTUS, 2 
deity of the Sabines introduced among the 
gods of Rome under the name of Dius 
Fidius, According to ſome, Sancus was 
father to Sabus, or Sabinus, the firſt king 
of the Sabines. Hul. 8, v. 421.—Varre de 
L. L. 4. —Ovid. Faſt. 6, v. 213. 

SANDACE, a ſiſter of Xerxes. 

SANDALIOTIS, a name given to Sar- 
dinia from its reſemblance to a ſandal. 
Plin. 3, c. 7. 

SANDALIUM, a {mall iſland of the - 
gean, near Leſbos. A port of Piſidia. 
Strab, 

SANDANTS, a Lydian who adviſed 
Crœſus not to make war againſt the 
Perſians. 

SAN DAN Us, a river of Thrace, near 
Pallene. 

SANDROCOTTUS, an Indian of a mean 
origin, His impertinence to Alexander 
was the beginning of his greatneſs; the 
conqueror ordered him to be ſeized, bur 
Sandrocottus fled away, and at laſt down 
overwhelmed with fatigue, As he flept an 


the ground a lion came to him and gentiy 


licked the ſweat from his face. This un- 
common tameneſs of the animal appeared 
ſupernatural to Sandrocottus, and railed his 
ambition. He aſpired to the monarchy, 
and after the death of Alexander he made 
himſelf maſter of a part of the country 
which was in the hands of Scleucus. Tuftin, 
I5, C. 4. 

SANE, a town of Macedonia. 

SANGALA, a town of India deſtroyed by 
Alexander. Arrian. 5, 

SANGARIUS, or SANOARTS, a river of 
Phrygia, riſing in mount Dindymus and 
falling into the Euxine, The daughter of 
the Sangarius became pregnant of Altes 
only from gathering the boughs of an at- 
mond tree on the banks of the river. He- 
cuba, according to ſame, was daughter of 
this river. Some of the poets call it Sagaris. 
Ovid. ex Pont. 4, el. 10, —G/a In Eu- 
trop. 2.— Pau. 7. 

SANGUINIUS, a man condemned for ill 
language, &c. Tacit. An. 6, c. 7. 

SANNYRION, a tragic pcet of Athens, 
He compoſed many dramatical picces, one 
of which was called Io, and another Danac, 
Athen. q. 

SANTONES, & SAN TNA, now Sain- 
tonge, a people with a town of the ſame 
name in Gaul, Lacan. 1, v. 42a Mars 
tial. 3, ep. 96. * 

Saen, an hiſtorian. Dien. Ual,m—A 
Ihe 


| 
i 


- 
ea... 


S A 


ö 
man who firft diſcovered the oracle of 
T rophonius. 

SAPA&I, of SAPHE1, a people of Thrace, 
Orid. Faſt. 1, v. 389. 

SAPIRENE, an iſland of the Arabic 
gulph. Pin. 6, c. 29. 

SAp1s, now Savio, a river of Gaul Cif- 
padana, falling into the Adriatic, Lucan. 
2, v. 406. 

SapoR, a king of Perſia who ſucceeded 
his father Artaxerxes about the 238th year 
of the Chriſtian era. Naturally fierce and 
ambitious, Sapor wiſhed to encreaſe his 
paternal dominions by conqueſt; and as the 
indolence of the emperors of Rome ſeemed 
favorable to his views, he laid waſte the 
provinces of Meſopotamia, Syria, and Ci- 
Jicia z and he might have become maſter 
of all Afia, if Odenatus had not topped his 
progreſs. If Gordian attempted to repel 
him, his efforts were weak, and Philip, 
who ſucceeded him on the imperial throne, 
bought the peace of Sapor with money, 
Valerian, who was afterwards inveſted with 
the purple, marched againſt the Perſian 
monarch, but he was defeated and taken 
priſoner. Odenatus no ſooner heard that 
the Roman emperor was a captive in the 
hands of Sapor, than he attempted to re- 
Icaſe him by force of arms. The forces of 
Perſia were cut to pieces, the wives and 
the treaſures of the monarch fell into the 
Bands of the conqueror, and Odenatus pe- 
netrated, with little oppoſition, into the 
very heart of the Kingdom. Sapor, ſoon 
after this defeat, was aflafſlinated by his 
ſubjects, A. D. 273, after a reign of 32 


years. He was ſuccecded by his ſon called 
Hormiſdas. Marcellin, Sc. The 2d of 


that name ſucceeded his father Hormiſdas 
on the throne of Perſia, He was as great 
as his anceſtor of the ſame name; and by 
underraking a war againſt the Romans, he 
attempted to enlarge his dominions, and 
to add the provinces on the weſt of the Eu- 
phrates to his empire. His victories a- 
larmed the Roman emperors, and Julian 
would have perhaps ſeized him in the ca- 
pital of his dominions, it he had not re- 
ceived a mortal wound, Jovian, who ſuc- 


ceeded Julian, made peace with Sapor ; | 


but the munarch, always reſtleſs and inde- 
fatigable, renewed hoſtilities, invaded Ar- 
menia, and deſeated the emperor Valens. 
Sapor died A. D. 380, after a reign of 70 
years, in which he had offen been the ſport 
of fortune. He was ſucceeded by Artaxer- 
xcs, and Artaxerxes by Sapar the third, a 
prince who died after a reign of tive years, 
A. D. 389, in the age of Theodoſius the 
Great. Marcellin, Sc. 

SAPPHO, or SAPHoO, celebrated for her 


beauty, her poetical talents, and her amo- 


S A 


rous diſpoſition, was born in the iſland of 
Leſbos, about 600 years before Chrif, 
Her father's name, according to Herodotus, 
was Scamandronymus, or, according to 
others, Symon, or Semus, or Etarchus, 
and her mother's name was Cleis. Her 
tender paſſions were ſo violent, that ſome 
have repreſented her attachment with thres 
of her female companions, Teleſiphe, At- 
this, and Megara, as criminal, and, on 
that account, have given her the firname of 
Tribas, She conceived ſuch a paſhon for 
Phaon, a youth of Mitylene, that upon hig 
refuſal to gratify her deſires, ſhe threw her- 
ſelf into the ſea from mount Leucas. She 
had compoſed nine books in lyric verſes, 
be ſides epigrams, elegies, & c. Of all theſe 
compoſitions, nothing now remains but two 
fragments, whoſe uncommon ſweetnefs and 
elegance ſhow how meritoriouſly the praiſes 
of the antients have been beſtowed upon a 
poeteſs who for the ſublimity of her genius 
was called the tenth Muſe. Her compoſt- 
tions were all extant in the age of Horace, 
The Leſbians were ſo ſenſible of the merit 
of Sappho, that after her death they paid 
her divine honors, and raiſed her temples 
and altars, and ſtamped their money with 
her image. The poeteſs has been cenſured 
for writing with that licentiouſneſs and 
freedom which ſo much diſgraced her cha- 
rafter as a woman. The Sapphic verſe has 
been called atter her name. Ovid. Hereid. 
15. Trift. 2, v. 365.— Horat. 2. Od. 13.— 
Herodet. 2, c. 135.— Stat. 5. Sylv. 3, v. 
155.—-/lian. J. H. 12, c. 18 & 29.— 
Pia. 22, c. 8. 

SAPTINE, a daughter of Darius, the laſt 
king of Perſia, otfered in marriage to A- 
lexander, 

SARACENE, part of Arabia Petræa, the 
country of the Saracens who embraced the 
religion of Mahomet, 

SARACORI, a people who go to war ride 
ing on aſſes. Alian. V. I. 12. 

Sa RANG, a people near Caucaſus, 
Plin. 6, c. 16. 

SARANGES, A river of India, falling 
into the Hydraotes, and thence into tix 
Indus. 

SARAPANT, a people of Colchis. Strab 

SARAPUS, a firname of Pittacus, cue 
of the ſeven wiſe men of Greece. 

SARASA, a fortified place of Meſopota- 
mia, on the Tigris. Strab. 

SARASPADES, a ſon of Phraates king of 
Parthia, ſent as an hoſtage to Auguſtus, &c. 
Strab, _ 

Sad avs, now the Sear, a river of Bd- 
gium falling into the Moſelle. 

SARDANAPAL vs, the goth and laſt king 
of Aſſyria, celebrated for. bis luxury ws 
voluptuouſneſs, The greateft part — 

um 


ime was 
muchs, ar 
5 earcd in th 
puiſcd in the 
ing wool fe 
inacy irrit 
Arlaces con 
ected a nut 
ardanapalu: 
rhile, and 
wrmics.* Th 
ucceſſive ba 
was beaten a 
or (wo year 
eſs, he bur 
is eunuchs, 
ures, and 1 
ded among 
vent happe 
febius; th 
is probabili 
urdanapalus 
ſeradet. 2, C 
. Tuſe, 5s 
SAKDI, th 
ardinia. 
$ARDES, 
SARDINT / 
lediterranca 
een Italy 
orſica. It v 
lchnuſa, f1 
ot, (. 
rdinia trom 
ho ſettled t 
id brought 1 
lonies, und: 
lo lettled th 
nz maſters | 
t Romans i; 
me call it, 1 
$ of Rome. 
me though 
ves ROY ler 
any poiſon 
den eaten, 
ended with 
"runner of e 


. 7s &. 6. 
SARDICA, 
SARDIS, or 
Aſa Minor, 
Lydia, ft 
Bulus, on th 
celebrated 
ned agaiuſt 
des, Maced 
, and for 


e of 
for 
his 
her- 
She 
rſes, 
theſe 
t two 
s and 
raiſes 
don a 
enius 
poſi- 
Orace, 
merit 
y paid 
mples 
7 with 
1ſured 
s and 
r cha- 
rſe has 
Hereid, 
13.— 
. 35 Vo 
29.— 


the laſt 
to A- 


Xa, the 
ced the 


war rid 
N 
aucaſus. 


falling 
into tlic 


# Strab 
cus, Olle 


Je ſopota- 


s king of 
aſtus, &c. 


er of Bel 


1 laſt king 
1IXury Y 
* of his 

tune 


Dea 


ruiſed in the habit of a female, and ſpin- 


chile, and appeared at the head of his 
mies. The rebels were defeated in three 


8 A 


ne was ſpent in the company of his 
muchs, and the monarch generally ap- 
d in the midſt of his concubines diſ- 


nz wool for his amuſement, This effe- 
ninacy irritated his officers; Beleſis and 
Arlaces conſpired againſt him, and col- 
»ted a numerous force to dethrone him. 
1:(anapalus quitted his voluptuouſneſs for 


icceſive battles 3 but at laſt Sardanapalus 
vas beaten and beſieged in the city of Ninus 
or two years, When he deſpaired of ſue- 
eſs, he burned himſelf in his palace, with 
is eunuchs, concubines, and all his trea- 
ures, and the empire of Aſſyria was dli- 
ided among the confpirators. This famous 
rent happened B. C. 820, according to 
ſebius; though Juſtin and others, with 
probability, place it 80 years carlier. 
urdanapalus was made a god after death. 


orodot. 2, c. 150. Died. 2.—Strab. 14.— | 


. Tuſc. 59 C. 35. 

Sap, the inhabitants of Sardinia, Vid. 
ardinta. 

Sazves., Vid. Sardis, 

Sar INA, the greateſt iſland in the 
lediterranean after Sicily, is ſituate be- 
een Italy and Africa, at the ſouth of 
orfica, It was originally called Sands 
leunuſa, from its reſembling the human 
ot, (A?. ) and it received the name of 
rdinia from Sardus, a fon of Hercules, 
ho ſettled there with a colony which he 
id brought with him from Libya. Other 
lonies, under Ariſtzus, Norax, and Jolas, 
lo lettled there, The Carthaginians were 
ng maſters of it, and were diſpoſſetſed by 
e Romans in the Punic wars, B. C. 231. 
me call it, with Sicily, one of the grana- 
of Rome. The air was very unwhole- 
me though the ſoil was fertile, Neither 
ves nor terpents are found in Sardinia, 
any pullonous herb, except one, which, 
den eaten, contracts the nerves, and is 
ended with a paroxyſm of laughter, the 


—_— 


ar. 7, c. 6. 

SARDICA, a town of Thrace, 

SARDIS, or SARDES, now Sart, a town 
Aha Minor, the capital of the kingdom 
Lydia, ſituate at the foot of mount 
Bulus, on the banks of the Pactolus. It 
celebrated for the many fieges it ſuſ- 
ned againſt the Cimmcrians, Perſians, 
des, Macedonians, Ionians, and Athe- 


8 A 


262, Antiochus Soter was defeated by. 
Eumenes, king of Pergamus. It was des 
ſtroyed by an earthquake in the reign of 
Tiberius, who ordered it to be rebuilt, It 
tell into the hands of Cyrus, B. C. 548, and 
was burnt by the Athenians, B. C. 504, 
which became the cauſe of the invaſion of 
Attica by Darius. Plut. in Alex. — Ovid, 
Met. 11, v. 137, 152, &Cc.—Strab, 13.— 
Herodot. 1, c. 7, &c. : 

SARDONEs, the people of Rouſſilon in 
France, at the foot of the Pyrenees, Plin, 
3 C. 4. f 

SARDUS, a ſon of Hercules, who led a 
colony to Sardinia, and gave it his name, 

SAREPHTA, a town of Phoznicia between 
Tyre and Sidon, now Sarfand,. 

SARIASTER, a ſon of Tigranes, king of 
Armenia, who conſpired againſt his fatner, 
&c. Val. Max. 9, c. 11. 

SARIPHI, mountains at 
Caſpian, 

SARMATIA, an extenſive country at the 
nerth of Europe and Aſia, divided into Eu- 
ropean and Ahatic, The Eurepean was 
bounded by the ocean on the north, Get. 
many and the Viitula on the weft, the a- 
rygæ on the ſouth, and Tanais on the caſt, 
The Aftatic was bounded by Hvrcania, the 
Tanais, anet the Euxine fea. The former 
contained the modern Kingdoms of Ruffia, 
Poland, Lithuania, and Little Tartary; and 
the latter, (rreat D[artary, Cireafſia, and 
the neighbouring country. The Sarmatians 
were a ſavage uncivilzed nation, often 
contounded with the Scythians, naturally 
warlixe, and famous for painting their bo- 
dies to appear more terrible in the field of 
battle. They were well known for their 
lewdneſs, ard they paſſed among the 
Greeks and Latins by the name of Barba. 
rians. In the time of the emperors they 
became very powerful, they diſturbed the 
peace of Rome by their frequent incurſions; 
till at laſt, encreaſed by the ſavage hordes 
of Scythia, under the barbarous names of 
Huns, Vandals, Goths, Alans, &c, they 
ſucceſsfully invaded and ruined the empire 
in the zd and 4th centuries of the Chriſt ian 
era, They generally lived on the moun! 
tains without any habitation, except theig 
«rariots, whence they have been called Ha 
ai,]; they lived upon plunder, and fed 
upon milk mixed with the blood of horſes, 
Strab. 7, &c,— Mela. 2, c. 4.—Dicd, 2. 
Flor. 4, c. 12.—Lucan. I, &c.—Juv. 2.— 
Ovid. Trift. 2, &c. 

SARMATICUM Mar, a name given to 
the Euxine ica, becauſe on the coat f Sat- 
matia. Ovid, 4, ex Pont. ep. 10, v. 38. 

| SARMENTUs, a icurrilous perſon, mens 
tioned by Horat. I, Sat. 59 V. 56. a 


the eaſt of tlie 


: 


L 


, and for the battle in which, B. C. 


* 


a SARNIVE, 


— Mt >, 


$ A 

Fatvtvs, a river of Aſia, neat Hyr- 
Cania, | 

SarwvUs, a river of Picenum, dw 
it from Campania, and falling into the Tuſ- 
ean ſea. Stat. t, Syiv, 2, v. 265.—Virg. 
fn. 7, v. 738.—Strab. 5, 

SaRovw, a king of Troene, unuſually 
fond of hunting. He was drowned in the 
fer, where he had ſwum for fome miles 
in purſuit of a ſtag. He was made 2 
fea god by Neptune, and divine honors 
were paid to him by the Treezenians, Tt 
was cuſtomary for ſailors to offer him ſa- 
erifices before they embarked. That part 
of the ſea where he was drowned, was 
called Sarvnicus finus, on the conſt of A- 
chaia near the Iſthmus of Corinth. Saxon 
built a temple to Juno at Trœzene, and in- 
Kituted feſtivals to her honor, called from 
himſelf Saronia. Par. 2, c. 30.— Mela. 2, 
C. 3.—Strab. 8. 

SARonicus Sinus, now the pu/ph of 
Fngia, a bay of the Agean fea, lying at 
the ſouth of Attica, and on the north of 
the Peloponneſus. The entrance into it is 
between the promontory of Sunium and 


that of Scylla, Some ſuppoſe that this| 4 


part of the ſea reccived its name from Sa- 
ron, who was drowned there, or from a 
ſmall river which diſcharged itſelf on the 
coaſt, or from a ſmall} harbour of the ſame 
name. The Saronic bay is about 62 miles 
in circumference, 23 miles in its broadeſt, 
aud 25 in its longeſt part, according to 
modern calculation. 

Sakon, a ſon of Jupiter by Europa, 
the daughter of Agenor. He baniſhed him- 
ſelf from Crete, after he had in vain at- 
tempted to make himſelf king in preference 
to his elder brother Minos, and he retired 
to Caria, where he built the town of Mi- 
letus. He went to the Trojan war to aſſiſt 
Priam againſt the Greeks, where he was 
attended by his friend and companion 
Glaucus. He was at laſt killed by Patro- 
clus, after he had made a great ſlaughter of 
the enemy. Accerding to ſome mytholo- 
giſts, the brother of king Minos, and the 
prince who affifted Priam, were two differ- 
ent perſons, Tbis laſt was King of Lycia, 
and ſon of Jupiter, by Laodamia, the 
gow of Bellerophon, and lived about 
a hundred years after the age of the ſon of 
Europh. Apollad. 3, c. 1.— Herodot. 1, c. 
173.— Stab. 12.— Homer. II. 16.—4 
n of Neptune killed by Hercules. A 
learned preceptor of Cato of Utica, P. 
in Cat, A town of Cilicia, famous for 
a temple ſacred to Apollo and Diana. 
Alſo a promontory of the ſame name in Ci- 
Ria, beyond which Antiochus was not 

rmitted to fail by a treaty of peace which 


$ A 


had made with the Romans. £iv, 38, 


e. 38. Ma. 1, e. 13.——A promortom of 79 
of Thrace. -A Syrian general who flo. 3 
riſhed B. C. 143. 2 2 

SARRA, a town of Phcanicia, the ſame Cop 
as Tyre, It receives tliis name from a ſmall doron 
ſhell-kſh of the ſame name, which vu pv 
found in the neighbourhood, and with whoſe t ay 
blovd garments were dyed. Hence came bl 
the epithet of ſarranus, ſu often applied ts They | 
Tyrian colors, as well as to the inhabitants ti ns 
of the colonies of the Tyrians, particularly fre 4, 
Carthage. SJ. 6, v. 662. J. 15, v. 205 enn 
Virg. G. 2, v. 506. | een 

SARRASTES, a people of Campania on 6rſt ob! 
the Sarnus, who aſſiſted Turnus againſt A. 12 U | 
neas. . Virg. An. 7, v. 738. - * 

SARROY, a king of the Celtz, fo fi. * 
mous for his learning, that from him phi 
loſophers were called Sarronide. Died, b. 3 
M 4 . | | celehrati 

Sins, a town of Spain, near Cape Fi- 2 ** ks 
niſterre. dict *e 

SARSINA, an antient town of Umbria, — 
where the poet Plautus was born. The — | 
inhabitants are called Sarfinates, Martic! n 2 
9, ep. 59.—Plin. 3, c. 14.— Lal. 8, — yo 

62. : 

SARUS, a tiver of Cappadocia, Liv. 3} _— | 
3 b 1 {peak w 

SASANDA, a town of Caria. Diad. 11 Gas wad 

SA30N, an ifland at the entrance of the "ge " ra 
Adriatic ſea, lying between Brundufiu ch n 
and Aulon, on the coaſt of Greece. It — wn 
barren and inhoſpitable, Strab. 6.—Lu — ry 22 
can, 2, v. 627, & 5, v. 650.—Sil. It. 7 as 
| f 2 made the 
v. 430. A river falling into the AW covered 
driatic. Ge ho 

SATARCH®, a people near the Palu Care obs i 
Mzotis. Mela. 2, c. 1.—Flacr. 6, v. 14% , 4. F 

SATASPES, a Perſian hung on a crols þ 8 "es 
order of Xerxes, for offering violence tu ti 3 
daughter of Megabyzus. His father's nan gol * an 
was Theaſpes, Herodot. 4. — 4 

SATIZ, a people of Thrace, at the ef — 
of the Neſtus. Herodot. 7, c. 111. » af * 

SATIBARZANES, à Perſian made fatraj © 0 
of the Arians by Alexander, from whom li — * 
afterwards revolted. Curt. 6 & 7. of Et 1 

Sa richt & SATICULUS, a town nes * 
Capua. Virg. An. 7, v. 729.— Liu. Hor Valeri. 
21. |. 23, c. 39. . by his tro 

SAT1s, a town of Macedonia. Wl c:cy 

Sarxæ, a pcople of Thrace. Herod —— 

7 C100. = 

SATRAPENT, a people of Media, und: 7 
Tigranes. Put. a Ya} ang 

SATRICUM, 'a town of Italy, taken! "ey ine 
Camillus. Lis, 6, e. 8. 1 

SATROPACES, an officer in the army wy D. 
Darius, & c. Curt. 4, C. 9. n — f 

Sarü za, a lake of Latium, formil — = 
part of the Pontine lakes, Sil. 8, v. 382. — vu 
| Virg. An, 77 V, 801. 4 a 

SATUREIV 


8 4 


$ATUREIUM, or SATUREUM, & town 
ontory of Calabria, near Tarentum, with famous 


6 flos paſtures and horſes, whence the epithet of 
utureianus in Horat. 1, Sat. 6. 
ie ſame SATUREIUS, one of Domitian's mur- 
a ſmal derers. | 
ch wu SATURNALIA, feſtivals in honor of Sa- 
n whoſe turn, celebrated the 16th or the 17th, or, 
ce came according to others, the 18th of December. 
plicd to They were inſtituted long before the founda- 
abitant tion of Rome, in commemoration of the 
ticularly freedom and equality which prevailed on 
205.— earth in the golden reign of Saturn. Some 
, however ſuppoſe, that the Saturnalia were 
. firſt obſerved at Rome in the reign of Tul- 
ainſt K. lus Hoſtilius, after a victory obtained over 
the Sabines; while others ſupport, that 
„ fo fi Janus firſt inſtituted them in gratitude to 
vim phi Saturn, from whom he had Icarnt agticul- 
Died. b. ture, Others ſuppoſe, that they were firſt 
| 2 in the year of Rome 257, after 
cape F avi ory obtained over the Latins by the 
3 dictator Poſthumius. The Saturnalia were 
Umbria originally celebrated only for one day, but 
rn. Ti afterwards the ſolemnity continued for 3, 4, 
— Martia 5, and at laſt for 7 days. The celebration 
tal, 8, \ was remarkable for the liberty which uni- 
verlally prevailed. The flaves were per- 
Liv. 3} mitted to ridicule their maſters, and to 
; {peak with freedom upon every ſubjeR. It 
Did. vas uſual for friends to make preſents one 
nce of tu +, another, all animoſity ceaſed, no crimi- 
rundutiu nals were executed, ſchools were ſhut, war 
ce. It vas never declared, but all was mirth, riot, 
, 6.— and debauchery. In the ſacri fies the prieſts 
Sil. It. J made their o erings with their heads un- 
to the A covered, a cuſtom which was never ob- 
i ſerved at other feſtivals. Senec. cp. 18.— 
the Pal Cato de R. R.—Sueton. in Veſp. 19. —Cic. 
6, v. 149 a4 Attic: &c. 


1 a croſs þ 
fence tv Qi 
ther's nan 


SATURNIA, a name given to Italy, be- 
caule Saturn had reigned there during the 
golden age. Virg. G. 2, v. 173. A 
name given to Juno, as being the daughter 
of Saturn. Virg. G. 2, v. 173, u. 3, 
v. 380. An antient town of Italy, ſup- 


at the eal 
11. 


made 1 W poled to be built by Saturn, on the Tarpeian 

adds: Wl rock. Vg. An. 8, v. 358.—— A colony 
N Ten neo} ff Etruria. Liv. 397 c. 55. 

20 SATURNINUS, P. Sempronius, a general 

L. of Valerian, proclaimed emperor in Egypt 

by his troops after he had rendered himfelt 

* Her odi celebrated by his victories over the bar- 


barians, His integrity, his complaiſance 
and affability, had gained him the affect ion 
of the people, but his fondneſs of antient 
diſcipline provoked his ſoldiers, who wan- 
tonly murdered him in the 43d year of: his 
ye, A. D. 262.——Sextus Julius, a Gaul, 


Media, undi 


* taken 


ſormil eſteemed him greatly, not only for bis 
8. „ze virtues, but for his abilities as. a 
8, v. rad, and for the viftories which he bad 
Aru ; 


| 8 A | 
| obtained in different parts of the empitre- 
He was ſaluted emperor at Alexandria, 
and compelled by the clamorous army to 
accept of the purple, which he rejected with 
diſdain and horror. Probus, who was then 
emperor, marched his forces againſt him, 
and beheged him in Apamea, whete he 
deſtroyed himſelf when unable to make 
head againſt his powerful adverſary. 
Appuleius, a tribune of the people, who 
raiſed a ſedition at Rome, intimidated the 
ſenate, and tyrannized for three years. 
Meeting at laſt with oppoſition, he ſeized 
the capitol, but being induced by the hopes 
of a reconciliation to truſt himſelf amidſt 
the peopley he was ſuddenly torn to pieces. 
His ſedition has received the name of Appu- 
leiand in the Roman annals,” Ir. 
Lucius, a ſeditious tribune, who ſupported 
the oppreſhon of Marius. He was at laſt 
put to death on account of his tumultuous 
diſpoſition, Plut. — An officer in the 
court of Theodofius, murdered for obeying 
the emperor's orders, &c, Pompeius, 
a Writer in the reign of Trajan. He 
was greatly eſteemed by Pliny, who ſpeaks 
of him with great warmth and approbation, 
as an hiſtorian, a poet, and an orator. 
Pliny always conſulted the opinion of Sa- 
turninus before he publiſhed his compo- 
ſitions. Sentius, a friend of Auguſtus 
and Tiberius. He ſncceeded Agrippa in 
the government of the provinces 'of Syria 
and Phcanicia. —— Vitellius, an officer 
among the friends of the emperor Otho. 
SATURNIUS, a name given to Jupiter, 
Pluto, and Neptune, as being the ſons 
Saturn. ö 
SATURNVUS$ a ſon of Calus, or Uranus, 
by Terra, called alſo Titea, Thea, or Ti- 
theia, He was naturally artful, and by 
means of his mother, he revenged himſe 
on his father, whoſe cruelty to his children 
had provoked the anger of Thea. The mo- 
ther armed her ſon with a ſcythe, which was 
fabricated with the 'metals drawn from her 
bowels, and as Ccelus was going to unite 
himſelf to Thea, Saturn mutilated him, 
and for ever prevented him from encteaſing 
the number of his children, whom he treat- 
ed with unkindneſs, and .confined in rhe 
infernal regions. After this the ſons of 
Cœlus were reſtored to liberty, and Saturn 
obtained his father's kingdom by the con- 


bring up any male children. Purſuant to 
ſons as ſoon as born, becauſe, as ſome ob- 
ſerve, he dreaded from them a retaliation 
of his unkindneſs to his father, till his 
wife Rhea, unwilling to ſee her children 
periſh, concealed from her huſband the 
birth of Jupiter, Neptune, and Pluto, ani 


ſent of his brother, provided he did not 


this agreement, Saturn always devoured his 


1 * ius 


8 3 — * 
_ o * — — 
— . - * — — — — — — * 
8 = 
— — 
= . 


— — 


. 


—— Land I — ahh UE ear. 2 


— 


—— 
— 


» wat — — > 
3 * 4 


/ — 
— — 


— — — 


—_— 


be. ” ea 1 
- - — — — 
a - 


— — — — — . —— 


A 


= __ — 
3 
_ * 


8 A 


inſtead of the children, ſhe gave him large | 
ſtones, which he immediately ſwallowed 
without perceiving the deceit. Titan was 
ſome time after informed that Saturn had 
concealed his. male children, therefore he 
made war againſt him, dethroned and im- 
priſoned him with Rhea; and Jupiter, who 
was ſecretly educated in Crete, was no ſooner 
grown up, than he flew to deliver his father, 
and to replace him on his throne. 
unmindful of his ſon's kindneſs, conſpired 
againft him, when he heard that he raiſed 
cabals againſt him, but Jupiter baniſhed him 
from his throne, and the father fled for ſafety | 
into Italy, where the country retained the 
name of Latium, as being the place of his 
concealment {lates}. Janus, who was then 
king of Italy, received Saturn with marks 
of attention, he made him his partner on 
the throne ; and the king of heaven em- 
ployed himſelf in civilizing the barbarous 
manners of the people of Italy, and in teach- 
ing them agriculture and the uſeful and 
liberal arts. His reign there was ſo mild 
and popular, fo beneficent and virtuous, 
that mankind have called it the go/den age, 
to intimate the happineſs and tranquillity 
which the earth then enjoyed. Saturn was 
father of Chiron the centaur by Philyra, 
whom he had changed into a mare, to 
avoid the importunities of Rhea. The 
worſhip of Saturn was not ſo ſoleinn or fo 
univerſal as that of Jupiter. It was uſual 
to offer human victims on his altars, but 
this barbarous cuſtom was aboliſhed by 
Hercules, who ſubſtituted ſmall images of 
clay. In the ſacrifices of Saturn, the prieſt 
always performed the ceremony with his 
head uncovered, which was unuſual at other 
lolemnities. The god is generally repre- 
ſented as an old man bent through age and 
infirmity. He holds à ſcythe in his right 
hand, with a ferpent which bites its own 
ratl, which is an emblem of time and of 
the revolution of the year. In his left hand 
he holds a child, which he raiſes up as if 
inftantly'to devour it. Tatius, king of the 
Sabines, firſt built a temple to Saturn on 
the Capitoline hill, a ſecond was after- 
wards added by Tullus Hoſtilius, and a 
third by the firſt conſuls. On his ſtatues 
were generally hung fetters in commemo- 
ration of the chains he had worn when im- 
priſoned by Jupiter. From this circum- 
Nance, all faves that obtained their liberty, 
generally dedicated their fetters to him. 
During the celebration 'of the Saturnalia, 
the chains were taken from the ſtatues to 
intimate the freedom and the independence 
which mankind enjoyed during the golden 
age. One of his temples at Rome was 
appropriated for the public treaſury, and it 


Saturn, - 


S A 


ambaſſadors were enrolled. Heffod, Thery, 
— Apolled. 1, c. 1.—Virg. nu. 8, v. 319, 
—Pauſ. 8, c. $.-—Tibull. el. 35 v. 36. 
Homer. II. — Ovid. Faft. 4, v. 197. Met. 1. 
v. 123. 
SATURUM, a town of Calabria, where 
ſtuffs of all kinds were dycd in different 
colors with great ſucceſs, Virg. G. 2, 
V. 197. | 
SAV, demigods of the country, whoſe 
origin 1s unknown. They are repreſented 
like men, but with the feet and the legs of 
goats, ſhort horns on the head, and the whote 
body covered with thick hair. They chiefly 
attended upon Bacchus, and rendered them- 
ſelves known in his orgies by their riot and 
laſciviouſneſs. The firſt fruits of every thing 
were generally offered to them. The Romans 
promiſcuoutly called them Fauni, Panes, and 
Sykoani, It is ſaid that a Satyr was brought 
to Sy lla, as that general returned from Thef- 
ſaly. The monſter had been ſurpriſed aflecp 
in a cave; but his voice was inarticultte 
when brought into the preſence of the Ro- 
man general, and Sylla was ſo diſguſted 
with it, that he ordered it to be inſtantly 
removed. This monſter anſwered in every 
degree the deſcription which the poets and 
painters have given of the Satyrs. Pau. 
I, c. 23.—Plu. in Syll.—Virg. Ecl. 5, 
v. 13.— 0. Heroid. 4, v. 171. 
SaTYRUS, a king of Boſphorus, who 
reigned 14 years, &c. His father's name 
was Spartacus. Died. 20. An Athenian 
who attempted to eject the garriſon of De- 
metrius from the eitadel, & c. Polyæn. 
A Greek actor who inſtructed Demoſthenes, 
and taught him how to have a good and 
ſtrong delivery. A man who aſſiſted in 
murdering Timophanes, by order of his 
brother Timoleon. A Rhodian ſent by 
his countrymen to Rome, when Eumenes 
had accuſed ſome of the allics of intentions 
to favor the intereſt of Macedonia againſt 
rhe republic. A Peripatetic philoſopher 
and hiſtorian who floriſhed B. C. 148.—A 
tyrant of Heraclea, 346 B. C. 
SAVERA, a village of Lycaonia. 
Saureius TROGUs, one of Meſſalina“ 
favorites, puniſhed by Claudius, & c. Tac. 
Ann. 11, c. 35. Appius, a Roman, who 
died on his return trom the bath upon 
taking mead, & . Plin. 7, c. 53. 
Savo, or SAvoNA, a town with a ſmall 
river of the fame name in Campania. Sal. 
4.—Plin. 3, c. 5. A town of Liguria. 
SAUROMATEA, a people in the northert 
parts of Europe and Afta, They are called 
Sarmate# by the Latins. id. Sarmatia. 
SAURUS, a famous robber of Elis, killed 
by Hercules. Pau. 6, c. 21.—A ft 
tuary, Plin. 36, c. 5. j 


Was 


* 


* 


there alſ» that the games of foreign SAVUS, 2 river of Pannonia, riſing i 


Noricully 


in the 
man v 
2. Sat, 
to whe 
He was 
SCE 
Scal 
antient 
Scal 
Belgium 
viding t 
lands fre 
Pons, a 
Conde, 
SCAM 
brated r 
mount I, 
Sigæum. 
courſe, a 
muddy, : 
Mlver, acc 
thus by th 
Waters of 
Property 
hair or th. 
in them; 
three godd 
bathed th 
Aris, to 
uſual amo 
bathe in th 
rived to mi 
tod their v 
Zz A4av bee, 
Scamander 
offered to h 
r 7. its 
of Coryb 
Strab, 7 % 
e. 18.— Hoy 
10.— A { 
who brough! 
81, and ſet 
Where he int 


ud the dang 


ſguſted 
ſtantly 
1 every 
ts and 

Pau. 
Ecl. 5, 


Sy who 
s name 
\thenian 
ok De- 
an —— 
oſthenes, 
zood and 
Mſted in 
r of bis 
ſent by 
Eumenes 
intentions 
ia again 
niloſopbet 
18.— 


A. 

Mefſalina's 
&c. Tactt. 
oman,wh9 
zath upon 


7h a ſmall 
ania. Stat. 

Liguria. 
e northern 
are called 

Sarmatia. 
Elis, killed 
fla· 


—— 


, riſing in 
Norivully 


1 N s C 


Noricum, at the north of Aquileia, and 
falling into the Danube, after flowing 
through Pannonia, in an eaſtern direction. 


Claudius de Stil, 2. mall river of 
Numidia, falling into the Mediterranean. 


Saxdxks, a people of Germany, near 
the Cherſoneſus Cimbrica. Prolem. 3, 11. 
Claud. 1. Eutr. v. 392. 

SAZICHES, an antient legiſlator of 
Egypt. : 

Sc&A, one of the gates of Troy, where 
the tomb of Laomedon was ſeen. Homer. 
II. — Sil. 13, v. 73. One of the Danaides. 
Her huſband's name was Dayphron. A- 
polled. 
 Scxva, a ſoldier in Cæſar's army, who 
behaved with great courage at Dyrrhachium. 
Lucan, 6, v. 144- Memor, a Latin poet 
in the reign of Titus and Domitian. A 
man who poiſoned his own mother, Horat. 
2. Sat. 1, v. 53. A friend of Horace, 
to whom the poet addreſſed 1. Ep. 17. 
He was a Roman knight. 

Sc&av8La. Vid. Mutius. 

SCALABIS, now St. Irene, a town of 
antient Spain. 

ScAaLDIs, or SCALDIUM, a river of 
Belgium, now called Ie Scheld, and di- 
viding the modern country of the Nether- 
lands from Holland. Cæſ. G. 6, v. 33.— 
Pons, a town on the ſame river, now called 
Conde, Caf. 

SCAMANDER, or SCAMANDROS, a cele- 
brated river of Troas, rifing at the eaſt of 
mount Ida, and falling into the ſea below 
Sigæeum. It receives the Simois in its 
courſe, and towards its mouth it is very 
muddy, and flows through marſhes. This 


river, according to Homer, was called Xan- | 


thus by the gods, and Scamander by men. The 
waters of the Scamander had the ſingular 
property of giving a beautiful color to the 
hair or the wool of ſuch animals as bathed 
in them ; and from this circumſtance the 
three goddeſſes, Minerva, Juno, and Venus, 
bathed there before they appeared before 
Paris, to obtain the golden apple. It was 
uſual among all the. virgins of Troas to 
bathe in the Scamander, When they were ar- 
rived to nubile years, and to offer to the 
god their virginity in theſe words, Aaßs wy, 
Z1114213pe, Try Hag. The god of the 
Scamander had a regular prieſt, and ſacrifices 
effered to him. Some ſuppoſe that the river | 
received its name from Scamander, the ſan 
of Corybas, lian. Anim. 8, c. 21.— 
Strab, 1 & 13.—Plin. 5, 6. 30.— Mela. 1, 
e. 18.— Hemer. II, 5. - Plut.— Æſchin. ep. 
10. — A ſon of Corybas and Demodice, 
who brought a colon * Crete into Phry- 


ang 


time after loſt the uſe of his ſenſes, and 
threw himſelf into the river Xanthus, which 
ever after bore his name. His ſon-in-law 
Teucer ſucceeded him in the government of 
the colony. He had two daughters, Thy- 
mo and Callirhoe. Apollod. 3. c. I2.— 
Diod. 4. | 

SCAMANDRIA, a town on the Scaman- 
der. Plin 4, c. 30. 

SCAMANDRIUS, one of the generals of 
Priam, ſon of Strophius. He was killed 
by Menelaus. Homer. II. 5, v. 49. 

Sc AN DARIA, a promontory in the iſland 
of Cos. Strab. 14. . 

SCANDINAVIA, a name given by the 
antients to that tract of territory which 
contains the modern kingdows of Norway, 
Sweden, Denmark, Lapland, Finland, &c. 
ſuppoſed by them to be an iſland, Plin. 4, 
e. 13. 

ScANTIASVLVA, a wood of Campania, 
the property of the Roman people. Cic. 

SCANTINIA LEX. Vid. Scatinia. 


nus. It was by her advice that her huſ- 
band bought the empire which was ex- 
poſed to ſale at the death of Pertinax. 
SCAPTESYLE, a town of Thrace, near 
Abdera, abounding in ſilver and gold mines, 
belonging to Thucydides, who is ſuppoſed 
there to have written his hiſtory of the Pe- 
loponneſian war. Lucret. 6, v. 8 10.—Plut. 
in Cim, 
SCAPTIA, a town of Latium. Sil. 3, 
v. 396,—Plin. 3, c. 5.—Liv. 8, c. 17. 
SCAPTIUS, an intimate friend of Brutus, 
Cic. ep. ad attit, 5, &c. His brother was a 
merchant of Cappadocia, 
SCAPULA, a native of Corduba, who 
defended. that town againſt Cæſar, after the 
battle of Munda. When he ſaw that all 
his efforts were uſeleſs. againſt the Roman 
general, he deſtroyed. himſelf. Cæſ. bell. 
H. 33-— An uſurper, Cic. ad Att. 12, 
ep. 37. 
SCARDON, 2 town on the confines of 
Dalmatia. | 
SCARD11, a ridge of mountains of Mace- 
donia, which ſeparate it from Illyricum. 
Liv. 43, c. 20. 
. SCARPHIA, Or SCARPHE, -a tawn near 
Thermopylz, on the confines of Phthiotis. 
Senec. in Tr. | 
SCATINIA LEX pudicitia, by C. Sga- 
tinius Ariciqus, the tribune, was enacted 
againſt thoſe who kept catamites, and ſuch 
as proſtituted themſelves to any vile or un- 
natural ſervice. The penalty was originally 
a ſige, hut jt was afterwards made a capital 
crime under Auguſtus. It is ſometuges 


gia, and ſettled at the foot of mount Ida,.|-called Scantiaia from a certain Scantinius 


where he introduced the ſeſtivals of Cybele, 


upon whom jt was firſt executed. 


and the danges of the Cory bantes. He ſome | 


Scans, (M. Amilias) a Roman con- 
324 2 wh, 


SCANTILLA, the wife of Didius Julia- 


—_—ſ 
- - 9 
—— — — 


- 
aw - 


— 
„ . : 


3 — ̃ — 


* 
Mp aur — — 


i 8 0 5 | . 
fat, who &ifftaguiſhed himſelÞ by his ele- | Liv. 8, e. 15.——One of the gates d 


: who 
the bar, and by his ſucceſſes in Rome was called Scelerata, berauſe 300 

Sada 2 capacity of 3 He Fabii, who were killed at the river Cre. 20 
was ſent againft Jugurtha, and ſome time | mera, had d through it when they pre 
after accuſed of ſyffering himſelf to be | went to attach the enemy. It was befor: exthe 
bribed by the Numidian prince. Scaurus | named Carmentales. There was alſo a The 
conquered the Ligurians, and in his cenfor- | ftreet at Rome formerly called Gp, * 
ſhip he built the Milvian bridge at Rome, which received the name of the Sceleratu; p. . 
and began to pave the road, which from Vie, becauſe there Tullia ordered her Ga des 
him was called the Amylian. He was | poſtilion to drive her chariot over the L © 
originally very poor. He wrote ſome books, of her father, king Servius. Liv, 1, c. gs, defer 
and among theſe an hiſtory of his own life, | 044. . 365. TOE 
all now loſt, His ſon, of the fame name, SCENA, a town on the confines of Baby. = 
made himſelf known by the large theatre | lon. Strab. 16. A river of Ireland, po ; 
ke built during his edileſhip. This theatre, | now the Shannon, Oreſius I, c. 2. 2 
which could contain 30,000 ſpectators, SCENITA£, Arabians who live in tents, thips. 
was ſupported by 360 columns of marble, } Scxys1s, a town of Troas, where the in Co 
38 feet in height, and adorned with 3000 works of Theophraſtus and Ariftotle were thagin 
brazen ſtatues. This celebrated edifice, | long concealed under ground, and damaged ws 
according to Pliny, proved more fatal to | by the wet, &c. Strab. 10. 4 of Pa 
the manners and the ſimplicity of the Ro- SCHEDIA, a ſmall village of Egypt, with wo Wl 
mans, than the proſcriptions and wars of adock-yard, between the weſtern mouth? the 
Sylla had done to the inhabitants of the | of the Nile and Alexandria. Strab, 9 
city. Scaurus married Murcia. Cic. in SCHEDIUS, one of Helen's ſuitors. polo 
Brut.—Val. Max. 4, c. 4.—Plin. 34, c. 7. SCHERIA, an antient name of Corcyn e 
d. 36, e. 8. A Roman of conſular dig- | Pauf. 2, c. 5.—Plin. 4, c. 12. attemp 
nity. When the Cimbri invaded Italy, the SCHOENEUS, a ſon of Atbamas.—— be 8 
ſon of Scaurus behaved with great cowardice, | father of Atalanta. ee 
upon which the father fternly ordered him Scuhæ us, or SCHENO, a port of Pelo- clans, 
never to appear again in the field of battle. | ponneſus on the Saronicus ſinus. A 5 not his 
The ſeverity of this command rendered lage near Thebes, with a river of the Em. Aſricat 
young Scaurus melancholy, and he plung- name, A river of Arcadia. Anothe: in 
ed a ſword into his own heart, to free him- near Athens. : 2 has. 
feif from farther rr. 0 Scix rns, a mountain of Arcadia. Pas/, thagini. 

an conſul}, taken priſoner e 8, c. 14. n, 
1 He was put to 2 — death be- Sc1XTHOsS, an iſtand in the Ægean ſea 2 
cauſe he told the king of the enemy not to | oppofite mount Pelion, on the coaſt © N 
croſs the Alps to invade Italy, which was | Theſſaly. Val. Flacc. 2. f e 
univerſally deemed unconquerabie.—— Sc1DRos, a town of Magna Græcia. e 
M. Emilius, a man in the reign of Tibe- SCILLUS, a town of Peloponneſus, * md Ma: 
rius, accuſed of adultery with Livia, and = mpia, where Xenophon wrote . 
t to death. He was an eloquent orator, | hiftory. ; i | too few 
Þut very laſcivious and dibauched in his SciLURUs, a king of Scythia, who hat thaginia 
morals. —Mamercus, a man put to death 80 ſons. Vid. Scylurus, i to. plane 
by Tiberius. Maximus, a man who | Scixrs, a cruel robber who tied 2 2 
confpired againſt Nero. Terentius, a | the boughs of trees, which he had forcih) enemy « 
Latin grammarian. He had been preceptor brought together, and which he afterwan md 
to the emperor Adrian, A. Gellius. 11, | unlooſened, fo that their limbs were .. er, 
c. 15. in an inſtant from their body, Ovid. M4 , «her 
ScepAsvs, a native of Leuctra in B- | 7, v. 440. who wa: 
etia, His 'two daughters, -Meletia and ScinTH1, a people of QT: Ml death, f. 
Molpia, whom ſome call Theano or Hippo, Scioxx, a tuwn of Thrace, in > 7 bon ſurr 
were raviſhed by ſome Spartans, in the | ſeſhon of the Athenians. It revo 5 "YN rate acts 
reign of Cleombrotus, and after this they paſſed into the hands of the Lacedz lain, or, 
Killed themfſclves, unable to ſurvive the |} nians during the Peloponneſian bang a tower, 
boſs of their honor. The father became | was "built by a Grecian colon N of his fri, 
ſo diſconſolate, that when he was unable return from the Trojan War. 1hucyd. 4 en 
to obtain relief from his country, he killed | Meta. 2, c. 2.— Pin. 4, o. 10. R Eutrop. 7 
himſelf on their tomb. Pauſ. 9, c. 13. SCIPIADA, a name a plied to ＋ ſirnamed 
we Plut. in Amat. 3. ie I Scipios, who obtained the firname 0 eri, » 
SEELERATVS, a plain at Rome near the'| canus, from the conquelt of Carthage. didinguit 
Collige gate, where the veſtal Minucia was An. 6, v. 843. * mT nos, Wbe 
buried alive, when convicted of adultery. Scieie, a celebrated family at ed, of 


| 


s of 
| 300 
Ete⸗ 
they 
be fore 
alſo a 
ypriut, 
leratut 
ed her 
ie body 
c. 48. 


f Baby- 
Ireland, 


tents. 
here the 
ztle were 
damaged 


ypt, with 
mouth! 
. 
Drs. 
Corcyra, 


— ke 


t of Pelo- 
„ 
F the ſame 
— Anothe 


dia. Pas, 


Egean fe, 
e coaſt 0 


Grecia. 
meſus, nes 
wrote | 


na, who ba 


tied men 
had forcib 
e afterwar 
bs were dal 


Ovid. M. 


rmany- 

„ in the pe 
revolted at 
e LacedzM 
han Wal: 
Jlony ip t 
2 1 ucyd. & 
ed to tbe 
name of | 
*arthage- Wi 


ally at Ren 
ily l 


8 C 


who obtained the greateſt honors in the re- 
publie. The name ſeems to be derived 
from Seipio, which ſignifies « = becauſe 
one of the family had conducted his blind 
father, and had been to him as a flick. 
The Scipio's were a branch of the Corne- 
lian family. The moſt illuſtrious were— 
p. Corn. a man made mafler of horfe by 
Camillus, &c. A Roman dictatur. 
L. Cornel. a conſul A. U. C. 454; who 
defeated the Etrurians near Volaterra, 
Another conſul A. U. C. 493.— 


Cn, firnamed Aſina, was conſuj A. U. C. 


492 & 498. He was conquered in his firſt 
conſulſhip in a naval battle, and loſt 17 
ſhips. The following year he took Aleria, 
in Corſica, and defeated Hanno, the Car- 
thaginian general, in Sardinia, He alfo 
took 200 of the enemy's ſhips, and the City 
of Panormum, in Sicily. He was father 
to Publius and Cneus Scipio, Publius, in 
the beginning of the ſecond Punic war, 
was ſent with an army to Spain tv op- 
poſe Annibal ; but when he heard that 
his enemy had paſſed over into Italy, he 
attempted by his quick marches and fe- 
cret evolutions to ſtop his progreſs. He 
was conquered by Annibal near the Ti- 
cinus, where he nearly loſt his life, had 
not his ſon, who was afterwards firnamed 
Aſricanus, courageouſly defended him. He 
again paſſed into Spain, where he obtained 
ſome memorable victories over the Car- 
thaginians, and the inhabitants of the coun- 
try. His brother Cneus ſhared the ſupreme 
command with him, but their great con- 
fidence proved their ruin. They ſeparated 
their armies, and ſoon after Publius was 
furiouſly attacked by the two Afſdrubals 
and Mago, who commanded the Cartha- 
ginian armies. The forces of Publius were 
too few to reſiſt with ſucceſs the three Car- 
thaginian generals. The Romans were cut 
to pieces, and their commarider was left 
on the field of battle. No fooner had the 
enemy obtained this victory than they im- 
mediately marched to meet Cneus Scipio, 
whom the revolt of 30,000 Celtiberians 
had weakened and alarmed. The general, 
who was already apprized of his bruther's 
death, ſecured an eminence, where he was 
ſoon ſurrounded on all ſides. After deſpe- 
rate acts of valor he was left among the 
flain, or, according to ſome, he fled into 
a tower, where he was burnt with ſome 
of his friends by the victorious enemy. Lv. 
21, 5 4.— Flor. 2, c. 6, &c.— 
Eutrop. 3, c. 8, &c. Publius Cornelius, 
firnamed Africanus, was ſon of Publius 
Scipio, who was killed in Spain. He firſt 
dGitinguiſhed himſelf at the battle of Tici- 
nus, where de ſaved his father's life by 


&cds of unexampled valor and boldneſs. 


S.C: 


The battle of Catma, which proved fo 
| fatal to the Roman arms, inſtead of diſ- 
heartening Scipio, raiſed his expectations, 
and he no ſooner heard that ſome of his 
de ſperate country men wiſhed to abandon 
Italy, and to fly from the inſolence of the 
conqueror, than with his ſword in his hand, 
and by his firmneſs and example, he oblig- 
ed them to ſwear eternal fidelity to Rome, 
and to put to immediate death the firſt 
man who attempted to retire from his 
country. In his 21ſt year, Scipio was 
mad an edile, an honorable office which 
| was never given but to ſuch as had reach- 
| ed their 27th year. Some time after, the 
| Romans were alarmed by the intelligence 
FRE the commanders of their forces in 
Spain, Publius and Cneus Scipio, had 
been ſlaughtered, and immediately young 
Scipio was appointed to avenge the death 
of his father, and of his uncle, and to 
vindicate the military honor of the republic, 
It was ſoon known how able he. was to be 
at the bead of an army; the various na- 
tions of Spain were conquered, and in four 
years the Carthaginians were baniſhed from 
that part of the continent, the whole pro- 
vince became tributary to Rome; New 
Carthage ſubmitted in one day, and in a 
battle 54,000 of the enemy were left dead 
on the field. After theſe ſignal victories, 
Scipio was recalled to Rome, which ſtill 
trembled at the continual alarms of Anni- 
| bal, who was at her gates. The conqueror 
of the Carthaginians in Spain was looked 
upon as a proper general to encounter 
Annibal in Italy; but Scipio oppoſed the 
meaſures which his countrymen wiſhed to 
purſue, and he declared in the ferrate, that 
if Annibal was to be conquered, he mutt 
be conquered in Africa. Theſe bold mea- 
ſures were immediately adopted, though 
oppoſed by the eloquence, age, and ex- 
perience of the great Fabius, and Scipio 
was impowered to conduct the war on the 


* 


0" 


| conful he embarked for Carthage. Succeſs 
attended his arms, his conqueſts were here 
as rapid as in Spain; the Carthaginian 
armies were routed, the camp of the crafty 
Aſdrubal was ſet on fire during the night, 
and his troops totally defeated in a drawn 
battle. Theſe repeatcd loſſes alarmed Car- 
thage; Annibal, who was victorious at the 
gates of Rome, was inſtantly recalled. to 
defend the walls of his country, and the 
two greateſt generals uf the age met cach 
other in the field. Terms of accomma- 
dation were propoſed; but in the parley 
which the two commanders had together, 
nothing ſatis factory was offered, and while 
the one eniarged on the viciſſitudes af hu- 
| man affairs, the other wiſhed to dictate like 


3A3 a con- 


—_ Wo — 
- 
= 


coaſts of Africa, With the dignity of | 


- 2 


2 
— 50 18 


— =. << = o 
a. Ate — 


- _— 


— 
2 


* 


"© 
— 
„ — 


mga; 


- 3—ů 2 . — oy - 
— _ - — — wo — — amc._—_— ” 
Rs = *, _— 


8D! 


2 conqueror, and recommended the deciſion 
of the controverſy to the ſword. This 
celebrated battle was fought near Zama, 
and both generals diſplayed their military 
knowledge in drawing up their armies and 
in chuſing their ground. Their courage 
and intrepidity were not leſs conſpicuous 
in charging the enemy; a thouſand acts of 
valor were performed on both fides, and 
though the Carthaginians fought in their 
own defence, and the Romans for fame 
and glory, yet the conqueror of Italy was 
vanquiſhed. About 20,000 Carthaginians 
were flain, and the ſame number made 
priſoners of war, B. C. 202. Only 2,000 
of the Romans were killed. This battle 
was deciſive; the Carthaginians ſued for 
peace, which Scipio at laſt granted on the 
moſt ſevere and humiliating terms. The 
conqueror after this returned to Rome, where 
he was received with the moſt unbounded 
applauſe, honored with a triumph, and dig- 
nitied with the appellation of Africanus. 
Here he enjoyed for ſome time the tranquil- 
lity and the honors which his, exploits merit- 
ed, but in him alſo, as in other great men, 
fortune ſhewed herlelf inconſtant. Scipio 
offended the populace in wiſhing to diſtin- 
guiſh the ſenators from the reſt of the people 
at the public exhibitions, and when he can- 
vaſſed for the conſulſhip for two of his 
friends, he had the mortification to ſee his 
application lighted, and the honors which 
he claimed, beſtowed on a man of no cha- 
rafter, and recommended by neither abili- 
es nor mcritorious actions. He retired 
tram Rome no, longer to be a. ſpectator of 
the ingratitude of his countrymen, and in 
tne capacity of lieutenant he accompanied 
tis brother againſt Antiochus, king of 
Syria. In this expedition his arms were 
aitended with uſual ſucceſs, and the Aſiatic 
monarch ſubmitted to the conditions which 
the conquerers, dictated, At his return to 
Rome, Africanus found the malevolence of 
his enemies ſtill unabated. Cato, his in- 
terate rival, raiſed ſeditions againſt him, 
and the Petihi, two tribunes of the people, 
accuſed the conqueror of Annibal of-extor- 
tion in the provinces of Aſia, and of living 
in an indolent and luxurious manner, Scipio 
condeſcended to anſwer to the accuſation of 
his calumniators; the firſt day was ſpent in 
hearing the different charges, but when he 
again appeared on the ſecond day of his trial, 
the accuſcd interrupted his judges, and ex- 
claimed, Tribunes and fel/c w citizens, on this 
day, this very day, did I conquer Annibal and 
the Carthaginiaui, come therefore awith me, 
Reymens ; let us ge te the capitol, and there re- 
turn our thanks tv the immortal gods for the 
wvictertes which have attended our arms, 


Theſe words had the deſired etfect, the tribes, 


Bo —S. 


and all the aſſembly followed Scipio, the court 
was deſerted, andthetribunes were left alone 
in the ſcat of judgment, Yet when this 
memorable day was paſt and forgotten, 
Africanus was a third time ſummoned to 
appear ; but he had fled before the im- 
pending ſtorm, and retired to his country. 
houſe at Liternum. The accuſation was 
therefore ſtopped, and the accuſers ſilenced, 
when one of the tribunes, formerly diftin- 
guiſhed for his malevolence againſt Scipio, 
roſe) to defend him, and declared in the 
aſſembly, that it reflected the higheſt diſ- 


grace on the Roman people, that the con- 


queror of Annibal ſhould become the ſport 
of the populace, and be expoſed to the 
malice and envy of diſappointed ambition, 
Some time after Scipio died in the place of 
his retreat, about 184 years before Chriſt, 
in the 48th year of his age; and fo great an 
averſion did he expreſs, as he expired, for 
the depravity of the Romans, and the in- 
gratitude of their ſenators, that he ordered 
his bones not to be conveyed to Rome, 
They were accordingly inhumated at Li- 
ternum, where his wife Amilia, the daugh- 
ter of Paulus Emilius, who fell at rhe 
battle of Cannz, raiſed a mauſoleum on 
his tomb, and placed upon it his ſtatue, 
with that of the poet Ennius, who had 
been the companion of his peace and of 
his retirement. If Scipio was robbed dur- 
ing his life time of the honors which be- 
lenged to him as conqueror of Africa, he 
was not forgotten when dead. The Ro- 
mans viewed his character with reverence ; 
with raptures they read of his warlike 
actions, and Africanus was regarded in 
the following ages as a pattern of virtue, of 
innocence, courage, and liberality, As a 
general, the fame and the greatneſs of his 
conqueſts explain his character, and indeed 
we hear that Annibal declared himſelf in- 
ferior to no general that ever lived except 
Alexander the Great, and Pyrrhus king of 
Epirus; and when Scipio aſked him what 
rank he would claim if he had conquered 
him, the Carthaginian general anſwered, If 
I had conquered you, Scipio, I would call 
myſelf greater than the conqueror of Darius, 
and the ally of the Tarentines, As an in- 
ſtance of Scipio's continence, antient au- 
thors have faithfully recorded that the con- 
queror of Spain refuſed to ſee a beautiful 
princeſs that had fallen into his hands after 
the taking of New Carthage, and that he 
not only reſtored her inviolate to her 
parents, but alſo added immenſe preſents 
for the perſon to whom the was hetrothed. 
It was to the artful complaiſance of Afri- 
canus, that the Romans owed their alliance 
with Maſiniſſa, king of Numidia, and alſo 


| that with king Scyphax. The friendſhip of 


Scipio 


Scipio 
6.— 75 
Euer 
Aſaatici 
nus in 
He wa 
A. U. ( 
and he 
chus, k 
againſt 
panicd 
African 
advice i 
ſoon ro 
near the 
foot and 
ſettled b 
the con 
tained a 
ticus. | 
his pro! 
African 
cus, and 
vorites, 
in whic; 
migi. 1 
been re. 
his allies 
ecived, 
{uttered | 
chus, w: 
tribunal 
this occa 
who was 
of the Sc 
tis two 1 
of havin; 
weight o 
ſilver, at 
from the 
name of 
joined to 
condemn 
others ga 
had accou 
which he 
fore that 
ſtinacy Sc 
couſin N 
people, ar 
goods of 
tiſcated. J 
effects of 
fine, and 
his innac 
tus houſe 
of Antioc 
did not to 
to poverty 
of his frie 
alter he w 
between P 
turn, the 


rarlike 


elf in- 
except 
King of 
n what 
quered 
red, If 
Id call 
Darius, 
an in- 
ent au- 
he con- 
cautiful 
ds after 
that he 
to her 
preſents 
trothed. 
of Afri- 
alliance 
and alſo 


dhip of 
Scipio 


8 C 


Scipio and Lzlius is well known, Polxb. 
6._Plut.—Fler. 2, c. 6.—Cic. in Brut. Fc. 
—Eutrop. Lucius Coraelius, firnamed 
Aſiaticus, accompanied his brother Africa- 
nus in his expeditions in Spain and Africa. 
He was rewarded with the conſulſhip, 
A. U. C. 562, for his ſervices to the Rate, 
and he was empowered to attack Antio- 
chus, king of Syria, who had declared war 
agaiat the Romans. Lucius was accom- 
panicd in this campaign by his brother 
Africanus; and by his own valor, and the 
advice of the conqueror of Annibal, he 
ſoon routed the enemy, and in a battle 
near the city of Sardes he killed 50, ooo 
foot and 4000 horſe. Peace was ſoon after 
ſettled by the ſubmiſhon of Antiochus, and 
the conqueror, at his return home, ob- 
tained a triumph, and the ſirname of Aſia- 
ticus. He did not, however, long enjoy 
his proſperity ; Cato, after the death of 
Africanus, turned his fury againſt Aſiati- 
cus, and the two Petilii his devoted fa- 
vorites, preſented a petition to the peo; ie, 
in whica they prayed that an enquiry 
migi. i] cmade to know what money had 
been received from Antiochus and from 
his allies. The petition was inſtantly re- 
ecived, and Aftaticus, charged to have 
ſuffered himſelf to be corrupted by Antio- 
chus, was ſummoned to appear before the 
tribunal of Terentius Culco, who was on 
this occahon created prætor. The judge, 
who was an inveterate enemy to the family 
of the Scipio's, ſoon found Aſiaticus, with. 
his two licutenants and his quæſtor, guilty 
of having received, the firit 6,000 pounds 
weight of gold, and 480 pounds weight of 
klver, and the others nearly an equal ſum, 
from the monarch, againſt whom, in the 
name of the Roman people, they were en- 
joined to make war. Immediately they were 
condemned to pay large fines ; but while the 
others gave ſecurity, Scipiodeclared that he 
had accounted tothe public for all the money 
which he had brought from A ſia, and there- 
fore that he was innocent. For this ob- 
ſtinacy Scipio was dragged to priſon, but his 
couſin Nafica pleaded his cauſe before the 
people, and the pretor inſtantly ordered the 
goods of the priſoner to be ſeized and con- 
hſcated. The ſentence was executed, but the 
effects of Scipio were inſuſkicient to pay the 
fine, and it was the greateſt juſtification of 
tus innocence, that whatever was found in 
lus houſe, had never been in the poſſeſſion 
of Antiochus or his ſubjeets. This, however, 
did not totally liberate him, he was reduced 
to poverty, and refuſed to accept the offers 
of his friends and of his clients. Some time 
alter he was appointed to ſettle the diſputes 
between Eumenes and Seleucus, and at his 
ſaurn, the Romans, aſhamed uf their ſeve- 


rity towards him, rewarded his merit wit}; 
ſuch uncommon, liberality, that Aſiaticus 


was enabled to celebrate games in honor of 
his victory over Antiochus, for ten ſucceſſive 


& c. — Eutrop. 4. 
Cneus Scipio, and couſin to Scipio Africanus. 
He was refuſed the conſulſhip, though ſup- 
ported by the intereſt and the fame of the 
conqueror of Annibal; but he afterwards 


quered the Boii, and gained a triumph. He 
was alſo ſucceſsful in an expedition which 
le undertook in Spain. When the ſtatue of 
Cybele was brought to Rome from Phrygia, 
the Roman ſenate delegated one of their body 
who was the moſt remarkable for the purity 
of his manners and the innocence of his lite, 
to go and meet the goddeſs in the harbour of 
Oftia. Naſica was the object of their choice, 
and as ſuch he was enjoined to bring the ſta- 
tue of the goddeſs to Rome with the greateſt 
pomp and ſolemnity. Naſica alſo diftinguiſh- 
ed himſelf by the active part he took in con- 
futing the accuſations laid againfl the two 
Scipio's, Africanus and Aſiaticus. There 
was alſo another of the ſame name who diſ- 
tinguiſhed himſelf by his enmity againſt the 
Gracchi, to whom he was nearly related, 
Paterc. 2, c. I, &c.— Fler. 2, e. 15. - Liv, 
29, c. 14, &c. Publ. Amilianus, ſon 
of Paulus the conqueror of Perſeus, was 


received the ſame firname as his grandfather, 
and was called Africanus the younger, on ac- 
count of his victories over Carthage. Æmi- 
lianus ficſt appeared in the Roman armies 
under his father, andafterwards diſtinguiſhed 
himſelf as a legionary tribune in the Spaniſh 
provinces, where he killed a Spaniard of 
gigantic ſtature, and obtained a mural crown 
at the ſiege of Intercatia, He paſſed into 
Africa to demand a reinforcement from king 
Mainiifſa, the ally of Rome, and he was the 
ſpectator of a long and bloody battle which 
was fought between that monarch and the 
Carthaginians, and which ſoon produced the 
third Punic war. Some time atter Amili- 
anus was made edile, and next appointed 
conſul, though under the age required for 
that important office. The ſirname which he 
had received from his grandfather, he was 
doomed lawfully to claim as his uwn. He 
was empowered to finiſh the war with Car- 
thage, and as he was permitted by the ſenate 
to chuſe his colleague, he took with him his 
friend Lælius, whoſe father of the {ame name 
had furmerly enjoyed the confidence and 
ſhared the victories of the firſt Africanus. 
The ſiege of Carthage was all cady begun, 
hut the operations of the Romans were not 
continued with vigor. Scipio had no ſooner 


4 


3A4 than 


days, at his own expence. Liv, 38, c. 85 
Nafica was ſon of 


obtained it, and in that honotable office con- 


adopted by the ſon of Scipio Africanus. He 


9 — 


appeared before the walls of the enemy 


i — — . —— — — — 2 


- 3 


— 
—— 
0 

m 


2 * 
— 
- - 


 — 


, 


161 
1 
1 
| 


| BC 


than every communication with the land 
was cut off, and that they might not have 
the command of the (ea, a ſtupendous mole 
was thrown acroſs the harbour with im- 
menſe labor and expence. This, which 
might have diſheartened the moſt active 
enemy, rendered the Carthaginians more 
eager in the cauſe of freedom and indepen- 
dence; all the inhabitants, without diſ- 
tinction of rank, age, or ſex, employed 
themſelves without ceſſation to dig another 
barbour, and to build and equip another 
feet. In a ſhort time, in ſpite of the vigi- 
lance and activity of /ZEmilianus, the Ro- 
mans were aſtoniſhed to ſee another har- 
bour formed, and 50 gallies ſuddenly iſſu- 
ing under fail, ready for the engagement. 
This unexpected fleet, by immediately at- 
tracking the Roman ſhips, might have 
gained the victory, but the delay of the 
Carthaginians proved fatal to their cauſe, 
and the enemy had ſufficient time to pre- 
pare themſelves, Scipio ſoon got the poſ- 
ſeſſion of a ſmall eminence in the harbour, 
and by the ſucceſs of his ſubſequent opera- 
tions he broke open one of the gates of the 
city and entered the ſtreets, where he made 
his way by fire and word. The ſurrender 
of above 50,000 men was followed by the 
reduction of the citadel, and the total ſub- 
miſſion of Carthage, B. C. 147. The cap- 
tive city was ſet on fire, and though Scipio 
was obliged to demoliſh its very walls to 
obey the orders of the Romans, yet he 
wept bitterly over the melancholy and tra-- 
gical ſcene; and in bewailing the miſeries 
of Carthage, he expreſſed his fears left 
Rome, in her turn, in ſome future age, 
ſhould exhibit ſuch a dreadful conflagration. 
The return of Amilianus to Rome was 
that of another conqueror of Annibal, and 
like tim he was honored with a magnifi- 
cent triumph, and received the firname of 
Africanus, He was not long left in the 
enjoy ment of his glory before he was called 
to obtain freſh honors. He was choſen 
conſul a ſecond time, and appointed to 
finiſh the war which the Romans had hi- 
therto carried on without ſucceſs or vigo- 
rous exertions againſt Numantia. The fall 
of Numantia was more noble than that of 
the capital of Africa, ard the cunqueror of 
Carthage obtained the vitorv only when 
the enemies had been contumed by famine, 
or by ſelf deſtruction, B. C. 133. From 
his conquetts in Spain, Amilianus was ho- 
rored with a ſecond triumph, and with the 
firname of Numantinus, Yet his popula- 
rity was ſhort, and by telling the people 
that the murder of their favorite, his bro- 
ther-in-law, Gracchus, was, lawful, fince 
he was turbulent and inimical to the peace 
2f the republic, Scipio incurred the dif- 


89 C 
pleaſure of the tribunes, and was receives 
with hiſſes. His authority, for a moment, 
quelled their ſedition, when he reproached 
them of their cowardice, and exclaimed, 
Factious wretches, do you think that yu 
clamors can intimidate me; me whom the 
fury of your enemies never daunted ? Ts thi, 
the gratitude that you owe to my father 
Paulus who conquered Macedonia, an 10 
me? Without my family you were ſlave, 
Is this the reſpe# you owe to your deliver. 
ers? Is this your affection? This firmneſs 
filenced the murmurs of the aſſembly, and 
ſome time after Scipio retired from the cla. 
mors of Rome to Caieta, where, with his 
friend Lælius, he paſſed the reſt of his 
time m innocent pleaſures and amuſement, 
in diverſions which had pleaſed them when 
children ; and the two greateſt men that 
ruled the ſtate were often ſeen on the ſea 
ſhore picking up light · pebbles, and throw- 
ing them on the ſmooth ſurface of the wa- 
ters. Though fond of retirement and lite. 
rary eaſe, yet Scipio often intereſted him- 
ſelf in the affairs of the ſtate. His enemies 
accuſed him of aſpiring to the dictatorſhip, 
and the clamors were moſt loud againſt 
him, when he had oppoſed the Sempronian 
law, and declared himſelf the patron of 
the inhabitants of the provinces of Italy, 
This active part of Scipio was ſeen with 
pleaſure by the friends of the republic, and 
not only the ſenate, but alſo the citizens, 
the Latins, and neighbouring ſtates, con- 
duced their illuſtrious friend and patron to 
his houſe. It ſeemed almoſt the univerſal 
wiſh that the troubles might be quieted by 
the election of Scipio to the dictatorſnip, 
and many preſumed that that honor would 
be on the morrow conferred upon him. 
In this, however, the expectations of Rome 
were fruſtrated, Scipio was found dead in 
his bed to the aſtoniſhment of the world; 
and thoſe who enquired for the cauſes of 
this ſudden death, perceived violeat marks 
on his neck, and concluded that he had 
been ſtrangled, B. C. 128. This aſſaſſina- 
tion, as it was then generally believed, was 
committed by the triumvirs, Papirius Car- 
bu, C. Gracchus, and Fulvius Flaccus, who 
ſupported the Sempronian law, and by his 
wile Sempronia, who is charged with in- 
troducing the murderers into his room, No 
enquiries were made after the authors of 
his death ; Gracchus was the favorite of the 
mob, and the only atonement which the 
populace made fur the death of Scipio was 
to attend his funeral, and to thow their 
concern by their cries and loud lamenta- 
tions. The ſecond Africanus has often 


been compared to the firſt of that name; 
they ſcemed to be equally great, and equal- 
ly meritorivus, and the Romans were un- 


able 


able to 
entitled 
and adm 
father, v 
from the 
compoſit 
Punic at 
neſs he e 
bius Ma 
ſcarce fo 
weight c 
gold. I 
his ſiſter 
tions, an 
be paſſe 
well as 
Metellus 
of Scipic 
the great 
live in 
neck. Ora 
— Paterc 
of the fi 
Antiochy 
his father 
his ſon, » 
lus Amil 
Africanu: 
tinguiſhe 
rature, ar 
Met 
pey, app 
He was p 
and after 
He was 
1 — 
army in 
him his | 
cule him, 
oracle tha 
ever be vi 
Cornelius, 
He was ai 
proſcribed 
in the reig 
SCIRA, 
Athens in 
to others, 
ceived its 1 
town of A 
is called 8 
SCIRAD 
the Saronic 
SCIRAS 
Was alſo ca 
SCIRESS 
4, c. 5. 
SCIRON 
wid plun 
country, ar 
ligheſt roc 
dbliged the 


us feet, Th 


de wa- 
id lite- 
him- 
nemies 
orſhip, 
againſt 
pronian 
ron of 
f Italy, 
en with 
ic, and 
itizens, 
s, con- 
Atron to 
niverſal 
eted by 
torſhip, 
r would 
n him. 
f Rome 
dead in 
world; 
auſes of 
t marks 
he had 
aſſaſſina- 
ed, was 
1us Car- 
us, who 
1d by his 
with in- 
om. No 
;thors of 
ite of the 
hich the 
ipio was 
OW their 
lamenta- 
as often 
at name; 
ud equal- 
werc un- 
able 


8 C 
ible to dlſtinguiſn which of the two was 
entitled to a greater ſhare of their regard | 
and admiration. Emilianus, like his grand- 
father, was fond of literature, and he ſaved | 
from the flames of Carthage many valuable 
compoſitions, written by Phcoenician and 
Punic authors. In the midſt of his great- 
neſs he died poor, and his nephew Q. Fa- 
bius Maximus, who inherited his eſtate, 
ſcarce found in his houſe thirty-two pounds 
weight of filver, and two and a half of 
gold. His liberality to his brother and to 
his ſiſters deſerves the greateſt commenda- 
tions, and indeed no higher encomium can 
be paſſed upon his character, private as 
well as public, than the words of his rival 
Metellus, who told his ſons, at the death 
of Scipio, to go and attend the funeral of 
the greateſt man that ever lived or ſhould 
live in Rome. Liv. 44, &c.—Cic, de Se- 
nech. Orat. in Brut. &c.— Polyb.— Appian. 
—Paterc. 1, ©. 12, &c.— Fr. A fon 
of the firſt Africanus, taken captive by 
Antiochus king of Syria, and reſtored to 
his father without a ranſom. He adopted as 
his ſon, young /Emilianus, the ſon of Pau- 
lus Amilius, who was afrerwards firnamed 
Africanus. Like his fatner Scipio, he diſ- 
tinguiſhed himſelf by his fondneſs for lite- 


rature, and his valor in the Roman armies. | 


—- Metellus, the father-in-law of Pom- 
pey, appointed commander in Macedonia. 
He was preſent at the battle of Pharſalia, 
and afterwards retired to Africa with Cato. 
He was defeated by Cæſar at Thapſus. 
Plut. Salutio, a mean perſon in Cæſar's 
army in Africa. The general appointed 
him his chief commander, either to ridi- 
cule him, or becauſe there was an antient 
oracle that declared that the Scipios would 
ever be victorious in Africa. Plat. L. | 
Cornelius, a conſul who oppoſed Sylla. 
He was at laſt deſerted by his army, and 
proſcribed. The commander of a cohort 
in the reign of Vitellius. 

SCIRA, an annual ſolemnity obſerved at 
Athens in honor of Minerva, or, according 
to others, of Ceres and Proſerpine. It re- 
ceived its name either from Sciras, a ſmall 
town of Attica, or from a native of Elcu- 
is called Scirus. | 

SCIRADILUM, a promontory of Attica on 
the Saronicus ſinus. 

SCIRAS, à name of gina. Minerva 
was alſo called Sciras. Strab. g. | 

SCIRESSA, a mountain of Arcadia. Plin. 
4 C. 5. 

SCIRON, a celebrated thief in Attica, 
o plundered the inhabitants of the 
country, and threw them down from the 
ligheſt rocks into the ſea, after he had 
dbliged them to wait upon him and to waſh 


8 O 


Ovid, the carth, as well as the fea, re- 


fuſed to receive the bones of Sciron; which 


remained for ſome time ſuſpended in the 
air, till they were changed into large rocks 
called Scironia Saxa, fituate between Me- 
gara and Corinth: There was a road neat 
them, which bore the name of Sciron, na- 
turally ſmall and narrow, but afterwards 
enlarged by the emperor Adrian. Some 
ſuppoſe that Ino threw herſclf into the fea 


ried the daughter of Cychreus a king of 


mon the ſon of Aacus. Ovid. 7, Met. v. 
444. Hereid. 2, v. 69.—Strab. 9, Mele 
2, c. 13.—Plin. 2, c. 47.—S&nera. N. Q. 
1 

Scixus, a village of Arcadia, of which 
the inhabitants are called Scirite. 


Panſ. 1, c. 36. 
Sc1ss1s, a town of Spain. Liv. 21, c. 
60 


Scop kA, a town of Illyricum, where 
Gentius reſided, Liv, 43, c. 20. 

ScoLUus, a mountain of Bœotia. A 
town of Macedonia near Olynthus, Strab. 

ScCoMBRUS, a mountain of Thrace near 
Rhodope. 

Scopas, an architect and ſculptor of 
Epheſus, for ſome time employed in mak- 
ing the mauſoleum which Artemiſia raiſed 
to her huſband, and which was reckoned 
one of the ſeven wonders of the world. 
One of his ſtatues of Venus was among 
the antiquities with which Rome was 
adorned. Scopas lived about 430 years be- 
fore Chritt. 2 I, c. 43, &c.—tHyrat. 
4, Od. 8.—Fitr. 9, c. 9. An #tolian 
who raiſed ſome forces to aſſiſt Rrolemy 
Epiphanes, king of Egypt, againſt his ene- 
mies Antiochus and his allies. He after- 
wards conſpired againſt the Egyptian mo- 
narch, and was put to death, B. C. r96. 


peror Domitian. - 

Scortum, a town of Theſſaly. # 

SCoORDISCI and SCORDISCA&, a people 
of Pannonia and Thrace, well known dwr- 
ing the reign of the Roman emperors for 
their barbarity and uncivilized manners. 
They were fond of drinking human blood, 
and they generally ſacrificed their captive 
enemies to their gods. 9. 41, c. 19.— 
Strub. 7.— Fler. 3, c. 4 

Scort, the antient inhabitants of Scot- 
land, mentioned as different from the Picts. 


Claudian, de Hen. 3 cunſ. v. 54. 


ScoTixnus, a firname of Heraclitus. 


Strab, 15, 


SCQTUSSA, a town of Theſſaly deſtroyed 


du feet, Theſcus attacked him, and treated | by Alexander of Phcræ. Liv. 28, c. 5 & 


him as de treated travellers. According to 


from one of theſe rocks. Scitron had mar- 


Salamis. He was brother-in-law to Tela- 


* 
plain and river of Attica near Megara. 


Au ambaſſador to the court of the em- | 


— —¼ 


- - a 1 
— 
- i - 


—< woe 5. = I * 
— —— = - — 


„ 
—— 


. 


-., * a 


I N - I un ASS 5 
— — —ä 2œm—ñů ——xůñxꝛĩů;rĩ*rñ̃ .ö?;mm . 2 ———xꝛ?“ — 
-# " w 8 » _— 


8 C 


7. 1. 36, e. 14. — Another in Macedonia. 
Plin. 4, c. 10. 

ScriBoNnia, a daughter of Scribonius, | 
who married Auguſtus after he had divorced 
Claudia. He had by her a daughter, the 
celebrated Julia, Seribonia was ſometime 
aftcr repudiated, tnat Auguſtus might 
marry Livia. She had been married twice 
be fore ſhe became the wife of the emperor. 
Sucton. in Aug, 62.— A woman who 
married Craffus, 

SCRIBONIANUS, 2 man in the age of 
Nero. Some of his friends wiſhed him to 
be competitor for the imperial purple againſt 
Veſpaſian, which he declined. Tacit. II. 
4, c. 39. There were alſo two brothers 
of that name who did nothing without cach 
other's conſent.. Id. 4, c. 41. 

SCR!BONIVUS, a man who made himſelf 
maſter of the kingdom of Boſphorus. A 
phyſician in the age of Auguſtus and Tibe- 
rius. A man who wrote annals, A. D. 
22. The beſt edition of Scribonius is that 
of Patav. 4to. 1655, A friend of Pom- 
pey, &c. i 

SCULTENNA, a river of Gaul Ciſpada- 
na, falling into the Po, now called Panaro, 
Liv. 4r, c. 12 & 18.—Plin. 3, e. 16. 

SCYLACEUM, 2 town of the Brutii, 
built by an Athenian colony. As Virgil 
has applied the epithet Natyfragum to Scy- 
laceum, ſome ſuppoſe that either the poet 
was miſtaken in his knowledge of - the 
place, becauſe there are no apparent dan» 
gers to navigation there, or that he con- 
founds this place with a promontory of the 
fame name on the Tuſcan ſea, Servius ex- 
plains this paſſage by ſuppoſing that the 
houſes of the place were originally built 
with the ſhipwrecked veſſels of Ulyſſes“ flect, 
(a moſt puerile explanation!) Vg. An. 
3. v. 553.—Serab. 6. 

SCYLAX, a geographer and mathemati- 
cian of Catia, in the age of Darius, ſon of 
Hyſtaſpes, about 550 years before Chriſt, 
He was commiſſioned by Darius to make 
diſcoveries in the caſt, and after a journcy 
of zo months he viſited Egypt. Some ſup- 
pole that he was the friſt who invented 
geographical tables. The lateſt edition of 
the Periplus of Scylax, is that of Grono- 
vius, 4to. L. Bat. 1697.—Heradet. 4, c. 
44.—Strab.—-—-A river of Cappadocia. 

SCYLLA, a daughter of Niſus, king of 
Megara, who became enamoured of Mi- 
nos, as that monarch beſieged her father's 
capital. To make him ſenſible of her paſ- 
fion, ſhe informed him that ſhe would de- 
liver Megara into his hands, if he promiſed 
to marry her. Minos conſented, and as the 
proſperity of Megara depended on a golden 
hair, which was on the head of Niſus, 


6 E 


and from that moment the allies of the 
Megareans were unſucceſsful, and the cne. 
my eaſily became maſter of the place, 
Scylla was diſappointed in her expeQaticne, 
and Minos treated her with ſuch contempt 
and ridicule, that ſhe threw herſelf from 
a tower into the ſea, or, according to other 
accounts, ſhe was changed into a. lark by 
the gods, and her father into a hawk. 
Ovid, Trift. 2, v. 393.—Pauf. 2, c. 34— 
4+ cs 3, ed. 19, v. 21.——lHygin, fab, 
198.—Virg. G. 1, v. 405, &c.— A 
daughter of Typhon, or, as ſome ſay, of 
Phorcys, who was greatly loved by Glau- 
cus, one of the deities of the ſea. Scylla 
ſeorned the addrefles of Glaucus, and the 
god, to render her more propitious, applied 
to Circe, whoſe knowledge of herbs and 
incantations was univerſally admired. Circe 
no ſooner ſaw him than ſhe became ena- 
moured of him, and inſtead of giving him 
the required aſſiſtance, ſhe attempted to 
make him forget Scylla, but in vain. To 
puniſh her rival, Circe poured the juice of 
ſome poiſonuus herbs into the waters of 
the fountain where Scylla bathed, and no 
ſooner had the nymph touched the place, 
than ſhe found every part of her body be- 
low the waiſt, changed into frightful mon- 
ſters like dogs, which never ceaſed barking, 
The reſt of her body afſumed an equally 
hideous form. She found herſelf ſupported 
by twelve fect, and ſhe had fix ditfcrent 
heads, each with three rows of tecth. This 
ſudden metamorphoſis ſo terrified her, that 
ſhe threw herſclt into that part of the ſea 
which ſeparates the coaſt of Italy and Si- 
cily, where ſhe was changed into rocks, 
which continued to bear her name, and 
which were univerſally deemed by the an- 
tients as very dangerous to ſailors, as well 
as the whirlpool of Charybdis on the coaſt 
of Sicily. During a tempeſt the waves are 
deſcribed by modern navigators as roaring 
dreacfully when driven into the rough and 
uneverr cavities uf the rock. Homer. Od 12, 
v. 85. — O Act. 14, v. 66, &c.— Ia. 
2, c. 34.— Hygin. fab. 199. Some au- 
thors, as Fropert. 4, cl. 4, v. 39, & Vim. 
Ecl. 6, v. 74, with Ovid. Faft, 4, v. Sco, 
have confounded the daughter of Typhon 
with the daughter of Nitus. Jig. An. 
3, v. 424, &c. A ſhip in the fleet of 
Eneas, commanded, by Cloanthus, &c. 
Virg. An. 5, v. 122. 

SCYLLACM, a promontory of Pelopon- 
ne ſus on the coaſt of Argolis. A pro- 
montory of the Brutii in Italy, ſuppoſed tv 
be the ſame as Scylaceum, near which was 
the famous whirlpool Scylla, from which 
the name 1s derived, 

SCYLLIAS, a celebrated ſwimmer who 
enriched kimſclt by diving after the goods 


Scylla eut it off as her father was aſleep, 


Wluch 


which | 
ſhips ne 
dive 80 
8, c. 8. 
Sc v 
age of C 
365 c. 4 
SCYL 
given to 
Strab. 
SeyL1 
He callec 
and by e 
{ticks tic 
rately, h 
gether fir 
n{uperat 
would fa; 
Plut. de 
Scver 
of Colop 
SCYRK/ 
t. 25. 
SCYRI 
as a nativ 
SCYRO 
the Age 
miles no! 
iu circum 
poſſeſſion 
Achilles 1 
Jan war, 
mus by ! 
Lycomede 
Athenians 
v. 508.— 
156.— 4 
SCYTH 
Vid. Scyth 
SCYTHI 
ter by 2 
body was | 
of a ſerper 
try which | 
A ton of 1 
SCYTHI 
molt nort! 
trom whicl 
nominated 
northern Ps 
n account 
climate. 1 
were inhab 
name of Sc 
The bound 
e the anti 
tated beyo! 
lay at the x 
Imprehend 
Lutary, Ry 
"© Crime: 
4 thuania, | 
#<den, No 


z pplied 

bs and 

, Circe 

IC ena- 

ng him 

ted to 

n. To 

uice of 

ters of 

and no 

e place, 
ody be- 

mon- 
ark ing. 
equally 
pported 
litfcrent 
h. This 
er, that 
the tea 
and Si- 
rocks, 
ne, and 
the an- 
as well 
he coaſt 
aves are 
_ roaring 
ugh and 
Od 123 
a. 
me au- 
& Virg. 
v. 500, 
Typhon 
os 
fleet ot 
us, &C. 


Pelopon- 
we i Po- 
ppoſed ty 
hich was 
m which 


mer who 


he goods 
lich 


8 C 
which had been ſhipwrecked in the Perſian | 


It is ſaid that he could 


ſhips near Pelium. 
k Herodot. 


dire 8o ſtadia under the water. 
s, c. 8. 

ScyYLL1sS, a ſtatuary of Crete before the 
age of Cyrus king of Perſia, Pauſ,—Plin. 
36, c. 4. . N 

ScYLLUS, (untis,) a town of Achaia, 
given to Xenophon by the Lacedzmonians, 
rab. 

ScyLURUS, a monarch who left 80 ſons. 
He called them to his bed-fide as he expired, 
and by enjoiuing them t break a bundle of 
kicks ticd together, and afterwards ſepa- 
rately, he convinced them, that when alto- 
gether firmly united, their power would be 
inſuperable, but if ever diſunited, they 
would fall an eaſy prey to their enemies. 
Plut. de garr, 

ScypriuM, a town in the neighbourhood 


of Colophon. Parſ. 7, c. 3. 

Scvxas, a river of Laconia, Pau. 3, 
e. 26. 

SCYR1AS, à name applied to Deidamia 
as a native of Scyros. Uvid. A. 1, v. 682. 

SCYRos, a rocky and barren ifland in 
the ZAgean, at the diſtance of about 28 
miles north-eaſt from Eubea, ſixty miles 
in circumference. It was originally in the 
poſſeſſion of the Pelaſgians and Carians. 
Achilles retired there not to go to the Tro- 
jan war, and became father of Neoptole- 
mus by Deidamia, the daughter of king 
Lycomedes, Scyros was conquered by the 
Athenians under Cimon. Homer. Od. 10, 
v. $03.,—Ovid. Met. 7, v. 464. |. 13, v. 
156.—Pauſ. 1, c. 7.—Strad. 9. 

ScCYTH&, the inhabitants of Scythia. 
Vid. Scythia. 

SCYTHES, or SCYTHA, a ſon of ſupi- 
ter by 2 daughter of Tellus. Half his 
body was that of a man, and the reſt that 
of a ſerpent. He became king of a caun- 
try which he called Scythia. Died. 2. 
A fon of Hercules and Echidna. | 

SCYTHIA, a large country ſituate on the 
molt northern parts of Europe and Aſia, 
from which circumſtance it is generally de- 
nominated European and Aftatic. The moſt 
northern parts of Scythia were uninhabited 
en account of the extreme coldneſs of the 
climate. The more ſouthera in Aſia that 
were inhabited were diſtinguiſhed by the 
name of Scythia intra © extra Inaum, Fc, 
The boundaries of Scythia were unknown 
% the antients, as no traveller had pene- 
tated beyond the vaſt tracts of land which 
%% at the north, calt, and weſt. Scythia 
Imprehended the modern kingdoms of 
Lutary, Ruſſia in Aſia, Siberia, Muſcovy, 
e Crimea, Poland, part of Hungary, 
Lähuania, the northern parts of Germany, 
weden, N orway, & c. The Scythians were 


the age of Horace. 


87 


had no cities, but continually changed theit 
habitations, 
bear labor and fatigue ; they deſpiſed mo- 
ney, - and lived upon milk, and covered 
themſelves with the ſkins of their cattle. 


and that philoſophy and moderation which 
other nations wiined to acquire by ſtudy, 
ſeemed natural to them, Some authors 
however repreſent them as a ſavage and 
barbarous people, who fed upon human 
fleſh, who drank the blood of their ene- 
mies, and uſcd the ſkulls of travellers as 


Scytluans made ſeveral irruptions upon the 
more ſouthern provinces of Aſia, eſpecially 
B. C. 624. when they remained in poſſeſſion 
of Aſia Minor for 28 years, and we find 
them at different periods extending their 
conqueſts in Europe, and penetrating as far 
as Egypt. Their government was monar- 
chical, and the deference which they paid 


the king died, his body was carried through 
evety province, where it was reccived in 
ſolemn proceſſion, and afterwards buried. 
In the firſt centuries after Chriſt they in- 
vaded the Roman empire with the Sarm:- 
tians. Vid. Sarmatia, IIerodot. 1, c. 4, 
& c.—Strab. 7.— Died. 2.— Val. Max. 5, 


v. 64. 1. 2, v. 224. 

SCYTHINUS, a Greek poet of Teos in 
Tonia, who wrote Iambics. Dieg. in He- 
rac. Athen 11. 

SCYTHOY, a man changed into a wo- 
man. Oi. Met. 4, v. 280. 

ScyTHOPBLIS, a town of Syria, ſaid to 
have been built by Bacchus. Serab. 16.— 
Fs. 8, Cc. 15. 

SCYTHOTAURI, a people of Cherſa- 
neſus Taurica, Plin. 4, c. 12. 
SEBASTA, a town of Judza. Ano- 
ther in Cilicia. The name was common 
to ſeveral cities, as it was in honor of 
Auguſtus. ; 
SEBASTIA, a city of Armenia. 
SEBENNYTUS, a town of the Delta in 
Egypt. That branch of the Nile which 
tlows near it has been called the Scbennytic. 
Plin, 5, c. 10. 

SEBETUS, a ſmall river of Campania, 
falling into the bay of Naples, whence the 

epithet Seberhis, given to one of the nymphs 

who frequented its borders and became mo- 

ther of AÆbalus by Telon. Virg, An. 7 

V. 734- 

SEBUSIANT, or SEGUSIANT, a people of 
Celtic Gaul. | 

SECTANUS, an infamous debauchee in 

1, Sat. 4, v. 112. 


SECUNDUS JULIUS, a man who pub- 
7 liſhed” 


divided into ſeveral nations or tribes, they. 


They inured themfelves to 


The virtues ſeemed to floriſh among them, 


els in their ſacrifices to their gods. The. 


to their ſovereigns was unparalleled. When 


c. 4. — Tuſtin, 2, c. 1, &c.— Ovid. Net, t, 


Sw. 


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8 E 


l:ſhed ſome harangues and mr; 1 in the 
age of the emperor Titus. A favorite 
of N of the aſſociates of Se- 
janus. 

SED1TANT, or SEDENTANT, a people of 
Spain. Tral. 3, v. 372. 

SeDUNT, an antient nation of Belgic 
Gaul. C#z/. bell. G. 3. 

SeDu$11, 2 people of Germany near the 
Suevi. Cæſ. 

Stats rA, a town of Sicily founded by 
Fneas, or, according to ſome, by Crini- 
ſus. Vid. Egeſta. 

SEGESTES, a German, friendly to the 
Roman intereſt in the time of Getmanicus. 
His daughter married Arminius. Tacit. 
A. 1, c. 55. 

SeoNn1, a people with a town of the 
ſame name in Belgic Gaal. Cz. B. G. 6. 

SEGOBRICA, a town of Spain. Plin, 3, 
E. . 

SEGONAX, a prince in the ſouthern parts 
of Britain, who oppoſed Cæſar by order of 
Caſſivelaunus, &c. 
22. 

SEGONTIA, or SEGUNTIA, 2a town of 
Hiſpania Tarraconenſis. Li. 34, c. 10. 

SEGONTIAC1, a people of Belgic Gaul, 
who ſubmitted to J. Czfar, 

SeGovia, a town of Spain, of great 
power in the age of the Cæſars. There 
was alſo another of the ſame name in Lu- 
ſitania. Both had been founded by the 
Celtiberi. 

SEGUNTIUM, a town of Britain, ſup- 
poſed to he Carnarven in Wales. Czf. G. 
3 ©. $t> | 


SEGUSIANI, a people of Gaul on the 


Loire. Cæſ. G. 1, c. 10. Plin. 4, c. 18. 

SEGUSIO, a town of Piedmont on the 
Durias: Plin. 3, c. 17. 

ALivs SEJANUs, a native of Vulh- 
num in Tuſcany, who diſtinguiſhed himſelf 
in the court of Tiberius. His father's 
name was Seius Strabo, a Roman knight, 
commander of the pretorian guards. His 
mother was deſcended from the Junian fa- 
mily. Sejinus firſt gained the favors of 
Cains Cæſar, the grandſon of Auguſtus, 
but afterwards he attached himſelf io the 
intereſt and the views of Tiberius, who 
then ſat on the imperial throne. The em- 
peror, who was naturally of a ſuſpicious 
temper, was free and open with Sejanus, 
and while he diftruſted others, le commu- 
nicated lis gicateſt ſecxets to this fawning 
favorite. Sejanus improved this confidence, 
and when he had found that he poſſeſſed 
the eſteem of Tiberius, he next cndca- 
voured to become the favorite of the ſol- 
ders aud the darling of the ſenate. As 
commander of the prætorian guards he 


was the ſccond man in Rome, and in that | 


Caf. Bell. G. 5, & 


| 


important office he made uſe of infinuationg 
and every mean artifice . to make himſels 
beloved and revered. His affability ang 
condeſcenſion gained him the hearts of the 
common ſoldiers, and by appointing his 
own favorites and adherents to places 
of truſt and honor, all the officers and cen. 
turions of the army became devoted to his 
intereſt. The views of Sejanus in this were 
well known ; yet to advance with more 
ſucceſs, he attempted to gain the affection 
of the ſenators. In this he met with ng 
oppoſition, A man who has the diſpoſ# 
of places of honor and dignity, and who 
has the command of the public money 
cannot but be the favorite of thoſe whe 
are in need of his aſſiſtance. It is even 
ſaid, that Sejanus gained to his views all 
the wives of the ſenators, by a private and 
moſt ſecret promiſe of marriage to each of 
them, whenever he had made himſelf in- 
dependent and ſovereign of Rome. Yet 
however ſucceſsful with the beſt and nobleſt 
families in the empire, Scjanus had to 
combat numbers in the houſe of the em- 
peror; but theſe ſeeming obſtacles were 
ſorm removed. All the children and grand- 
children of Tiberius were ſacrificed to the 


| ambition of the favorite under various pre- 


tences ; and Drufus the ſon of the emperor, 
by ſtriking Sejanus, made his deſtruction 
ſure and inevitable. Livia, the wife of 
Drufus, was gained by Sejanus, and though 
the mother of many children, ſhe was pre- 
vailed upon to aſſiſt her adulterer in the 
murder of her huſband, and ſhe conſented 
to marry him when Druſus was dead. No 
ſooner was Druſus poiſoned, than Sejanus 
openly declared his wiſh to marry Livia. 
This was ſtrongly oppoſed by Tiberius; 
and the emperor by recommending Germa- 
nieus to the ſenators for his ſucceſſor, ren- 
dered Sejanus bold and determined, He 
was more urgent, in his demands; and 
when he could not gain the conſent of the 
emperor, he perſuaded him to retire to ſo- 
litude from the noiſe of Rome, and the 
troubles of the government. Tiberius, na- 
turally fond of cafe and luxury, yielded 


to his repreſentations, and retired to Cam- 


pania, leaving Sejanus at the head of the 
empire, This was highly gratifying to the 
favorite, and he was now without a maſter. 
Prudence and moderation might have made 
him what he wiſhed to be, but Sejanus of- 
tended the whole empire when he declared 
that he was emperor of Rome, and Tibe- 
rius only the dependent prince of the iſland 
of Caprezx, where he had retired. Tibe- 
rius was upon this fully convinced of the 
defigns of Sejanus, and when he had beet 
informed that his favorite had had the 
meanneſs and audacity to ridicule bim by 

introducing 


introd 
ordere 
Sejant 
friend 
man 
called 
the d: 
the Cc 
witho! 
gled } 
were e 
the pe 
the Ti 
tions 1 
rius fa 
cions, 
with £ 
enjoyc 
&C.— 

Cn 
horſe « 


He w. 


was o 
ſeſſion 
mus eg: 
his K 
family 
habet 
were o 
lius. 3 
Sex 
was a. 
prætor 
SEL 
SEL 
e. 23. 
Sr. 
Syria, 
Armer 
king c 
brothe 
her co 
mothe 
death 
ſirnam 
Zicenu 


uationg 
himſelf 
ty and 
of the 
ting his 
places 
nd cen- 
d to his 
1s were 
h more 
ffection 
with ng 
diſpoſa 
nd who 
money, 
xe whe 
is even 
1ews all 
ate and 
each of 
(elf in- 
e. Yet 
nobleſt 
had to 
the cms 
es were 
| grand- 
I to the 
ous pre- 
:mperor, 
ſtruction 
wife of 
1 though 
was pre- 
r in the 
onſented 
ad, No 
Se janus 
y Livia. 
"1berius ; 
Germa- 
Tor, ren- 
ed, He 
ds; and 
nt of the 
re to ſo- 
and the 
rius, na- 
, yielded 
to Cam- 
ad of the 
ng to the 
a maſter, 
ave made 
janus of- 
declared 
nd Tibe⸗ 
the iſland 
d. Tibe⸗ 
ed of the 
had been 
had the 
e bim by 
1eroducing 


8 E 


introducing him on the ſtage, the emperor 
ordered him to be accuſed before the ſenate. 
Sejanus was deſerted by all his pretended 


friends, as ſoon as by fortune; and the 


man who aſpired to the empire, and who 
called himſelf the favorite of the people, 
the darling of the prætorian is, and 
the companion of Tiberius, was ſcized 
without reſiſtance, and the ſame day ftran- 
gled in prifon, A. D. 31. His remains 
were expoſed to the fury and inſolence of 
the populace, and afterwards thrown into 
the Tiber. His children and all his rela- 
tions were involved in his ruin, and Tibe- 
rius ſacrificed to his reſentment and ſuſpi- 
cions, all thoſe who were even connected 
with Sejanus, or had ſhared his favors and 
enjoyed his confidence. Tacit. 3, Ann, 
xc. Dio. 58.—Suvet. in Tib. 

Cw. Sktus, a Roman who had a famous 
horſe of large ſize, and uncommon beauty. 


He was put to death by Antony, and it 


was obſerved, that whoever obtained poſ- 
ſeſſion of his horſe, which was called Seja- 
nus equus, became unfortunate, and loft all 
his property, with every member of his 
family. Hence aroſe the proverb, ille home 
habet Seſanum equum, applied to ſuch as 
were oppreſſed with 3 Au. Gel- 
lius. 3, c. 9. 

Sexzus STRABO, the father of Sejanus, 
was a Roman knight, and commander of the 
prætorian guards, 

SELASIA. Vid. Sellaſia. 

SELEMNUS, a river of Achaia, Pauſ. 7, 
c. 23. Vid. Sclimnus. 


SELENE, the wife of Antiochus king of 


Syria, put to death by Tigranes, king of 
Armenia, She was daughter of Phyſcon, 
king of Egypt, and had firſt married her 
brother Lathurus, according to the cuſtom of 
her country, and afterwards by defire of her 
mother, her other brother Gryphus. At the 
death of Gryphus ſhe had married Antiochus, 
ſirnamed Euſebes, the ſon of Antiochus Cy- 
zicenus, by whom ſhe had two ſons. Accord- 
ing to Appian, ſhe firſt married the father, 
and after his death, his ſun Euſebes. Ap- 
pian. Syr. &c. 

SELEUCENA, & SELEUC1S, a country of 
Syria, in Afia, Vid. Seleucis. 

SELEUCIA, a town of Syria, on the ſea 
ſhore, generally called Pieria, to diſtinguiſh 
it from others of the ſame name. There 
were no leſs than eight other cities which 
were called Scleucia, and which had all re- 
ceived their name from Seleucus Nioator. 
They were all fituate in the Kingdom of 
- way in Cilicia, and near the Euphrates. 

lor. 3, c. 11.,—Pht. in Dem, Mela. 1, c. 
I2.-—Strab, 11 & 15.—Plin. 6, c. 26. 
Alſe the reſidence of the Parthian Kings. 
Cic. S, fam. 14. | 


* 


3 


| 


8 E 

Srrrvclbæ, a firname given to thoſe 
monarehs who fat on the throne of Syria, 
which was founded by Seleucus the ſon of 
Antiochus, from whom the word is derived. 
The era of the Seleucidz begins with the 
taking of Babylon by Seleucus, B. C. 312, 
and ends at the conqueſt of Syria by Pom- 
pey, B. C. 65. The order in which theſe 
monarchs reigued, is ſhown in the account 
of Syria. Vid. Syria. 

 SELEVC1S, a diviſion of Syria, which 
received its name from Seleucus, the founder 
of the Syrian empire, after the death of 
Alexander the Great. It was alfo called 
Tetrapolis from the four cities it contained, 
called alſo ſiſter cities; Seleucia called after 
Seleucus, Antioch called after his father, 
Laodicea after his mother, and Apamea 
after his wife. Strab. 16. 

SELEVUCUS, it, one of the captains of 
Alexander the Great, firnamed Nicator, or 
Victorious, was ſon of Antiochus. After 
the king's death, he received Babylon as his 
province; but his ambitious views, and his 
attempt to deftroy Eumenes as he paſſed 
through his territories, rendered him ſo un- 
popular that he fled for ſafety to the court of 
his friend Ptolemy king of Egypt. He was 
ſoon after enabled to recover Babylon, which 


{ Antigonus had ſeized in his abſence, and he 


encreaſed his dominions by the immediate 
conqueſt of Media, and ſome of the neigh- 
bouring provinces. When he had ſtrength - 
ened himſelf in his empire, Seleucus imi- 
tated the example of the reſt of the generals 
of Alexander, and aſſumed the title of in- 
dependent monarch. He afterwards made 
war againſt Antigonus, with the united 
forces of Ptolemy, Caſſander, and Lyſima- 
chus; and after this monarch had been 
conquered and ſlain, his territories were 
divided among his victorious enemies. 
When Seleucus became maſter of Syria, he 
built a city there, which he called Antioch, 
in honor of his father, and made it the ca- 
pital of his dominions. He alſo made war 
againſt Demetrius and Lyfimachus, though 
he had originally married Stratonice, the 
daughter of the former, and had lived in 
the cloſeſt friendſhip with the latter. Se- 
leucus was at laſt murdered by one of his 
ſervants called Ptolemy Ceraunus, a man 
on whom he beſtowed the greateſt favors, 
and whom he had diſtinguiſhed by acts of 
the moſt unbounded confidence. Accord- 
ing to Arrian, Seleucus was the greateſt 
and moſt powerful of the princes who inhe- 
rited the Maceduplan empire after the death 
of Alexander. His benevolence has been 
commended; and it has been obſerved, that 
he conquered, not to enſlave nations, but to 
make them more happy. He founded no 
leſs than 34 cities in different parts of his 

empire, 


8 E 


empire, which he peopled with Greek colo- 
nies, whoſe national induſtry, learning, re- 
lig on, and ſpirit, were communicated to the 
indolent and luxurigus inhabitants of Aſia. 
Seleucus was a great benefactor to the 
Greeks; he reſtored ro the Athenians the 
library and the ſtatues which Xerxes had 
. Carried away from their city when he invad- 
ed Greece, and among them were thoſe of 
Harmodius and Ariſtogitun. Selencus was 
murdered 280 years before the Chriſtian 
era, in tke 32d year of his reign, and the 
78th, or according to others, the 73d year 
Gf his age, as he was going to conquer 
Macedonia, where he intended to finiſh his 
days in peace and tranquillity in that pro- 
vince where Le was born. He was ſucceed- 
ed by Antiochus Souter, Juin. 13, c. 4 
I. 15, c. 4. J. 16, c. 3, &c.—Plut. in Dem. 
—PÞP!ln. 6, c. 17. — Pa,. 8, c. 5$1.—Toſeph, 
Ant. 12. The 2d. firnamed Callinicus, 
ſucceeded his father Antiochus Theus on 
the throne of Sy, He attempted to make 
war againſt Ptolemy, King of Egypt, but 
his fleet was ſhipwrecked ina violent ſtorm, 
and his armies ſoon after conquered by his 
enemy. He was at laſt taken priſoner by 
Arſaces, an officer who made himſclt pow- 
ertu] by the diſſenſions which reigned in the 
houſe of the Scleucidæ, between the two 
brothers, Seleucus and Antiochus; and 
after he had been a priſoner for ſome time 
in Parthia, he died of a fall from his horſe, 
B. C. 226, after a reign of 20 years, Se- 
leucus had received the firname of Pecgon, 
from his long beard, and that of Callinicus, 
ironically to expreſs his very unfortunate 
reign. He had married Laodice, the filter 
of one of his generals, by whum he had 
two ſons, Scleucus and Antiochus, and a 
daughter whom he gave in marriage to Mi- 
thridates King of Pontus. Strab. 16.— 
Justin. 27.—Appian. de Syr. The 3d, 
tucceeded his father Scleucus 2d, on the 
throne of Sy ria, and received the firname of 
Ceraunus, by antiphraſis, as he was a very 
weak, timid, and irteſolute monarch, He 
was murdcied by two of his officers after a 
reign of three years, B. C. 223, and his 
brother Antiochus, thaugh only 15 years 
old, aſcended the throne, and rendered bim- 
ſelf ſo celebrated that he acquired the name 
of the Great. Appian. The 4th, ſuc- 
ceeded his father Antiochus the Great, on 
the throne of Syria. He was ſurnamed 
Philopator, or according to Juſephus, Ster. 
_ His empire had been weakened by the Ro- 
mans when he became monarch, and the 
yearly tribute of a thouſand talents to theſe 
victorious enemies, concurred in leflening 
his power and coniequence among nations. 
Seleucus was puitoned alder 4 reign of 12 


S E 


years, B. C. 178. His ſon Demetrius bad 

been ſent io Rome, there to receive hi 

education, and he became a prince of gren 

abilities. Strab. 16,—Tuftin. 32.—Appian, 

The th, ſucceeded his father Deme. 

trius Nicator on the throne of Syria, in the 

20th year of his age, He was put to death 
in the firſt year of his reign by Cleopatra 
his mother, who had alſo ſacrificed her 
huſband to her ambition. He 1s not reck. 
oned by many hiſtorians in the number of 
the Syrian monarchs. The 6th, one of 
the Seleucidæ, ſon of Antiochus Gryphus, 
killed his uncle Antiochus Cyzicenus, who 
wiſhed to obtain the crown of Syria, He 
was ſome time after baniſhed from dis 
kingdom by Antiochus Pius, ſon of Cyzi- 
cenus, and fled to Cilicia, where he was 
burnt in a palace by the inhabitants, B. C. 
93. Appian.— Joſeph. A prince of Sy- 
ria, to whom the Egyptians offered the 
crown of which they had robbed Auletes 
Seleucus accepted it, but he ſoon diſguſted 
his ſubjects, and received the firname of 
Cybioſattes, or Scullion, for his meanneſs and 
avarice, He was at laſt murdered by 
Berenice, whom he had married. A 
ſervant of Cleopatra, the laſt queen of 
Egypt, who accuſed his miſtreſs before Qc- 
tavianus, of having ſecreted part of her jew- 
cls and treaſures. A mathematician in- 
timate with Veſpaſian the Roman emperor, 
A pait of the Alps. A Roman can- 
ſal. A celebrated finger, Juv. 10, „. 
211.,——4A king of the Baſphorus, who died 
B. C. 429. 

SELGE, a town of Pamphylia, made : 
colony by the Lacedzmonians, Liv. 35. 
C. I 3.—Strabo. 

SEL1IMNUS, a ſhepherd of Achaia, who 
for ſome time enjoyed the favors of the 
nymph Argyra, without interruption. Ar- 
gyra was at laſt diſguſted with her lover, 
and the ſhepherd died through melancholy, 
and was changed into a river of the ſame 
name. Argyra was alſo changed into 4 
fountain, and was fond of mingling her wa- 
ters with thoſe of the Selimnus. Par. 7, 
I \ | 

SELINUNS, or SELINUS, (wntts), a town 
on the ſouthern parts of Sicily, founded 
A. U. C. 127, by a colony from Megara. It 
received its name from et wer, parſley, which 
grew there in abundance. The marks 0! 
its antient conſequence are viſible in the ye- 
nerable ruins now found in its neighbours 
hood. Virg. An. 3, v. 705.—Pauf. 6, e. 
19, —A river of Elis in Pcloponnelus. 
Another in Achaia. Another in 
Sicily. A river and town of Cilicia, 
where Trajan died, Liv. 33, C. 20 
Strab. 14.——- Two ſmall rivers near Diana“ 

temps 


temple 
Ake at c 
14 
StLL. 
Cleomer 
Nenn 
Laceden 
SELL 1 
into the 
SELL 
Mount FE 
SELL1 
Dodona. 
SELY?! 
Proponti. 
SEMEL 
mione, tk 
She was 
Juno, wt 
band's an 
Cadmus, 
goddeſs v 
ſucceſsful 
Ate, whic 
beit, and 
Semele's 
piter's m. 
tion to th 
Beroe, an 
her lover 1 
majeſty a 
requeſt w 
but as he 
mele wha 
bed, atten 
and thun 
Semele cc 
and he 
The chil 
pregnant, 
Mercury, 
one of th 
jupiter pl 
fie time 
his mothe 
Lacchus, 
ately after 
tality und. 
owever | 
inſernal r 
permitted 
in the ten 
Altars rait. 
ich was 
bs Pauſani 
ell with! 
art Wor 
Wiierc, ace 
ad been « 
Mer Cadr 
mMAccyun 
ualter, 
AU IKcelve 


A 


rius had 
deiye his 

of great 

- Appian, 

r Deme. 
a, in the 
to death 
-leopatra 
aced her 
10t reck- 
1mber of 
1, one of 
Gryphus, 
nus, who 
Tia, He 
from his 

of Cyzi- 

e he was 

ts, B. C. 

ce of Sy- 
tered the 
| Aulctes 

diſguſted 
rname of 
nnels and 
lered by 
J. A 
queen of 
e fore Oc- 
f her jew- 
at ician in- 
z Emperor, 
man con- 
V. IO, V. 
Who died 


a, made 2 


Liv. 35. 


haia, who 
ors of the 
ion. Ar- 
her lover, 
clancholy, 
the ſame 
red into 4 
ng her wa- 

Pau. 7, 


s), a town 
„ founded 
legara. It 
Hey, which 
marks 0! 
in the ve- 
neighbours 
Pauſ. 6, © 
oponnelus. 
Another in 
of Cilicia, 
E. 420 
car Diana's 
tempir 


S E 


temple at Epheſus. Plin. 5, e. 29.—4 
lake at the entrance of the Cuyſter. Srrab, 
Wan 04 a town of Laconia where 
Cleomenes was defzated by the Achaans, 
B. C. 222. Scarce 200 of a body of 5000 
Lacedemonians ſurvived the battle. Plut. 

SELLELS, a tiver of Peloponnetus falling 
into the Ionian ſea. Homer. I.. 

SELLETE®, a people of Thrace, near 
Mount Hemus. Lv. 38, c. 40. 

Sri, an antient nation of Epirus near 
Dodona. Lucan, 3, v. 189,—Streb. 7. 

SELYMBRIA, a town of Thrace, on the 
Propontis. Liv. 33, c. 39. 

SEMELEF, a daughter of Cadmus by Her- 
mione, the daughter of Mars and Venus. 
She was tenderly beloved by jupiter; but 
Juno, who was always jealous of her huſ- 
band's amours, and who hated the houſe of 
Cadmus, becauſe they were related to the 
goddeſs of beauty, determined to puniſh this 
ſucceſsful rival. She borrowed the girdle of 
Ate, which contained every wickedneſs, de- 
beit, and pet fidy, and in the form of Beroe, 
Semele's nurſe, ſhe viſited the houſe of Ju- 
piter's miſtreſs, Semele liſtened with atten- 
tion to the artful admonitions of the falſe 
Beruc, and was at laſt perſuaded to entreat 
her lover to come to her arms with the ſame 
majeſty as he approached Juno. This raſh 
requeſt was heard with horror by Jupiter ; 
but as he had ſworn by the Styx to grant Se- 
mele whatever ſhe required, he came to her 
bed, attended by the clouds, the lightning, 
and thunderbolts. The mortal nature of 
Semele could not endure ſo much majeſty, 
and the was inſtantly contumed with fire. 
The child, however, of which ſhe was 
pregnant, was ſaved from the flames by 
Mercury, or according to others by Dirce, 
one of the nymphs of the Achelous, and 
jupiter placed him in his thigh the reſt of 
tie time which he. ought to have been in 
his mother's womb. This child was called 
gicchus, or Dionyhus. Semele immedi- 
ately after death was honered with immor- 
ality under the name of Thyone. Some 
however ſuppoſe that ſhe remained in the 
inſernal regions till Bacchus her fon was 
permitted to bring her back. There were 
n the temple of Diana, at Trœzene, two 
pitars railed to the infernal gods, one of 
hick was over an aperture, through which, 
bs Paulanias reports, Bacchus returned from 
ell with his mother. Semele was particu- 
arly worſhipped at Braſiæ in Laconia, 
were, accurding to a certain tradition, the 
ad been driven by the winds with her fon, 
Mer Cadmus. had expoſed her on the fea, 
MN accuunt. of her incontinent amour with 
Jupiter. The mother of. Bacchus, though 
ae tcceived divine honprs, bad no temples; 


6 


| ſerved, that ſhe regularly called ths Rrongelt 


S E 


ſhe had a ſtatue in a temple of Ceres, 2 
Thebes, in Burotia. Pauf. 3, c. 24. l. 9, 
c. 5, Hefied. Theog. Homer. Il. 14, v. 323. 
—Orpheus, Hymn. — Furip. in Bacch.— A.- 
polled. 3, c. 4. — Ovid. Met. 3, v. 254. Faft. 
3, v. 716.—Diod. 3 & 4. 

SEMIGERMANI, a name given to the 
Helvetii, a people of Germany. Liv. 21, 
c. 38. 

SEMIGUNTUS, a general of the Che- 
ruſci, taken priſoner by Germanicus, &. 
Straub. 7. 

SkuikAuts, a celebrated queen of Aſ- 
ſy ria, daughter of the goddeſs Derceto, by a 
young Affyrian. She was expoſed in a de- 
ſert, but her life was preſerved by doves for 
one whole year, till Simmas, one of the 
ſhepherds of Ninus, found her and brought 
her up as his own child. Semiramis, when 
grown up, married Menones, the governor 
of Nineveh, and accompanied him to the 
ſiege of Bactra, where, by her advice and 
prudent directions, ſhe haſtened the king's 
operations and took the city, Theſe emi- 
nent ſervices, but chiefly her uncommon 
beauty, endeared her to Ninus, The mo- 
narch atked her of her huſband, and offered 
him inſtead, his daughter Soſana; but Me- 
nones, who tenderly loved Semiramis, re- 
fuſed, and when Ninus had added threats to 
entreaties, he hung himſelf. No ſooner was 
Menones dead than Semiramis, who was of 
an aſpiripg ſoul, married Ninus, by whom 
ſhe had a ſon called Ninyas. Ninus was ſo 
fond of Semiramis, that at her requeſt he 
refigned the crown to her, and commanded 
her to be proclaimed queen and ſole empreſs 
of Aſſyria. Of this however he had cauſe 
to repent: Semitamis put him to death, the 
better to eſtabliſh herſelf on the throne, and 
when ſhe had no encmies to fear at home, 
ſhe began to repair the capital of her empire, 
and by her means Babylon become the moſt 
ſuperb and magnificent city in the world, 
She viſited every part of her dominions, aud 
left every where immortal monuments of 
her greatneſs and benevolence. To rendet 
the roads paſſable and communication eaſy, 
ſhe hollowed mountains and filled up vallies, 
and water was conveyed at a great expence 
by large and convenient aqueducts, to barien 
deſarts and unfruitful plains. She was not 
leſs diſtinguiſhed as a wartior, many of the 
neighbouring nations were conquered ; and 
when Semiramis was once told as ſhe was 
dreſſing her hair, that Babylon had revolted, 
ſhe left her toilette with precipitation, and 
though only half dreſſed, ſhe refuted to have 
the reſt of her head adorned before the fo 
dition was quelled, and tranquillity re-eſta- 
bliſhed, Semiramis has been accuſed of 
licentioufneſs, and fome authors have ob- 


and 


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tinence. Her paſſion for her fon was alſo 


de Port. &c.— Ovid. Amor. 1, el. 5, v. 11. 


8 E 


and ſtouteſt men in her army to ber arms, 
and afterwards put them to death that they 
might not be living witneſſes of her incon- 


unnatural, and*it was this criminal propen- 
fity which induced Ninyas to deftroy his 
mother with his own hands. Some ſay 
that Semiramis was changed into a dove 
after death, and received immortal honors 
in Aſſy ria. It is ſuppoſed that ſhe lived 
about 1965 years before the Chriſtian era, 
and that ſhe died in the 62d year of her 
age, and the 25th of her reign. Many fa- 
bulous reports have been propagated about 
Semiramis, and ſome have declared that 
tor ſome time ſhe diſguiſed herſelf and paſſed 
for her ſon Ninyas. Val. Max. 9, c. 3.— 
Herodot. 1, c. 184.— Diod. 2.— Mela. 1, c. 
3.—Strab. 5. —Paterc. 1, c. 6.— Justin. 1, 
c. I, &c,—Propert, 3, el. It, v. 21,—Plut. 


Met. 4, v. 58.—Marcell. 14, c. 6. 

SEMNGNES, a people of Italy on the bor- 
ders of Umbria. Of Germany on the 
Elbe and Oder. 

SEMONES, inferior deities of Rome, that 
were not in the number of the 12 great 
gods. Among theſe were Faunus, the Sa- 
tyrs, Priapus, Vertumnus, Janus, Pan, Si— 
lenus, and all ſuch illuſtrious heroes as had 
xeceived divine honors after death, The 
word ſeems to be the fame as ſem? homines, 
becauſe they were inferior to the ſupreme 
gods, and ſuperior to men. 

SEMOSANCTUS, one of the gods of the 
Romans among the Indigetes, or ſuch as were 
born and educated in their country. 

SEMPRONITA, a Roman matron, mother 
of the two Gracchi, celebrated for her 
learning, and her private as well as public 
virtues. Alſo a ſiſter of the Gracchi, 
who is accuſed of having aſſiſted the trium- 
virs Carbo, Gracchus, and Flaccus, to mur- 
der her huſband, Scipio Africanus the 
younger. The name of Sempronia was 
common to the female deſcendants of the 
family of the Sempronii, Gracchi, and Sci- 

10s. 
K SEMPRONIA Lx de magiftratibus, by C. 
Sempronius Gracchus, the tribune, A. U. C. 
630, ordained that no perſon who had been 
legally deprived of a magiſtracy for miſde- 
meanors, ſhould be capable at beating an 
office again. This law was afterwards re- 
pealed by the author. — Another, de civi- 
tate, by the ſame, A. U. C. 630. It or- 
dained that no capital judgment ſhould be 
paſſed over a Roman citizen, without the 
comcurrenge and authority of the ſcnate. 
There were alſo ſome other regulations in- 
cluded in this law. ———Another, de comitits, 
by the ſame, A. U. C. 635. It ordained 
that in giving their votes, the centuries 


ſhould be choſen by lot, and not gie | 
according to the order of their claſſes 
Another, de comitiiz, by the ſame, the ſame 
year, which granted to the Latin allies a 
Rome, the privilege of giving their votes x 
elections, as if they were Roman citizens, 
Another, de provinciis, by the ſame, 
A. U. C. 630. It enacted that the ſenator, 
ſhould be permitted before the aſſembly of 
the conſular comitia, to determine as they 
pleaſed the particular provinces which 
ſhould be propoſed to the conſuls, to be di. 
vided by lot, and that the tribunes ſhould be 
deprived of the power of interpoſing again 
a decrce of the ſenate. Another, called 
Agraria prima, by T. Sempronius Gracchy 
the tribune, A. V. C. 620. It confirmed 
the /ex agraria Licinia, and enacted that all 
ſuch as were in poſſeſſion of more lands than 
that law allowed, ſhould immediately refign 
them, to be divided among the poorer citi. 
zens. Three commiſhoners were appointed 
to put this law into execution, and its con- 
ſequences were ſo violent, as it was directly 
made againſt the nobles and the ſenators, 
that it coſt the author his life. Another, 
called Agraria altera, by the ſame. It re- 
quired that all the ready money which was 
found in the treaſury of Attalus King of 
Pergamus, who had left the Romans hi 
heirs, ſhould be divided among the poorer 
citizens of Rome, to ſupply them with all 
the various inſtruments requiſite in buſban- 
dry, and that the lands of that monarch 
ſhould be farmed by the Roman cenſors, 
and the money drawn from thence ſhould 
be divided among the people. Another, 
frumentaria, by C. Sempronius Gracchus 
It required that a certain quantity of com 
(huuld be diſtributed among the people, lv 
much to every individual, for which it was 
required that they ſhould only pay the ti- 
fling ſum of a ſemiſfis and a trien.—— 
Another, de uſurd, by M. Sempronius, the 
tnbune, A. U. C. 560. It ordained that in 
lending money to the Latins and the allies 
Rome, the Roman laws ſhould be obſervei 
as well as among the citizens. Another, 
de judicibus, by the tribune C. Sempronius 
A. U. C. 630. It requited that the rigit 
ot judging, which had been aſſigned to tit 
Senatorian order by Romulus, ſhould b 
transferred from them to the Roman knigh 
Another, militaris, by the ſame, A. U. 
C. 630. It enacted that the ſoldiers ſhoult 
be Eloathed at the public expence, withoul 
any diminution of their uſual pay. It all 
ordered that no perſon ſhould be obliged tl 
ſerve in the army before the age of 17. 
SemPRONIUs (A. ATRATINUS,) 2 
nator who oppoſed the Agrarian law, wh 
was propoſed by the conſul Caſſius, ſoo 
after the election of the tribunes.— 


Actratiuv 


Atratit 
was on 
league 
Caius, 
bly ot 
with 1 
Bleſus, 
for for 
Sophus 
allo fou 
the eng 
quake. 
Sophus 
the eat 
its old 
law tha 
or altar, 
of the 1 
pudiate. 
ſee a | 
knowlet 
from th 
crane to 
a man 
— A 
from Ca 
diers wh 
thaginia! 
fought i 
great ſuc 
Tiberius 
by the 
which |} 
bation of 
terwards 
the Gaul, 
who deft 
Campani 
by Fulvit 
the Cart] 
had mad 
Againſt tt 
honor to 
raiſed at 
enemy's 
proceſſion 
debauche 
An eunu 
Caracalla 
pretorian 
of Galba 
ed in the 
Tacchi. 
Who was 


of Egypt. 


Facit. — 


pian. 


SEMUR 


Apollo ha 
An empe1 


SENA, ( 


dria in Ita 
Senones, < 
no Italy 


give it 
8.— 
he (ame 
allics of 
votes & 
Citizens, 
e ſame, 
ſenators 
*mbly of 

as they 

3 which 

to be di. 
hould be 

g again 
er, called 
Gracchus 
onfrmed 
d that all 
ands than 
ely reſign 
Qorer citi. 
appointed 
4 1ts con- 
is directh 
e ſenators, 
- Another, 
e, It e. 
which was 
IS king of 
omans hi 
the poorer 
n with all 
in buſban- 
t monarch 
an cenſors, 
>nce ſhould 
D— Another, 
; Gracchus. 
ity of corn 
e people, 0 
hich it was 
Day the ti 


rien. — 


pronius, the 
ined that in 


the allies 


be obſerved 


— Another 


ſame, A. U 
}Idiers (houl 
ce, with 

„It all 
be obliged tl 


re of 17. 


1NUs,) 26 
an law, le 


Caſſius, lcd 


dURes. 


Artratiuv 


S E 


Atratinus, a conſul, A. U. C. 211. He 
was one of the firſt cenſors with his col- 
league in the conſulſhip, Papirius. 
Caius, a conſul ſummoned before an aſſem- 
bly of the people, becauſe he had fought 
with ill ſucceſs againſt the Volſci. 
Blxſus, a conſul who obtained a triumph 
for ſorae victories gained in Sicily. 
Sophus, a conful againſt the Aqui. He 
allo fought againſt the Picentes, and during 
the engagement there was a dreadful earth- 
quake, The ſoldiers were terrified, but 
Sophus encouraged them, and obferved that 
the earth trembled only for fear of changing 
its old maſters. A man who propoſed a 
law that no perſon ſhould dedicate a temple 
or altar, without the previous approbation 
of the magiſtrates, A. U. C. 449. He re- 
pudiated his wife becauſe the had gone to 
ſee a ſpectacle without his permiſſion or 
knowledge. Rufus, a ſenator, baniſhed 
from the ſenate becauſe he had killed a 
crane to ſerve him as food. Tuditanus, 
a man ſent againſt Sardinia by the Romans, 
A legionary tribune, who led away 
from Cannz the remaining part of the ſol- 
diers who had not been killed by the Car- 
thaginians. He was afterwards conſul, and 
fought in the field againſt Annibal with 
great ſucceſs. He was killed in Spain. 
Tiberius Longus, a Roman conſul defeated 
by the Carthaginians in an engagement 
which he had begun againſt the appro- 
bation of his colleague C. Scipio. He af- 
terwards obtained victories over Hanno and 
the Gauls. Tiberius Gracchus, a contul 
who defeated the Carthaginians and the 
Campanians. He was afterwards betrayed 
by Fulvius, a Lucanian, into the hands of 
the Carthaginians, and was Killed, after he 
had made a long and bloody refiftance 
azainſt the enemy. Harnibal thewed great 
honor to his remains; a funeral pile was 
raiſed at "the head of the camp, and the 
enemy's cavalry waiked round it in folemn 
proceſſion. Gracchus, a man who had 
debauched Julia, [id. Graco, | 
An eunuch, made governor of Rome by 
Caracalla. Denſus, a centurion of a 
pretorian cohort, who defended the perſon 
of Galba againſt the aſſaſſins. He was kill- 
ed in the attempt. The father of the 
Gracchi, [Vid. Gracchrs. ] A cenſor, 
Who was alſo ſent as ambaſſador to the court 
of Egypt. A tribune of the people, &c. 
Tacit..—Flor, — Liv. — Plut. —Cef. —Ap- 


Man, 


Apollo had a temple. 
An emperor. Vi. Saturninus. 
SENA, or SENOGALLIA, a town of Um- 


SEMURIUM, a place near Rome, where 
Cic. Phil, 6, 6.— 


bria in Italy, on the Adriatic, built by the 
Senones, after they had made an irruption 
Into Italy, A. U. C. 396; and on that 


| 


abs. 


| 


after the battle of Cannæ. 


S E 
account called Gallica. There was alſo 2 
ſmall river in the neighbourhood which 
bore the name of Scna. It was near it 
thas Aſdrubal was defeated by Cl. Nero: 
C. Nep. in Catone.—Sil, 8, v. 454.—Liv. 
27, c. 46.—CGic, Prut. 18. 

SENATUS, the chief council of the ſtate 
among the Romans. The members of this 
body, called ſenators on account of their 
age, and patres on account of their authority, 
were of the greateſt conſequence in the re- 
public. The ſenate was firſt inſtituted by 
Romulus, to govern the city, and to preſide 
over the atfairs of ſtate during his abſence, 
This was continued by his ſucceſſors ; but 
Tarquin the Second diſdained to conſult 
them, and by having his own council cho- 
{en from his favorites, and men who were 
totally devoted to his intereſt, he ditniniſhed 
the authority and the conſequence of the ſe- 
nators, and lighted the concurrence of the 
people. The ſenators whom Romulus cre- 
ated were an hundred, to whom he after- 
wards added the ſame number when the 
Sabines had migrated to Rome. Tarquin 
the ancient made the ſenate conſiſt of 300, 
and this number remained fixed for a long 
time. After the expulſion of the laſt Tarquing 
whoſe tyranny had thinned the patricians 
as well as the plebeians, 164 new ſenators 
were choſen to complete the 300; and as 
they were called conſcripts, the ſenate ever 
afterwards conſiſted of members who were 
denominated patres, and conſcripti, The 
number continued to fluctuate during the 
times of the republic, but gradvally en- 
creaſed to 700, and afterwards to goo under 
Julius Cæſar, who filled the ſenate with 
men of every rank and order. Under Au- 
guſtus the ſenators amounted to r000, but 
this number was reduced to zoo, which 
Leing the cauſe of complaints, induced the 
emperor to limit the number to 600. The 
place of a ſenator was always beſtowed 
upon merit; the monarcks had the privi- 
lege of chuſing the members, and after the 
expulſion of the Tarquins it was one of the 
rights of the conſuls, till the election of the 
cenſors, who from their office ſeemed moſt 
capable of making choice of men whoſe 
character was irreproachable, whoſe morals 
were pure, and relations honorable. Some=- 
times the aſſembly of the people elected 
lenators, but it was only upon ſore extra- 
ordinary occahons ; there was alſo a dictator 
choſen to fill up the number of the ſenate, 
Only particular 
families were admitted into the ſenate ; and 
when the plebeians were permitted to ſhare 
the honors of the ſtate, it was then required 
that they ſhould be born of free citizens, 
[t was alſo required that the candidates 
ſhould be knights before their admiſũon into 
the ſenate. They were to be above the age 


3B of 


——_— 22. We 


= 


ep - 


- —_ 2 - x - 
- - 3 — —ͤ—Ũ —o — — CO OS — — — — —— 440 
* .., 51 . 


r 
— - EhenR —_ 
* — 


Poe: 


- 


if 


— — —— | 


4.485 


— 


EF 


3 


8 E 


of 2c, and to have pyeviouſly paſſed through | in commiſſion, were not permitted to appeir 


the interior offices of quæſtor, tribune of 
the people, edile, pretor, and conſul. Some, 
however, ſuppoſe that the ſenators whom 
Romulus choſe were all old men; yet his 
ſueceſſors negletted this, and often men who 


were below the age of 25 were admitted 
by curteſy into the ſenate. The dignity of 
a ſenator could not be ſupported without 
the poſſeſſion of So, oog ſeſterces, or about 


within the walls of the city. To render 
their decrees valid and authentic, a certain 
number of members was requiſite, and 
ſuch as were abſent without ſome proper 
cauſe, were always fined, In the reign of 
Auguſtus, 400 fenators were requihte ty 
make a ſenate. Nothing was tranſacted 
before ſun-riſe, or after ſun-ſet. In their 
office the ſenators were the guardians of te- 


70021. Engliſh money, and therefore ſuch | 


as ſquandered away their money, and whoſe 
fortune was reduced below this ſum, were 
generally ſtruck out of the liſt of ſenators. 
This regulation was not made in the ftirft 
ages of the republic, when the Romans 
boafied of their poverty. 
were not permitted to be of any trade or 
profeſhon. They were diſtinguiſhed from 
the reſt of the people by their dreſs; they 


wore the laticlave, half boots of a black | 


color, with a creſcent or filver buckle in the 
form of a C; but this laſt honor was con- 
h:1cd only to the deſcendants of thoſe hun- 
er<d ſenators who had been elected by Ro- 
mulus, as the letter C ſeems to imply. They 
had the ſole right of feaſting pubhicly in the 
capitol in ceremonial babits; they fat in 
curule chairs, and at the repreſentation of 
plays and public ſpectacles, they were ho- 
nored with particular ſcats. Whenever 
they travelled abroad, even on their own 
buſineſs, they were maintained at the public 
expence, and always found proviſions for 
themſelves and their attendants ready prepar- 
ed on the road; a privilege that was generally 
termed free legation. On public feſtivals 
they wore the pretexta, or long white robe 
with purple borders. The right of convo- 
cating thc ſenate belonged only to the mo- 
narchs; and after the expulſion of the Tar- 
quins, to the conſuls, the dictator, maſter 
of the horſe, governor of Rome, and tri- 
bunes of the people; but no magiſtrate 
could exerciſe this privilege except in the 
abſence of a2 ſuperior officer, the tribunes 
excepted. The time of meeting was ge- 
nerally three times a month on the calends, 
nones, and ides. Under Auguſtus they 
were not aſſembled on the nones. It was 
requiſite that the place where they aſſembled 
ſhould have been previouſly conſecrated by 
the augurs, This was generally in the 
temple of Concord, of Jupiter Capitolinus, 
Apollo, Cattor and Pollux, &c. or in the 
Curiz called Hoſtilia, Julia Pompeia, &c. 
When audience was given to foreign am- 
Vaſſadors, the fenators afſembled without 
the walls of the city, cither in the temples 
of Bellona or of Apollo; and the fame cere- 
mony as to their meeting was alſo obſcrved 
when they tranſacted buſineſs with their 
generals, as the ambailadors of foreign na- 
tions, and the commanders of atmies, while 


Tic frnators ! 


ligion, they ditpoſed of the provinces ag 
they pleaſed, they prorogued the aſſemblies 
of the people, they appointed thankfgivings, 
| nominated their ambaſſadors, diſtributed the 
public money, and in ſhort, had the ma- 
nagement of every thing political or civil in 
| the republic, except the creating of magi- 
| ſtrates, the enacting of laws, and the de- 
| Clarations of war or peace, which were con- 
| fied to the afſemblics of the people. Rank 
was always regarded in their meetings; the 
chief magiſtrates of the ftate, ſuch as the 
; conſuls, the pretors, and cenfors ſat firſt, 
| after theſe the inferior magiſtrates, ſuch as 
the ediles and queſlors, and laſt of all, thoſe 
that then exerciſed no office in the Rate, 
Their opinions were originally collected, 
cach according to his age; but when the 
office of cenſor was inſtituted, the opinion 
of the princeps ſenatus, or the perfon whoſe 
name ſtood firſt on the cenſor's liſt, was firſt 
conſulted, and afterwards thoſe who were 
of conſular dignity, cach in their reſpective 
| order, In the age of Cicero, the conſu!s 
| ele&t were firſt conſulted ; and in the age ot 
Cæſar, he was permitted to ſpeak firit till 
the end of the year, on whom the conſu! 
| had originally conferred that honor. Under 
the emperors the ſame rules were obſcrvec, 
but the conſuls were generally conſulted 
before all others. When any public matter 
was introduced into the ſcnate, which wzs 
always called referre ad ſenatum, any ſena— 
tor whoſe opinion was aſked, was permitted 
to ſpeak upon it as long as he pleaſed, and 
on that account it was often uſual for tne 
ſenators tv protract their ſpeeches till it was 
too late to determine, When the queſtion 
was put, they paſſed to the fide of that 
fpeaker, whoſe opinion they approved, and 
a majority of votes was eaſtly collected, 
Without the trouble of counting the num- 
bers. This mode of proceeding was called 
pedibus in alicujus ſententiam ire, and theie- 
fore on that account, the ſenators who had 
not the privilege of ſpeaking, but only tit 
right of giving a ſilent vote, ſuch as bott 
t ſuc curule honors, and on that account 

were permitted to ſit in the ſenate, but nd 
to deliberate, were denoniinated prodarit jt 
| natores, Aſter the majority had beet 


known, the matter was determined, and 1 


| , 0 0 2 

| ferintus confullum Was immediately wi! 0 

clerks oi the loutc, at the lect & 
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Haracter 
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e opinion 
fon whoſe 
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conſulted 
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the chief magiſtrates, and it was ſigned by 
all the principal members of the houſe. 
When there was not a ſufficient number of 
members to make a ſenate, the deciſion 
was called ſenatus autoritas, but it was of 
no conſequence if it did not afterwards paſs 
into a ſenatus conſultum. The tribunes of 
the people, by the word veto, could ſtop 
the debates, and the decrees of the aſſem- 
bled ſenate, as alſo any one who was of 
equal authority with him who had propoſed 
the matter. The ſenatus conſulta were left 
in the cuſtody of the conſuls, who could 
ſuppreſs or preſerve them; but about the 
year of Rome 304, they were always de- 
poſited in the temple ot Ceres, and after- 
wards in the treaſury, by the ediles of the 
people. The degradation of the ſenators 
was made by the cenſor, by omitting their 
names when he called over the lift of the 
ſenate. This was called præterire. A ſe— 
nator could be again introduced into the 
lenate if he could repair his character, or 
tortunc, which had becn the cauſes why the 
cenſor had lawfully called him unqualified, 
and had challenged his oppotition. The 
meeting of the ſenate was often ſudden, 
excopt the particular times already men- 
tioned, upon any emergency. After the 
death of J. Cæſar, they were not permitted 
% mect on the ides of March, which 
were called parric:dium, becauſe on that day 
he dictator had been aſſanate d. The ſons 
vt ſenators, after they had put on the toga 
7.77/75, were permitted to come into the ſe- 
lade, but this was afterwards limited, [ Vid. 
Papirits.] The rank and the authority of 
tlic l2nators, which were fo conſpicuous in 
Hit ages of the republic, and which 
exited the miniſter of Pyrrhus to declare, 
tant the Roman ſenate was a venerable 
ilembly of kings, dwindled into nothing 
der the emperurs. Men of the lowett 
Haracters were admitted into the ſenate ; 
de emperors took pleaſure in robbing this 
wultrivus body of their privileges and au- 
thotity, and the ſenators themſelves, by 
their meanneſs and ſervility, contributed as 
much as the tyranny of the ſovereign to 
Giminiſh their own conſequence ; and by 
«pplauding the follics of a Nero, and the 
crueities of a Domitian, they convinced the 
world that they no longer poſſeſſed ſufficient 
prudence or authority to be conſulted on 
matters of weight and importance. In the 
election of ſucceſſors to the imperial pur- 
ple after Auguſtus, the approbation of the 
Knate was conſulted, but it was only a 
matter of curtely, and the concurrence of 
: body of men was little regarded who 
tre without power, and under the controul 
{4 mercenary army. The title of Cla- 
imd was given to the ſenators, under the 


S E 


diſtinction they had in compenſation for 
the loſs of their independence. The ſenate 
was aboliſhed by Juſtinian, 13 centuries 
after its firſt inſtitution by Romulus. 

SENNA, or SENA, a river of Umbria. 
Vid. Sena. Lucan, 2, v. 407. 

SENECA, M. AnNavus, a native of Cor- 
duba in Spain, who married Helviz, a wo- 
man of Spain, by whom he had three ſons, 
Seneca the philoſopher, Annzus Novatus, 
and Annæus Mela, the father of the poet 
Lucan. Seneca made himſelf known by 
ſome declamations of which he made a 
collection from the moſt celebrated orators 
of the age, and from that circumſtance, 
and ſor diſtinction, he obtained the apella- 
tion of declamater, He left Corduba, and 
went to Rome, where he became a Roman 
knight, His ſon L. Annæus Seneca, who 
was born about fix years before Chnitt, was 
early diſtinguiſhed by his extraordinary ta- 
lents. He was taught eloquence by his fa- 
ther, and received leſſons in philoſophy from 
the beſt and moſt celebrated ſtoics of the 
age. As one of the followers of the Py- 
thagorean doctrines, Seneca obſerved the 
molt reſerved abſtinence, and in his meals 
never eat the fleſh of animals; but this he 
abandonned at the repreſentation of his fa- 
ther, when Tiberius threatened. to puniſh 
ſome Jews and Egyptians, who abſtained 
from certain meats. In the character of a 
pleader, Seneca appeared with great advan- 
tage, but the tear of Caligula, who atpircd 
to the name of an eloquent ſpeaker, and 
who conſequently was jealous of his fame, 
deterred him trom purſuing his favorite 
ſtudy, and he ſought a ſafer employ ment 
in canvaſling for the honors and offices of 
the ftate. He was made quæſtor, but the 
aſperſions which were thrown upon him on 
account of a ſhameful amour with Julia 
Livilla, removed him from Rome, and the 
emperor baniſhed him for ſome time into 
Corfica, During his baniſhment the phi- 
loſopher wrote ſome ſpirited epiſtles to his 
mother, remarkable for clegance of lan- 
guage and ſublimity; but he ſoon forgot his 
philoſophy, and diſgraced himſelf by his 
flatteries to the emperor, and in wiſhing to 
be recalled, even at the expence of his 
innocence and character. The diſgrace of 
Meiſalina at Rome, and the marriage of 
Agrippina with Claudius, proved favorable 
to Sencca, and after he had remained five 
years in Corſica, he was recalled by the 
empreſs to take care of the education of her 
ſun Nero, who was deſtined to ſucceed to 
the empire, In the honorabie duty of pre- 
ceprtor, Seneca gained, applauſe, and as long 
as Nero followed his advice, Rome en- 
joyed tranquillity, and believed herſelf ſafe 
aud happy under the adminiſtration of the 


wperors, and indeed this was the only 


I ſon of Agrippina. 


Some, however, are 


3 B 4 Clan» 


— 
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tlamorous againſt the philoſopher, and ob- 
ſerve that Seneca initinted his pupil in 


| 


ſince he could not leave them what ee. 
lieved 


S E 


is own, he would leave them # 


thoſe unnatural. vices, and aboniimable in- leaſt his own life for an example, an ing. 


dulgences, which diſgraced bim as a mo- 


natch and as a man. This may be the lan- 
guage of malevolence, or the infinuation of 
jealouſy. In the corrupted age of Nero, 
the preceptor had to withſtand the clamors 
of many wicked and profligate miniſters, 
and if he had been the favorite of the em- 
peror, and ſhared his pleaſures, his debau- 
chery and extravagance, Nero would not 
perhaps have been ſo anxious of deſtroying 
man whoſe example, from vicious incli- 
nations, he could not follow, and whoſe ſa- 
lutary precepts his licentious aſſociates for- 
bad him to obey. Seneca was too well 
acquainted with the natural diſpoſition of 
Nero, to think himſelf ſecure ; he had been 
accuſed of having amaſſed the moſt ample 
riches, and of having built ſumptuous 
houſes, and adorned beautiful gardens, 
during the four years in which he had at- 
tended Nero as a preceptor, and therefore 
he defired his imperial pupil to accept of 
the riches, and the poſſeſhons which his 
attendance on his perſon had procured, and 
to permit him to retire to ſolitude and ſtudy. 
Nero refuſed with artful duplicity, and Se- 
neca, to avoid further ſuſpicions, kept him» 
ſelf at home for ſome time as it laboring 
under a diſeaſe. In the conſpiracy of Piſo, 
which happened ſome time after, and in 
which ſome of the moſt noble of the Ro- 
man ſenators were concerned, Seneca's 
name was mentioned by Natalis, and Nero, 
who was glad of an opportunity of facri- 
hcing him to his ſecret jealouſy, ordered 
him to deſtroy himſelf. Seneca very pro- 
bably was not acceſſary to the conſpiracy, 
and the only thing which could be produced 
azainit him as a crimination, was trivial 
and unfatisfatory. Piſo, as Natalis de- 
clared, had complained that he never faw 
Seneca, and the philoſopher had obterved 
in anſwer, that it was not proper ot con- 
ducive to their common intereſt, to ſee one 
another often. He further pleaded indiſpo- 
fition, and ſaid that his own lite depended 
upon the ſafety of Piſo's perlun. Seneca 
was at table with his wile Paulina and two 
of his fricnds, when the meſſenger from 
Nero arrived, He heard the words which 
commanded him to deftroy himſeif, with 
philoſophical firmneſs, and even with joy, 
and obſerved, that ſuch a mandate might 
have long been expected from a man who 
bad murdered his own mother, and afflat- 
finated all his friends, He wiſhed to diſ- 
poſe of his poſſeſſions as he pleaſed, but 
this was refuted, and when he heard this, 
he turned to his friends who were weeping 


xt ls melancho)y fate, and told them, b.. 


ö 


— 
— — 


ther Seneca the declaumner. 


—— ti. 


cent conduct which they might imitate, 
and by which they might acquire immor!| 
fame. Againſt their tears and wailings e 
exclaimed with firmneſs, and aſked them 
whether they had not learnt better to with. 
ſtand the attacks of fortune, and the vig. 
lence of tyranny ? As for his wife, he at. 
rempted to calm her emotions, and when 
ſhe ſeemed reſolved to die with him, le 
ſaid he was glad to find his example fol- 
lowed with ſo much conflancy. Their 
veins were opened at the ſame moment, 
but the life of Paulina was preſerved, and 
Nero, who was partial to her, orflered the 
blood to be ſtopped, and from that mo- 
ment, according to ſome authors, the phi- 
loſopher's wife ſeemed to rejoice that ſhe 
could ſtill enjoy the comforts of life, Se. 
neca's veins bled but flowly, and it has 
been obſerved, that the ſenfible and ani- 
mated converſation of his dying moments 
was collected by his friends, and that it 
has been preſerved among his works, Tg 
haſten his death he drank a doſe of poiſon, 
but it had no effect, and therefore he or- 
dered himſelf to be carried into a hot-bath, 
to accelerate the operation of the draught, 
and to make the blood flow more freely, 
This was attended with no better ſuccel;, 
and as the ſoldiers were clamorous, he was 
carricd into a ſtove, and ſuffocated by the 
ſteam, on the 32th of April, in the 65th 
year of the Chriſtian era, in his 53d yea, 
His body was burnt without pomp or fu- 
neral ceremony, according to his will, 
which he had made when he enjoyed the 
moſt unbounded favors of Nero, Th: 
compoſitions of Seneca arc humerous, and 
chiefiy on moral ſubje&ts. He is admired 
for his refined ſentiments and virtuous pre- 
cepts. His ſtile is nervous, it abounds with 
ornamerit, and ſeerns well ſuited to the 
taſte of the age in which he lived. Thc 
deſire of recommending himſelf and bis 
writings to the world, obliged him tos 
often to depreciate the merit of the an- 
tients, and ta fink into obſcurity. His 
treatiles are de ird, de cofolatione, de Pri» 
widentid, de tranquillitate animi, de clemen- 
tia, de ſapientis canſtantii, de otio ſapientit 
de brevitate vii, de beneficits, de with beats, 
beſides his N, quia ftiones, ludut i 
Cluudium, moral latte, &c. There alt 
allo ſome tragedies aſcribed to Seneca 
Quintilian ſuppoſes tat the Medea is bi 
compoſition, and, according to others, nt 
Treas and the Hippriytii, were alſo wilt 
by him, and the -pumemnon, Hercules for 
rent, Thyeſtes & Hercules in Oeta by bis is 
The beſt ed 


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many 
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SEPT 
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Their 
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hat mo- 
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1d 1t has 
and ant» 
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wks. To 
of poiſon, 
re he or- 
hot-bath, 
draught, 
ore freely. 
er ſuccels, 
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a the 65th 
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d him too 
of the an- 
urity. His 
one, de Pris 
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Medea 15 hit 
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tions of Seneca are thoſe of Antwerp, fol. 
1615, and of Gronoyius, 3 vols. Amft. 
1672; and thoſe of his tragedies, are that 
of Schroder's, 4to. Delph. 1728. and the 
gro. of Gronovius, L. Bat. 1682. Tacit. 
nn. 12, &c.—Dio,—Sueton, in Ner, &c. 
—Quintil, 

CLaupivs SENFC1o, one of Nero's fa- 
vorites, and the aſſociate of his pleaſure and 
debauchery. Tullius, a man who con- 
ſpired againſt Nero, and was put to death 
though he turned informer againſt the reſt 
of the conſpirators.——A man put to death 
by Domitian, for writing an account of the 
life of Helvidius, one of the emperor's 
enemies. One of Conſtantinc's enemies, 
A man who from a reſtleſs and aſpiring 
diſpoſition acquired the ſirname of Grandis. 
Seneca ſuaſ. I. 

SENnIA, a town of Liburnia, now Segna. 
Plin. 3, c. 21. 

SENGNES, an uncivilized nation of Gal- 
lia Tranſalpina, who left their native poſ- 
ſeſſions, and under the conduct of Brennus 
invaded Italy, and pillaged Rome. They 
afterwards united with the Umbri, Latins, 
and Etrurians, to make war againſt the 
Romans, till they were totally deſtroyed by 
Dolabella. The chief of their towns in 
that part of Italy where they ſettled near 
Umbria, and which from them was called 
Senogallia, were Fanum Fortune, Sena, 
Piſaurum, and Ariminum. [| Vid. Cimbri.] 
Lucan, 1, v. 2<4.—Sil, 8, v. 454. —Liv. 
5, C. 35, &c.— Fr. -A people of Ger- 
many near the Suevus. 

SENTIA LEX de ſenatu, by C. Sentius 
the conſul, A. U. C. 734, enacted the 
chuſing of proper perſuns to fill up the 
number of ſenators. 

SENTINUM, a town of Umbria, Liv. 
10, c. 27 & 30. 

SeNTius CN. a governor of Syria, un- 
der the emperors. A governor of Ma- 
cedonia. Septimius, one of the ſoldiers 
of Pumpey, who aſſiſted the Egyptians in 
murdering him. A Roman emperor. 
Vid. Severus. A writer in the reign of 
the emperor Alexander, of whole life he 
wrote an account in Latin, or, according tv 
others, in Greek. 
 SkPIAS, a cape of Theſſaly now Sr. 
George, a 

SEPLASIA, a place of Capua, where 
ointments were ſold, Cic. P. 7, & 11. 

SEPTEM AQUA, a portion of the lake 
near Reate, Cir, 4. Att. 15. Fratres, a 
mountain of Mauritania, now Gebe/- Mouſa. 
Hab. 17. Maria, the entrance of the 
jeven mouths of the Po. 

SEPTEMPEDA, a town of Picenum, 

SEPTERION, a feſtival obſerved once in 


SE 

It was a repreſentation of the purſuit of 
Python by Apollo, and of the victory ob- 
tained by the god. 

Tr. SepTIMIvVs, a Roman knight diſ- 
| tinguiſhed by his poetical compoſitions both 
lyric and tragic, He was intimate with 
Auguſtus as well as Horace, who has ad- 
drefled the 6 of his 2 /ib. of Odes to him. 
—— A centuriun put to death, &c. Tucit. 
A. 1, e. 32. 

L. SxyT1MULELUS, a friend of C. Graces 
chus, He ſuffered himſelf to be bribed by 
Opimius, and had the meanneſs to carry 
his friend's head fixed to a pole through the 
ſtreets of Rome. 

SPEPYRA, a town of Cilicia, taken by 
Cicero when he preſided over that province, 
Cic. ad Div. 15, c. 4. 

SEQUANA, a river of Gaul, which ſepa- 
rates the territories of the Belgæ and the 
Celtæ, and is now called /a Scine. Strab. 
4. — Mela. 3, c. 2.—Lucan. 1, v. 425. 

SEQUANI, a people of Gaul, near the 
territories of the Adui, between the Soane 
and mount Jura, famous for their wars a- 
gainſt Rome, &c. Vid. A dui. The country 
which they inhabited is now called Franche 
Compte, or Upper Burgundy. C ſar. bell. G. 

SEQUINIUS, a native of Alba, who mar- 
ried one of his daughters to Curiatius of 
Alba, and the other to Horatius, a citizen 
of Rome. The two daughters were brought 
to bed on the ſame day, cach of three male 
children. 

SER APIO, a firname given to one of the 
Scipios, becauſe he reſembled a ſwine herd 
of that name. A Greck poet who flo- 
riſhed in the age of Trajan. He was inti- 
mate with Plutarch, An Egyptian put 
to death by Achillas, when he came at the 
head of an embaſſy from Ptolemy, who 
was a priſoner in the hands'ot J. Cæſar. 
A pan. ter. Plin, 35, c. 10. 

SERAPIS, one of the Egyptian deities, 
ſuppoſed to be the ſame as Ofiris. He had 
a magnificent temple at Memphis, another 
very rich at Alexandria, and a third at Ca- 
nopus. The worthip of Serapis was intro- 
duced at Rome, by the emperor Antoniaus 
Pius, A. D. 146, and the myſteries cele- 
brated on the 6th of May, but with fo much 
licentiouſneſs that the ſenate were ſoon after 
obliged to aboliſh it. Herodotus, who ſpeaks 
in a very circumſtantial manner of the dei- 
ties, and of the religion of the Egyptians, 
makes no mention of the god Serapis. 
Apollodorus ſays it is the ſame as the bull 
Apis. Pauſ. 1, c. 18. l. 2, c. 34.— Tacit. 
Hift, 4, c. 83.—Strab. 17.— Martial. , 
ep. 30. X 

SERBONIS, a lake between Egypt and 
Paleſtine. 

SERENA, a daughter of Theodofius who 


nue years at Delphi, in honor of Apollo. | 


| 3B3 married 


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married Stilicho. She was put to death, 
&c. Claudian, 

SERENIANUS, a favorite of Gallus, the 
brother of Julian, He was put to death, 

SERENUS SAMONICUS, a phyſician in 
the age of tne emperor Severus and Cara- 
calla, There remains a poem of his com- 
poſition on medicine, the laſt edition of 
which is that of 1705, in 8vo. Amſt. 
Vibius, a governor of Spain accuſed of 
cruelty in the government of his province, 
and put to death by order of Tiberius, 

SERES, a nation of Aſia, according to 
Ptolemy, between the Ganges and the eaſt- 
ern ocean. They were naturally of a meek 


5 


8 E 


man who neither ſpeaks nor ſings. This 
however is found to be a miſtake by mo. 
dern travellers. It was on the coaſt of 
Seriphos that the cheſt was diſcovered jn 
which Acriſius had expoſed his daughter 
Danae, and her ſon Perſeus. Szrab. 10. 
—Mlian, Anim. 3, c. 37.— Mela. 2, c. 5. 
—Apoll:d. 1, c. g. — Iacit Ann. 4, c. 21. 
— wid. Mer. 5, v. 242. |. 7, v. 65. 

SERMYLA, a town of Macedonia. He- 
rodot. 7, C, 122. 

SERRANUS, a firname given to Cincin— 
natus, becauſe he was found ſowing his 
fields when told that he had been elected 
dictator. Some however ſuppoſe that Ser- 


diſpoſition. Silk, of which the fabrication 
was unknown to the antients, who ima— 
gined that the materials were collected from 
the leaves of trees, was brought to Rome 
from their country, and on that account it 
received the name of Sericrm, and thence 
a garment or dreſs of filk is called {erica 
vet. Heliogabalus, the Roman emperor, 
was the firſt who wore a filk dreſs, which 
at that time was ſold for its weight in gold. 
It afterwards became very cheap, and con- 
{equently was the common dreſs among the 
Romans. Some ſuppoſe that the Seres are 
the ſame as the Chineſe. P-/. 6, c. 16.— 
Horat. 1, od. 29, v. 9.—Lucan. 1, v. 19. 
I. 10, v. 142 & 292.— vid. Am. 1, el. 14, 
v. 6.-Vire.G. 2, v. 121. 

SERGESTUS, a ſailor in the flect of - 
neas, from whom the family of the Sergii 
at Rome were deſcended. FVirg. An. 5, 
. + 

SERGIA, a Roman matron. She con- 
{pired with others to poiſon their huſbands, 
The plot was diſcovered, and Sergia, with 
ſome of her accomplices, drank poiſon and 
died. 

SERGIUS, one of the names of Catiline. 
— A military tribune at the ſiege of Veii. 
The family of the Sergii was patrician, and 
branched out into the ſeveral tamilies of the 
Fidenates, Sili, Catiling, Natta, Ocellæ, 
and Planci, 

SERG1Us and SERGIGLUS, a deformed 
youth, greatly admired by the Roman la- 
dies in juvenal's age. Juv. 6, v. 105 & 
6e. 

SERIPHUS, an ifland in the KEgean ſea, 
about 36 miles in circumference, according 
to Piiny only 12, very barren and unculti- 
vated. The Romans generally ſent their 
criminals there in haniſhment, and it was 
there that Caſſius Severus the orator was ex- 
led, and there he died. According to /E- 
ian, the frogs of this iſland never croaked, 
Pur when they were removed from the 


ifland to another place, they were more: 


noiſy and clamorous than others, hence the 


proverb of feriphia rand, applied yo a 


ranus was a different perſon from Cincin- 
natus. Pin. 18, c. 3.— Liv. 3, c. 26.— 
| Vire. An. b, v. $44. One of the aux- 
iliaries of Turnus, killed in the night by 
Niſus. Vg. An. 9, v. 335. A poet 
of fome merit in Domitian's reign. J. 
7, V. 80. 

SERON, a general of Antiochus Epi- 
phanes, 
[ 


| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| SERRHEUM, a fortified place of Thrace, 
Lv. 31, c. 16. 
| QuixTts SrRTORIVE, a Roman gene- 
; ral born at Nurſia. His hiſt campaign was 
| under the great Marius, againſt the Teutones 
| and Cimbri. He viſited the enemy's camp 
as a ſpy, and had the misfortune to loſe one 
| eye in the firſt battle he fought. When 
Marius and Cinna entered Rome and 
ſlaughtered all their enemies, Sertorius ac- 
companied them, but he expreſſed his for- 
row and concern at the melancholy death 
of ſo many of his countrymen. He after- 
wards fled for ſafety into Spain, when Sylla 
had proſcribed him, and in this diſtant pro- 
vince he behaved himtelf with fo much 
addreſs and valor that he was looked upon as 
the prince of the country. The Lufitanians 
univerſally revered and loved him, and the 
Roman general did not ſhow himſelf lefs 
attentive to their intereſt, by eſtabliſhing 
public ſchools, and educating the children of 
rhe countiy in the polite arts, and the lite» 
rature of Greece and Rome. He had eſta- 
bliſhed a ſenate, over which he prefided 
with conſular authority, and the Romans, 
who followed his ſtandard, - paid equal re- 
verence to his perſon. They were experi- 
mentally convinced of his valor and mag- 
nanimity as a general, and the artful man— 
ner in which he impoſed upon the credu— 
lity of his adherents in the garb of religion, 
did not diminith his reputation. He pre- 


tended to hold commerce with keaven by 
means of a white hind which he had tamed 
with great ſucceſs, and which followed him 
every where, even in the field of batiie, 
The ſucceſs of Sertorius in Spain, and Is 
popularity among the natives, alarmed the. 

Romans. 


Not 
him 
wel 
hurt 
WiC 
obta 
dith 
ot tl 
gers 
pen 
of tt 
ſpire 
ſpira 
ſpeai 
the 
char. 
from 
of w 
ſpira 
of hi 
exam 
years 
comn 
dcrati 
heard 
paiſec 
tempt 
and | 
noiſe 
ent h 
{olita 
ambit 
the in 
has UD. 
Sertor 
ury an 
tels, t 
ance, | 
only 1 
reſt of 
ere. 2, 
Appius 
E 3 
SER 
being | 
l acit. 
SER' 
drian. 
peror ] 
SER? 
greatly 
brother 
mies of 
her atte; 
with thi 
tor his x 
Cæſar ii 
debatiny 
Catiline 
it, he e. 
the conſ; 
M its be 
gave it 


incin- 
ng his 
elected 
it Ser- 
incin- 
26.— 
e aux- 
ght by 
A poet 

Ju. 


s Epi- 
Thrace. 


n gene- 
ign was 
cutones 
s camp 
loſe one 
When 
ne and 
rius AC» 
his for- 
y death 
le after- 
en Sylla 
[ant pro- 
o much 
upon as 
ſitanians 
and the 
nſelf less 
abliſhing 
nildren of 
the lite- 
nad eſta- 
| preficed 
Romans, 
equal re- 
e experi- 
ind mag” 
ful man- 
he credu- 
religion, 
He pre- 
1\caven by 
bad tamed 
lowed him 
of batte. 


„and hs 


armed the. 
Romans. 


3 
They ſent ſome troops to oppoſe 


Romans. 
him, but with little ſuccets, Four armies 
were found inſufhcient to cruſh or even 
hurt Sertorius; and Pompey and Metellus, 
who never engaged an enemy without 
obtaining the victory, were driven with 
diſhonor from the field. But the favorite 
of the Lulitanians was expoled to the dan. 
gers whici-uſually ztrend greatneſs, Per- 
penna, one of his ofhcers who was jealous 
of lis fame, and tired of a ſuperior, con- 
ſpire! againft him. At a banquet the con- 
ſpirators began to open their intentions by 
ſpeaking with freedom and licentiouſneſs in 
the preſence of Sertorius, whoſe age and 
character had hitherto claimed deference 
from others. Perpenna overturned a glaſs 
of wine as a ſignal to the reſt of the con- 
ſpirators, and immediately Antonius, one 
of his officers, ſtabbed Sertorius, and the 
example was followed by all the reſt, 73 
years before Chriſt. Sertorius has becn 
commended for his love of juſtice and mov- 
deration. The flattering deſcription he 
heard of the Fortunate Iſlands when he 
paſſed into the weſt of Africa, almoſt 
tempted him to bid adieu to the world, 
and perhaps he would have retired from the 
noiſe of war, and the clamors of envy, to 
end his days in the boſom of a peaceful and 
ſolitary ifland, had not the Rronger calls of 
ambition and the love of tame prevailed over 
the intruding reflect ions of a moment. It 
has been obterved, that in his latter days 
Sertorius became indolent, and fond of lux- 
ury and wanton cruclty ; yet we mult con- 
ſeſo, that in affability, clemency, complaiſ- 
ance, generoſity, and military valor, he not 
only ſurpaſſed his contemporaries, but the 
reſt of the Romans. Plut, in wvita.—Pa- 
terc. 2, c. 30, &c.—Flor, 3, c. 21, Sc. 
Appian, de Civ, Val, Max. 1, C. 2. l. 7, 
Co Jo 

SERV AUS, a man accuſed by Tiberius of 
being privy to the conſpiracy of Sejanus. 
l acit. A. 6, © Fo 

SERVIANUS, aconſul in the reign of A- 
drian. He was a great favorite of the em- 
peror Trajan. 

SERVILIA, a ſiſter of Cato of Utica, 
greatly enamoured of J. Cæſar, though her 
brother was one of the mott inveterate enc- 
mies of her lover. To convince Cztar of 
her atfection, ſhe ſent him a letter filled 
with the moſt tender expreſſions of regard 
tor his perſon. The letter was delivered to 
Cæſar in the ſenate houſe, while they were 
debating about puniſhing the aſſociates of 
Catiline's conſpiracy ; and when Cato faw 
u, he exclaimed that it was a letter from 
the conſpirators, and inſiſted immediately 
mM its being made public. Upon this Cæſar 
zave it to Cato, and the tern ſenator had 


N 


8 E 


no ſooner read its contents, than he threw 
it back with the words of take it drunkard, 
From the intimacy which exiſted between 
Lervilia and Cælar, ſome have ſuppoſed 
that the diCtator was the father of NM. 
Brutus. Lt. in Cæſ.—C. Nep. in Attic. 
Another fſter of Cato, who married 
Silanus. 1d, daughter of Thraſea, 
put to death by order of Nero, with her 
tather. Her crime was the conſulting of 
magicians, only to know what would hap- 
pen in her family. 

SERVILIA Lx de pecuniis repetundis, 
by C. Servilius the prætor, A. U. C. 653. 
It puni:hed ſeverely ſuch as were guilty of 
peculation and extortion in the provinces. 
Its particulars are not preciſely known. 
Another, de judicibus, by Q. Servilius Cæ- 
pio, the conſul, A. U. C. 647. It divided 
the right of judging, between the ſenators 
and the equites, a privilege, which though 
originally belonging to the ſenators, had 
been taken from them and given to the 
equites. Another, de chzitate, by C. 
Scrvilius, ordained that if a Latin accuſed 
Roman ſenator, ſo that he was condemn=- 
cd, the accuſer hould he honored with the 
name and the privileges of a Roman citizen. 
Another, agrarta, by P. Servilius 
Rullus, the tribune, A. U. C. 690. It re- 
quired the immediate ſale of certain houſes 
and lands which belonged to the people, 
for the purchaſe of others in a different 
part of Italy. It required that ten commiſ- 
ſioners ſhuuld be appointed to fee it car- 
ried into execution, but Cicero prevented 
its paſſing into a law by the three orations 
which he pronounced againſt it. 

SERVILIANUS, a Roman conſul defeated 
by Viriathus, in Spain, &c. | 

SERVILIUS QUINTUS, a Roman who 
in his dictatorſhip defeated the Aqui. 
Publius, a conſul who tupported the cauſe 
of the people againſt the nobles, and ob- 
tained a triumph in ſpite of the oppoſition 
of the ſenate, aſter defeating the Volſci. 
He afterwards changed his opinions, and 
very violently oppoſed the people, becauſe 
they had illiberally treated him. A pro- 
conſul killed at the battle of Cannæ by 
Annibal, Ahala, a maſter of horſe to 
the dictator Cincinnatus, When Melius 
refuſed to appear before the dictator, to 
anſwer the accuſations which were brought 
againſt him on ſuſpicion of his aſpiring to 
tyranny, Ahala flew him in the midſt of 
the people, whoſe protection he claimed. 
Ahala was accuſed for this murder, and 
baniſhed, but this ſentence was afterwards 
repealed. He was raiſed to the dictator- 
thip—— Marcus, a man who pleaded in 
favor of Paulus Emilius, &c. An au- 
gur proſecuted by Lucullus for his inatten- 

334 tion 


S 8232 : 
2 % . 


4 


” + + —_— 


— 2 


© „ a 


ww oe 


— 


2 —  - 
— — — — — — — —— — — 


vw 


8 E 


tion in his office. He was acquitted. 
A prætor ordered by the ſenate to forbid 
Sylla to approach Rome. He was ridiculed 
and inſulted by the conqueror's ſoldiers. 
A man appointed to guard the fea- 
coaſt of Pontus, by Pompey. Publius, 
a pro- conſul of Aſia during the age of Mi- 
thridates. He conquered Iſauria, for which 
ſervice he was firnamed Iſauricus, and re- 
warded with a triumph. A Roman ge- 
neral who defeated an army of Etrurians. 
—— An informer in the court of Tiberius. 
A favorite of Auguſtus. Geminus, 
a Roman conſul who oppoſed Annibal with 
ſucceſs. Nonianus, a Latin hiſtorian 
who wrote an hiſtory of Rome in the reign 
of Nero. Thee were more than one writer 
of this name, as Pliny ſpeaks of a Servilius 
remarkable for his eloquence and learning; 
and Quintilian mentions another equally 
illuſtrious for his ger ius and literary merit. 
Caſca, one of Cæſar's murderers. 
The family of the Servilii was of patrician 
rank, and came to ſettle at Rome after the 
deſtruction of Alba, where they were pro- 
mioted to the higheſt offices of the ſtate. 
To the ſeveral branches of this family were 
attached the different firnames of Alala, 
Axilla, Priſcus, Cæpio, Struftus, Ceminus, 
Pulex, Vatia, Caſca, Fidenas, Lengus, and 
Tucca. Lacus, a lake near Rome. Cic. 
S. Roſ. 32. 

SEtRvivs TULLIVS, the ſixth king of 
Rome, was fon of Ocriſia, a flave of Cor- 
niculum, by Tullius, a man Jain in the de- 
fence of his country againſt the Romans. 
Ocriſia, was given by Tarquin to Tanaquil 
his wife, and ſhe brought up her ſon in the 
king's family, and added the name of Ser- 
Viz; to that which he had inherited from 
his father to denote his ſlavery. Young 
Servius was educated in the palace of the 
monarch with great care, and though ori- 
ginally a flave, he raifed himſelf ſu much 
$0 conſequence, that Tarquin gave him his 
daughter in marriage. His own private 
metit and virtues recommended him to no- 
tice not leſs than the royal favors, and Ser- 
vius, become the favorite of the people and 
the darling of the ſoldiers, by his liberality 
and complaiſance, was eaſily raiſed to the 
threne on the death of his father-in-law. 
Rome had ns reaſon to repent of her choice, 
Servius endcared himſelf ſtill more as a 
warrior and as a legiſlator. He defeated 
the Veicntes and the Tuſcans, and by a 
proper act of policy he eſtabliſhed the cen- 
fas, which told him that Rome contained 
about $4 thouſand inhabitants. He en- 
creaſed the number of the tribes, he beau- 
tied and adorned the city, and enlarged 
Its boundaries by taking within its walls 
the hills Quizinalis, V uninalls, and Eſqui- 


- 


8 
linus. He alfo divided the Roman peop): 
into tiibes, and that he might not ſeem tg 
neglect the worſhip of the gods, he built 
ſeveral temples to the goddeſs of fortune, 
to whom he deemed himſelf particularly 
indebted for obtaining the kingdom. He 
alſo built a temple to Diana en mount 
Aventine, and raiſed himſelf a palace on 
the hill Eſquilinus. Servius married bis 
two daughters to the grandſons of his father. 
in-law; the elder to Tarquin, and the 
younger to Arunx. This union, as might 
be ſuppoſed, tended to enſure the peace of 
his family; but if ſuch were his expetta. 
tions, he was unhappily deceived. The 
wife of Arunx, naturally fierce and impe- 
tous, murdered her own huſhand to unite 


herſelf to Tarquin, who had likewiſe af. 


ſinated his wife. Theſe bloody mcaſures 
were no ſooner purſued than Servius waz 
murdered by his own ſon-in-law, and his 
daughter Tullia ſhowed herſelf ſo inimical 
to filial gratitude and picty, that the ordered 
her chariot to be driven over the mangled 
body of her father, B. C. 534. His death 
was univerſally lamented, and the ſlaves 
annually celebrated a feſtival in his honor, 
in the temple of Diana, on mount Aven- 
tine, the day that he was murdered. Tar- 
quinia his wife buried his remains private- 
ly, and died the following day. Liv. 1, c, 
41.—Dionyſ. Hal. 4.—Flr. 1, c. 6.—(#, 
de Div. 1, c. 53.—-Pal. Max. 1, c. 6.— 
Ovid. Faſt. 6, v. 601. Galhba, a ſedi- 
tous perſon who wiſhed to refuſe a triumph 
to Paulus Emylius after the conquett of 
Macedonia. Claudius, a grammarian, 
Suet. de cl, Gr. A friend of Sylla, whe 
applied for the conſulſhip to no parpoſe. 
— Cornelius, a conſul in the fiſt ages of 
the republic, &c. Sulpitius, an orator 
in the age of Cicere and Hortenſius. He 
was ſent as ambaſſador ro M. Antony, 
and died before his return. Cicero ob- 
taincd a ſtatue for him from the ſenate aud 
the Roman people, which was raiſed in the 
Campus Martius. His works are loft, 
Cic. in Brut, Phil. &c,—Plin. 5, ep. 3. 
A deſpicable informer in the Auguſtan 
age. Jlorat. 2. Sat. 1, v. 47. Hono- 
ratus Maurus, a learned grammarian in the 
age of young Theodoſius. He wrote Latm 
commentaries upon Virgil, till extant, 

SESARA, a daughter of Celcus, king ot 
Eleufis, fitter to Triptolemus. 

SESOSTRIS, a celebrated king of Egypt 
ſome ages before the Trojan war. His fa- 
ther ordered all the children in his domi— 
nions who were born on the ſame day witi 
him to be publicly educated, and to paſs tien 
youth in the company of his ſon. This 
fucceeded in the higheſt degree, and Se- 
loſtris had the pleaſurc to find himſelf ſut. 

younded 


youn 
and 
mmtin 
inſep 
Seſol 
he he 
after 
4ifte: 
of a 
of ti 
with 
conq, 
marc 
ther 
rius. 
the T 
cong! 
placz 
had i 
Pomp 
of A 
quere, 
returt 
time 
impre 
He © 
vittor 
earth 
Egyp! 
cpi 
undat 
allo d 
tion: 
Vince 
ſoſteis 
himſe 
to ſon 
querce 
uphrai 
in cau 
of tlie 
The a; 
authen 
that tl 
this m 
bulons 
17. 
— Le. 
Sess 
pine G 
16. 
J Ih 
born at 
Sts", 
whom 
Auguſt 
favor t 
the me 
Syria, 
SEST 
on the 
oppoſity 
Cticbra! 


p*op!: 
cem t5 
je built 
fortune, 
iculachy 
n. He 
mount 
lace on 
3ed bis 

; father. 
nd the 
s might 
peace of 
expecta- 
1. Tue 
1 impe- 
to unite 
iſe »aſ- 
meaſures 
ius was 
and his 
inimical 
e ordered 
mangled 
1s death 
de flaves 
is honor, 
nt Aven- 
d. Tar⸗ 
 private- 
Liv. I, c. 
6.— Lie. 
c. 6.— 
„ a ſedi- 
a triumph 
nquett of 
mmulan. 
lla, who 
purpoſe. 
ſt ages of 
an orator 
fius. He 
Antony, 
icero ob» 
ſenate aud 
iſed in tlie 
ar e loft, 
8 P. 3. 
 Auguſtan 
—Hono- 
rian in the 
rote Latm 
xtant. 
$, King 0! 


r of Egypt 

His ka- 
his domi- 
e day with 
0 paſs tuch 
ſon. This 
>, and Se⸗ 
imſelt {ur- 
rounded 


8 E 


rounded by a number of faithful miniſters 
and active warriors, whoſe education and 
mtimacy with their prince rendered them 
inſeparably devoted to his intereſt, When 
Sefoitris had ſucceeded on his father's throne, 
he hecame ambitious of military fame, and 
aſter he had divided his kingdom into 36 


different diſtticts, he marched at the head | 


of a numerous army tv make the conqueſt 
of the world. Libya, Ethiopia, Arabia, 
with all the lands of the Red Sea, were 
conquered, and the 
marched through Aſia and ponetrated far- 


ther into the eaſt than the conqueror of Da- 


rius. He alſo invaded Europe and ſubdued 
the Thracians; and that tne fame of his 
conqueſts might long ſurvive him, he 
place columns in the ſeveral provinces he 
had iubdued; and many ages after, this 
pompous inſcription was read in many parts 
of Aſia, Seri, the king of kings, has con- 
quered this territory by his arms. 
return home the monarch employed bis 
time in encouraging the fine arts and in 
improving the revennes of his kingdom. 
He erefted oo temples to the gods for the 
victories he had obtained, and mounds of 
earth were heaped up in ſeveral parts of 
Egypt, where cities were built for the re— 
ception of the inhabitants during the in- 
undations of the Nile. Some canals were 
allo dug near Memphis to facilitate naviga— 
ton and the communication of one pro- 
vince with another, In his old age Se- 
ſoſteis, grown infirm and blind, deftroved 
himſelf, after a reign of 44 years according 
to ſore. His mildneſs towards the con- 
quered has been admired, while ſome have 


upbraided him for his cruelty and inſolence 


in cauſing his chariot to be drawn by ſome 
of the monarchs whom he had conquered, 
The age ot Seſoſtris is ſo remote from every 
authentic record, that many have ſupported 
that the actions and conqueſts aſcribed to 
this monarch are uncertain and totally fa- 
bulous. Herget. 2, c. 102, &c.— Died. 
1.—Pal. Flacc. 5, v. 419.—Plin. 33, c. 3. 
Luan. 10, v. 276.—Strab. 16. 

SesS$ITES, now Sz//ta, a river of Ciſal- 
pine Gaul falling into the Po. Pln. 3, c. 
Ce 

SESTIAS, a name applied to Hero, as 
born at Seſtos, Stat. 6. Theb. 547. 

SESTIUS, a friend of Brutus with 
whom he fought at the battle of Philippi. 
Auguſtus reſigned the conſulſhip in his 
tavor tho” he ſtill continued to reverence 
the memory of Brutus. A governor of 
Syria. | 

SESTOS, or SESTUS, a town of Thrace 
on the thores of the Helleſpont, exactly 
oppoſite Abydos ou the Atiatic fide. It is 
celebrated for the bridge which Xerxes built 

3 


victorious monarch 


At his 


8 E 


there acroſs the Helleſpont, as alſo for be- 

ing the feat of the amours of Hero and 
Leander. Mela. 2, c. 2.—Strab. 13.— 
| Muſeers de L. & H. Virg. G. 3, v. 258. 
— (vid. Heroid. 18, v. 2. 

SESUVII, a people of Celtic Gaul. 
Ceſar. Bell. G. 

SETAB1S, a town of Spain between Car- 
thage and Saguntum. There was alſo a 
{mall river of the ſame name in the nejghe 
bourhood. S/. 16, v. 474. 
| SETHON, a prieſt of Vulcan, who made 
himſelf king of Egypt after the death of 
' Anytis, He was attacked by the Alſyrians 
and delivered from this powerful enemy by 
an immenſe number of rats, which in one 
night gnawed their bow ſtrings and thongs, 
| fo that on the morrow their arms were found 
| to be uſeleſs. From this wonderful cir- 
cumſtance Sethon had a ſtatue which re- 
| preſented him with a rat in his hand, with 
| the inſcription of, Never fixes his eyes 
| WpUR me, let him be pious, Herodot. 2, C. 
| 141. 
| SETIA, a town of Fatium above the 
' Pontine marſhes, celebrated for its wines, 
; which Auguſtus is ſaid to have preferred to 
| all others. Plin. 14, c. 6.— Ju. 5, v. 34. 
Sat. 10, v. 27.— Martial. 13, ep. I12. 
| SEvERA, Julia Aquiiia, a Roman lady, 
whom the emperor Heliogabalus married. 
She was ſoon after repudiated, though poſ- 
ſeſſed of all the charms of mind and body 
which could captivate the moſt virtuous. 
Valeria, the wife of Valentinian, and 
the mother of Gratian, was well known 
for her avarice and ambition. The empe- 
ror, her huſband, repudiated her, and af- 
| terwards took her again, Her prudent ad- 
vice at laſt enſured her ſon Gratian on the 
|. . , Lene . 
imperial throne. The wife of Philip the 
Roman emperor. 

SEVERIANUS, a governor of Macedonia, 
father-in-law to the emperor Philip. A 
gencra} of the Roman armies in the reign 
of Valentinian, defeated by the Germans. 
A ſon of the emperor Severus. 

SEVERUS, Lucius Septimius, a Roman 
emperor born at Leptis in Africa, of a 
noble family. He gradually exerciſed all 
the offices of the ſtate, and recommended 
himſelf to the notice of the world by an 
ambitious mind, and a reſtleſs activity, 
that could, for the gratification of avarice, 
endure,the moſt complicated hardſhips. 
Afterhe murder of Pertinax, Severus re- 
ſolved to remove Didius Julianus who had 
bought the imperial purple when expoſed 
to ſale by the licentiouſneſs of the preto- 
rians, and therefore he proclaimed himſelf 
emperor on the borders of Illyricum, where 
he was ſtationed againſt the barbarians. 


— — — — — — 


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he took as his partner in the empire Albi- | 
nus, who was at the head of the Roman 
forces in Britain, and immediately marched 
towards Rome, to cruſh Didius and all his 
partizans. He was reccived as he advanced 
through the country with wiiverſal accla- 
mations, and Julianus himſelf was ſoon 
deſerted by his favorites, and aſſaſſinated 
by his own ſoldiers. The reception of Se- 
verus at Rome was ſufficient to gratify his 
pride; the ſtreets were ſtrewed with flow- 
ers, and the ſubmiſuve ſenate were ever 
ready to grant whatever honors or titles 
the conqueror claimed. In profeſſing that 
he had aſſumed the purple only to revenge 
the death of the virtuous Pertinax, Seve- 
rus gained many adherents, and was en- 
abled not only to diſarm, but to baniſh the 
pretorians, whoſe inſolence and avarice were 
become alarming not only to the citizens, 
but to the emperor, But while he was 
victorious at Rome, Severus did not forget 
that there was another competitor for the 
imperial purple. Peſcennius Niger was in 
the eaſt at the head of a powerful army, 
and with the name ane enſigus of Auguſtus. 
Many obſtinate battles were fought between 
*ne troops and ofticers of the imperial rt- 
vals, till on the plains of Iflus, which had 
teen above five centuries before covered 
with tue blood of the Perſian ſoldiers of 
Darius, Niger was totally ruined by the 
zofs of 20,000 men. The head of Niger 
was cut olf, and ſent to the conqueror, Wit 
puniſhed in a moſt cruel manner all the 
partizans of his unfortunate rival. 
rus afterwards pillaged Byzantium, which 
nad Nut her gates againſt him; and atter 
de had conquered ſeveral nations in the 
ait, he returned to Rome, reſolved to 
dettroy Albinus, with whom he had hi- 
erte reluctantly ſhared the imperial power. 
Flr attempt dd to atlathnate him by his emiſ- 
tfiries 3 but when this had failed of ſucceſs, 
Severus had recourſe to arms, and the fate 
cf the empire was again decided on the 
rains of Gaul, Albinus was defeater, 
aud the conqueror was fo clated with the 
ccollection that he had now nou longer a 
"© mpetitor for the purple, that he intulted 
ne dead budy of his rival, and ordered jt 
% be thrown into the Rhone, after he had 
ſuiterecd it to putiiſy before the door of his 
rent, and to be twin to pieces by his dogs. 
The family and the adherents of Albinus 
ſhared his fate; and the return of Severus 
% the capital exhibited the bloody triumphs 
„ Marias and Sylla. The richeſt of the 
tizens were facrihced, and their money 
© came the property of the emperor, The 
vicxed Coummodus received divine honors, 
and his murderers were punifhed in the 
molt wantiun manner. Tired of the inac- 


Seve-— 


nt of filtal tenderneſs. 
checked Caracalla, yet he did not ſhew 


S KE 


tive life he led in Rome, Severus marched 
into the caſt, with his two ſons Caracal!; 
and Geta, and with uncommon ſucceſs 


made himſclf maſter of Seleucia, Babylon, 


and Cteſiphon, and advanced without op. 
poſition far into the Parthian tcrritories, 
From Parthia the emperor marched to— 
wards the more ſouthern provinces of Aſia; 
after he had viſited the tomb of Pompey 
the Grent, he entered Alexandria ; and af— 
ter he had granted a ſenate to that cele- 
brated city, be viewed with the moſt criti. 
citing and inquiſitive curioſity the ſeveral 
monuments and ruins which that antient 
kingdom contains, The revolt of Britain 
recalled him from the eaſt. After he had 
reduced it under his power, he built a wall 
acroſs the northern parts of the ſtand, to 
defend it againſt the frequent invaſtons of 
the Caledonians. Hitherto ſucceſsful a- 
gainſt his enemies, Severus now found the 
peace of his family diſturbed. Caracalla at- 
tempted to murder his father as he was 
concluding a treaty of peace with the Bri- 
tons; and the emperor was ſo ſhocked at 
the undutifulneſs of his fon, that on his re- 
turn home he called him into his preſence, 
and afrer he had upbraided him for his in- 
gratitude and perhdy, he offered him a 
drawn ſword, adding, If you are jo ambi- 
biens of veigning alone, now imbrue your 
hands in the blend of your father, and let 
net the eyes of the world be witneſſes of your 
It theſe words 


himſelf concerned, and Severus worn out 
with infirmitics which the gout and the 
uncafineſs of his mind encreaſed, ſoon after 
died, exclaiming that he had been every 
thing man could wiſh, but that he was then 
nothing. Some ſay that he wiſhed to poi» 
ſon himſelf, but that when this was demed, 
he eat to great exceſs, and ſoon after ex- 
pired at York on the 4th of February, in 
the 211th year of the Chriſtian era in the 


! 66th year of his age, after a reign of 17 
| years 8 months and 3 days. 


Scverus bas 
been ſo much admired for his military ta- 
lents, that ſome have called him the moſt 
warlike of the Roman emperors. As a 


| monarch he was cruel, and it has been ob- 


ſerved that he never did an act of huma- 
nity, or forgave a fault. In his diet he was 
temperate, and he always ſhowed limicl; 
an open enemy to pomp and ſplendor. He 
loved the appellation of a man of letters, 
and he even compoſed an hiſtory ot his own 
reign, which ſome have prailed for its cor- 
rectneſs and veracity. However cruel Se. 


verus may appcar in his puniſhments and 


| 


in his revenge, many have endeaveured tv 
' exculpate him, and obſerved that there wi 
need ut ſeverity in an empire whoſe mores 

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emperor 
His ſeve 
and ſuch 
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the tran 
violated. 


Mrched 
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fucceſs 
abylon, 
uc op- 
itories, 
ed to- 
1 Aſia; 
Pompey 
and af- 
at cele- 
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ſeveral 
antient 
Britain 
he had 
It a wall 
land, to 
aſtons of 
(sful a- 
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calla at- 
he was 
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n his re- 
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*VECTUuS-1as 
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been ob- 
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cd himtel 
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of letters, 
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avoured te 
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were to corrupted, and where no leſs than 
2000 perſons were accuſed of adultery dur- 
ng the ſpace of 17 years. Of him, as of 
Auguſtus, ſome were fond to fay, that it 
would have been better for the world, if 
he had never been born, or had never died. 
Die. Herodian. Victor, Sc. Alexan- 
der, (Marcus Aurelius) a native of Phce- 
nicia, adopted by Heliogabalus, His fa- 
wer's name was Geneſius Marcianus, and 
kis mother's, Julia Mammza, and he re- 
evived the ſurname of Alexander, heeauſe 
ke was born in a temple facred to Alexan- 
der the Great. He was carefully educated, 
and his mother, by paying particular at- 
tention to his morals, and the character of 
his preceprors, preſerved him from thoſe 
infirmities, and that licenttouſneis, which 
old age too often attributes to the depravity 
of youth. At the death of Heliogabalus, 
who had been jealous of his virtues, Alex- 
ander, though only in the 14th year of his 
aze, was proclaimed emperor, and his no- 
mination was approved by the univerſal 
ſhouts of the army, and the congratulations 
of the ſenate. He had nor long been on the 
throne before the peace of the empire was 
diiturbed by the incurfions of the Perſians. 
Alexander marched into the caft without 
delay, and ſoon obtained a deciſive victory 
gver the barbarians. At his return to Rome 
te was honored with a triumph, but the 
evolt of the Germans ſoon after called him 
away from the indolence of the capital. His 
:xpedition in Germany was attended with 
me ſucceſs, but the virtues and the amia- 
ie qualities of Alexander were forgotten 
in the ftern and ſullen ſtrictneſs of the diſ- 
ciplinacian. His ſoldiers, fond of repoſe, 
murmured againſt his ſeverity ; their cla- 
mors were fomented by the artifice of Maxi- 
minus, and Alexander was murdered in 
his tent, in the midit of his camp, after a 
reign of 13 years and nine days, on the 
15th of March, A. D. 235. His mother 
Mammæa ſhared his fate with all his friends; 
but this was no ſooner known than the ſol- 
diers puniſhed with immediate death all ſuch 
as had been concerned in the murder, ex- 
cept Maximinus. Alexander has been ad- 
mired for his many virtues, and every hiſ- 
torian, except Herodian, is bold to aſſert, 
that if he had lived, the Roman empire 
might ſoon have been freed from thoſe tu- 
mults and abuſes which continually dif- 
turbed her peace, and kept the lives of her 
*niperors and ſenators in perpetual alarms. 


His ſeverity in puniſbing offences was great, 


and ſuch as had robbed the public, were they 
even the moſt intimate friends of the em- 
peror, were indiſcriminately ſacrificed to 
the tranquillity of the ſtate which they had 
violated, The great offices of the ſtate, 


| 


| 


5.x 

which had before his reign been expoſed to 
fale, and occupied by favorites, were now 
beſtowed upon merit, and Alexander could 
boaſt that all his officers were men of truſt 
and abilities. He was a patron of litera- 
ture, and he dedicated the hours of relax- 
ation to the (tudy of the beit Greek and 
Latin hiſtorians, orators, and poets; and in 
the public ſchools which his liberality and 
the defire of encouraging learning had 
founded, he often heard with pleaſure and 
fatisfaction the eloquent ſpeeckes and de- 
clamations of his ſubjets. The provinces 
were well ſupplied with proviſions, 
and Rome was embelliſhed with many 
ſtately buildings and magnificent porticos. 
Alex, wit. — Heredian, — Zofim. — Vitor. 
Flavius Valerius, a native of Illyricum 
nominated Cæſar by Galerius. He was 
put to death by Maximianus, A. D. 307. 
Julius, a governor of Britain, under 
Adrian. A general of Valens. Li- 
bius, a man proclaimed emperor of the 
weſt, at Ravenna, aſter the death of Majo- 
rianus. He was ſoon after poiſoned. 
Lucius Cornelius, a Latin poet in the age 
of Auguſtus. Caſſius, an orator baniſhed 
into the iſland of Crete by Auguſtus, for his 
illiberal language. He was baniſhed 17 
years, and died in Seriphos. He is com- 
mended as an able orator, yet declaiming 
more with warmth than prudence. His 
writings were deſtroyed by order of the 
ſenate. Suct. in Of. —(guint. Sulpitius, 
an eccleſiaſtical hiſtorian, who died A. D. 
420. 
Sacra, from the creation of the world to the 
conſulſhip of Stilicho, of which the ſtile is 
elegant, and ſuperior to that of the age in 
which he lived, The beſt edition is in 2 vols. 
to. Patavii, 1741. An officer under 
the emperor julian. Aquilius, a native 
of Spain, who wrote an account of his own 
life in the reign of the emperor Valens. 
An officer of Valentinian, &c. A pre- 
fect of Rome, &. A celebrated archi- 
tect employed in building Nero's golden pa- 
lace at Rome, after the burning of that city. 
A mountain of Italy, near the Fabaris. 
Vrg. En. 7, v. 71 3. 

SEVO, a ridge of mountains between 
Norway and Sweden, now called Fell, or 
Defre. Plin. 4, c. 15. 

SEUTHES, a man who dethroned his mo- 
narch, &c. A friend of Perdiccas, one 
of Alexander's generals. A Thracian 
King, who encouraged his countrymen to 
revolt, &c. This name is common to ſeve- 
ral of the Thracian princes. 

SEXTIA, a Woman celebrated for her 


virtue and her conſtancy, put to death by 


Nero. Tacit, Ann. 16, c. to. 
SEXTIA LICINILA Lex, de Magiftratibus, 


by 


The beſt of his works is his Hiſteria 


we” Sets. 


4 4 9 
ö ——ů —-— —ę¾¼i 


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98 


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1 as 3 


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3 


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1 


1 


dy C. Licinius and L. Sextius the tribunes, 
386. It ordained that one of the 
conſuls ſhould be elected from among the 
plebeians.— Another, de re/igione, by the 
fame, A. U. C. 385, It enacted that a de- 
gem irate ſhould be choſen from the patri- 
c ians and plabeians inſtead of the decemviri 


farts faciundis. 


STX MIA AqQvz, now ix, à place in 
Ciſalpine Gaul, where the Cimbei were de- 
feated by Marius. It was built by C. Sex- 
tius, and is famous for its cold and hot 
ſprings. Liv. 61.—'://, Pater. 1, c. 18. 

SrX TI. IA, the wife of Vitellius. She 
became mother of two children. Suet. in 
Fit. Another, in the lame family. Ta- 
cit. H. 2, c. 64. 

SExXTI1.1Us, a governor of Africa, who 
ordered Marius when hie landed there to de- 
part immediately from his province. Marius 
heard this with fore concern, and ſaid to 
the meticnzer, (ro and tell yorr maſter thn! 
you have ſeen the exiled Marius, fitting on the 
rurns of Carthage. Put. in Mar. — A 
Roman preceptor, who was ſeized and car- 
ned away by pirates, &. One of the 
ofhcers of Lucullus. An oihcer ſent to 
Germany, &c. Tucit, H. 3, c. 7. 

SEXTIUS, a lieutcnant of Cæſar in Gaul, 
A ſe&irious tribune in the hift ages of 
tie republic. Lucins, was remarkable 
for his friendſhip with Brutus; he gained 
the confidence of Auguſtus, and was contul 
A. C. 730. Horace, who was in the num- 
ber of his friends, dedicated 1 od. 4, to him, 
—— The lirſt plebeian conſul. A dicta- 
tor. One of the ſons of Tarquin. Vid. 
Tarquinius. 

SEXTUs, a ſon of Pompey the great. Vid. 
Pompeius. A Stoic philoſopher, born at 
Cheronza in Bœotia. Some ſuppoſe that 
he was Plutarch's nephew, He was precep- 
tor to M, Aurclius, and L. Verus. A 
governor of Syria, A philoſopher in the 
age of Antoninus. He was one of the fol- 
lowers of the doctrines of Pyrrho. Some of 
his works are ſtill extant. The beſt edition 
of the treatiſe of Sextus Pompeius Feſtus 
de werborum frgnificatione is that of AmP?. 
qto. 1699. 

Sta, a people of India. 
SiBAR1s. Vid. Sybaris. 
S1BIN1, a people near the Suevi. 
S1BURTI1US, a ſatrap of Atachoſia, in the 

age of Alexander, &c. 

Stur, ce:rain women inſpired by 
heaven, who floriſhed in different parts of 
me world. Their number is unknown. 
Plato ſpcaks of one, others of two, Pliny 
of three, Zhan of four, and Varro of ten, 
an opinion which is univerſally adopted by 
the jlearucd. Theſe ten Sibyls generally re- 
üded in the following placce, Pertia, Libya, 


Strabo, 


| 


SA 


Delphi, Cum in Italy, Erytbræa, Samos, 
Cumz in Aolia, Marpefia on the Hellef. 
pont, Ancyra in Phrygia, and Tiburti, 
The moſt celebrated of the Sibyls is that 
of Cumz in Italy, whom ſome have called 
by the different names of Amalthæa, Demo- 
phile, Herophile, Daphne, Manto, Phemo. 
noe, and Driphobe. It is ſaid that Apollo 
became enamoured of her, and that to 
make her ſenfible of his paſſion, he offered 
to give her whatever ſhe ſhould aſk. The 
Sibyl demanded to live a5 many years as 
ſhe had grains of fand in her hand, but un- 
fortunately forgot to aſk for. the enjoyment 
of the health, vigor, and bloom, of wich 
(he was then in poſiefhon. The god granted 
her her rcqueft, but ſhe refuſed to gratify 
the paſhon of her lover, though he offered 
ner perpetual youth and beauty. Some 
time after the became old and decrepit, 
her form decayed, melancholy paleneſs and 
higpard looks ſuccceded to bloom and chear. 
fuineſs, She had already lived about 709 
years when /Eneas came to Italy, and az 
lome have imagined, ſhe had three 
centurics more to live before her years 
were as numerous as the grains of ſand 
which ſhe had in her had. She gave 
Eneas inſtructions how to find his father 
in the infernal regions, and even conducted 
him to the entrance of bell. It was uſual 
in the Sibyl to write her prophecics on 
lcaves which ihe placed at the entrance of 
her cave, and it required particular care in 
ſuch as confulted her to take up theſe 
leaves before they were diſperſed by the 
wind, as their meaning then became in- 
comprehenſible. According to the moſt 
authentic hiftorians of the Roman republic, 
one of the Sibyls came to the palace of 
Tarquin the ſecond, with nine volumes, 
which the offered to ſell for a very high 
price. The monarch diſregarded her, and 
ſhe immediately diſappeared, and ſoon 
after returned, when ſhe had burned three 
of the volumes. She aſked the ſame price 
for the remaining fix books; and when 


three more, and ſtill perſiſted in demanding 
the ſame ſum of money for the three that were 
left. This extraordinary behaviour aſto- 
niſhed Tarquin; he bought the books, and 
the Sibyl inſtantly vaniſhed, and never 
after appeared to the world. Theſe books 
were preſerved with great care by the mo- 
narch, and called the Siby/line verſes. A 
college of prieſts was appointed to bare 
the care of them; and ſuch reverence 
did the Romans entertain for theſe pio 
phetic buoks, that they were conſulted 
with the greateſt ſolemnity, and only when 
| the ſtate ſeemed to be in danger. When 


the capitol was burut in the troubles 0! 


Syliay 


Tarquin refuſed ro buy them, ſhe burned 


Sy! 
dep 
dor 
put 
miſ 
fere 


evel 
ed 
the! 
aſte 
u K 
vert. 
rock 
they 
by 1 
who 
their 
with 
N 


tu ini 
e. 
ral. , 
8 act? 
Ste 
Wi, 
Cuele 
383. 
Stic 
heir! 
and at 
Sican; 
Ot mo. 
and v1 
hal} 
They 
tenth 
the we 
1.—0 
din, 
v. 32. 
SIC 
of Ital 
vr fron 
3 ima]! 


Same: 
Hchel. 
[1burtis, 
is that 
ve called 
5 Demo- 
Phemo- 
t Apollo 
that to 
e offered 
aſk. The 
years as 
, but un- 
joy ment 
of ulich 
d granted 
o gratify 
he offered 
y. Some 
decrepit, 
eneſs and 
ind chear- 
bout 709 
7, and as 
ad three 
ner Years 
s of ſand 
She gave 
nis ſathet 
conducted 
was ulval 
Mecies On 
trance of 
lar care in 
up thete 
ed by the 
ccame in- 
the moſt 
n republic, 
palace ct 
> volumes, 
very high 
d her;, and 
and ſoon 
uncd three 
ſame price 
and when 


ſhe burned 


demanding 
ce that were 
wiour aſto- 
books, and 
and never 

'heſe books 
by the mo- 
verſes. A 
ed to hav? 
h reverence 
x theſe pio- 
e conſulted 
d only with 
ger. When 
troubles 9 

SV 


31 


sulla, the Sibylline verſes, which were 
ecpotited there, perithed in the contlagra- 
tion; and to repair the loſs which the re- 
public ſeemed to have ſuſtaimed, com- 
miſhoners were immediately ſent to dif- 
ferent parts of Greete, to collect what- 
ever verſes could be found of the infpir- 
ed writings of the Sibyls. The fate of 
theſe Sibylline verſes, which were collected 
after the conflagration of the capitol, is 
unknown. There are now many Sibylline 
verſes extant, but they are univerſally 
reckoned ſpurious; and it is evident that 
they were compoſed in the ſecond century, 
by ſome of the foilowers of Chritfianity, 
who wiſhed to convince the heathens of 
their error, by aſiſting the cauſe of truth 
with the arms of pious artitice. The word 
y4iby! ſeems to be derived from ite, Molice 
tor Awog Fouts, and gan eonjtlium., Plut. 
in Pfed. - lian. J. H. 12, c. 35.— Pauf. 
IO, c. 12, &c.— Died. 4.—Vuid. Met. 14, 
v. 109 & 140.—-Virg. An. 3, v. A5. l. 6, 
V. 36. Lucan. I, V. 564.— Fin. 13, ©: 13 
Her. 4, c. 1. -St. -C. 
Val. Max. 1, c. 1, |. 8, c. 15, &c. 

Ste, a man who ſhewed much atten— 
tion to Cicero in his banithment. Some 
ſuppoſe that he is the ſame as tne Vibius 
Siculus mentioned by Plutarch in Cic.-— 
fic, ad Attic. 8, ep. 12, 4.1 div. 14, 
C4, T3; 

SLICAMBRI, of SYGAMRRI, a people of 
Germany, conqueree Ly the Romans. They 
revulted under Auguſtus, who marched a- 
gaiinſ them, but did not totally reduce 
them. Druſus conquered them, and they 
were carried away from their native country 
to inhabit ſome of the more wentterly pro- 
vinces of Gaul. Dis. 54 —Strab, 4 — le- 
rat. 4. Od. 2, v. 36. Od. 14, v. 51.— 
Jae. 2, Ann. 26. 

SICaMBRIA, the country of the Sicam=- 
bi, formed the moricra province of 
Guelderiand, Claud. in Eutrop. t, v. 
333. 

diert, a people of Spain, who left 
*heir native country and pulled into Italy, 
and atterwards into Sicily, which they called 
Sicunia. They inhabited the nerghbournood 
of mount Attn, wiacte they but tome cities 
«1d villages. Some reckoned them the next 
inhabitants of the iflaud attcr the Cyclops. 
They were afterwards driven trum their an- 
tent po ſſeſſion by the Siculi, and tetixed into 


(t. 3.— 


me weſtern parts of the iſland. Dion. Hal. 


i.—Ovid, Met. 5 & 13.— Hrg. Ec. 10. 
An. 7, v. 795.—Dicd. 5 — erat. ep. 17, 
1 

SICAN1A and Sic Ax ta, an antient name 
of Italy, which it received from the Sican!, 


vr from Sicanus, their King, or from Sicanus, 


$ imall river in Spain, in the tet: ite where 


8 1 


they lived, as ſome ſuppoſe. The name 
is alſo given to Sicily. Vid. Sicani. 

SICCA, a town of Numidia, 
Jug. 56. 

SICELIS, (S1ICELfpes, plur.) an epithet 
applied to the inhabitants of Sicily. The 
Muſes are called Sicelides by Virgil, becauſe 
Theocritus was a native of Sicily, whom 
the Latin poet, as a writer of Bucolic poe- 
try, profeſſed to imitate. Vg. Ec. 4. 
| SICH£US, called alſo Sicharbas and 
Hierbas was a prieſt of the temple of 
Hercules in Phenicia, His father's name 
was Pliſthenes. He married Eliſa, the 
| daughter of Belus, and ſiſter of King Pyg- 
1 better known by the name of 
Dido. He was ſo extremely rich, that his 
| brother-in-law murdercd him to obtain his 


Sal. in 


poſſeſnons. This murder Pygmalion con- 
| cealed from his ifter Dido; and he amuſed 
ner by telling her, that her huſband was 
gone upon an affair of importance, and 
that he would ſoon return, This would 
have perhaps {ſucceeded had not the ſhades 
of Sichæus appeared to Dido, and related to 
her the crueity of Pygmalion, and adviſed her 
to fly from Tyre, after ſhe had previouſly 
lecured tome treaſures, which, as he men- 
tioned, were conccaled in an obſcure and 
unknown place. According to Juftin, A- 
cerbas was the uncle of Dido, Virg. An. 1, 
v. 347, &C,— Paterc.1,c.6.—Tuftin.18,c. 4. 

5tCIUIA, the largeſt and moit celebrated 
iſland in the Mediterranean ſea, at the bot- 
tom of Italy. It was antiently called $7c42- 
nia, Trinacria, and 1riquetra. It is of a 
triangular form, and has three celebrated 
promontories, one looking towards Africa, 
called Lily bæum; Pachynum looking to- 
wards Greece : and Pelorum towards Italr. 
Sicily is abuut 600 miles in circumference, 
celebrated for its fertility, fo much that it 
was called one of the granaries of Romeg 
and Pliny ſays that it rewards the huſhang- 
man an hundicd fold, Its moſt famous 
Cities were Syracuſe, Meflana, Leontini, 
Lilybæum, Agrigentum, Gela, Drepanum, 
; Eryx, Xe. Tic mgnett ard moit famous 
mountain in the ifland is tna, whoſe fre- 
quent eruptions are dangerous, and often 
tatal to tic County and its inhabitants, 
from which chcumſlance the antients ſup- 
poſed that the forges of Vulcan and the 
Cyclops were placed there. The poets 
feign that the Cyclops were the original 
inhabitants of this iſland, and that after 
them it came into the poſſeſſion of the Si- 
cani, a pcople of Spain, and at laſt of the 
Siculi, a nation of Italy. [I. Siculi.] 
The plains of Enna are well known for 
their excellent honey, and, according te 
Diodorus, the hounds loſt their ſcent in 


OD — — -- - 


—  w— 


| tunting en account of tis many gdorife- 


35 


„ 
——ů — U * — — 
w 44.4 


0 4 
——— —— wry — —— — 
at 


= 
— - 


— 


2 


— — —— . 


— 


mh — — 6 


— - 
—— 


* es them. 


- 8 * 
— Wi + 


* 
- 


** 


8-1 


rous plants that profuſely perfumed the air. 
Ceres and Proſerpine were the chief deities 
of the place, and it was there, according to 
poetical tradition, that the latter was car- 
ried away by Pluto. The Phoenicians and 
Greeks ſettled fume colonies there, and at 
laſt the Cartnaginians became matters of the 
whole ifland, tilt they were diſpoſſ:ifed of 
it by the Romans in the Punic wars. Some 
authors ſuppoſe that Sicily was originally 
joined to the continent, and that it was ſe- 
parated from Italy by an earthquake, and 
that the ſtreiglits of the Charybdis were 
formed. The inhabitants of Sicily were fo 
fond of luxury, that Sicul menſz became 
proverbial. The rights of citizens of Rome 
were extended to them by M. Antony. Cc. 
14. Att. 12. Perr. 2, c. 13. —Homer. 
Od. 9, Sc. Jin. 4, c. 1, S&'c.—Pirg. 
LEn. 3, v. 414, &c.—ltal. 14, v. 11, Sc. 
—Plin. 3, c. 8, Sc. — The iſland of 
Naxos, in the Egean, was called Little 
Sicrly, on account of its fruitiulicts, 

L. Sicidius DENTATUS, a tribune of 
Rome, celebrated for his valor and the 
honors he obtained in the ficid of battle, 
during the period of 40 years, in which he 
was engaged in tic Roman armies. He 
was preſent in 121 battles; he obtained 
14 Civic crowns; 3 mural crowns ; & crowns 


— 


— — — — 


———— 


of gold; 83 golden collars; oo bracelcts; : 


19 lances; 23 hortes with all their orna- 
ments, and all as tie reward of his un- 


common ſervices. He could thow the ſcars of 


45 wounds, which he had received all inthe 
breaſt, particulariy in oppoſing the Sabines 
when they took the capitol, The popu- 
Iarity of Stinuts became odtous to Appius 
Claudius, who wiſhed to make himſelf ab- 
lolute at Rome, and thèeretore to rene 
him from the capitol, he ſent him to the 
army, by which, ſoon after his arrival, he 
was. attacked and muidered, Cf 100 
men who were ordered to fall upon him, 
Sicinius Killed 15, and wounced 30; and 
according to Dionyſus, the ſurviving num- 
ber had recourſe to artitice to overpower 
him, by killing him with a ſhower of 
ſtones and darts tnruwn at a 
about 405 years before the Cixiſtian eia. 
For this uncommon courage Sicinius has 
been called the Roman Achilics. Val. 
Max. 3; . 


one of the fin tribunes in Rome. 


diſtance, f 


3 


S1cSrus, now Segre, a river of H.. 
pania Tarraconenſis, riſing in the Pyrenaag 
mountains. It was near this river tha; 
J. Cæſar conquered Afranius and Petreius, 
the partizans of Pompey. Lucan. 4, v.14, 
130, &c.—Plin. 3, c. 3 

StCUL1, a people of Italy, driven from 
their poſleſſions by the Opici. They fired 
into Sicania, or Sicily, where they ſettled 
in the territories which the Sicani inha- 
bited. They ſoon extended their borders, 
and after they had conquered their neigh. 
hours, the Sicani, they gave their name to 
the Wand, This, as ſome ſuppoſe, hap. 
pened about 300 years before Greek 
colonies ſettled in the iſland, or about 1059 
years before the Chriſtian era. Diod. 5,— 
Dionyſ. Haul, —Strab. 

SICULUM FRET UM, the ſca which ſepa- 
rates Sicily from Italy, is 15 miles long, 
but in ſome places ſo narrow, that the bark- 
ing of dogs can be heard from ſhore to 
ſhore. This ſtraight is ſuppoſed to have 
been formed by an earthquake, which 
{eparated the ifland from the continent, 
Plix;. 3, & 8. 

S1cvoN, now Baſilico, a town of Pelo- 
ponneſus, the capital of Sicyonia. Ir is 
celebrated as being the moſt anticnt Kking- 
dom of Greece, which began B. C. 2089, 
and ended B. C. 1088, under a fuccethon 


' of monarchs of whom little is known, 
except the names. JZEgialeus was the 
hiſt king. Some ages after, Aga- 


—— — 


memnon made himſelf maſter of the place, 
and afterwards it fell into the hands of the 
Heraclide. It became very power{ul in the 


; time of the Achzan league, which it joined 
5H. C. 251, at the perſuaſion of Aratus. The 
inhabitants of Sicyon are mentioned by ſome 


| eflemina.y 


authors as diſſolute, and fond of luxuiy, 
hence the Sicyonian foes, which were once 
very celchratcd, were deemed marks of 
Apellæd. 35 C. 5. Lucret. I, 
v. 1118.— Liv. 32, c. 19. J. 33, e. 15.— 
St rab. 8, Mela. 2, c. 3.—Plut. in Dem.— 
Lan. 2, =. 1, Of . de Crat. I, . 54 
—Virg. C. 2, v. 519. 

Sic ο Nia, 4 province of Peloponneſus, 


on tlie bav of Corinth, of which Sicyon was 


' the capital, 


— — 


2.— Dionyſ. 8. Vellutus, 
He 


xaiſed cabals againſt Coriolanus, and was | 


one of tis accuſcrs. Put. in Cor.- Sa- 
binus, a Roman general who deicated the 
Volſci. 

S1CINUS, a man privately ſent by The- 
miſtocles ty deccive Xerxes, and to adviſc 
him to attack the combined forces of the 
Greeks, He hid been preceptor to The— 
miſtocles. Plat, — Au illaud, & c. 


—— 


| 


It is the moſt eminent king- 
dom of Greece, and in its floriſhing ktua- 
tion not only its dependent ſtates, but alſo the 
whole Peloponneſus were called Sicyonda. 
The territory is ſaid to abound with corn, 


wine, and olives, and alſo with iron mines. 


I: produced many celebrated men, partica- 
larly artiſts. Vid. Sicyon. 

Stur, the wiſe of Orion, thrown inte 
heil by Jupiter. d. 1, c. 4.—4 
daughter of Belus. — A daughter of Pa- 
naus. - A town of Pamphylia. Liv. 305 
c. 23. Cic. 3. fam, (. 


SihE Ro; 


— 
—— — — 


811 
by Pe 
811 
alſo 
ty V. 
Str 
capita 
bour, 
ſhores 
of abo 
from ! 
KNOW: 
arithm 
fairs, 
ever hi 
honeſt, 
happy 
ventlon 
purple 
city of 
Perſia, 
ſewes 
atterwa 
„ V. 
Tuſtin, 
mer. Ca 
SIDC 
Perſian 
SI DC 
was the 
un the 
Met, 2, 
country, 
Met, 14 
S1 9 
vritcr, 
zd yea 
f nis Ct 
ferent 60 
wat of 
epithet « 
die natiy 
preſs the 
enbroidt 
Is Called 
Sidonian 
VIENA 
brut 13 
Staa, 
midia, f 
4. _ 
S1G.£1 
Aiſari, at 
the ſame 
into the 
ſhore, I 
t part o 
and Troj. 
os, Al 
wh A., 
Hel. 12, 
V., 
Wa. 1, 
5, CG: 12. 
81015 


f Hit. 
rena 
er that 
etreius, 


5 V. 14 


n from 
hey fivd 
ſettled 
1 inha- 
borders, 
neigh- 
name to 
e, hap- 

Greck 
ut 1059 
od. 5.— 


ch ſepa- 
les long, 
le bark- 
{hore to 
to have 
„ whick 
ontinent. 


of Pelo- 
„ 
nt king- 
C. 2089, 
uccethon 
known, 
Was the 
„ Aga- 
he place, 
1s of the 
ful in the 
wit joined 
atus. The 
{ by ſome 
f luxwy, 
were once 
marks of 
Lucret. 1, 
c. 18.— 
n Dem. 


I, C. 54 


ponneſus, 
cyon WA 
jent king- 
ing htus- 
}ial allo the 

Sicyonia 
with corny 
ron wines. 
, Partica- 


rown 4nt3 


ter of Da- 


Liv. 37 


Sinkko,; 


— 
- 
— 
— — 


* 


opt go, the ſtepmother of Tyro, killed 
by Pelias. 

SIDICINUM, a town pn cre" called 
ng Teanum, Vid. Teanum. Virg. An. 

727. 

0 , an ancient city of Phœnicia, the 
capital of the country, with a famous har- 
bour, now called Said. It is ſituate on the 
ſhores of the Mediterranean, at the diſtance 
of about 570 miles from Damaſcus, and 24 
from Tyre. The people of Sidon are well 
known for their induſtry, their ſkill in 
arithmetic, in aſtronomy, and commercial 
affairs, and in fea voyages. They how- 
ever have the character of being very diſ- 
honeſt, Their women were peculiarly 
happy in working embroidery. The in- 
vention of glaſs, of linen, and a beautiful 
purple dye, is attributed to them. The 
city of Sidon was taken by Ochus, king of 
Perfia, after the inhabitants had burnt them- 
{ves and the city B. C. 351; but it was 
afterwards rebuilt by its inhabitants. Lucan. 
3, v. 217. J. 10, v. 141.— Ded. 16.— 
Juſtin, 11. c. 10, — Pin. 36, c. 26.— lo- 
ner. Od. 15, v. 411. Mela. 1, c. 12. 

StDpoNORUn INSULE, iflands in the 
perſian zulf. Strab. 16. 

Stpö nis, is the country of which Sidon 
was the capital, ſituate at the weſt of Syria, 
vn the 5 of the Mediterranean. Ovid. 
Met. 2, Fab 19.— Dido, as a native of the 
country, 15 often called Sidonis. Ovid, 
Met, 14, v. $0. 

SIDoNIUs APOLLINARITS, a Chriſtian 
writer, born A. D. 430. He died in rhe 
52d year of Eis age. There ave remaining 
of his compoſitions, ſome letters and dif- 
ferent poems, of which the beft edition is 
tit of Labbæus, Paris, 4to. 1652.-—The 
epithet of Sidonius is applied not only to 
die natives of Sidon, but it is uſed to ex- 
prels the excellence of any thing, elpecially 
enbroidery or dycd garments. Carthage 
js called $7{-nia 3 becauſe built by 
Sidonlans. Virg. An. 1, v. 682. 


viexna Jule, a town of Etruria. Cc. | 


Brut 13.—[acit. 4, Hijt. 45. 

SGA, now {Vel{-R:rma, a town of Nu— 
cia, tamois as the palace of Syphax. 
. e. OT 

StIG.£UM, or S1GEUM, now cape Inei— 
Aiſari, a town of Troas, on a promontory of 
the ſame name, where the Scamander falls 
into the ſea, extending fix miles along the 
ſhore. It was near Sigæum that the great- 
t part of the battles between the Greeks 
and Trojans were fought, as Homer men- 
ons, and there Achilles was buried. 
rg. Mx. 2, v. 312. |. 7, v. 294. —Ovid, 
Mer. 12, v. 7l.—Lucan, 9, v. 962.— 
Mela. 1, c. 18,—Strab. 13. Dictyſ. Cret. 
C. 12. 
>»IGNLA, an antient town of Latium, 


— 


4 


＋— 


8 1 


whoſe inhabitants were called Signini. The 
wine of Signia was uſed by the antients for 
medicinal purpoſes. Martial. 13, ep. 116. 
A mountain of Phrygia. Plin. 5, 
c. 29. 

SIGOVESSUS, a prince among the Celtæ, 
in the reign of Tarquin. Liv. 5, c. 34. 

SIGYNI, Staud, er SIGYNN ®, a na- 
tion of European Scythia, beyond the Da- 
nube. Herodot. 5, c. 9. 

SILA, or SYLA, a large wood in the 
country of the Brutii near the Apennines, 
abounding with much pitch. Strab. 6.— 
Virg. Mun. 12, v. 715. 

SILANA Tr I. 1A, a woman at the court 
of Nero, remarkable for her licentiouſnels 
and impurities, She had mawicd C. Julius, 
by whom {the was divorced, 

D. SiLAwus, a fon of T. Manlius Tor- 
quatus, accuſed of extortion in the manage- 
ment of the province of Macedonia. The 
father himſelf deſired to hear the complaints 
laid againſt his fon, and after he had ſpent 
two days in examining the charges of the 
Macedonians, he pronounced on the third 
day his ſon guilty of extortion, and un- 
worthy to be called a citizen of Rome. 


ræa. Tacte. 
| Czſar's armies in Gaul. 
law of Caligula. Set. Cal. 22. 


He alſo baniſhed him from his preſence, 
and fo ſtruck was the ſon at the ſeverity 


of his father, that he hanged himſelf on 


the following night. Liv. 54.—Cic. de 


| Finib,-þ 4. Mar. 5, c. 8.——C, Junius, 


a conſul under Tiberius, accuſed of cxtor- 
tion, and baniſhed to the iſland of Cythe- 
Marcus, a lieutenant of 
The father-in- 
A 
proprætor in Spain, who routed the Car- 
thaginian forces there, while Annibal was 
in Italy. Turpilius, a licutenant of Me- 
tellus againſt Jugurtha. He was accuſed 
by Marius, though totally innocent, and 
condemned by the malice of his judges. 
Torquatus, a man put to death by 
Nero. Lucius, a man betrothed to 
Octavia, the daughter of Claudius. Nero 
took Octavia away from him, and on the 
day of her nuptials, Silanus killed himſelt. 
An augur in the army of the 10,008 
Greeks, at their return from Cunaxa. 

SILARUS, a river of Picenum, riſing in 

the Apcanine mountains, and falling into 
the Tyrrhene fea, Its waters, as it is re- 
ported, yetrifed all leaves that fell into it. 
0 5. - Mela. 2, c. 4.—Virg. G. 3, 
146.— in. 2, c. 103.—Silv. 2, v. 582. 
sSiLkExi, a people on the banks of che 
Indus. Plin, 6, c. 20. 

SiLENus, a demi-god, who became the 
nurſe, the preceptor, and attendant of the 
god Bacchus. He was, as ſome ſuppoſe, 
fon ot Pan, or according to others of Mer- 
cury, or of Terra, Malea in Leſbos was 
the place ot his birth. After death he re- 

ceived 


4! 


— 6 


- * * - 
m5 — —d ̃᷑ GS WF — — — 
=, "4 - 


— 


* 


3 


. — 
- 


= 


— — A — 
$# « 


2 „„ 


x 


ceived divine honars, and had a temple in 

lis. Silenus is generally repreſented as a 
fat and jolly old man, riding on an aſs, 
crowned with flowers, and always mtoxi- 
cated, He was once found by ſome pca- 
facts in Plirygia, after he had loſt Eis way 
and could not follow Bacchus, and he was 
carried to king Midas, who received him 
with great attention, He detained him fot 
ten days, and afterwards reftored him to 
Bacchus, for which he was rewarded with 
the power of turning into gold whatever he 
touched. Some authors aſſert, that Silenus 
Was a philoſopher, who accompanied Bac- 
chus in his Indian expedition, and aflified him 
hy the ſoundneſs cf his counſels, From this 
sircumſtance, therefore, he is often intio- 
duced ſpeaking with all the gritvity of a 
philoſopher concerning the formation of the 
world, and the nature of things. The 
Fauns in general, and the Satyrs are often 
called Sileni. Pauſ. 3, c. 25. —Phitsft. — 
Ovid. Met. 4.—Hlygin. fab. 191.— Did. 3, 
&c.—Cic. Iuſc. 1, c. 48.—2&/ian. V. Ii. 3, 
c. 18.— Fig. Ecl. 6, v. 13. A Cmtha- 
ginian hiſtorian who wrote an account of 
tne affairs of his country in the Greek 
language. An hiftorian who wrote an 
account of Sicily. 

SILICENSF, a river of Spain. 

S1LIC1S Mos, a town near Padua. 

S1L1s, a river of Venetia in Italy. Pin. 
2, C. 18. 

C. SiLivs Irallcus, a Latin poet, 
who was otiginally at the bar, where he for 
ſome time dittinguiſhed himſelf, till he re- 
tired from Rome more particularly to con- 
tecrate his time to ſtudy, He was conſul 
the year that Nero was murdered. Pliny 
has obſerved, that when Trajan was in— 
veſted with the imperial purple, Silius re— 
fuſed to come to Rome, and congratulate 
him like the reſt of his fellow citizens, a 
negle& winch was never reſented by the 
emperor, or inſolently mentioned by the 
poet. Silius was in poſſeſhon of a houſe, 
where Cicero had lived, and another in 
which was the tomb of Virgil, asd it has 
been juſtly remarked, that he looked upon 
no temple with greater reverence than upon 
the ſepuſchre of the immortal poet, whoſe 
ſteps he followed, but whoſe fame he could 
not equal. The birth day of Virgil was 
yearly celebrated with unuſual pomp and 
ſolemnity by Silius ; and for his partiality, 
not only to the memory, but to the com- 
pofitions.of the Mantuan poet, he has been 
called the ape of Virgil. Silius ſtarved 
himſelf when laboring under an impoſt- 
hume which his phyſicians were unable to 
remove, in the beginning of Trajan's reign, 
about the 75th year of his age. Tt 


} Ibceree re- 
mains a poem of Italicus, vn te tend 


0 1 


Punic war, greatly commended by Martil. 
The moderns have not been ſo favorable in 
their opinions concerning its merit. The 
poetry is weak and inelegant, yet the au- 
thor deſerves to be commended for his 
purity, the authenticity of his narrations, 
and his intereſting deſcriptions. He hag 
every where imitated Virgil, but with littie 
ſueceſs. Silius was a preat collector of 
antiquities. His ſon was honored with the 
conſulſhip during his life-time. The beſt 
editions of Italicus will be found to be 
Drakenborch's in 4tv. Lr. 1717, and 
that of Cellarius, 8vo. Lipf. 1695.—Mar:, 
[ly %. 49, &c. Caius, a man of cen- 
ſular dignity, greatly loved by Mefſaling 
for his comely appearance and elegant ad- 
dreſs. Meſſalina obliged him to divorce 
his wife that ſhe might enjoy his company 
without intermiſhon. Silius was forced 
to comply, though with great reluctance, 
and he was at laſt put to death for the adul- 
teries which the empreſs obliged him to 
commit. Tacit,—Surt.— Dio. A tri- 
bune in Czſar's legions in Gaul, A 
commander in Germany, put to death by 
Sejanus, Tacit. A. 3 & 4. 

SILPHIUM, a part of Libya, 

SiLPIA, a town of Spain, 
4. 

SILVANUS, a rural deity, fon of an Id. 
lian ſhepherd by a goat. From tiys ch 
cumſtance he is generally repreſented as hlt 
a man and half a goat. According to Vi. 
gil, he was ſon of Picus, or, as oth: 
report of Mars, or according, to Plutarch, 
ol Valeria Tuſculanaria, 4 young woman 
who introduced herſelf into her father's 
bed, and became pregnant by him. Tx! 
worſhip of Silvanus was eftablithed only 
Italy, where, as ſome authors have ima: 
gined, he reigned in the age of Evander 
This deity was ſometimes repreſented hold- 
ing a cypreſs in his hand, becauſe he became 
enamoured of a beautiful youth called 
Cypariſſus, who was changed into a tie! 
of the ſame name. Silvanus preſided oe 
gardens and limits, and he is often con- 
tounded with the Fauns, Satyrs, and Si- 
lenus. Plut, in parel/.—Virg. Ecl. 10. ( 
1, v. 20. |. 2, v. 493-—lian. Anim. by 
C. 42.—Ovid, Met. 10.—Horat, ep. 2.— 
Dionyſ. Hal. A man who murdered his 
wife Apronia, by throwing her down fron 
one of the windows of his chambers.— 
One of thoſe who conſpired againſt Ne. 
An officcr of Conſtantius, who It 
volted and made himſelf emperor, It 
was aſſaſſinated by his ſoldiers. 

S1LvIUM, a town of Apulia, now Gu 
golione, Plin, 3, c. 11. A town of Ita 

S1LURES, the people of South Wales 
Britain. 


Liv, 28, 


| 


©1MBRIVITY 


SIN 
Anthe 
4, v. / 

Stu 
crates 
ſagacit 
inform. 
verſa tic 
Wards | 
tions in 

the diſc 
give an 
Maſter 
muſic, 
Extant j 
genes, u 
25 C. 14 
ric. 14 
f Simo 
Sis, 
Who flori 
«MC wa 
Tote ell 
Neces, « 
wectneſs 
ne on C. 
onides 
Imces of 
one of 
ch a fa, 
43 Mirac 


91 


ai. Sr MARIVIUS), or StMBRUVIUS, a lake 
le in of Latium, formed by the Anio. Tacit. 
The 14, An. 22. 
* StMENA, a town of Lycia near Chi- 
or his mzra. I'Iin. 5, e. 27. 
ations, S1tMETHUS, or SYMETHUS, a town and 
le has river of Sicily, in whoſe neighbourhood 
3 the gods Palici were born. Virg. An. 9, 
ra v. 584. 
yith the . a grove at Rome, where the 
he beſt orgies of Bacchus were celebrated. Liv. 
* S1MIL1S, one of the courtiers of Tra- 
— Mart. jan, who retired from Rome into' the coun- 
of den- try to enjoy peace and ſolitary retirement. 
Heſſahna SIMMIAS, a philoſopher of Thebes, who 
gant ad- wrote dialogues. A grammarian of 
| divorce Rhodes. A Macedonian ſuſpected of 
Company conſpiracy againſt Alexander, on account 
g 2 of his intimacy with Philotas. Curt. 7, 
mann 6&3 
the adul- S1Mo, a comic character. 
| bim t0 S1mors (ertis,) a river of Troas, which 
—A u- riſes in mount Ida, and falls into the Xan- 
ul, —A thus. It is celebrated by Homer, and moſt 
death by of the antient poets, as in its neighbour- 
hood were fought many battles during the 
: Trojan war. It is found to be but a ſmall 
Liv. 28, rivulet by modern travellers, and even ſome 
have diſputed its exiſtence, Homer. [/.— 
of an In- Firg. An. 1, v. 104. |. 3, v. 302, &c.— 
n tigs cn. Ovid. Met. 13, v. 324.— Mela. 1, c. 18. 
nted as hall SIMoISIUs, a Trojan prince, ſon of 
ing 10 , Anthemion, killed by Ajax. Homer. 1. 
as Que v. 473. 
o Plutarch, p W of. a currier at Athens, whom So- 
ing Women crates often viſited on account of his great 
_ __ ſagacity and genius. He collected all the 
im. 41* 


information he could receive from the con- 
verſotion of the philoſopher, and after- 
wards publiſhed it with his own obſerva- 
tions in 33 dialogues. He was the firſt of 
the diſciples of Socrates who attempted to 
give an account of the opinions of his 
maſter concerning virtue, juſtice, poetry, 
muſic, honor, & c. Theſe dialogues were 
extant in the age of the biographer Dio- 
genes, who has preſerved their title, Diag 
25 c. 14. Another who wrote on rhe- 
toric. Id. A ſculptor, 1d. The name 
f Simon was common among the Jews. 

SIMONLDES, a celebrated poet of Cos, 
Who floriſhed 538 years B. C. His father's 
ame was Leoprepis, or Theoprepis. He 
tote elegies, epigrams, and dramatical 
pieces, eſteemed for their elegance and 
wectneſs, and compoſed alſo epic poems, 


thed ouly !n 
> have ma- 
of Evancer 
eſented hold- 
iſe he became 
youth called 
I into A fee 
re ſided oe 
is often con- 
tyrs, and v1 
„ Ecl. 10. 
Jan. Anim. 6 
orat, ep. 27 
) murdered [8 
er down {om 
hambers.— 
againſt Nei. 
tius, Who fe · 


mperor. iy on Cambyſes king of Perſia, &c. Si- 
s. Gur onides was univerſally courted by the 
tlia, now 1 nces of Greece and Sicily, and according 
x town of 1 p one of the fables of Phædrus, he was 
South Wales cha favorite of the gods, that his life 

— 4 muiraculouſſy preſerved in an entertain- 


| 


ment when the roof of the houſe fell upon 
all thoſe who were feaſting., He obtained 
a poctical prize in the 8oth year of his age, 
and he lived to his goth year. The people 
of Syracuſe, who had hoſpitably honored 
him when alive, ereted a magnificent 
monument to his memory. Simonides, 
according to ſome, added the four letters 
ny W, E, J, to the alphabet of the Greeks. 
Some fragments of his poetry are extant. 
According to ſome, the grandſon of the 
clegiac poet of Cos was alſo called Simo- 
nides. He floriſhed a few years before the 
Peloponnetian war, and was the author of 
ſome books of inventions, genealogies, &c. 
Quintil, 10, c. 1,—Phedr. 4, fab. 21 & 
24.—lſcrat. 2, Od. 1, v. 38.—Heredet. 5, 
C. 102.—Cic. de Horat, &c.—Arift, — Pin- 
dar. Ih. 2,—Catull. 1, ep. 39. Lucian. 
de Macrob,—- lian. V. H. 3, c. 2. 

SIMPLICIUS, a Greek commentator on 
Ariftotle, whoſe works were all edited in 
the 16th century, and the latter part of the 
th, but without a Latin verſion. 

SiMCLUs, an antient poet who wrote 
ſome verſes on the Tarpeian rock. Plur. 
in Rom, 

S1MUS, a king of Arcadia after Phialus. 
Pau. 8, C. 5. 

SIMYRA, a town of Phœnicia. Mela. 1, 
8. + 

SINZ, a people of India, called by 
Ptolemy the molt eaſtern nation of the 
world. 

StiNDæ, iflands in the Indian ocean, 
ſuppoſed to be the Nicabar iſlands. 

SINDI, a people of European Scythia, 
on the Palus Mzotis. Flacc. 6, v. 86. 

SN GAÆI, a people on the confines of 
Macedonia and Thrace. 

SIN GARA, a city at the north of Meſo- 
potamia, now Sar. 

Six Guis, a river of Spain falling into 
the Guadalquiver. 

SINGUS, a town of Macedonia, 

SINIsS, a famous robber. Vid. Scinis. 

SINNACES, a Parthian of an illuſtrious 
family, who conſpired againſt his prince, 
& c. Taeit. 6, Ann. c. 31. 5 

SINN Acha, a town of Meſopotamia, 
where Craſſus was put to death by Surena. 

SiNOE, a nymph of Arcadia who brought 
up Pan. 

SINON, a ſon of Siſyphus who accom- 
panied the Greeks to the Trojan war, and 
there diſtinguithed himſelf by his cunning 
and fraud, and his intimacy with Ulyſſes, 
When the Greeks had fabricated the fa- 
mous wooden horſe, Sinon went to Troy 
with his hands bound behind his back, 
and by the moſt ſolemn proteſtations, aſ- 
ſured Priam, that the Greeks were gone 
from Aſia, and that they had been ordered 

3-5 co 


3 


to ſacrifice one of their ſoldiers, to render 
the wind favorable to their return, and that 
hecauſe the lot had fallen upon lum, at the 
inſtigation of Ulyſſes, he had fled away 
from their camp, not to be cruelly immo- 
lated, Theſe falſe aſſertions were imme— 
diately credited by the Trojans, and Sinon 
adviſed Priam to bring into his city the 
wooden horſe which the Greeks had left 
behind them, and to conſecrate it to Mi- 
nerva, His advice was followed, and Si- 
non in the niglit, to complete his per fidy, 
opened the fide of the borſe, from which 
iſſued a number of armed Greeks, who 
ſurprized the Trojans, and pillaged their 
eity. Dares Phryg.— Homer, Od. 8, v. 492. 
11, v. 521.—-Virg. ZZ. 2, v. 79, &c. 
—Pauſ. 10, c. 27.— C. Smyrm. 12, &. 

StnoPE, a daughter of the Aſupus by 
Methone. She was beloved by Apollo, 
who carried her away to the borders ot the 
Euxine ſea, in Aſia Minor, where ſhe gave 
birth to a ſon called Syrus. Diad. 4, 
A ſca-port town of Aſia Minor, in Pon— 
tus, now Siab, founded by a colony of 
Nlileſians. It was long an independent 
ſtate, till Pharnaces, King of Pontus, ſeized 

It was the capital of Pontus, under 
Mittridates, and was the birth place of 
Dgents, the cynic philoſopher, It re- 
ceiv d its hame from Sinope, whom Apollo 
Carried there. wid, Pont, I, el. 35 V. 67. 
rab. 2, &c. 12.--Diod 4.— Vicia. I, c. 
19. Tine original name of Sinueſſa. 

StNORIX, a governur of Gaul, 
Polyæn. 8. 

Stix Tick, a diſtrict of Macedonia. 

St Nuit, a nation of Thracians, who in- 
Habited Lemnos, when Vulcan fall there 
tom heaven. Iſemer. II. 1, y. 594. 

SINUE5SSA, a town of Campania, origi- 
nally called Sinope. It was celebrated for 
is hot-baths and mineral waters, which 
cured people of infanity, and rendered wo- 
men prolific. Ovid. Met. 15, v. 715.— 
Alcla. 2, c. q.—Strab. 6,— Li. 22, C. 13. 
Mart. 65 P. 42+ J. 11, fp. 8. — Tucit. 
IN. 12. 

Stow, one of the hills an which fJeruſa— 
lem was built. 

Stiyuxos, now Sifanc, one of the Cy- 
clades, ſituate at the well of Paros, twenty | 
miles in circumference, according to Pliny, 
or, according to modern travellers, 40. 
Siphnos had many excellent harbours, and 
produced great plenty of delicious fruit. 
The inhabitants were ſo depraved, that 
their licentiouſngeſs became proverbial. They 
however bchaved with fpirit in the Perſian 
wars, and refuſed jo give carth and water 
10 the emifſaries of Xerxes in token of 
ſubmiſſion. There were ſome gold mines in 
$:phnvs, of which Apollo 


& C. 


8 1 


tenth part. When the inhabitants refuſed 
to continue to offer part of their gold to 


the god of Delphi, the iſland was inun. pt 
dated, and the mincs diſappeared. The 15 
air is ſo wholeſome, that many of the na. 84 
tives live to their 120th year. Pau. 10, c. {af 
11.—Herodst. 8, c. 46.—Mela. 1, c. 7.— Sir 
Strub. 10. tur 
SIPONTUM, Styos, or SEPUS, a mati. So! 
time town of Apulia in Italy, founded by len 
Diomeces, after his return from the Trojan ng 
war. Strab. 6.—Lucan. 5, v. 377.—Meia, = 
87 6.4 ei 
S1PYLUM and Sirus, a town of Ly. ther 
dia with a mountain of the ſame name near Sire 
the Meander, formerly called Ceraunius. calle 
The town was defiroyed by an earthquake 81 
with 12 others in the neighbourhood, in the Sire 

reign of Tiberius. Strab. 1 & 12.—Payſ, the 
ly e. 20, Apullod, 3, c. 5. — Hamer. Il. 24, the £ 
Hein. fab. 9.—Tacit. Ann. 2, c. 47, n 
—— One of Niobe's children, killed by to it 
Apollo. Ovid. Met. 6. fab. 6. purſy 
S1RBO, a lake between Egypt and Pa- ſures, 
leſtine now Schbatet Bardeil. Plin. 4, e. _ 
I 3. ie tf 
Sisieks, ſea nymphs who charmed fo 2 
much with their melodions voice, that all Co So 
torgut their employments to liſten with Or 
more attention, and at laſt died tor want of 311.— 
food. They were daughters of the Ache- SIR 
lous, by the Muſe Callivpe, or, according the 80 
to others, by Melpomene or Terpfichore OY 
They were thice in number, called Parthe- SIK 
nope, Eigeia, and Leucoſta, or, according mouth 
to others, Molpe, Aglauphonvs, ard "_ a { 
Thelxiope, or Thelxione, and they uſually — the 
lived in a {mall iſlagd near cape Pclorus in — A 
Sicily. Some authors ſuppoſe that they tle be 
were moniters, who had the form of a vo- one cur 
man above the waiſt, and the rei of the Pxonia 
body hike that of a bud; or rather that the Star 
hole body was covered with feathers, and hoſe a 
had the ſhape of a bird, except the head, aways 
which was that of a beautitul female. This 2 *. 3, 
monſtrous form they had received from , SikM 
Ceres, who wiſhed to puniſh them, be- lake 
cauſe they had not aſſiſted her daughte . 
] 


when carried away by Pluto. But accorc- 
ing to Ovid, they were fo diſconſolate 2 
the rape of Pro'crpine, that they prayed the 


the confi: 
very cell 


gods to give them wings that they migit Roman e 
ſeek her in the ſca as well as by land, Tie SISA M 
Sirens wee informed by the oracle, that a 8 
ſoon as any perſons paſſed by them without Was 

ſuffering themſelves to be charmed by the: Judges to 
ſongs, they thould periſh z and their me ad impai 
lody had prevailed in calling the attentic x SISAPH 
of all paſſengers, till Ulyſſes, informed « "Preys 
the power of their voice by Circe, ſtoppe {nap 

the ears of his companions with wax, a dis Aro, 


its vermilli 
well aſcei 
ail, 2, 4 


ordered himſelf to be tied to the matte 
nis ſhip, and no attention to be paid to! 
| commain! 


| Bn the 
"= | 


refuſed 
old to 
nun. 
„The 
he nas 
10, c. 


* 
* 7.— 


1 Matt» 
ded by 
Trojan 
—Aſcia. 


of Ly- 
ME near 
eraunius, 
thquake 
1, in the 
,— Pau. 
7. V. 24. 
„ c. 47. 
illed by 


and Pa- 
in. 4, C, 


armed ſo 
„ that all 
men with 
r want of 
he Aclie- 
according 
erpfichore 
ed Parthe- 
according 
10s, and 
1c uſually 
Pelorus in 
that they 
n of a vo- 
reit of the 
ner that the 
athcrs, and 
© the head, 
male. This 
ceived from 
them, le- 
er daughte 
But accote- 
conſolate 4 
y prayed the 
they might 
land. Tie 
acle, that 1 
hen withou 
med by thel 
id their me 
the attentic 
informed 
irce, ſtoppe 
ith wax, 4 
> the maſt o 
be paid to 
command 


BD 


commands, ſhould he wiſh to ſtay and 
liſten to the ſong. This was a ſalutary 
precaution, Ulyſſes made figns for his 
companions to ſtop, but they were diſre- 
garded, and the fatal coaſt was paſſed with 
ſafety. Upon this artifice of Ulyſſes, the 
Sirens were ſo diſappointed, that they 
tlirew themlelves into tne ſea and periſhed. 
Some authors ſay, that the Sirens chal- 
lenged the Muſes to a trial of fkill in fing- 
ing, and that the Jarter proved victorious, 
and plucked the feathers from the wings of 
their adverſaries, with which they made 
themſelves crowns. The place where the 
Sirens deſtroyed themſelves, was afterwards 
called Sirens, on the coaſt of Sicily. Vir- 
gil however, Xn. 5, v. $54, places the 
Sirenum Scopuli on the coatt of Italy, near 
the iſland of Caprea. Some ſuppoſe that 
the Sirens were a number of lafcivious wo- 
men in Sicily, who proſtituted themſelves | 
ts ſtrangers, and made them forget their 
purſuits while drowned in unlawtul plea- | 
ſures, The Sirens are often repreſented 
holding, one a lyre, a ſecond a flute, and 
the third finging. Pauſ. 10, c. 6.—17ymer. 
. 12, v. 167.—Serab. G. — TJmmian, 295 
c. 2.— Hygin. fab. x41.—Aps!lod. 2, c. 4. 
Ovid. Met. 5, v. 555, de art. am, 3, v. 
311.— Ital. 12, v. 33. 

SixEN ds, three ſmall rocky iflands near 
the coaſt of Campania, where the Sirens 
were ſuppoſed to retide. 

StKIs, a town of Magna Gracia, at the 
mouth of a river of the tame name. There 
was a battle fought near it between Pyrrhus 
and the Romans. Dioryſ. Perieg. v. 221.— 
The Athiopians gave that name to the 
Nile before its divided ſtreams united into 
one current. Plin. 5, c. 9. A town of 
Pxonia in Thrace. 

Status, or CANICULA, the dog-ſtar, 
whoſe appearance, as the antients ſuppoſed, 
always cauſed great heat on the earth. Virg. 
Au. 3, v. 141. | 

SikMIo, now Sermione, a pcninſula in 
the lake Benacus, where Catullus had a 
villa. Carm. 29. 

S1RMIUM, the capital of Pannonia at 
the confluence of the Savus and Bacuntius, 
very celebrated during the reign of the 
Roman emperors. 

S1SAMNES, a judge flead alive for his 
partiality, by order of Cambyſes. His 
ſin was nailed on the bench of the other 
Judges to incite them to act with candor 
and impartiality. Herodot. 8, c. 25. 

StsApHo, a Corinthian who murdercd 
bis brother, becauſe he had put his children 
to death, Ovid. in Ib. 

$154P0, a town of Spain, famous for 
Its vermillion mines, whoſe ſituation is not 


3 


a town of Pannonia, now 


St$CLA, 
Siffeg. 

SISENES, a Perſian deſerter who con- 
ſpired againſt Alexander, &. Curt. 3, 
c. 7. 

L. StsENNA, an antient hiſtorian among 
the Romans, 91 B. C. He wrote an ac- 
count of the republic, of which Cicero 
ſpeaks with great warmth. Some frag- 
ments of his compoſitions are quoted by 
different authors. Ovid. Trift, 2, v. 443 
— Cir, in Brut. 64 & 679,—Peterc. 2, c. 9. 
Corn. a Roman, who on being repri- 
manded in the ſenate for the ill conduR 
and depraved manners of his wife, accuſed 
publicly Auguſtus of unlawful commerce 
with her. Dro. 54. The family of the 
Cornelii and Apronii received the ſirname 
of Siſennn. They are accuſed of intem- 
perate loquacity in the Auguſtan age, by 
Ilorat. 1, Sat. 7, v. 8. 

SISIGAMEBIS, Or SISYGAMBI1S, the mo- 
ther of Darius the laſt king of Perſia. She 
was taken priſoner by Alexander the Great, 
at the battle of Iſſus, with the reſt of the 
royal fami'y. The conqueror treated her 
with uncommon tenderneſs and attention; 
he faluted her as his own mother, and what 
he had fternly denied to the petitions of his 
favorites and miniſters, he often granted to 
the interceſſion of Siſygambis. The regard 
of the queen for Alexander was uncommon, 
and indced ſhe no ſooner heard that he was 
dead, than ſhe killed herſelf, unwilling to 
ſurvive the loſs of ſo generous an enemy; 
though ſhe had ſeen with leſs concern, the 
fall of her ſon's kingdom, the ruin of his 
ſubjects, and himſelf murdered by his ſet- 
vants. She had alſo loſt in one day, her 
huſband and 80 of her brothers, whom 
Ochus had aſſaſſinated to make himſelf 
maſter of the kingdom of Perſia. Curt. 4, 
e. 9. I. e, ©. 8. 

StsIMITURæ&, a fortified place of Bac- 
triana, 15 ſtadia high, So in circumference, 
and plain at the top. Alexander married 
Roxana there. Strab, 11. | 
S150COSTYs, one of the friends of Alex- 
ander, entruſted with the care of the rock 
Aornus. Curt, 8, c. 11. 

SiSYPHUS, a brother of Athamas and 
Salmoneus, fon of Molus and Enaretta, the 
moſt cratty prince of the heroic ages. He 
warried Merope the daughter of Atlas, or 
according to others of Pandareus, by whom 
he had ſeveral children. He built Ephyre, 
called afterwards Corinth, and he debauched 
Tvro the daughter of Salmoneus, becauſe 
he had been told by an oracle that his chil- 
dren by his brother's daughter woy!d avenge 
the injuries which he had ſuffered from the 
malevolence of Salmoneus. Tyro, how- 


well aſcertained, Plin, 33, Cc. 7.—Cic. 
Pail, 2, c. 19. 


ever, as Hyginus ſays, deſtroyed the two 
ſous whom ihe had had by her uncle, 
3221 It 


- rp ww yy we 


— - - — 


1 


It is reported that Siſyphus, miſtruſting 
Autolycus, who ſtole the neighbouring 
flocks, marked his bulls under the feet, 
and when they had been carried away by 
the diſhoneſty of his friend, he confounded 
and aſtoniſhed the thief by'ſelecting from 
his numerous flocks thoſe bulls, which by 
the mark he knew to be his own. The arti- 
fice of Siſyphus was ſo pleaſing to Autoly- 
cus, who had now found one more cunning 
than himſelf, that he permitted him to en- 
joy the company of his daughter Anticlea, 
whom a few days after he gave in marriage 
to Laertes of Ithaca. After his death, Si- 
ſyphus was condemned in hell, to roll to 
the top of a hill a large ſtone, which bad 
no ſooner reached the ſummit than it fell 
back into the plain with impetuofity, and 
rendered his puniſhment eternal. The cauſes 
of this rigorous ſentence are variouſly re- 
po:ted. Some attribute it to his continual 
depredations in the neighbouring country, 
and his cruelty in laying heaps of ſtones on 
thoſe whom he had plundered, and ſuffering 
them to expire in the not agonizing tor- 
ments. Others, to the inſult offered to 
Pluto, in chaining Death in his palace and 
cictaining her till Mars, at the requeſt of 
the King of hell, went to deliver her from 
continement. Orhers ſuppoſe that Jupiter 
inflicted this puniſhment upon him becauſe 
he told Aſopus where his daughter Ag ina 
had been carried away by her iaviſher. The 
more followed opinion, however, is, that 
Siſyphus, on his death-bed, entreated his 
wite to leave his body unburied, and when 
ne came into Pluto's kingdom, be received 
permiſſion of returning upon earth to pu- 
niſh this ſecming negligence of his wife, 
but, however, on promiſe of immediately 
returning. But he was no ſooner out of the 
infernal regions, than he violated his engage- 
ments, and when hewas at laſt brought back 
to hell by Mars, Pluto, to puniſh his want 
of fidelity and honor, condemned him to 
coll a huge ſtone to the top of a mountain, 
The inſtitution of the Pythian games is attri- 
buted by ſome to Siſyphus. To be of the 
biood of Siſyphus was decmed diſgraceful 
among the antients. Homer. Od. 11, v. 592. 
—Pirg. An. 6, v. 616.—Ovid Met. 4, v. 
459. Faft. 4, v. 175. in Ibid. 191.— Pau. 
2, &c,—Hygin, fab. 60.—Hoerat. 2, od. 14, 
v. 20.—Apollod. 3, c. 4. A ſon of M. 
Antony, who was born deformed, and re- 
ceived the name of Siſyphus, becauſe he 
was endowed with genius and an excellent 
underſtanding. Horat. 1. Sat. 3, v. 47. 

$1TALCES, one of Alexander's generals, 
impriſoned for his cruelty and avarice in the 
government of his province. Cr. 10, C. I. 
A king of Thrace, B. C. 436. 

S1THNiDxs, certain nymphs of a {oun- 
ain in Megara. Pau. 1, ( 40 


| 


| 


S M 


$1THON, a King of Thrace. 
in the AÆgean. 

SITHGNIA, a country of Thrace, he. 
tween mount Hæmus and the Danube, 
Sithonia is often applied ro ail Thrace, and 
thence the epithet S:t/honis, fo often uſed 
by the poets. It received its name from 
king Sithon. Horat, 1, od. 18, v. 9.— 
Ovid. Met. 6, v. 588. J. 7, v. 466. |. 13, 
v. $71.—Herodct. 7, c. 123. 

SiT1Us, a Roman who aſſiſted Cæſar in 
Africa with great ſucceſs. He was re- 
warded with a province of Numidia, 

SITONES, a nation of Germany, or mo— 


An ifland 


dern Norway, according to ſome. Tacit. 
de Germ. 45. 
SITTACE, a town of Aſſyria. Pin. 6, 


6-89; 

SMARAGDUS, a town of Egypt on the 
Arabian gulf, where emeralds (/maragdi) 
were dug. Straub. 16. 

SMENUS, a river of Laconia rifing in 
mount Taygetus. Par. 3, c. 24. 

SMERDI1S, a ſon of Cyrus, put to death 
by order of his brother Cambytes. As his 
execution was not public, and as it was only 
Known to one of the ofticers of the monarch, 
one of the Migi of Perſia, who was himſelf 
called Smerdis, and who greatly reſembled 
the deceaſed prince, declared himſelf king, 
at the death of Camby ſes. This uſurpation 
would not perhaps have been known, had 
not he taken too many precautions to con- 
ceal it. After he had reigned for fix months 
with univerſal approbation, ſeven noblemen 
of Perſia conſpired to dethrone him, and 
when this had been executed with ſitccels, 
they choſe one of their number to reign in 
the uſurper's place, B. C. 521. This was 
Darius, the ſon of Hyſtalpes. Herodes. 3, 
c. 30.-Tuſlin. 1, c. . 

SMILAX, a beautiſul ſhepherdeſs who 
became enamoured of Crocus. She was 
changed into a flower, as allo her lover, 
Ovid. Met. 4, v. 283. 

SMIL1s, a ſtatuary of Ægina in the age 
of Dædalus. Paz. 7. 

SMINDYRIDES, a native of Sybaris, fa- 
mous for his luxury. lian. V. II. 9, c. 
24, & 12, c. 24. 

SMINTHEUS, one of the firnames of 
Apollo in Phrygia, where the inhabitants 
raiſed him a temple, becauſe he had de- 
liroyed a number of rats that infeſicd the 
country, Theſe rats were called cpar0ay, in 
the language of Phrygia, whence the fir- 
name. There is another ſtory ſimilar to this 
related by the Greek ſcholiaſt of Hemer. 
I. 1, v. 39.—Strab, 13.— Ovid. Met. 12, 
v. 585. 

SMYRNA, a celebrated ſea- port town of 
Ionia in Aſia Minor, built, as ſome ſuppoſe, 
by Tantalus, or, accordiug to others, by 


Uthe ZZolians, 


It bas been ſubjeR to mary 
revo 


re vo 
{ci 
and 
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Clans 
pow: 
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The 
and 
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opinio 
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name, 
e. 16, 
V. $95. 
— 
. 
poem, 
poſed ii 
ef adr 
94. 
SOA? 
So AN 
SOA" 
eiſus, in 
with 80 
pather 1 
the fable 
SOCR 
pher of a 
His fache 
his mot! 
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e. But 


and 8 0 


he. revolutions, and been ſeverally in the poſ- 

ube, {cſhon of the Zolians, Tonians, Lydians, 
and and Macedonians. Akxander, or accord- 

uſed ing to Strabo, Lyſimachus, rebuilt it 400 

from vears after it had been deſtroyed by the Ly- 
9.— dians. It was one of the richeſt and moſt 

. 13, powerful cities of Afia, and became one of 
the twelve cities of the Ionian confederacy. 

ſar in The inhabitants were given much to luxury 
is fe- and indolence, but tney were univerſally 
eſteemed for their valor and intrepidity 

r mo- when called to action. Marcus Aurelius 
Tacit. repaired it after it had been deſtroyed by 
an earthquake, about the 180th year of 

lin, 6, the Chriſtian era. Smyrna ſtill continues 
to be a very commercial town, The river 

on the Meles flows near its walls. The inhabi- 
ragd!) tants of Smyrna believed that Homer was 
born among them, and to conhrm this 

fing in opinion they ſhowed a place which bore 
the poet's name, and they had a braſs 

o death coin in circulation which was called Ho- 
As bis merium. Some ſuppoſe that it was called 
vas only Smyrna from an Amazon of the ſame 
,onarch, name,who took poſſeſſion of it. Herodot. 1, 


himſelt Co 16, Sc. —Straöb. 12 & 14.— Tal. 8, 
ſembled v. $95.—Pauſ. 5, c. 8.—Mela. 1, c. 17. 


ef king, ——A daughter of Thias, mother of Ado- 
urpation nis. An Amazon. The name of a 
wn, had poem, which Cinna, a Latin poet, com- 
to con- poſed in nine years, and which was worthy 
x months of admiration, according to Catullus, 
emen 94. 

_— and SOANA, a river of Albania. Pol. 

\ ſitccels, SOANDA, a town of Armenia. 

) reign in SOANES, 2 people of Colchis, near Cau- 
This was eius, in whole territories the rivers abound 


with golden ſands, which the inhabitants 


erodv:. 3y ; ' 
nher in wool ſkins, whence perhaps aroſe 


deſs who the fable of the golden fleece. Strab. 11. 
She Was SOCRATES, the moſt celebrated philoſo- 
ner lovel. pher of all antiquity, was a native of Athens. 
s father Sophroniſcus was a ſtatuary, and 
in the age his mother Phenarete was by profeſhon a 


midwife, For ſome time he followed the 

y baris, fa- eccupation of his father, and ſome have 
FH, 5, . mentioned the ſtatues of the Graces, ad- 
mired for their ſimplicity and elegance, as 

rnames of de work of his own hands. He was called 
inhabitants way from this mcancr employment, of 
e had de- aich however he never bluſhed, by Crito, 
nfeſted the ho admired his genius, and courted his 
-painDayty in nendthip. Philoſuphy toon became the 
ce the fir- udy of Socrates, and under Archelaus and 
nilar to this 1axagoras he laid the foundation of that 
of Hemer. «mplary virtue which ſucceeding ages have 

4. Met. 12, ler loved and venerated. He appeared 
ke the reſt of his countrymen in the 

bort town of 0 of battle ; he fought with boldneſs 
me ſuppoſe, ad intrepidity, and to his courage two 
others, by bis friends and diſciples, Xenophon and 

ect to may biades, owed the preſervation of their 


. IE. ons 


S O 


more con:;picuous as a philoſopher and mo- 
raliſt than as that of a warrior, He was 
fond of Jabor, he inured himſelf to ſuffer 
harſhips, and he acquired that ſerenity of 
mind and firmneſs of countenance which 
the moſt alarming dangers could never de- 
ſtroy, or the moſt ſudden calamities alter. 
If he was poor, it was from choice, and 
not the effects of vanity, or the wiſh of 
appearing ſingular. He bore injuries with 
patience, and the inſults of malice or 
reſentment he not only treated with 
cuntempt, but even received with a mind 
that expreſſed ſome concern, and felt com- 
paſſion for the depravity of human nature. 
So fingular and ſo venerable a character 
was admired by the moſt enlightened of 
tne Athenians. Socrates was attended by 
a number of illuſtrious pupils, whom he 
inſtructed by his exemplary life, as well 
as by his doctrines. He had no particular 
place where to deliver his lectures, but as 
the good of his countrymen, and the re- 
formation of their corrupted morals, and not 
the aggregation of riches,*was the object of 
his ſtudy, he was preſent every where, and 
drew the attention of his auditors either in 
the groves of Academus, the Lyceum, or 
on the banks of the Ilyſſus. He ſpoke with 
freedom on every ſubject, religious as well 
as civil, and had the courage to condemn 
the violence of his countrymen,and to with= 
ſtand the torrent of reſentment, by which 
the Athenian generals were capitally puniſh. 
ed for not burying the dead at the battle of 
Arginuſæ. This independence of ſpirit, and 
that viſible ſuperiority of mind and genivg 
over the reſt of his countrymen, created 
many enemies to Socrates; but as his cha- 
racter was irreproachable, and his doctrines 
pure, and void of all obſcurity, the voice 
of malevolence was filent. Yet Ariſto- 
phanes ſoon undertook, at the inſtigation 
of Melitus, in his comedy of the Clouds, to 
ridicule the venerable character of Socrates 
on the ſtage; and when once the way was 
open to calumny and defamation, the fickle 
and licentious populace paid no reverence 
to the philoſopher whom they had before 
regarded as a being of a ſuperior order, 
When this had ſuccceded, Melitus ſtood 
forth to criminate him, together with Ani- 
tus and Lycon, and the philoſopher was 
ſummoned before the tribunal of the five 
hundred. He was accuſed of corrupting 
the Athenian youth, of making innovations 
in the religion of the Grec ks, and of ridi— 
culing the many gods which the Athenians 
worſhipped ; yet falſe as this might appcar, 
the accuſers relied for the ſucceſs of their 
cauſe upon the perjury of falſe witneſſes, 
and the envy of the judges, whoſe igno- 


TALLY e. But the character of Socrates appears | 


rance would readily yield o milregr.ſcnta- 
3C 3 tion, 


r 


— 


— — 
= 


\ _ 
— — — - . __ — 
1 — 


— 
AW... - 


S O 
tion, and be influenced and guided by elo- 
quence and artifice. In this their expec- 
tations were not fruſtrated, and while the 
judges expected ſubmition from Socrates, 
and that meanneſs of behaviour and fervi- 
lity of defence which diſtinguiſhed crimi— 
nals, the philoſopher perhaps accelerated 
his own fall by the firmneſs of his mind, 
and his uncomply ing integrity. Lyſias, 
one of the moſt celebrated vrators of the 
age,; compoſed an oration in a Jabored and 
pathetic ſtile, which he offered to his friend 
to be pronounced as his defence in the pre- 
ſence of his judges, Socrates read it, but 
aſter he had praiſed the eloquence and 
the animation of the whole, he rejected it, 
as neither manly nor expreffive of fortitude, 
and, comparing it tv Sicyunian thoes, Which 
though fitting, were proofs of ctteminacy, 
de obſerved, that a philoſopher ought to be 
conſpicuuus for magnanimity and for firm- 
neſs of ſoul, Pi his apology he ſpoke with 
great animation, and contciſed that while 
others boaſted that they were acquainted 
with every thing, he himſelf knew nothing. 
The whole diſcourſe was full of ſimplicity 
and noble grandeur, the energetic language 
of offended innocence, He modeſtly fair, 
that what he poſſeſſed was applied tor the 
ſervice of the Athenians; it was his with 
to make his tellow-citizens happy, and it 
was a duty which he performed by the ſpe- 
cial command of the gods, whoſe authority, 
ſaid he emphatically, to his judges, I regard 
more than yours. Such language from a 
man who was accuſed of a capital crime, 
altoniſhed and irritated the judges. So- 
crates was condemned, but only by a ma- 
jority of three voices; and when he was 
demanded, according to the ſpirit of the 
Athenian laws, to paſs ſentence on him- 
ſelf, and to mention the death he preferred, 
the philoſopher ſaid, For my attempts 10 
teack the Athenian youth juſtice and mode- 
ration, and to render the r of my country- 
men mort happy, iet me be maintained at the 
public expence the remaining years of my life 
in the Prytaneium, a" nanty, 0 AMncmans, 
svAca 1 deſerve mere than the vittors of the 
(/, mpic game, Tier mate eit countrymen 
more happy in appearance, but auc mad: 
you fo in reality. This <xaſperated the 
judges in the highett degice, and he was 
condemned to drink hemlock. Upon this 
de addicfied the court, ad more particu- 
farly the juCges who had decided in his fa- 
yor, in a pathetic ſpeech. 
*Hat to die was a pleaſure, ſince he was 
soing to hold converſc with the greatcit 
heroes of antiquity; he recommended to 
their paternal care his de fenceleſs childien, 
and as he retu ned to the priſon, be (n- 
-lartaed* I go te die, you tele ι ,] Out 5 hich 


S O 
| is the beſt the ditiinity alone can now. The 
ſulemn celebration of the Deliau feſtivals 
Vid. Delia) prevented his execution for 
30 days, and during that time he waz 
confined in the priſon and loaded with 
irons, His friends, and particularly his diſ- 
ciples, were his conſtant attendants; he 
diſcourſed with them upon different ſub. 
jedts with all his uſual chearfulneſs and 
ſerenity. He reproved them for their ſor- 
row, and when one of them was un- 
commonly grieved becauſe he was to 
ſuffer thongh innocent, the philoſopher 
replied, wind you then have me die guli- 
ty* With this compoſure he ſpent his 
laſt days, he continued to be a preceptor 
till the moment of his death, and in- 
ftiructed bis pupils on queſtions of the 
Trearet! importance; he told them his 
opinions in ſupport of the immortality of 
the foul, and reprobated with acrimony 
the prevalcut cuſtom of ſuicide. He dit- 
| regarded the interce Mon of his friends, and 
when it was in his power to make his eſ- 
Cape gut of PERIOD nue retuſed it, and aſked 
with his uſual pleaſantry, where he cauld 
eſcape death; where, ſays he to Crito, who 
had bribed the gaoler, and made his eſcape 
certain, where ſhall I fly to aveid this irre- 
wocable diem paſſed on all mankind ? When 
the hour to drink the poiſon was come, the 
exccutioner preſented him the cup with tears 
in his eyes. Socrates received it with com- 
poſure, and after he had made a libatian to 
the gods, he drank it with an unahkered 
countenance, and a few moments after he 
expired, Such was the end of a man whom 
the uninfluenced anſwer of the oracle of 
Delphi had pronounced the wiſeſt of man- 
kind. Socrates died about 400 years be- 
fore Chriſt, in the 7oth year of his age. 
He was no ſooner buried than the Atbe- 
nians repented of their cruelty, his accuſers 
were univerſally deſpiſed and ſhunned, one 


He told them 


| ſuffered death, ſome were baniſhed, and 
others, with their own hands, put an end 
| to the life, which their ſeverity to the belt 
ef the Athenians had rendered inſupport 
| able. The actions, ſayings, and opinions 
| of Socrates have been faithfully recorded by 
0 of the moſt cclebrated of his pup! 
; Nenophon and Plato, and every thing which 
| relates to the life and circumſtances, of this 
| great pläloſopher is now minutely Knows. 

To his poverty, his innocence, and his ex 
| ample, the Giceks were particularly indeht- 
ed for their greatneſs and ſplendor ; and tit 
| learning which was univerſally difleminatee 
by his pupils, gave the whole nation à cor 
(ciouiners of their ſuperiority over the 1t 
of the worid, not only in the polite a 
but in the mare laborious exerciſes, wi 
thei wiitings celebrated. The pbiloſop? 


ſual a 
their 15 
neſs of 
things, 
Nation 
tranquil 
the pro 
Cuties, 
terials a 
— w 
Ppy w 
kita, 
were inf 
ot an aff 
4 Wat lik e 
Socrates, 
the Plato 
demics, 
Socrates 
yet many 
Pupil Ey 
him. II. 
poſit ion, 
Wing j 
heart 


Tir 
Niva 
m for 
> Was 
| with 
us diſs 
Its; he 
t ſub- 
(s and 
eir ſor- 
as un- 
yas © 
oſopber 
e gut- 
ent his 
feceptor 
and in- 
of the 
em his 
tality of 
.Crmony 
He dif- 
nas, and 
d his el 
nd aſked 
he could 
rito, who 
his eſcape 
this irre- 
19 When 
come, the 
with tears 
with com- 
libation to 
unalteted 
s after be 
man whom 
oracle of 
tt of man- 
years be · 
F his 28e. 
the Atbe · 
his accuſen 
zunned, one 
niſhed, ard 
ut an en 
to the ben 
| inſuppotl 
nd opinions 
recorded by 
Ff his pup? 
thing which 
ances, of th 
itcly Knows. 
| and his es 
larly indebt 
dor; and the 
 difleminatee 
nation a cn 
ovcr the rel 
e polite t. 
erciſes, * 
(r 
he philel * 


S 0 


of Soctates forms an inte reſt ing epoch in 
the hiſtory of the human mind. The ſon 
of Sophroniſcus derided the more abſtruſe 
enquirics and metaphyſical reſearches of 
his predeceſſors, and by firſt introducing 
moral philoſophy, he induced mankind to 
conſider themſelves, their paſhons, their 


— — — — — * — LAY 


8 O 


and corrupted that ever was in the humia 
breaſt, This nearly coſt the ſatyriſt his lifeg 
but Socrates upbraided his diſciples, who 
wiſhed to puniſh the phyſiognomiſt, and de- 
clared that his aſſertions were true, but that 
all his vicious propenſities had been duly 
corrected and cutbed by means of reaſon. 


opinions, their duties, actions, and facultics. 
From this it was ſaid, that the founder of 
the Socratic ſchool drew philoſophy down 
from heaven upon the earth. In his at- 
tendance upon religious worſhip, Socrates 
was himſelf an example, he believed the 
divine origin of dreams and omens, and 
publicly declared that he was accompanied 
ly a demon or inviſible conductor [| Vid. 
Demon] whoſe frequent interpoſition ſtop- 
ped him from the commiſhon of evil, and 
the guilt of miſconduct. This familiar 
ſpirit, however, according to ſome, was 
nothing more than a ſound judgment aſſiſted 
by prudence and long experience, which 
warned him at the approach of danger, and 
from a general ſpeculation of mankind could 


foreſee what ſucceſs would attend an enter- | 


prize, or what calamities would follow an 
ul managed adminiſtration. As a ſupporter 
of the immortality of the ſoul, he allowed 
the perfection of a ſupreme knowledge, 
from which he deduced the government of 
the univerſe. From the reſources of ex- 
perience as well as nature and obſervation, 
he perceived the indiſcriminate diſpenſation 
of good and evil to mankind by the hand 
of heaven, and he was convinced that 
nothing but the moſt inconſiderate would 
incur the diſpleaſure of their creator to 
avoid poverty or ſickneſs, or gratity a ſen- 
lual appetite, which muſt at the end harraſs 
their ſoul with remorſe and the conſciouſ- 
neſs of guilt, From this natural view of 
things, he perceived the relation of one 
nation with another, and how much the 
tranquillity of civil ſociety depended upon 
the proper diſcharge of theſe reſpective 
duties. The actions of men furniſhed ma- 
terials alſo for his diſcourſe; to inſtruct 
mem was his aim, and to render them 
happy was the ultimate object of his daily 
leſſons. From principles like theſe, Which 
were inforced by the unparalleled example 
of an affectionate huſband, a tender parent, 
2 warlike ſoldicr, and a patriotic citizen in 
Socrates, ſoon after the celebrated ſets of 
the Platoniſts, the Peripatetics, the Aca- 
demics, Cyrenaics, Stvuics, &. aroſe. 
Socrates never wrote for the public eye, 
yet many ſupport that the tragedies of his 
Pupil Euripides were partly compoſed by 
tim. He was naturally of a licentious dif- 
pohtion, and a phyfiognomitt obſerved, in 
looking in the face of the philoſopher, that 


Socrates made a poetical verſion of Æſop's 
fables, while in priſon. Laert.—Xemph — 
Plato.—Pauf. I, c. 22.— Plat. de op. Phil. 
Sc. —Cic. de orat. 1, c. 54.— uſe. 1, 
C. 41, Sc. —Val. Max. 3, c. 4. A 
lender of the Achæans, at the battle of 
Cunaxa. He was ſeized and put to death 
by order of Artaxerxes. A governor of 
Cilicia under Alexander the Great. A 
painter, A Rhodian in the age of Au- 
guſtus. He wrote an account of the civil 
wars.——A ſcholiaſt born A. D. 380, at 
Conſtantinople. He wrote an eccleſiaſti- 
cal hiſtory from the year 309, where Euſe- 
bius ended, down to 440, with a great ex- 
actneſs and judgment, of which the beſt 
edition is that of Reading, fol. Cantab. 1720. 
An itland on the coaſt of Arabia. 
SQ#&MIAS, (Julia) mother of the emperor 
Heliogabalus, was made preſident of a ſenate” 
of women, which ſhe had elected to decide 
the quarrels and the affairs of the Roman 
matrons. She at laſt provoked the people 
by her debaucheries, extravagance, and 
cruelties, and was murdered with her ſon 
and family. She was a native of Apamea;z 
her father's name was Julius Avitus, and 
her mother's Maſa. Her ſiſter Julia Mam- 
mea married the emperor Septimius Severus. 
SOGULANA, a country of Aſia, bounded 
on the north by Scythia, eaſt by the Sacæ, 
ſouth by Bactriana, and weſt by Margiana, 
and now known by the name of Zagatay, 
or U/ſbec, The people are called Sogdian:. 
The capital was called Marcanda, Herg- 
dot. 3, c. 93.—Curt. 7, c. 10. 
SOGDIANUS, a ſon of Artaxerxes Longi- 
manus, who murdered his elder brother, 
king Xerxes, to make himſelf maſter of the 
Perhan throne. He was but ſeven months 
in poſſeſſion of the crown. His brother 
Ochus, who reigned under the name of 
Darius Nothus, conſpired againſt him, and 
ſuffocated him in a tower full of warm' 
aſhes. 

So (the ſun) was an object of veneration 
among the antients, It was particulariy 
worſhipped by the Perſians, under the name 
ot Mithras. The Maſſagetæ facrificed horſes 
to the ſun on account of their ſwiftneſs. Ac- 
cording to ſome of the ancient poets, Sul 
and Apollo were two different perſons. 
Apollo, however, and Phe&bus and Sol, are 
univerſally ſuppoſed to be the fame deity. 
SOLICINIUM, a town of Germany, now 


> heart was the moſt deprayed, immodeſt, 


Sultz, on the Neckar. 
304 Solis, 


8 O - 


» SoLTwNvs, (C. Julius) a grammarian at 


8 O 


ſpace of too years, Solon reſigned the office 


expe! 
the end of the firſt century, who wrote a| of Jegiflator, and removed himſelf from A. heir 
book called Po/ykhiftor, which is a collec-| thens, He viſited Egypt, and in the court defer 
tion of hiſtorical remarks and geographical| of Creeſus, king of Lydia, he convinced the tion 
annotations on the moſt celebrated places of | monarch of the , inſtability of fortune, and parer 
every country. He has been called Pliny's | told him, when he wiſhed to know whether laws 
ape, becauſe he imitated that well known | he was not the happieſt of mortals, that Te}. becat 
naturaliſt, The laſt edition of the Poly- lus, an Athenian, who had always ſcen his and 
hiſtor is that of Norimb. ex editione Sal- | country in a floriſhing ſtate, who had ſeen ſpeal 
maſii. 1779, his children lead a virtuous life, and who had well 
Solis Fos, a celebrated fountain in | himſelf fallen in defence of his country, was the le 
Libya. Vid. Ammon. more entitled to happineſs than the poſſeſſot his fe 
SoLoE or SoL1, a town of Cyprus, built | of riches, and the maſter of empires. After aſper 
on the borders of the Clarius by an Athenian | ten year's abſence Solon returned to Athens, ſon tl 
colony. It was originally called Æpeia, till | but he had the mortification to find the diſpo 
Solon viſited Cyprus, and adviſed Philocy- | greateſt part of his regulations diſregarded femal 
prus, one of the princes of the iſland, to] by the factious ſpirit of his countrymen, in the 
change the ſituation of his capital, His | and the uſurpation of Piſiſtratus. Not to adults 
advice was followed, a new toyyn was| be longer a ſpectator of the diviſions that and: 
raiſed in a beautiful plain, and called after | reigned in his country, he retired to Cyprus, was n 
the name of the Athenian philoſopher. | where he died at the court of king Philo- as the 
Strab, 14.—Plut. in Sol, A town of | cyprus, in the Soth year of his age, 558 no 1h; 
Cilicia on the ſea coaſt, built by the Greeks | years before the Chriſtian era. The ſalu- with 1 
and Rhodians. It was afterwards called | tary conſequences of the laws of Solon can engra 
Pompeiopelis, from Pompey, who ſettled a | be diſcovered in the length of time they might 
colony of pirates there. Plin. 5, c. 27.— were in force in the republic of Athens. liar to 
Dionyſ. Some ſuppoſe that the Greeks, | For above 400 years they floriſhed in full verſe. 
who ſettled in either of theſe two towns, | vigor, and Cicero, who was himſelf a wi prefſe, 
forgot the purity of their native language, and | neſs of their benign influence, paſſes the of Th 
thence aroſe the term Sc/eriſmus, applied to | higheſt encomiums upon the legiſlator, wheſe ohſerv 
an inelegant or improper expreſſion. ſuperior wiſdom framed ſuch a code of re- tolerat 
SoL@&1s or SoLoEN TIA, a promon- | gulations. It was the intention of Solon find tl 
tory of Libya at the extremity of mount to protect the poorer citizens, and by pation 
Atlas, now cape Cantin. A town of | dividing the whole body of the Athenians Solon 
Sicily, between Panormus and Himera, f into four claſſes, three of which were per- this ſe 
now Selanto. Cic. Ver. 3, c. 43.—Thu-| mitted to diſcharge the moſt important fuſed 1 
eyd. 6. | offices and magiſtracies of the ſtate, and leges « 
SOLON, one of the ſeven wiſe men of | the laſt to give their opinion in the aſſem- upon | 
Greece, was born at Salamis and educated | blies, but not have a ſhare in the diſtine- Lycur, 
at Athens. His father's name was Eupho- | tions and honors of their ſuperiors, the — Dio. 
rion, or Execheſtides, one of the deſcend- | legiſhator gave the populace a privilegewhich, SoL 
ants of king Codrus, and by his mother's | though at firſt ſmall and inconfiderable, ſoon the Ut 
ſide he reckoned among his relations the | rendered them maſters of the republic, and SoL 
celebrated Piſiſtratus. After he had de- of all the affairs of government. He made border, 
vated part of his time to philoſophical and | a reformgtion in the Areopagus, he enereaſed SoL 
political ſtudies, Solon travelled over the | the authority of the members, and permitted SoL 
greateſt part of Greece ; but at his return | them yearly to enquire how every citizen 3 
home he was diſtreſſed with the diſſenſons] maintained himſelf, and to puniſh ſuch as SOL 
which were kindled among his country men, | lived in idleneſs, and were not employed in cia, 1 
All fixed their eyes upon Solon as a de- ſome honorable and luerative profeſſion. He ancient 
liverer, and he was unanimouſly elected alſo regulated the Prytaneum, and fixed the Termil: 
archon and ſovereign legiſlator. He might | number of its judges to 400. The ſanguinary mong t 
have become abſolute, but he refuſed the | laws of Draco were al} cancelled, except that Plin. 5 
dangerous office of king of Athens, and in againſt murder, and the puniſhment denounc- of ſeru 
the capacity of lawgiver he began to make | ed againſt every offender was proportioned: v. 543. 
a reform in every department. The com- j to his crime; but Solon made no law againſt Sou 
plaints of the poorer citizens found redreſs, | parricide or ſacrilege. The former of theſe one of t 
all debts were remitted, and no one was | crimes, he ſaid, was too horrible to human lleep. 
permitted to ſeize the perſon of his debtor | nature for a man to be guilty of it, and the thologit 
if unable to make a reſtoration of his mo- | latter could never be committed, becauſe the never p 
ney. After he had made the moſt ſalutary | hiſtory of Athens had never furniſhed a fing/e _ number 
regulations in the ſtate, and bound the | inftance. Such as had died in the ſervice of The pou 
Athenians by a ſolemn oath, that they their country, were buried with great pomp 2 bed o 


would faithfully obſerve his laws for the and their family was maintained at the public 
expence; 


— 


fice 
As. 
zurt 
the 
and 
ther 
Tel- 

1 his 
ſeen 

0 had 
„Was 
le ſſot 
After 
hens, 
d the 
arded 
men, 
lot to 
$ that 
y pruss 
Philo- 
„ 538 
e ſalu- 
on can 
e they 
Athens. 
in full 
A Wi- 
ſes the 
r, wheſe 
of re- 
f Solon 
and by 


thenians 
ere per- 
nportant 
ate, and 
C afſem+ 
diſtine- 
ors, the 
gewhich, 
ible, ſoon 
blic, and 
He made 
encreaſed 
permitted 
ry citizen 
ſh ſuch as 
zployed in 
eſhon. He 
4 faxed the 
ſanguinary 
except that 
t denounce 
oportioned 
aw againſt 
er of theſe 
to human 
it, and the 
becauſe the 
hed a ſingle 
ie ſervice o 
great pom p 
at the public 
Expence; 


5 0 


expencez but ſuch as had ſquandered away | 


heir eſtates, ſuch as refuſed to bear arms in 
defence of their country, or paid no atten- 
tion to the infirmities and diſtreſs of their. 
parents, were branded with infamy. The 
laws of marriage were newly regulated, it 
became an union of affection and tenderneſs, 
and no longer a mercenary contract. To 
ſpeak with ill language againſt the dead as 
well as the living, was made a crime, and 
the legiſlator wiſhed that the character of 
his fellow citizens ſhould be freed from the 
aſperſions of malevolence and envy. A per- 
ſon that had no children, was permitted to 
diſpoſe of his eftates as he pleaſed, and the 
females were not allowed to be extravagant 
in their dreſs or expences. To be guilty of 
adultery was a Capital crime, and the friend 
and aſſociate of lewdneſs and debauchery 
was never permitted to ſpeak in public, for, 
a5 the philoſopher obſerved, a man who has 
no ſhame, is not capable of being intruſted 
with the people. Theſe celebrated laws were 
engraved on ſeveral tables, and that they 
might be the better known and more fami- 
liar to the Athenians, they were written in 
verſe. The indignation which Solon ex- 
preſſed on ſeeing the tragica] repreſentations 
of Theſpis, is well known, and he fternly 
ohſerved, that if falſehood and fiction were 
tolerated on the ſtage, they would ſoon 
find their way among the common occu- 
pations of men. According to Plutarch, 
Solon was reconciled to Pififtratus, but 
this ſeems to be falſe, as the legiſlator re- 
fuſed to live in a country where the privi- 
leges of his fellow citizens were trampled 
upon by the uſurpatiun of a tyrant. Vid. 
Lycurgus. Plut. in d. — Herodot. 1, c. 29, 
—Diog. 1.—Pauf. 1, c. 40.—Cic. 

SOLONA, a town of Gaul Ciſpadana on 
the Utens. 

SoLonN1IUM, a town of Latium on the 
borders of Etruria. Plut. in Mar. 

SOLVA, a town of Noricum. 

SOL US, (untis) a maritime town of Sicily. 
d. Soloeis. Strab. 14. 

Sol FMA, and Sol F NM, a town of Ly- 
cla. The inhabitants, called Sym, were 
anciently called Milyades, and afterwards 
ſermili and Lycians. Sarpedon ſettled a- 
mong them. Strab. 14.— Homer. Il. 6.— 
Plin, 5, e. 27 & 29. An antient nanue 
of Jeruſalem, Vid. Hieroſolyma. Ju. 6, 
v. 543+ 

Souxus, ſon of Erebus and Nox, was 
one of the infernal deities, and preſided over 
ſleep. His palace, according to ſume my- 
thologiſts, is a dark cave, where the fun 
never penetrates. At the entrance are a 
number of poppies and ſomniferous herbs. 

"The god himſelf is repreſented as aſtcep on 
2 bed of feathers with black curtains, The 


8 O 


dreams ſtand by him, and Morpheus as li- 
principal miniſter watches to prevent the 
noiſe from awaking him. Heſed. Theog .—— 
Homer. Il. 14.—Firg. An. 6, v. $93.— 
Ovid. Met. 11. 

SONCHI1S, an Egyptian prieſt in the age 
of Solon. It was he who told that cele - 
brated philoſopher a number of traditions, 
particularly about the Atlantic ifles, whicl 
he repreſented as more extenſive than the 
continent of Africa and Afia united. This 
iſland diſappeared, as it is ſaid, in one day 
and one night. Plat. in Iſid. &c. ; 

SONTIATES, a people in Gaul. 

SOPATER, a philofopher of Apamea, in 
the age of the emperor Conſtantine. He 
was one of the diſciples of Iamblicus, and 
after his death he was at the head of the Pla- 
tonic philoſophers. 

SOPHAX, a fon of Hercules, who found- 
ed the kingdom of Tingis, in Mauritaniz. 
Strab, 3. 

SOPHENE, a country of Armenia, on 
the borders of Meſopotamia. Lacan. 
V. 593. 

SGPHGOCLES, a celebrated tragic poet of 
Athens, educated in the ſchoo] of Eſchy - 
lus. He diftinguiſhed himſelf not only as 
a poet, but alſo as a ſtateſman. He com- 
manded the Athenian armies, and in ſeve- 
ra] battles he thared the ſupreme command 
with Pericles, and exercifed the office of 
archon with credit and honor. The fir 
appearance of Sophocles as a poet, reflects 
great honor on his ahilities. The Athenians 
had taken the ifland of Scyros, and to ce- 
lebrate that memorable event, a yearly con- 
teſt for tragedy was inflituted. Sophocles 
on this occaſion obtained the prize over 
many competitors, in the number of whom 
was Aſchylus, his friend and his maſter, 
This ſucceſs contributed to encourage the 
poet, he wrote for the Rage with applauſe, 
and obtained the poctical prize 20 different 
times. Sophocles was the rival of Euripides 
for public praiſe, they divided the applauſe 
of the populace, and while the former ſur- 
paſſed in the ſublime and majeſtic, the 
other was not inferior in the tender and 
pathetic. The Athenians were pleaſed with 
their contention, and as rhe theatre was at 
that time an object of importance and mag- 
nitude, and deemed an eſſential and moſt 
magnificent part of the religious worſhip, 
each had his admirers and adherents ; but 
the two poets, captivated at laſt by popular 
applauſe, gave way to jealouſy and rivalſhip. 
Of 120 tragedies which Sophocles compoſed, 
only ſeven are extant; Ajax, Electra, ¶ di- 
pus the tyrant, Antigone, the Trachiniæ, 
Philoctetes, and Qdipus at Colonos. The 
ingratitude of the children of Sophocles is 


Q 
29 


well known, They wiſhed to become im- 


mediate 


— ũ— —ñ—Ué— — — = 


P — 7 


2 


— 2 


— 
— - 


: — 0 0 „ „ 


— 


_—_ 


* 


8 O 


mediate maſters of their father's 28 
and therefore tired of his long life, they ac- 
cuſed him before the Areopagus of inſanity. 
The only defence the poet made was to read 
his tragedy of CEdipus at Colonos, which he 
had lately finiſhed, and then he aſked his 
judges, whether the author of ſuch a per- 
formance could be taxed with inſanity ? The 
father upon this was acquitted, and the chil - 
dren returned home covered with ſhame and 
confuſion. Sophocles died in the gift year 
of his age, 406 years before Chriſt, through 
exceſs of joy, as ſome authors report, of 
having obtained a poetical prize at the Olym- 
pic games. Athenzus has accuſed Sopho- 
cles of licentiouſneſs and debauchery, parti- 
cularly when he commanded the armies of 
Athens. The beſt editions of Sophocles 
are thoſe of Capperonier, 2 vols. 4to. Paris, 
1780; of Glaſgow, 2 vols. 12mo. 1745; 
of Geneva, 4to. 1603; and that by Erunck, 
4 vols. 8vo, 1786. (ic. in Cat, de Div. 1, 
c. 25.—Plut. in Cim. &c,—Quintil, 1, c. 
10. I. 10, c. 1. Val. Max. 8, c. 7. J. 9, 

<<. 12.— Pin. 7, c. 53. Athen. to, & c. 
SoPHONISBA, a daughter of Aſdrubal the 
Carthaginian, celebrated for her beauty. She 
married Scyphax, a prince of Numidia, and 
when her huſband was conquered by the 
Romans and Maſiniſſa, ſhe fell a captuc 
into the hands of the enemy. Naſiniſſa 
became enameourcd of her, and matried her, 
This behaviour diſpleaſed the Romans, anc 
Scipio, who at that time had the command 
of the armies of the republic in Africa, re- 
buked the monarch ſevercly, and dehired 
him to part with Sophoniſba. Tlis was an 
arduous taſk for Maſiniſſa, yet he dreaded 
the Romans. He cntered Sophoniſba's tent 
with tears in his eyes, and told her that as 
he could not deliver her from captivity and 
the jealouſy of the Romans, he recom- 
mended her as the ſtrongeſt pledge of his 
Þve and affect ion for her perſon, to die like 
the daughter of Aſdrubal. Sophoniſba 
obeyed, and drank with unuſual com oſure 
and ſerenity, the cup of poiſon which Ma- 
ſiniſſa ſent to her, about 203 years Lefore 
Chriſt. Liv. 30, c. 12, &c,—Salluſt. de 
19. — Tuſtin, 
7 | — a comic poet of Syracuſe, ſon 
of Agathocles and Damaſyllis. His compo- 
ſitions were ſo univerſally eſteemed, that 
Plato is ſaid to have read them with rap- 
ture. Val. Max. 8, c. 7.—Quintil, 1, 
C. 10. 
SoPHRONISCUS, the father of Socrates. 
SoPHKONIA, a Roman lady whum Max- 
entius took by force from her huſband's 
houſe, and married. Sophronia killed her- 
ſelf when he ſaw her affectioms were abuſed 
by the tyrant. 


— 


oY =, 


SopynrosFNe, a daughter of Dionyſius, 
by Dion's ſiſter. 

0 SOPGLTS, the father of Hermolaus, Curt. 
e. 7. 

SORA, a town of the Volſci, of which 
the inhabitants were called Sorani. Ital. $, 
v. 395.—Cic. pro. Pl. 

SORACTES and SORACTE, a mountain 
of Etruria, near the Tiber, ſeen from Rome, 
at the diſtance of 26 miles. It was ſacred 
to Apollo, who is from thence. firnamed 
Sorattis; and it is ſaid that the prieſts of 
the god could walk over burning coals with. 
out hurting themſelves. There was, ag 
ſome report, a fountain on mount Soracte, 
whoſe waters boiled at ſun-riſe, and inf antly 
Killed all ſuch birds as drank of them, 
Strab. 5.—Plin, 2, c. 93. I. 7, c. 2.—He. 
rat, 1. Od. 9,--Virg. Anu. 11. v. 785.— 
Ital. 1 

SORANUS, a man put to death by Nero. 
Vid. Valerius. The father of Atilia, the 
fiſt wife of Cato. 

SOREX, a favorite of Sylla, and the com- 
panion of his debaucheries. Put. 

SORITIA, a town of Spain, 

Sos1A GALLA, a woman at the court of 
Tiberius, baniſhed, &c. Tacit. Ann. 4, 
c. 19. 

So$SIBIUS, a: grammarian of Laconia, 
B. C. 255. He was a great favorite of Pto- 
lemy Philopator, and adviſed him to mur- 
der his brother, and the queen his wife, 
called Arſinoe. He lived to a great age, 
and was on that account called Polyckrons:, 
He was afterwards permitted to retire from 
the court, and ſpend the reſt of his days in 
peace and tranquillity, after he had diſ- 
graced the name of miniſter by the moſt 
abominable crimes, and the murder of ma- 
ny of the royal family. His ſon of the 
ſame name, was preceptor to king Ptolemy 


Epiphanes. The preceptor of Britanni- 
cus, the ſon of Claudius. Tacit. A. 11, 
. 1. 


SosiCLEs, a Greek, who behaved with 
great valor when Xerxes invaded Greece. 

SOSICRATES, a noble ſenator among the 
Achzans, put to death becauſe he wiſhed 
his countrymen to make peace with the 
Romans. 

SOSIGENES, an Egyptian mathematician, 
who aſſiſted J. Cæſar in regulating the Ro- 
man calendar. Suer.—Dio.—Plin. 18, e. 
25. A commander of the fleet of Eu- 
menes. Polyzn, 4—-A friend of Deme- 
trius Poliorcetes. 

Sos11, celebrated bookſellers at Rome, in 
the age of Horace, 1, ep. 20, v. 2. 

SosfLus, a Lacedzmonian in the age of 
Annibal. He lived in great intimacy with 
the Carthaginian, taught him Greek, and 

wrots 


diftec 
hrnan 
pocm 
pole, 

the 2: 
word 

Stad 
deſe ts 
ſeene 

carmi. 
and r. 


onyfius, 
8. Curt, 


f which 
Ital. 8, 


10untain 
n Rome, 
is ſacred 
ſirnamed 
rieſts of 
als with 
Was, as 
Soracte, 
inflantly 
f them, 
2.— Ho. 
785.— 


by Nero. 
tilia, the 


he com- 


court of 
Ann. 4, 


Laconia, 
> of Pto- 
to mur- 
iis wife, 
reat age, 
[ychronos. 
tire from 
days in 
had diſ- 
the moſt 
r of ma- 
n of the 
Ptolemy 
Britanni- 
A. I, 


red with 
Freece. 


nong the 
2 wiſhed 
with the 


matician, 
the Ro- 
7. 18, C. 
t of Eu- 
f Deme-» 


Rome, in 
he age of 
acy with 
— 5 and 

wrote 


8 O 
wrote the hiſtory of his life, C. Nep. in | 
Annid. 
SoSIPATER, a grammarian in the reign 
of Honorius. He publiſhed five books of 
obſervations on grammar, — A Syracuſan 


magiſtrate. 
Macedonia. 

Sos15, a ſeditious Syracuſan, who raiſcd 
tumults againſt Dion. When accuſed before 
the people, he ſaved himſelf by fliglit, and 
thus eſcaped a capital puniſhment. 

SostsTRATus, a tyrant of Syracuſe, in 
the age of Agathocles. He invited ! yrchus 
into Sicily, and afterwards revolted from 
him, He was at laft removed by Hermo- 
crates. Polyæn. 1. Another tyrant, Id. 

Sos1Us, a conſul who followed the in- 
tereſt of Mark Antony. A governor of 
Sytia.— A Roman of conſular dignity, to 
whom Plutarch dedicated his lives. 

SoSTHENES; a general of Macedonia, 
who floriſhed B. C. 281. He defeated the 
Gauls under Brennus, and was killed in the 
battle. Juſtin. 24, c. 5. A native of 
Cnidos, who wrote an hiffory of Iberia. 
Plut. 

SoSTRATVUS, a friend of Hermolaus, put 
to death for confpiring againit Alexander. 
Curt. 8, c. 6. A grammarian in the age 
of Auguſtus. He was Strabo's preceptor, 
Strab. 14 A ſtatuary. An aichi- 
tect of Cnidos, B. C. 284, who built the 
white tower of Pharos, in the bay of Alex- 
andria, He inſcribed his name upon it. 
Vid, Pharos. Strab. 17.--Plin. 30, c. 12. 
A A prieſt of Venus at Paphos, among 
the favorites of Veſpaſian. Tt. H. 2, c. 
4 A favorite of Hercules. A Greek 
hiſtorian, who wrote an account of Etruria. 
—— A poet, who wrote a poem on the ex- 
pedition of Xerxes into Greece. Juv. 10, 
v. 178. 

So rA DES, an athlete, A Greek poet 
of Thrace, He wrote verſes againſt Phila- 
delphus Ptolemy, for which he was thrown 
into the ſea in a cage of lead. He was cal- 
led Cinadus, not only becauſe he was ad- 
dited to the abominable crime which the 
hrname indicates, but becauſe he wrote a 
pocm in commendation of it. Some ſap- 
poſe, that inſtead of the word Sorraticos in 
the 2d ſatyr, verſe the zoth, of Juvenal, the 
word Sctadicos ſhould be inſerted, as the poet 
S:tades, and not the philoſopher Socrates, 
deſeryed the appellation of Cinzdus. Qb- 
ſeene verſes were generally called Sotadee 
carmina from him. They could be turned 
and read different ways without loting their 
menſure or ſenſe, ſuch as the following, 
which can be read backwards : 

Rama tibi ſubito motibus ibit amor. 
Si bene te tua lans taxat, ua laute tenebis, 
Sale medere pede, ede, prrede melos. 


A general of Philip, king of 


— . 
— — 


Bo , 


Sorzx, a firname of the firſt Ptobe- 
my.——It was allo common to other mo- 
narchs. 

SOTERITA, days appointed for thankſ- 
givings and the offering of ſacrifices for de- 
liverauce from danger. One of theſe was 
obſerved at Sicyon, tu commemorate the de- 
hverance of that city from the hands of the 
Macedonians, by Aratus. 

SoTfERIicus, a poet and hiſtorian in the 
age of Diocleſian. He wrote a panegyric 
on that emperor, as alſo à life of Apollo- 
nius Thyanzus. His works, greatiy ef- 
teemed, are now loſt, except tome few 
fragments preſerved by the ſcholiaſt of Ly- 
cophron. 

SoTH1s, an Egyptian name of the con- 
ſtellatinn called Sirius, which received divine 
honors in that country. 

SOTIATES, a people of Gaul conquered 
by Cæſar. Cæſ. B. G. 3, c. 20 & 21. 

So rio, a grammarian of Alexandria, 
preceptor to Seneca, B. C. 204. Senec. ep. 
49 & 58. 

Sot tus, a philoſopher in the reign of Ti- 
berius. 

Sous, a king of Sparta, who made him- 
telt known by his valor, &c. 

Sox MEN, an ecclefhaltical hiſtorian who 
died 450 A. D. His hiſtory extends from 
the year 324 to 439, and 1s dedicated to 
Theodoſius the younger, being written in a 
(tile of inclegance and medioctity. The 
beſt edition is that of Reading, fol. Canrad, 
1720. 

SpAco, the nurſe of Cyrus. Tuftin. t, 
C. 4.—terodct. 

SPARTA, a celebrated city of Pelopon- 
neſus, the capital of Laconia, ſituate on the 
Eurotas, at the diſtance of about 30 miles 
from its mouth. It received its name from 
Sparta, the daughter of Eurotas, who mar- 
ried Lacedæmon. It was alſo called Lace- 
dæ mon. Vid. Lacedæmon. 

SPARTACUS, a king of Pontus. A- 
nother, king of Boſphotus, who died B. C. 
433. His ſon and ſucceſſor of the ſame 
name died B. C. 407. Another, who 
died 284 B. C.— A Thracian ſhepherd 
celebrated for his abilities and the victories 
he obtained over the Romans. Being one 
of the gladiators who were kept at Capua 
in the houſe of Lentullus, he eſcaped from 
the place of his confinement with 30 of his 
companions, and took up arms againſt the 
Romans. He ſoon found himſelf with 
10,000 men equally reſolute with himſelf, 
and though at firſt obliged to hide hiraſelf 
in the woods and (olitary retreats uf Came 
pania, he ſoon laid waſte the country; and 
when his followers were encreaſed by addt- 


tional numbers, and better diſciplined, and 


more completely armed, he attacked the 
Roman 


* — 
—— - — — — — 


2 


un 


— — 
3 


— 


8 


* 0 
. ee de OD 


— 


AP" tread tt —_— 


3 


conſuls and other officers were defeated with 
much loſs; and Spartacus, ſuperior in coun- 
fel and abilities, appeared more terrible, 
though often deſerted by his fickJe atten- 
dants. Crafſus was ſent againſt him, but 
this celebrated general at firſt deſpaired of 
ſucceſs. A bloody battle was fought, in 
which, at laſt, the gladiators were defeated. 
Spartacus behaved with great valor; when 
wounded in the leg, he fought on his knees, 
covering himſelf with his buckler in one 
hand, and ufing his ſword with the other ; 
and when at laſt he fell, he fell upon a heap 
of Romans, whom he had ſacrihced to his 
fury, B. C. 71. In this battle no leſs than 
40, ooo of the rebels were ſlain, and the war 
totally finiſhed. Flor. 3, c. 20.—Liv. 95.— 
Eutrop. 6, c. 2.—Plut. in Craſi.— Paterc. 
2, c. 30. —Appian. 

SPARTA&, or SPARTI, a name given to 
thoſe men who ſprang from the dragon's 
teeth, which Cadmus fowed. They all de- 
ſtroyed one another, except five, who ſur- 
vived and aſſiſted Cadmus in building 
Thebes. g 

SPARTANI, or SpARTIX TA, the in- 
habitants of Sparta. Vid. Sparta, Lacedæ- 
mon. a 

SPARTIANUS ZEL1us, a Latin hiſto- 
rian, who wrote the lives of all the Roman 
emperors, from J. Cæſar to Diocleſian. He 
dedicated them to Diocleſtan, to whom, ac- 
cording to ſome, he was related, Of theſe 
compoſitions only the life of Adrian, Ve- 
rus, Didius Julianus, Septimius Severus, 
Caracalla, and Geta, are extant, publiſhed 
among the Scriptores Hiſtoriæ Auguſte. 
Spartianus is not eſteemed as an hiſtorian 
or biographer. 

SPECHIA, an ancient name of the iſland 
of Cyprus. | 

SyENDIUS, a Campanian deſerter, who 
rebelled againſt the Romans, and raiſed tu- 
mults, and made war againſt Amilcar, the 
Carthaginian general. 

SPENDON, a poet of Lacedzmon, 

SPERCHIA, a town of Theſſaly on the 
banks of the Sperchius. l, 

SPERCHIUS, a river of Theſſaly, riſing 
on mount Ata, and falling into the fea in 
the bay of Malia, near Anticyra. The name 
is ſuppoſed to be derived from its rapidity 
(rg feftinare). Peleus vowed, to the 
god of this river, the hair of his fon Achil- 
les, if ever he returned ſafe from the 
Trojan war. Herodot. 7, c. 198.—Strab. 
9.—Homer. II. 23, v. 144.—Apollod. 3, c. 
13.— Mela. 2, c. 3.— Ovid. Met. 1, v. 557. 
L 2, v. 250. |. 7, v. 230. N 

SPERMATOFiHAG1, a people who lived in 
the extreme? parts of Egypt. They fed 
upon the f that fell from the trees. 


Roman generals in the field of battle. Two 


13 


Srrpstrpuvs, an Athenian philoſopher, 
nephew, as alſo ſucceſſor of Plato. His fa. 
ther's name 'was Eurymedon, and his mo. 
ther's Potone. He preſided in Plato's (choc! 
for eight years, and diſgraced himſelf by his 
extravagance and debauchery. 
rempted to check him, but to no purpoſe, 
He died of the louſy ſickneſs, or killed him. 
ſelf according to ſome accounts, B. C. 39. 


ut. in Lyſ.—Diog. 4. —Val. Max. 4, 


6 1. 

SPHACTER1Z, three ſmall iſlands oppo. 
ſite Pylos, on the coaſt of Meſſenia. They 
are alſo called Sphagiz. 

SPHERUS, an arm bearer of Pelops, ſon 
of Tantalus. He was buried in a ſmall 
iſland near the iſthmus of Corinth, which 
from him was called Spheria, Pauſ. 5, c. 
10,—A Greek philoſopher, diſciple to 
Zeno of Cyprus, 243 B. C. He came to 
Sparta in the age of Agis and Cleomenes, 
and opened a ſchool there, Plut. in Ag.— 
Diod. 

SPHINx, a monſter which had the head 
and breaſts of a woman, the body of a dog, 
the tail of a ſerpent, the wings of a bird, 
the paws of a lion, and an human voice, It 
ſprang from the union of Orthos with the 

himæra, or of Typhon with Echidna, 
The Sphinx had been ſent into the neigh- 
bourhood of Thebes 5 who withed 
to puniſh the family of Cadmus, which ſhe 
perſecuted with immortal hatred, and it laid 
this part of Bœotia under continual alarms 
by propoſing enigmas, and devouring the 
inhabitants if unable to explain them. In 
the midſt of their conſternation the Thebans 
were told by the oracle, that the Sphinx 
would deftroy herſelf as ſ@on as one of the 
enigmas ſhe propoſed was explained. In this 
enigma ſhe withed to know what animal 
walked on four legs in the morning, two at 
noon, and three in the evening. Upon this 
Creon, king of Thebes, promiſed his crown 
and his ſiſter Jocaſta in marriage to him who 
could deliver his country from the monſter 
by a ſucceſsful explanation of the enigma. 
It was at laſt happily explained by CEdipus, 
who ebſerved that man walked on his hangs 
and feet when young or in the morning of 
life, at the noon of life he walked- erect, 
and in the evening of his days he ſupported 
his infirmities upon a ſtick. [Vid. OEdi- 
pu. The Sphinx no ſooner heard this ex- 
planation than ſhe daſhed her head againſt a 
rock, and immediately expired, Some my- 
thologiſts wiſh to unriddle the fabulous tra- 
ditions about the Sphinx, by the ſuppoſition 
that one of the daughters of Cadmus, or 
Laius, infeſted the country of Thebes by her 
continual depredations, becauſe ſhe had been 
refuſed a part of her father's - poſſeſſions. 
The lion's paw expreſſed, as they obſerve, 


her 
/ 


Plato at- 


ker cru 
ouſneſs 
ſtrange 
diſpatc| 
Apel 
Ih. 37 
457. 
Spuc 
ſtigatioi 
the Pira 
SpPHRE 
ron in þ 
were Ca 
Plat. in 
Syrc 
fuſed to 
was put 
SPIN 
ſouthern 
Spin 
who bui 
10, c. 5 
Att. 13, 
SpIN. 
one of ] 
him at t 
trayed h 
of victor 
of Cxſa 
action. 
Spro, 
5, v. $2 
SPIT 2 
Darius, 
Beſſus, 
Curt. 75 
Spire 
law of D 
of the G. 
SPITH 
tus, as | 
cad 
ander. 
SPOLE 
Umbria, 
winle he 
alled Sp 
own fro: 
Mueduct 
Mace the 
ation 23 
ates ſtill 
ubal. A 
SPOKA 
Egean ſe 
Fp, 
| the le 
ad in thy 
lands th 
leucle it 
. 
TITTY 


opher, 
Tis fa- 
is mo- 
(choc! 
by his 
Ito at- 
urpoſc. 
d him- 
. 339. 


AX, 4 


| OPp0» 
They 


ps, ſon 
a {mall 
„Which 
ſ 516 
ciple to 
ame to 
omenes, 


1 g.— 


he head 
f a dog, 

a bird, 
dice. It 
vith the 
Echidna. 
> neigh» 
> withed 
hich ſhe 
1d it laid 
1] alarms 
Iring the 
em. In 
Thebans 
e Sphinx 
je of the 
J. In this 
it animal 
g, two at 
Upon this 
his crown 
him who 
> monſter 
> enigma. 
 CEdipus, 
his hands 
orning of 
ced erect, 
ſupported 
id. DEG. 
d this ex- 
d againſt a 
Some my- 
zulous tra- 
'uppoſition 
admus, or 
2bes by her 
c had been 
poſſeſſions. 


y obſerve, 
her 


* 


ker cruelty, the body of the dog har laſci- 
ouſneſs, her enigmas the ſnares ſhe laid for 
ſtrangers and travellers, and her wings the 
diſpatch ſhe uſed in her expeditions. P/uz, 
—Hefind. Theog. v. 326.—Hygin. fab. 68. 
— Apeliod, 3, c. 5.—Diod. 4.—0vil. in 
Ib. 378.—Strab, 9, —Sephecl. in OEdip. 
yr. 

rent, a Spartan, who, at the in- 
ſtigation n attempted to ſeize 
the Piræus. ind, 15. 

SPHRAGIDEUM, a cave on mount Cithæ- 
ron in Bozotia, The nymphs of the place 
were called Sphragitides, Pauf. 9, c. 3.— 
Plat. in Ariſt. ; 

SypICILLUS, a favorite of Nero, He re- 
fuſed to aſſaſſinate his maſter, for which he 
was put to death in a cruel manner, 

SpINA, now Primare, a town on the moſt 
ſouthern mouth of the Po. Plin. 3, c. 16. 

SpINTHARUS, a Corinthian architect, 
who built Apollo's temple at Delphi. Pa. 
10, c. 5. A freedman of Cicero. Ad 
Att. 13, ep. 25. 

SPINTHER, a Roman conſul, He was 
one of Pumpey's friends, and accompanied 
him at the battle of Pharſalia, where he be- 
trayed his meanneſs by being too confident 
of victory, and contending for the poſſeſſion 
of Cæſar's offices and gardens before the 
action. Plut. 

Spro, one of the Nereides. 
55 v. 826. 

SPITAMENES, one of the officers of king 
Darius, who conſpired againſt the murderer 
Beflus, and delivered him to Alexander, 
Curt. 7, c. 5. 

SPITHOBATES, a ſatrap of Ionia, ſon- in- 
law of Darius. He was killed at the battle 
of the Granicus. Diod. 17. 
SPITHRIDATES, a Perhan killed by Cli- 
tus, as he was going to ſtrike Alexander 
cad. A Perſian ſatrap in the age of Ly- 
ander. 

SPOLETIUM, now Spoleto, a town of 
Umbria, which bravely withſtood Annibal 
winle he was in Italy. The people were 
alled Spoletani. Water is conveyed to the 
own from a neighbouring meuntain by an 
queduct of ſuch a great height, that in one 
place the top is raiſed above the foun- 
ation 230 yards. An inſcription over the 
ates ſtill commemorates the defeat of An- 
ubal, Mart. 13, ep. 120. 

SPSKADES, a number of iſlands in the 
Kean ſea, They received their name a 
mv, ſpargo, becauſe they are ſcattered 
| the lea, at ſome diſtance from Delos, 
ad in the neighbourhoud of Crete. Thoſe 
lands that are contiguous to Delos, and that 
circle it, are called Cyclades. Mela. 2, c. 

trad. 2. 

SULINA, a mathematician and aſtrolo- 


Virg. An. 


3 


ger, who told J. Cæſar to beware of the ides 
of March. As he went to the ſenate-houſe 
on the morning of the ides, Cæſar ſaid to 
Spurina, the ides are at laſt come, Yes, re- 
plied Spurina, but not yet paſt, Cæſar was 
murdered a few moments after. Set. in 
Caf. 8$1.—Val. Max. 1 & 8. 

SPURIVUS, a prenomen common to many 
of the Romans. One of Cæſar's mur- 
derers. Lartius, a Roman who defended 
the bridge over the Tiber againſt Porſenna's 
army. A friend of Otho, &c. 

L. STABER1vs, a friend of Pompey ſet 
over Apollonia, which he was obliged to 
yield to Cæſar, becauſe the inhabitants fa- 
vored his cauſe. Czar. B. C. An ava- 
ricious fellow, who wiſhed it to be known 
that he was uncommonly rich. Hera, 2, 
Sat. 3, v. 89. : 

STARIZ, a maritime town of Campania 
on the bay of Puteoli,, deſtroyed by Sylla, 
and converted into a villa, whither Pliny 
endeavoured to eſcape from the eruption of 
Veſuvius, in which he periſhed. Plin. 3, 
c. 5. ep. 6, c. 16. 

STABULUM, a place in the Pyrenees, 
where a communication was open from 
Gaul into Spain. 

STAGIRA, 4 town on the borders of 
Macedonia, near the bay into which the 
Strymon diſcharges itſelf, at the ſouth of 
Amphipolis; founded 665 years before 
Chriſt. Ariſtotle was born there, from 
which circumſtance he is called Sragirites. 
P34 6, c. 4.—Laert. in Sl. lian. V. 

* 


Stratus, an unprincipled wretch in Ne- 
ro's age, who murdered all his relations. 
Perf. 2, v. 19. | 

STALENUS, a ſenator who fat as judge 
in the trial of Cluentius, &c. Cic. pre 
Cluent. 

STAPHYL us, one of the Argonauts, ſon 
of Theſeus, or according to others, of Bac- 
chus and Ariadne. Apolled. 1, c. 9. 

STASANDER, en officer of Alexander, 
who had Aria at the general diviſion of the 
provinces. Curt. 8, c. 3. 

STASEAS, a peripatetic philoſopher, en- 
gaged to inſtruct young M. Piſo in philo- 
ſophy. Cic. in Orat. 1, c. 22. 

STASILEUs, an Athenian, killed at the 
battle of Marathon. He was one of the ia 
prætors. ; 5 

STATIELLI, a people of Liguria, be- 
tween the Tænarus and the Apennines, Liv. 
42, c. 7.—Cic, 11, fam. II. f 

STATILIA, a woman who lived to a great 
age, as mentioned by Seneca, ep. 77. 
Another. Vid. Meſſalina. © IE 

STATILIUS, a young Roman celebrated- 
for his courage and conſtancy. He was an; 
inycterate enemy to Cæſar, and when Cato 


murdered 


_— ů*ð 


. 


2 - > — — 
_— 


1 -v — — «+ — m - 
PJ ered ALT OO AIG. „ 0 „ 


— 


= — * —5 


— — 


—— 


8 P 


conſuls and other officers were defeated with 
much loſs; and Spartacus, ſuperior in coun- 
fel and abilities, appeared more terrible, 
though often deſerted by his fickJe atten- 
dants. Craſſus was ſent againſt him, but 
this celebrated general at firſt deſpaired of 
ſucceſs. A bloody battle was fought, in 
which, at laſt, the gladiators were defeated, 
Spartacus behaved with great valor; when 
wounded in the leg, he fought on his Knees, 
covering himſelf with his buckler in one 
hand, and uſing his ſword with the other; 
and when at laſt he fell, he fell upon a heap 
of Romans, whom he had ſacrihced to his 
fury, B. C. 71. In this battle no leſs than 
49,000 of the rebels were ſlain, and the war 
totally finiſhed, Flor. 3, c. 20.—Liv. 95.— 
Eutrop. 6, c. 2.—Plut. in Craf},—Pateyc. 
2, c. 30. —-Appian. 

SPARTAE, or SPARTI, a name given to 
thoſe men who ſprang from the dragon's 


teeth, which Cadmus ſowed. They all de- 


ſtroyed one another, except five, who ſur- 
vived and aſſiſted Cadmus in building 
Thebes. ; 

SPARTANI, or SPARTIATA, the in- 
habitants of Sparta. Vid. Sparta, Lacedæ- 
mon. | 

SPARTIANUS ZEL1us, a Latin hiſto- 
rian, who wrote the lives of all the Roman 
emperors, from J. Cæſar to Diocleſian. He 
dedicated them to Diocleſian, to whom, ac- 
cording to ſome, he was related. Of theſe 
compoſitions only the life of Adrian, Ve- 
rus, Didius Julianus, Septimius Severus, 
Caracalla, and Geta, are extant, publiſhed 
among the Scriptores Hiſtoriæ Auguſtz. 
Spartianus is not eſteemed as an hiſtorian 
or biographer. 

SPECHIA, an ancient name of the iſland 
of Cyprus. | 

SyENDIUS, a Campanian deſerter, who 
rebelled againſt the Romans, and raiſed tu- 
mults, and made war againſt Amilcar, the 
Carthaginian general. 

SPENDON, a poet of Lacedzmon, 

SPERCHIA, a town of Theſſaly on the 
banks of the Sperchius. l, 

SPERCHIUS, a river of Theſſaly, riſing 
on mount CEta, and falling into the ſea in 
the bay of Malia, near Anticyra. The name 
is ſuppoſed to be derived from its rapidity 
(ow+pm, feftinare). Peleus vowed, to the 
god of this river, the hair of his fon Achil- 
les, if ever he returned ſafe from the 
Trojan war. Herodot. 7, c. 198.—Strab. 
9.—Homer. II. 23, v. 144.—Apolled. 3, c. 
13.—Mela. 2, c. 3.-0vi7. Met. 1, v. 557. 
I. 2 v. 0. . 7 v. $30. 

SPERMATOYHACI, a people who lived in 
the extreme! parts of Egypt. They fed 
upon the {i that fell from the trees. 


Roman generals in the field of battle. Two 


S--- 


SpevsIPpUs, an Athenian philofopher, 
nephew, as alſo ſuccefſor of Plato, His fa. 
ther's name Was Eurymedon, and his mo- 
ther's Potone. He preſided in Plato's (choc! 
for eight years, and diſgraced himſelf by his 


rempted to check him, but to no purpoſe, 
He died of the louſy ſickneſs, or killed him- 
ſelf according to ſome accounts, B. C. 339. 
Plut. in Lyſ.—Diog. 4. —Fal. Max. 4, 
Cx. | 

SPHACTER1EZ, three ſmall iſlands oppo. 
ſite Pylos, on the coaſt of Meſſenia. They 
are alſo called Sphagiz. 

SPHERUS, an arm bearer of Pelops, ſon 
of Tantalus. He was buried in a ſmall 
iſland near the iſthmus of Corinth, which 
from him was called Spheria. Pauſ. 5, c. 
10,—A Greek philoſopher, diſciple to 
Zeno of Cyprus, 243 B. C. He came to 
Sparta in the age of Agis and Cleomenes, 
and opened a ſchool there. Pu. in Ag.,— 
Diod. 

SpHINx, a monſter which had the head 
and breaſts of a woman, the body of a dog, 
the tail of a ſerpent, the wings of a bird, 
the paws of a lion, and an human voice, It 
ſprang from the union of Orthos with the 

himæra, or of Typhon with Echidna, 
The Sphinx had been ſent into the neigh- 
bourhood of Thebes by Juno, who withed 
to puniſh the family of Cadmus, which ſhe 
perſecuted with immortal hatred, and it laid 
this part of Bœotia under continual alarms 
by propoſing enigmas, and devouring the 
inhabitants if unable to explain them, In 
the midſt of their conſternation the Thebans 
were told by the oracle, that the Sphinx 
would deſtroy herſelf as ſoon as one of the 
enigmas ſhe propoſed was explained. In this 
enigma ſhe withed to know what animal 
walked on four legs in the morning, two at 
noon, and three in the evening. Upon this 
Creon, king of Thebes, promiſed his crown 
and his ſiſter Jocaſta in marriage to him who 
could deliver his country from the monſter 
by a ſucceſsful explanation of the enigma. 
It was at laſt happily explained by CEdipus, 
who ebſerved that man walked on his hangs 
and feet when young or in the morning of 
life, at the noon of life he walked erect, 
and in the evening of his days he ſupported 
his infirmities upon a ſtick. {FVid. OEdi- 
pus.] The Sphinx no ſooner heard this ex- 
planation than ſhe daſhed her head againſt a 
rock, and immediately expired, Some my- 
thologiſts wiſh to unriddle the fabulous tra- 
ditions about the Sphinx, by the ſuppoſition 
that one of the daughters of Cadmus, or 
Laius, infeſted the country of Thebes by her 
continual depredations, becauſe ſhe had been 
refuſed a part of her father's - poſſeſſions. 
The lion's paw expreſſed, as they * 

ef 


extravagance and debauchery. Plato at- 


ker cru 
ouſnels 
ſtrange 
diſpatc 
He 
Apel 
Ih. 37 
tyr. 
S ph. 
ſtigatio 
the Pir: 
Sp! 
ron in! 
were C: 
Plat. 1. 
SyIC 
fuſed tc 
was pu 
SPIN 
ſouther 
SpINð 
who bu 
10, c. 
Att. 1: 
SPIN 
one of 
him at 
trayed 
of victo 
of Cxf 
action. 
Spro 
5, v. 8: 
Sp11 
Darius, 
Befſus, 
Curt. 7, 
Sp11 
law of 
of the ( 
Sp17 
tus, as 
dead. 
ſander. 
Spo! 
Umbriz 
while | 
called 0 
town fr 
aquedu 
place t 
dation: 
gates ſt 
mbal. 
8581 
Apean 
vat, 
il The 
"ad in 
lands | 
Uicucle 
Ne 
TIT 


opher, 
His fa- 
is mo- 
ſchocl 
by his 
ato at- 
urpoſc. 
d him- 
dy 339. 


ax, 45 


oppo- 
They 


ps, ſon 
a ſmall 
Which 
55 
cipie to 
ame to 
»menes, 


LL Ag 


he head 
f a dog, 
a bird, 
ce, It 
71th the 
chidna, 
neigh» 
» withed 
hich ſhe 
id it laid 
1] alarms 
ring the 
em. In 
Thebans 
Sphinx 
e of the 
. In this 
t animal 
„ two at 
pon this 
is crown 
him who 
monſter 
enigma. 
CEdipus, 
his hands 
"ning of 
ed erect, 
upported 
IE 
this ex- 
againſt a 
ome my- 
1lous tra- 
ppoſition 
dmus, or 
bes by her 
had been 
oſſeſſions. 
7 obſerve, 
her 


* 


het cruelty, the body of the dog har laſci- 
ouſneſs, her enigmas the ſnares ſhe laid for 
ſtrangers and travellers, and her wings the 
diſpatch ſhe uſed in her expeditions. Put, 
Hefind. Theog. v. 326.—Hygin. fab. 68. 
— Apellod. 3, c. $.—Diod. 4.—O0vil. in 
Ib. 378.—Strab., g,—Seophecl, in OEdip. 
yr. 

" Senobnras, a Spartan, who, at the in- 
ſtigation d N attempted to ſeize 
the Piræus. ind, 15. 

SpPHRAGIDEUM, a cave on mount Cithz- 
ron in Bozotia, The nymphs of the place 
were called Spkragitides, Pauf. 9, c. 3.— 
Plat. in Arift. 7 | 

SyICILLUS, a favorite of Nero, He re- 
fuſed to aſſaſſinate his maſter, for which he 
was put to death in a cruel manner. 

SpINA, now Primaro, a town on the moſt 
ſouthern mouth of the Po. Plin. 3, c. 16. 

SpiNTHARVUS, a Corinthian architect, 
who built Apollo's temple at Delphi, Pau. 
10, c. 5. A freedman of Cicero. Ad 
Att. 13, ep. 25. 

SPINTHER, a Roman conſul, He was 
one of Pompey's friends, and accompanied 
him at the battle of Pharſalia, where he be- 
trayed his meanneſs by being too confident 
of victory, and contending for the poſſeſſion 
of Cæſar's offices and gardens before the 
action. Plut. 

Spro, one of the Nereides. Virg. An. 
5, v. 826. 

SPITAMENES, one of the officers of king 
Darius, who conſpired againſt the murderer 
Beflus, and delivered him to Alexander, 
Curt. 7, c. 5. 

SpITHOBATES, a ſatrap of Ionia, ſon- in- 
law of Darius. He was Killed at the battle 
of the Granicus. Diod. 17. 

SPITHRIDATES, a Perhan killed by Cli- 
tus, as he was going to ſtrike Alexander 
dead. A Perſian ſatrap in the age of Ly- 
ſander. 

SPOLETIUM, now Spoleto, a town of 
Umbria, which bravely withſtood Annibal 
while he was in Italy. The people were 
called Spaletani. Water is conveyed to the 
town from a neighbouring mountain by an 
aqueduct of ſuch a great height, that in one 
place the top is raiſed above the foun- 
dation 230 yards. An inſcription over the 
gates ſtill commemorates the defeat of An- 
mbal. Mart. 13, ep. 120. 

Sed kKAbks, a number of iſlands in the 
#gean ſea, They received their name a 
en, /pergo, becauſe they are ſcattered 
a the lea, at ſome diftance from Delos, 
ad in the neighbourhoud of Crete. Thoſe 
lands that ate contiguous to Delos, and that 
cucircle it, are called Cyclades. Mela. 2, C. 
—FStrab. 2. 

dretixa, a mathematician and aſtrolo- 


Bos 


ger, who told J. Cæſar to beware of the ides 
of March. As he went to the ſenate-houſe 
on the morning of the ides, Cæſar ſaid to 
Spurina, the ides are at laſt come, Yes, re- 
plied Spurina, but not yet paſt. Cæſar was 
murdered a few moments after. Set, in 
Caf. 81. Val. Max. 1 & 8. 

SPURIUS, a prenomen common to many 
of the Romans. One of Cæſar's mur- 
derers. Lartius, a Roman who defended 
the bridge over the Tiber againſt Porſenna's 
army. A friend of Otho, &c. 

L. STABER1VsS, a friend of Pompey ſet 
over Apollonia, which he was obliged to 
yield to Czſar, becauſe the inhabitants fa- 
vored his cauſe. Ca/ſar. B. C. An ava- 
ricious fellow, who wiſhed it to be known 
that he was uncommonly rich. Herat, 2, 
Sat. 3, v. 89. 

STARIZ, a maritime town of Campania 
on the bay of Puteoli, deſtroyed. by Sylla, 
and converted into a villa, whither Pliny 
endeavoured to eſcape from the eruption of 
Veſuvius, in which he periſhed. Pin. 3, 
e. 5. ep. 6, c. 16. 

STABULUM, a place in the Pyrenees, 
where a communication was open from 
Gaul into Spain. | 

STAGIRA, 4 town on the borders of 
Macedonia, near the bay into which the 
Strymon diſcharges itſelf, at the ſouth of 
Amphipolis; founded 665 years before 
Chriſt. Ariſtotle was born there, from 
which circumſtance he is called Stagirite:, 
4 6, c. 4.—Laert. in Sol,— lian, J. 

as 

STA1Us, an unprincipled wretch in Ne- 
ro's age, who murdered all his relations. 
Perf. 2, v. 19. 

STALENUS, a ſenator who fat as judge 
in the trial of Cluentius, &c. Cic. pre 
Cluent. 

STAPHYL Us, one of the Argonauts, ſon 
of Theſeus, or according to others, of Bac- 
chus and Ariadne. Apollod. 1, c. 9. 

STASANDER, an officer of Alexander, 
who had Aria at the general diviſion of the 
provinces. Curt. 8, c. 3. 

STASEAS, a peripatctic philoſopher, en- 
gaged to inſtruct young M. Piſo in philo- 
ſophy. Cic. in Orat. 1, c. 22. 

STASILEUS, an Athenian, killed at the 
battle of Marathon. He was one of the 1a 
prætors. * 

STATIELLI, a people of Liguria, be- 
tween the Tænarus and the Apennines, Liv. 
42, c. 7.,—Cic, 11, fam. 11. ; 

STATILIA, a woman who lived to a great 
age, as mentioned by Seneca, ep. 77. 
Another. Vid. Meſſalina. | 

STATILIUS, a young Roman celebrated 
for his courage and conſtancy. He was an, 


inveterate enemy to Cæſar, and when Cato 
| murdereg 


— 


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14 1 — — —— o * PR 8 


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1 
murdered himſelf, he attempted to follow 
his example, but was prevented by his 
friends. The conſpirators againſt Cæſar 
wiſhed him to be in the number, but the 
anſwer which he gave diſpleaſed Brutus. 
He was at laſt killed by the army of the 
tnumvirs. Plat. Lugus, one of the 
friends of Catiline. He joined in his con- 
ſpiracy, and was put to death C. Car, 2. 
IA young general in the war which the 
Latins undertook againſt the Romans. He 
was killed, with 25,000 of his troops. 
A gencial who fought againſt Antony, —— 
Taurus, a pro-conſul of Africa, He was 
accuſed of conſulting magicians, upon 
which he put himſelf to death. Tacit, A. 
2, c. 59. 

STAIIN E, iſlands on the coaſt of Cam- 
zuia, raiſed from the ſea by an earthquake. 
lin. 2, c. 88. 

S1 AT TRA, a daughter of Darius, who 
married Alexander. Th: conquerur had 
formerly refuſed her, but when the had fal- 
ten into his hands at Iſſus, the nuptials were 
celebrated with uncommon ſplendour, No 
jeſs tun go perſons attended, to cach of 
whom Alexander gave a golden eup, to be 
offerec! to the gods. Statira had no chil- 
dren by Alexander. She was cruelly put 
to death by Roxana, after the conqueror's 
death, Juin. 12, c. 12.— A fiſter of 
Darius, the laſt king of Perſia, She alfo 
became his wife, according to the manners 
ef the Perſians. She died after an abor- 
tion, in Alexander's camp, where ſhe was 
detained as priſoner, She was buried with 
great pomp by the conqueror. Plut. in A. 

*. A wife of Artazerxes Memnon, 
poiluncy, by her mother-in»law, queen Pa- 
ryſatis. Pt in Art. A ſiſter of Mi- 
tiiridares the Great. Pt. 

Srarius, (Cæcilius,) a comic poet in 
the age of Ennius. He was à native of 
Gaul, and originally a flave. His latinity 
was bad, yet he acquired great reputation 
by his cumcdics. He died a little after 
Ennius, Cic. de ſer. Annzus, a phyſi- 
cian, the fricnd of the pl. iloſophler Seneca. 
Tacit. A. 15, c. 64. P. Papinius, a poet 
born at Naples, in the reign o: the emperor 
Domitian. His father's name was Statius 
of Epirus, and his mother's Agelina. Sta- 
tius has made himſelf known by two epic 
poems, the TN in 12 books, and the 
Alchilleis in two books, which remained wun- 
finiſhed on account of his premature death. 
There are beſides other pieces compoſed on 
ſevcral ſubjects, which are extant, and well 
known under the name of Sy/v4, divided 
into four books. The two epic poems of 
Statius are dedicated to Domitian, whom 
the poct ranks among the gods. They were 
univerſally admired in his age at Rome, 


SF 


but the taſte of the times was corrupted, 
though ſome of the moderns have called 
them inferior to no Latin compoſition ex 
cept Virgil's. The ſtile of Statius is bom. 
baſtic and affected, he often forgets the 
pot to hecome the declaimet and the hiſto- 
rian. In his S/ r, which were written 
gene ally extempore, are many beautiful 
expreſſions and ſtrokes of genius. Statius, 
as ſure ſuppoſe, was poor, and he waz 
obliged to inaintain himſelf by writing for 
the ttage. None of his dramatic pieces are 
extant. Martial has ſatyrized him, and 
wit Tuvenal has written in his praiſe, ſome 
have interpreted as an illiberal reflection 
upon him. Statius died about the 100th 
year of the Chriſtian era. The beſt edi. 
tions of his works are that of Barthius, 2 
vols. 4to. (yg. 1664, and that of the Va. 
riorum, 8vo. L. Bat. 1671; and of the 
Thebais, ſeparate, that of Warrington, 2 
vols. 12mo. 1778. Domitius, a tribune 
in the age of Nero, deprived of his office 
when Piſo's conſpiracy was Ciſcorered, 
Tacit. . . 15, c. 17.— A general of the 
Samnites. An officer of the prætorian 
guards, who conſpired againſt Nero. 

STASICRATHS, a ſtatuary and architett 
in the wars of Alexander, who offercd to 
make a ſtatue of mount Athos, which: was 
rejected by the conqueror, &c. 

STATOR, a firname of Jupiter, given 
him by Romulus, Lecaufe he fopped (/e 
the flight of the Romans in a battle againſt 
the Sabines. The conqueror creed bim a 
temple under that name. Liv. 1, c. 12. 

STELLATIS, a heid remarkable for tits 
fertility, in Campania. Cic. 1g. 1, c. 70 
—Sucton, Cf. 20. 

SIELL10, a youth turned into an cf ly 
Ceres, bec1uſe he derided the goddeſs. 0d, 
Met. 5, v. 445. 

STENA, a narrow paſſage on the moun- 
tains near Antigonia, in Chaonia. Liv. 32, 
uy 0 

STENOB(EA. Vid. Sthenobœa. 

STENOCRATES, an Athenian, who con- 
ſpired to murder the commander of the ga- 
riſon which Demetrius had placed in the ci- 
tadel, &c. Polyzn. 5. 

STENTOR, one of the Greeks who went 
to the Trojan war. His voice alone was 
louder than that of co men together. Ho- 
mer. Il. 8, v. 754. — Juv. 13, v. 112. 

STENTOK1IS LACUS, a lake near Enos 
in Thrace. Herodvre. 7, c. 58. 

STEPHANUS, a muſician of Media, upon 
whoſe body Alexander made an experiment 
in burning a ccitain ſort of bitumen called 
napththe. Strab, 16.— Plut. in Alex.—— 
A Greek writer of Byzantium, known for 
his dictionary giving au account of the towns 


2 places ot the antient world, of which * 


mencs 
writin 
he rec 
tion o 
invent 
ſtag, 
have i 
his co 
with F 
the fi 
flor iſh 
the 8 
Ar 
Aacr.. 
Muſ.— 
l. 10, 
STE 
culed | 


STE 
conſiſte 
accoun 
— A 
his fath 
withou 
ſician c 

STH 
to Mer 
daught. 
Go Bo 

Sr. 
Perſeus 
cippe ti 
ad tw 


theus, | 


Yrupted, 
e called 
tion ex 
is bom. 
'gets the 
he hiſto- 
written 
beautiful 
Statius, 
| he was 
riting for 
pieces are 
um, and 
uſe, ſome 
reflection 
the 100th 
beſt edi- 
uthius, 2 
the Va- 
id of the 
ington, 2 
a tribune 
his office 
iſcovered. 
ral of the 
prætorian 
ro. 
arclutect 
offercd to 
whicl. was 


ter, gives 
pped (ju) 
tele againit 
cted him 2 
1 C. 11. 

ble for its 
'. I, C. 70 


an elf by 
deſs. Ovid, 


the mouns 


Liv. 377 


A. 
„ho con- 


of the ga- 
d in the di- 


s who went 
alone was 


ether. Ho- 


112. 


near Enos 


Media, upon 
experiment 
umen called 
Alex. — 
, known for 
of the towns 
of which the 

bel 


px 


beſt edition is that of Gronovius, 2 vols. fol. 
L. Bat. 1694. 

STERGPE, one of the Pleiades, daughters 
of Atlas. She married CEnomaus, king of 
piſæ, by whom ſhe had Hippod»mia, &c, 
—— A daughter of Parthaon, ſuppoſed by 
ſore to be the mother of the Sirens. 
A daughter of Cepheus. A daughter of 
Pleuron,—of Acaſtus,——of Danaus, 
—— Of Cebrion. 

STERGPES, one of the Cyclops. Virg. 
Eu. 8, v. 425. . 

STERSICHGRUS, a lyric Greek poet of 
Himeia, in Sicily. He was originally called 
Tifias, and obtained the name of Sterſicho- 
rus, from the alterations he made in muſic 
and dancing. His compoſitions were writ- 
ten in the Doric dialect, and compiiſed in 
26 books, all now loſt except a few frag- 
ments. Some ſay be loſt his eye-fight for 
writing invectives againſt Helen, and that 
he received it only upon making a recanta- 
tion of what he had ſaid. He was the firſt 
inventor of that fable of the horſe and the 
ſtag, which Horace and ſome other poets 
have imitated, and this he wrote to prevent 
his countrymen from making an alliance 
with Phalaris. According to ſome, he was 
the firſt who wrote an epithalamium. He 
floriſhed 556 B. C. and died at Catana, in 
the 35th year of his age, —Iſecrat. in Hel. 
—Ariftot, rhet,—Strab. 3.—Lucian in 
Macr.-Cic, in Verr. 2, c. 35.—Plut. de 
Mufſ.—Quintil. 10, c. 1,—Pauf. 3, c. 19. 
l. 10, c. 26. 

STERTINIUS, a ſtoic philoſopher, ridi- 
culed by Horace, 2 Sat. 3. He wrote in 
Latin verſe 220 books on the philoſophy of 
the ſtoics. 

STESAGGRAS, a brother of Miltiades. 
Vid. Miltiades. 

STESILEA, a beautiful woman of Athens, 
&c. 

STESILEUS, a beautiful youth of Cos, 
loved by Themiſtocles and Ariſtides, and 
che cauſe of jealouſy and diſſenſion be- 


tween theſe celebrated men. Plaut. in Cim. 


STESIMBRUTUS, an hiſtorian very in- 


conſiſtent in his narrations. He wrote an 
account of Cimon's exploits. Plut. in Cim. 
——A ſon of Epaminondas put to death by 
his father, becauſe he had fought the enemy 


without his orders, &c. Plut, 
ſician of Thaſos. 

STHENELE, a daughter of Acaſtus, wife 
to Mencetius. Apollod. 3, c. 13. A 
daughter of Danaus, by Memphis. Id. 2, 
. 

STHENELUS, a king of Mycenz, ſon of 
Perſeus and Andromeda, He married Ni- 
cippe the daughter of Pelops, by whom he 
ad two daughters, and a ſon called Euryſ- 
theus, who was boru, by Juno's influence, 


A mu- 


* 


two months before the natural time, that 
he might obtain a ſuperiority over Hercules, 
as being older. Sthenelus made war againit 
Amphitryon, who had killed Ele&ryvn and 
ſeized his Kingdom. He fought with ſuc- 
ceſs, and took his enemy priſoner, whom 
he tranſmitted to Euryſtheus. Homer, J. 
19, v. 91.—Apellod. 2, c. 4. 
the ſons of Ægyptus by Tyria.—A ſn 
of Capaneus. He was one of the Epigoni, 
and of the ſuitors of Helen, He went to 
the Trojan war, and was one of thoſe who 
were ſhut up in the wooden horſe, accord- 
ing to Virgil. Pau. 2, c. 18.—Pirg, An. 
2 & 10 — A ſon of Androgeus the ſon 
of Minos. Hercules made tim king of 
Thrace. Apollod. 2, c. 5. A king of 
Argos, who ſucceeded his father Crotopus. 
Pauf. 2, c. 16. A ſon of Actor, who 
accompanied Hercules in his expedition a- 
gainit the Amazons, He was killed by 
one of theſc temales. A ſon of Melas, 
killed by Tydeus. Apolted. 1, c. 8. 

Srur xis, a ſtatuary of Olynthus,——- 
An orator of Himera, in Sicily, during the 
civil wars ot Pompey. Plut, in Pomp. 

STHENO, one of the three Gorgons. 

STHENOBCEA, a daughter of Jobates, 
king of Lycia, who married Piœtus, king 
of Argos. She became enamoured of Bel- 
lerophon, who had taken refuge at her huſ- 
band's court, after the murder of his bro- 
ther, and when he refuſed to gratify her cri- 
minal paſſion, the accuſed him before Piœ- 
tus of attempts upon her virtue. Homer, II. 
6, v. 162.—Hygin. fab. 57.—— Many my- 
thologitts call her Antæa. 

STILBE or STILBIA, a daughter of Pe- 


neus by Creuſa, who became mother of 


Centaurus and Lapithus, by Apollo. 
Diod. 4. 

STiLicao, a general of the emperor 
Theodoſius the Great. He behaved with 
much courage, but under the emperor Ho- 
norius he ſhowed himſelf turbulent and diſ- 
affected. As being of barbarian extraction, 
he wiſhed to ſee the Roman provinces laid 
deſolate by his countrymen, but in this he 
was diſappointed. Honorius diſcovered his 
intrigues, and ordered him to be beheaded, 
about the year of Chriſt 408. His family 
were involved in his ruin. Claudian has 
been loud in his praiſes, and Zoſimus Hifi. 
5, denies the truth of the charges laid a- 
gainſt him. | 

S11Ly0, a celebrated philoſopher of Me- 
gara, Who floriſhed 336 years before Chriſt, 
and was greatly eſteemed by Ptolemy Soter. 
He was naturally addicted to riot and de- 
bauchery, but he reformed his manners 
when he opened a ſchool at Megaa. He 
was univerſally reſpected, his ſchool was 


frequented, and Demetrius, when he plun- 
| 


dcrcd 


One of 


t 
1 
* 
1 
g . 
1 
, 
. 
1 
5 
J 


2 
— 
2— 


% 


* 


Sx 


dered Megara, ordered the houſe of the 
philoſopher to be left ſafe and unmoleſted, 
It is ſaid that he intoxicated himſelf when 
ready to die, to alleviate the terrors of 
dcath. He was one of the chiefs of the 
Stoics. Plut. in Dem. Diog. 2.—Seneca 
de Conf. 

Sriufcox, a ſhepherd's name in Virgil's 
5th eclogue. 

ST1IpHiLvs, one of the Lapithæ, killed 
in the houſe of Pirithous, Ovid. Met. 12. 

SToB Us, a Greek writer who floriſhed 
A. D. 405. His work is valuable for the 
precious relics of ancient literature he has 
preſerved. The beſt edition is that of Aurel. 
Allob. fol. 1609. 

SToB1, a town of Pœonia in Macedonia. 
Liv. 33, c. 19. I. 40, 21. 

STE&ECHADES, five ſmall iſlands in the 
Mediterranean, on the coaſt of Gaul, now 
the Hieres, near Marſeilles. Lacan. 3, v. 
516.—Strab. 4. | 

ST&N1, a people living among the Alps. 
Liv. ep. 62. | 

SToict, a celebrated ſe& of philoſophers 
founded by Zeno of Citium. They received 
their name from the portico, goa, where the 
philoſopher delivered his lectures. They 
preferred virtue to every thing elſe, and 
whatever was oppoſite to it, they looked 
upon as the greateſt of evils, They required, 
as well as the diſciples of Epicurus, an 
abſolute command over the pafhons, and 
they ſupported that man alone, in the pre- 
ſent ſtate of his exiſtence, could attain per- 
fe&ion and felicity. They encouraged ſui- 
cide, and believed that the doétrine of 
future puniſhments and rewards was unne- 
ceſſary to excite or intimidate their follow- 
ets. Vid. Zeno. ; 

STRABO, a name among the Romans, 
given to ſuch as were naturally deformed, 
Pompey's father was diſtinguiſhed by that 
Narne. A native of Amaſia, on the bor- 
ders of Cappadocia, who florithed in the 
age of Auguſtus and Tiberius. He firſt 
ſtudied under Xenarchus, the peripatetic, 
and afterwards warmly embraced the tenets 
of the Stoics. Of all his compolitions no- 
thing remains but his geography, divided 
into 17 books, a work juſtly celebrated for 
its elegance, purity, the erudition and uni- 
verſal knowledge of the author. It con- 
tains an account, in Greek, of the molt ce- 
lebrated places of the world, the origin, the 
manners, religion, prejudices, and govern- 
ment of nations; the foundation of cities, 
and the accurate hiſtory of cach ſeparate 

rovince. Strabo travelled over great part 
of the world in queſt of information, and 
to examine with the moſt critical enquiry, 
not only the ſituation of the places, but 
alſo the manners of the inhabitants, whoſe 


i” battle of Cherouza, &c. 


1 


hiſtory he meant to write. In the two fit 
books the author wiſhes to ſhew the ge. 
ceſſity of geography; in the 3d he gives , 
deſcription of Spain; in the 4th of Gaul 
and the Britiſh iſles. The 5th and 6th 
contain an account of Italy and the neigh. 
bouring iflands ; the 9th, which is muti. 
lated at the end, gives a full defcription of 
Germany, and the country of the Getz, 
Illyricum, Taurica Cherſoneſus, and Epi. 
rus. The affairs of Greece and the adjacent 
iſlands are ſeparatcly treated in the th, 
gth, and 1oth; and in the four next, Af 
within mount Taurus; and in the 15th and 
16th, Aha without Taurus, India, Perf, 
Syria, and Arabia; the laft book gives an 
account of Egypt, Athiopia, Carthage, 
and other places of Africa. Among the 
books of Strabo which have been loſt, were 
niſtorical commentaries. This celebrated 
geagrapher died A. D. 25. The beſt editions 
of his geography are thoſe of Caſaubon, fol, 
Paris, 1620; of Amſt. 2 vols. fol. 170). 
A Sicihan, ſo clear fighted that he 
could diſtinguiſh objects at the diftance of 
130 miles, with the ſame caſe as if they had 
been near. 
STRATARCHAS, the grandfather of the 
geographer Strabo. His father's name waz 
Dorylaus. Srrab. 10. . 
STRATO, or STRATON, a King of the 
iſland Aradus, received into alliance by 
Alexander. Curt. 4, c. 1. A king of 
Sidon, dependent upon Darius. Alexander 
depoſed him, becaule he refuſed to ſurren- 
der. Curt, ib. Aphiloſopher of Lampfa- 
cus, diſciple and ſucceſſor in the ſchool of 
Theophraſtus, about 289 years before the 
Chriſtian era. He applied himſelf with 
uncommon induſtry to the ſtudy of nature, 
and was firnamed Phyficus, and after the 
moſt mature inveſtigations, he ſupponted 
that nature was inanimate, and that there 
was no god but nature. He was appointed 
preceptor to Ptolemy Philadelphus, who 
not only revered his abilities and learning, 
but alſo rewarded his labors with unbound- 
ed liberality. He wrote different treatiſes, 
all now loſt. Dieg. <£.—Giz. Acad. 1, e. 
9. I. 4, c. 38, &c. A phy ſician.— 
A peripatetic philoſopher. A native d 


Epirus, very intimate with Brutus, the 


murderer of Cæſar. He killed his friend 
at his own requeſt, A rich Orchome- 
nian who deſtroyed himſelf becauſe he could 
not obtain in marriage a young woman d 
Haliartus. Plat. A Greek hiſtoriaty 
who wrote the life of ſome of the Mace- 
donian Kings. An athlete of. Achata 
twice crowned at the Olynipic games 
Pau. 7, c. 23. 

STRATGCLES, an Athenian general 4 
Polyæ n. 

A ſtaze 


trius ! 
king C 
ſon by 
of her, 
ſent, 1 
that if 
would 
Max. 
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A ſtage player in Domitian's reign, Juu. 

V, . . 
of Vt Vid. Strato. 

STRATONICE, a daughter of Theſpius. 
Apol lad. A daughter of Pleuron. Id. 
— A daughter of Ariatathes, king of 
Cappadocia, Who married Eumenes, king 
of Pergamus, and became mother of Atta- 
Ins. Strab. 13. A davghter of Deme- 
trius Poliorcetes, who married Seleucus, 
king of Syria. Antiochus, her huſband's 
ſon by a former wife, became enamoured 
of her, and married her by his father's con- 
ſent, when the phyſicians had told him, 
that if he did nut comply, his ſon's health 
would be impaired, /t. in Dem. —Pal. 
Max. 5, c. 7. A concubine of Mithri- 
dates, king of Pontus. Plut. in Pomp. 
The wife of Antigonus, mother of Deme- 
trius Poliorcetes. A town of Caria, 
made a Macedonian colony. Stradb. 14. 
Li. 33, c. 18 & 33. Another in 
Meſopotamia. And a third near mount 
Taurus. 

STRATONICUS, an opulent perſon in the 
reign of Philip, and of his fon Alexander. 
Plut —— A muſician of Athens in the age 
of Demoſthenes. 

S1RATONIS TURRIS, a City of Judza, 
afterwards called Cziarea by Herod in 
honor of A®gultus. 

STRATOS, a city, of olia. Liv. 36, 
c. 11. I. 38, c. 4. Of Acarnania, 

STRONGYLE, now Strombs/n, one of the 
lands called olides in the Tyrrhene ſea, 
near the coaſt of Sicily. It has a volcano, 
lo miles in circumference, which throws 
up flames continually, and of which the 
crater 1s on the fide of the mountain, Mela. 
2, c. 7,—Strab. 6. 

STROPHADES, two iſlands in the Ionian 
ſez, on the weſtern coaſts of the Pelopon- 
nelus. They were antiently called P/ote, 
and received the name of Strophades from 
igen, werto, becauſe Zethes and Calais, 
he ſons of Boreas, returned from thence by 
dder of Jupiter, after they had driven the 
arpyies there from the tables of Phineus. 
be fleet of AErcas ſtopped near the Stro- 
hades, The largeſt of theſe two iſlands is 
ot above fiye miles in circumference, 
Hein. fab. 19.— Mela. 2, c. 75.—Ovid. 
15 v. 709.—-Viig. An. 3, v. 210.— 
rab. 8. 

STROPHIUS, a ſon of Criſus, king of 
nocis. He married a filter of Agamem- 
„ called Anaxibia, or Aſtyochia, or, 
cording to others, Cyndragora, by whom 
dad Pylades, celebrated for his friend- 
p with Orefles. After the murder of 
gameninon by Clytemneſtra and Atgyl- 
us, the King of Phocis, .cducatcd at his 
u houſe with the greateſt care, his ne- 


n 

phew, whom Electra had ſecretly removed 
from the dagger of his mother, and her 
adulterer. Oreſtes was enabled by means 
of Strophius to revenge the death of his 
father. Pau. 2, c. 29,—Hy;;in. fab. 1, 
I7. A ſon of Pylades by Electra the 
ſiſter of Oreſtes. 

STRUTHOPHAGI, a people of AÆthi- 
opia, who feed on ſparrows, as their name 
ſignities. 

STRUTHUS, a general of Artaxerxes a- 
gainſt the Lacedzmonians, B. C. 393. 

STRYMA, a town of Thrace, founded by 
a Thaſian colony. Herodot. 7, c. 109. 

STRYMNO, a daughter of the Scaman- 
der, who married Laomedon. Apollod. 3, 
6. 1. 

STRYMON, a river which ſeparates 
Thrace from Mazedonia, and falls into a 
part of the Ægean ſea, which has been 
called Strymonicus ſinus, A number of 
cranes, as the poets ſay, reſorted on its 
banks in the ſummer time. Its eels were 
excellent. Mela, 2, c. 2,—Apellsd. 2, c. 
5. —Virg. G. 1, v. 120. l. 4, v. 508. 4&n. 
IO, v. 265. — Od. Met. 2, v. 251. 

STUBERA, a town of Macedonia, be- 
tween the Axius and Erigon. Liv. 31, 
e. 3. 

STURA, a river of Ciſalpine Gaul falling 
into the Po. 

STURNT, a town of Calabria. 

STYMPHALIA, or STYMPHALITS, a part 
of Macedonia. Liv. 45, c. 30. A ſir- 
name of Diana. 

STYMPHALus, a king of Arcadia, ſon 
of Elatus and Laodice, He made war a- 
gainſt Pelops, and was killed in a truce. 
Apollod. 3, c. g9.—Pauſ. 8, c. 4 A. 
town, river, lake, and fountain of Arcadia, 
which receives its name from king Stym- 
phalus. The neighbourhood of the lake 
Stymphalus was infeited by a number ot 
voracious birds, which fed upon buman 
fleſh, and which were called S:ymphalides. 
They were at lait deſtroyed by Hercules, 
with the aſſiſtance of Minerva. Some have 
confounded them with the Harpyies, while 
others pretend that they never exiſted but 
in the. imagination of the poets. Pauſanias 
however, ſupports, that there were carnivo- 
rous birds like the Stymphalides, in Arabia. 
Pauſ. 8, c. 4.—Stat. Theb, 4, v. 2984. 
A lofty mountain of Peloponneſus in Arca- 
dia. 7 

STYGNE, a daughter of Danaus. Stet, 
Syl. 45 6.—Apellod. 

STYRA, a town of Eubcea. 

STYR.Us, a king of Albania, to whom 
Zetes promiſed his daughter Medea in 
marriage, to obtain his- aſſiſtance againſt 
the Argonauts. Flacc. 3, „ 497. 1. 8, v. 


| 355, 
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STYx, a daughter of Oceanus and Te- 
hys. She married Pallas, by whom ſhe 
had three daughters, Victory, Strength, 
and Valor. Hefrod. Theog. 363 & 384 — 
Apollod. r, c. 2. 
hell, round which it flows nine times. Ac- 
cording to ſome writers the Styx was a 


A celebrated river of 


8 U 


Cæſar. Suet. in Caſ.— Varro. de L. L. 4, 
c. 8. Martial, 6, ep. 66.—Juv. 3, v. ß. 
SucRo, now Aucar, a river of Hiſpania 
Tarraconenſis, celebrated for a battle fought 
there between Sertorius and Pompey, in 
which the former obtained the victory, 
Plut. A Rurulian killed by neus. 


ſmall river of Nonacris in Arcadia, whoſe 
waters were fo cold and venemous, that 
they proved fatal to ſuch as taſted them. 
Among others, Alexander the Great is 
mentioned as a victim to their fatal poiſon, 
in conſequence of drinking them. They 
even conſumed iron, and broke all veſſels. 
The wonderful properties of this water ſug- 
geſted the idea, that it was a river of hell, 
eſpecially, when it diſappeared in the earth 
a little below its fountain head. The gods 
held the waters of the Styx in ſuch vene- 
ration, that they always ſwore by them; 
an oath which was invivlable. If any of 
the gods had perjured themſelves, Jupiter 
obliged them to drimk the waters of the 
Styx, which lulled them for one whole 
your into a ſenſeleſs ſtupidity; for the nine 
llowing years they were deprived of the 
ambroſia and the nectar of the gods, and 
after the expiration of the years of their pu- 
niſhment, they were reftored to the aſſem- 
Þly of the deities, and to all their original 
privileges, It is ſaid that this veneration 
was ſhewn to the Styx, becauſe it received 
its name from the nymph Styx, who with 
her three daughters aſſiſted Jupiter in his 
war againſt the Titans. Heſied. Theog. v. 
384, 775.—Hemer. Od. 10, v. 513.— He- 
redet. 6, c. 74.—Virg, Ax. 6, v. 323, 
439, &c.—Apellod. 1, c. 3.—Ovid. Met. 
3, v. 29, &c —Lucan. 6, v. 378, &c.— 
Parſ. 8, c. 17 & 18.— Curt. 10, c. 10. 
SUABPA, the goddeſs of Perſuaſion, called 
Pitho by the Greeks. | 
SUARA, a town of Etruria. 


Virg. An. 12, v. 505. 

SUDERTUM, a town of Etruria. Liv, 
26, e. 23. 

Swiss, a town of Campania, called 
alſo Aururnca, to diſtinguiſh it from Sueſſa 
Pometia, the capital of the Volſci. Strab, 
5.—Plin. 3, e. 5.—Dienyſ. Hal. 4. —Liv. 
1 & 2 —Pirg. An. 6, v. 775. —Cic, Phil. 
3, C. 4. I. 4, e. 3. 

SUESSITANI, a people of Spain. Liv. 
265 C. 34. 

SUESSONES, a powerful nation of Belgie 
Gaul, reduced by J. Cæſar. Cæſ. bell. 
E. 2. 


SUESSULA, a town of Campania, Liv. 
7, e. 37. b 33s © 1 

SutEToNIUs, C. Paulinus, the firſt Ro- 
man general who croſſed mount Atlas with 
an army, of which expedition he wrote an ac- 
count. He prefided over Britain as governor 
for about 20 years, and was afterwards made 
conſul. He forſook the intereſt of Otho, 
and attached himſelf to Vitellius.— C. 
Tranquillus, a Latin hiſtorian, ſon of a 
Roman knight of the ſame name. He was 
favored by Adrian, and became his ſecre- 
tary, but he was afterwards baniſhed from 
the court for want of attention and reſpect 
to the empreſs Sabina, In his retirement 
Suetonius enjoyed the friendſhip and cor- 
reſpondence of Pliny the younger, and de- 
dicated his time to ſtudy. He wrote an 
hiſtory of the Roman kings, divided into 
three books ; acatalogue of all the illuſtrious 
men of Rome, a, book on the games and 
ſpectacles of the Greeks, &c. which are all 


SUARDONES, à people of Germany. Ta- | now loſt. The only one of his compoſi- who n 
cit. G. 40. tions extant is the lives of the twelve firſt famou 
SYASA, a town of Umbria. Cæſars, and ſome fragments of his cata- a tem 
SUBATRII, a people of Germany, over | logue of celebrated grammatians. Sueto- Who w 
whum Druſus triumphed. Stzras. 7. nius, in his lives, is praiſed for his impa- Romar 
SUB1, a ſmall river of Catalonia. tiality and corre&tneſs. His expreſſions, — 4 
SuBLIcivs, the” firſt bridge erected at | however, are often too indelicate, and it gainſt 
Rome over the Tiber. Vid. Pons. has been juſtly obſerved, that while he ex- had ba 
SUBMONTORIUM, a town of Vindelicia, | poſed the deformities of the Cæſars, lic This c 
now {lug ſburg. wrote with all the licentiouſneſs and extia- alſo wr 
SuBoTA, (mall iſlands at the eaſt of A- | vagance with which they lived. The belt comme 
thos. Liv. 44, c. 28. editions of Suetonius are that of Pitiſcus, — 
SUBUR, a river of Main\tania.——-A | gto. 2 vols. Leovar's. 1714; that of Ouden- tioned 
town of Spain. | dorp, 2 vols. 8yo. L. Bat. 1751; and that attribut 
suse, a ſtreet in Rome where all | of Erneſti, S vo. Lipſ. 1775. Plin. 1, % Sur. 
the licchtious, diſſalute, and laſciwious Ro- | 15S. J. 5, p. 11, &. dius th 
mans and courtezans reſorteck. It was n- SUETRL, a people of Gaul near the Marius 
tuate bet wicn mount Viminalis and Quiri- | Alps. gainit Þ 
nalis, zud was remarkable as taving been Sur vt, a people of Germany, between th de dep! 
the iecſdeuce of the obſcuier years of J. | Elke aud ine Viſtula, whe made mo derzius 
* ce 


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ef. bell, 


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firſt Ro- 
tlas with 
te an ac- 
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rds made 
of Otho, 
5.— C. 
ſon of 2 
He was 
his ſecre- 
hed from 
ad reſpe& 
etirement 
and cor- 
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wrote an 
ided into 
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zames and 
ich are "a 
s compoſi- 
welve firſt 
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his impa- 
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Cæſars, be 
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excurſions upon the territories of Rome 
under the emperors. Lucan, 2, v. 51. 

Survtus, a Latin poet in the age of 
Ennius. 

SUFETALA, an inland town of Mauri- 
tania. 0 

SUFFENUS, a Latin poet in the age of 
Catullus. He was but of moderate abilities. 
Catull. 22. 

SUFFETIUS, or SUFETIUs, Vid. Me- 
dius. 

SUuIiDAS, a Greek writer who floriſhed 
A. D. 1100. The beſt edition of his excel- 
lent Lexicon, is that of Kuſter, 3 vols. fol. 
Cantab. 1705. 

PusB. SUIL1vs, an informer in the court 
of Claudius, baniſhed under Nero, by means 
of Seneca, and ſent to the Baleares. Ta- 
cit. A. 14, c. 42, &c. Cæſorinus, a 
guilty favorite of Meſſalina. Id. ib. 11, 
c. 36. 

Na a nation of Germany, ſup- 
poſed the modern Swedes, Tacit. de Germ. 
C. 

3 a town at the ſouth of Sar- 
dinia. Mela. 2, c. 7.—Claudian. de Gild. 
—Strab. 5, 

SULCIUSsS, an informer whom Horace de- 
ſcribes as hoarſe with the number of defa- 
mations he daily gave. Horat. 1 Sat. 4, 
v. 65. 

3 now Sorgue, a ſmall river of 
Gaul, falling into the Rhone. Srrab. 4. 

SUuLLA. Vid. SYLLA. 


SULMO, now Sulmona, an antient town 


of the Peligni, at the diſtance of about 9o 
miles from Rome, founded by one of the 
followers of Aneas, Ovid was born there. 
Ovid. paſim.— Ital. 8, v. 5$11.—A La- 
tian chief killed in the night by Niſus, as 
he was going with his companions to de- 
ſtroy Euryalus. Virg. An. q, v. 412. 

SULPITIA, a daughter of Paterculus, 
who married Fulvius Flaccus. She was ſo 
famous for her chaſtity, that ſhe conſecrated 
a temple to Venus Verticordia, a goddeſs 
who was implored to turn the hearts of the 
Roman women to virtue. Plin. 7, c. 35. 
——A pocteſs in the age of Domitian, a- 
gainſt whom ſhe wrote a poem, becauſe he 
had baniſhed. the philoſophers from Rome. 
This compoſition is ſtill extant. She had 
alſo written a poem on conjugal affection, 
commended by Martial, ep. 35, now loſt. 
—— A daughter of Serv. Sulpitius, men- 
tioned in the 4th book of clegies, falſcly 
attributed to Tibullus. 

SULPITIA Lex, militeris, by C. Sulpi- 
cius the tribune, A. U. C. 665, inveſted 
Marius with the full power of the war a- 
gainit Mithridates, of which Sylla was to 
de deprived. Another, de ſenatu, by 
Seryjus Sulpicius the tribae, A. U. C. 


* 


8 U 

665. It required that no ſenator ſhould 
owe more than 2000 drachmz. Ano- 
ther, oe civitate, by P. Sulpicius the tri- 
bune, A. U. C. 665. It ordered that the 
new citizens who compoſed the eight tribes 
lately created, ſhould be divided among the 
35 old trihes, as a greater honor. Ano- 
ther called alſo Sempronia de religione, by 
P. Sulpicius Saverrio and P. Sempronius 
Sophus, conſuls, A. U. C. 449. It forbad 
any perſon to conſecrate a temple or altar 
without the permiſſion of the ſenate and the 
majority of the tribunes. Another to 
empower the Romans to make war againſt 
Philip of Macedonia. | 

SULPTITIUS, or SULPICIUS, an illuf- 
trious family at Rome, of whom the moſt 
celebrated are——Peticus, a man choſen 
dictator againſt the Gauls. His troops mu- 
tinied when firſt he took the field, but ſoon 
after he engaged the enemy and totally de- 
feated them. Liv. 7. Severrio, a con- 
ſul who gained a victory over the Aqui, 
Id. 9, c. 45. C. Paterculus, a conſul 
ſent againſt the Carthaginians, He con- 
quered Sardinia and Corſica, and obtained 
a complete victory over the enemy's fleet. 
He was honored with a triumph at his 
return to Rome. Id. 17. Spurius, one 
of the three commiſſioners whom the Ro- 


could be found in the different cities and 
republics of Greece, Id. 3, c. 10,——One 


| of the firſt conſuls who received intelli- 


gence that a conſpiracy was formed in Rome 
to reſtore the Tarquins to power, &c. 
A prieſt who died of the plague in the firſt 
ages of the republic at Rome. P. Galba, 


greatly during the war which his country- 
men waged againſt the Achæans and the 
Macedonians.- Severus, a writer. Vid. 
Severus. Publius, one of the aſſociates 


and cruelty, He made ſome laws in favor 
of the allies of Rome, and he kept about 
3000 young men in continual pay, whom 
he called his ante-fenatorial band, and 
with theſe he had often the impertinence to 
attack the conſuls in the popular aſſemblies, 
He became at laſt ſo ſeditious, that he was 
proſcribed by Sylla's adherents, and im- 
mediately murdered. His head was fixed 
on a pole in the roſtrum, where he had 
often made many ſeditious ſpeeches in the 
capacity of tribune. Liv. 77,—A Ro- 
man conſul who fought againſt Pyrrhus and 
defeated him. C. Longus, a Roman 


conſul, who defeated the Samnites, aud 
killed 30,000 of their men. He obtained a 
triumph for this celebrated victory. He 
was afterwards made dictator to conduct a 
war againſt the Etrurians  —Rufus, a 


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mans ſent to collect the beſt laws which 


a Roman conſul who ſignalized himſelf 


of Marius, weil known for his intrigues 


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Neutenant of Cæſar in Gaul. One of 
Meſſalina's favorites, put to death by Clau- 
cus P. Quirinus, a conſul in the age 
of Auguſtus. Camerinus, a pro- conſul 
of Africa, under Nero, accuſed of cruelty, 
&c. Tacit. 13, An. $2.-——Gallus, a ce- 
lebrated aſtrologer in the age of Paulus. 
He accompanied the conſul in his expedition 
againſt Perfeus, and told the Roman army 
that the night before the day on which they 
were to give the enemy battle, there would 
be an eclipſe of the moon. This explana- 
tion encouraged the ſoldiers, which on the 
contrary would have intimidated them, if 
not previouſly acquainted with the cauſes 
of it. Sulpitius was univerſally regarded, 
and he was honored a few years after with 
the conſulſhip. Liv. 44, c. 37.—Plin. 2, 
c. 12, ——Apollinaris, a grammarian in the 
age of the emperor M. Aurelius. He left 
ſome letters and a few grammatical obſer- 
vations now loſt. Cie. —Liv.—Plut.— 
Peolyb — Flor. —Eutrop. 

SumMAnus, a firname of Plute, as 
prince of the dead, ſummus manium. He 
had a temple at Rome, and the Romans 
believed that the thunder-bolts of Jupiter 
were in his power during the night. Cic. 
de div. 1, c. 10.—Ovid. Faſt. 6, v. 731. 

SuNn1C1, a people of Germany on the 
mores of the Rhine. Tacit. H. 4, c. 66. 

Sun1Des, a ſoothfayer in the army of 
Eumenes. Polyen. 4. 

Sun1vM, a promontory of Attica, about 
45 miles diftant fram the Piræus. There 
was there a ſmall! harbour, as alſo a town. 
Minerva had there a beautiful temple, 
whence ſhe was called Sunias, There are 
ſtill extant ſome ruins of this temple. Pn. 
4, c. 7.—Strab, 9,—Pauſ. 1, c. 1.—Cic. 
ad Attic. 7, ep. 3. J. 13, ep. 10. 

SUoveETAURILIA, a ſacrifice among the 
Romans, which conſiſted of the immola- 
tion of a ſow (ſ«s,) a ſheep (ovis), and a 
bull (zaurus,) whence the name. It was 
generally obſerved eyery fifth year. 

SUPERUM MARE, a name of the Adri- 
atic ſea, becauſe it was fituate above Italy. 
The name of Mare Inferum was applied for 
the oppoſite reaſons to the ſea below Italy. 
Lic. pro Cluent. &e. 

SurRA, AEMYLIUS, a Latin writer, &c. 
. Pat. 12 e. 6. L. Liciniũs, a favorite 
of Trajan, honored. with the confulſhip. 
A writer in the age of the emperor 


Gallienus. He wrote an hiftory of the 
reign of the emperor, A eity on the 
Euphrates. Another in Iberia. A ti- 


ver of Germany, whoſe waters fall into the 
Moſelle. Auf. in Meſ. 

SURENA, a powerful officer in the armies 
of Orodes king of Parthia. His family had 
the privilege of crowning the Kings of Par- 


5 Y 


thia. He was appointed to conduct the 
war againſt the Romans, and to protect the 
kingdom of Parthia againſt Craſſus, who 
wiſhed to conquer it. He defeated the Ro- 
man triumvir, and after he had drawn him 
per fidiouſly to a conference, he ordered hiz 
head to be cut off. He afterwards returned 
to Parthia, mimicking the triumphs of the 
Romans. Orodes ordered him to be put to 
death, B. C. 52. Surena has been admired 
for his valor, his ſagacity as a general, and 
his prudence and firmneſs in the execution 
of his plans; but his perfidy, his effemi- 
nate manners, and his Jaſciviouſneſs, have 
been deſervedly cenſured, Polyzn, 7.— 
Plut. in Craf. ; 
3 a town at the ſouth of Col- 
chis. 

SURRENTUM, a town-of Campania, on 
the bay of Naples, famous for the wine 
| which was made in the neighbourhood 
| Mela, 2, c. 4.—Strab. 5.—Horat. 1, cp. 
I7, v. 52.— Ovid. Met. 1 5, v. 710.—Mart, 
13, ep. 110. 

Sv Rus, one of the ZEdui, who made war 
| againſt Ceſar. Caf. G. 8, c. 45. 

Susa (rum,) now Suſter, a celebrated 
city of Aſia, the chief town of Sufiana, 
and the capital of the Perſian empire, built 
by Tithonus the father of Memnon. Cyrus 
took it. The walls of Suſa were above 120 
ſtadia in circumference. The treaſures of 
the Kings of Perſia were generally kept 
there, and the royal palace was built with 
white marble, and its pillars were covered 
with gold and precious ftones. It was uſual 
with the kings of Perſia to ſpend the ſum- 
mer at Ecbatana, and the winter at Suſa, 
becauſe the etmate was more warm there 
than at any other royal reſidence. It bas 
been called Mcmnonia, or the palace of 
Memnon, becauſe that prince reigned there. 
Plin, 6, c. 26, &e.,—Lucan. 2, v. 49.— 
Strab. 15. — Xenoph. r. —Propert. 2, el. 
13. Claudi un. 

SusANA, a town of Hiſpania Tarraco- 
nenſis. S/. 3, v. 384. 

Sus ARION, à Greek poet of Megara, 
who is ſuppoſed with Dolon to be the in- 
ventor of comedy, and to have firſt intro- 
duced it at Athens on a moveable ſtage, 
2. 68. 
| Sus1inA, or Svus1s, a country of Afia, 
of which the capital was called Suſa, ſitu- 

ate at the eaſt of Aſſyria. Lilies grow in 
great abundance in Suſiana, and it is from 
that plant that the province received its 
name, according to ſome, as Siſan is the 
name of a %%% in Hebrew. 

SusID.= PYLE, narrow paſſes over 
mountains, from Suſiana into Perſia, Curt, 


55 C. 3. 8 
SUTHUL, a town of Numidia, wbers 
the 


[ne ki 
37. 
Sv 
miles 
that th 
patch, 
Camill 
explain 
10.—7 
Liv. 9 
SYA 
wrote 
Sagaris 
that he 
was the 
SYB, 
whoſe 1 
ftrong : 
11. I. * 
the ſam 
Tarentu 
colony e 
power fu 
tion it ! 
»g natic 
an army 
into the 
{aid to e 
ference, 
of the ( 
In 4 mo! 
came ſo 
became 
voted to 
gorous r 
town of 
reduced | 
503, 85 
hve time: 
a ſmall t 
about 44. 
and called 
called Th 
12.— ee. 
Martial. 
—Plin. 3 
neas killed 
263.— 
llorat. I, 
SYBAR 
Vid. Syba 
SYBOT. 
Mi. 9. * 
SYBGT, 
the age of 
Pauf, 4, C 
SYCIN? 
ſent by h 
light again 
ans. 
SYCUR1 


4 


fout of Of 


SYEDR 4 


ve 120 
wes of 
y kept 
It with 
zovered 
is uſual 
1e ſum- 
t Suſa, 
m there 
It bas 
alace of 
d there. 
49.— 
A 23 ec, 


Tarraco- 


Megara, 
e the in- 
| intro- 
le ſtage, 


of Aſia, 
aſa, ſitu- 
grow in 
tis from 
-eived its 
an is the 


ſſes over 
ſia. Curt. 


a, where 
7 


8 


9 2 
the king's treaſures were kept. Sal. Jug. 


SUTRIUM, a town of Etruria, about 24 
miles north-weſt of Rome. Some ſuppoſe 
that the phraſe Ire Sutium, to act with diſ- 
patch, ariſes from the celerity with which 
Camillus recovered the place, but Feſtus 
explains it differently. Plant. Caſ. 3, 1, v. 
10.—Liv, 26, c. 34.—Paterc. 1, c. 14.— 
Liv. 9, c. 32. 

SYAGRVUs, an Antient poet, the firſt who 
wrote on the Trojan war. He is called 
Sagaris, by Diogenes Laertius, who adds 
that he lived in Homer's age, of whom he 
was the rival. lian. V. H. 14, c. 21. 

SYBARI1S, a river of Lucania in Italy, 
whoſe waters were ſaid to iender men more 
rong and robuſt, Strab. 6.—Plin, 3, c. 
21; „ $0; 2 There was a town of 
the ſame name, on its banks on the bay of 
Tarentum, which had been founded by a 
colony of Achæans. Sybaris became very 
powerful, and in its moſt floriſhing ſitua- 
tion it bad the command of 4 neighbour- 
mg nations, of 25 towns, and could ſend 
an army of three hundred thouſand men 
into the held. The walls of the city were 
ſaid to extend 6 miles and a half in circum- 
ference, and the ſuburbs covered the banks 
of the Crathis for the ſpace of 7 miles. 
Jn a more recent age, the inhabitants be- 
came ſo effeminate, that the word Sybarite 
hecame proverbial to intimate a man de- 
voted to pleafure. It made a Jong and vi- 
gorous reſiſtance againſt the neighbouring 
town of Crotona, till it was at laſt totally 
reduced by the diſciples of Pythagoras, B. C. 
503, Sybaris was deſtroyed no leſs than 
five times, and always repaired. There was 
a ſmall town built in the neighbourhood 
about 444 years before the Chriſtian era, 
and called Thurium, from a ſmall fountain 
called Thuria, where it was built. Died. 
12.—Strab. 6.—lian. V. H. 9, c. 24.— 
Martial. 12, ep. 96.—Plut. in Pelop. &c. 
—Plin, 3, c. 10, &c. A friend of Æ- 
neas killed by Turnus. Virg. n. 12, v. 
363. A youth enamoured of Lydia, &c. 
Horat. 1, od. 8, v. 2. 5 

SYBARLITA, an inhabitant of Sy baris. 
Vid. Sy baris. 

SY BO TA, a harbour of Epirus. 
An. 9. 

SYBUTAS, a king of the Meſſenians in 
the age of Lycurgus, the Spartan legiſlator. 
Pauſ. 4, e. 4. 

SYCINNUS, a flave of Themiſtocles, 
ſent by his maſter to engage Xerxes to 
bens againſt the fleet of the Peloponne- 

ans, 

SYCURIUM, a town of Theſlaly at the 
foot of Offa. Liv. 42, c. 54. 

SYEDRA, A town of Cilicia. 


(uc. 5, 


Ss YL 


| SyExr, now Aſſuan, a town of Thebats, 
on the extremities of Egypt. Juvenal the 
poet was baniſhed there on pretence of 
commanding a prætorian cohort ſtationed in 
the neighbourhood. It was famous for its 
quarries of marble. Strrab. 1 & 2.—Mela. 
I, c. 9.—Plin. 36, c. 8.—O0vid. ex Pont. 
I, el. 5, v. 79. Met. 5, v. 74- : 
SYENESIUS, a Cilician who, with Labi- 


j netus of Babylon, concluded a peace be- 


tween Alyatres, king of Lydia, and Cyax- 
ares, king of Media, while both armies 
were terrified by a ſudden eclipſe of the 
ſun, B. C. 585. Herodot. 1, c. 74. 

SyxNNESsIs, a ſatrap of Cilicia, when 
Cyrus made war againſt his brother Artax- 
erxes. He wiſhed to favor both the bro- 
thers by ſending one of his ſons in the army 
of Cyrus, and another to Artaxerxes. 

SYLÞA, a daughter of Corinthus. 

SYLEUM, a town of Pamphylia. 

SYLEUS, a king of Aulis. 

SYLLA, (L. Cornelius) a celebrated Ro- 
man of a noble family. The poverty of 
his early years was relieved by the liberality 
of the courtezan Nicopolis, who left him 
heir to a large fortune; and with the addi- 
tion of the immenſe wealth of his mother- 
in-law, he ſoon appeared one of the moſt 
opulent of the Romans. He firſt entered 
the army under the great Marius, whom 
he accompanied in Numidia, in the capacity 
of queſtor. He rendered himſelf conſpi- 
cuous in military affairs; and Bocchus, one 
of the princes of Numidia, delivered Ju» 
gurtha into his hands for the Roman con- 
ful. The rifing fame of Sylla gave um- 
brage to Marius, who was always jealous 
of an equal, as well as ef a ſuperior; but 
the ill language which he might uſe, rather 
inflamed, than extinguiſhed the ambition of 
Sylla. He left the conqueror of Jugurtha, 
and carried arms under Catulus. Some time 
after, he obtained the pretorſhip, and was 
appointed by the Roman ſenate to place 
Ariobarzanes on the throne of Cappadocia, 
againſt the views and intereſt of Mithri- 
dates, King of Pontus. This he cafily ef- 
fected, one battle left him victorious ; and 
before he quitted the plains of Aſia, the 
Roman pretor had the ſatisfaction to re- 
ceive in his camp the ambaſſadors of the 
king of Parthia, who wiſhed to make a 
treaty of alliance with the Romans. Sylla 
received them with haughtineſs, and be- 
haved with ſuch arrogance, that one of 
them exclaimed, Surely this man is maſter of 
the world, or downed to be ſuch! At his re- 
turn to Rome, he was commiſſioned to 
hniſh the war with the Marſi, and when 
this was ſucceſsfully ended, he was re- 
warded with the conſulſhip, in the $5oth 
year of his age, In this capacity he wiſhed 


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to have the adminiſtration of the Mithrida- 
tic war; but he found an obſtinate adver- 
fary in Marius, and he attained the ſummit 
of his wiſhes only when he had entered 
Rome ſword in hand. After he had 
ſlaughtered all his enemies, ſet a price upon 
the head of Marius, and put to death the 
- tribune Sulpitius, who had continually op- 
poſed his views, he marched towards Aſia, 
and diſregarded the flames of diſcord which 
he left behind him unextinguiſhed. Mith- 
ridates was already maſter of the greateſt 
part of Greece; and Sylla, when he reached 
the coaſt of Peloponneſus, was delayed by 
the ſiege of Athens, and of the Pirzus. 
His operations were carricd on with vigor, 
and when he found his money fail, he made 
no ſcruple to take the riches of the temples 
of the gods, to bribe his ſoldicrs and ren- 
der them devoted to his ſervice. His bold- 
neſs ſucceeded, the Piræus ſurrendered ; 
and the conqueror, as if ſtruck with reve- 
rence at the beautiful porticoes where the 
philoſophic followers of Socrates and Plato 
had often diſputed, ſpared the city of A- 
thens, which he had devoted to deſtruction, 
and forgave the living for the ſake of the 
dead. Two celebrated battles at Cheronza 
and Orchomenos, rendered him maſter of 
Greece. He croiſed the Helleſpont, and 
attacked Mithridates in the very heart of 
his kingdom. The artful monarch, who 
well knew tne valor and perſeverance of his 
adverſary, made propoſals of peace; and 
Sylla, whole interctt at home was then de- 
creating, did not heſitate to put an end to 
a war which had rendered him maſter of 
ſo much territory, and which enabled him 
to return to Rome like a conqueror, and 
to diſpute with his rival the ſovereignty of 
the republic with a victorious army. Mu- 
rena was left at the head of the Roman 
forces in Aſia, and Sylla haſlened to Italy. 
In the plains of Campania he was met by 
a few of his adherents, whom the ſucceſs 
of his rivals had baniſhed from the capital, 
and he was ſoun informed, that if he 
wiſhed to contend with Marius, he muſt 
encounter fifteen generals, followed by 25 
well diſciplined legions. In theſe critical 
circumſtances he had recourſe to artifice, 
and while he propoſed terms of accommy- 
dation to his adverſaries, he fecretly 
ſtrengthened himſelf, and ſaw with pleaſure 
his armies daily encreaſe, by the revolt of 
ſoldiers whom his bribes or promiſes had 
corrupted. Pompey, who afterwards me- 
rited the firname of Great, embraced his 
Cauſe, and marched to his camp with 
three iegions. Soon after he appeared in 
the field with advantage; the confidence 
of Marius decayed with his power, 
and Sylla entered Rome like a tyraut 


SY 


and a conqueror. The ftreets were daily 
filled with dead bodies, and 7000 citizens, 
to whom the conqueror had promiſed pax. 
don, were ſuddenly maſſacred in the chell. 
The ſenate, at that time aſſembled in the 
temple of Bellona, heard the ſhrieks of 
their dying countrymen; and when they 
enquired into the cauſe of it, Sy lla coolly 
required, They are only a few oc or rom 
I have ordered to be chaſtiſed. If this had 
been the laſt and moſt diſmal ſcene, Rome 
might have been called happy ; but it was 
only the beginning of her misfortunts, each 
ſucceeding day exhibited a greater number 
of ſlaughtered bodies, and when one of the 
ſenators had the boldneſs to aſk the tyrant 
when he meant to ſtop his cruelties, Sylla, 
with an air of unconcern, anſwered, that 
he had not yet determined, but that he 
would take it into his conſideration. The 
ſlaughter was continued, a lift of ſuch as 
were proſcribed was daily ſtuck in the pub- 
lic ſtreets. The ſlave was rewarded to bring 
his maſter's head, and the ſon was not a- 
ſhamed to imbrue his hands in the blood of 
his father for money. No leſs than 4700 
of the moſt powerful and opulent were 
ſlain, and Sylla wiſhed the Romans to for- 
get his cruelties in aſpiring to the title of 
perpetual dictator. In this capacity he 
made new laws, abrogated ſuch as were 
inimical to his views, and changed every 
regulation where his ambition was obſtruct- 
ed. After he had finiſhed whatever the 
moſt abſolute ſovereign may do, from his 
own will and authority, Sylla abdicated the 
dictatorial power, and retired to a ſolitary 
retreat at Puteoli, where he ſpent the reſt 
of his days, if not in literary eaſe and ttan- 
quillity, yet far from the noiſe of arms, in 
the midſt of riot and debauchery. The 
companions of his retirement were the moſt 
baſe and licentious of the populace, and 
Sylla took pleaſure ſtill to wallow in vo- 
luptuouſneſs, thou? on the verge ok life, and 
covered with infirmities. His intempe- 
| rance haſtened his end, his blood was cor- 
rupted, and an impoſthume was bred in his 
bowels. He at laſt died in the greateſt 
torments of the louſy diſeaſe, about 78 
years before Chriſt, in the Goth year of his 
age; and it has been obſerved, that like 
Marius, on his death-bed, he wiſhed to 
drown the ſtings of conſcience and remorſe 
by continual intoxication. His funcral was 
very magnificent; his body was attended 
by the ſenate and the veftal virgins, and 
hymns were ſung to celebrate his exploits 
and to honor his memory. A monument 
was erected in the field of Mars, on which 
appeared an inſcription written by himſelf, 
in which he ſaid, the good ſervices he had 


received from his friends, and the er 
U 


of his ene 
exampled 
that of an 
lous, tyra 
command. 
tigheſt de 
the fortun 
that he w 
to valor fo 
But in the 
zamice the 
2 man, W 
public, * 
eruclty an 
ſovercign } 
amination 
to live ſe 
whom he 
Romans w 
abdication 
young ma 
diftator, | 
may perhaf 
th follow 71 
ſelute. Sy 
patronage | 
He brough 
of Apellic 
in which 1 
Theophraſl 
books of r 
mM Verr. &" 
6.197, K. 
Flor. 3 
Val. Max. 
& 38.—E; 
— A ne 
ſpired agai 
been depris 
—— Anott 
the ſame { 
death by N 
been baniſh 
feated and 
tenants, —— 
ſenate for | 
SYLL1s, 
pus by Ape 
SYLOES, 
SYLGSO? 
garment to 
a private 1 
the throne 
of Syloſon 
SYLVAN 
Silvanus. 
SYLVIA, 
mulus. / 
Tyrchenus, 
by Aſcaniu 
SYLvzu: 


com whor 


the 
s of 
they 
voll 
. 
had 
ome 
was 
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that 
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The 
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Ot a 
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4700 
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y he 
were 
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The 
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'_ BW 4 


of his enemies, had been returned with un- 
exampled uſury. The character of Sylla is 
that of an ambitious, diſſimulating, credu- 
lous, tyrannical, debauched, and reſolute 
commander, He was revengeful in the 
higheſt degree, and the firname of Felix, or 
the fortunate, which be aſſumed, thowed 
thit he was more indebted to fortune than 
to valor for the great fame he had acquired. | 
But in the midſt uf all this, who cannot 
a6mice the moderation and philoſophy of 
2 man, who when abſolute maſter of a re- 
public, which he has procured by his 
cruchy and ayarice, filently abdicates the 
ſover-ign power, challenges a critical exa- 
amination of his adminiſtration, and retires 
to live ſecurely in the midſt of thouſands 
whom he has injured and offended ? The 
Romans were pleaſed and aſtoniſhed at his 
abdication ; and when the inſolence of a 
young man had been vented againſt the 
diftator, he calmly anſwered, [his uſage 
nay perhaps deter an»ther t9 reſign his power 
to follow my examp/e, if cher ne becomes ab- 
ſelute. Sylla has been commended for the 
patronage he gave to the arts and ſciences. 
He brought from Afa the extenſive library 
of Apeliicon, the Peripatetic philofopher, 
in which were the works of Ariitutle and 
Theophraſtus, and he himſelf compoſed 22 
books of memoirs concerning himſelf. Cic. 
n Verr, &c.—(, Nep. in Attic. —Paterc, 2, 
c. 17, &c.—Liv. 75, &c.—Pauf. 1, c. 20. 
Flor. 3, ©. 5, &c. I. 4, c. 2, &C.— 
Val. Max. 125 &c.—-Polyb. 5, — Tuſtin. 37 
& 38.—Eutrop. 5, c. 2.—Plut. in wits. 
——— A nephew of the dictator, who con- 
ſpired againſt his country, becauſe he had 
been deprived of his conſulſhip for bribery. 
Another relation who alſo joined in 
the ſame conſpiracy. A man put to 
death by Nero at Marſeilles, where he had 
been baniſhed. A friend of Cato, de- 
feated and killed by one of Cæſar's licu- 
tenants. A ſenator banithed from the 
ſenate for his prodigality by Tiberius. 

SYLL1s, a nymph, mother of Zeuxip- 
pus by Apollo. 

SYLOES, a promontory of Africa, 

SYLGSON, a man who gave a ſplendid 
garment to Darius, ſon of Hyſtaſpes, when 
a private man. Darius, when raiſed to 
the throne of Perſia, remembered the gift 
of Syloſon with gratitude. Strab. 14. 

SYLVANUs, a gud of the woods. Vid. 
Silvanus. 

SYLVIA, or IL14, the mother of Ro- 
mulus. Vid. Rhea. A daughter of 
Tyrchenus, whoſe favorite ſtag was wounded 
by Aſcanius. Virg. Tu. 7, v. 503. 

SYLvzus, a ſon of Encas by Lavinia, 
vom whom afterwards all the kings of 


| 


1 
Alba were called Sylvir. 
763. 

SYMA, or Symsx, a town of Afga. A 
nymph, mother of Chthonius by Nep- 
tune. Died. 5, 

SYMBGLUM, a place of Macedonia, near 
Philippi, on the contines of Thrace. 

SYMMACHUS, an officer in the army of 
Ageſilaus. A celebrated orator in the 
age of Theodofius the Great. His father 
was prefect of Rome. He wrote againſt 
the Chriſtians, and ten books of his letters 
are extant, which have been refuted by 
Ambroſe and Prudentius. The beſt edi- 
tions of Symmachus are that of Genev. 
5vo. 1598, and that of Paris, 4to. 1604. 
A writer in the ſecond century. He 
tranſlated the bible into Greek, of which 
few fragments remain. 

SYMPLEGADES, or CYAN, two ifſ- 
lands or rocks at the entrance of the Euxine 
fea, Vid. Cynneæ. 

SYMUs, a mountain of Armenia, from 
which the Araxes flows. 

SYNCELLUS, one of the Byzantine hiſ- 
torians, whoſe works were edited in fol, 
Paris, 1652, 

SYNESIUS, a biſhop of Cyrene in the 
age of Theodofius the younger, as conſpi- 
cuous for his learning as his piety, He 
wrote 155 epiſtles beſides other treatiſes in 
Greck, in a ſtile pure and elegant, and 
bordering much upon the poetic. The laſt 
edition is in $vo. Paris, 1605; inferior, 
however, to the ed/tio princeps by Petavius, 
fol. Paris, 1612. The beſt edition of Sy- 
neſius de febribus is that of Bernard, Amſt. 
I 749. 

SYNNAS, (adis,) or SYNNADA, (plur.) 
a town of Phrygia, famous for its marble 
quarries. Strab, 12.—(/audian in Eutr, 2. 
Martial. 9, ep. 77.— Stat. 1. Sylv. 5, v. 
41. 

SYNNALAX1S, a nymph of lonia, who 
had a temple in Elis. 

SyYNNIs, a famous robber of Attica. 
Vid. Synis. 

SYNOPE, a town on the borders of the 
Euxine. Vid. Sinope. 

SYPHAX, a king of the Maſæſyllii in 
Libya, who married Sophoniſba, the daugh- 
ter of Aſdrubal, and forſook the alliance 
of the Romans to join himſelf to the inte- 
reſt of his father-in-law, and of Carthage, 
He was conquered in a battle by Maſiniſſa, 
the ally of Rome, and given to Scipio the 
Roman general. The conqueror carried him 
to Rome, where he adorned his triumph. 
Syphax died in priſon 201 years before 
Chriſt, and his poſſeſſions were given to 
Maſiniſſa. According to ſome, the de- 
ſcendants of Syphax reigned for ſome time 


3D 4 over 


Virg. Mn. 6, V. 


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: 
. 


— Ds <a. 


— a 
- 


+ WL <= ono... 


—— 


© 
— — = 


— 


8 * 


over a part of Numidia, and continued to 
make oppoſition to the Romans. Liv. 24, 
& .- Plut.— Flor. 2, c. 6.—Polyb.—[tal. 
16, v. 171 & 118,—Ovid. Faß. 6, v. 
769. 

SYPHEUM, a town of the Brutii in Italy. 
Liv, 30, c. 19. 

SYRAcks, one of the Sacæ, who muti- 
lated himſelf, and by pretending to be a 
dleſerter, brought Darius, who made war 
againſt his country, into many difliculties, 
Polyen. 7. 

SYRACOSIA, feſtivals at Syracuſe, cele- 
brated during ten days, in which women 
were buſily employed in offering ſacrifices, 
Another yearly obſerved ncar the lake 
of Syracuſe, where, as they ſuppoſed, Pluto 
had diſappeared with Proſerpine. 

$YRACUEZA, a celebrated city of Sicily, 
ſounded about 732 years before the Chriſtian 
era, by Archias, a Corinthian, and one of 
the Heraclidæ. In its flo iſhing fate it 
extended 221 Engliſh miles in circumfer- 
ence, and was divided into 4 diſtricts, Or- 
tygia, Acradina, Tycha, and Neapolis, to 
which ſome add a fiith divihon Epipolz, 
a diſtriét little inhabited, Theſe were of 
themſclves ſeparate cities, and were fortified 
with three citadels, and three-tolded walls. 
Syracuſe had two capacious harbours ſepa- 
rated from one another by the iſland of 
Ortygia. The greateſt harbour was above 
5000 paces in circumference, and its en- 
trance 500 paces wide. . The people of Sy- 
racuſe were very opulent and powerful, and 
though ſubject to tyrants, they were mal- 
ters of vaſt poſſeſſions and dependent Qlates, 
The city of Syracuſe was well built, its 
houſes were ſtately and magnificent; and it 
has bcen ſaid, that it produced the beſt and 
moſt excellent of men when they were vir- 
tuous, but the moſt wicked and depraved 
when addited to vicious purſuits, The 
women of Syracuſe were not permitted to 
adorn themſelves with gold, or wear coſtly 
garments, except ſuch as proftituted them- 
ſelves. Syracuſe gave birth to Theocritus 
and Archimedes, It was under difterent 
governments; and after being freed from 
the tyranny of Thraſybulus, B. C. 446, it 
enjoyed ſecurity for 61 years, till the uſur- 
pation of the Dionyſii, who were expelled 
by Timoleon, B. C. 343. In the age of 
zhe elder Dionyſius, an army of 100,000 
foot and 10,000 horſe, and 400 ſhips, 
were kept in conſtant pay. It fell into the 
hands of the Romans, under the conſul 
Marcellus, after a fiege of 3 years, B. C. 
212. Cic. in Verr. 4, c. 52 & 53.—Strab, 
1 & 8.— 0. Nep.—Mela. 2, c. 7. Lie. 
23, &c.—Plut, in Marcell. & c.— lor. 2, 
c. 6.— Ital. 14, v. 278. 

SYRIA, 2 large country of Aſia, whoſe 


— 


— —ů — 


n 


boundaries are not accurately aſcertained b 
the antients. Syria, generally ſpeaking, 
was bounded on the eaſt by the Euphrates, 
north by mount Taurus, weſt by the Me- 
diterranean, and ſouth by Arabia, It was 
divided into ſeveral diſtricts and provinces, 
among which were Phcoenicia, Seleucis, ſu— 
dæa or Paleſtine, Meſopotamia, Babylon, 
and Affyria, It was alſo called Afyria; 
and the words Syria and Aſſy ria, though 
diſtinguiſhed and defined by ſome authois 
were often uſed indifferently, Syria was 
ſubjected to the monarchs of Perſia; but 
after the death of Alexander the Great, 
Seleucus, ſirnamed Nicator, who had re- 
cerved this province as his lot in the diviſion 
of the Macedonian dominions, raiſed it 
into an empire, known in hiftory by the 
name of the kingdom of Syria or Babylon, 
B. C. 312. Seleucus died after a reign of 
32 ycars, and his ſucceſſors, ſirnamed the 
Selcucid.e, aſcended the throne in the fol- 
lowing order: Antiochus, firnarned Soter, 
280 B. C. Antiochus Theos, 261; Selcu- 
cus Callinicus, 246; Selcucus Ceraunus, 
226; Antiochus the Great, 223; Selcu- 
cus Philopator, 187; Antiochus Epiphancs, 
175; Antiochus Eupator, 164; Demetrius 
Soter, 162; Alexander Balas, 150; De- 
metrius Nicator, 146; Antiochus the Sixth, 
144; Diodotus Tryphon, 143; Antiochus 
Sidetes, 139; Demetrius Nicator reſtored, 
130; Alexander Zebina, 127, who was 
dethroned by Antiochus Grypus, 122; 
Antiochus Cyzicenus, 112, who takes past 
of Syria, which he calls Cœleſyria; Philip 
and Demetrius Eucerus, 93, and in C&- 
leſyria, Antiochus Pius; Aretas was king of 
Cœleſyria, 85 ; Tigranes, king of Armenia, 
83; and Antiochus Afaticus, 69, who was 
dethironcd by Pompey, B. C. 65; in con- 
ſequence of which, Syria became a Roman 
province, Herodot. 2, 3, & 7.—Apolln, 
I, fArg.—Strab. 12 & 16.—C. Nep. in 
Dat.— Mela. 1, c. 2.—Ptel, 5, c. 6.— 
Curt. 6.—Dienyſ. Perieg. 

SYRIACUM MARF, that part of the Me- 
diterranean ſea which is on the coalt 0! 
Phœnicia and Syria, 

SYRINX, a nymph of Arcadia, daughter 
of the river Ladon. Pan became enamour- 
ed of her, and attempted to offer her vio- 
lence ; but Syrinx eſcaped, and at her own 
requeſt was changed by the gods into a reed 
called Syrinx by the Greeks, The go! 
made himſelf a pipe with the reeds, inte 
which his favorite nymph had been changed. 
Ovid. Met. 1, v. 691. | 

SYROPHOQNIX, the name of an inhabi- 
tant of the maritime coaſt of Syria. J. 

SYRos, one of the Cyclades in the &- 
gean ſea, about 20 miles in cireuſnterenct 
very fruitful in wine and corn of all forts 


, 


The inh: 
cauſe the 
1 N. 
— 4A NR 

SYRT 
Meditert 
of which 
near Ca 
places, 3 
very low 
moſt dar 
fatal to 
From thi 
has been 
ſea of w 
with dan 
den roc! 
Virg. &. 
Salluft. 1 


AA 
{ar 
Varro. 
TAB 
8 q 
TABE! 
ſuffrages 
and not 
theſe law 
by Gabin 
616; the 
622, anc 
646. Ci 
TABE! 
where ſh 
— Rhe 
confluenc 
now RAI. 
Caſtel, on 
town of . 
TaBos 
TABR} 
near Hipp 
neighbour 
keys, 
— Mela. 1 
TaBV! 
Scheldt. 
TaBusk 
Which abc 
v. 38. 2 
Tac 
TACA 
midia. 
Tacra 
manded aj 
reign of T 
in the Ror 
ol an cner 


ed by 
King, 


uthois 
a was 
1; but 
Great, 
ad re- 
ſiviſion 
ied it 
by the 
aby lon, 
eign ot 
ied the 
the fol- 
Soter, 
Seleu— 
raunus, 
Seleu- 
phancs, 
metrius 
5; De- 
E Sixth, 
1tiochus 
eſtored. 
ho Was 
5 123; 
kes part 
Philip 
in Cœ- 
King ot 
armenia, 
w ho was 
in con- 
Roman 
Apollar. 
Nep. in 
c. 6.— 


the Me- 
coaſt ot 


daughter 
DOamoulurs 
her vio- 
her own 
Ito a reed 
The god 
eds, into 


; changed, 


1 inhabi- 
Jus, 8. 
n the A 
Mierenct, 
F all ſorts 

Tir 


S * 


The inhabitants lived to a great old age, be- 
cauſe the air was wholeſome. Hemer. Od. 
15, v. 504.—Strab, 10.—Mela, 2, c. 7. 
———- A town of Catia. Pau. 3, c. 26. 

SYRTEsS, two large ſand banks in the 
Mediterranean, on the coaft of Africa, one 
of which was near Leptis, and the other 
near Carthage. As they often changed 
places, and were ſometimes very high or 
very low under the water,they were deemed 
moſt dangerous in navigation, and proved 
fatal to whatever ſhips touched upon them. 
From this circumſtance, therefore, the word 
has been uſed to denote an; Hart of the 
ſea of which the navigation was attended 
with danger either from whirlpools or hid- 
den rocks, Mela. 1, c. 7. JI. 2, c. 7.— 
Virg. An, 4, V. 41.—Lucan, 9, v. 303.— 
Salluft. in. J. 


Sx 


Svxus, an iſland. [ Vid. Syres.] A 
ſon of Apollo, by Sinope, the daughter of 
the Aſopus, who gave his name to Syria, 
Plut. in Luc. A writer. Vid. Publius. 

SYS1GAMB1S, the mother of Darius. Vid. 
Siſygambis. 

SYSIMETHRES, a Perſian ſatrap, who 
had two children by his mother, an in- 
ceſtuous commerce tolerated by the laws 
of Perſia. He oppoſed Alexander with 
2000 men, but ſoon ſurrendered. He was 


greatly honored by the conqueror. Curt. 8, 


6: 4 
SYSINAS, the elder ſon of Datames, who 
revolted from his father to Artaxerxes. 
SYTHAS, a river of Peloponneſus, flow- 
ing through Sicyonia into the bay of Co- 
rinth. Pauſ. 2, c. 7. 


1 


AAUTES, a Phœnician deity, the 
lame as the Saturn of the Latins. 
Varro. 

TAB, a town of Piſidia. 
"I 4 

TABELLARIZA LEGES, laws made b 
ſuffrages delivered upon tablets (rabellæ) 
and not viva voce, There were four of 
theſe laws, the Gabinia lex A. U. C. 614. 
by Gabinius; the Calla, by Caſſius A. U. C. 
616; the Papiria, by Carbo, A. U. C. 
622, and the Celia, by Czlius A. U. C. 
646. Cic. de legg. 3, c. 16. 

TABERNE NOVA, a itreet in Rome, 
where ſhops were built. Liv. 3, c. 48. 
——Rhenanz, a town of Germany on the 
confluence of the Felbach and the Rhine, 
now Rhin- Zabern. Riguz, now Bern- 
Caſtel, on the Maoſelle. 
town of Alſace in France, now Saverne. 

TaBoR, a mountain of Paleſtine, 

TABRACA, a maritime town of Africa, 
near Hippo, made a Roman colony. The 
neighbouring foreſts abounded with mon- 
keys. Juv. 10, v. I94.—Plin. 5, c. 3. 
—NMela. 1, c. 7.—Iral. 3, v. 256. 

Tazupa, a river of Germany, now the 
Scheldt, Prol. 

TaBURNUs, a mountain of Campania, 
which abounded with olives. Firg. G. 2, 
v. 38. En. 12, v. 715. 

TacaPe, a town of Africa. 

TACATUA, a maritime town of Nu- 
midia, 

TAcraRINASs, a Numidian wha com- 
manded an army againſt the Romans in the 
reign of Tiberius. He had formerly ſerved 
in the Roman legions, but in the character 
oi an enemy, he diſplayed the moſt invete- 


Liv, 38, 


Triboccorum, a ' 


3 


rate hatred againſt his benefactor. After 
he had ſeverally defeated the officers of Ti- 
berius, he was at laſt routed and killed in 
the field of battle, fighting with uncommon 
fury, by Dolabella. Tacit. Ann. 2, &c. 

TACHAMPSo, an ifland in the Nile, near 
Thebais. The Egyptians held one half of 
this ifland, and the reſt was in the hands of 
the Aithiopians. Herodot. 2. 

Tachos or TAchus, a king of Egypt, 
in the reign of Artaxerxes Ochus, againſt 
whom he ſuſtained a long war. He was 
aſſiſted by the Greeks, but his confidence 
in Ageſilaus, king of Lacedzmon, proved 
fatal to him. Chabrias, the Athenian, had 
been entruſted with the fleet of the Egyptian 
monarch, and Ageſilaus was left with the 
command of the mercenary army, The 
Lacedzmonian diſregarded hisengagements, 
and by joining with Nectanebus, who had 
revolted from Tachus, he ruined the atfairs 
of the monarch, and obliged him to ſave 
his life by flight. Some obſerve that Age- 
ſilaus acted with that duplicity to avenge 
himſelf upon Tachus, who had inſolently 
ridiculed his ſhort and deformed ſtature. 
The expectations of Tachus had been raiſed 
by the fame of Ageſilaus; but when he ſaw 
the lame monarch, he repeated on the oc- 
caſion the fable of the mountain which 
brought forth a mouſe, upon which Ageſi- 
laus replied with aſperity, that though he 
called him a mouſe, yet he ſoon ſhould find 
him to be a lion, C. Nep. in Ageſ. 

TACINnA, a river of the Brutii. 

TaciTa, a goddeſs who preſided over 
ſileuce. Numa, as ſome ſay, paid parti- 
cular veneration to this divinity, 

Tactivs, (C. Cornelius) a celebrated 

Latin 


5 
4 
93 
i 
7 


S Ab, 


SA 
Latin hiftorien, born in the reign of Nero, 
His father was a Roman knight, who — 
been appointed governor of Beigic Gaul. 
The native genius, and the rifing talents 
of Tacitus, were beheld with rapture by 
the emperor Veſpaſian, and as he wiſhed 
to protect and patronize merit, he raiſed 
the young hiflorian to places of truſt and 
honor. The ſucceeding emperors were not 
leſs partial to Tacitus, and Domitian ſcem- | 
ed to forget his cruelties, when virtue and 
innocence claimed his patronage. Tacitus 
was honored with the conſulſhip, and he 
gave proofs of his eloquence at the bar, by 
ſupporting the cauſe of the injured Africans 
againſt rhe proconſul Marius Priſcus, and 
in cnuſing him to be condemned for his 
avarice and extortion. The friendly inter- 
courſe of Pliny and Tacitus has often been 
admired, and many have obſerved, that 
the familiarity of theſe two great men, aroſe 
from ſimilar principles, and a perfect con- 
formity of manners and opinions. Yet 
Tacitus was as much the friend of a repub- 
lean government, as Pliny was an ad- 
mirer of the imperial power, and of the 
mort lived virtues of his patron Trajan. 
Pliny gained the heat of his adherents 
by affability, and all the elegant graces 
which became the courtier and the fa- 
vorite, while Tacitus conciliated the eftecm 
of the world by his virtuous conduct, 
which prudence and love of honor ever 
guided. The friendſhip of Tacitus and of 
Pliny almoſt became proverbial, and one 
was ſcarce mentioned without the other, as 
the following inflance may indicate. At 
the exhibition of the ſpectacſes in the circus, 
Tacitus held a long converſation on different 
ſubjects with a Roman knight, with whom 
he was unacquainted ; and when the knight 
aſked him whether he was a native of italy, 
the hiſtorian told him that he was not un- 
known to him, and that for their diſtant | 


” WY 


acquaintance, he was indebred to literature, 


Then you are, replied the knight, either 
citus or Pliny, The time of Tacitus Was 
not employed in triviat purſuits, the orator 
might have been now forgutten if the hiſto- 
rian had not fivriſhed, Tacitus wrote a 
treatiſe an the manners of the Germans, a 
compoſition admired for the fidelity and 
exactneſs with which it is executed, though 
tome have declared that the hiſtorian de- 
lineated manners and cuſtoms with which 
he was not acquainted, and which never 
exiſted. His life of Cn. Julius Agricola, 
whoſe daughter he had married, is cele- ; 
brated for its purity, elegance, and the 
many excellent inſtructions and important 
truths which it relates. His hiſtory of the 
Roman emperors is imperfe& ; of the 28 


1 


nothing remains but the year 69th, and 

of the Joth. His inn were the 2 — 
tenſive and complete of his works. The de yearly 
hiſtory of the reign of Tiberius, Caius, able a wor 
Claudius and Nero was treated with accuracy, kaftical w 
and attention, yet we are to lament the loſs citus for 

of the hiſtory of the reign of Caius, and ſpeaks of 
the beginning of that of Claudius, Tacitus ſhould be 
had reſerved for his old age, the hiſtory of language c 
the reign of Nerva and Trajan, and he alſo harities of 
propoſed to give to the world an account of upon then 
the intereſting adminiſtration of Auguſtus; the Pagan 
but theſe important ſubjects never employed tion. An 
the pen of the hiſtorian, and as ſome of the of Tacitus 
antients obſerve, the only compoſitions of that of Ro 
Tacitus were contained in 30 books, of vols. L. B. 
which we have now left only 16 of his an- 4 vols. 4te 
nals, and five of his hiſtory. The ſtile of vols. 8vo. 
Tacitus has always been admired for peculiar $to. 1721 
beauties ; the thoughts are great, there is Paris 177 
\uhhimity, force, weight and energy, every Lipf. 177; 
thing is treated with preciſion and dignity, Paris, 176 
yet many have called him obſcure, becauſe elected em 


he was fond of expreſſing his ideas in few 
words, This was the fruit of experience 
and judgment, the hiſtory appears copious 


of Aureliat 
important: 
ling ſolicit: 


and diffuſe, while the annals, which were in the 7or! 
written in his old age, ae Jefs flowing, as with the w 
to ſtile, more conciſe, and more heavily la- cepted the 
boied, His Latin is remarkable for being niftration 1 
pure and claſſical; and though a writer in the people 
the decline of the Roman empire, he has moderation 
not uſcd obſolete words, antiquated phraſes, ty, and imp 
or barbarous expreſſions, but with him every He aboliſhe 


thing is ſanctioned by the authority of the 
writers of the Auguſtan age. In his bio- 
graphical ſketches he diſplays an uncom- 
mon knowledge of human nature, he paints 
every ſcene with a maſterly hand, and gives 
each obje& its proper ſize and becoming co- 
lors. Affairs of importance are treated with 
dignity, the fecret cauſes of events and re- 
volutions are inveſtigated from their prime- 
val ſource, and the hiſtorian every where 
ſhows his rcader that he was a friend of 
public liberty and national independence, a 
lover of truth, and of the general good and 
welfare of mankind, and an inveterate ene» 
my to oppreſſion, and to a tyrannical go- 
verument. The hiſtory of the reign of Ti- 
berius is his maſter-piece, the deep policy, 
the diſſimulation and various intrigues of this 
celebrated prince, are painted with all the 
fdebty of the hiſtorian, and Tacitus boaſted 
in faying, that he neither would flatter the 
follics, or maliciouſly or partially repreſent 
the extravagance of the ſeveral characters he 
delineated. Candor and impartiality were 
bis ſtandard, and his claim to theſe effential 
qualifications of an hiſtorian have never been 
diſputed, It is ſaid, that the emperor Ta- 
citus, who boaſted in being one of the de- 
ſcendants of the hiſtorian, ordered the works 


ger the pre 
with licent 
ordering all 
ſun- ſet, he 
many irregu 
the night ha 
nators unde 
vered their 
privileges. 
le!lors of the 
ed to be his 
tic brother- 
the conſulſh 
ſenate, no 
deſerving oh 
inferior to fe 
a hott reign 
enly repelle 
invaded the 
but he prep: 
Perſians and 
as he was 
eiſtemper, 0 
deſtroyed by 
on the x3th 
tue Chriſt ian 
mended tor k 
been obſerve 
without couſ, 


years of which it treated, that is from the 
69th to the g6th ycar of the Chriſtian cra, 


of his auceſtor to be placed in all public lis 


W rcadiug o 
brayies, 5 


part 


ex- 
The 
uus, 
racy , 
loſs 
and 
citus 
y of 
alſo 
nt of 
ſtns ; 
oyed 
f the 
ns of 
s, of 
s an- 
ile of 
-uliar 
Te is 
every 
nity, 
cauſe 
| few 
rience 
pious 
were 
gy 48s 
ly la- 
being 
ter in 
e bas 
iraſes, 
every 
}f the 
5 bio- 
com- 
paints 
gives 
ng co- 
d with 
nd re- 
prime - 
where 
end of 
ence, 2 
xd and 
te ene ; 
-al go- 
of Ti- 
olicy, 
10 an 
all the 
boaſted 
ter the 
preſent 
cters he 
ty were 
r ſlential 
er been 
ror Ta- 
the de- 
e works 
ublic li- 
braries, 


1 


karies, and directed that ten copies well aſ- 
certained for accuracy and exactneſs, ſhould 
de yearly written, that ſo great and fo valu- 
able a work might not be loſt. Some cccle- 
faftical writers have exclaimed againſt Ta- 
citus for the partial manner in wh:ch be 
ſpeaks of the Jews and Chriſtians ; but it 
mould be remembered, that he ſpoke the 
language of the Romans, and that the pecu- 
karities of the Chriſtians could not but draw 
upon them the odium and the ridicule, of 
the Pagans, and the imputation of ſuperſti- 
tion. Among the many excellent editions 
of Tacitus, theſe may paſs tor the belt ; 
that of Rome, fol. 1515; that in 8vo. 2 
vols. L. Bat. 1673; that in uſum Delphini 
4 vols. 4to. Paris, 1682; that of Lipf. 2 
vols. 8 vo. 1714; of Gronovius, 2 vols. 
40. 1721; that of Brotier, 7 vols. lzmo. 
Paris, 1776; that of Erneſti, 2 vols. vo. 
Lipf. 1777; and Barbou's, 3 vols. 12mo. 
Paris, 1760. M. Claudius, a Roman 
elected emperor by the ſenate, after the death 
of Aurelian. He would have refuſed this 
important and dangerous office, but the preſ- 
fing ſolicitations of the ſenate prevailed, and 
in the 7oth year of his age, he complied 
with the wiſhes of his countrymen, and ac- 
cepted the purple. The time of his admi- 
nitration was very popular, the good of 
the people was his care, and as a pattern of 
moderation, economy, temperance, regulart- 
ty, and impartiality, Tacitus found no equal. 
He aboliſhed the ſeveral brothels which un- 
der the preceding reigns had filled Rome 
with licentiouſneſs and obicenity ; and by 
ordering all the public baths to be ſhut at 
ſun-ſet, he prevented the commithon of 
many irregularities, which the darkneſs of 
the night had hitherto ſanctioned. The ſe- 
nators under Tacitus ſcemed to have reco- 
rered their antient dignity, and long loſt 
privileges. They were not only the coun- 
ellors of the emperor, but they even ſeem- 
ech to be his maſters ; and when Florianus, 
wie brother-in-law of Tacitus, was refuſed 
the conſulſhip, the emperor ſaid, that the 
ſenate, no doubt, could fix upon a more 
deſerving object. As a warrior, Tacitus is 
inferior to few of the Romans, and during 
a ſhott reign of about ſix months, he not 
enly repelled the barbarians who had 
invaded the territories of Rome in Aſia, 
but he prepared to make war againft the 
Perſians and Scythians. He died in Cilicia 
is he was on his expedition, of a violent 
Gltemper, or, according to ſome, he was 
deſtroyed by the ſecret dagger of an aſſaſſin, 
on the 13th of April, in the 276th year of 
tie Chriſtian era. Tacitus has been com- 
mended tor his love of learning, and it has 
been obſerved, that he never paſſed a day 
without couſecrating ſome part of his time 


XA 


cuſed of ſuperſtition, and authors have re- 
corded, that he never ſtudied on the ſccond 
day of each month, a day which he deemed 
inauſpicious and unlucky. Tacit. vitd.-Zeſim. 

TADER, a river of Spain, near New 
Carthage, 

TIA, a proſtitute at Rome, &c. Fuv. 
2, V. 49. 

TEaNnARUvs, now Matapan, a promontory 
of Laconia, the moſt ſouthern point of Eu- 
rope, where Neptune had a temple. There 
was there a large and deep cavern, whence 
iſſued a black and unwholeſome vapor, 
from which circumſtance the poets have 
imagined that it was one of, the entrances 
of hell, through which Hercules dragged 
Cerberus from the infernal regions. This 
fabulous tradition ariſes, according to Pau- 
fanias, from, the continual reſort of a large 
ſerpent near the cavern of Tænarus, whoſe 
bite was mortal. This ſerpent, as the geo- 
grapher obſerves, was at laſt killed by Her- 
cules, and carried to Euryſtheus. The town 
of Tænarus was at the diſtance of about 40 
ſtadia from the promontory, and was fa- 
mous for marble of a bcautiful green color. 
The town, as well as the promontory, te- 
ceived its name from Tænarus, a ſon of 
Neptune. There were ſome feſtivals cele- 
brated there called 7 £naria, in honor of 
Neptune, ſirnamed Tænarius. Homer. Hymn, 
41 3. — Pauf. TI, C: I4.—Lucan. 6, V. 648.— 
Ovid. Met. 2, v. 247. l. 10, v. 13 & 83.— 
Pauſ 3, c. 25. — Apollod. 2, c. 5. - Mela. 2, 
c. 3.—Strab. 8. 

TENIASs, a part of the lake Mcaotis. 
Straß. 

TAaGASTE,a town of Numidia. Pl. 5, c. 4. 

TAcks, a ſon of Genius, grandſon of 
Jupiter, was the firſt who taught the 12 na- 
tions of the Etrurians the ſcience of augury 
and divination. It is ſaid that he was found 
by a Tuſcan ploughman in the form of a 
clod, and that he aſſumed an human ſhape 
to inſtruct this nation, which became ſo ce- 
lebrated for their knowledge of omens and 
incantations. Cic. de div. 2, c. 23.—Ovid. 
Met. 15, v. 558.—Lucan. 1, v. 673. 

Tacon1vs, a river of Hiſpania Tarra- 
conenſis. 

Tac us, a river of Spain, which falls into 
the Atlantic after it has croſſed Luſitania, 
and now bears the name of Te. The ſands 
of the Tagus, according to the poets, were 
covered with gold. Mele. 3, c. 1.— Ovid. 
Met. 2, v. 251.— Sil. 4, v. 234.— Luc ar. 7, 
v. 755. - Martial. 4, ep. 55, &c. A 
Latian chief, killed by Niſus. Virg. A. q, 
v. 418. A Trojan, killed by Turnus. 
Id. 12, v. 513. 

TALAsfus. Vid. Thalaſius. b 

TALAus, a fon of Bias and Pero, father 
of Adraſtus by Lyſimache. He was que 


w reading or Writing. He has been ac- |,ul the Argonauts. polled, 1, c. 9. 1. 3,C. 6. 


ALAYRA, 


1 


4 
4 
3 
© | 


— I e al 1» * * * 


1 


TALAYRA, the ſiſter of Phoebe. 
Alſo called Hilaira, Vid. Phœbe. 

Tarkron, a temple ſacred to the ſun 
on mount Taygetus in Laconia. Horſes 
were generally offered there for ſacrihce. 
Pau,. 

TALTHYB1us, a herald in the Grecian 
.camp during the Trojan war, the particular 
miniſter and friend of Agamemnon. He 
brought away Briſeis from the tent of A- 
chilles by order of his maſter. Talthybius 
died at /Egium in Achaia. Hamer. Il. 1, v. 
320, &c.—Pauſ. 7, c. 23. 

Talus, a youth, ſon of the ſiſter of 
Daedalus, who invented the ſaw, compaſſcs, 
and other mechanical inſtruments. His un- 
cle became jealous of his growing fame, and 
murdered him privately ; or, according to 
others, he threw him down from the citadel 
of Athens. Talus was changed into a par- 
tridge by the gods. He is allo called Calus, 
Acalus, Perdix, and 1 aliris. Apollo. 3, c. 
.- Pau. 1.—Ovid. Met. 8. A fon of 
(Enopion. Pauſ. 7, c. 4. A ſon of Cres, 
the founder of the Cretan nation. A 
friend of Eneas killed by Turnus. Prrg. 
. 12, v. 513. 

TAMARIS, a river of Spain. 

TAMARus, a mountain of Epirus, called 
alſo Tmarus and Tomarus, Strab. 

TAMASEA, a beautiful plain of Cyprus, 
ſacred to the goddeſs of beauty. It was in 
this place that Venus gatnered the golden 
apples with which Hippomanes was enabled 
to overtake Atalanta. Ovid. Met. 10, v. 
644.—Plin, 5.—Strab. 14. 

TAMES15S, a river of Britain, now the 
Thames. Ce/. G. 5, c. 11. 

Tamos, a native af Memphis, made go- 
vernor of Icnia, by young Cyrus. After 
the death of Cyrus, Tamos fled into Egypt, 
where he was murdered un account of his 
immenſe treaſures, Diod. 14. A pro- 
montory of India near the Ganges. 

TamMreivs, a Roman hiſtorian. 

TAMYRAS, a river of Phœnicia, between 
Tyre and Sidon. 

TaMYR1s, a queen. Vid. Thomyris. 

TANAGRA, a town of Bœotia, near the 
Euripus, between the Aſopus and Thermo- 
don, famous for fighting cocks. It was 
founded by Pœ mandros, a ſon of Chæreſi- 
laus, the ſon of Jaſius, who married Tana- 
gra, the daughter of olus; or, according 
to ſome, of the Aſopus. Corinna was a 
native of Tanagra. Strab. g. —Pauſ. 9, c. 
20 & 22.—4lian, V. H. 13, v. 25. 


She is 


TANAGRUsS, or TANAGER, now Negro, | 


a river of Lucania in Italy, remarkable for 
- 3ts caſcades, and the beautiful meanders of 
its ſtreams, through a tine pictureſque 
country. Virg. G. 3, v. 151. 


TANA15, an cunuch, freed man to Mæ- | 


T A 


cenas. Horat, 1, Sat. t, v. 105, — 4 
river of Scythia, now the Don, which di- 
vides Europe from Aſia, and falls into tl; 
Palus Mzotis after a rapid courſe, and after 
it has reccived the additional ſtreams ot 
many ſmall rivulets. A town at its mouth 
bore the ſame name. Mela. 1, c. 19.— 
Strab. 11 & 16.—Curt. 6, c. 2.—Lucan, z, 
8, &c. A deity among the Perſians and 
Armenians, who patronized flaves; ſup- 
poled to be the fame as Venus. The daugh. 
ters of the nobleſt of the Perſians and Ar. 
menians proſtituted themſelves in honor of 
this deity, and were received with greater 
regard and affection by their ſuitors, Ar. 
taxerxes, the ſon of Darius, was the firſt who 
raiſed ſtatues to Tanais. Strab, 11. 

TANAQUIL, called alſo Caia Cæcilia, was 
the wife of Tarquin the 5th king of Rome. 
She was a native of Tarquinia, where ſhe 
married Lucumon, better known by the 
name of Tarquin, which he aſſumed after 
he had come to Rome at the repreſentation 
of his wife, whoſe knowledge of augury 
promiſed him fomething uncommon. Her 
expectations were not fruſtrated ; her huſ- 
band was raiſed to the throne, and the ſhared 
with him the honors of royalty. After the 
murder of Tarquin, Tanaquil raiſed her 
ſon-in-law Servius Tullius to the throne, 
and enſured him the ſucceſſion. She dil- 
tinguithed herſelf by her liberality ; and thc 
Romans in ſucceeding ages had ſuch a ve- 
neration for her character, that the em- 
broidery ſhe had made, her girdle, as alſo 
the robe of her ſon-in-law, which ſhe had 
worked with her own hands, were preſerved 
with the greateſt ſanctity. Juvenal beitows 
the appellation of Tanaqui! on all ſuch vo- 
men as were imperious, and had the com- 
mand of their huſbands, Liv. 1, c. 34, 
&c.— Dionyſ. Hal. 3, c. 59 —- ler. 1, c.) 
& 8.— Ital. 13, v. 818. 
5 a river of Numidia, 

90. 5 

TANETUM, a town of Italy, now Te- 
nedo, in the duchy of Modena. 

Taxnranez LUCUS, a ſacred grove in 
Germany, in the country of the Mach, be- 
tween the Ems and Lippe. Tacit. A. 1, 
e. 51. 

TAxIs, a city of Egypt, on one of tie 
eaſtern mouths of the Nile. 

TANTALI DES, a patronymic applied to 
the deſcendants of Tantalus, ſuch as Niobe, 
Hermione, &c. Agamemnon and Me— 
nelaus, as grandſons of Tantalus, aic call:d 
Tantalide fratres, Ovid. Hervid. 8, v. 4 
& 122. 

TANTAL Us, a king of Lydia, ſon of ]u- 
| piter by a nymph called Pluto He vi 
father of Niobe, Pelops, &c. by Dione, ole 
of the Atlantides, called by ſome Euryanali 


5 alli . 


| Tantaiv 


* 


Tantalus 1 
wiſhed in 
placed up 
of water, 
ſoon as | 
hangs alſo 
paded wit 
2s he att. 
from his 
According 
niihment | 
ſome diſta 
every mor 
der contin 
Tne cauſe 
variouſly « 
was inflié 
favorite d. 
luis care to 
thers ſay | 
2mbrofta | 
he was ad 
ven, and t 
Others ſu} 
cruelty an 
lops, and 
the gods, 1 
ed to try 
houſe as't 
are alſo o 
viouſneſs | 
gratify th 
Pindar. 0 
ie. Tu 
in Ip. — 
1, Sat. t, 
the firſt hi 
— On: « 
6, fab. 6, 
Tawus 
rian intim. 
Taru. 
tween Acl 
Ao called 
names fron 
of Neptun 


phians ma 


Mycenæ, 
Which the 
and bis d 
could 4VCn 
the Taphi 
lucceſ „ An 
The Tiphi 
Wad of p 
Bamer . Ol 
IO Aput'ad, 
Aru 
thoc rhe Aa 
of the Tay 
ah. 10. 
Taru 
6 Locris « 


— 
ch di- 
nto te 
d after 
ams ot 
mouth 

19.— 
can. z, 
ins and 
ſup- 
daugh- 
nd Ar. 
onor of 
greater 
hc 
rt who 


lia, was 
Rome. 
ire ſhe 
by the 
ed after 
entation 
aug ury 
n. Her 
zer huſ- 
e ſhared 
\ fter the 
{ed her 
throne, 
She d(- 
and tlic 
ch a ve- 
the em- 
„ a5 alſo 
ſhe had 
„reſerved 
beton, 
uch wor 
he com- 
„ 
£056 


S alluff X 
now T6 


grove il 
1t, A. I, 


ne of the 


zpplicd 70 
as Niobe 
and Me- 
ale called 
8, v. 4 


on of ſu- 
He was 
one, ons 
uryanalis 
Tantal 


| 3 


Tantalus 15 repreſented by the poets as pu- 
viſhed in hell, with an inſatiable thirſt, and 
placed up to the chin in the midſt of a pool 
of water, which, however, flows away as 
ſoon as he attempts to taſte it. There 
kings alſo above his head, a bough, richly 
L1ded with delicious fruit; which, as ſoon 
as he attempts to ſeize, is carried away 
from his reach by a ſudden blatt of wind, 
According to ſome mythologiſts, his pu- 
nh ment is to fit under a huge ſtone bung at 
ſome diſtance over his head, and as it ſeems 
every moment ready to fall, he is kept un- 
der continual alarms and never ceaſing fears. 
The cauſes of this eternal puniſhment are 
variouſly explained. Some declare that it 
was inflicted upon him becauſe he ſtole a 
frworite dog, which Fupiter had entruſted to 
his care to keep his temple in Crete. O- 
thers ſay that he ſtole away the ne tar and 
2mbrofia from the tables of the gods, when 
he was admitted into the aſſemblies of hea- 
ven, and that he gave it to mortals on earth. 
Others ſupport, that this proceeds from his 
cruelty and impiety in killing his ſon Pe- 
lops, and in ſerving his limbs as food before 
the gods, whoſe divinity and power he wiſh- 
ed to try, when they had ſtopped at his 
houſe as they paſſed over Phrygia. There 
are alſo others who impute it to his laſci- 
viouſneſs in carrying away Ganymedes to 
gratify the moſt unnatural of paſſions. 
Pindar. Olymp. 1.— Homer, Od. 11, v. 581. 
ic. Tuſe. 1, e. 5. J. 4, c. 16.—Eurip. 
in Iphig.,—Prepert. 2, el. I, v. 66.— Horat. 
1, Sat. t, v. 68. A ſon of Thyeſtes, 
the firſt huſband of Clytemneſtra. Pau/. 2, 
—— On: of Niobe's children. Ovid. Met, 
6, fab. 6. 

Tawnusrus GERMINUsS, a Latin hiſto- 
flan intimate with Cicero. Seneca. 

Tayrnurz®, iflands in the Ionian ſea, be- 
tween Achmia and Leucadia, They were 
ally called Teleboides. They received theſe 
names from Taphius and Telcbous, the ſons 
of Neptune who reigned there. The Ta- 
plans made war again Electryon king of 
Mycenæ, and killed all his ſuns; upon 
which ths monarch promiſed his kingdom 
and his daughter in marriage to whoever 
could avenge the death of lis children upon 
the Taphians. Amphytrion did it with 
luccels, and obtained the promiſed reward. 
The Typhians were expert ſailors, but too 
tad of plunder and piratical excurſions, 
Hamer. Od. I, V. 181 & 419. . I 5 v. 426. 
— Aputtod, 2, C. 4. —Plin. 4z E.:3 So 

Ta?znrvs, a lun of Neptune by Hippo» 
oc rhe daughter of Neſtor. He was king 
of the Taphiæ, to which he gave his name. 
Strah. 10.— Apo!/od. 2, C 4. 

Tarmius, or TAPHIASSUS, a mountain 


1 
TarnurvsA, a place near Leucas, where 
a ſtone is found called Taphiaſius. Plin. 30, 
e. 1. 
TAPHRA, a town on the iſthmus of the 
Taurica Cherſoneſus, row Precep. Mela. 
2, c. 1.—Plin. 4, c. 12. 

TAruzos, the ſtrait between Corſica and 
Sardinia, now Bonifacio, 

TAPROBANE, an ifland in the Indian 
ocean, now called Ceylon. Its inhabitants 
were very rich, and lived to a great age. 
Strab. 2.— Ovid. ex Pont. 8, el. 5, v. $0. 

Tarsus, a maritime town of Africa. 
. A ſmall and lowly ſituated 
peninſula on the eaſtern coaſt of Sicily, 
Virg. An. 3, v. 689. A man of Cyzi- 
cus, killed by Pollux. JV. Face. 2, v. 191. 

TAP VYRI, a people near Hyrcania. Dio. 
Perig. 

TaRANTS, a name of jupiter among the 
Gauls, to whom human ſacrifices were 
offered. Lucan. 1, v. 446. 

TARAs, a ſon of Neptune, who built Ta- 
rentum as ſome ſuppoſe. 

TARASCO, a town of Gaul, now Taraſ- 
con in Provence. 

TARAX1IPPUs, a deity worſhipped at Elis. 
His ſtatue was placed near the race ground, 
and his protection was implored, that no 
harm might happen to the horſes during the 
games. Pau. 6, c. 20, &Cc. 

TARBELLI, a people of Gaul, at the 
foot of the Pyrenees, which from thenae 
are ſometimes called Tarbellæ. Tibull. 1, 
el. 7, v. 13.—Lucan. 4, v. 121.—Cef, G 
Ne 

Tagcurrius, an impious king of Alba. 
Plut. in Rem. 

Tak cuo, an Etrurian chief, who aſſiſt- 
ed Æneas againſt the Rutuli. Some ſuppoſe 
that he founded Mantua. Firg. Zn. 8, v. 
603. A prince of Cilicia. Lacan. , v. 
219. « 
TARCHONDIMGTUS, a prince of Cilicia, 
Lucan, 11, v. 219. 

TARENTUM, TARENTUs, or TARas, a 
town of Calabria, fituate on a bay of the 
fame name, near the mouth of the river 
Galeſus. It was founded, or rather re- 
paired, by a Lacedzmonian colony, about 
707 years before Chriſt, under the conduct 
of Phalanthus. Long indepepdent, it 
maintained its ſuperiority over 13 tributary 
cities; and could once arm 100,000 foot, 
and 3,000 horſe. The people of Taren- 
tum were very indulent, and as they were 
caſily ſupplied with all neceſſaries as well as 
luxuries from Greece, they gave themſelves 
up to voluptuouſneſs, fo that e delights ef 
Tarentum became proverbial. The war 
which they ſupported againit the Romans, 
with the aſſiſtance of Pyrrhus, king of Epi- 


v Locris on the confines of oli 1 


rue, and which has been called the 7aren- 
tine 


— 


— 


* 


e 2. 


* 


* 


1 

# 

x? 
> 
1 
4 
od , 

* 


14 


— — — 


> 


A. 


tine war, is greatly celebrated in liftory. 
This war, which had been undertaken 
B. C. 231, by the Romans to avenge the 
inſults the Tarentines had offered to their 
ſhips when near thcir harbours, was termi- 
nated after ten years; 30,000 priſoners were 
taken, and Tarentum became ſubje to 
Rome. The government of Tarentum was 
de mocratical; there were, however, ſome 
monarchs who reigned there. It was for 
ſome time the reſidence of Pythagoras, who 
infpired the citizens with the love of virtue, 
and rendered them ſuperior to their neigh- 
bours in the cabinet as well as in the field 
of battle. The large, beautiful, and capa- 
cious harbour of Tarentum is greatly com- 
mended by antient hiſtorians. Tarentum, 
now called Tavrento, is inhabited by about 
18,000 ſouls, Who ſtill maintain the cha- 
racter of their forefathers in idleneſs and 
effeminacy, and live chiefly by fiſhing. 
Flor. 1, c. 18.—-Vul. Max. 2, c. 2.—Plut. 
in Pyr. — Pin. 8, 15 & 34.— Liv. 12, c. 
13, Sc. Mela. 2, c. 4.—Strab. 6.— Ho- 
rat. I, ep. 7, v. 45.—Alliau. J. H. 5, 
c. 20. 

T ARTEN, a fortified town of] 
Cic. ad Div. 12, c. 11. Several towns 
on the coaſt of Egypt bore this name from 
their pick/ing haſh. Ilerodot. 2, c. 15, &c. 

TA RNA, a town mentioned by Homer, 
Tl. 5. A ſountain of Lydia, near Tmo- 
Jus. Strab, A river of Aquitania. 

TARA, (Spurius Mztius,) a critic at 
Rome in the age of Auguſtus, He was ap- 
Pointed with four others in the temple of 
Apollo, to examine the merit of every poeti- 
cal compoſition, which was to be depoſited 
in the temple of the Mutes. In this otfice 
he ated with great impartiality, though 
many taxed him with want of can- 
dor. All the pieces that were repreſented 
on the Roman ſtage bad previouſly receiv- 
ed his approbation. Horat. 1, Sat. 10, v. 


38 


Tudza, 


TARPEIA, the daughter of Tarpeius, the 
governor of the citadel of Rome, promiſed 
to open the gates of the city to the Sabines, 
provided they gave her their gold bracelets, 
or, as ſhe expreſſed it, what they carried on 
their left hands. Tatius, the King of the 
Sabines, conſented, and as he entered the 
gates, to puniſh her perfidy, he threw not 
only his bracelet but his ſhield upon Tarpeia. 
His followers imitated his example, and Tar- 

ia was cruſhed under the weight of the 
| 0:44 and ſhields of the Sabine army. 
She was buried in the capitol, which from 
her has been called the Tarpeian rock, and 
there afterwards many of the Roman male- 
factors were thrown down a deep precipice, 
Plut. in Rom. — Cuid. Fafl. 1, v. 261. 


Amor. 1, el. 10, ». $9.—Liv, 1, Cc. * creaſed the number. of the ſenate, 1 


SZ 


Propert. 4, el. 4. A veſtal virgin in the 
reign'of Numa.——One of the watlike fe. 
male attendants of Camilla in the Rutulian 
war. Fire, An. 11, v. 656. 

TARPEIA Lx, Was enacted A, U. c. 
269, by Sp. Tarpeius, to empower all the 
magiſtrates of the republic to lay fines on 
offenders. This power belonged before only 
to the conſuls. The fine was not to exceed 
2 theep and zo oxen. 

Sp. TARPEIVs, the governor of the eita- 
del of Rome, under Romulus. His deſcen. 
darits were called Mantan and Capitolini, 

TARPELIUS MONS, a hill at Rome about 
do feet in perpendicular height, from whence 
| the Rumans threw down their condemned 
| criminals. It received its name from Tar. 
peia, who was buried there, and is the ſame 
as the Capitoline hill. Liv, 6, c. 20.— L. 
can. 7, v. 758.—Virg. An. 8, v. 347 & 
652. 

. RQUINIT, now Turchina, a town of 
Etruria, built by Tarchon, who aſſiſted .- 
neas againſt Turnus. Tarquinius Priſcus 
was educated there, and he made it a Ro- 
man colony when he aſcended the throne, 
Strab. 5.—Plin. 2, C. 95. Liv. I, C. 34, 
I. 29 c. 4 

TAaRQUINIA, a daughter of Tarquinius 
Priſcus, who married Servius Tullius. 
When her huſband was murdered by Tar- 
quinius Superbus, ſhe privately conveyed 
away his body by night, and buried it. This 
preyed upon her mind, and the following 
night ſhe died. Some have attributed her 
death to exceſs of grief, or ſuicide, while 
others, perhaps more juſtly, have ſuſpected 
Tullia, the wife of young Tarquin, with 
the murder. A veſtal virgin, who, as 
ſome ſuppoſe, gave the Roman people a 
large piece of land, which was afterwards 


called the Campus Martius. 

TarQuinivus PriIscCus, the th king of 
Rome, was ſon of Demaratus, a native cf 
Greece. His firſt name was Lucumon, but 
this he changed when by the advice of his 
wife Tanaquil, he had come to Rome. He 
called himſelf Lucius, and aſſumed the fir- 
name of Tarquinius, becauſe born in the 
town of Tarquinii in Etruria. At Rome 
he diſtinguiſhed himſelf ſo much by his l- 
berality and engaging manners, that Ancus 
Martius, tl. reigning monarch, nominated 
him at his death, the guardian of his chil 
| dren. This was inſufficient to gratify the 

ambition of Tarquinz the princes were 
young, and an artful oration delivered to 
the people immediately transferred the crown 
of the deceaſed monarch on the head of Lu- 
cumon. The people had every reaſon to bt 
latisſied with their choice, Tarquin reigned 
with moderation and popularity. He m- 


vmſelf fr 
from the 

by the aj 
, from 
were Caile 
glory of t 
ported WI 
monarchs 
and Tarq 
and milit: 
he obtaine 
tins and? 
12 nation 
time of p- 
public pl 
buildings 

centuries 

the ſtately 
Nero, vie 
greater pl 
leis agu 
laid the f 
the induſt 
arch, th 
aqueducts 
ſupplied t 
water, an 
which in: 
tilence an 
wno intro 
tom to ca 
nor; he c 
nators, ar, 
particular 
chairs at ſ 
before the 
order ſurr. 
ſtrike mo! 
greater rex 
by the tw 
$0th year 
{at on the 
Dienyſ. II 


hk . 8. 


}l.—/irg 


cond Tarq 
pride and 
quinius P 
of Rome 
Tullius, 7 
of Rome. 
of Tullius, 
de murdei 
the kingd 
obtained v 
keep by a 
bis royal 

de decilic 
tion of the 
ng to diſr 
louſy of 

other. T. 


in che 
ike fe. 
utulian 


122 
all the 
ines on 
re only 
exceed 


he eita- 
de ſcen- 
olini. 

e about 
whence 
demned 
m Tar- 
he ſame 
5.— Li- 
347 K 


town of 
Red R. 

Priſcus 
it a Ro- 
throne, 


. 34. 


rquinius 
Tullius. 
by Tar- 
onveyed 
it. This 
ollowing 
uted her 
le, while 
uſpected 
in, with 
who, as 
people 2 
terwards 


1 king of 
native of 
mon, but 
ce of his 
me. He 
d the fir- 
n in the 
At Rome 
by his li 
at Ancus 
ominated 
his chil- 
ratify the 
ces were 
ivered to 
the crow 
ad of Lu- 
aſon to be 
n reigned 

He in- 
and made 

himſ& 


T A 

vmſelf friends by electing too new ſenators 
from the plebeians, whom he diſtinguiſhed 
by the appellatron of Patres minarum gent. 
ym, fron thoſe of the patrician body, who 
were called Pazres majorum gentium. The 
glory of the Roman arms, which was ſup- 
ported with ſo much dignity by the former 
monarchs, was not negleCted in this reign, 
and Tarquin ſhowed that he poſſeſſed vigor 
and military prudence in the victories which 
he obtained over the united forces of the La- 
tins and Sabines, and in the conqueſt of the 
12 nations of Etruria, He repaired, in the 
time of peace, the walls of the capital, the 
ublic places were adorned with elegant 
buildings and uſeful ornaments, and many 
centuries after, ſuch as were ſpectators of 
the ſtately manſions and golden palaces of 
Nero, viewed with more admiration and 
greater pleaſure the more ſimple, though not 
leſs magnificent, edifices of Tarquin. He 
laid the foundations of the capitol, and to 
the induſtry and the public ſpirit of this mo- 
arch, the Romans were indebted for their 
aqueducts and ſubterraueous ſewers, which 
ſupplied the city with freſh and wholeſome 
water, and removed all the filth and ordure, 
which in a great capital too often breed peſ- 
tilence and diſeaſes. Tarquin was the firit 
vno introduced among the Romans the cuſ- 
tom to canvaſs for offices of truſt and ho- 
nor; he diſtinguiſhed the monarch, the ſe- 
nators, and other inferior magiſtrates with 
particular robes and ornaments, with ivory 
chairs at ſpeRacles, and the hatchets carried 
before the public magiſtiates, were by his 
order ſurrounded with bundles of fticks, to 
ſtrike more terror, and to be viewed with 
greater reverence. Tarquin was aſſaſſinated 
by the two ſons of his predeceſſor, in the 
$0th year of his age, 38 of which he had 
fat on the throne, 578 years before Chriſt. 
Dienyſ. Hal. 3, c. 59.—Yal. Max. 1. c. 4. 
l. 3, C. 2.— Flor. 1, c. 5, &c,—Liv. 1, c. 
31. —-Virg. u. 6, v. 817. The ſe- 
cond Tarquin, ſirnamed Saperbus, from his 
pride and inſolence, was grandſon of Tar: 
quinius Priſcus. He aſcended the throne 
of Rome after his father-in-law Servius 
Tullius, and was the ſeventh and laſt king 
of Rome. He marcied Tullia, the daughter 
of Tullius, and it was at her inſtigation that 
de murdered his father-in-law, and ſeized 
the kingdom, The crowu which he bad 
obtained with violence, he endeavoured to 
Keep by a Continuation of tyranny. Unlike 
bis royal predeceſſors, he paid no regard to 
de deciſions of the ſenate, or the approba- 
tion of the public aſſemblies, and by wiſh- 
ing to diſregard both, he incurred the jea- 
louly of the one and the edium af the 
ther, The public treaſury was logu ex- 


* 


1 


— — 


T A 


hauſted by the continual extravagance of 
Tarqnin, and to ſilence the murmurs of his 
ſubjects, he reſolved to call their attention 
to war, He was ſucceſsful in his military 
operations, the neighbouring cities ſubmit= 
ted; but while the ſiege of Ardea was con- 
tinued, the wantunnelſs of the ſon of Tar- 
quin at Rome, for ever ſtopped the progreſs 
of his arms; and the Romans, whom a 
{ſeries of barbarity and oppreſſion had hi- 
therto provoked, no ſouner ſaw the vir- 
tuvus Lucretia tab herſelf, not to ſurvive 
the loſs of her honor, [ Vid. Lucretia] than 
the whole city and camp aroſe with indig- 


nation againſt the monarch. The gates ot 


Rome were ſhut againſt him, and Tarquin 
was for ever baniſhed from his throne, in 
the year of Rome 244. Unable to find 
ſupport from even one of his ſubjects, Tar- 
quin retired among the Etrurians, who at- 
tempted in vain to replace him on his 
throne. The republican government was 
eſtabliſhed at Rome, and all Italy refuſed 
any longer to ſupport the cauſe of an exiled 
monarch againſt a nation, who heard the 
name of Tarquin, of king, and tyrant, men- 
tioned with equal horror and indignation. 
Tarquin died in the goth year of his age, 
about 14 years after his expulſion from 
Rome. He had reigned about 25 years. 
Though Tarquin appeared ſo odious among 
the Romans his reign was not without its 
ſhare of glory, His conqueſts were nume- 
rous ; to beautify the buildings and porticos 
at Rome was his wiſh, and with great mag- 
nificence and care he finithed the capitol, 
which his predecefſor of the ſame name 
had begun, He aiſo bought the Sibylline 
books which the Romans conſulted with 
ſuch religious ſolemnity. [Vid. Sibyllæ.] 
Cic. pro Rab, Sc.— Liv. 1, c. 46, &c.— 
Dienyſ. Hal. 4, c. 48, Sc. — Her. 1, c. 7 
& 8.—Plin. 8, c. 4i.—Plut.—Pal. Max. 9, 
c. 11. — Od. Faſt. 2, v. 687.—-Virg. Ar. 
6, v. 817.— Eutrop. (Collatinus) one 
of the relations of Tarquin the proud, who 
married Lucretia. {[Yid. Collatanus.] 
Sextius, the eldeſt of the ſons of Tarquin 
the proud, rendered himſelf well known by 
a variety of adventures. When his father 
beſieged Gabii, young Tarquin publicly de- 
clared that he was at variance with the 
monarch, and the report was the more 
eaſily believed when he came before Gabii 
with his body all mangled and bloody with 
ſtripes. This was an agreement between 
the father and the ſon, and Targuin had 
no ſooner declared that this proceeded from 
the tyranny and oppreſſion of his father, 
than the people of Gabii entruſted him with 
the command of their armies, fully con- 
vinced that Rome could never have a morg 

10 VELcrats 


we * 


S-: 


inveterate enemy. When he had thus ſuc- 
ceeded, he diſpatched a private meſſenger 
to his father, but the monarch gave no 
anſwer to be returned to his ſon. Sextius 
enquired more particularly about his father, 
and when he heard from the meſſenger that 
when the meſſage was delivered, Tarquin 
cut off with a ſtick the talleſt poppies in 
his garden, the ſon followed the example 


by putting to death the moſt noble and 


powerful citizens of Gabii. The town ſoon 
tell into the hands of the Romans. The 
violence which ſome time after Tarquinius 
offered to Lucretia, was the cauſe of his 
father's exile, and the total expulſion of his 
family from Rome, [ Vid. Lucretia.] Sex- 
tins was at laſt killed, bravely fighting in 
a battle daring the war which the Latins 
ſuſtained againſt Rome in the attempt of 
re-eſtabliſhing the Tarquins on their thione. 
Ovid. Fa. — Liv. A Roman ſenator 
who was acceſſary to Catilinc's conſpiracy, 
TarqQuitTivs CRESCENS, a centurion 
under Cæſennius Pætus. Tacit. 4. 15, c. 


IT. Priſcus, an officer in Africa, who 
accuſed the pro-conſul, & c. Id. 12, c. 59. 
I. 14, c. 46. 


TARxd virus, a ſon of Faunus and Dry- 
ope, who aſſiſted Turnus againit Aneas. 
He was killed by Encas. Ving. An. 10, 
v. 550. 

TARRACTNA or ANXUR, a town of the 
Volſci in Latium, between Rome and Nca- | 
polis. Strab. 5,— Mela. 2, c. 4. 

TARRAco, now Tarragena, a city of 
Spain, ſituate on the ſhores of the Mediter- 
ranean, founded by the two Scipios, who 
planted a Roman colony there. The pro- 


vince of which it was the capital was called | 


Tarraconenſis, and was famous for its 
wines, Hiſpania Tarraconenſis, which was 
alſo called by the Romans Hiſpania Citerior, 
was bounded on the eaſt by the Mediterra- 
nean, the ocean on the weſt, the Pyrenean 
mountains and the ſea of the Cgntabri on 
the north, aud Lufitania and Beetica on the 
ſouth. Martial. 10, ep. 104 |. 13, cp. 
118.—Mela. 2, c. 6,—Sil. 3, v. 369. I. 15, 
3 
TARRUTTUs. Vid. Acca Laurentia. 
TARsA, a Thracian who rebelled under 
Tiberius, &c. Tacit. Ann. 4, c. 50. 
Tars1Us, a river of Troas. Strab. 
Tarsvs, now Taraſſo, a town of Cilicia, 
on the Cydnus, founded by Triptolemus 
and à colony of Argives, or, as others ſay, 
by Sardanapalus, or by Perſcus. Tarſus 
was celebrated for the great men it produ- | 
ced. It was once the rival of Alexandria 
and Athens in literature and the ſtudy of 
the polite arts. The people of Tarſus 


r 


T A 


favor of J. Cæſar by giving the name of 
Juliopolis to their city, but it was ſoon loft 
Lucan, 3, v. 225.— Mela. 1, c. 13.— 
Strab. 14. | 
TARTARUS, (pl. a, orum,) one of the 
regions of hell, where, according to the 
antients, the moſt impious and guilty 
among mankind were puniſhed. It was 
ſurrounded with a brazen wall, and its 
entrance was continually hidden from the 
hight by a cloud of darkneſs, which is re. 
preſented three times more gloomy than the 
obſcureſt night. According to Heſiod jt 
was a ſeparate priſon, at a greater diſtance 


heavens. Virgil ſays, that it was ſur- 
rounded by three impenetrable walls, and 
hy the impetuous and burning ſtreams of 
the river Phlegethon. The entrance is by a 
large and lofty tower, whoſe gates are ſup. 
ported by columns of adamant, which nei- 
ther gods nor men can open. In Tartarus, 
according to Virgil, were puniſhed ſuch as 
had been diſobedient to their parents, trait- 
ors, adulterers, faithleſs miniſters, and ſuch 
as had undertaken unjuſt and cruel wars, or 
had betrayed their friends for the ſake of 
money. It was alſo the place where Ixion, 
Tityus, the Danaides, Tantalus, Siſyphus, 
&c, were puniſhed, according to Ovid, 
Heſiod. Theog. v. 720.— Sil. 13, v. 591.— 
Virg. nx. 6. Homer. Od. 11.—Vvid. Met. 
4, fab. 13. A ſmall river of Italy, near 
Verona. Tacte. H. 3, c. 9. 

TARTEsSSUs, a town in Spain near the 
columns of Hercules, on the Mediterrancan, 
Some ſuppoſe that it was afterwards called 
Carteia, and it was better known by the 
name of Gades, when Hercules had ſet up 
his columns on the extremity of Spain and 
Africa. There is alſo a town called Tar- 
teſſus, in a ſmall iſland formed by a river 
of the ſame name, near Gades in Iberia. 
Tarteſſus has been called the moſt diſtant 
town in the extremities 07 Spain, by the 
Romans, as alſo the place where the pocts 
imagined the ſun unharnefſed his tired 
horſes. Sil. 3, v. 399 & 411, I. 10, v. 538. 
— Mela. 2, c. 6.—Pauſ. 6, 4. 19.,—0vid, 
Met. 14, v. 416.—Strab. 3. 

TARUANA, a town of Gaul, now Ter- 
rouen, in Artois. 

L. TARUNTIUS SPURINA, a mathema- 
tician who floriſhed 61 years B. C. Cic. as 
Div. 2, c. 47. 

Takus, a river of Gaul, falling into the 
Po. 

TARUSATES, a people of Gaul, 'now 
dh x Cæſ. G. 3, c. 23 & 27. 

ARUSCUM, a tuwn of Gaul, 

Taxvisfun, a town of Italy, now Tre 


wiſhed to ingratiate themſelves into the 
i 


wiſe, in the Venctian ſtates, 
TASGETIV 


a 


from the earth than the earth is from the 


TASGE 
Ganl, atla 
5. C. 5, 

14114 
D. 172. 
that of W 

TATIE 
:ribes of 
IN honor 
The Tatie 
tient ſub} 
lived onen 

TAT1IU 
the Sabin 
mans afte 
nates Of | 
hands by 
Sabines a 
rum, whit 
The cries 
ped the f 
agreement 
tions. T: 
tient poſſe 
mhabitant 
Rome. + 
Romulus, 
He was m 
Lanuvium 
to the am! 
was done 
according 
Se. — Pu. 
Met. 14, 

TATTA 
confines ot 

TavoL. 
Tava, 
TAULA 

tie Adriat 
v. 16. 

Tau xu 
llerricꝶ or 
1 Aan. oof 

TAURA 
country of 

Tavra 
Ween Art 
Ann. 14, 

Tau xn, 
Who inhal 
lacriticed a 
ot this 30d 
fallen dow! 
to Sparta b 
12.— ter 
L— Pau 
ex Rk, 
Tur, 15, \ 
 Taukic 
ala of Eur 
s Metis 


Aue d by 


ne of 
n loſt, 
1 3.— 


of the 
to the 
guilty 
tC was 
nd its 
m the 
is re- 
1an the 
ſiod it 
iſtance 
m the* 
s ſur- 
s, and 
ams of 
is by a 
re ſup- 
ch nei- 
rtarus, 
uch as 
, trait- 
1d ſuch 
FArs, or 
ake of 
: Ixion, 
[yphus, 
Ovid, 
591.— 
d. Met. 
* near 


ear the 
rancan, 
called 
by the 
d ſet up 
ain and 
ed Tat» 
a river 
| Iberia. 
+ diſtant 
by the 
he pocts 
is tired 
v. 538. 


96— Wi . 
ow Ter- 


athema- 
Cic. ad 


into the 


ul, non 


10w Trt- 


GETIV) 


1 


TascETIVs CornuTVUs, a prince of 
Gaul, aſſaſſinated in the age of Cæſar. C/. 
5 C. 5y C. 25. 

Taria, one of the Greek fathers A. 
D. 172. The beſt edition of his works is 
nat of Worth, 8vo. Oxon. 1700. 

TATIENSES, a name given to one of the 
nibes of the Roman people by Romulus, 
i honor of Tatius, king of the Sabines. 
The Tatienſes, who were partly the an- 
tient ſubjects of the king of the Sabines, 
lived on mount Capitolinus and Quirinalts, 

Tirtrvs, (Titus) king of Cures among 
the Sabines, made war againſt the Ro- 
mans after the rape of the Sabines, The 
zates of the city were betrayed into his 
hands by Tarpeta, and the army of the 
Sabines advanced as far as the Roman to- 
um, where a bloody battle was fought, 
The cries of the Sabine virgins at laſt ſtop— 
ped the fury of the combatants, and an 
agreement was made between the two na- 
tions, Tatius conſented te leave his an- 
tient poſſeſſions, and with his ſubjects, the 
inhabitants of Cures, to come and live in 
Rome. He ſhared the royal authority with 
Romulus, and lived in the greateſt union. 
He was murdered about tix vears after at 
Lanuvium, B. C. 742, for an at&t of cruelty 
te the ambaſſadors of the Laurentes, This 
was done by order of his royal colleague, 
according to ſome authors. Iv. 1, c. 10, 
Sc. blut. in Rom. —(ic. pro Balb.— Ovid. 
Met. 14, v. 804.— Flor. 1, c. 1. 

TaTTA, a large lake of Phrygia, on the 
confines of Piſidia. 

TavoLa, a river of Corſica. 

Tava, a town of the Delta in Egypt. 
TAULANTIT, a people of Illyricum on 
tie Adriatic. Liv. 45, c. 26.—Lucan. 6, 
v.16, 

Tauxus, a mountain in Germany, now 
Heyrick or Hocke, oppoſite Mentz. T acir. 
1 unc. 56. ; 

TAURANIA, a town of Italy, in the 
country of the Brutli. 

TAURANTES, a people of Armenia, be- 
tween Artaxata and Tigranocerta, Tactt. 
Ann, 14, c. 24. 

Tau x1, a people of European Sarmatia, 
who inhabited Taurica Cherſoncins, and 
lcrificed all ftrangers to Diana. The ſtatue 
df this goddeſs, which they believed to have 
fallen down from heaven, was carried away 
te Sparta by Iphigenia and Oreſtes, Strab. 
I2.—Heradot, 4, e. 99, &o.—Mela. 2, C. 
.-. 23: 16.—£Eurip., [phig. — Ovid, 
tee Pont. I, el. 2, V. $0.—J:/. 145 v. 200.— 
v. 15, v. 116. ! 

Taukica CRHERSONESUS, a large penin- 
ala of Europe, at the ſouth-weſt of the Pa- 
Mäctis, now called the Crimea, It is 
wned by an iſthmus to Scythia, and is 


1 


Founded by the Cimmerian Boſphorus, the 
Euxine fea, and the Palus Mæotis. The 
inhabitants, called Tauri, were a ſavage and 
uncivilized nation. Strab, 4.—Plin, 4, c. 
12. Vid. Tauri. 

Tavrica, a ſirname of Diana, becauſe 
ſhe was worlhipped by the inhabitants ot 
Taurica Cherſoneſus. 

Tavsix1, the inhabitants of Taurinum, 
a town of Ciſalpine Gaul, now called Turin. 
Sil. 3, v. 646.—Plin, 3, c. 17. 

TavRisct, a people of Myſia. Stab, 
7. Of Noricum, among the Alps. Id. 4. 

TAVURI1uM, a town of the Peloponneſus. 
Pelyb. 

TavrowmivnIuM, a town of Sicily, be- 
tween Meſſana and Catana, built by the 
Zancleans, Sicilians, and Hybleans, in the 
age of Dionyſus the tyrant of Syracuſe, 
The hills in the neighbourhood were famous 
for the fine grapes which they produced, 
and they ſurpaſſed almoſt the whole world 
for the extent and beauty of their proſpects. 
There is a ſmall river near it called Tuuro- 
minins, Died. 16, 

TavRvus, the largeſt mountain of Aſia, 
as to extent. One ot its extremities is in 
Caria, and it extends not only as far as the 
moſt eaſtern exttemities of Aſia, but it alſo 
branches in ſ-veral parts, and runs far into 
the north, Mount Taurus was known by 
leveral names, particularly in different 
countries, In Cilicia, where it reaches as 
far as the Euphrates, it was called Taurus. 
It was known by the name of Amanus from 
the bay of Iſſus as far as the Euphrates ; of 
Antitaurus trom the weſtern boundaries of 
Cilicia up to Armenia; of Mente, Matieni 
in the country of the Leucoſyrians ; of Mons 
Meſchicus at the ſouth of the river Phaſis; 
of Amaranta at the north of the Phaſis ; 
of Caucaſus between the Hytcanian and 
Euxine fea; of Hyrcanii Montes near Hyr- 
cania ; of Iinaus in the more eaſtern parts 
of Aſia. The word Taurus was more pro- 
perly confined to the mountains that ſepa- 
rate Phrygia and Pamphylia from Cilicia. 
The ſeveral patles which were opened in the 
mountain were called //, and hence fre- 
quent mention is made in antient authors of 
the Armenian Pylz, Cilician Pylæ, &c. 
Mela. 1. c. 15. l. 3, c. 7 & 8.—Plin. 5, 
C. 27.— A mountain in Germany. Ta- 
cit. Ann. 6, c. 41. Of Sicily. Titus 
Statilius, a conſul diſtinguiſhed by his inti- 
macy with Auguſtus, as well as by a 
theatre which he built, and the triumph he 
obtained after a proſperous campaign in A- 
frica, He was made prefect of Italy by 
his imperial friend. A proconſul of 
Africa accuſed by Agrippina, who wiſhed 
him to be condemned, that ſhe might be- 
come miſtreſs of his gardens. Tacit. Ann. 


* 3 E 123 


A 


12, C. 59. An officer of Minos, king | 
of Crete. He had an amour with Paſiphae, 
whence aroſe the fable of the Minotaur, 
from the ſon, who was born ſometime after. 
[Va. Minotaurus.] Taurus was vanquiſhed 
by Theſeus, in the games which Minos ex- 
hibited in Crete. Plut. in Des. 

Taxita, (plur.) a large country in In- 
dia, between the Indus and the Hydaſpes. 
Strab. 15. 

TaxtLus, or TAXILES, a king of Taxila, 
in the age of Alexander, called alſo Omphis. 
He ſubmitted to the conqueror, who re- 
warded him with great liberality. Curt. 8, 
c. 14. A general of Mithridates, who 
aſſiſted Archelaus againſt the Romans in 
Greece, He was atterwards conquered by 
Muræna, the lieutenant of Sylla. 

TAXIMAQUILUS, a king in the ſouthern 
parts of Britain when Cæſar invaded it. 
Ceſ. 5, G. c. 22. 

Tavor, or TaycETA, a daughter 
of Atlas and Pleione, mother of Lacedæ- 
mon by Jupiter, She became one of the 
Pleiades, after death. Hygin. fab. 155 & 
192, 

Tavetves; or TAYGETA, (orum,) a 
mountain of Laconia, in Pelcponneſus, at 
the weſt of the river Eurotas. It hung 
over the city of Lacedzmon, and it is ſaid 
that once a part of it fell down by an 
earthquake, and deſtroyed the ſuburbs. It 
was on this mountain that the Lacedæ- 
monian women celebrated the orgies of 
Bacchus, Mela. 2, c. 5,—Pauf. 3. c. 1.— 
Strub. S. Lacan. 5, v. 52.—birg. G. 2, 
v. 488. 

TrANun, a town of Campania, on the 
Appian road, at the eaſt of the Liris, cal- 
led alſo S:dicinum, to be diftinguithed from 
another town of the ſame name at the weſt 
of Apulia, at a ſmall diſtance from the 
coaſt of the Adriatic. Cic. Cluent. 9 & 69. 
Pi. 12, c. 11.—Heorat. 1, ep. 1.—Plin, 
31, c. 2.— Liv. 22, c. 27. 

Takes, a river of Thrace, riſing in 
the ſame rock from 38 different ſources, 
ſome of which are hot, and others cold. 
Darius raiſed a column there when he 
marched againſt the Scythians, as if to 
denote the ſweetneſs and ſalubrity of the 
waters of that river, Herodot. 4, c. 90, &c. 


7 —Plin, 4, C. II. 


TAI EA, TEATE, or TEGEATE, a town 
of Latium. Sil, It. 8, v. 522. |. 17, v. 
57. 

* ECHES, a mountain of Pontus, from 
which the 10,000 Greeks had firſt a view 
of the fea, AXenoph, Anab. 4. 

TECcHMEssSA, the daughter of a Phrygian 
prince, called by ſome Teuthras, and by 
others Teleuras, When her father was kil- 


ted in war by Ajax, ſon of Telamon, the | 


1 


young princeſs became the property of the 
conqueror, and by him ſhe had a ſon called 
Euryſaces, Sophocles, in one of his trage- 
dies, repreſents Techmeſſa as moving her 
huſband to pity by her tears and entreaties, 
when he wiſhed to ſtab himſelf. Horaz. 
2, Od. 1, v. 6.— Dieyf. Cret.Sopheocl, in 
Ajac, . 

Treo, a town of Epirus, 
C. 26, 

TEcnnAT1s, a king of Egypt. 

TECTAMuUs, ſon of Dorus, grandſon of 
Hellen, the ſon of Deucalion, went to Crete 
with the MÆtolians and Pelaſgians, and reign- 
ed there. He had a fon called Aſterius, 
by the daughter of Cretheus. 

TECTosAGEs, or TEcTosSAGA, a peo- 
ple of Gallia Narbonenſis. They received 
the name of Tectoſagæ quod ſagis tegerentur, 
Some of them paſſed into Germany, where 
they ſertled near the Hercynian foreſt, and 
another colony paſſed into Aſia, where they 
conquered Phrygia, Paphlagonia, and Cap- 
padocia. The Tectoſagæ were among thoſe 
Gauls who pillaged Rome under Brennus, 
and who attempted ſome time after to plun- 
der the temple of Apollo at Delphi. At 
their return home from Greece they were 
viſited by a peſtilence, and ordered, to flop 
it, to throw into the river all the riches and 
plunder they had obtained in their diſtant 
excurſions. Ceſar. Bell. C. 6, c. 23,— 
Strab. 4.—Cic. de Nat. D. 3.— Liv. 38, 
c. 16.— Fler. 2, c. 11.—FJuftin. 32. 

Tgcunx, a river of Gaul falling from the 
Pyrenees into the Mediterranean. 

TxpaAxtus, a river of Liburnia, Pls. 
een. | 

TEGta, or Tec xa, now Melia, a 
town of Arcadia in the Peloponneſus, 
founded by Tegeates, a ſon of Lycaon, or, 
according to others, by Aleus. The gi- 
gantic bones of Oreſtes were found buried 
there and removed to Sparta, Apollo and 
Pan were worſhipped there, and there alſo 
Ceres, Proſerpine, and Venus, had each a 
temple. The inhabitants were called Je- 
geates ; and the epithet Tegea is given to 
Atalanta, as a native of the place. Ovid. 
Met. 8, fab. 7. Faſt. 6, v. 531.— Vg. 


Liv. 45, 


45, Kc. 
TEcUuLA P. Lictn, a comic poet who 


floriſhed B. C. 198. 

TEGYRA, a town of Bœotia where A- 
pollo Tegyræus was worlhipped. There 
was a battle fought there between the The- 
bans and the Peloponnehans, 

Trios Vid. Teos. 


Triun, à town of Paphlagonia on te 
Euxine (ca. 

TEL a, a town of Spain. 
| TELAMON, à King of the ifland of Sala» 
mis 


u. 5, v. 293.—Strab. 8.—Pauf. 8, c. 


mis, ſon « 
brother to 
Ajax, wh 
Telamonin: 
native co! 
murdered 
with the q 
of Salamis 
Glauce, t 
king of tl 
father-in-1; 
lamon bec 
companied 
chis, and v 
that hero t. 
ſtroyed Tr 
Hercules f. 
He ſione, v 
ed among 
her he reti 
ried Perib. 
Ovid, Met. 
Pindar. 72 
I, 2, &c.- 
&c. A 
i © & 
TEL Ame 
the deſcenc 
T:L.cun 
to have bee 
were the in 
according t 
of tne ſea. 
ſtatues to tl 
of changing 
they pleaſe 
could poi ſo 
their eyes, 
pleaſure. 
tor which ti 
a ſudden fu 
groſſeſt cri 
to their ou 
them all by 
775 V. 365, 
TEL cnn: 
Allo a ſirn: 
the had a 
Telchinians, 
an antient n 
whence the 
{cended. 5 
TELCH1: 
the Rhodiatr 
TEL Cas 
Egialeus. 
the Pelopon 
TELEA, 
TELEBO-4 
cloud. Ov 
caon. Apo 
TelLtBo,s 
Stolla, ca 


AA d A ob a 


T E 


mis, fon of acus and Endeis. He was 
brother to Pelcus and father to Teucer and 
Ajax, who on that account is often called 
Telamonins heros. He fled from Megara, his 
native country, after he had accidentally 
murdered his brother Phocus in playing 
with the quoit, and he failed to the ifland 
of Salamis, where he ſoon after married 
Glauce, the daughter of Cychreus, the 
king of the place. At the death of his 
father-in-law, who had no male iſſue, Te- 
lamon became king of Salamis. He ac- 
companied Jaſon in his expeditien to Col- 
chis, and was arm-bearcr to Hercules, when 
that hero took Laomedon priſoner, and de- 
ſtroyed Troy. Telamon was rewarded by 
Hercules for his ſervices with the hand of 
Heſione, whom the conqueror had obtain- 
ed among the ſpoils of Troy, and with 
her he returned to Greece, He alſo mar- 
ried Peribo:a, whom ſome call Eribœa. 
Ovid. Met. 13. v. 151.—Sophocl, in Aj.— 
Pindar. Ilm. 6.— Stat. Theb, 6.— Apolled. 
1, 2, &c.— Paz. in Cor. —Hygin. Fab. 97, 
&c. A ſea port town of Etruria. Mela, 
i © 4 

Tata unos a patronymic given to 
the deſcendants of Telamon. 

T:LcHines, a people of Rhodes, ſaid 
to have been originally from Crete. They 
were the inventors of many uſeful arts, and 
according to Diodorus, paſſed for the ſons 
of the ſea. They were the firſt who raiſed 
ſtatues to the gods. They had the power 
of changing themſelves into whatever ſhape 
they pleaſed, and according to Ovid they 
could poiſon and faſcinate all objects with 
their eyes, and cauſe rain and bail to fall at 
pleaſure, The Telchinians inſulted Venus, 
for which the goddeſs inſpired them with 
a ſudden fury, ſo that they committed the 
grofſeſt crimes, and offered violence even 
to their own mothers. P cw deſtroyed 
them all by a deluge. Diod,—Ovid, Met. 
7, v. 365, &c. 

TEL CHINIA, a ſirname of Minerva. 
Alſo a firname of Juno in Rhodes, where 
ſhe had a ſtatue at Ialyſus raiſed by the 
Telchinians, who ſettled there. Alſo 
an antient name of Crete, as the place from 
whence the Telchines of Rhodes were de- 
{cended. Stat. 4. Sylv. 6, v. 47. 

TELCHiNwivs, a ſirname of Apollo among 
the Rhodians. 

TELCH1s, a ſon of Europs, the ſon of 
Egialeus. He was one of the firſt kings of 
the Peloponneſus. 

TELEA, a firname of Juno in Bœotia. 

TEeLEBOAS, à ſon of Ixion and the 
cloud. Ovid. Met. 11. 
caon. Apollod. 

Terxßoæ, or TELEBOES, a people of 


Etolia, called alle Tophians; fome of | 


—_— 


A ſon of Ly- 


TE 


whom left their native country, and ſettled 


in the iſland of Caprez. 
735. Vid. Taphiz. 

TELEBO1DEs, iſlands oppoſite Leucadia. 
Plin. 4, c. 12. 

TELECLEs, or TeLECLus, a Lacedæ- 
monian king, of the family of the Ægidæ, 
who reigned 40 years, B. C. $13. Hero- 
dot. 7, c. 205.— Pauſ. 3, c. 2. A phi- 
loſopher, diſciple of Lacidas, B. C. 214. 
A NMileſian. 

TxLgcripzs, an Athenian comic poet 
in the age of Pericles. b 

TELEGG6Nnus, a ſon of Ulyſſes and Circe, 
born in the ifland of Axa, where he was 
educated. When arrived to the years of 
manhood, he went to Ithaca to make him- 
ſelf known to his father, but he was ſhip- 
wrecked on the coaſt, and being deſtitute 
of proviſions, he plundered ſome of the in- 
habitants of the iſland. Ulyſſes and Tele- 
machus came to defend the property of 
their ſubjects againſt this unknown invader ; 
a quarrel aroſe, and Telegonus Killed his 
father without knowing who he was. He 
afterwards returned to his native country, 
and according to Hyginus he carried thithet 
his father's body, where it was buried. 
Telemachus and Penelope alſo accompanied 
him in his return, and ſoon after the nup- 
tials of Telegonus with Penclope were cele- 
brated by order of Minerva. Penelope had 
by Telegonus a ſon called Italus, who gave 
his name to Italy. Telegonus founded 
Tuſculum in Italy, and according to ſome 
he left one daughter called Mamilia, from 
whom the patrician family of the Mamilii 
at Rome were deſcended, Horat. 3, od. 
29, v. 8, —Ovid. Faſt. 3 & 4. Trif.. 1, el. 
I.—Plut. in Par. — Hygin. fab. 127.-Died. 
- A ton of Proteus killed by Hercules. 
Apolled. A king of Egypt who married 
Io after ſhe had been reſtored to her original 
form by Jupiter. Id. 

TELEMACHUS, a ſon of Ulyſſes and Pe- 
nelope. He was ſtill in the cradle when his 
father went with the reſt of the Greeks to 
the Trojan war. At the end of this celebra- 
ted war, Telemachus, anxious to fee his fa- 
ther, went to ſeek him, and as the place of 
his reſidence, and the cauſe of his long ab- 
ſence were then unknown, he viſited the 
court of Menelaus and Neſtor to obtain infor- 
mation. He afterwards returned to Ithaca, 
where the ſuitors of his mother Penelope 
had conſpired to murder him, but he 
avoided their ſnares, and by means of Mi- 
nerva, he diſcovered his father, who had 
arrived in the iſland two days before him, 
and was then in the houſe of Eumzus. 
With this faithful ſervant and Ulyſſes, Tele- 
machus concerted how to deliver his mo- 
ther from the importunities of her ſuitors, 

3 E 2 and 


Virg. An. 7, v. 


_ 
- — 2 — 2 
4 — — 


— — — —„ e 2 


* „ 
* 


1 


nd it was effected with ſucceſs, After the 

death of his father, Telemachus went to the 
iſland of Ra, where he married Circe, or 
according to others Caſſiphone, the daughter 
of Circe, by whom he had a fon called La- 
tinus. He ſome time aſter had the misfortune 
to kill his mother-in-law Circe, and fled to 
Italy, where he founded Cluſium. Tele- 
machus was accompanied in his viſit to 
Neſtor and Menetans by the goddeſs of wiſ- 
dom, under the form of Mentor. It is ſaid, 
that when a child, Telemachus fell into the 
fea, and that a dolphin brought him ſafe to 
ſhore, after he had remained ſome time under 
water. From this circumſtance Ulyſſes had 
the figure of a dolphin engraved on the ſea] 
which he wore on his ring. Hygin. fab. 95 
& 125.— vid. Heroid, I, V. 98.—Horat. I, 
ep. 75 v. 41,— Hemer. Od. 2, &c.,—Lycophr. 
in Caſſ. 

TELtmus, a Cyclops who was acquaint- 
ed with futurity. He forctold to Polyphe- 
mus all the evils which he ſome time atter 
ſuffered from Ulyſſes. Ovid, Met. 13, 
v. 771. 

TELEPHASSA, the mother of Cadmus, 
Phenix, and Cilix, by Agenor. She died in 
Thrace, as ſhe was ſeeking her daughter 
Europa, whom Jupiter had carried away. 
Apollod. 3, c. 1 & 4. 

Terkruus, a king of Myfia, ſon of Her- 
cules and Auge, the daughter of Aleus. He 
was expoſed as ſoon as born on mount Par- 
thenius, but his life was preſerved by a goat, 
and by ſome ſhepherds. According to 
Apollodorus he was expoſed, not on a 
mountain, but in the temple of Minerva, 
at Tega, or according to a tradition men- 
tioned by Pauſanias, he was left to the 
mercy of the waves with his mother, by the 
cruelty of Aleus, and carried by the winds 
to the mouth of the Caycus, where he was 
found by Teutiras, king of the country, 
who married, or rather adopted as his 
daughter, Auge, and educated her ſon, 
Some, however, ſuppoſe that Auge fled to 
Teuthras to avoid the anger of her father, 
on account of her amour with Hercules. 
Yet others declare that Aleus gave her to 
Nauplius to be ſeverely puniſhed for her 
incontinence, and that Nauplius, unwilling 
to injure her, ſent her to Teuthras, king of 
Bithynia, by whom ſhe was adopted. Tele- 
phus, according to the more received opi- 
nions, was ignorant of his origin, and he 
was ordered by the oracle, if he wiſhed to 
know his parents, to go to Myſia. Obe- 
dient to this injunction, he came to My ſia, 
where Teuthras offered him his crown, and 
his adopted daughter Auge in marriage, if 
he would deliver his country from the hoſ- 
filitics of Idas, the fon of Aphareus. Tele- 


ES 


phus readily complied, and at the Head of 
the Myſians he ſoon routed the enemy, 
and received the promiſed reward. As he 
was going to unite himſelf to Auge, the 
ſudden appearance of an enormous ſer— 
pent ſeparated the two lovers; Auge im- 
plored the aſſiſtance of Hercules, and was 
ſvon informed by the god that Telephus was 
her own ſon. When this was known, the 
nuptials were not celebrated, and Telephus 
ſome time after married one of the daugh- 
ters of king Priam. As one of the ſons of 
the Trojan monarch, Telephus prepared to 
aſſiſt Priam againſt the Greeks, and with 
heroic valor he attacked them when they 
had landed on his coaſts. The carnage was 
great, and Telephus was victorious, had 
not Bacchus, who protected the Greeks, 
ſuddenly raiſed a vine from the earth, 
which entangled the feet of the monarch, 
and laid him flat on the ground. Achilles 
immediately ruſhed upon him, and wound- 
ed him ſo ſeverely, that he was carried 
away from the hattle. The wound was mor- 
tal, and Telephus was informed by the ora- 
cle, that he alone who had inflicted it, could 
totally cure it. Upon this applications were 
made to Achilles, but in vain; the hero ob- 
ſerved that he was no phyſician, till Ulyſſes, 
who knew that Troy could not be taken 
without the aſſiſtance of one of the ſons ot 
Hercules, and who wiſhed to make Tele- 


Achilles to obcy the directions of the oracle. 
Achilles conſented, and as the weapon which 
had given the wound could alone cure it, 
the hero ſcraped the ruſt from the point of 
his ſpear, and, by applying it to the ſore, 
gave it immediate relief, It is ſaid that 
Telephus ſhowed himſelf ſo grateful to the 
Greeks, that he accompanied them to the 
Trojan war, and fought with them againit 
his father-in-law. Hygin. fab. 101.— 
Pauſ. 8, c. 48.—Apdlled. 2, c. 7, Sc.— 
Hlian. V. I. 12, c. 42.— Diod. 4. — Ovid. 
Faſt. 1, % , \*c.-Phileftr. her. Pin. 
A friend of race, remarkable for his 
beauty and the +,” gance of his perſon. He 
was the favorite of Lydia, the miſtreſs of 
Horace, &c. Horat. 1, od. 12. I. 4, od. II. 
v. 21. A flave who conſpired againſt 
Auguſtus. Seton, in Aug. L. Verus 
wrote a book on the rhetoric of Homer, as 
alſo a compariſon of that poet with Plato, 
and other treatiſes, all loſt. 

TELESIA, a town of Campania, taken 
by Annibal, Liv. 21, c. 13. I. 24, c. 20. 

TxFLEsSICLEs, a Parian, father to the poet 
Archilochus. 

TELESILL A, a lyric poeteſs of Argos, 
who bravely defended her country again 
the Lacedzmounians, and obliged them tv 


| 


raile 


phus the friend of the Greeks, , perſuaded 


raiſe the ſi 
honor in 
C. 20, 
Trust! 
Syracuſe, & 
TELESI 
who joine 
fought aga 
marched to 
with great 
in a blood) 
of the flair 
proofs of va 
Kc. A 
Domitian's 
TELEsSIP 
ther to the t: 
TELESTA 
daughters v 
nobles of t 
which they 
of Lygdamis 
TELEST A 
t. 1.—4 
c. 14—4 
779 2 
TELESTEs 
riſhed B. C. 
TEL tsTo, 
Theo, 
TELETHV 
TELETHD: 
Jyctus, a n 
mother of a 
changed into 
TEUR 
Tena non. 
TELEvuUTT / 
who was kille 
TELLENE. 
ſtroycd. Li 
 TfLLIASs, 
in the age of 
nored in Phoc 
the inhabitant 
temple of Aj 
v. 1. — Herod: 
Tris, a 
of Braſidas. 
Tribus, 2 
earth, the mof 
Chaos. She v 
nus, Hyperion 
mis, Saturn, 
the ſame as 
under the ſeve 
Veſta, Ceres, 
Ke. She was 


character of T 
"eats, diſtend 
"*cundity of the 
owned with 
one land, and 


8 


A ſtatue was raiſed to her 
Pau. 2, 


raiſe the ſiege. 
honor in the temple of Venus, 
c. 20. 

TELESINICUS, a Corinthian auxiliary at 
Syracuſe, &c. Polyzn. 5. 

TELESINCUs, a general of the Samnites, 
who joined the intereſt of Marius, and 
fought againſt the generals of Sylla. He 
marched towards Rome and defeated Sylla 
with great loſs. He was afterwards routed 
in a bloody battle, and left in the number 
of the ſlain, after he had given repeated 
proofs of valor and courage. Plut. in Mar, 
Kc. A poet of conſiderable merit in 
Domitian's reign, Ju. 7, v. 25. 

TELESIPPUS, a poor man of Pheræ, fa- 
ther to the tyrant Dinias. Pyr. 2. 

TELESTAGURAS, a man of Naxos,whoſe 
daughters were raviſhed by ſome of the 
nobles of the iſland, in conſequence of 
which they were expelled by the direction 
of Lygdamis, & c. Athen. 8. 

TELESTAS, a ſon of Priam. Apallod. 3, 
c. 12. An athlete of Meſſenia. Pau 6, 
c. 14.—A king of Corinth, who died 
779 * 

TELESTEsS, a dithyrambic poet, who flo- 
riſhed B. C. 402. 

TeLESTo, one of the Oceanides. 
Theo, 

TELETHVUS, a mountain in Eubœa. 

TELETHUSA, the wife of Lygdus or 
Lyctus, a native of Crete. She became 
mother of a daughter, who was afterwards 
changed into a boy. Vid. Iphis. 

T:LEUR1As, a prince of Macedonia, &c. 
Nenophon. 

TELEUTIAS, the brother of Ageſilaus 
who was killed by the Olynthians, &c. 

TELLENE, a town of Latium, now de- 
ſtroyed. Liv. 1, c. 33. 

TELL1AS, a famous ſoothſayer, of Elis, 
in the age of Xerxes. He was greatly ho- 
nored in Phocis, where he had ſettled, and 
the inhabitants raiſed him a ſtatue in the 
temple of Apollo, at B. hi. Pau. 10, 
v. 1.— Herodot. 8, c. 27. 

T:LL1s, a Greek lyric pet, the father 
of Braſidas. 

Tx11.us, a divinity, the ſame as the 
earth, the moſt antient of all the gods after 
Chaos. She was mother by Cœlus of Ocea- 
nus, Hyperion, Ceus, Rhea, . The- 
mis, Saturn, Phœbe, Tethys, &c. Tellus 
5 the ſame as the divinity, who is honored 
under the ſeveral names of Cybele, Rhea, 
Veſta, Ceres, Tithea, Bona Dea, Proſerpine, 
&c, She was generally repreſented in the 
Varatter of Tellus, as a woman with many 
heafts, diſtended with milk, to expreſs the 
fecundity of the earth. She alſo appeared 
frowned with turrets, holding a ſceptre in 
eie hand, and a key in the other; while at 


Hef. 


T E 


her feet was laying a tame lion without 
chains, as if to i1.timate that every part of 
the earth can be made fruitful by means of 
cultivation. Hefiod. Theeg. v. 130.—Pirg, 
nu. 7, v. 137.—Apollod x, c. 1 A 
poor man, whom Solon called happier thau 
Creſus the rich and ambitious king of Ly- 
dia, Tellus had the happineſs to ſee a 
ſtrong and healthy family of children, and 
at laſt to fall in the defence of his country, 
Herodot. r, c. 30. An Italian who is 
ſaid to have had commerce with bis mares, 
and to have had a daughter called Hippone, 
who became the goddeſs of horſes. 

TELMESSUs, or TELMjssUsS, a town of 
Caria, whoſe inhabitants were ſkilled in 
augury and the interpretation of dreams. 
Cic. de diu. 1.—Strab. 14.—Liv. 37, c. 16. 
Another in Lycia. —A tlürd in 
Piſidia. 

TrLo MART1vs, a town at the ſouth of 
Gaul, now Toulon. 

TEL oN, a prieſt of Maſſilia, killed during 
the ſiege of that city by Cæſar. Lucan. 3, 
v. 592. A king of the Teleboz,who mar- 
ried Sebethis, by whom he had CEbalus, irg. 
Eu. 7, v. 734 

TrLos, a ſmall iſland near Rhodes. 

TeLPHVSA, a nymph of Arcadia, daugh- 
ter of the Ladon, who gave her name to a 
town and fountain of that place. The wa- 
ters of the fountain Telphuſa were ſo cold, 
that Tireſias died by drinking them. Died. 
4.—Strab, 9. Lycephron. 

TeLxIoyr, one of the muſes according to 
Ge. de N. D. 3, c. 21. 

TEL ys, a tyrant of Sybaris. 

TEMATHEA, a mountain of Meſſenia. 
Pauſ. 4 c. 34. 

TEMENIUM, a place in Meſſene, where 
Temenus was buried. 

TEMENITES, a ſirname of Apollo, which 
he received at Temenos, a ſmall place near 
Syracuſe, where he was worſhipped. Cic. in 
Verr. 

TEemENos, a place of Syracuſe, where 
Apollo, called Temenites, had a ſtatue, Cic. 
Verr. 4, c. 53.—Suet. Tib. 74. 

TemENnus, the ſon of Ariſtomachus, was 
the firſt of the Heraclidz who returned to 
Peloponneſus with his brother ys nes, 
in the reign of Tiſamenes, king of Argos. 
Temenus made himſelf maſter of the throne 
of Argos, from which he expelled the reign- 
ing ſovereign. After death he was ſucceeded 
by his ſon-in-law Deiphon, who had mar- 
ried his daughter Hyrnetho, and this ſuc- 
ceſſion was in preference to his own ſon. 
Apolled. 2, c. 75,—Pauf. 2, c. 18 & 19. -A 
ſon of Pelaſgus, who was entruſted with the 
care of Juno's infancy. Pau 8, c. 22. 


TEMERINDA, the name of the Palug 
Mzotis among the natives, 


3E3 


TEMESAS 


— —Ü—— W —öh— — 


T E 


Truks A, a town of Cyprus. — Another 
in Calabria in Italy, famous for its mines of 
copper, which were exhauſted in the age of 
Strabo. Cic. Verr. 5, c. 15.—Liv. 34, 
c. 35.— Hemer. Od. 1, v. 184. — Ovid. Faſt. 
5, v. 441. Met. 7, v. 207.—Mela, 2, c. 4. 
——Ftrab. 6. 

TEMNEs, a king of Sidon. 

Tr Mos, a town of Holia, at the mouth 
of the Hermus. Herodot. 1, c. 49.—Cic. 
Flacc. 18. 

Trurr, (pur.) a valley in Theſſaly, be- 
tween mount Olympus at the north, and 

Ma at the ſouth, through which the river 

eneus flows into the Agean. The poets 
have deſcribed it as the moſt delightful ſpot 
on the earth, with continually cool ſhades, 
and verdant walks, which the warbling of 
birds rendered more pleaſant and romantic. 
Tempe extended about five miles in length, 
but varied in the dimenſions of its breadth 
ſo as to be in ſome places ſcarce one acre 
and a half wide. All vallies that are plea- 
ſant, either for their ſituation or the mild- 
neſs of their climate, are called Tempe by 
the pocts. Strab. 9.—Mela, 2, c. 3.— 

Diod. 4. — Dionyſ. Perieg. 219. — lian. 
V. H. 3, c. 1.—Plut. de Muſ.—Firg. G. 2, 
v. 469.— 0d. Met. 1, v. 569. 

TENCHTHERI, a nation of Germany, who 
frequently changed the place of their habi- 
tation. Tacit. Ann. 13, c. 56. H. 4, 
e 21. 

TzXDEBA, a town of Caria. Liv. 33, 


WA 
TexEA, a part of Corinth, Mela. 2, 


C3 
F SECURITS. Vid. Tenes. 
Tkskpos, a ſmall and fertile iſland of 

the Agean ſea, oppoſite Troy, at the diſ- 

tance of about 12 miles from Sigæum, and 
£6 miles north from Leſbos. It was an- 
tiently cuiled Leucophrys, till Tenes, the 

ton of Cycnus, ſettled there and built a 

town, which he called Tenedos, from which 

tlie whole iſland received its name. It be- 
came famous during the Trojan war, as it 
was there that the Greeks concealed them- 
ſelves the more effectually to make the 

Trojans believe that they were returned 

home, without finiſhing the ſiege. Homer. 

04. z, v. 59. Diod. 5.—Stra>. 13.—Pirg, 

Ain. 2, v. 21.—Ovid. Met. 1, v. 540. 

J. 12, v. 109 —Mela. 2, c. 7. 

Tents, a ſon of Cycnus and Proclea. 
He was expoſed on the fea on the coaſt of 
Troas, by his father, who credulouſly be- 
lieved his wife Philonome, who had fallen 
in love with Cycnus, and accuſed him of 
attempts upon her virtue, when he refuſed 
to gratify her paſhon. Tenes arrived fafe 
in Leucophrys, which ke called Tenedos, 
and of which he becainc the luvercign, Some 


1 


time after, Cycnus diſcovered the guilt of 
his wife Philonome, and as he wiſhed to be 

reconciled to his ſon whom he had fo groſsly 

injured, he went to Tenedos, But when he 

had tied his ſhip to the ſhore, Tenes cut off 
the cable with a hatchet, and ſuffered his 
father's ſhip to be toſſed about in the ſea, 
From this circumſtance the hatchet of Tenes 
is become proverhial to intimate a reſentment 
that cannot be pacified. Some, however, 
ſuppoſe that the proverb aroſe from the ſe- 
verity of a law made by a king of Tenedos 
againſt adultery, by which the guilty were 
both put to death with a hatchet. The 
hatchet of Tenes was carefully preſerved at 
Tenedos, and afterwards depoſited in the 
temple of Delphi, where it was ſtill ſeen 
in the age of Pauſanias. Tenes, as ſome 
ſuppoſe, was killed by Achilles, as he de- 
fended his country againſt the Greeks, and 
he received divine honors aftcr death. His 
ſtatue was carried away by Verres. Strab. 13. 
au 10, c. 14. A general of 3006 
mercenary Greeks ſent by the Egyptians to 
aſſiſt the Phœnicians. Died. 16. 

TENESsIs, a part of Ethiopia. Strab, 

TENN ES, a king of Sidon, who when his 
country was beſieged by the Perhans, burnt 
himſelf and the city together, B. C. 351. 

TENNUM, a town of ZEolia. 

TEzwos, a ſmall iſland in the Ægean, 
near Andros, called Ophiuſſa, and alſo Hy- 
druſſa, from the number of its fountains. It 
was very mountainous, but it produced ex- 
cellent wines, univerſally eſteemed by the 
antients. Tenos was about 15 miles in 
extent, The capital was alſo called Tenos. 
Strab. 10.—Mela. 2, c. . — Ovid. Met. 7, 
v. 469. 

TENVTVRA, (lr. ) and Tentyris, à ſmall 
town of Egypt, on the Nile, whoſe inhabi- 
tants were at enmity with the crocodiles, 
and made war againſt thoſe who paid them 
adoration. Seneca. N. Q. 4, c. 2.—Strab, 
I7.—TFuv. 15.—Plin. 25, c. 8. 

TexnTYRA, (melivs Tempyra), a place of 
Thrace, oppoſite Samothrace. Ovid. Trif.. 
I, el. 9, v. 21. 

Tos, or Tilos, now Sigagit, a mari- 
time town on the coaſt of Ionia in Aſia 
Minor, oppoſite Samos. It was one of 
the 12 cities of the Ionian confederacy, and 
gave birth to Anacrcon and Hecatzus, who 
is by ſome deemed a native of Miletus, 
According to Pliny, Teos was an iſland, 
Auguſtus repaired Teos, whence he is often 
called the founder of it in ancient medals, 
Strab. 14 —Mela. 1, c. 17,—Pai. 7, 
c. 3.—lian. V. H. 8, c. 5.—Horat. 1, 
Od. 17, v. 18.—Plin. 5, c. 31. 

TEerEDon, a town on the Arabian gulf. 
Dio. Per. 982. 

TERENTIA, the wife of Cicero. She be- 


came 


came mot! 
called Tul 
cauſe ſhe h 
he was bai 
Salluſt, C 
Meſſala Co 
or accordi; 
Plut. in ( 
ad Attic, 1 
Scipio Afri 
with when 
ried on an i 
TERENT 
mentaria, b 
and C. Caf 
that the ſa: 
corn bough 
exactions o 
Terentius 
elect ive pe 
conſuls, let 
confidence | 
TERENT 
Longinus d 
lime. M 
A. D. 240. 
de er / 
Mycillus, Fr 
ep. 70. 

TERENTI 
ca, celebrate 
He was ſold. 
a Roman ſe 
great care, 
brilliancy of 
of his maſter 
Terentius. ] 
of Greek cor 
and merited 
the learned a 
Africanus, ar 
luſpected, on 
alliting the 
comedies ; a 
expreſſions, : 
Which the p 
perhaps to fa 
was in the 2 
urſt play appe 
his compoſiti 
applauſe ; bu 


Homo ſum, 


were repeated 
and the audi 
reigners, con 
tizens of Rom 
Ing the poet, 
and ſimplicity 
ſupported the 
Thetalents of 
tanflation thai 
It is ſaid that 
medies of the 


me 


1 


came mother of M. Cicero, and ofa daughter 
called Tulliola. Cicero repudiated her, be- 
cauſe ſhe had been faithleſs to his bed, when 
he was baniſhed in Aſia. Terentia marricd 
Salluſt, Cicero's enemy, and afterwards 
Meſſala Corvinus. She lived to her 103d, 
or according to Pliny to her 117th year. 
Plut. in Cic,.-Val. Max. 8, c. 13.—Cic. 
ad Attic. It, ep. 16, &c. The wife of 
Scipio Africanus. Tne wife of Mecænas, 
with whom it was ſaid that Auguſtus car- 
ricd on an intrigue. 

TERENTIA LEX, called alſo Caſſia, u- 
mentaria, by M. Terentius Varro Lucullus, 
and C. Caſſius, A. U. C. 680. It ordered 
that the ſame price ſhould be given for all 
corn bought in the provinces, to hinder the 
exactions of the quzſtors. Another by 
Terentius the tribune, A. U. C. 291, to 
ele& hve perſons to define the power of the 
conſuls, leſt they ſhould abuſe the public 
confidence by violence or rapine. 

TERENTIANUS, a Roman, to whom 
Longinus dedicated his treatiſe on the ſub- 
lime. Maurus, a writcr who floriſhed 
A. D. 240. The laſt edition of his treatiſe 
de literis, ſyllabis, & metris Horatii, is by 
Mycillus, Francof. 8vo 1584. Martial. 1, 
ep. 70. 

TERENTIVSs PUBLI1vs, a native of Afri- 
ca, celebrated for the comedies he wrote, 
He was ſold as a ſlave to Terentius Lucanus, 
a Roman ſenator, who educated him with 
great care, and manumitted him for the 
brilliancy of his genius. He bore the name 
of his maſter and benefactor, and was called 
Terentius. He applied himſelf to the ſtudy 
of Greek comedy with uncommon aſſiduity, 
and merited the friendſhip and patronage of 
the learned and powerful. Scipio, the elder 
Africanus, and his friend Lælius, have been 
luſpected, on account of their intimacy, of 
aliiting the poet in the compoſition of is 
comedies ; and the fine language, the pure 
expreſions, and delicate ſentiments with 
which the plays of Terence abound, ſeem 
perhaps to favor the ſuppoſition. Terence 
was in the 25th year of his age, when his 
hrſt play appeared on the Roman ſtage. All 
his compoſitions wer received with great 
applauſe ; but when the words 


Homo ſum, humani nil a me alienum puto, 


were repeated, the plaudits were reiterated? 
and the audicnce, though compoſed of fo- 
reigners, conquered nations, allies, and ci- 
tizens of Rome, were unanimous in applaud- 
ing the poet, who ſpoke with tuch elegance 
and ſimplicity, the language of nature, and 
ſupported the native independence of man. 
The talents of Terencewereempluyed rather in 
tranſlation than in the effuſions vt originality. 
It is ſaid that he tranſlated 108 uf the co- 
medies of the poct Menander, fix pl Which 


| chned, 


3 


only are extant, his Andria, Eunuch, Heau- 
tontimorumenos, Adelphi, Phormio and He- 
cyra, Terence is admired for the purity of 
his language, and the artleſs elegance and 
ſimplicity of his diction, and for a con- 
tinued delicacy of ſentiment. There is 
more originality in Plautus, more vivacity 
in the intrigues, and more ſurprize in the 
cataſtrophes of his plays; but Terence will 
ever be admired for his taſte, his expreſſions, 
and his faithful pictures of nature and man- 
ners, and the becoming dignity of his ſe- 
veral characters. Quintiiian, who candidly 
acknowledges the deficiencies of the Roman 
comedy, declares that Terence was the moſt 
elegant and refined of all the comedians whoſe 
writings appeared on the ſtage, The time 
and the manner of his death are unknown. 
He left Rome in the 35th year of his age, 
and never after appeared there. Some ſup- 
poſe that he was drowned in a ſtorm as he 
returned from Greece, about 159 years be- 
tore Chriſt, though others imagine he died 
in Arcadia or Leucadia, and that his death 
was accelerated by the toſs of his property, 
and particularly of his plays, which periſhed 
in a ſhipwreck. The beſt editions of 
Terence are thoſe of Weſterhovius, 2 vols. 
410. Amit. 1726; of Edinb. 12mo. 1758; 
of Cambridge, 4to, 1723; Hawkey's, 
12mo. Dublin, 1745; and that of Zeunius, 
8vo. Lipſ. 1774. Cic. ad Attic. 7, ep. 3. 
—Peterc, 1, c. 17,—Qaintil. 10, c. 1.— 
Heorat, 2, p. 1, v. 59,——Culeo, a Ro- 
man ſenator, taken by the Carthaginians, 
and redeemed by Africanus. When Afri- 
canus triumphed, Culeo followed his chariot 
with a pilcus on his head. He was ſome- 
time after appointed judge between his 
deliverer and the people of Aſia, and had 
the meanneis to condemn him and his bro- 
ther Aſiaticus, though both innocent. Liv. 
30, c. 45. A tribune who, wiſhed the 
number of the citizens of Rome to be in- 
creaſed. Evocatus, a man who, as it 
was ſuppoſed, murdered Galba. Tacit. Hi. 
I,C. 41. Lentiuus, a Roman knight coun» 
demned for perjury. Varro, a writer, d. 
V arro. A conſul with Amilius Paulus 
at the battle of Cannz. He was the ſon of 
a butcher, and had followed for ſome time 
the profeſſion of his fatter. He placed 
himſelf totally in the power of Hannibal, 
by making an improper diſpoſition of his 
army. After he had been defeated, and 
his colleague ſlain, be retired to Canuſium, 
with the remains of his flaugiered country- 
men, and ſent word to the Roman ſenate of 
his deſeat, He reccived tae thanks of this 


venerable Lody, becauſe he had engaged 
the enemy however improperly, and not 
deſpaired of the affairs of the republic. He 
was oflered the dictatorſhip, which he de- 
Put. Lz. 

31. 4 


22, &. — An am- 
baader 


1 * 


. 
-— 0 — — — — — 


6 "=. * 
gee £ 


a4 


1 -S 


haſſador ſent to Philip king of Macedonia. 
— — Maſſaliora, an edile of the people, &c. 
Marcus, a friend of Sejanus, accuſed 
before the ſenate for his intimacy with 
that diſcarded favorite. He made a noble 
defence, and was acquitted. Tacit, Ann 6. 
TtRENTUS, a place in the Campus Mar- 
tius near the capitol, where the infernal dei- 
ties had an altar, Ovid. Faft, 1, v. 504. 
TF#rEvs, a king of Thrace, ſon of Mars 
and Biſtonis. He married Progne, the 
daughter of Pandion king of Athens, whom 
he had aſſiſted in a war againſt Megara. He 
offered violence to his ſiſter-in-law Philo- 
mela, whom he conducted to Thrace by de- 
fire of Progne. Vid. Philomela and Prog- 
ne. A friend of /Eneas, killed by Ca- 
milla. Fire. An. 11, v. 675. 
TFeRGESTE & TERGESTUM, now Triefte, 
a town of Italy on the Adriatic ſea, made a 
Roman colony. Mela, 2, c. 3, &c.— Dia- 
ny/. Perieg. v. 330. —Paterc, 2, c. 110.— 
Pl: 3, Cc. td. 
Tx xnras, a river of Sicily near Catana. 
TERI4AZUS, a nobleman of Perha, ſent 
with a fleet againſt Evagoras, king of Cyprus. 
He was aceuſed of treaſon, and removed 
from office, &c. Pælyæ u. 7. 
TEeRrIDAE, a concubine of Menelaus. 
TErIDATES, a favorite eunuch at the 
court of Artaxerxes. At his death the 
monarch was in tears for thice days. lian. 
F.,-15 33, ©. 0, 
TEr1GUM, a town of Macedonia. 
TrRi1iNA, a town of the Brutii. 
TE Riot, now 7 rol, a fortified town at the 
north of Italy, in the country of the Griſons. 
TramMENTIA, or TERMEsS, a town of 
Hiſpania Tarraconenſis. 
TERMERA, a town of Caria. 
TEtrMERUS, a robber of Peloponneſus, 
who killed people by cruſhing their head 
againſt his own, He was ſlain by Hercules. 
Þlat. in Thef. 
T&KMESUS, a river of Arcadia. 
TERkMILE, a name given to the Lycians. 
TERMINALIA, annual feſtivals at Rome, 
obſerved in honor of the god Terminus, in 
the month of February. It was then uſual 
for pcaſants to aſſemble near the principal 
land marks which ſeparated their fields, and 
after they had crowned them with garJands 
and flowers, to make libations of milk and 
wine, and to ſacrifice a lamb or a young pig. 
They were originally eſtabliſhed by Numa, 
and though at firlt it was forbidden to ſhed 
the blood of victims, yet in proceſs of time 
land- marks were plentifully ſprinkledwith it. 
Ovid. Faft. 2, v. 641.—Gic. Pi. 12, c. 10. 
TERMINAL 1s, a ſirname of Jupiter, be- 
cauſe he preſided over the boundaries and 
jands of individuals before the worſhip of 
the god Terminus was introduced, Dieny/. 


S 'S 


Terminus, a divinity at Rome who was 
ſuppoſed to pretide over bounds and limits, 
and to puniſh all unlawful uſurpation of 
land. His worſhip was firſt introduced at 
Rome by Numa, who perſuaded his ſubjects 
that the limits of their lands and eſtates 
were under the immediate inſpection of 
heaven. His temple was on the Tarpeian 
rock, and he was repreſented with an hu- 
man head without feet or arms, to intimate 
that he never moved, wherever he was 
placed. The people of the country aſſem- 
bled once a year with their families, and 
crowned with garlands and flowers the 
ſtones which ſeparated their different poſ- 
ſeſſions, and offered victims to the god who 
preſided over their boundaries, It is ſaid 
that when Tarquin the proud wiſhed to 
build a temple on the Tarpeian rock to 
Jupiter, the god Terminus refuſed to give 
way, though the other gods refigned their 
{eats with chearfulneſs ; whence Ovid has 
ſaid, 


Reſlitit, & magno cum Jaue templa tenet, 


Dienyſ. Hal. 2.—Ovid. Faſt. 2, v. 641.— 
Plut. in Num. Li. 8. —-Virg. An. 9. 

T&k MISUsS, or TERMESsSsUs, a town of 
Piſidia. 

TERPANDER, a lyric poet and muſician 
of Leſbos, 675 B. C. It is ſaid that he 
appeaſed a tumult at Sparta by the melody 
and ſweetneſs of his notes. He added 
three ſtrings to the lyre, which before his 
time had only four. lian V. I. 12, c. 
50.— Plat. de Muff. 

TerpsSICHGRE, one of the muſes, daugh- 
ter of Jupiter and Mnemoſyne. She pre- 
ſided over dancing, of which ſhe was reck- 
oned the inventreſs, as her name intimates, 
and with which ſhe delighted her ſiſters. 
She is repreſented like a young virgin 
crowned with laurel, and holding in her 
band a muſical infirument. Juu. 7, v. 35. 
Arold. 1. 

TERPSICBATE, a daughter of Theſpius. 
Apalled. 2, c. 7. 

TrRRA, one of the moſt ancient deities 
in mythology, wife of Uranus, and mother 
of Oceanus, the Titans, Cyclops, Giants, 
Thea, Rhea, Themis, Phœbe, Thetys, and 
Mnemoſyne. By the Air ſhe had Griet, 
| Mourning, Oblivion, Vengeance, &c. Ac- 
cording to Hyginus, ſhe is the fame as Tel- 
lus. Vid. Telius. 

TERRACINA. Vid. Tarracina, 

TEkRASIDIUS, a Roman knight in Cz- 
ſar's army in Gaul. Caf. B. C. 3, c. 7 &. 

TERROR, an emotion of the mind Which 
the antients have made a deity, and one & 
the attendants of the god Mars, and ct 
Bellona, 

TERkT1A, a ſiſter of Clodius the tribu??, 


Heal. 2. ; 


Kc. A daughter of Paulus, the con- 


0K. 


queror of 
A da 
35 ©. 34, 
ried Caſh 
and Juni 
Czf. So.— 
ep. IT. 1 
TERTII. 
Czlar's le 
TE RTU 
a cclebrat 
who flotif 
nally a P 
Chriſtianit 
advocate 
that he wa 
tion, impe 
and ſtreng 
mous and « 
are his Ap 
Pr ejcriptio: 
lian is that 
17703 and 
vercamp, ! 
TEru ys 
was wife of 
nus and T 
chickeſt ri 
Nile, the / 
Peneus, Ev 
3900 daug' 
is confounc 
her grand= 
leus, and 
word Teth 
the ſea. 4 
v. 31. Ov 
Faſt. 2, v. 
Homer, II. N 
Tris, 
Pyrenees. 
TETRAP 
of Antioch, 
Was dividec 
of which r 
the word t. 
4 large cit 
L. aodicea, 4 
1143.—— The 
of Attica. 
TETRIc. 
near the rive 
TETRIC 
emperor in 
led in triur 
Who afterw: 
nonors upor 
name. 
Teucer, 
Scamander 
authors, he 
among his ſ 
aud the da. 


%% 


and 
riet, 
Ac- 
Tel- 


SM 


queror of Perſeus. Cic. ad Div. r, e. 46. | 


Cic. in Perr. 


A fiſter of Brutus who mar- 
ried Caſhus. She was alſo called Tertulla 
and Junia. Tacit. A. 3, c. 76.—Suet. 
Ceſ. 50.—(Crc. ad B. 5 & 6, ad Att. 15, 
ep. IT. I 16, ep. 20. 

TEkrius JULIANUS, a lieutenant in 
Czlar's legions. 

TERTULLIANUS, (J. Septimius Florens) 
a celebrated Chriſtian writer of Carthage, 
who flotiſhed A. D. 196. He was origi- 
nally a Pagan, but afrerwards embraced 
Chriſtianity, of which he became an able 
advocate by his writings, which ſhewed 
that he was poſſeſſed of a lively imagina- 
tion, impetuous eloquence, elevated ſtyle, 
and ſtrength of reaſoning. The moſt fa- 
mous and eſteemed of his numerous works, 
are his Apology for the Chriſtians, and his 
Preſcriptions. The beſt edition of Tertul- 
lian is that of Semlerus, 4 vols. 8vo. Hal. 
1770; and of his Apology, that of Ha- 
vercamp, 8vo. L. Bat. 1718. 

Tru vs, the greateſt of the ſea deities, 
was wife of Occanus, and daughter of Ura- 
nus and Terra. She was mother of the 
chicfeſt rivers of the univerſe, ſuch as the 
Nile, the Alpheus, the Mzander, Simois, 
Peneus, Evenus, Scamander, &c. and about 
3000 daughters called Occanides. Tethys 
is confounded by ſome mythologiſts with 
her grand- daughter Thetis, the wife of Pe- 
leus, and the mother of Achilles. The 
word Tethys is poetically uſed to expreſs 
the ſea. Apvllod. 1, c. 1, &c,—Pirg. G. 1, 
v. 31. Ovid. Met. 2, v. 509. I. 9, v. 498. 
Faſt. 2, v. 191. — Heſiod. Theogn. v. 336.— 
Homer, Il. 14, v. 302 

Tris, a river of Gaul flowing from the 
Pyrenees. Meta. 2, c. 5. 

TETRAPGL IS, a name given to the city 
of Antioch, the capital of Syria, becauſe it 
was divided into four ſeparate diſtricts, each 
of which reſembled a' city. Some apply 
the word to Seleucis, which contained the 
4 large cities of Antioch near Daphne, 
Laodicea, Apamea, and Seleucia in Pie- 
ria, The name of 4 towns at the north 
of Attica. Strab. 8. 

TErxica, a mountain of the Sabines 
near the river Fabaris. Vrg. An. 7, v. 713. 

TETRICUS a Roman ſenator, ſaluted 
emperor in the reign of Aurelian. He was 
led in triumph by his ſucceſsful adverſary, 
who afterwards heaped the moſt unbounded 
honors upon him and his ſon of the ſame 
name. 

Teucer, a king of Phrygia, ſon of the 
Scamander by Idea. According to ſome 
authors, he was the firſt who introduced 
«mong his ſubjects the worſhip of Cybele, 
aud dhe dances of the Corybantes. The 


— Þ daughter of Iſidorus. 
3, C. 34, 


e. 3.—Paterc. I, Co I. 


T0 


country where he reigned was from him 
called Teucria, and his ſubjects Teucri. His 
daughter Batca married Dardanus, a Sa- 
mothracian prince, who ſucceeded him in 
the government of Teucria. Apolled. 3, 
c. 12.—Pirg. An. 3, v. 108.——A ſon of 
Telamon, king of Silamis, by Heſione the 
daughter of Laomedon. He was one of 
Helen's ſuitors, and accordingly accompa- 
nieq the Greeks to the Trojan war, where 
he fignalized himſelf by his valor and in- 
trepidity. It is ſaid that his father refuſed 
to receive him into his Kingdom, becauſe 
he had left the death of his brother Ajax 
unrevenged, This ſeverity of the father 
did not diſhearten the ſon ; he left Salamis, 
and retired to Cyprus, where, with the aſ- 
ſiſtance of Belus king of Sidon he built 
a town, which he called Salamis, after his 
native country. He attempted to no pur- 
poſe to recover the iſland of Salamis after 
his father's death. He built a temple to 
Jupiter in Cyprus, on which a man was 
annually ſacrificed till the reign of the An- 
tonines. Some ſuppoſe that Teucer did not 
return to Cyprus, but that, according to 
a leſs received opinion, he went to ſettle in 
Spain, where new Carthage was after wards 
built, and thence into Galatia, Homer, Il. 
8, v. 281,—Virg, Eu. 1, v. 623.— Apol- 
lod, 3, c. 12,—Pauf. 2, c. 29.—Tuftin. 44, 
One of the ſer- 
vants of Phalaris of Agrigentum. 

Teuck1, a name given to the Trojans, 
from Teucer their king. Virg. An. 1, v. 
42 and 239. 

TEUCKRI1A, a name given to Troy, from 
Teucer, one of its kings. Virg. Zn. 2, v. 26. 

TeuCTERr, a people of Germany. Ta- 
cit. de Germ. C. 22. 

TEeuMESSUS, a mountain of Bcaotia, 
where Hercules, when young, Killed an 
enormous lion. Stat. Theb. 1, c. 331. 

Tura, a queen of Illyricum, B. C. 
231, who ordered ſome Roman ambaſſa- 
dors to be put to death, This unprece- 
dented murder was the cauſe of a war, 
which ended in her diſgrace. 

TEUTAMIAS or TEUTAMI1S, a king of 
Lariſſa. He inſtituted games in honor of 
his father, where Perſeus killed his grand- 
father Acriſius with a quoit. 

TEuUuTAMUS, a King of Aſſyria, the 
ſame as Tithonus, the father of Mcmnon. 
Died. 5. 

TeurAs, or TEUTATEsS, a name of 
Mercury among the Gauls. The pcople 
offered human victims to this deity. Lu- 
can, 1, v. 445 —Gaſar, Bell. G. 

TEUTHRANIA, a part of Myſia where 
the Caycus riſes, 

TEeuUTHRAS, a king of Myſia on the 
borders of the Caycus. He adopted as his 
| daugliter, 


aa 
— 


— — — — — 


— ——— —— W — 


4 Th -- —_ 


1 


daugbter, or, according to others, married 


Auge the daughter of Aleus, when ſhe fled 
away into Aſia from her father, who wiſhed 
to puniſh her for her amours with Hercules. 
Some time after, his kingdom was invaded 
by Idas the fon of Aphareus, and to re- 
move this enemy, he promiſed Auge and 
his crown to any one who could reſtore 
tranqu/llity to his ſubjects. This was exe- 
cuted by Telephus, who afterwards proved 
to be the ſon of Auge, who was promiſed 
in marriage to him by right of his ſucceſs- 
ful expedition. The 50 daughters of Teu- 
thras, who became mothers by Hercules, 
are called Teuthrantia turba. Apellod. 2, 
c. 7, &c.—Pauſ. 3, c. 25,—O0vid. ITrift. 
2, v. 10 Hercid. 9, v. 51.—Hygin. fab. 
100. A. river's name. One of the 
companions of /Eneas in Italy. Virg. An. 
10, v. 402. 

TEUTOBURGIENSIS SALTUS, a foreſt 
of G< many, between the Ems and Lippa, 
where Varus and his legions were cut to 
pieces. Tacit. Au. 1, c. 60. 

TrvuToMAaTus, a prince of Gaul, a- 
mong the allies of Rome. 


Tevr5n1, and TEUTGNEs, a people of | 


Germany, who with the Cimbri made in- 
cui ſions upou Gaul, and cut to pieces two 
Roman armies. They were at laſt de- 
feated by the conſul Marius, and an infinite 
number made priſoners. Vid. Cimbri. Cic. 
pro Manil.—Flor, 3, c. 3.—Plut. in Mar. 
— Martial. 14, ep. 26.—Plin. 4, c. 14. 

THABENNA, an inland town of Africa, 
Hirt. Afric. 77. 

THABUSIUM, a fortified place of Phry- 
gia. Liv. 38, c. 14. 

Tnars, a famous courtezan of Athens, 
who accompanied Alexander in his Aſiatic 
conqueſts, and gained ſuch an aſcendant 


over him, that the made him burn the royal) 


palace of Perſepolis. After Alexander's 
death, ſhe married Ptolemy king of Egypt. 
Menander celebrated her charms, on which 
account ſhe is called Menandrea, by Propert. 
2, el, 6.-—(vid de art. am. 3, v. 604. de 
rem. am. v. 384.—Plut. in Alex. — Juv. 3, 
v. 93. | f 

Tu ALA, a town of Africa. Tacit. Ann. 
6 . KT 

Tu Au Aux, a town of Meſſenia, ſamous 
for a temple aud oracle of Paſiphac. Flut. 
in Avid. 

THALA5S1US, a beautiful young Roman 


in the rcign of Romulus. At the rape of 


the Sabines, one of theſe virgins appeared 
remarkable for beauty and elegance, and 
her ravitker, afraid of many competitors, 
excliimed as he carried her away, that it 
was ſor Thalaſhus. The name of Thalaſſius 
was no ſuoner mentioned, than all were 
eager to preſerve fo beautiful a prize for 


1 


bim. Their union was attended with ſo 
much happineſs, that it was ever after 
uſual at Rome to make uſe of the word 
Thalafſius at nuptials, and to wilh thoſe 
that were married the felicity of Thalaſſius. 
He is ſuppoſed by ſome to be the ſame as 
Hymen, as he was made a deity. Plut. in 
Rem.—NMoartial. 3, ep. 92.—Liv. 1, c. 9. 

THALEs, one of the ſeven wiſe men of 
Greece, born at Miletus in Ionia. He was 
deſcended from Cadmus : his father's name 
was Examius, and his mother's Cleobula, 
Like the reſt of the antients, he travelled 
in queſt of knowledge, and for ſome time 
rehded in Crete, Phenicia, and Egypt. 
Under the prieſts of Memphis he was taught 
geometry, aſtronomy, and philoſophy, and 
enabled to meaſure with exactneſs the vaſt 
height and extent of a pyramid, merely by 
its ſhadow. His diſcoveries in aftronomy 
were great and ingenious; he was the firit 
who calculated with accuracy a ſolar eclipſe, 
He diſcovered the ſolſtices and equinoxes, 
he divided the heavens into five zenes, 
and 1ecommended the diviſion of the year 
into 365 days, which was univerſally a- 
dopted by the Egyptian philoſophy. Like 
Homer, he looked upon water as the prin- 
ciple of every thing. He was the founder 
of the Tonic ſet, which diſtinguiſhed itſelf 
for its deep and abſtruſe ſpeculations under 
the ſuccefiors and pupils of the Mileſian 
philoſopher, Anaximander, Anaximenes, 
Anaxagoras, and Archelaus the maſter of 
Socrates. Thales was never married; and 
when his mother preſſed him to chuſe a 
wife, he ſaid he was too young. The (ame 
exhortations were afterwards repeated, but 
the philoſopher eluded them by obſerving, 
that he was then too old to enter the ma- 
trimonial ſtate, He died in the 96th year 
of his age, about 548 years before the 
Chriſtian era, His compoſitions on philo- 
ſophical ſubjects are loſt. Herodot. 1, c. 7. 
Plato. — Diog. 1.—Cic. de Nat. D. &c. 
A lyric poet of Crete, intimate with 
Lycurgus. He prepared by his rhapſodies 
the minds of the Spartans to receive the 
rigorous inſtitutions of his friend, and in- 
culcated a reverence for the peace of civil 
lociety. 

THALESTRIA, or THALESTR 15S, a queen 
of the Amazons, who, accompanied by 
300 women, came 35 days journey to 
meet Alexander in his Aſiatic conqueſts, 
to raiſe children by a man whoſe fame was 
ſo great, and courage ſo uncommon. Curt. 
6, c. $.—Strab. 11.—TFuftin. 2, c. 4. 

THALETES, a Greek poet of Crete, 900 
B. C. 

THALIA, one of the Muſes, who pre- 
ſided over feſtivals, and over paſtoral and 


comic poetry. She 15 repreſented leaning on 
a column, 


a column, 
by which 
ſiſters, as 
dreſs appea 
ed as rhat 
Od. 6, v.: 
Symp. &c. 
the Nereide 
v. 826.— 
THALPI 
Helen's ſui 
ThHamtsk 
duced the a 
it was relig. 
many years, 
THamui 
THAMY 8 
muſician of 
Philammon, 
became ena 
lenged them 
was accepte 
that the con: 
diſpoſal of i 
conquered, : 
his eye-figh 
broke his ly 
arc loſt, S0 
introduced ir 
of which So! 
V. 594+ J. 5, 
Ovid. Amer. 
v. 399.— Pa 
ThHamMyRI 
the Dacæ, in 
qucen of the 
—— A Troj; 
2. 12, v. 7 
THaAPsSAct 
Taaesus, 
where Scipio 
Czſiar. Si}, - 
33, c. 48.— 
racuſe in Sicil 
TuAkdERL 
nor of Apollo 
days, and the 
olive branches 
cakes and frui 
TuAkiApr 
tochus, &c. 
Tu akors, 
acchus gave 
the death of I 
Tu asius, o 
layer of Cypi 
of Egypt, tha 
Which atflicted 
foreigner to Ju 
ovidered hin t. 
the god, as he 
vid, de art, as 


E 


a column, holding a maſk in her right hand, 
by which ſhe is diſtinguiſhed from ber 
ſiſters, as alſo by a ſhepherd's crook. Her 
dreſs appears ſhorter, and not ſo ornament- 
ed as that of the other Muſes. Horat. 4, 
Od. 6, v. 25.— Mart. 9, ep. 75.—Plut. in 
Symp. &c.—Pirg. Ecl. 6, v. 2. One of 
the Nereides. Heſfod. Theop. Virg. An. 5, 
v. 826. An iſland in the Tyrrhene fea. 

THALPIUS, a ſon of Eurytus, one of, 
Helen's ſuitors. Apollod. 3, c. 10. | 

Tranmtfras, a Cilician who firſt intro- 
duced the art of augury in Cyprus, where | 
it was religiouſly preſerved in his family for 
many years, Tacit. 2, Ilift. c. 3. 

ThHAMUDA, a part of Arabia Felix. 

THAMYRAS, or THAMYRIS, a celebrated 
muſician of Thrace. His father's name was 
Philammon, and his mother's Argiope. He 
became enamoured of the Muſes, and chal- 
lenged them to a trial of (kill. His challenge 
was accepted, and it was mutually agreed, | 
that the conquered ſhould be totally at the 
diſpoſal of his victorious adverſary. He Was 
conquered, and the Muſes deprived him of 
his eye-fight and his melodious voice, and 
broke his lyre. His poetical compoſitions 
arc loſt. Some accuſed him of having firſt 
introduced into the world the unnatural vice 
of which Sotades is accuſed. Homer. I. 2, 
v. 594. 1. 5, v. 599.—Apollod. 1, c. 3.— 
Ovid. Amer, 3, el. 7, v. 62. Art. Am. 3, 
v. 399.—Pauſ. 4, c. 33. 

THAMYRIS, one of the petty princes of 
the Dacæ, in the age of Darius, &c. 
qucen of the Maſſagetæ. Vid. Thomyris. 
—— A Trojan killed by Turaus. irg. 
Mn. 12, v. 341. 

TaarPsAcus, a city on the Euphrates. 

Tu arsus, a town of Africa P ropria, 
where Scipio and Juba were defeated by 
Cxſar. Sil. 3, v. 261.—Liv. 29, c. 30. t. 
33, c. 48. A towa at the north of Sy- 
racuſe in Sicily. 

THARGEL1A, feſtivals in Greece, in ho- 
nor of Apollo and Diana. They laſted two 
days, and the youngeſt of both ſexes carried 
olive branches, on which were ſuſpended 
cakes and fruits. 

TuARIADESs, one of the generals of An- 
tiochus, &C. 

Tuakors, the father of Ocager, to whom 
Bacchus gave the kingdom of Thrace, after 
the death of Lycurgus. Died. 4. 

Tu asius, or THRASIUS, a famous ſooth- 
layer of Cyprus, who told Bufiris, king 
of Egypt, that to flop a drcadful plague 
which atflicted his country, he mult offer a 
foreigner to Jupiter. Upon this the tyrant 
ordered him to be ſeized and lacrificed to 
the god, as he was not a native of Egypt. 

Vid, de art, am. I, v. 649,——A funame 


— 


3 


of Hercules, whe was worſhipped at 
Thaſos. 

Tu asos, or TrAsvs, a ſmall iſland in 
the Ægean, on the coaſt of Thrace, oppoſite 
the mouth of the Neſtus, antiently known 
by the name of Aria, Ouonis, AEthria, 
Acte, Ogygia, Chryſe, and Cerefis It re- 
ceived that of Thaſos bom Thaſus the fon 


of Agenor, who ſettled there when he de- 


ſpaired of finding his ſiſte Europa. It wag 


about 40 miles in circumierence, and ſo 


uncommonly fruitful, that the fertility of 
Thaſos became proverbial. Its wine was 
univerſally eſteemed, and its marble quar- 
ries were alſo in great repute, as well as its 
mines of gold and filver. The capital of 
the iſland was alſo called Thaſos. Liv. 33, 
c. 30 & 35.— Herodot. 2, c. 44. —Mela. 2, 
c. 7.—Pauſ. 5. c. 25. lian. V. H. 4, 
&c.—Virg. G. 2, v. 91.—C. Nep. Cim. 2. 

Tnasus, a fon of Neptune, who went 
with Cadmus to ſeek Europa. He built the 
town of Thaſus in Thrace. Some make 
him brother of Cadmus. Apol/ed. 3, c. 1. 

THAUMACI, a town of Theſlaly on the 
Maliac gulf. Liv. 32, c. 4. 

THAUMANTIAS and THaAUMANTIsS, a 
name given to Iris, the meſſenger of uno, 
becauſe ſhe was the daughte: of Thaumas, 
the ſon of Occanus and Terra, by one of 
the Oceanides. Hefiod, Theog.—Virg. An. 
9, v. 5.—Ovid. Met. 4, v. 479. |. 14, v. 
845. 

TaHAauMas, a fon of Neptune and Terra, 
who married Electra, one oi the Oceanides, 
by whom he had Iris and the Harpyies, &c. 
A polloll. I, C. 2. 

TuAuuaslus, a mountain of Arcadia, 
on whoſe top, according to ſome accounts, 
Jupiter was born. a 

THEA, a daughter of Uranus aud Terra. 
She married her brother Hyperion, by whom 
ſhe had the fun, the moon, Aurora, &c, 
She is alſo called Thia, T.tza, Rhea, Te- 
thys, &c. One of the Sporades. 

THEAGENES, a man uo made himſelf 
maſter of Megara, &c. An athlete of 
Thaſos, famous for his ſtrength. His fa- 
ther's name was Timoſthenes, a. friend of 
Hercules. He was crowned above a thou- 
ſand times at the public games of the 
Greeks, and became a god after death. 
Pauſ. 6, c. 6 & 11.—Plut, A Ticban 
officer, who diſtinguiched himfelf at the 
battle of Cheronza. Plat. A writer 
who publiſhed commentarics on Homer's 
works. 

Tukacks, a Greek philoſopher, diſciple 
of Socrates. Plats, lian. V. H. 4, &c. 

THEANGELA, a town of Caria. 

Tur xo, the wife of Metapontus ſon of 
Siſyphus, preſented ſome twins to her huſ- 

band, 


— 
— 


— 
— 


—— ——— 


i lt 


1 


hand, when he wiſhed to repudiate her for | 


her barrenneſs. The children were educated 
with the greateſt care, and ſome time after- 
wards, Theano herſelf became mother of 
twins. When they were grown up, ſhe was 
encouraged to murder the ſuppoſititious chil- 
dren who were to ſucceed to their father's 
throne, in preference to them, Hygin. fah. 
186. A daughter of Ciſſeus, ſiſter to 
Hecuba, who married Antenor, and was 
fuppoſed to have betrayed the Palladium to 
the Greeks, as ſhe was prieſteſs of Mi- 
nerva. Hemer. II. 6, v. „ hy, 10, 
c. 27. Dictyſ. Cret. 5, c. 8. ne of 
the Danaides, Her huſband's name was 
Phantes. Apellod. 2, c. 1. 
tne philoſopher Pythagoras, daughter of 
Pythanax, of Crete, or, according to others, 
of Brontinus of Crotona. Diog. 8, c. 42. 
Ihe daughter of Pythagoras. A 
poeteſs of Locris. A pricſteſs of A- 
thens, daughter of Menon, who refuſed 
ti pronounce 2 Cuiſe upon Alcibiades, when 
te was accuſed of having mutilated all the 
ttatues of Mercury. Plut. The mother 
of Pauſanias. She was the firſt, as it is 
reported, who brought a ſtone to the en- 
trance of Minerva's temple to mut up her 
fon, when the heard of his crimes and 
perfidy to his country. Pelyæn. 8. A 


The wife of 


TS 4 
giſh nation, and the words of Thebar ng, 
hecame proverbial to expreſs a man re- 
markable for ſtupidity and inattention. This 
however was not literally true ; under Epa- 
minondas, the Thebans, though before de- 
pendent, became maſters of Greece, and 
every thing was done according to their will 
and pleaſure. When Alexander invaded 
Greece, he ordercd Thebes to be totally 
demolithed, becauſe it had revolted againſt 
him, except the houſe where the poet Pin- 
dar had been born and educated. In this 
dreadſul period 6000 of its inhabitants were 
ſlain, and 30,c00 ſold for flaves. Thebes 
was afterwards repaired by Caffander, the 
ſon of Antipater, but it never roſe to its 
original conſequence, and Strabo, in his 
age, mentions it merely as an inconſider- 
able village. The monarchical government 
was aboliſhed there at the death of Xan- 


thus, about 1190 years before Chrift, and 


Thebes became a republic. It received 
its name from Thebe the daughter of Aſo- 
pus, to whom the founder Amphion was 
nearly related, Apolted. 2, C. 4z &c.—. 
Mela. 2, c. 3.— Pauſ. 2, c. 6. l. 9, c. 5. 
Strah. 9.—Plut. in Pel. Flam. & Alex, 


—. Ney. in Pel. Epam. &c.— Hoerat. art. 


daughter of Scedaſus, to whom ſome of 
the hands of the Cilicians, who occupied 


the Lacedæmonians offered violence at 
Leuctra. A Trojan matron, who be- 
came mother of Mimas by Amycus, the 
ſame night that Paris was born. J,. 
Zn. 10, v. 703. 

THEANUM, a town of Italy. Vd. Tea- 
num. 

THEARTDAS, a brother of Diony ſius the 
elder. He was made admiral of his fleet. 
Diod. 14. 

THEAKNUS, a firname of Apollo at 
Trœzene. 

THEATETES, a Greek epigrammatiſt. 

THEBA, or THEBE, a town of Cilicia. 
Vid. Thebz. 

Turzæ, (arum,) a celebrated city, the 
capital of Bœotia, fituate on the banks of 
the river Iſqenns. The manner of its 
foundation is not preciſely known. Cad- 
mus is ſuppoſed to have fiſt begun to 
found it by building the citadel Cadmea, It 
was aſterwards finiſhed by Amphion and 
Zethus, but according to Varro, it owed 
its origin to Ogyges. The government of 
Thebes was monarchical, and many of the 
ſovereigns are celchrated for their misfor- 
tuncs, ſuch as Laius, CEdipus, Polynices, 
Etcocles, &c. The war which Thebes ſup- 

rted againſt the Argives, is famous as 
well as that of the Epigoni. The Thebans 
were looked upon as an indolent aud flug- 


[ 
it during the Trojan war. 


— 


th. 


Pet. 394. —Ovid, Met. A town at the 
{outh of Troas, built by Hercules, and alſo 
called Placia and Hypoplacia, It fell into 


Curt, 3, c. 4.— 
Liv. 37, c. 19. Strab. 11. An antient 
celebrated city of Thebais in Egypt, called 
alſo Hecatompyles, on account of its hundred 
gates, and Dicſpo/is, as being ſacred to Ju- 
piter. In the time of its ſplendor, it ex- 
tended above 23 miles, and upon any emer- 
gency could ſend into the field by each of 
its hundred gates 20,000 fighting men, and 
200 Chariots. Thebes was ruined by Cam- 
byſes king of Perſia, and few traces of it 
were ſeen in the age of Juvenal. Plix. 5, 
c. 9 — Juv. 15, v. 16.—Tacit. Ann. 2.— 
Herodot. 2 & 3.—Diad. 2.— Hemer. Il. g, 
v. 381.—Strab. 17,—Mela. 1, c. 9 — 
A town of Africa built by Bacchus. —— 
Another in Theſſaly. Liv. 28, c. 7.— 
Another in Phthiotis, 

THEBA1S, a country in the ſouthern parts 
of Egypt, of which Thebes was the capi- 
tal. There have been ſome pocms wiiici 
have borne the name of Thcbais, but of 
theſe the only one extant is the Thebais of 
Statius, It gives an account of the war of 
the Thebans againſt the Argives, in conſe— 
quence of the diſſenſion of Ftcocles with 
lis brother Polynices. The poct was twelve 
years in compoling it. A river of Ly- 
din. A name given to a native of 
Thebes. 


Tust, 


Iarze, 
married Zet 
25 Cc. 5.— 
of Pheræ. 
to murder h 
THe1a, : 
THEeras, 
Lutter 
nor, called a 
THELPCES 
Telpuſa. 
THEL X10 
e. 1. 
Turtxto 
ing to ſome 1 
THEMES1LC 
15. 
THEMILL 
95 Ve 575. 
Tukuts, a 
who married 
vation. She | 
Eunomia, the 
to whom the 
temples. He 
in the age o 
with great fc 
how to repai 
was generally 
mong the m 
holding a ſwo 
ſcales in the « 
——A daugt 
pys, and be; 
Apilled, 35 C. 
Tus utscd 
at the mouth e 
to the Amazar 
bore the fame 
TukukNus 
better known | 
TaewigoN, 
dicea, diſciple 
founder of a ſe 
be wiſhed to ii 
tate the learnin 
He floriſhed i; 
25 c. 1.— 7 
wrals of Anti 
von at Cyprus 
| 1 HEMISTA, 
Ge fame as Thi 
ThemisTIU; 
ef Paphlagonia 
F'catly eſteemee 
Rnd called Eu 
vom his eloque 
ery. He was x 


ways diſtingu 


nuniicence. 1 
juented. He \ 
mmentaries c 
hich . 

ua are ſtill e. 


E--M 


Tarze; a daughter of the Aſopus, who 
married Zethus. — 3, c. 5.—Pauf. 
25 C. 5. The wife of Alexander, tyrant 
of Pherz. She was perſuaded by Pelopidas 
to murder her huſband. | 

Turi, a goddeſs. Vid. Thea. 

Tuts, a fon of Belus. 

THELEPHASSA, the ſecond wife of Age- 
nor, called alſo Telephaſſa. 

THELCPCSA, a nymph of Arcadia, Id 
Telpuſa. 

THEL xX10N, a ſon of Apis. 
e. 1. 

Tur xtorr, one of the muſes, accord- 
ing to ſome writers. Cic. de fir. 

THEMES1LON, a tyrant of Eretria, 
15 


Apo „Jod. 25 


Dio. 


HEMILLAS, a Trojan, &c. Virg. An. 
9, v. 579. 

TasMts, a daughter of Cœlus and Terra, 
who married Jupiter againſt her own incli- 
vation, She became mother of Dice, Irene, 
Eunomia, the Parcæ, & c. and was the firſt 
o whom the inhabitants of the cath raiſed 
temples. Her oracle was famous in Atrica 
in the age of Deucalion, who conſulted it 
with great ſolemnity, and was inſtructed 
how to repair the loſs of mankind. She 


— — —— — — — 


— — — 


Sm 


tions. He profeſſed himſelf to be an enemy 
to tlattery, and though he often deviates 
from this general rule in his addreſſes to 
the emperors, yet he ſtrongly recommends 
humanity, ,witdom, and clemency. The 
beit edition of Themiſtius, is that of Har- 
duin, fol. Paris, 1684. 

TnzmisTo, daughter of Hypfcus, was 
the third wife of Athamas, king of Thebes, 
by whom the had four ſons, called Ptous, 
Leucon, Scheœneus, and Erythrocs. She 
endeavourcd to kill the children of Ino, her 


; huſhand's ſecond wife, but ſhe killed her 


—— — — 


— —— 


woman mentioned by Polyænus. 


— ——— ——— 


was generally attended by the ſeaſons. A- 
mong the moderns ſhe is repreſented as 


holding a ſword in one hand, and a pair of | 
Ovid. Met. 1, v. 321. 


ſcales in the other. 


' 


——A daughter of Ilus who married Ca- 


pys, and became mother of Anchiſes. 


Apollod. 3, c. 12. 
TaemiscCYRA, a town of Cappadocia, 


at the mouth of the Thermodon, belenging 


to the Amazons. 
bore the ſame name. 

THeEMENUsS, a ſon of Ariſtomachus, 
better known by the name of Temenus. 

Tukuisox, a famous phyſician of Lao- 
dicea, diſciple to Aſclepiades. He was 
founder of a ſect called methodiſts, becauſe 
be wiſhed to introduce methods to facili- 
tate the learning and the practice of phy ſic. 
He floriſhed in the Auguſtan age. Pin. 
29, c. I,— Juv. 10. One of the ge- 
brrals of Antiochus the Great. He was 
born at Cyprus. lian. J. H. 2, c. 41. 

THeEMISTA, or TaEmMisST 1s, a goddeſs, 
vie ſame as Themis. 

TyeMIsTIUS, a celebrated philoſopher 
ef Paphlagonia in the age of Conſtantius, 
greatly eſteemed by the Roman emperors, 
and called Euphrades, the fine ſpeaker, 
tom his eloquent and commanding deli- 
very. He was made a Roman ſenator, and 
ways diſtinguiſhed for his liberality and 
nunihcence. His ſchool was greatly fre- 
jJuented, He wrote, when young, ſome 
mmentaries on Ariſtotle, fragments of 
uch are ſtill extant, and 33 vt his ora- 


The territories round it 


own by means of Ino, who lived in boa 
houſc in the diſguiſe of a ſervant maid, and 
to whom the entruſted her bloody intentions. 
Par. 9, C. 2 3. —Apollod. I, C. 9. A 
The 
mother of the poet Homer, according to a 
tradition mentioned by Pauſanias ro, c. 24. 
TrtmisSTGCLES, acelcbrated general, born 
at Athens. His father's name was Neocles, 
and his mother's Euterpe, or Abrotonum, 
anative of Halicarnaiſus, or of Thrace, or 
Acarnania. The beginning of his youth 
was marked by vices ſo flagrant, and an 
inclination ſo incorrigible, that his father 
difinherited him. This, which might have 
diſhcartened others, rouſed the ambition of 
Thentifiocles, and the proteftion which he 
was denicd at home he fought in courting 
the tavors of the populace, and in ſharing 
the adminiſtration of public attairs. When 
Xerxes invaded Greece, Themiſtocles was 
at the head of the Athenian republic, and 
in this capacity the tleet was entruſted to 
his care. While the Lacedzmonians under 
Leonidas were oppoſing the Perſians at 
Thermopylæ, the naval operations of The- 
miſtocle:, and the combined fleet of the 
Peloponneftans were directed to deſtroy the 
armament of Xerxes, and to ein his ma- 
ritune power. The obſtinate with of the 
generals to command the Grecian fleet, 
might have proved fatal to the intereſt of 
the allies, had not Themiſtocles freely re- 
linquiſhed his preteniions, and by nomi- 
nating his rival Eurybiades maſter of the 
expedition, ſhown the world that his am- 
bition could ſtoop when his country de- 
manded his aſſiſtance. The Perfian fleet 
was diſtreſſed at Artemiſium by a violent 
ſtorm, and the feeble attack of the Greeks ; 
but a decifive battle had never been fought, 
if Themiſtocles had not uſed threats and 
entreaties, and even called religion to his 
aid, and the favorable anſwers of the ora- 
cle to ſecond his meaſures, The Greeks, 
actuated by different views, were unwilling 
to make head by fea againſt an enemy 
whom they ſaw viRtorigus by land, plun- 
dering their cities, and deſtroying all by 
fire and ſword ; but before they were dif- 


Per led, 


| 
| 


1 


perſed, Themiſtocles ſent intelligence of 
their intentions to the Perſian monarch. 

Xerxes, by immediately blocking them 

with bis fleet in the bay of Salamis, pre- 

vented tier eſcape, and while he wiſhed 

to cruſh them all at one blow, he obliged 

them to fight for their ſafety, as well as 

for the hñono of tteir country. This battle, 

which was fought near the ifland of Sala- 

mis, B. C. 480, was deciſive, the Greeks 

ob ained the victory, and Themiſtocles the 

ho or of having deſtroyed the formidable 

nivy of Xerxes. Further to enſure the 

peng of his country, Themiſtocles in- 
formed the Aftatic monarch, that the 
Greeks had conſpired to cut the bridge 

which ve had built acroſs the Helleſpont, 
ande prevent his retreat into Aſia. Tais 
met uith equal ſucceſs, Xerxes haſtened 
aſ-ay from Greece, and while he believed, 
on the words of Themiftocles, that his re- 
turn would be diſputed, he left his forces 
without a general, and his fleets an eaſy 
conqueſt to the victorious Greeks, Theſe 
ſignal ſervices to his country, endeared The- 
miſtocles to the Athenians, and he was 
univerſally called the moſt warlike and moſt 
cuurageous of all the Grecks who fought 
azainſt the Perſians. He was received with 
tle moſt diſtinguiſhing honors, and by his 
prudent adminiſtration, Athens was ſoon 
fortified with ftrong walls, her Pireus was 
rebuilt, and her harbours were filled with 
a numerous and powerful navy, which ren- 
dered her the miſtreſs of Greece. Yet in 
the midſt of that glory, the conqueror of 
Xerxes incurred the diſpleaſure of his coun- 
trymen, which had proved ſo fatal to many 
of his illuſtrious predeceſſors. He was ba- 
niſhed from the city, and after he had ſought 
in vain a fafe retreat among the republics of 
Greece, and the barbarians of Thrace, he 
threw himſelf into the arms of a monarch, 
wnoſe fleets he had defeated, and whoſe 
father he had ruined. Artaxerxes, the ſuc- 
ceſlor of Xerxes, reccived the illuſtrious A- 
thenian with kindneſs; and though he had 
formerly ſct a price upon his head, yet he 
made him one of his greateſt favorites, and 
beſtowed three rich cities upon him, to pro- 
vide him with bread, wine and meat. Such 
kindneſſes from a monarch, from whom he 
perhaps expected the moſt hoſtile treatment, 
did not alter the ſentiments of Themiſtocles, 
He ſtill remembered that Athens gave him 
birth, and according to ſome writers, the 
wiſh of not injuring his country, and there- 
fore his inability of cariying on war againſt 
Greece, at the requeſt of Artaxerxes, oblig- 
ed him to deſtroy himſelf by drinking bull's 
blood. The manner of his death, however, 
is unccrtain, and while ſume affirm that he 


poiſoned himſclf, others declare that he fell a 


4 


T 


prey to a violent diſtemper in the city of 
Magneſia, where he had fixed his reſidence, 
while in the dominions of the Perſian mo- 
narch. His bones were conveyed to Attica, 
and honored with a magnificent tomb by the 
Athenians, who began to repent too late of 
their cruelty to the ſaviour of his country, 
Themiſtocles died in the 65th year of his 
age, about 449 years before the Chriſtian 
era. He has been admired as a man natu- 
rally courageous, of a diſpoſition fond of 
r ambitious of glory and enterprize, 
Bleiſed with a provident and diſcerning 
mind, he ſeemed to riſe ſuperior to misfor- 
tunes, and in the midſt of adverſity, poſ- 
ſeſſed of reſources which could enable him 
to regain his ſplendor, and even to com- 
mand fortune. Plaut. & C. Nep. in Vita. 
—Pauf. 1, c. 1.1. 8, c. 52.—Mlian. V. H. 
2, c. 12. J. 9, c. 18. J. 13, c. 40. A 
writer, ſome of whoſe letters are extant. 

THEMISTOGENES, an hiſtorian of Syra- 
cuſe, in the age of Artaxerxes Memnon. 
He wrote on the wars of Cyrus the younger, 
a ſubject ably treated afterwards by Xeno- 
phon. 

THEGCLEs, an opulent citizen of Co— 
rinth, who liberally divided his riches among 
the poor. Thraſonides, a man equally rich 
with himſelf, followed the example. Elan, 
F. H. 14, c. 24. A Greek ſtatuary, 
Pauſ. 6, c. 19. 

THEG6cLvs, a Meſſenian poet and ſooth- 
ſayer, wao died B. C. 671. Pau. 4, c. 15, 
&c. 

THeocLYMENUs, a ſoothſayer of Argo- 
lis, deſcended from Melampus. His father's 
name was Theſtor. He foretold the ſpeedy 
return of Ulyſſes to Penelope, and Tele- 
machus. Homer, Od. 15, v. 225, Sc.— 
Hygin. fab. 128. 

THEGCRITUS, a Greek poet who flo- 
riſhed at Syracuſe in Sicily, 282 B. C. His 
father's name was Praxagoras, and his mo- 
ther's Philina, He lived in the age of Pro- 
lemy Philaceiphus, whoſe praiſes he ſang, 
and whoſe favors he enjoyed. Theocritus 
diſtinguiſhed himſelf by his poctical com- 
poſitions, of which 30 idyllia and ſome epi- 
grams are extant, written in the Doric dia. 
le, and admired for their beauty, elegance 
and ſimplicity. Virgil, in his eclogues, has 
imitated and often copied him. Theocritus 
has been blamed for the many indelicate 
and obſcene expreſſions which he uſes; and 
while he introduces thepherds and peaſanb 
with all the ruſtieity and ignorance of m- 
ture, he oftcn diſguiſes their character bf 
making them ſpeak on high and exalted 
ſubjects. It is ſaid he wrote ſome invective 
againſt Hiero king of Syracuſe, who orde- 
ed him to be ſtrangled. He alſo wrote ! 
ludicrous poem called Syrinx, and py 


ine verſe; 
ſented th 
editions c 
4to. Oxor 
Oxon, 16 
Bat, 1781 
Lipf. 176 
—-A Gt 
an accoun 
Tugob 
of Myſia, 
by Hercule 
and his ſor 
n Ib. v. 
tab. 271. 
Tagopr 
of Phaſelis 
and diſciple 
gedlies beſi 
had ſuch a 
peat with e⸗ 
in his pref, 
through Ph; 
tre ſtatue u 
memory of 
I, c. 24. in 
lil. 
Turopos 
Fhionville, o1 
Tarobor 
emperor Maz 
tius.— A d 
woman who 
empreſs to If 
elf by her i 
The name of 
empreſſes of 
Tugopog! 
thers, who f 
works have be 
1642, and 5 v 
Tugobokr 


biſtorian, who 
by Reading, f. 


HEODGRU 


rity among his 
\cighed again! 
—4 philoſo 


denied the « 


baniſhed from 
Where the friend 
laved him from 
carried to the A 
luppoſe that he 
cath for his in 
Pullon, —A 
ot Antony, wh 
2323 conſul 
laudian wrote 
he Praiſes him 
"etary of Va 
we emperor, an 
Wig compiled | 


EM 


ius verſes in ſuch order that they repre- 


ſented the pipe of the god Pan. The beſt 
editions of Theocritus are Warton's, 2 vols. 
gto. Oxon, 1770; that of Heinſius, Svo. 
Oxon, 1699; that of Valkenaer, $vo. L. 
Bat. 1731; and that of Reiſke, 2 vols, 4to. 
Lipſ. 1760. Quintil. to, e. 1. Lacs t. 5. 
A Greek hiſtorian of Chios, who wrote 
an account of Libya. P/ut. 

THEODAMAs, or THIODAMAs, a king 
of Myſia, in Aſia Minor. He was killed 
by Hercules, becauſe he refuſed to treat him 
and his fon Hyllus with hoſpitality. Ovid. 
in Ih, v. 438.—Apolld. 2, c. 7.— Hygix. 
tab. 271. 

Tagoprerzs, a Greek orator and poet 
of Phaſelis in Pamphy lia, ſon of Ariſtander, 
and diſciple of Ifocrates. He wrote 50 tra- 
gedies beſides other works now loſt. He 
had ſuch a happy memory that he could re- 
peat with eaſe whatever verſes were ſpoken 
in his preſence, When Alexander paſſed 
through Phaſelis, he crowned with garlands 
te ſtatue which had been erected to the 
memory of the deceaſed poet. Cic. Tujc, 
1, c. 24. in Orat. 51, &c.—Plut,—(Quin- 
til, a 

Tugo pots, a town of Germany, now 
Tliontulle, on the Moſelle. 


in. Tukobökxa, a daughter-in-law of the 
y. emperor Maximian, who married Conſtan- 
tius. A daughter of Conſtantine. A 
h- woman who from being a proſtitute became 
155 empreſs to juſtinian, and diſtinguiſhed her- 
ſelf by her intrigues and enterpriſes. 
o- The name of Theodora is common to the 
cr's empreſſes of the Eaſt in a later period. 
edy TrzoDoRETUs, one of the Greek fa- 
ele- thers, who floriſhed A D. 425, whoſe 
C works have been edited, 5 vols, fol. Paris 
1642, and 5 vols. Halz 1769 to 1774. 
flo- Tutoboktrus, a Greek eccleſiaſtical 
His hiſtorian, whoſe works have been beſt edited 
mo- by Reading, fol. Cantab. 1720. 
Pro- Tugobôkus, a Syracuſan of great autho- 
ſang) my among his countrymen, who leverely in- 


critus veighed againſt the tyranny of Dionyſus. 
com- ——-A philoſopher, diſciple to Ariſtippus. 
e epi- He denied the exiſtence of a god. He was 
c dia: baniſhed from Cyrene, and fled to Athens, 


egance where the friendſhip of Demetrius Phalereus 
es, has laved him from the accuſations which were 
ocritus carried to the Areopagus agaiuſt him. Some 
jelicate luppoſe that he was at laſt condemned to 
s ; a6 WY death for his impicty, and that he drank 
2ea(ans Wh poiſon, A preceptor to one of the ſons 
of na- Bi et Antony, whom he betrayed to Auguſtus, 
&er H — A conſul in the reign of Honorius. 
exalted Wi Claudian wrote a poem upon him, in which 
vedtive de praiſes him with great liberality. A 


0 ordet- 


Ketary of Valens. He conſpired againſt 
wrote 4 


e emperor, and was beheaded. A man 
no compiled an hiſtory of Rome. Of this 


3 


1 laced 
r ku 


1 


nothing but his hiſtory of the reigns of 
Conſtantine and Conſtantius is extant— 
A comic actor. — A player on the flute in 
the age of Demetrius Poliorcetes. A 
Greek poet of Colophon, whoſe compo- 
ſitions ate loſt, A ſophiſt of Byzantium 
called Lepodailon by Plato. A Greek 
poet in the age of Cleopatra. He wrote a 
book of mctamorphoſes, which Ovid imi- 
tated, as ſome ſuppoſe. An artiſt of Sa- 
mos. He was the firſt who found out the 
art of melting iron, with which he made 
ſtatues. A prieſt, father of Iſocrates. 
A Greek writer, called alſo Prodromus, 
The time in which he lived is unknown. 
There is a romance of his compoſition ex- 
tant, called the amours of Rhodanthe and 
Doſicles. The only edition of which was 
by Gaulminus, Svo. Paris 1625. 

Tuo post, now Caffa, a town in the 
Cimmerian Boſphorus. Mela. 2, c. 1. 

TaroposIoPGLIS, a town of Armenia, 
built by Theodoſius, &c. 

TaxroposIus FLAvius, a Roman empe- 
ror ſirnamed Magnus, from the greatneſs of 
his exploits. He was inveſted with the im- 
perial purple by Gratian, and appointed over 
Thrace and the eaſtern provinces, which had 
been in the poſſeſſion of Valentinian. The 
firſt years of his reign were marked by 
different conqueſts over the barbarians. The 
Goths were defeated in Thrace, and 4000 of 
their chariots, with an immenſe number of 
priſoners of both ſexes were the reward of 
the victory. This glorious campaign inti- 
midated the inveterate enemies of Rome; 
they ſued for peace, and treaties of alliance 
were made with diſtant nations, who with- 
ed to gain the favors and the friendthip of 4 
prince whoſe military virtues were ſo con- 
ſpicuous. Some conſpiracies were formed 
againſt the emperor, but Theodofius totally 
diſregarded them; and while he puniſhed 
his competitors for the imperial puiple, he 
thought himſelf ſufficiently ſecure in the 
love and the affection of his ſubjects. His 
reception at Rome was that of a conqueror ; 
he triumphed over the barbarians, and re- 
itored peace in every part of the empire. 
He died of a dropſy at Milan, in the 6oth 
year of his age, after a reign of 16 years, 
the 17th of January, A. D. 395. His body 
was conveyed to Conſtantinople, and buried 
by his ſon Arcadius, in the tomb of Con- 
ſtantine. Theodoſius was the laſt of the 
emperors who was the ſole maſter of che 
whole Roman empire. He left three chil- 
dren, Arcadius and Honorius who ſucceed- 
ed him, and Pulcheria. Theodohus has 
been commended by antient writers as a 
prince bleſſed with every virtue, and debaſed 
by no vicious propenſity. Though maſter 
of the world he was a firanger to that pride 

and 


* 


— —— 
— —— — - 


- 


of 
* 
7 


— 


9 


4 


* 


and arrogance which too often diſgrace the 
monarch ; he was affable in his behaviour, 
benevolent and compaſſionate, and it was 
his wiſh to treat his ſubjects as himſelf was 
treated when a private man, and a depen- 
dant. Men of merit were promoted to 
places of truſt and honor, and the emperor 
was fond of patronizing the cauſe of virtue 
and learning. His zeal as a follower of 
Chriftianity has been applauded by all rhe 
eccleſiaſtical writers, and it was the wiſh of 
Theodoſius to ſupport the revealed religion, 
as much by his example, meekneſs, and 
Chriſtian charity, as by his edicts and ec- 
cleſiaſtical inſtitutions. His want of cle- 
mency, however, in one inſtance, was too 
openly betrayed, and when the people of 
Theflalonica had unmeaningly, perhaps, 
Killed one of his officers, the emperor or- 
dered his ſoldiers to put all the inhabitants 
to the ſword, and no leſs than 6000 perſons, 
without diſtinction of rank, age, or ſex, 
were cruelly butchered in that town in the 
ſpace of three hours. This violence irri- 
tated the eccleſiaſtics, and Theodohus was 
compelled by St. Ambroſe to do open pe- 
nance in the church, and publicly to make 
atonement for an act of barbarity which had 
excluded him from the boſom of the church 
and the communion of the faithful, In his 
private character Theodoſius was an exam- 
ple of ſoberneſs and temperance, his palace 


_ diſplayed becoming grandeur, but ſtill with 


moderation. He never indulged luxury or 
countenanced ſuperfluities. He was fond 
of bodily exerciſc, and never gave himfelf 
up to pleaſure and enervating enjoy ments. 
The laws and regulations which he intro- 
duced in the Roman empire, were of the 
moſt ſalutary nature. Svrrat. 5, .— 
Zofim. 4, &c.— Ambreſ. Auguſtin. Claudiun. 
Sc. The 2d, ſucceeded his father Arca- 
dius as emperor of the weſtern Roman em- 
pire, though only in the 8th year of his age. 
He was governed by his fifter Pulcheria, 
and by his miniſters and eunuchs, in whoſe 
hands was the diſpoſal of the offices of ſtate, 
and all places of trutt and honor, He mar- 
ried Eudoxia, the daughter of a philoſopher 


N: 


July, in the 49th year of his age, A. D. 


450, leaving only one daughter Licinia 
Eudoxia, whom he had married to the em- 
peror Valentinian 3d. The careleſſneſs and 
inattention of Theodoſius to public affairs 
is well known. He ſigned all the papers 
that were brought to him without even 
opening them or reading them, till his ſiſter 
appriſed him of his negligence, and render- 
ed him more careful and diligent, by making 
him fign a paper, in which he delivered into 
her hands Eudoxia his wife as a flave,and 
menial ſervant. The laws and regulations 
which were promulgated under him, and 
ſelected from the moſt uſeful and falutary 
inſtitutions of his imperial predeceſſors, 
have been called the Thesdofran code, The- 
odofius was a warm advocate for the Chriſ- 
tian rehgion, but he has been blamed for 
his partial attachment to thoſe who oppoſed 
the orthodox faith. Sozom.— Socrates, Sc. 
A lover of Antonina the wife of Belli- 
larius. A mathematician of Tripoh, 
who floriſhed 75 B. C. His treatiſe called 
Sphærica, is beſt edited by Hunt, 8vo. 
Oxon 1707. A Roman general, father 
of Theodofius the great; he died A. D. 


376. 


THEoDGT A, a courtezan of Elis, in the 
age of Socrates. A Roman empreſs, 
Kc. | 

TuroporiAx, an interpreter, in the 
' reign of Commodus. 

Tuxopörvs, an admiral of the Rhodi- 
ans, ſent by his conntrymen to make a 
treaty with the Romans. A native of 
Chios, who adviſed Ptolemy to murder 
| Pompey. He canied the head of the un- 
' fortunate Roman to Cæſar. He was at laſt 
put to death by Brutus. Put. in Brut.——- 
A Syracuſan, accuſed of a conſpiracy again: 
Hierony mus the tyrant of Syracuſe. A 
governor of Bactriana in the age of Anti- 
' ochus, who revolted and made himſelf king, 
B. C. 250. A friend of the emperot 
| Julian. A Phoenician hiſtorian, Orc 
of the generals of Alexander. 
| THEOGNETEs, a Greek tragic poet. 
TrEoGNts, a Greek poet of Megara, 


— — 


called Leontius, a woman remarkable for | who floriſhed about 549 years before Chriſt. 
her virtues and piety. The territories of | He wrote ſeveral poems, of which only few 


Tneodoſius were invaded by the Perſians, 
but the emperor ſoon appeared at the head 
of a numerous force, and the two hoſtile 
armics met on the frontiers of the empire. 
The conſternation was univerſa} on both 
ſides ; without even a battle, the Perſians 
fled, and no leſs than too, ooo were loſt in 
the waters of the Euphrates. Theodoſius 
raiſcd the ſiege of Niſibis, where his ope- 
rations fajled of ſucceſs, and he averted 


| ſentences are now extant, quoted by Plato, 

and other Greek hiſtorians and philoſophers, 
and intended as precepts for the conduct of 
| human life. The morals of the poet have 
| been cenſured as neither decorous nor qhaſte. 
| The beſt edition of Theognis, is that «i 
| Black all, 12mo, London 1706. There 
was alſo a tragic poet of the ſame name, 
| whoſe compoſitions were ſo lifeleſs and ina- 
| nimated, that they procured him the name 


the fury of the Huns and Vandals by bribes | of Chien or ſnow. 


and promiſes, He died on the 29th of 


9 


| TukouNzsxus, a rival of Nicias in the 
adm 


adminiſ 
Strab. 1 
6, c. 15 
mong tt 
He had 
his pupi 
Taro 
quently 1 
nomer of 
— | 
2, c. 44. 
An 
19. 
THEO? 
to Calcha 
pirates, a1 
Kc. Hy 
Proteus, 1 
bus, the p 
THEoP 
Tako 
whom Ne 
move her 
conveyed | 
afterwards 
under this 
nymph ar 
carried Phi 
V, I77.—f 
THEoPH 
Mitylene. 
Pompey, a 
Roman ge 
many advat 
ſalia, he A. 
court of Eg 
terc.— Put. 
Pompeius 1 
of Aſia, an; 
1us.—— I 
the Byzanti 
1649. 
Txeopn / 
Delphi in hc 
Tako 
——A gove 
Julian, T 
cian, whoſe 
by Guidotiu: 
by Morell, 8 
Greek father 
beſt edited in 
The nat 
among the p 
THEoPHR, 
Leſbos, ſon 0 
Plato, and aft 
friendſhip he 
commendatio 
name was Ty 
made him ex 
to intimate hi 
atterwards fe 


T H 21 


adminiſtration of public affairs at Athens. | he deemed till more expreſũ ve of his elo - 
Strab. r4.—A ſtatuary of Sardinia. Pau, | quence, the brilliancy of his genius, and the 
6, c. 15.—An Athenian philoſopher a- | elegance of his language. After the death 
mong the followers of Plato's doQtrines, | of Socrates, when the malevolence of the 
He had Brutus, Cæſar's murderer, among | Athenians drove all the philoſophers friends » | 
his pupils. A painter. Plin. 35. from the city, Theophraſtus ſucceeded Ari- | 
Taxon, a philoſopher, who uſed fre- | ſtotle in the Lyceum, and rendered himſelf 

quently to walk in his fleep.-——An aſtro- ſo conſpicuous that in a ſhort time the k 
nomer of Smyrna, in the reign of Adrian, | number of his auditors was encreaſed to . 
—A painter of Samos. A/ian, V. H. two thouſand. Not only his countrymen n, | | 
2, c. 44+ Another philoſopher. Diog. courted his applauſe, but kings and princes 1 
An infamous reviler, Horat, 1, ep. | were deſirous of his friendſhip; and Caſ- 

I9. ſander and Ptolemy, two of the moſt pow- 

Ta£toNor, a daughter of Theſtor, ſiſter | erful of the ſucceſſors of Alexander, re- x | 
to Calchas. She was carried away by ſea | garded him with more than uſual partia- T1448 | 


aa 0 


pirates, and fold to Icarus, king of Caria, | lity. Theophraſtus compoſed many books, 
&c. Hygin. fab. 190. A daughter of | and Diogenes has enumerated the titles of wlll 4 
Proteus, who became enamoured of Cano- | above 200 treatiſes, which he wrote with | j | 
bus, the pilot of a Trojan veſſel, &c. great elegance and copiouſneſs. Some of | Tom 
THEOPE, one of the daughters of Leos. | theſe are till extant, among which are his J | 
THEOPHANE, A daughter of Biſaltus, | hiſtory of ſtones, his treatiſe on plants, on | 
whom Neptune changed into a ſheep, to re- the winds, on the ſigns of fair weather, &c. 
| move her from her numerous ſuitors, and | and his Characters, an excellent moral trea- | 
| conveyed to the iſland Crumiſſa. The god tiſe, which was begun in the ggth year of 4 
afterwards aſſumed the ſhape of a ram, and | his age. He died loaded with years and | 
under this transformation he had by the | infirmities in the 107th year of his age, 
nymph a ram with a golden fleece, which B. C. 288, lamenting the ſhortneſs of life, ry 
carried Phryxus to Colchis. Ovid. Met. 6, | and complaining of the 2 of nature 
1 v. 177.—Hygin. fab. 188. in granting longevity to the crow and to the 
Tx£oPHANEs, a Greek hiſtorian, born at | ſtag, hut not to man. To his care we are 
Mitylene. He was very intimate with | indebted for the works of Ariſtotle, which 


c Pompey, and from his friendſhip with the | the dying philoſopher entruſted to him. | 

Roman general, his countrymen derived | The beſt edition of Theophraſtus is that of NWA 
i- many advantages. After the battle of Phar- Heinſius, fol. L. Bat. 1013; and of his 
a ſalia, he adviſed Pompey to retire to the | Characters, that of Needham, 8vo. Cantab. | 
of court of Egypt. Cie. pro Arch. &c,—Pa- | 1712, and that of Fiſcher, 8 vo. Coburg, | 
cr terc.— Plut. in Cic. & Pomp. His ſon M. | 1763. Cic. Tuſc. 3, c. 28. in Brut. c. 31. 


1- Pompeius Theophanes was made governer In Orat. 19, &c.—Strab. 13,—Diog. invite, 
Fil of Aſia, and enjoyed the intimacy of Tibe- | —Z!ian. V. H. 2, c. 8. 1. 34, c. 20. 1.8, Ft | 
5 rius. The only edition of Theophanes, c. 12.—Cuintil. 10, c. 1. An officer 1 
it the Byzantine hiſtorian, is at Paris, fol. | entruſted with the care of the citadel of 1 | 
A ken. Corinth by Antigonus. Poly:zn, | 147 | | 
i- TugorHhANIA, feſtivals celebrated at! THEopoLEMUs, a man who, with his * | 
8. Delphi in honor of Apollo. brother Hiero, plundered A pollo's temple at THT | 
FOr TuaxornlLus, a comic poet of Athens. | Delphi, and fled away for fear of being pu- 
nm ——A governor of Syria in the age of | niſhed. Cc. in Verr. 5, 

Julian, A friend of Piſo. A phyſi-| TazopdLis, à name given to Antioch | | 

cian, whoſe treatiſe de Urinis is beſt edited | becauſe the Chriſtians firſt received their 19 TY 
ra, by Guidotius, L. Bat. 1728, and another | name there, | # | 
iſt, by Morell, 8vo. Paris 1556. One of the] Taxxzopomevs, a King of Sparta, of the 5 1-9 
ew Greek fathers, whoſe work ad Autolycum is family of the Proclidæ, who ſucceeded his 4.4088 | 
tos beſt edited in 12mo. by Wolf, Hamb. 1724. father Nicander, and diſtinguiſhed himſelf 14 | 
ers, ——The name of Theophilus is common by the many new regulations he introduced. . 1 | 
| of among the primitive Chriſtians. | He created the Ephori, and died after a long 4140 wh | | 
ave THEOPHRASTUS, a native of Ereſus, in | and peaceful reign, B. C. 723, While he 1 | 
fe, Leſbos, ſon of a fuller. He ſtudied under | ſat on the throne the Spartans made war . lis | 
t of Plato, and afterwards under Ariſtotle, whoſe | againſt Meſſenia. Plut. in Lyc.—Pauſ. 3, c. 175 | 
here friendſhip he gained, and whoſe warmeſfi | 7. A famous Greek hiſtorian of Chios, 1 11 
me, commendations he deſerved. His original | diſciple of Iſocrates, who floriſhed B. C. | 
ina- name was Tyrtamus, but this the philoſopher 354. All his compoſitions are loſt, except kl | | 
ame made him exchange for that of Euphraſtus, | a few fragments quoted by antient writers, Hh) | | 

to intimate his excellence in ſpeaking, and He is compared to Thucydides and Herodo- Ie | 
| the afterwards for that of Throphraſtus, which | tus, as an hiſtorian, yet he is ſeverely cen- Wee 
mi- | 3 F ſured 0 


—— DD RS — — — 
-. 


. 


* 


— 


1 ws I. - F_— OR my 


F 
iry 
| 
* 
Nt 
f 


TS. WM 


fured for his ſatirical remarks and illiberal 
reflections. He obtained a prize in which 
his maſter was a competitor, and he was 
liberally rewarded for compoſing the beſt 
funeral oration in honor of Mauſolus. His 
father's name was Damaſiſtratus. Diony/. 
Hal. 1.—Plut. in Lyſ.—C. Nep. 7.— Pau. 
6, c. 18,—Quintil, 10, c. 1. An Athe- 
nian, who attempted to deliver his country - 
men from the tyranny of- Demetrius. Po- 
lyen. 5. A comic poet in the age of 
Menander. , He wrote 24 plays, all loſt. 
A. ſon of Demaratus, who obtained ſe- 
veral crowns at the Olympic games. Par. 
6, c. 10,—An orator and hiſtorian of 
Cnidus, very intimate with . Cæſar. Srab. 
14. A Spartan general, killed at the 
battle of Tegyra. A philoſopher of 
Cheronza, in the reign of the emperor 
Philip. 

TuroPHYLACTUS SIMOCATTA, a By- 
zantine hittorian, whoſe works were edited 
fol. Paris, 1647. One of the Greek fa- 
thers, who floriſhed, A. D. 1070. His 
works were edited at Venice, 4 vols. 1754 
to 1763. 

Tutotg tes, a ſirname of Apollo at Trœ- 
tene. It ſignifies clear ſighted. 

Tukori ubs, a wreſtler of Elis, in the 
aze of Alexander. Pau. 6, c. 17. A 
Greek who wiote an hiſtory of Italy. 

Tukoxf Na, a woman Who threw herſelf 
into the ſea, when unable to eſcape from the 
{Idiers of King Philip, who purſued her, 
Li. 40, c. 4. 

Tutoxkx A, a feſlival celebrated in ho- 
nor of all the gods in every city of Greece, 
but eſpecially at Athens. The Dioſcuri 
elftablithed a feſtival of the fame name, in 
nonur of the gods who had viſited them at 
one of their entertainments, 

THEOXENILUS, a firname of Apollo. 

THERA, a daughter of Amphion and 
Niobe. Hygin. fab. 69,-—-One of the 
Sporades in the /Egean ſea, antiently called 
(ada, now Santorin. It was firſt inha- 
bited hv the Phœnicians, who were left 
there under Membliares by Cadmus, when 
he went in queſt of his fiſcer Europa. It 
was called Thera by Theras, the ſon of Au- 


teſion, who ſettled there with a colony from 


I.2cedemon. Pau. 3, c. 1.—Heredet. 4. 
—Strab. 8. A town of Caria. 

THERAMBUS, a town near Pallene. IIe- 
redot. 7, c. 123. 

THERAMENES, an Athenian philoſopher 
and general in the age of Alcibiades. His 
father's name was Agnon. He was one of 
the zo tyrants at Athens, but he had no 
thare in the crueltics and oppreſſion which 
diſgraced their adminiſtration. He was ac- 
cuſed by Critias, one of his colleagues, be- 
#auſe he oppoſed their views, and he was 


3 


condemned to drink hemlock, though de- 
fended by his own innocence, and the friend- 
ly interceſſion of the philoſopher Socrates, 
He drank the poiſon with great compoſure, 
and poured ſome of it on the ground, with 
the ſarcaſtical exclamation of, This is to the 
health of Critias. This happened about 404 
years before the Chriſtian zra. Theramenes, 
on account of the fickleneſs of his diſpoſt- 
tion, has been called Corhurnus, a part of 
the dreſs uſed both by men and women, 
Cc. de Orat, 35 C. 16.—Plut. in Alcib. &c. 
— . Nep. 

TukxRAPNR, or TERAPNE, a town of 
Laconia, at the weſt of the Eurotas, where 
Apollo had a temple called Phebeum. It 
was at a very ſhort diſtance from Lacedæ- 
mon, and indeed ſome authors have con- 
founded it with the capital of Laconia. It 
received its name from Therapne, a daugh- 
ter of Lelex. Caſtor and Pollux were born 
there, and on that account they are ſome- 
times called Therapnei fratres. Pauſ. 3, c. 
14.— Ovid. Faſt. 5, v. 223.—Stil. 6, v. 303, 
l. 8, v. 414. |. 13, v. 43 — Liu. 2, c. 16. 
— Dionyſ. Hal. 2, c. 49.— Stat. 7, Theb. 
v. 793. 

THERAs, a ſon of Auteſion of Lacedz- 
mon, who conducted a colony to Calliſta, 
to which he gave the name of Thera, He 
received divine honors after death, Pau, 
I $ & & 4 * 

THERIMACHUS, a ſon of Hercules by 
Megara. Apollod. 2, c. 4 & 7. 

Turrirripas, a Lacedæmonian, &c. 
Died. 15. 

THERITAS, a ſirname of Mars in Laco- 
nia. 

Tur zul, a town of Africa. Strabo. 
A town of Macedonia, afterwards 
called Theſfaionica, in honor of the wife of 
Caſſander, and now Salonichi. The bay in 
the neighbourhood of Therma is called 
1 hermens, or Thermaicus finus, and advances 
far into the country, ſo much that Pliny has 
named it Mazedonicus ſinus, by way of emi- 
nence, to intimate irs extent. Straus, —1a- 
cit. Ann. 5, c. 10.—Hersot. 

Tur nue, (baths), a town of Sicily, 
where were the baths of Selinus, now Sci- 
Another near Panormus, now 
1 kermini, Sil. 14, v. 23.—Cic. Ver. 2, c. 
35. 

Tuna ns po N, now Terme, a famous 
river of Cappadocia, in the antient country 
of the Amazons, falling into rhe Euxine 
ſea near Themiſcyra, There was alſo 3 
ſmall river of the ſame name in Boots, 
near Tanagra, which was afterwards called 
Hamin, Strab. 11.—tleradet. 9, c. 27 
Mela. 1, c. 19.—Pauf. 1, c. I. J. 9, c. 1% 
—Plut. in Dem. —Virg. An. 11, v. 657 
— Ovid. Met. 2, v. 249, &c. 


d. 


Turk - 


drove Ene 


Tu! 
Theſſ; 
large 1 
the ſez 
marſh 
fect in 
name | 
neighb 
which 
th of 
Grecks 
three ſi 
of the 
Perfian 
torians 
was alſc 
the Ro: 
Herodot 
36, 8. | 
&C.—P 
THE 
Evenus. 
THER 
of Tiber 
by Nero. 
of the Ci 
THhzR 
as ſome 1 
that they 
383. 
TaER. 
tlie d 472 
44. — 
Aneas. 
10, v. 31 
Hercules 
— 4A T 
Stat, The 
Phylas be 
THERp 
muſician « 
the Chriſti 
the prize i 
the Greck: 
Lacedæme 
more to th 
are loſt. 
THtRs/ 
Argia, E 
Trojan wal 
Telephus, 
reached the 
27 v. 261. 
Siſyphus, 1 
of Ionia, 
Tazrsit: 
ans in the * 
Virg. Aa. 
Encas kill, 
An ath 
Olympic ga 
HERS1P 


E 


TuxRMorVLæ, a ſmall paſs leading from 
Theſſaly into Locris and Phocis. It has a 
large ridge of mountains on the weſt, and 
the ſea on the eaſt, with deep and dangerous 
marſhes, being in the narroweſt part only 25 
feet in breadth. Thermopylæ receives its 
name from the kot baths which are in the 
neighbourhood. It is celebrated for a battle 
which was fought there, B. C. 480, on the 
7th of Auguſt, between Xerxes and the 
Greeks, in which 300 Spartans reſiſted for 
three ſuece ſſive days repeatedly the attacks 
of the moſt brave and courageous of the 
Perſian army, which according to ſome hiſ- 
torians amounted to five millions, There 
was alſo another battle fought there between 
the Romans and Antiochus, king of Syria. 
Herodot. 7, c. 176, &c —Strab. g.—Liv. 
36, c. 15. — Mela. 2, c. 3.—Plut. in. Cat. 
& c. Pauſ. 7, c. 15. 

THERMUM, a town of ZEtolia, on the 
Evenus, Peolyb. 5. 

Tukkx uus, a man accuſed in the reign 
of Tiberius, &c. A man put to death 
by Nero. A town of Atolia, the capital 
of the country. 

THERODAMAS, a king of Scythia, who, 
as ſome report, fed lions with human blood, 
that they might be more cruel. Ovid. 1b. 
383. 

Takko, a tyrant of Agrigentum, who 
died 472 B. C. One of Actæon's dogs. 
Ovid. A Rutulian who attempted to kill 
Zneas. He periſhed in the attempt. 7. 
10, v. 312. A prieſt in the temple of 
Hercules at Saguntum, &c. S.. 2, v. 149. 
A Theban deſcended from the Spartæ. 
Stat, Theb. 2, v. 572. A daughter of 
Phylas beloved by Apollo. Pa 9, c. 40. 

THERPANDER, a celebrated poct and 
muſician of Leſbos, about 650 years before 
the Chriſtian era, who ſeveral times obtained 
the prize in the different muſical conteits of 
the Grecks, He was fined by the Ephori at 
Lacedzmon, becauſe he had added one ftring 
more to the lyre, His poetical compoſitions 
are loſt, 

THERSANDER, a ſon of Polynices and 
Argia, He accompanied the Greeks to the 
Trojan war, but he was killed in Myha by 
Telephus, before tne confederate army 
reached the enemy's country. Firg. An. 
2, v. 261,—polled. 3, c. 7.—A ſon of 
Siſyphus, king of Corinth, —A muſician 
of Ionia, 

TaERSIL&CH Us, a leader of the Pzoni- 
ans in the Trojan war, killed by Achilles. 
Virg. AEn. 6, ». 4$3.-—A friend of 
Aneas killed by Turnus. Id. 12, v. 363. 
An athlete of Corcyra, crowned at the 
Olympic games. Pau. 6, c. 13. 

TutRSippus, a fon of Agrius, who 
drove neus from the throne of Calydon. 


2 


—A man who carried a letter from Alex - 
ander to Darius. Cort. An Athenian 
author who died 954 B. C. | 

THeRSITES, an officer the moſt deform- 
ed and illiberal of the Greeks during the 
Trojan war. He was fond of ridiculing his 
fellow ſoldiers, particularly Agamemnon, 
Achilles, and Ulyſſes. Achilles killed him 
with one blow of his fiſt, becauſe he laughed 
at his mourning the death of Penthefilea. 
Ovid. ex Pont. 4, el. 13, v. 15. — Apollo. 
I, c. 8.— Homer. Il. 2, 212, &c. 

Tuarszipæ, a patronymic given to the 
Athenians from Theſeus, one of their kings. 
Virg. G. 2, v. 383. 

HESEIS, a poem written by Codrus, 
containing an account of the life and ac ions 
of Theſeus, and now loſt. Juv. I, v. 2. 

THtsEvs, king of Athens, and ſon of 
Egeus, by Æthra the daughter of Pittheus, 
was one of the moſt celebrated of the heroes 
ot antiquity. He was educated at Trœzene 
in the houſe of Pittheus, and as he was not 
publicly acknowledged to be the fon of the 
king of Athens, he paſſed for the ſon of 
Neptune. When he came to years of 
maturity, he was ſent by his mother to his 
father, and a ſword was given him, by which 
he might make himſelf known to Ægeus in 
a private manner, [Vid, geus.] His 
journey to Athens was not acroſs the ſea, as 
it was uſual with travellers, but Theſeus 
determined to ſignalize himſelf in going by 
land, and encountering difficulties. The 
road which led from Trœzene to Athens 
was infeſted with robbers and wild beaſts, 
and rendered impaſſable; but theſe bbſtacles 
were eaſily removed by the courageous ſon 
of Ægeus. He deſtroyed Corynetes, Synnis, 
Sciron, Cercyon, Procuſtes, and the cele- 
brated Phæa. At Athens, however, his re- 
ception was not cordial, Medea lived there 
with /Epeus, and as ſhe knew that her in- 
fluence would fall to the ground if Theſeus 
was received in his father's houſe, ſhe at- 
tempted to deſtroy him hefore his arrival 
was made public. Agcus was himſelf to 
give the cup of poiſon to this unknown 
ſtranger at a feaſt, but the ſight of his 
(word on the fide of Theſeus, reminded 
him of his amours with Athra. He knew 
him to be his ſon, and the people of Arhens 
were glad to find that this illuſtrious ſtranger 
who had cleared Attica from rubbers and 
pirates, was the ſon of their monarch. The 
Pallantides, who expected to ſucceed their 
uncle Ægeus on the throne, as he apparently 
nad no children, attempted to aſſaſſinate 
Theſeus, but they fell a prey to their own 
barbarity, and were all put to death by the 
young prince. The bull of Marathon next 
engaged the attention of Theſcus. The 


— 


labor ſeemed arduous, but he caught the 
3F 2 animal 


—  — — — — — 


1 

1 
8 
£ 


— — — 


ORF ů —— 


Sr 


3 
animal alive, and after he had led it through 
the ſtreets of Athens, he ſacrificed it to Mi- 
nerva, or the god of Delphi. After this, 
Theſeus went to Crete among the ſeven cho- 
ſen youths whom the Athenians yearly ſent 
to be devoured by the Minotaur. The wiſh 
to deliver his country from ſo dreadful a tri- 
bute, engaged him to undertake this expe- 
dition. He was ſucceſsful, by means of 
Ariadne, the daughter of Minos, who was 
enamoured of him, and after he had efcaped 
from the labyrinth with a clue of thread, 
and killed the Minotaur, [ Vid. Minotaurus, ] 
he ſailed from Crete with the fix boys and 
ſeven maidens,whom his victory had equally 
redeemed from death. In the ifland of Nax- 
os; where he was driven by the winds, he 
had the meanneſs to abandon Ariadne, to 
whom he was indebted for his ſafety. The 
rejoicings which his return might have oc- 
caſioned at Athens, were interrupted by the 
death of Ægeus, who threw himſelf into the 
ſea, when he ſaw his ſon's ſhip return with 
black ſails, which was the ſignal of ill-ſuc- 
ceſs. [Fid. Ægeus.] His aſcenſion on his 
father's throne was univerſally applauded, 
B. C. 1235. The Athenians were governed 
with mildneſs, and Theſeus made new regu- 
lations, and enacted new laws. The num- 
ber of the inhabitants of Athens was en- 
ercaſed by the liberality of the monarch, re- 
ligious worſhip was attended with more than 
uſual ſolemnity, a court was inſtituted which 
had the care of all civil affairs, and Theſeus 
made the government democratical, white 
he reſerved for himſelf, only the command 
of the armies, The fame which he had 
gained by his victories and policy, made his 
alliance courted ; but Pirithous, king of the 
Lapithæ, alone wiſhcd to gain his 8 
by meeting bim in the field of battle. He 
invaded the territorics of Attica, and when 
Theſeus had marched out to meet him, the 
two enemies, ſtruck at the fight of each 
other, ruſhed between their two armics to 
embrace one another in the moſt cordial and 
affectionate manner, and from that time be- 
gan the moſt ſincere and admired friendſhip 
which has become proverbial. Theſeus was 
preſent at the nuptials of his friend, and he 
was the moſt eager and courageous of the 
Lapithz, in the defence of Hippodamia, and 
her female attendants, againſt the brutal at- 
tempts of the Centaurs. When Pirithous 
had loſt Hippodamia, he agreed with The- 
ſeus, whoſe wife was alſo dead, to carry away 
ſome of the daughters of the gods. Their 
firſt attempt was upon Helen, the daughter 
of Leda, and after they had obtained this 
beautiful prize, they eaſt lots, and ſhe be- 
came the property of Theſeus. The Athe- 
nian monarch entruſted her to the care of his 


® 


nubile years, but the reſentment of Caftor 
and Pollux, ſoon obliged him to reflore her 
ſafe into their hands. Helen, before ſhe 
reached Sparta, became mother of a daugh- 
ter by Theſeus, but this tradition, confirmed 
by ſome antient mythologiſts, is confuted 
by others, who affirm, that ſhe was but nine 
years old when carried away by the two royal 
friends, and Ovid introduces her in one of 
his epiſt les, ſaying, Excepto redii paſſa timore 
nillil. Some time after Theſeus aſſiſted his 
friend in procuring a wife, and they both 
deſcended into the infernal regions to carry 
away Proſerpine. Pluto, apprized of their 
intentions, ſtopped them. Pirithous was 
placed on his Ether's wheel, and Theſeus 
was tied to a huge ſtone, on which he had 
| fat to reſt himſelf, Virgil repreſents him 
in this eternal ſtare of puniſhment, repeat= 
ing to the ſhades in Tartarus, the words of 
Diſcite juſtitiam moniti, & non temnere dia, 
Apollodorus however, and others declare, 
that he was not long detained in hell ; when 
Hercules came to ſteal the dog Cerberus, he 
tore him away from the ſtone, but with ſuch 
violence, that his ſkin was left behind. The 
ſame aſſiſtance was given to Pirithous, and 
| the two friends returned upon the carth by 
the favor of Hercutes, and the conſent of 
the infernal deities, not, however, without 
| ſuffering the moſt excruciating torments. 
During the captivity of Theſeus in the king- 
dom of Pluto, Mneftheus, one of the de- 
ſcendants of Erechtheus, ingratiated himſelf 
Into the favors of the people of Athens, and 
obtained the crown in preference to the chit- 
dren of the abſent monarch. At his return 
| Theſeus attempted to eject the uſurper, but 
to no purpoſe. The Athenians kad forgot- 
ten his many ſervices, and he retired with 
great mortification to the court of Lyco- 
| medes, king of the ifland of Scyros. After 
paying bim much attention, Lycomedes, ei- 
ther jealous of his fame, or bribe by the 
preſents of Mneftheus, carried him to a high 
rock, on pretence of ſhewing bim the ex- 
tent of his dominions, and threw him down 
a deep precipice. Some ſuppoſe that The- 
ſeus inadvertently fell down this precipice, 
and that he was eruſhed to death without re- 
cciving any violence from Lycomedes. The 
children of Theſeus, after the death of Mneſ- 
theus, recovered the Athenian throne, and 
that the memory of their father might not 
be without the honors due to a hero, they 
brought his remains from Scyros, and gave 
them a magnificent burial. They alſo raiſed 
ſtatues and a temple, and feſtivals and games 
were publicly inſtituted to commemorate the 
actions of a hero, who had rendered ſuch 
ſervices to the people of Athens. Theſe fel- 
tivals were ftill celebrated with original ſo- 


— 


mother Æthta, at Aphidnæ, till the was of | lemnity in the age of Paufanias 1 — 


2 hon 
The 
their 
fuppc 
away 
ed to 
of the 
bore 
which 
Cerbe 
tion © 
pieces 
fined i 
elcape 
Hercu 
his frie 
but th 
iaferna 
Molof 
to Coll 
Hygin, 
—(FYvid 
v. 47 
Line 
—Hefro 
c. Cm, 
La#ant 
Flace. 2 
— Senec 
Tres 
of Athe 
Theſeus 
Tuks 
children 
Ovid. H 
Tuks! 
law give 
ſtituted 
mophoria 
according 
ters of D 
Grecian « 
them wit 
pers were 
were obli 
feſtival, 7 
Cepay: 
his 3 
who offici 
Public exp 
dreſſed in 
leſs innoce 
the ſtricte 
days befo 
four days 
count it 
bed with 
rbs as w 
expelling 
were alſo c 
to wear ga 
Was to be 
ſeriouſneſs 


1 


about 1206 years after the death of Theſeus. 
The hiſtorians diſagree from the poets in 
their accounts about this hero, and they all 
ſuppoſe, that inſtead of attempting to carry 
away the wife of Pluto the two friends wiſh- 
ed to ſeduce a daughter of Aidoneus, king 
of the Moloſſi. This daughter, as they ſay, 
bore the name of Proſerpine, and the dog 
which kept the gates of the palace was called 
Cerberus, and hence perhaps ariſcs the fic- 
tion of the poets. Pirithous was torn to 
pieces by the dog, but Theſeus was con- 
fined in priſon, from whence he made his 
eſcape ſome time after, by the aſſiſtance of 
Hercules. Some authors place Theſeus and 
his friend in the number of the Argonauts, 
but they were both detained, either in the 
iafernal regions, or in the country of the 
Moloſſi, in the time of Jaſon's expedition 
to Colchis. Plut. in witi.—Apollod, 3.— 
Hygin. fab. 14 & 79.—Pauſ. 1, c. 2, &c. 
i,. Met. 7, v. 433, B. 412. Faſt. 3, 
v. 473 & 491. Heroid.— Diod. 1 & 4.— 
wean. 2, v. 612.— Homer. Od. 21, v. 293. 
—Heſird. in Scut. Herc.— lian. J. H. 4, 
c. 5. Stat. Theb. 5, v. 432.—Propert. 3.— 
| Lafant, ad Theb, Stat. —Phileft, Icon.1.— 
: Flace. 2,-— Apellon. 1,—Virg. An. 6, v. 617. 
1 — Seneca. in Hippol.—Stat. Achill. 1. 
: Tursloæ, a name given to the people 
of Athens, becauſe they were governed by 
« Theſeus. 


THESIDEs, a patronymic, applied to the 
'f children of Theſeus, eſpecially Hippolytus. 
4 Ovid. Her. 4, v. 65. 

— THESMoOPHGRA, a firname of Ceres, as 
N law giver, in whoſe honor feſtivals were in- 
X ſtituted called Theſmophoria, The Tbeſ- 
t- mophoria were inſtituted by Triptolemus, or 
h according to ſome by Orpheus, or the daugh- 
= ters of Danaus. The greateſt part of the 
er Grecian cities, eſpecially Athens, obſerved 
i them with great ſolemnity. The worſhip- 
he pers were free born women, whoſe huſbands 
gh were obliged to defray the expences of the 
1 feſtival. They were aſſiſted by a prieſt called 
Fn Fipay:popog, becauſe he carried a crown on 
e- his head. There were alſo certain virgins 
ce, who officiated, and were maintained at the 
re- public expence. The free born women were 
he dreſſed in white robes to intimate their ſpot- 
eſ- leſs innocence; they were charged to obſerve 
nd the ſtricteſt chaſtity during three or five 
not days before the celebration, and during the 
ey four days of the ſolemnity, and on that ac- 
ave count it was uſual for them to ſtrew their 
ſed bed with agnus caftus, fleabane, and all ſuch 
nes herbs as were ſuppoſed to have the power of 
the expelling all venereal propenſities. They 
uch were alſo charged not to eat pomegranates, or 
feſ- to wear garlands on their heads, as the whole 
ſo- was to be ebſerved with the greateſt ſigns of 
reh, ſeriouſneſs and gravity, without any diſplay 
0 


3 

of wantonneſs or levity. It was however 
uſual to jeſt at one another, as the goddeſs 
Ceres had been made to ſmile by a merry 
expreſſion when the was ſad and melancholy 
for the recent loſs of her daughter Proſerpine. 
Three days were required for the prepara- 
tion, and upon the 11th of the month called 
Pyanepſion, the women went to Eleuſis, 
carrying books on their heads, in which the 
laws which the goddeſs had invented were 
contained. On the 14th of the ſame month 
the feſtival began, on the 16th day a faſt was 
obſerved, and the women ſat on the ground 
in token of humiliation, It was uſual during 
the feſtival to offer prayers to Ceres, Pro- 
ſerpine, Pluto, and Calligenia, whom ſome 
ſuppoſe to be the nurſe or favorite maid of 
the goddeſs of corn, or perhaps one of her 
ſirnames. There were ſome ſacrifices of a 
myſterious nature, and all perſons whoſe of- 
fence was ſmall were releaſed from confine- 
ment. Such as were initiated at the feſti- 
vals of Eleuſis aſſiſted at the Theſmophoria. 
The place of high prieſt was hereditary in 
the family of Eumolpus. Ovid. Met. 10, 
v. 431. Faſt. 4, v. 619. —Apolled. 1, c. 4 — 
Virg. An. 4, v. 58.—Sophecl. in Edi p. Col. 
— Clem. Alex. 

THeSMOTHET, a name given to the 
laſt fix Archons among the Athenians, be- 
cauſe they took particular care to enforce the 
laws, and to fee juſtice impartially admi- 
niſtered. They were at that time nine in 
number, 

THESPIA, now Neocorio, a town of Bœotia, 
at the foot of mount Helicon, which re- 
ceived its name from Theſpia, the daughter 
of Aſopus, or from Theſpius. Plin. 4, 
c. 7.—Pauſ. 9, c. 26.—Strab. . 

THESPIAD A, the ſons of the Theſpiades. 
Vid. Theſpius. 

THESPIADbES, a name given to the 50 
daughters of Theſpius. [ Vid. Theſpius.— 
Alſo a firname of the nine muſes, becauſe 
they were held in great veneration in Theſ- 
pla. : 

THresP1s, a Greek poet of Attica, ſup- 
poſed by ſome to be the inventor of tragedy, 
536 years before Chriſt. His repreſentations 
were very ruſtic and imperfect. He went 
from town to town upon a cart, on which 
was erected a temporary ſtage, where two 
actors, whoſe faces were daubed with the lees 
of wine, entertained the audience with cho- 
ral ſongs, &c. Solon was a great enemy to 
his dramatic repreſentations. Horat. art. P. 
276.—Diog. 

THEsP1Us, a king of Theſpia, in Bœotia, 
ſon of Erechtheus, according to ſome au- 
thors. He was defirous that his fifty 
daughters thould have children by Her- 
cules, and therefore when that hero was at 


his court he permitted him to enjoy their 
3F 3 company, 


\ 


— * 5 


FW 4 


— 


r r 


r 


Sa 


company. This, which according to ſome 
was effeed in one night, paſſes for the 


13th and moſt arduous of the labors of Her- 
cules, as the two following lines from the 
arrana arcaniſ/ma indicate: 


Tertins Bine dec mus labor eff duriſimus, und 
Quinquaginta ſimul fſlupravit nocte puellas. 


All the daughters of Thefpius brought male 
children into the world, and ſome of them 
twins, particularly Procris the eideſt, and 
the youngeſt. Some ſuppote that one of the 
Theſpiades refuſed to admit Hercules tu her 
arms, for which the hero condemned her to 
paſs all her life in continual celibacy, and to 
become the prieſteſs of a temple he had at 
Theſpia. The children of the Theſpiades, 
called Theſpiadz, went to Sardinia, where 
they made a ſettlement with Iolaus, the 
friend of their father. Theſpius is often 
confounded by antient authors with Theſti- 
us, though the Jartcr lived in a different 
place, and, as king of Pleuron, ſent his dons 
to the hunting of the Calydonian boar. 
Apollod. 2, c. 4.—Pauſ. 9, c. 26 & 27.— 
Plut. 

Tursrxöria, a country of Epirus, at 
the weſt of Ambracia, bounded on the 
ſouth by the ſca. It is watered by tie 
rivers Acheron and Cocytus, which the 
poets, after Homer, have called the ſtreams 
of hell. The oracle of Dodona was in 
Theſprotia, Homer. Od. 14, v. 315.— 
Strah. 7, &c.—Paif. 1, c. 17.—Lucan, 3, 
v. 179. 

THESPROTVUS, a ſon of Lycaon, King of 
Arcadia. Apelled. 3, c. 8. 

TukssALIA, a eountry of Greece, whoſe 
boundaries have been different at different 
periods. Properly ſpeaking, Ti.efſaly was 
bounded on the ſouth by the ſouthern parts 
of Greece, c Grecia propria; eaſt, by tle 
Agean; norti. by Macedonia and Mygdo- 
nia; and weſt, by Illyricum and Epirus. It 
was generally dis ided into four ſeparate pro- 
vinces, Theſſaliotis, Pelaſgiotis, Iſtiæotis, 
and Plithiotis, to which, ſome add Magne- 
ſia. It has been ſeverally called Amonia, 
Pelaſgicum, Argos, Hellas, Argeia, Dryopis, 
Pelaſgia, Pyrriza, Amathia, &c. The 
name of Iheſſalia is derived from Theſſalus, 
one of its monarchs. Theflaly is famous for 
a deluge which happened thee in the age 
of Deucalion. Its mountains and cities are 
alſo celebrated, ſuch as Olympus, Pelion, 
Offa, Lariſſa, &c. The Argonauts were 
partly natives of Theſſaly, The inhabitants 
of the country paſſed for a treacherous na- 
tion, ſo that falſe money was called Theſ- 
falian coin; and a perfidious action, a 
Tneſſalian deceit, Theſſaly was governed 
dy kings, till it became ſubje& to the Ma- 
cedonuian monarchs. The cavalry was uni- 


103-8 


verſally eſteemed, and the people were 
ſuperſtitious, and addicted to the ſtudy of 
magic and incantatiuns. Theſſaly is now 
called Janna. Lucan. 6, v. 435, &c.— 
Dionyſ. 210. Curt. Y c. 2.—Ælian. V. H. 
3, C. 1.—Pauſ. 4, c. 36. J. 10, c. 1.— 
Mela. 2, c. 3.— Juin. 7, c. 6.— Died. 4. 
THESSAL1ON, a ſervant of Mentor, of 
Sidon, in the age of Artaxerxes, Ochus, &c. 
Diad. 16. 

TukssALtoris, a pat of Theſſaly at the 
ſouth of the river Peneus. 
THESSALONICA, au antient town of Ma- 
cedonia, firſt called Therma, and Theſſalo- 
nica after The ſſalonica, the wife of Caſſan- 
der. According to ancient writers it was 
once very powerful, and it ſtill continues 
to be a place of note. Strab. 7.—Dinmyſ. 
—Cic. in Piſ. c. 17. —Liv. 29, c. 17. J. 40, 
c. 4. I. 44, c. 10 & 45. — Mela. 2, c. 3. 
A daughter of Philip, king of Mace- 
donia, ſiſter to Alexander the Great. She 
married Caſſander, by whom the had a fon 
called Antipater, Who put her to death, 
Pa. 8, C. 7. 

Tukss Alus, a ſon of Amon A ſon 
of Hercules and Calliope, daughter of Eury- 
philus. Theſſaly received its name from one 
of theſe, A phy fician who invited Alex- 
ander to a feaſt at Babylon to give him poi- 
ſon, A phyſician of Lydia, in the age 
of Nero. He gaincd the favors of the great 
and opulent of Rome, by the meanneſs and 
ſervility of his behaviour. He treated all 
phyſicians with contempt, and thought him- 
ſelf ſuperior to all his predeceſſors, A 
ſon of Cimon, who accuſed Alcibiades be- 
cauſe he imitated the myſteries of Ceres. 
A fon of Piſiſtratus. A player ia 
the age of Alexander. 

THESTALVUSs, a ſon of Hercules aud Epi- 
caſte, Apolled. 2, c. 7. 

Turks E, a ſiſter of Dionyſus the elder, 
ty rant of Syracuſe. She married Philoxenus, 
and was greatly efteemed by the Sicilians. 

THESTIA, a town of Aiolia, between 
the Evenus and Achelous. PH. 5. 

TaHesTiADa & TutzTIADEs. Vid. 
Theſpiadæ & Theſpiades. 

THESTIAS, a patronymic of Althæa, 
daughter of Theſtius. Ovid. Met. 8. 

THESTIADE£, the ſons of Theſtius, Tox- 
eus & Plexippus. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 286. 

Tuksris, a fountain in the country of 
Cyrene. 

THEesT1vs, king of Pleuron, and a ſon of 
Parthaon, father tv Toxeus, Plexippus, and 
Althza. A king of Theſpia. [id. 
Theſpius.] The ſons of Theſtius called 
Theftiade, were killed by Meleager at the 
chace of the Calydonian boar. Apollod. 1, 
e. 7. 


THESTOR, a ſon of Idmon and Laothvw 
tathe: 


father to 
often cal 
v. 19.— 
v. 239.— 
THEST 
oned in T 
Tarry 
of Nereus 
1cthys, h 
by Neptu 
were info; 
forth mut 
fncir addr 
ſon of AR: 
hand. T. 
had the ar! 
by binding 
from eſcap 
different f 
the could 1 
ſe conſen 
againſt her 
celebrated 
pomp ; all 
goddeſs of 
gence of J 
of the aſſe 
fo the fair 
Diſcor, lia. ; 
veral child 
tieftroyed | 
ther they 
have ſharec 
ſnatched hi 
to repeat t 
wards rend 
ing him in 
that part of 
As Thetis 1 
the attempt 
Jan war by 
Lycomedes 
the reſt of 
mxious for 
Vulcan tor 
when. it Wa 
favors hic 
Achilles wa 
out of the 
his death, 
aſhes in a gc 
to his men 
his honor. 
Apollo. 1, 
fab. 84.— 1. 
au. 55 
7. I. 12, fa 
Tukurts 
town of the 
went to the 7 
Agamemny 
attempted tc 
deſs and rety 


3 


father to Calchas. From him Calchas is 
often called Theftorides, Ovid. Met. 12, 
r. 19.— Stat. 1, Ach. v. 497.—Apollon. 1, 
v. 239. — Homer. II. t, v. 69. 

THESTYL1sS, a country woman menti- 
oned in Theacritus and Virgil. 

Tuzrts, one of the ſea deities, daughter 
of Nereus and Doris, often confounded with 
Tethys, her grand-muther. She was courted 
by Neptune and Jupiter ; but when the gods 
were informed that the ſon ſhe thould bring 
forth muſt become greater than his father, 
tucir addreſſes were ſtopped, and Peleus, the 
ſon of Æacus, was permitted to ſolicit her 
hand. Thetis refuſed him, but the lover 
had the artifice to catch her when aſleep, and 
by binding her ſtrongly, he prevented her. 
from eſcaping from his graſp, in aſſuming 
different forms. When Thetis found that. 
ſhe could not elude the vigilance of her lover, 
ſhe conſented to marry him, though much 


againſt her-inclination. Their nuptials were 


celebrated on mount Pelion, with great 
pomp ; all the deities attended except the 
goddeſs of diſcord, who puniſhed the negli- 
gence of Peleus, by throwing into the midſt 
of the aſſembly a golden apple, to be given 
to the faireſt of all the goddeſſes. [ YVig. 
Diſcoria.) Thetis became mother of ſe- 
veral children hy Peleus, but all theſe ſhe 
tieftroyed by fre in attempting to ſee whe- 
ther they were immortal. Achilles muſt 
have ſhared the ſame fate, if Peleus had not 
ſnatched him from her hand as the was going 
to repeat the cruel operation. She after- 
wards rendered him invulnerable by plung- 
ing him in the waters of the Styx, except 
that part of the heel by which ſhe held him. 


As Thetis well knew the fate of her ſon, ' 


the attempted tv remove him from the Tro- 
jan war by concealing him in the court of 
Lycomedes. This was uſeleſs, he went with 
the reſt of the Greeks. Tie mother, ſtill 
wxious for his preſervation, prevailed upon 
Vulcan to make him a ſuit of armour ; but 
when-it was done, ſhe refuſed the god the 
favors which ſhe had promiſed him. When 
Achilles was killed by Paris, Thetis iſſued 
out of the ſea with the Nereides to mourn 
his death, and after fhe had collected his 
aſhes in a golden urn, ſhe raiſed a monument 
to his memory, and inſtituted feſtivals in 
his honor. Hefiod. Theog. v. 244, &c — 
Apollo. 1, c. 2 & 9. 1. 3, c. 13.—Hygin. 
fab, 54.— Homer. II. 1, &c. Od. 24, v. 55. 
—Pauf. 5, c. 18, &c.— Ovid. Met. 11, fab. 
7. I. 12, fab. 1, &c. 

Tuxuris, or TEUTHIS, a prince of a 
town of the ſame name in Arcadia, who 
wentto the Trojan war, He quarrelled with 
Agamemnon at Aulis, and when Minerva 
attempted to pacify him he ſtruck the god- 
deſs and returned home, Some ſay that the 


x ob 


goddeſ appeared to him and ſhowed him the 
wound which he had given her in the thigh, 
and that he died ſoon after. Pau. 8, c. 28. 

THia, the mother of the ſun, moon, and 
Aurora, by Hyperion. [ id. Thea.] He- 
ſiod. Theog. v. 371. One of the Spo- 
rades, that roſe out of the ſea, in the age of 
Pliny. /in. 27, c. 12. 

Tutas, a king of Aſſyria. 5 

THimMBRON, a Lacedzmonian, choſen 
general to conduct a war againſt Perſia. He 
was recalled, and afterwards re- appointed. 
He died, B. C. 391. Died. 17. A 
friend af Harpalus. 

THIioDAmas, the father of Hylas. Vid. 
Theodamas. 

THizmipa, a town of Numidia, where 
Hiempfal was flain. Sall. Jug. 2. 

THI$SBE, a beautiful woman of Babylon. 
[ Vid. Fyramus.] A town of Bœotia be- 
tween two mountains. Pauſ. 9, c. 32. 

Tais1as, a Sicilian writer. 

TH1soA, one of the three nymphs who 
fed Jupiter in Arcadia, She built a town 
which bore her name in Arcadia. Pau. 8, 
6. 30, 

Tulsrik, a town of Bœotia. Plin. 4, 


. 7. 


THOANTIUM, a place on the ſea coaſt 
at Rhodes. 

Troas, a king of Taurica Cherſoneſugs, 
in the age of Oreſtes and Pylades. He 
would have immolated theſe two celebrated 
ſtrangers on Diana's altars, according to the 
barbarous cuſtoms of the country, had they 
not been delivered by Iphigenia. [ Vid. Ipki- 
genia.] According to ſome, Thoas was the 
fon of Boryſthenes. Ovid. Pont, 3, el. 2. 
A king of Lemnos, ſon of Bacchus and 
Ariadne the daughter of Minos. He had 
been made king of 'Lemnos by Rhadaman- 


thus. He was fill alive, when the Lemnian 


women. conſpired to kill all the males in 
the iſland, but his life was ſpared by his 
only daughter Hipfipyle, in whoſe favor he 
had reſigned the crown. Hipſipyle obliged 
her father to depart ſecretly. from Lemnos, 
to eſcape from the fury of the wamen, and 
he arrived ſafe in a neighbouring iſland, 
which ſome call Chios, though many ſup- 
poſe that Thoas was aſſaſſinated by the 
enraged females before he had left Lemnos, 
Some mythologiſts confound the king of 
Len;nos with that of Cherſoneſus, and ſup- 
poſe that they were one and the ſame man. 
According to their opinion, Thoas was very 
young when he retired from Lemnos, and 
after that he went to Taurica Cherſoneſus, 
where he ſcttled. Flac. 8, v, 208.—Hygix. 
fab. 74, 120.—0vid. in Ib. 384. Herold: 6, 
v. 114, —Stat. Theb. 5, v. 262 & 486.— 
Apollon. Rhad. 1, v. 209 & 615. —-Apellod. 


I, C. 9. J. 3» C. 7 in 3 
3 on 


—- 


— 2 


* 
4 


- n 


1 


ſon of Andremon and Gorge, the daughter 
of CEneus. He went to the Trojan war on 
15 or rather 40 ſhips. Homer. II. 2, &c. 


Didtyſ. Cret. 1.—-Hygin. fab. 97. A 
famous huntſman. Diod. 4. A ſon of 
Icarius. Apollod. 3, c. 10. A ſon oſ 


Jaſon and Hipſipyle queen of Lemnos. 
Stat. Theb. 6, v. 342. A ſon of Orny- 
tion, grandſon of Siſyphus. A king of 
Aſlyria, father of Adonis and Myrrha, ac- 
cording to Apollod, 3, c 14.— A man 
who made himſelf maſter of Miletus. 
An officer of Xtolia, who ſtrongly op- 
poſed the views of the Romans, and fa- 
rored the intereſt of Antiochus, B. C. 193. 
One of the friends of ZEnecas in 
Italy, killed by Haleſus. Virg. n. 10, 
„ 

Tuox, one of the Nereides. Heſſad. 
One of the horſes of Admetus. 
One of the Amazons, & c. Val. Fl. 6, v. 376 

Tuon vais, called alſo Tamyris, Ta- 
meris, Thamyris, and Tomeris, was queen 
of the Maſſagetæ. After her huſband's 
death ſhe marched. againſt Cyrus, who 
wiſhed to invade her territories, cut his 
army to pieces, and killed him on the 
fpot. The barbarous queen ordered the 
head of the fallen monarch to be cut off 
and thrown into a veſſel full of human 
blood, with the inſulting words of fſatia te 
ſanguine quem ſitiſti. Her ſon had been con- 
quered by Cyrus before ſhe marched herſelt 
at the head of her armies, Heredot. 1, c. 
205,—Tuftin, 1, c. 8. 

THroLvs, a town of Africa. 

Thox, an Egyptian phy ſician, &c. 

THronwis, a courtezan of Egypt. 

Tuoo, a Trojan chief killed by Ulyſſes. 

Ovid. Met. 13, v. 259. One of the 
giants who made war againſt jupiter. A- 
polled. 1, c. 6. 
_ TroosA, a ſea nymph, daughter of 
Phorcys, and mother of Polyphemus, by 
Neptune. Heſiod. Theog. v. 236.— Homer, 
Od. 1, v. 71. 

TuoörEs, one of the Grecian heralds. 

THOR ANIUS, a general of Metellus, kil- 
led by Sertorius. Plut. 

THORAX, a mountain near Magneſia, in 
Ionia, where the grammarian Daphitas was 
ſuſpended on a croſs for his abuſive lan- 
guage; whence the proverb cave a The- 
race. Strab. 14. A Lacedzmonian 
officer who ſerved under Lyſander, and 
was put to death by the Ephori. A man 
of Lariſſa, who paid much attention to the 
dead body of Antigonus, & c. Plut. in 
Lyſ. &c. 

THORIA LER, agraria, by Sp. Thorius, 
the tribune. It ordained that no perſon 
ſhould pay any rent for the land which he 
poſſeſſed. It alſo made ſome regulations 


1 


THokNAx, a mountain of Argolis, I 
received its name from Thornax, a nymph 
who became mother of Buphagus, by Jape- 
tus, The mountain was afterwards called 
Coccygia, becauſe Jupiter changed himſelf 
there into a cuckow. Pau. 8, c. 27. 
Trorsvs, a river of Sardinia, Par. 10, 
c. 17. 

Tuorn, an Egyptian deity, the ſame as 
Mercury. 

Trovs, a Trojan chief, &c.——One of 
Actæon's dogs. 

THRAcx, a daughter of Titan, —_A 
name of Thrace. Vid. Thracia. 

THKRACEs, the inhabitants of Thrace, 
Vid. Thracia. 

THRACI1A, a large country of Europe, 
at the ſouth of Scythia, bounded by mount 
Hezmus. It had the ÆEgean ſea on the 
ſouth, on the weſt Macedonia and the river 
Strymon, and on the eaſt the Euxine ſea, 
the Propontis, and the Helleſpont. Its 
northern boundaries extended as far as the 
Iſter, according to Pliny and others. The 
Thracians were looked upon as a cruel and 
barbarous nation, they were naturally brave 
and warlike, addicted to drinking and 
venereal pleaſures, and they ſacrificed witn- 
out the ſmalleſt humanity their enemies on 
the altars of their gods. Their government 
was originally monarchical, and divided 
among a number of independent princes. 
Thrace is barren, as to its ſoil. It received 
its name from Thrax, the ſon of Mars, the 
chief deity of the country. The firſt inha- 
bitants lived upon plunder, and on the 
milk and fleſh of ſheep. It forms now the 
province of Romania, Herodot. 4, c. 99. 
I. 5, c. 3.—Strab. 1, &c,—Virg, An. 3, 
&c,—Mela. 2, c. 2, &c.—Pauſ. 9, C. 29, 
&c,—Ovid. Met. 11, v. 92. J. 13, v. 565, 
Sc. C. Nep. in Alc. 11. 

TuxAcipæ, an illuſtrious family at Del- 
phi, deſtroyed by Philomelus, becauſe they 
oppoſed his views. Diad. 16. 

TaRACIs, a town of Phocis, Pau. 10, 
e. 3. 

Tux AskAs, or Thraſius, a ſoothſayer. 
[ Vid. Thafus.] Pætus, a ſtoic philoſo- 
pher of Patavium, in the age of Nero, fa- 
mous for his independence and generous 
ſentiments; he died A. D. 66.—TFuv. 5, 
v. 36.—Mart, 1, ep. 19,—Tacit, A. 15, 
c. 16. 

THRASIDEUS, ſucceeded his father The- 
ron as tyrant of Agrigentum. He was con- 
quered by Hiero, and ſoon after put to 
death. Died, 11. 

THRASIMENUS, Vid. THRASYMENUS. 

TaRASIUS, à general of a mercenaly 
band in Sicily, who raiſed a ſeditian againſt 
Timoleon, Died. 16. A ſpendthrift at 
Rome, &c. Horat. 2, Sat. 2, v. 99- 


about grazing and paſtures. Cic. in Brut. 
4 


| TuRas0, a painter, Strab, 144 
favorite 


favorite 

intereſt 

death by 
captain | 
THRA 

Athens 

tyrants « 

aſhſted b 

Were attc 
the only 
act ion w. 
an olive 
tereſtedn 
try men. 
whoſe al 
ſpicuous, 
powerful 
the /Ege: 
ter he h: 
great mai 
inhabitan 
had plune 
C. 391. 
Phil. 
Milctus, 
icended 
A ſon o 
of which 
An. 
ſians, wh 
naſſus. 

Tu RAS 
&c. 

Tux As 
ordered jr 
ſhips wh 
own. H. 
ther, whc 
priving hi 
lian. Y 
the Ather 
with whor 
Perhans. 
gorean p 
who enjo' 
ſhip of A 
Tib. 

TaraAs 
who becar 
Plato. T. 
Athens, h 
at laſt ha 
—— A ma 
umZz, #©@£ 

ThraAs\ 
of Pylos, b 
He was on 

rojan wal 
26.— 4 
away a d- 
married, 

Tax As 
Feruſium, 


rift at 


. 
OW 
worte 


3 


favorite of Hieronymus, who eſpouſed the 
intereſt of the Romans. He was put to 
death by the tyrant.— The character of a 
captain in Terence, 

THRASYBULUS, a famous general of 
Athens who began the expulſion of the 30 
tyrants of his country, though he was only 
aſſiſted by 30 of his friends, His efforts 
were attended with ſucceſs, B. C. 401, and 
the only reward he received for this patriotic 
action was a crown made with two twigs of 
an olive branch ; a proof of his own difin- 
tereſtedneſs and of the virtue of his coun- 


trymen. The Athenians employed a man | 


whoſe abilities and humanity were fo con- 


ſpicuous, and Thraſybulus was ſent with a 
powerful fleet to recover their loſt power in 
the Ægean, and on the coaſt of Aha, Af- 
ter he had gained many advantages, this 


great man was killed in his camp by the 


inhabitants of Aſpendus, whom his ſoidiers 
had plundered without his knowledge, B. 


C. 391. 


Miletus, B. C. 634. A ſootliſayer de- 
ſcended from Apollo, Par. 6, c. 2. 
A ſon of Gelon baniſhed trom Syracuſe, 


of which he was the tyrant, B. C. 466. | 
— An Athenian in the army of the Per- | 


fans, who ſupported the ſiege of Halicar- 
naſſus. 

THRASYDEUs, a king of Theflaly, 
&c. 


Tux AsvlLus, a man of Attica ſo diſ- 


ordered in his mind, that he believed all the 


5 whe 


| there between Annibal and the Romans, 


under Flaminius, EB. C. 217, No leſs than 
15,000 Romans were left dead on the field 
of battle, and 10,000 taken priſoners, or 
according to Livy 6, ooo, or Polybius 
15, 00. The loſs of Annibal was about 
1, 500 men. About 10,000 Romans made 
their eſcape all covered with wounds. 
This lake is now called the lake of Pe- 
rugta, Strab, 5,—Ovid, Faſt. 6, V. 765.— 
Plut. 

TaxrErcivs, of Thrace, Orpheus is 
called by way of eminence Threicius Sacer- 
dos. Virg. Ain. 6, 645. 

THRE1SSA, an epithet applied to Harpa- 
lyce, a native of Thrace. Virg. u. r, 
V. 320. 

THREPSIPPAS, a ſon of Hercules and 
Panope. Apolled. 

THRIAMBUsS, one of the ſirnames of 
Bacchus. 


THRoONIUM, a town of Phocis, where 


| Diod. 14.—C. Nep. in vita. —Cic. the Boagrius falls into the ſea, in the ſinus 
Phil. —Fal. Max. 4, c. 1.-— A tyrant of 


Maliacus. Liv. 36. c. 20.—Strab, 9.— 
Plin. 4, c. 7. Another of Theſprotia. 

THRYoON, a town of Meſſenia, near the 
Alpheus. Strab. 8.— Homer, Il. 2. 

THRYUS, a town of Peloponneſus near 
Elis. 

TavcyYptpes, a celebrated Greek hiſto. 
rian, born at Athens. His father's name 
was Olorus, and among his anceſtors he 
reckoned the great Miltiades. His youth was 
diſtinguiſhed by an eager deſire to excel in 
the vigorous exerciſes and gymnaſtic amuſe- 


ſhips which entered the Pirzus to be bis ments, which called the attention of his 


own. He was cured by means of his bro- 
ther, whom he liberally reproached for de- 
priving him of that happy illuſion of mind. 
lian. V. H. 4, c. 25. A general of 
the Athenians in the age of Alcibiades, 
with whom he obtained a victory over the 


Perſians. Thucyd. 8.—— A Greek Pytha- 


gorean philoſopher and mathematician, 
who enjoyed the favors and the friend- | 


os of Auguſtus and Tiberius. Swet, in 
io, p 

TaRASYMACHUS, a native of Carthage 
who became the pupil of Iſocrates and of 
Plato. Though he was a public teacher at 
Athens, he ſtarved for want of bread, and 
at laſt hanged himſef. Fuv. 7, v. 204 
A man whe aboliſhed democracy at 
Cumæ. Arift. Pol. 5, c. 3. 

ThrASYMEDES, a ſon of Neſtor, king 
of Pylos, by Anaxibia, the daughter of Bias. 

e was one of the Grecian chicts during the 
Trojan war. Hygin. fab. 27.— Pauſ. 2, c. 
26.——A ſon of Philomelus, who carried 
away a daughter of Piſiſtratus, whom be 
married, Polyen. 5. 

Tax AsYMENUS, a lake of Italy near 


contemporaties, and when he had reached 
the years of manhood, he appeared in the 
Athenian armies. During the Peloponne- 
han war he was commiſhoned by his coun» 
trymen to relieve Amphipolis; but the quick 
march of Braſidas, the Lacedzmonian ge- 
neral, defeated his operations, and Thucy- 
dides, unſucceſsful in his expedition, was 
baniſhed from Athens. This happened in 
the eighth year of this celebrated war, and 
in the place of his baniſhment the general 
began to write an impartial hiſtory of the 
important events which had happened dur» 
ing his adminiſtration, and which ſtill con- 
tinued to agitate the ſeveral ſtates of Greece. 
This famous hiſtory is continued only to 
the 21ſt year of the war, and the remaining 
part of the time till the demolition of the 
walls of Athens was deſcribed by the pen 
of Theopompus and Xenophon. Thucy- 
dides wrote in the Attic dialect, as poſſeſſ- 
ed of more vigor, purity, elegance, and 
energy. He ſpared neither time nor money 
to procure authentic materials; and the 
Athenians, as well as their enemies, fur- 
niſhed him with many valuable communi- 


Perufium, celebrated for a battle fought | cations, which contributed to throw great 


light 


- 
— — 
— 


19 
- 


— — 


— —— — — — —ꝑTꝛ—ů W_x 


r er 


3 


light on the different tranſactions of the 
war. His hiſtory has been divided into 
eight books, the laſt of which is imperfect, 
and ſuppoſed to have been written by his 
daughter. The character of this intereſting 
hiſtory is well known, and the noble emu- 
lation of the writer will ever be admired, 
who ſhed tears when he heard Herodotus 
repeat his hiſtory of the Perſian wars at the 
public feſtivals of Greece. The hiſtorian 
of Halicarnaſſus, has often been compared 
with the ſon of Olorus, but cach has his 
peculiar excellence. Sweetnels of ſtyle, 
grace, and elegance of expreſhon, may be 
called the characteriſties of the former, 
while Thucydides ſtands unequalled for the 
fre of his deſcriptions, the conciſeneſs, and 
at the ſame time, the ſtrong and energetic 
manner of his narratives, His relations 
are authentic, as he himſc!f was intereſted 
in the events he mentions ; his impartiality 
is indubitable, as he no where betrays the 
leaſt reſentment againſt his countrymen, 
and the factious partizans of Cleon, who | 
had baniſhed him from Athens. Many 
have blamed the hiftorian for the injudi- 
cious diſtribution of his ſubject, and while, 
for the ſake of accuracy, the whole 1s di- 
vided into ſummers and winters, the thread 
of the hiftory is interrupted, the ſcene 
continually ſhifted ; and the reader, unable 
to purſue events to the end, is tranſported 
from Aha to Peloponneſus, or from the 
walls of Syracuſe to the coaſt of Corcyra. 
The animated harangues of Thucydides 
have been univerſally admired; he found 
2 model in Herodotus, but be greatly fur- 
paſſed the original, and ſucceeding hiſto- 
rians have adopted, with ſucceſs, a peculiar 
mode of writing which introduces a ge- 
neral addreſüng himſelf to the paſhons and 
the feelings of his armies. The hiſtory of 
Thucydides was ſo admired, that Demoſ- 
thenes, to perfect himſelf as an orator, 
tranſctibed it eight different times, and 
read it with ſuch attention, that he could 
almoſt repeat it by heart. Thucydides died 
at Athens, where he had been recalled from 
his exile, in his Soth year, 391 years be- 
fore Chriſt. The beft editions of Thucy- 
dides are thoſe of Duker, fol. Amit. 1731; 
of Glaſgow, 12ma. 8 vols. 1759 of Hud- 
ſon, fol. Oxon, 1696, and the 8vo. of 
Bipont. 1788. Cic. de orat, &c.— Died. 
12.—Dionyſ. Hal. de Thuc.—£&lian. V. H, 
12, c. 50.—Quiztil, A ſon of Mileſias, 
in the age of Pericles. He was baniſhed 
for his oppoſition to the meaſures of Pe- 
xicles, &c. 
Tuvisro, one of the deities of the Ger- 
mans. Tacit. 
Tu ux, an iſland in the moſt, northern 
parts. of the German ocean, to which, on ac- 


3 


nent, the antients gave the epithet of : 
ma, Its fituation was never accurately aſ- 
certained, hence its preſent name is un- 
known by modern hiſtorians. Some ſup- 
poſe that it is the iſſand now called Ice- 
land, or part of Greenland, whilft others 
imagine it to be the Shetland iſles. Star. 
3. Syl. 55 V. 20.—Strab, 1.—Mela, 3 . 
6.— Tacit. Agric. 10.—Plin. 2, c. 75. l. 4, 
c, 16.—-Virg. G. 1, v. 30.—TJuv. 15, v. 
112. 

TuukIx,— II, or—IUM, a town of 
Lucania in Italy, buiit by a colony of Athe- 
nians, near the ruins of Sybaris, B. C. 444. 
In the number of this Athenian colony 
were Lyſias and Herodotus. Streb, 6.— 
Mela. 2, c. 4. A town of Meſſenia. Par, 
4, c. 31.—Strab, 8. 

THURINUS, a name given to Auguſtus 
when he was young, either becauſe: ſome 
of his progenitors were natives of Thurium, 
or becauſe they had diſtinguiſhed themſelves 
there. Sueten. Aug. 7. 

TavsC1A, a county of Italy, the ſame 
as Etruria. Vid. Etruria. 

Tu vA, a daughter of the Cephiſus.— 
A place near Delphi. 

Tu vApks, (ng. Thyas) a name of 
the Bacchanals. They received it from 
Fhyas, the frrit woman who was prieſteſs of 
the god Bacchus. Jg. An, 4, v. 302.— 


* 10, c. 4. 

HYAMIS, a river of Epirus falling into 
the Ionian fea, Pau. 1, c. 11.—Gic. 7. 
Alt. 2. 

Tux Axa, a town of Cappadocia. Sab. 

THYATIRA, a town of Lydia, now 
Akiſar. Liu. 37, c. 8 & 44. 

HYBARNI, a people near Sardes. Diad. 
17. 

THYESTA, a ſiſter of Dionyſius, the ty- 
rant of Syracuſe. 

THYESTES, a fon of Pelops and Hippo- 
damia, and grandſon of Tantalus, debauch- 
ed Arope, the wife of his brother Atreus, 
becauſe he refuſed to take him as his col- 
league on the throne of Argos. This was no 
ſooner known, than Atreus divorced A- 
rope, and baniſhed Thyeſtes from his king- 
dom; but ſoon after, the more effectualiy 
to puniſh his infidelity, he expreſſed a with 
to be reconciled tim, and recalled him 
to Argos. Thyeſtes was received by his 
brother at an elegant entertainment, but he 
was ſoon informed that he had been feeding 
upon the fleſh of one of his own children. 
This Atreus took care to communicate to 
him by ſhowing him the remains of bis 
ſon's body. This action appeared fo ba- 
barous, that, according to the antient my* 
thologiſts, the ſun changed his uſual courſe, 
not to be a ſpectator of ſo bloody a ſcenc. 
Thyeſles eſcaped from his brother, and 


count of its great diſtance from the conti- 


| fled to Epirus. Some time after he met 
tus 


his dayghter 
Minerva, anc 
out knowing 
however, ace 
tonally com 
had been told 
ries he had re 
avenged by 
Pelopcia. F 1 
father, was f 
married, and 
into the world 
the woods. 
lerved by goa 
and preſented 
in the family 
years of matu 
Eegyſthus a 1 
from her unk 
Minerva, wit! 
he was. Me: 
piſh his brot 
Menelaus to | 
they found hi: 
and thrown in 
was ſent to mi 
recollected the 
ſtab him, and 
him that his af 
pela was preſci 
the found tha! 
with her father 
amine the {wor 
It into her ow 
from the priſor 
Weapon, and m 
e withed to o 
luppoſed death 
Atreus, T 
brother's thron 
be was ſoon af 
nd Mcncelaus 
ind was baniſh 
? Agamemano! 
% C. 4.— Sopſio 
Kc. — Ovid. in 
7 V. 451.—. 
TuxM BRA, 
prdes, celebra 
vught there bet 
mich the latte 
Cyrus amou 
les chariots, 
Mice as numet 
ro* which a 
nus, falls in i 
Polio had ther 
eis called 
lled there by 
Wap, 13.—S 
Ty Cret. 2 "yy 
LaruAAU 


FT NM 

his daughter Pelopeia in a grove ſacred to 
Minerva, and he offered her violence with- 
out knowing who the was, This inceſt, 
kowever, according to ſome, was inten- 
ronally committed by the father, as he 
had been told by an oracle, that the inju- 
ries he had received from Atreus would be 
avenged by a fon born from himſelf and 
pelopeia. The daughter, pregnant by her 
father, was ſeen by her uncle Atreus and 
married, and ſometime after ſhe brought 
into the world a fon, whom ſhe expoſed in 
the woods. The life of the child was pre- 
ſerved by goats; he was called /Egyſthus, 
and preſented to his mother, and cducated 
in the family of Atreus. When grown to 
years of maturity, the mother gave her ſon 
Reyſthus a ſword, which ſhe had taken 
from her unknown raviſher in the grove of 
Minerva, with hopes of diſcovering who 
he was. Meantime Atreus, intent to pu- 
yiſh his brother, ſent Agamemnon and 
Menelaus to purſue him, and when at laſt 
they found him, he was dragged tv Argos, 
and thrown into a cloſe priſon. AZgyithus 
was ſent to murder Thyeſtes, but the father 
recollected the ſword, which was raiſed to 
ſtab him, and a few queſtions convinced 
him that his aſſaſſin was his own ſon. Pelo- 
peia was preſent at this diſcovery, and when 
the found that ſhe had committed inceſt 
with her father, the aſked ÆEgyſthus to ex- 
amine the ſword, and immediately plunged 
t into her own breaſt. Agyſthus ruſhed 
rom the priſon to Atreus, with the bloody 
eapon, and murdered him ncar an altar, as 
ve withed to offer thanks to the gods on the 
ſuppoſed death of Thycites. At the death 
Atreus, Thyeſtes was placed on his 
brother's throne by Egyſthus, fiom which 
be was ſoon after driven by Agamemnon 
nd Mcnelaus, He retired from Argos, 
Ind was baniſhed into the iſland of Cythera 
Agamemnon, where he died, Apollad. 
e. 4,—Sophocl, in Ajac.— Hygin. fab. 86, 
Kc. —Ovid, in Ib. 359.—Lucan. 1, v. 544. 
7, v. 451, —Senec. in Thyeft, 

TayMBRA, a ſmall town of Lydia, near 
pardes, celebrated for a battle which was 
vught there between Cyrus and Crœſus, in 
nich the latter was defeated. -The troops 
| Cyrus amounted to 196,000 men, be- 
des chariots, and thoſe of Crœſus were 
vice as numerous, A plain in Troas 
ro" which a ſmall river, called Thym- 
us, falls in its courſe to the Scamander, 
polio had there a temple, and from thence 
e is called 7hymbraus. Achilles was 
led there by Paris, according to ſome. 
ab. 13. — Sat. 4. Sylv. 7, v. 22.— 
on 2, c. 8. l. 3 CI. 
LSMB&&Us, a ſirname of Apollo. 


8 


Firg. G. 4, v. 323. Au. 3, v. 85. 
Thymbra. 

TuvunRIs, a coucubine of Jupiter, ſaid 
to be mother of Pan. polled. A foun- 
tain and river of Sicily. Theoc. f, v. 1co. 

ThyMBRON. Vid. Thimbron. 

THYMELE, a celebrated female Cancer, 
favored by Domitian. Juv. 6, v. 36. 


Vid. 


TuvMIATUISs, a river of Epirus. Strad, 


7. 

THyYMocCHARES, an Athenian defeated 
in a battle by the Lacedæmonians. 

THYMCGTES, a King of Atnens, ſon of 
Oxinthas, the laſt of the deicenGdants of 
Theſeus, who reigned at Athens. He was 
depoſed becauſe he reſuſed to accept a chal- 
lenge ſent by Xanthus King of Beotia, 
and was ſucceeded by a Metlenian, B. C. 
1128, who repaired the honor of Athens by 
fighting the Bœotian king. Par. 2, c. 18. 
—— A Trojan prince, whoſe wife and fon 
were put to death by order of Priam. It 
was to revenge the king's cruelty that he 
perſuaded his countrymen to bring the 


wooden horſe within their city. He was 


ſon of Laomedon, according to ſome. 
Virg. An. 2, v. 32.—Diciyſ. Cret. 4, c. 
4. A ſon of Hicetaon, who accompa- 
nied Æneas into Italy, and was Killed by 
Turnus. Firg. An. 10, v. 123. I. 12, v. 
364. 

THYN1, or BIA NI, a people of Bi- 
thy nia, hence the words Thyna merx applied 
to their commodities. Horat. 3, od. 7, v. 
„ e. . 

ThyopAmas. Vid. Theodamas. 

Tu vör, a name given to Semele after 
ſhe had been preſented with immortality, 
Apolled. 3, c. 5. 

Tu vödkus, a firname of Bacchus from 
his mother Semele, who was called Thyore. 
.Apolled. 3, c. 5. —Horat. 1, Od. 17, v. 23. 
— Ovid. 45 Met. v. 13. 

Tu vors, a prieſt of the Cabiri, in Sa- 
mothrace. Flacc. 2, v. 438. 

Tu vRk, a town of the Meſſenians, fa- 
mous for a battle fought there between the 
Argives and Lacedzmonians. Herodet, 1, 
c. 82.—Stat, Theb. 4, v. 48. 

THYREA, an iſland on the coaſt of Pe- 
loponneſus, near Hermione. Herodot. 6, 
c. 76. | 

THYREUM, a town of Acarnania, whoſe 
inhabitants are called IAyrienſes. Liu. 36, 
e. Ti: . 38, 0% 

Tuvakus, a ſon of Lycaon, king of 
Arcadia. Pauſ. 8. c. 3. A ſon of CE- 
ncus, king of Calydon. Apollod. 1, c. 8. 

THYRIDEsS, three ſmall iflands at the 
point of Tænarus. Plin. 4, c. 12. 

THYRSAGLTE, a people of Sarmatia wha 
live upon kunting. Fin. 4y C. 12. 

THYRSUS, 


— — Ä —ů — 
« 


1 


r e 7 r 3 


— 


r 


T3 


THYRsUsS, aA river of Sardinia, now | 


Oriflagni. 

Tarys50s, a town near mount Athos. 

THyvs, a ſatrap of Paphlagonia who 
revolted from Artaxerxes and was ſcized by 
Datames: C. Nep. in Dat. 

TIAsA, a daughter of the Eurotas, who 


gave her name to a river in Laconia. Pauſ. 


3, C. 18. | 

T1BARENY, a people of Cappadocia, on 
the borders of the Thermodon A peo- 
ple of Pontus. Mela, x, c. 20. 

T1BERIAS, a town of Gallilee, built by 
Herod, near the lake of the ſame name, 
and called after Tiberius. Plin. 5, c. 16. 
— Toſeph. A. 18, c. 3. 

T1BERINUS, ſon of Capetus, and king 
of Alba, was drowned in the river Albula, 
which on that account aſſumed his name, 
and was called Tiberis, Liv. 1, c. 3.—Cic. 
de Nat. D. 2, c. 20.—Parro de. L. L. 4, 
c. 5, &c.— Ovid. Faſt. 2, v. 389. I. 4, v. 


7. 

2 T1BEnrs, Tyberis, Tiber, or Tibris, a 
river of Italy, on whoſe banks the city of 
Rome was built. It was originally called 
Albula, from the whiteneſs of its waters, 
and afterwards Tiberis, when Tiberinus, 
king of Alba, had been drowned there. It 
was alſo named Tyrrhkenus, hecauſe it wa- 
tered Etruria, and Lydius, becauſe the in- 
habitants of the neighbouthood were ſnp- 
poſed to be of Lydian origin. The Tiber 
riſes in the Apennines, and falls into the 
Tyrrhene ſea, 16 miles below Rome, after 
dividing Latium from Etruria. Ovid. Faſt. 
4, v. 47, 329, &c. I. 5, v. 641, in 16. 
$14.—Lucan. I, V. 381, &c. Varro. de 
L. L. 4, c. 5. Virg. An. 7, v. 30.— Ho- 
„at. I, Od. 2, v. 13.— ela. 2, c. 4.— 
Liv. 1, c. 3. 

Tiszzios, (Claudius Druſus —— a 
Roman emperor after the death of Auguſtus, 
deſcended from the family of the Claudii. 
In his early years he commanded popularity 
by entertaining the populace with magnifi- 
cent ſhows and fights of gladiators, and he 
gained ſcme applauſe in the funeral oration 
which he pronounced over his father, 
though only nine years old. His firſt ap- 
pearance in the Roman armies was under 
Auguſtus, in the war againſt the Cantabri, 
and afterwards in the capacity of general, 
he obtained victories in different parts of 
the empire, and was rewarded with a tri- 
umph. Yet, in the midſt of his glory, 
Tiberius fell under the diſpleaſure of Au- 
guitus, and retired to Rhodes, where he 
continued for ſeven years as an exile, till 
by the influence of his mother Livia with 
the emperor, he was recalled, His return 
to Rome was the more glorious ; he had 


3 


the command of the Roman armies in 11. 
lyricum, Pannonia, and Dalmatia, ang 
ſeemed to divide the ſovereign power with 
Auguſtus. At the death of this celebrated 
emperor, Tiberius, who had been adopted, 
aſſumed the reins of government; and 
while with diſſimulation and affected mo- 
defty he wiſhed to decline the dangerous 
office, he found time to try the fidelity of 
tis friends, and to make the greateſt part 
of the Romans believe that he was inveſted 
with the purple, not from his own choice, 
but by the recommendation of Auguſtus, 
and the urgent entreaties of the Roman ſe- 
nate. The beginning of his reign ſeemed 
to promiſe tranquillity to the world; Tide. 
rius was a watchful guardian of the public 
peace, he was the friend of juſtice, and 
never aſſumed the ſounding titles which 
muſt diſguſt a free nation, but he was fa. 
tished to ſay of himſelf that he was the 
maſter of his ſlaves, the general of his ſol- 
diers, and the father of the citizens of 
Rome. That ſeeming moderation, howe- 
ver, which was but the fiuit of the deepeſt 
policy, ſoon diſappeared, and Tiberius was 
viewed in his real character. His ingrati- 
tude to his mother Livia, to whoſe intrigues 
he was indebted for the purple, his cruelty 
to bis wife Julia, and his tyrannical op- 
preſhon and murder of many noble ſena- 
tors, rendered him odious to the people, 
and ſuſpected even by his moſt intimate fn. 
vorites. The armies mutinied in Pannonia 
and Germany, but the tumults were ſilenced 
by the prudence of the generals and the 
fidelity of the officers, and the factious des 
magogues were abandoned to their condign 
puniſhment. This acted as a check upon 
Tiberius in Rome ; he knew from thence, 
as his ſucceſſors experienced, that his powe! 
was precarious, and his very exiftcnce in 
perpetual danger. He continued as he had 
begun, to pay the greateſt deference to tix 
ſenate, all libels againſt him he diſregarded, 
and obſerved, that in a free city, the thought 
and the tongues of every man ſhoud be free. 
The taxes were gradually leſſened, and lu 
ury reſtrained by the ſalutary regulations, 4 
well as by the prevailing example and frag. 

lity of the emperor. While Rome exhibited 

a ſcene of peace and public tranquillity, the 

barbarians were ſeverally defeated on tit 

borders of the empire, and Tiberius gained 

new honors, by the activity and valor® 

Germanicus and his other faithful lieutt- 

nants. Yet the triumphs of Germanio 

were beheld with jealouſy. Tiberius dre. 

ed his power, he was envious of his pop 
larity, and the death of that celebrated f 
neral in Antioch was, as ſome ſuppole, ** 
celerated by poiſon, and the ſecret my 


Private man, 
teemed; whe 


ment of th 
tions and f 
were ſacrit 
and avarice 
one ſingle f 
berius for t 
2 huſband. 
of Capreæ, 
where he b 
ſures. Thi 
truſted to f: 
for a while 
In his ſolit: 
rewards to 
or could pr 
his age as v 
himfeif by 
enormous 1 
bluſh, even 
moſt de ba. 
the empero 
world, the 
every ſide b 
found himf 
whom hithe 
his feet with 
lation, At 
through inf 
proaching di 
that Rome 
he nominate 
gula, Man 
naturally ſo 
was Choſen t 
empire; but 
ties to be for 
might be dit 
ceflor, whoſ: 
well defined, 
bred a ſerper 
a Phaeton fo 
berius died ai 
A.D. 37, in 
ter a reign « 
26 days. C. 
haſlened his 
Joy was un 
known ; and 
midſt of ſorr 
heedleſs of xt 
them in the { 
of Tiberius 1 
burnt with gr. 
tion was pre 
ſeemed to for 
expatiated on 
manicus, and 
iberius has |} 
attention by h 
ſubject of the 
all the compc 


T 1 


ment of the emperor. Not only his rela- 
tions and friends, but the great and opulent 
were ſacrificed to his ambition, cruelty, 


and avarice ; and there was ſcarce in Rome | 


one fingle family that did not reproach Ti- 
berius for the loſs of a brother, a father, or 
a huſband. He at laſt retired to the iſland 
of Capreæ, on the coaſt of Campania, 
where he buried himſelf in unlawful plea- 
ſures. The care of the empire was en- 
truſted to favorites, among whom Sejanus 
for a while ſhone with uncommon ſplendor. 
In his ſolitary retreat the emperor propoſed 
rewards to ſuch as invented new plealures, 
or could produce freſh luxuries, - He forgot 
his age as well as his dignity, and diſgraced 
himfeif by the moſt unnatural vices and 
enormous indulgencies which can draw a 
bluſh, even upon the countenance of the 
moſt debauched and abandoned. While 


the emperor was loſt to himſelf and the 


world, the provinces were haraſſed on 
every fide by the barbarians, and Tiberius 
found himfelf inſulted by thoſe enemies 
whom hitherto he had ſeen fall proſtrate at 
his feet with every mark of ſubmiſſive adu- 
lation. At laſt grown weak aud helpleſs 
through infirmities, he thought of his ap- 
proaching diſſolution; and as he well knew 
that Rome could not exiſt without a head, 
he nominated as his ſucceſſor, Caius Cali- 
gula, Many might enquire, why a youth 
naturally ſo vicious and abandoned as Caius 
was choſen to be the maſter of an extenſive 
empire; but Tiberius wiſhed his own cruel- 
ties to be forgotten in the barbarities which 
might be diſplayed in the reign of his ſuc- 
ceſſor, whoſe natural propenfities he had 
well defined, in ſaying of Caligula that he 
bred a ſerpent for the Roman people, and 
a Phaeton for the reſt of the empire. Ti- 
berius died at Miſenum the 16th of March, 
A. D. 37, in the 78th year of his age, af- 
ter a reign of 22 years, fix months, and 
26 days. Caligula was accuſed of having 
baſtened his end by ſuffocating him. The 
Joy was univerſal when his death was 
known; and the people of Rome, in the 
midſt of ſorrow, had a moment to rejoice, 
heedleſs of the calamitics which awaited 
them in the ſucceeding reiggs. The body 
of Tiberius was ape ther Rome, and 
burnt with great ſolemnity. A f 


tion was pronounced by Cala, who 
leemed to forget his benefa while he 
expatiated on the praiſes of A us, Ger- 


manicus, and his own. ThE@Fcharacter of 
Tiberius has been examined with particular 
attention by hittorians, and his reign is the 
lubjett of the moſt perfect and elegant of 
all the compoſitions of Tacitus. When a 
private man, Tiberius was univerſally eſ- 
teemed; when he had no ſuperior, he was 


1 


proud, arrogant, jealous, and revenge fal. 


If he found his military operations con- 
ducted by a warlike general, he affected 
moderation and virtue ; but when he got 
rid of the powerful influence of a favorite, 
he was tyrannical and diſſolute. If, as 
ſome obſerve, he had lived in the times of 
the Roman republic, he might have been 
as conſpicuous as his great anceſtors ; but 
the ſovereign power lodged in his hands, 
rendered him vicious and oppreſſive. Yet, 
though he encouraged informers and fa- 
vored flattery, he bluſhed at the mean ſer- 
vilities of the ſenate, and derided the adu- 
lation of his courtiers, who approached 
him, he ſaid, as if they approached a ſa- 
vage elephant. He was a patron of learn- 
ing, he was an eloquent and ready ſpeaker, 
and dedicated ſome part of his time to 
ſtudy. He wrote a lyric poem, entitled, 
A Complaint on the Death of Lucius Cæ- 
ſar, as alſo ſome Greek pieces in imitation 
of ſome of his favorite authors. He 
avoided all improper expreſſions, and all 
foreign words he totally wiſhed to baniſh 
from the Latin tongue. As inftances of 
his humanity, it has been recorded that 
he was uncommonly liberal to the people 
of Aſia Minor, whoſe habitations had been 
deſtroyed by a violent earthquake, A. D. 
17. One of his officers wiſhed him to en- 
creaſe the taxes, Ne, ſaid Tiberius, 4 good 
ſhepherd muſt ſhear, not flay his ſheep. The 
ſenators wiſhed to call the month of No- 
vember, in which he was born, by his 
name, in imitation of pk Czlar and Au- 
guſtus, in the months of July and Auguſt; 
but this he refuſed, ſaying, Mat will you 
do, conſeript fathers, if you have thirteen 
Ceſars 7 Like the reſt of the emperors, he 
received divine honors after death, and 
even during his life. It has been wittily 
obſerved by Seneca, that he never was in- 
toxicated but once all-his life, for he con- 
tinued in 4 perpetual ſtate of intoxication 
from the time he gave himſelf to drinking 
till the laſt moment of his life. Swueton in 
with, &c.—Tacit. Ann. 6, Sc. — Dion. 
Caſſ. A friend of Julius Cæſar, whom 
he accompanied in the war of Alexandria. 
Tiberius forgot the favors he had received 
from his friend; and when he was aſſaſſi- 
nated, he wiſhed all his murderers to be 


publicly rewarded. One of the Gracchi. 
Vid. Gracchus.] Sempronius, a ſon of 
Druſus and Livia, the ſiſter of Germanicus, 


put to death by Caligula. 
tus, put to death by his father, becauſe he 
had conſpired with other young noblemen 
to reſtore Tarquin to his throne. A 


Thracian made emperor of Rome in the 
latter ages of the empire, 
Tisksts, 4 river of Scythia, flowing 


from 


A ſon of Bru- 


— —— n 
— — 


— — Ja _ 
— — ß ᷑ — 


SA 


from mount Hæmus into the Iſter. He- 
rodut. 4, c. 49. 

Tiutscus, now Teiſſe, a river of Dacia, 
with a town of the ſame name, now Te- 
mcſtuar, It falls into the Danube. 

Tinkts. Vid. Tiberis. 

TiRVULA, a tuwn of Sardinia, now 
Lango Sardo. 

TiBuLLus (Aulus Albius) a Roman 
knight celebrated for his puetical compo- 
fitions. He followed Meſſala Corvinus into 
the if)1nd of Corcyra, but he was ſoon dif- 
ſatished with the toils of war, and retired 
to Rome, where he gave himſelf up to li- 
terary eaſe and indolence. His firſt com- 
poſition was to celebrate the virtues of his 
friend Meſſala, but his more favorite ſtudy 
was writing love verſes, in praiſe of his 
miſtreſſes Delia and Plautia, of Nemeſis 
and Nezera, and in theſe elegant effuſions 
he thuwed himſelf the moſt correct of the 
Roman poets, He loſt his poſſeſſions when 
the ſoldiers of the triumvirate were re- 
warded with lands; but he might have 
recovered them, if he had condelcenced, 
like Virgil, to make his court to Auguſtus, 
Four books of elegics are the only remain- 
ing pieces of his compoſition. They are 
uncommonly elegant and beautiful, and 
poſſeſſed with ſu much grace and purity of 
ſentiment, that the writer is deſervedly 
ranked as the prince of elegiac poets. Ti- 
bullus was intimate with the literary men 
of his age, and he for ſome time had a 
poetical conteſt with Horace, in gaining the 
favors of an admired courtezan, Ovid has 
written a beautiful elegy on the death of 
his friend. The poems of Tibullus are 
generally publiſhed with thoſe of Proper- 
tius and Catullus, of which the beſt edi- 
tions are, that of Vulpius, Patavii, 1737, 
1749, 1755; that of Barbou, 12 mo. Pa 
ris, 1754; and that by Heyne, Svo. Lipſ- 
1776. Ovid. 3, am, el. 9. Tri. 2, v. 447. 
— Horat. 1, ep. 4. I. 1, od. 33, v. 1.— Quin- 
. 0 e. . 

Ti ux, an antient town of the Sabines, 
abount 20 miles north of Rome, built as 
ſome ſay by Tibur the ſon of Amphiaraus. 
It was watered by the Anio, and Herculcs 
was the chief deity of the place. In the 
neighbourhood, the Romans on account of 
the ſalubrity of the air, had their ſeveral 
villas where they retired ; and there alſo 
Horace had his favorite country ſeat, tho” 
ſome place it nine miles higher. Strab. 5. 
Lic. 2, Orat. 65,—Suet. Cal. 21.—Pirg. 
u. 7, v. 630.—llorat, 3, od. 4, Oi. — 
Ovid. Faſt. 6, v. 61, &c. 

L. TiBukT1UsS, a centurion in Cæſar's 
army, wounded by Pompey's ſoldiers, 

T1iBUkTUs, the founder of Tibur, often 


called Tiburtia Mania. He was one of | ordered the Roman conſul Lucullut, 0. 


| that the Roman general was boldly 40. 


1 


the ſons of Amphiataus. Vrg. An, 5 v. 
670. 

Ticuis, now Tech, a river of Spain, 
falling into the Mediterranean. 

T1cHius, a name given to the top of 
mount (ta. Liv. 36, c. 16. 

Ticiva, a poet who wrote epigrams, 
and praiſed his miſtreſs Metella under the 
hetitivus name of Perilla. Ovid, Trift, 2, 
V. 433. 

Ticixus, now Teſiuo, a river near N. 
cinum, a ſmall town of Italy, where the 
Romans were defeated by Annibal. The 
town of Ticinum was alſo called Pawia. 
The Ticinus falls into the Po. Srrab, 5.— 
Ital. 4, v. 81. 

e. age, a man who joined Pompey, 

E. 

Tikss 4, a river of Laconia, falling into 
tie Eurotas. Pauſ. 3, c. 18. 

Tir Ara, a mountain of Campania, near 
Capua. Stat. Sylv. 4. 

TiIFERNUM, a name common to three 
towns of Italy. One of them for diſtine- 
tion's ſake, is called Metaurenſe, near the 
Metaurus in Umbria; the other, Tier. 
num, on the Tiber; and the third, Samni- 
ticum, in the country of the Sabines. Liv, 
10, c. 14.—Plin, 3, c. 14.—Plin. ſec. 4, 
cb. 1. 

Tires, a mountain and river in the 
country of the Samnites. Pin. 3, c. 11, 
Liv. 10, c. 30. — Mela. 2, c. 4. 

Ticasls, a ſon of Hercules. 

T1iGELLINGsS, a Roman celebrated for 
| his intrigues and perfidy in the court of Re- 
ro. He was appointed judge at the trial of 
the conſpirators who had leagued againſt Ne- 
ro, for which be was libcrally rewarded 
with triumphal honours. He afterwards be- 
trayed the eraperor, and was ordered to Ce- 
ſtroy himſelf, 63 A. D. Tacit. H. 1,c 
72.—Plut.—TJuv. 1. 

TiGELLIUs, a native of Sardinia, who 
became the favorite of J. Cæſar, of Clco- 
patra, and Auguſtus, by his mimicry and 
facetiouſneſs. He was celebrated for the 
melody of his voice, yet he was of a mean 
and ungenerous diſpoſition, and of unpleat 
ing manners, as Horace, 1 Sat. 2, v. 3, atd 
ſeq. inſinuates. 

TicRANntgs, a king of Armenia, who 
made himſelf maſter of Aflyria and Capps: 
docia, He married Cleopatra, the daugh- 
ter of Mithridates, and by the advice ! 
his father-in-law, he declared war again 
the Romans. He deſpiſed theſe diſtant 
enemies, and even ordered the head of tit 
meſſenger to be cut off who firſt told hin 


vancing towards his capital, His pride, 
however, was ſoon abated, and though be 


brought ali 
precipitatic 
after defea 
totally diſh 
ceive Mith 
ſet a price 
miſſion to 
cullus in A 
lents, inſur 
received a £ 
tinued at 
{ſecond ſon e 
him, and at 
the aſhſtanc 
daughter h 
ſucceed, ar 
Romans, by 
of Sophene, 
on the thre 
atterwards 
iuſolence to 
Mar. 5, e. 
Juſin. 40, 
Cc. A 
Tiberius. 
Inn. c. 40. 
the Cappad 
aſcend the t 
neral of the 
King of Arn 
C. 26,- A 
of Theodoſn 
TIGRAN. 
of Armenia, 
Mithridatic 
prings of 
Lucullus, du 
ſt with difhc 
riches, and 
icady money 
„ C, 9. 
Tickes, 
allo Harpys, 
name drown 
Trcxrs, r 
riſing on mc 
LUlling into 
ealtern bout 
Tigris now f. 
u the aye of 
Pels of theſe 
lin. 6, c. 27 
v. 256, 
Tiago xis 
elvetii, non 
vt Suit „Zu. 
Their capital 
ILAT £1, 
24. 2, 
Traut M1 
"No the Agri 
Tiirogsin 


1 


brought alive into his preſence, he fled with 
precipitation from his capital, and was ſoon 
after defeated near mount Taurus. This 
totally diſheartened him, he refuſed to re- 
ccive Mithridates into his palace, and even 


of ſet a price upon his head, His mean ſub- 

miſſion to Pompey, the ſucceſſor of Lu- 
ms, cullus in Aſia, and a bribe of 60,000 ta- 
the lents, inſured him on his throne, and he 
27 received a garriſon in his capital, and con- 

tinued at peace with the Romans. His 
Ti. ſecond ſon of the ſame name revolted againit 
the him, and attempted to dethroue him with 
The the aſſiſtance of the king of Parthia, whoſe 
via. daughter he had married. This did not 
5.— ſucceed, and the ſon had recourie to the 

Romans, by whom he was put in poſteſſion 
pey, of Sophene, while the father remained quict 

on the throne of Armenia. The ſon was 
into aſrerwards ſent in chains to Rome for his 


in{olence to Pompey. Cc. pro Man, Jul. 
near Max. 5, c. 1.—Paterc. 2, c. 33 & 37.— 
Tuſtin, 40, c. 1 & 2.—Plut. in Luc. Pomp. 


three Ti. A king of Armenia in the reign of 
tinc- Tiberius, He was put to death. Tacir. 6, 
ir the Ann. c. 40. One of the royal family of 
iberi- the Cappadocians, choſen by Tiberius to 
uni- aſcend tie throne of Armenia. A ge- 
Liv. neral of the Medes. A man appointed 
ec. 4 king of Armenia by Nero. Tacit. A. 14, 


c. 26,,——A prince of Armenia in the age 
of Theodoſius. 

Tic6RANOCERTA, now Sered, the capital 
of Armenia, built by Tigranes, during the 
Mithridatic war, on a hill between the 


in the 
C. Ih 


ed for brings of the Tigris and mount Taurus. 
of Ne- Lucullus, during the Mirkridatic war, took 
trial of It with difficulty, and found in it immenſe 
11t Ne- riches, and no leſs than Sooo talents in 
warded ready money. Tacit. Ann. 15, c. 4.—Plin. 
ds be · b, c. . 

to de- 


Tickets, a river of Peloponneſus, called 


16 allo Harpys, from a perſon of the ſame 
name drowned in it. Apollod. 1, c. 9. 

ay who Ticr1s, now Baſilenſa, a river of Aſia, 
f Clco- ring on mount Niphate in Armenia, and 
ry and falling into the Perſian guiph, It is the 
for the ealtern boundary of Meſopotamia, 

a mean Tigris now falls into the Euphrates, though 
mpleat u the aye of Pliny the two ſeparate chan- 
3, and wels of theſe rivers could be eaſily traced. 

Plin. 6, e. 27,— Tuſtin. 42, c. 3.—Lucen, 3, 

a, wiv Wl v. 250. 

Capps Ticurini, a warlike people among the 
dauzb. WY Heivetii, now forming the modern cantons 
dice ® of Stwitz, Zurich, Scl 'ffharſen, and St. Gall. 
again Their capital was Tigurum. Caf. bc. G. 
diſtant TiL ATI, a people of Thrace, Au- 
d of the TH 2, 
told bim  TiLavemprTrs, a river of Italy falling 
idly 26 no the Adriatic, at the well of Aquileia. 
is pride, T1irogsruys, a mountain ef Barutia,— 
,ough be 
us, to be 8 8 

þroug" uf, 


The Auguſtus. 


. 


| Alto a fountain at the tomb of Tireſſas, 


Pauſ. Bact. 33. 

Tiutun, a town of Sardinia, now Ar- 
gentera, 

TiLLivs CimBeR. Vid. Tullius. 

Titox, a north-weſt cape of Corſica, 

TiLraUussSVUS, a mountain of Bœotia. 

TiMacus, a iiver of Maha falling ints 
the Danube, The neighbouring people 
were called Timachi. Pin. 3, c. 26. 

TiMza, the wife of Agis, king of Spar- 
ta, was debauched by Alcibiades, by whom 
ſhe had a fon. This child was rejected in 
the ſucceſſion to the throne, though Agis, 
on his death bed, declared him to be legiti- 
mate. Plut. in. Alg. 

TiM.Us, a friend of Alexander, who 
came to his aſſiſtance when he was alone 
ſurrounded by the Oxydrace. He was 
killed in the encounter. Cvrt. 9, c. 5. 
An hiſtorian of Sicily, who floriſhed about 
262 B. C. and died in the 9th year of bis 
age. His father's name was Andromachus. 
He was baniſhed from Sicily by Agathocles. 
His general hiſtory of Sicily, and that of the 
wars of Pyrrhus, were in general eſteem, 
and his authority was great, except when he 
treated of Agathocles. All his compoſitions 
are loſt. Put. in Nic. Cite. de Orat.— Did. 
5.—C. Nep. A writer who publiſhed 
ſome treatiſes concerning antient philoſo- 
phers. Diog.. in Emp. A Pythagorcan 
philoſopher, born at Locris. He followed 
the doctrines of the founder of the metem- 
pſychoſis, but in ſome parts of his ſyſtem of 
the world he differed from him. He wrote 
a treatiſe on the nature and the ſoul of thx 
world, in the Doric dialect, ſtill extant. 
Plato in Tim. —Plut. An Athenian in 
the age of Alcibiades. Put. A ſophiſt, 
who wrote a book c:lled Lexicon vocum Pla. 
tunicarum. 

TimacEnzs, a Greek hiſtorian of Alex- 
andria, 54 B. C. brought to Rome by Ga- 
binius, and ſold as flave to the fon of Sylla, 
His great abilities procured him his liberty, 
and gained the favors of the great, and of 
The emperor diſcarded him for 
his impertinence; and Timagenes, to re- 
venge himſelf on his patron, burnt the inte- 
reſting hiſtory which he had compoſed of his 
reign, Plaut. — Horat. t, ep. 19, v. 15.— 
Quintil, An hiſtorian and rhetorician of 
Miletus. A man who wrote an account 
of the life of Alexander. Curt. 9, c. 5. 
A general, killed at Cheronza. 

T1iMAGGRAS, an Athenian, capitally pu- 
niſhed for paying homage to Darius, accord- 
ing to. the Perſian manner of kneeling on 
the ground, when he was ſent to Perſia as 
ambaſſador, Val. Max. 6, c. 3.— id. 
| Meles. 


TIN AN DRA, 


ö 


—_— — — — 


_ — —— — 
= 
— - * 


1 


1 1 


» 

TrmanDRaA, 2 daughter of Leda, fifter F TrMocLEA, a Theban lady, fiſter toTh+. fucceſs g 

to Helen. She married Echemus of Arca- | agenes, who was killed at Cheronæa. One many cit 

0 dia. Pauf. 8, c. 5.——A miſtreſs of Alci- | of Alexander's ſoldiers offered her violence, him as a 
: biades. after which ſhe led her raviſher to a well, and wher 
| | TiMANDRIDES, a Spartan, celebrated | and while he believed that immenſe trea. by the to 
4 for his virtues. {ures were concealed there, Timoclea threw Curthagir 
u TiMANTHES, a painter of Sicyon, in the | him into it. Alexander commended ter had been 
2 reign of Philip, the father of Alexander the | virtue, and forbad his ſoldiers to hurt the on the ſp 
Þ great. In his celebrated painting of Iphi- | Theban females, Plat. in Alex. almoſt de 
x genia going to be immolated he repreſented TiMocRATES, a Greek philoſopher of ſolicitatio 
1 all the attcndants overwhelmed with grief ; | uncommon auſterity. A Svracuſan, who lony was 
4 but his ſuperior genius, by covering the face | married Arete when Dion had been baniſhed equally di 
| i of Agamemnon, left to the conception of the | into Greece by Dionyſus. He com manded houſes we 

| imagination the deep ſorrows of the father. | the forces of the tyrant. which we 
He obtained a prize, for which the cele- TimoCcREoN, a comic poet of Rhodes, ſtate; and 

1 brated Parrhaſius was a competitor. This | who obtained poetical, as well as gymnaſtic Syracuſe 1 

. was in painting an Ajax with all the fury | prizes at Olympia. He lived about 476 the conqui 

i which his diſappointments could occaſion, | years before Chriſt, diſtinguiſhed for his the other 1 
when deprived of the arms of Achilles. | voracity, and reſentment againſt Simonides tyrants we 

Cic. de Crat.— Fal. Max. 8, c. 11. lian. | and Themiſtocles, The following epitaph iſland, A 

F. H. 9g, c. 11. An athlete of Cleone, [Was written on his grave: for the Sy 

| who burnt himſelf when he perceived that ; thage, wh; 

| his ſtrength began to fail. Par. 6, c. 8. A _ Amame commotior 
* TiMARCHUS, a philoſopher of Alexan— D 5 peace was 
1 dria, intimate with | gras re the diſci- Multis, lie. jaceo Timecreon Rhodius. titude of 
I ple of Socrates. Dig. A rhetorician, TimoptMmus, the father of Timoleon. where to 

F. who hung himſelf when accuſed of licen— Troll Aus, a Spartan, intimate with received 

4 tiouſneſs by Æſchines. A Cretan, ac- | Philopemen, &c. A ſon of the cele- lic alſemb] 

E cuſed be fore Nero of oppreſſion. Tacit. A. | brated Zenobia. A general of Alexander, unconnecte 

4 15, c. 20. An officer in Ætolia, who | put to death by the Thebans. tinued to e 

+4 burnt his ſhips to prevent the flight of his T1imMoLFon, a celebrated Corinthian, ſon racuſe; his 

4 companions, and to enſure himſelf the | of Timodemus and Demariſte, He was of importa 

| victory. Polyen. 5, A king of Salamis. | ſuch an enemy to tyranny, that he did not He ridicule 

1 | — — A tyrant of Miletus, in the age of An- | hefitate to murder his own brother Timo- and when ſ 

1 tiochus, &c. phanes, when he attempted, againſt his re- with oppreſ 

5 TiMARETA, a priefteſs of the oracle of | preſentations, to make himſelf abſolute in who were g 

| Dodona. Herodet. 2, c. 94. Corinth. This was viewed with pleaſure by mediate de; 

iy T1iMAS1ON, one of the leaders of the | the friends of liberty; but the mother of his provide 

4 10,000 Greeks, & c. Timoleon conceived the moſt inveterate an aſſaſſin, 1 

a T1MASITHEUS, a prince of Lipara, who | averſion for her ſon, and for ever baniſhed biographers 

4 obliged a number of pirates to ſpare ſome | him from her ſight. This proved painful to acrifice to t 

* Romans who were going to make an offer- | Timoleon ; a ſettled melancholy dwelt upen laſins, ſent 

4 ing of the ſpoils of Veii to the god of Del- | his mind, and he refuſed to accept of any perſon in di 
4 phi. The Roman ſenate rewarded him | offices in the ſtate. When the Syracuſans, aſſaſſins was 

| very liberally, and 137 years after, when | opprefled with the tyranny of Diony ſius the luddenly ſta 

the Carthaginians were diſpoſſeſſed of Li- | younger, and of the Carthaginians, had (o- who made h 

para, the ſame generoſity was nobly extend- | licited the affiflance of the Corinthians, al othet aſlaſſin 

ed to his deſcendants in the iſland. Dizd. | looked upon Timoleon as a proper delivertt, e panion, fell | 

14.— Put. in Cam. but all applications would have been diſte- in the preſe 

Tin vs, a broad river of Italy, rifing | garded, if one of the magiſtrates had nd racy that had 

from a mountain, and after running a ſhort | awakened in him the ſenſe of natural über- The unknow 

ſpace, falling by ſeven mouths, or according | ty. 7imeleon, ſays he, if you accept of the ſued, and w. 

to ſome by only one, into the Adriatic ſea. | command of this expedition, awe will believe that he had ce 

There are at the mouth of the Timavus, | thut you have killed a tyrant ; but if not, W the death of 

fmall iflands with hot ſprings of water. | cannot but call you your brother's murder! man he had 

Mela. 2, c. 4.— irg. ec. 8, v. 6, An. 1, | This had due effect, and Timoleon ſailed lor town of Leo 

v. 44 & 243.—Strab. 5.—Plin. 2, c. 103. | Syracuſe in ten ſhips, accompanied by about BW 3nd his confe 

TiMESHUs, a native of Clazomenz, who | 1000 men. The Carthaginians attempted moleon die 

began to build Abdera. He was prevented | to oppoſe him, but Timoleon eluded ther before the Ch 

by the Thracians, but honored as a hero at | vigilance. Icetas, who had the poſſeſſion d an honorable : 

Abdera. Herodot. 1, c. 168. the city, was defeated, and Diony ſius, who tom him 7. 

TiMocHXRts, an aſtronomer of Alexan- | deſpaired of ſucceſs, gave himſelf up e Fateful natio 

dia, 294 B. C. Fid, Ariſtillus. the hands of the Corinthian general. 44 of the public 


eliwereh, 
n diſce- 
had not 
al my 
ft of lle 
] * 
not, ut 
nur derel. 
ailed fot 
by about 
ttempted 
ed tben 
ſeſſion ol 
us, who 
f up into 
al. TV 

ſuccell 


1 


furceſs gained Timoleon adherents in Sicily, 
many cities which hitherto had looked upon 
him as an impoſtor, claimed his protection, 
and when he was at laſt maſter of Syracuſe 
by the total overthrow of Ieetas, and of the 
Carthaginians, he razed the eitadel which 
had been the ſeat of tyranny, and creed 
on the ſpot a common hall. Syracuſe was 
almoſt deſtitute of inhabitants, and at the 
ſolicitation uf Timoleon, a Corinthian co- 
lony was ſent to Sicily; the lands were 
equally divided among the citizens, and the 
houſes were ſold for a thouſand talents, 
which were appropriated to the uſe of the 
ſtate, and depoſited in the treaſury, When 
Syracuſe was thus delivered from tyranny, 
the conqueror extended his benevolence to 
the other ſtates of Sicily, and all the petty 
tyrants were reduced and baniſhed from the 
ifland, A code of ſalutary laws was framed | 
fur the Syracuſans ; and the armies of Car- 
thage, which bad attempted again to raiſe 
commotions in Sicily, were defeated, and 
peace was at laſt re-eſtabliſhed. The gra- 
titude of the Sicilians was ſhewn every 
where to their deliverer. Timoleon was 
received with repeated applauſe in the pub- 
lic aſſemblies, and though a private man, 
unconnected with the government, he con- 
tinued to enjoy his former influence at Sy- 
racuſe; his advice was conſulted on matters 
of importance, and his authority reſpected, 
He ridiculed the accuſations of malevolence, 
and when ſome informers hid charged him 
with opprefſiunz he rebuked the Syracuſans 
who were going to put the accuſers to im- 
mediate death. A remarkable inſtance of 
his providential eſcape from the dagger bf 
an aſſaſſin, has been recorded by one of his 
biographers. As he was going to offer a 
facrifice to the gods after a victory, two aſ- 
laſins, ſent by the enemies, approached his 
perſon in diſgulſe. The arm of one of the 
aſſaſſins was already lifted up; when he was 
luddenly ftabbed by an unknown perſon, 
who made his eſcape from the camp. The 
othet aſlaſſin, ſtruck at the fall of his com- 
panion, fell before Timoleon; and confeſſed, 
in the preſence of the army, the conſpi- 
racy that had been formed againſt his life. 
The unknown aſſaſſin was mean time pur- 
ſued, and when he was found; he declared, 
that he had committed no crirhe in avenging 
the death of a beloved father, whom the 
man he had ſtabbed had murdered in the 
town of Leontini. Enquiries were made, 
and his confeſſions were found to be true. 
Timoleon died at Syracuſe about 337 years 
before the Chriſtian era. His body received 
an honorable burial, in a public place called 
from him Timalconteum; but the tears of a 
Fateful nation were more convincing proofs 


feſtivals, and games yeatly to be obſerved 
on the day of his death. C. Nep. & Plut. 
in vita, —Polyen. $.—< Died. 16. 

Timodrtvs, Vid. Tmolus. | 

TimomAcnvs, a paintet of Byzantium ' 
in the age of Sylla and Marius. His paint. 
ings of Medea and Ajax were purchaſed 
for 80 talents by J. Cæſat, and depoſited in 
the temple of Venus at Rome. Plin. 355 
„ 11, A general of Athens; ſent to aſ- 
fiſt the Thebans. NXenoph. 

Timon, a native of Athens, called M- 
ſanthrope, fot his unconquerable averſion to 
mankind aud all ſociety. He was fond of 
another Athenlan, whoſe character was fi- 
milar to his own, and he ſaid that he had 
ſome partiality for Alcibiades, becauſe he 
was one day to be his country's ruin. Once 
he went into the public aſſembly, and told 
his countrymen, that he had a fig-tree on 
which many had ended their life with a hal- 
ter, and that as he was going to cut it down 
to raiſe a building on the ſpot; he adviſed 
all ſuch as were inclined to deſtroy them- 
ſelves, to haſten and go and hang them- 
ſelves in his garden. Plut. in Alc, &c.— 
Lucian, in Tim, — Pauſ. 6, c. 12,——A, 
Greek poet, ſon of Timarchus, in the age 
of Ptolemy Philadelphus. He wrote ſeve- 
ral dramatic pieces all now loſt, and died 
in the goth year of his age. Diog.—Athen. 
6 & 13.— An athlete of Elis. Pau. 6, 
C. t2, 

TimoPri Ants, a Corinthian; brother to 
Timoleon. He attempted to make himſelf 
tyrant of his country, by means of the 
mercenary ſoldiers with whom he had fought 
againſt the Argives and Cleomenes. Ti- 
moleon wiſhed to convince him of the im- 
propriety of his meaſures, and when he 
found him unmoved, he cauſed him to be 
aſlaſſinated. Plat. & C. Nep. in Tim. 
A man of Mitylene, celebrated for his 
riches, &c. 

TimoTHEUs, a poet and muſician of 
Miletus. He was received with hiff:s the 
firſt time he exhibited as muſician in the 
aſſembly of the people, and further applica- 
tions would have totally been abaridoned, 
had not Euripides diſcovered his abilities, 
and encouraged him to follow a profeſſion in 
which he afterwards gained ſo much applauſe. 
He received an immenſe ſum of money from 
the Epheſians, becauſe he had compoſed a 
poem in honor of Diana. He died about 
the goth ycat of his age; two years befote 
the birth of Alexander the great. There 
was alſo another muſician of Bootia in the 
age of Alexander, often confounded with 
the tuufician of Miletus. He was @ great 
favorite of the conqueror of Darius. Cit. de 
Leg. 2, c. 15.— Pau. 3, e. 12.— Put. dt 


er the public regret, thag the inſtitution of 


| muſic, de furt, W Athenian genes 
| 3 


_ — — _—_ 


h 


8 * * © Ga 


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——ũä—ꝓ— — 23 


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p— c «“!l„ —71ê —  - 


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— — a; 


Per FI * 2 * 


111 


ral, fon of Conon. He fignalized himſelf | 
by his valor and magnanimity, and ſhewed 

that he was not inferior to his great father 

in. military prudence, He ſeized Corcyra, 

a obtained ſeveral victories over the The- 

b. & , but his ill ſucceſs in one of his expe- 

ditions diſguſted the Athenians, and Timo» 

theus, like th Ar of his noble predeceſſors, 

was waned a large ſum of money. He re- 

tired to Chalcis, where he died. He was ſo 

diſintereſted, that he never appropriated any 

of the plunder to his own uſe, but after one 

of his expeditions, he filled the treaſury of 
Athens with 1200 talents. Some of the 

antients, to intimate his continual ſucceſſes, 

have repreſented him fleeping by the fide 

of Fortune, while the goddeſs drove cities 

into his net. Pauſ. 1, c. 29.—Plut. in Syll. 

&c.— lian. J. H. 2, e. 10 & 18. |. 3, c. 

16.—C. Neyo. A Greek ſtatuary. Pauſ. 
2, C. 32. A tyrant of Heraclea, who 
murdered his father. Did. 16. A King 

of the Sapzi. 

TimoxENnvus, a governor of Sieyon, who 
betrayed his truſt, &c. Polyan. A ge- 
neral of the Achæans. 

TixG1s, now Tangier, a maritime town 
of Africa in Mauritania, built by the giant 
Antzus. Sertorius took it, and as the 
tomb of the founder was near the place, he 
cauſed it to be opened, and found in it a 
ſkeleton fixty cubits long. This increaſed 
the veneration of the people for their foun- 
der. Plut. in Sert.— Mela. 1, c. 5,—Plin, 
5, c. I.—Sil. 3, v. 258. | 

Tin1a, a river of Umbria, now Topino, 
falling into the Clitumnus, Strab. 5. — II. 
8, v. 454. a 

Tirua, a town of Bœotia, where Her- 
cules had a temple. Ovid. ep. 6, v. 48.— 
Hauſ. 9, C. 32. 

Tieurs, the pilot of the ſhip of the Ar- 
gonauts, was ſon of Hagnius, or, according 
to ſome, of Phorbas. He died before the 
Argonauts reached Colchis, at the court of 
Lycus in the Propontis, and Erginus was 
choſen in his place. Orph.—Apolled. r, c. 
9.—Apollon.—Val. Flacc,-Pauſ. 9, c. 32. 
— Hygin. fab. 14 & 18. 

Tipuvsa, a daughter of Theſtius. 4- 
Pollod. 2, c. 7. | 

Tixkstas, a Celebrated - prophet of 
Thebes, ſon of Everus and Chariclo, He 
lived to a great age, which ſome authors 
have called as long as ſeven generations of 
men, others fix, and others nine, during the 
time that Polydorus, Labdacus, Laius, 
Adipus, and his, ſons, ſat on the throne of 
Thebes. It is ſaid that in his youth he 
found two ſerpents in the act of copulation 
on moum Cyllene, and that when he had 


3 


girl, Seven years after he found agaln 
ſome ſerpents together in the ſame manner, 
and he recovered his original ſex, by ſtrik- 
ing them a ſecond time with his wand, 
When he was a woman, Tireſias had mar- 
ried, and it was from thoſe reaſons, accords 
ing to ſome of the antients, that Jupiter and 
Juno referred to his deciſion, a diſpute in 
which the deities wiſhed to know, which of 
the ſexes received greater pleaſure from the 
connubial flate, Tireſias, who could ſpeak 
from actual experience, decided in favor of 
Jupiter, and declared, that the pleaſue 
which the female received, was ten times 
greater than that of the male. Juno, who 
ſupported a different opinion, and gave the 
ſuperiority to the male ſex, puniſhed Tire- 
has by depriving him of his eye-fight. Byt 
this dreadful loſs was in ſome meaſure re- 
paired by the humanity of Jupiter, who 
beſtowed upon him the gift of prophecy, 
and permitted him to live ſeven times more 
than the reſt of men. Theſe cauſes of the 
blindneſs of Tireſias, which are ſupported 
by the authority of Ovid, Hyginus, aud 
others, are contradicted by Apollodorus, 
Callimachus, Propertius, &c. who declare 
that this was inflicted upon him as a puniſh- 
ment, becauſe he had ſeen Minerva bathing 
in the fountain Hippocrene, on mount 
Helicon, Chariclo, who accompanied Mi- 
nerva, complained of the ſeverity with 
which her ſon was treated; but the goddeſs, 
who well knew that this was the irrevocable 
puniſhment inflicted by Saturn on ſuch mor- 
tals as fix their eyes upon a goddeſs without 
her conſent, alleviated the misfortunes of 
Tireſias, by making him acquainted with 
futurity, and giving him a ſtaff which could 
conduct his ſteps with as much ſafety as if 
he had the uſe of his eye-ſight. During his 
life-time, Tirchas was an infallible oracle 
to all Greece, The generals, during the 
Theban war, conſulted him, and found his 
predictions verified. He drew his prophe- 
cies ſometimes from the flight or the Jan- 
guage of birds, in which he was aſſiſted by 
his daughter Manto, and ſometimes he drew 
the manes from the infernal regions to know 
futurity with myſtical ceremonies. He at 
laſt died, after drinking the waters of a cold 
fountain, which froze his blood. He was 

buried with great pomp by the Thebans ol 

mount Tilphuſſus, and honored as a god. 

His oracle at Orchomenos was in univerſal 

eſteem. Homer repreſents Ulyſſes as going 

to the infernal regions to conſult Tireſias 

concerning his return to Ithaca, Apollad. 3, 

c. 6.— Theocrit. Id. 24, v. 70.—Stat. Tit. 

2, v. 96.—Hygin. fab. 75.—ſchyl. ſe 

ante Theb,—Sophocl, in dip. tyr.— Pindar 


ſtruck them with a ſtick to ſeparate them, 
he found himſelf ſuddenly changed kako a 


Nem, 1,—Di«d. 4.— Homer. Od. 11.— Pu.. 
in Symp. &c.— /. 9, C. 33. : 
T1&18455% 


Pome ſuppoſe 
Inder, the ſo 
27 v. 261. 


Tizrn. 
killed by 
the king” 

TIRID. 
medes live 

TI RID. 
the expulſ 
He was ſo 
guſtus. F 
king of Pa 

of Phraate 
[acit. ann 
royal treaſi 
ſurrender t. 
c. 5, &C,— 
reign of Ne 
Tirrs, : 
oppoſed An 
Tirxo, 7 
greatly eſtee 
ing and goo 
invented ſhe 
mans. He 
other treatiſe 
TixyxnT; 
becauſe ſhe 
Met. 6. 
Tizywrty 
Peloponneſu: 
Argus. He 
whence he is 
2, C. 16 & 2 
H. z, e. 15 0 
— V.. 8, v. 2 
Tis æunu, 
Po/yb, 
Tisac6R 1 
called alſo Ste 
TisamEns 
Oreſtes and H 
nelaus, who 
Argos and I 
entered his kj 
dein, and he 
family into A 
after killed in 
near Helice, 


e furies, wh 
bouſe of dip 
ranquillity, bu 
lucceſſor Auteſ 
We to Doris. 

native of 

lympic games 

ISANDRUS 
*aled with UI 


ARCHUYS 


ST TT 7 


© © 0 


a god. 
iverſal 
going 
re ſias 
lad. Jy 
| Thed, 
yl. K. 
Pindar, 


Pu.. 


THY 


FT 

Tits zskxs, an officer of Artaxerxes, 
killed by the guards for conſpiring againſt 
the king's life, B. C. 394. Plut. in Arr. 

Tir1DA, a town of Thrace where Dio- 
medes lived. Plin. 4, c. 11. 

Tiz1DATEs, a king of Parthia, after 
the expulſion of Phraates by his ſubjects. 
He was ſoon after depoſed and fled to Au- 
guſtus. Horat. 1, Od. 26.-——A man made 
king of Parthia by Tiberius, after the death 
of Phraates, in oppoſition to Artabanus. 
Tacit. ann, 6, &C. A keeper of the 
royal treaſures at Perſepolis, who offered to 
ſurrender to Alexander the Great. Curt. 5, 
c. 5, Kc. A king of Armenia, in the 
reign of Nero. A fon of Phraates, &c. 

Tits, a general of the Thracians, who 
oppoſed Antiochus. Poſyæn. 4. 

Tixzo, Tullius, a freedman of Cicero, 
greatly eſteemed by his maſter for his learn- 
ing and good qualities. It is ſaid that he 
invented ſhort-hand writing among the Ro- 
mans. He wrote the life of Cicero, and 
other treatiſes now loſt, Cc. ad Att. &c. 

TixYNTHIA, a name given to Alcmena, 
becauſe ſhe lived at Tirynthus. Ovid. 
Met. 6. | 

TIB XN Tus, a town of Argolis in the 
Peloponneſus, founded by Tirynx, ſon of 
Argus. Hercules generally rehded there, 
whence he is called Tirynthius heros, og 
2, c. 16 & 25.—Plin. 4, c. 5. —Alian. V. 
H. 3, c. 15 & 49,—Virg. u. 7, v. 662. 
.I. 8, v. 217. 

Tis kun, a mountain of Theſſaly. 
Po/yb, 

Tisacd RAS, a brother of Miltiades, 
called alſo Steſagoras. C. Nep. in Milt, 

TisaMENES, or TisamENUus, a ſon of 
Oreſtes and Hermione, the daughter of Me- 
nelaus, who ſucceeded on the throne of 
Argos and Lacedæemon. The Heraclidæ 
entered his kingdom in the third year of his 
reign, and he Was obliged to retire with his 
family into Achaia. He was ſome time 
after killed in a battle againſt the Ionians, 
near Helice. Apollod. 2, c. 7.—Pauſ. 3, 
. e. 1. A king of Tliebes, ſon 
Therſander, and grandſon of Polynices. 
The furies, who continually perſecuted the 
houſe of (Edipus, permitted him to live in 
Kanquillity, but they tormented his ſon and 
lucceſſor Auteſion, and obliged him to re- 
ue to Doris. Pau. 3, c. 5. I. 9, c. 6. 
A native of Elis, crowned twice at the 

lympic games. Pauſ. 3, c.11. 

Tisaxprus, one of the Greeks con- 
*aled with Ulyſſes in the wooden horſe. 


dome ſuppoſe him to be the ſame as Ther- 


Under, the ſon of Polynices. Firg. An. 


© v. 261. 
Tisakcuvs, a friend of Agathocles, 


AI 
| by whom he was murdered, &c. Fo- 
Hen. 5. 
W a town of Africa. Cæſ. Afr. 
79, 


TisIARUs, a town of Africa. 

T1s1as, an antient philoſopher of Sicily, 
conſidered by ſome as the tor of rhe - 
toric, &c. Cic. de inv. 2, w 2. Orat. 1; 
c. 18. 

Tislyns xx, one of the Furies, daughter 
of Nox and Acheron, who was the miniſter 
of Divine vengeance upon mankind, and 
puniſhed the wicked in Tartarus. She was 
repreſented with a whip in her hand, ſer- 
pents hung from her head, and were wreath- 
ed round her arms inſtead of bracelets. By 
Juno's direction the attempted to prevent 
the landing of Io in Egypt, but the god of 
the Nile repelled her, and obliged her to re- 
tire to hell. Stat. Theb. 1, v. 59.—Pirg. 
G. 3, v. 552. An. 6, v. 555.—Horat, 1. 
Sat. 8, v. 34. A daughter of Alemæon 
and Manto. 

T1is1?H6NUus, a man who conſpired a- 
againſt Alexander, tyrant of Pheræ, and 
ſeized rhe ſovereign power, &c. Died. 16. 

T1$SSA, now Randaxzo, a town of Si- 
cily. Sil. 14, v. 268.—Cic. Verr. 3, c. 38. 

TissaMENus. Vid. TiSAMENUS. 

T1isSSAPHERNES, an officer of Darius. 
A ſatrap of Perſia, commander of the 
forces of Artaxerxes, at the battle of Cu- 
naxay againſt Cyrus. It was by his valo. 
and intrepidity that the king's forces gained 
the victory, and for this he obtained the 
daughter of Artaxerxes in marriage, and all 
the provinces of which Cyrus was governor. 
His popularity did not long continue, and 
the king ordered him to be put to death 
when he had been conquered by Ageſilaus, 
395 B. C. C. Nep. An officer in the 
army of Cyrus, killed by Artaxerxes at the 
battle of Cunaxa. Put. 

Ti rA, the mother of the Titans. She 
is ſuppoſed to be the ſame as Thea, Rhea, 
Terra, &c. 

TiTAN, or TiTANus, a ſon of Cœlus 
and Terra, brother to Saturn and Hyperion. 
He was the eldeſt of the children of Cœlus; 
but he gave his brother Saturn the kingdom 
of the world, provided he raiſed no male 
children, When the birth of Jupiter was 
concealed, Titan made war againſt Saturn, 
and impriſoned him till he was replaced on 
his throne by his ſon Jupiter. This tradi- 
tion is recorded by Lactantius, a Chriſtian 
writer, who took it from the dramatic com- 
poſitions of Ennius, now loſt. None of the 
antient mythologiſts, ſuch as Apollodorus, 
Heſiod, Hyginus, &c. have made mention 
of Titan. Titan is a name applied to Sa- 
turn by Orpheus and Lucian; to the ſun 


3G 2 by 


—— — rn —— — —— — 


SI 


by Virgil and Ovid; and to Prometheus | 
by Juvenal. Ovid. Met. 1, v. 10.— Juv. 
14, v. 35.—Diod. $.— Pauf. 2, c. 11.— 
Orpheus Hymn. 13.--Virg. Zn. 4, v. 119. 
TiTAxA, a town of Sicyonia in Pelo- 
ponneſus. Titanus reigned there, ——A 
man ſkilled in attronomy. Par. 2, c. 11. 
TiTANEsS, a name given to the ſons of 
Cœlus and Terra. They were 45 in num- 
ber, according to the Egvptians. Apol- 
lodorus mentions 13, Hyginus fix, and He- 
hod 20, among whom are the Titanides. 
The moiſt known of the Titans are Saturn, 
Hyperion, Occanus, Japetus, Cottus, and 
Briareus, to whom Horace adds, Typhoeus, 
Mimus, Porphyrion, Rhœtus, and Ence- 
tadus, who are by other mythologiſts reck- 
oned among the giants. They were all 
ot a gigantic ſtature, and with proportion- 
able ſtrength. They were treated with 
great cruelty by Cœlus, and confined in 
the bowcls of the earth, till their mother 
pitied their misfortunes, and armed them 
againſt their father. Saturn with a ſcythe 
cut off the genitals of his father, as he was 
going to unite himſelf to Terra, and threw 
them into the ſea, and from the froth ſprang 
a new deity, called Venus; as alſo Alecto, 
Tiſiphone, and.,Megz1a, according to A- 
pollodorus. When Saturn ſucceeded his 
tather, he married Rhea ; but he devoured 
all his male children, as he had been in- 
formed, by an oracle, that he ſhould be 
dethroned by them as a puniſhment for his 
cruelty to his father. The wars of the 
Titans againſt the gods are very celebrated 
in mythology. They are often confounded 
with that of the giants; but it is to be ob- 
ſerved, that the war of the Titans was 


x 


Tk 

TiTHENIDIA, a feſtival of Sparta, in 
which nurſes, TrInyai, conveyed male in- 
fants entrulted to their charge, to the tem- 
ple of Diana, where they factificed young 
pigs. During the time of the ſolemnity, 
they generally danced and expoſed them- 
ſelves in ridiculous poſtures; there were 
alſo ſome entertainments given near the 
temple, where tents were erected, Each 
had a ſeparate poition allotted him, toge- 
ther with a ſmall loaf, a piece of new 
cheele, part of the entrails of the victim, 
and hgs, beans, and green vetches, inficad 
of ſweet meats. 

Tiruòxus, a ſon of Laomedon, king 
of Troy, by Strymo, the daughter of the 
Scamander. He was fo beautiful that Au— 
rora became enamouted of him, and carria! 
him away, He had by her Memnon and 
Emathion. He begged of Aurora to be im- 
mortal, and the goddeſs granted it; but 
as he had forgotten to aſk the vigor, youth, 
and beauty, which he then enjoyed, he ſoon 
grew old, infirm, and decrepid; and 25 
life became inſupportable to him, he prayed 
Aurora to remove him from the world, 
As he could not die, the goddeſs changed 
him into a cicada, or graſshopper. Ape. 
lod. 35 c. 5.—Pirg. G. 1, v. 447, Anu. 4, 
v. 585, J. 8, v. 384.—Hefrod, Theog.. 984. 
— Died. 1.— Ovid. Fa. 1, v. 461. J. 9, v. 
403.—orat. 1, Od. 28. |. 2, Od. 16. 

TiTHOREA, one of the tops of Par- 
naſſus. Herodot. 8, c. 32. 

TiTHRAUSTES, a Perſian ſatrap, B. C. 
395, ordered to murder Tiſſaphernes by 
Artaxerxes. He ſucceeded to the offices 
which the flaughtered favorite enjoyed. 
He was defeated by the Arhenians under 
Cimon. An officer in the Perſian court, 


againſt Saturn, and that of the giants 
againſt Jupiter. Hicſcd. I Heeg. 135, &c. 
— Apoiled. 1, c. 1.—Aſchyl. in Prom. — 
Callim. in Del. 17.— Died. 1,—Hygin. pra. 
fab. 

TiTtANn1A, a patronymic applied to Pyr- 
rha, as grand-daughter of Titan, and like- 
wiſe to Diana. Quid, Met. 1, v. 395. J. 2, 
&c, 

TiTANiDegs, the daughters of Calus 
and Terra: reduced in number to fix ac- 
coiding to Heſiod, or to {even according to 
Orpheus. The moſt celebrated were Te- 
tiiys, Themis, Dione, Thea, Mnemoſyne, 
Ops, Cybele, Veita, Pho:be, and Rhea. 
Hejicd. Theog. 135, &. — elle. 1, c. 1. 

Tir Anus, a river in Peloponueſus, 
with a town and mountain of the ſame 
Dane. 

FITARESUS, a river of Theſſaly, called 
alſo Eurotas, flowing into the Peneus. 
Strub. S.— Pau. 8, c. 18. 

TrTixUs, a river of Colchis, falling 
into the Euxine fea, Apollon. 4. 


* The name was common to ſome « 
the ſuperior officers of ſtate in the court a 


Plut,—C. Nep. in Dat. ©) 


— — 


Artaxcrxcs. 
Conon, 
| T1114, a deity among the Milchans, 
T1T1A LEX de magiſtratibus, by P. T. 
tius, the tribune, A. U. C. 710. It a. 
dained that a triumvirate of magiſtrate 
ſhould be inveſted with conſular powe! e 
preſide over the republic for hve year 
The perſons choſen were Octavius, Anton), 
and Lepidus. Another, de provid 
which required that the provincial queſtors 
like the conſuls and prætors, ſhould recen 
| their provinces by lot. 
TITI ANA Flavia, the wife of the en 


| peror Pertivax, diſgraced herſelf by her de- 


| bauckerics and incontinence. Aſter te 
murder of her huſband ſhe was reduced ty 
poverty, and ſpent the reſt of her lite in ® 
vbicure retreat, 

Tirlizus, Attil. a noble Roman, f 
te death A. B. 156, by the ſenate, for# 
| Pore 


piring re 
proſcribe 
Pius. — 
Titi! 
TiTt1) 
the firſt 
of Caſſii 
the ſlave 
frayed h 
T1711 
appointec 
Ann. c. 
who ena 
of a ver 
Pompey” 
othcers,— 
fo Sylla.- 
guſtan ay 
his Iyric : 
tlorat, I, 
Tirok 
another 1 
digious ſti 
contempo 
lift on h 
Crotonian 
V. H. 12, 
TitTuR 
informed a 
1 
killed by 
29, &c. 
Tirus 
Flavia Do 
valor in t! 
the ſiege o 
of the Chr. 
the imperi 
had every 1 
barities of ; 
of a Nero, 
Titus had | 
Vagance ar 
were the m 
it ſeemed th 
reſt of the v 
impure defi 
From ſuch 
migit be cut 
O% a tather, 
ranny and o 
model of vit 
Wiich other 
ltes, the em 
Bacy, he for 
ne, whom 
artor, even 1 
| man beo 
Ince, Whe 
himſelf bou 
tue guirdiai 
iberty ; 41 
Burch W 


Ap-.- 
Eu. 4 
„ 984 
. 9 v. 
6 


f Par- 


BG 
nes by 
Offices 
njoyed. 
under 
1 coun, 
ome dt 
court of 
Dat. & 


jane. 
P. Ti- 
It vis 
giſtrates 
OwWer iv 
. year 
Anton), 
nc 
queſiors 
d recen 


the en 
y ber , 
\ ſter the 
duced d 
ife in 


nan, pul 
e; fol a 
pros 


T3 


piring ro the purple. He was the only one 
proſcribed during the reign of Antoninus 
Pius, A brother of Otho. 

TiTit, prieſts of Apollo. 

TitiNivs, a tribune of the people in 
the firſt ages of the republic, A friend 
of Caſſius, who killed himſelf. One of 
the flaves who revolted at Capua, He be- 
trayed his truſt to the Roman generals, 

Titivs PRocvUuLt's, a Roman knight, 
appointed to watch Meſſalina. Tacit, 11, 
Ann. c. 35. A tribune of the people 
who enacted the, Titian law. An orator 
of a very diffolute character. One of 
Pompey's murderers. One of Antony's 
otficers. A man who foretold a victory 
to Sylla, Septiminus, 1 in the Au- 
guſtan age, who difiinguilhed himſelt by 
his lyric and tragic compoſitions, now loſt. 
llerat. 1, ep. 3, v. 9. 

Tirok uus, a ſhepherd of Ætolia, called 
another Hercules, on account of his pro- 
digious ſtrength. He was ſtronger than his 
contemporary, Milo of Crotona, as he could 
lift on his ſhoulders a ſtone which the 
Crotonian moved but with difficulty. Aliuu. 
V. H. 12, c. 22.—lleroder. 6, c. 127. 

Tiruzius, a friend of Julia Silana, who 
informed againſt Agrippina, & c. 1 acit, Aun. 
13. A licurenant of Cæſar in Gaul, 
killed by Ambiorix. Caf. bell, G. 5, c. 
29, &c. 

Tirus Veſpaſianus, ſon of Veſpaſian and 
Flavia Domitijla, became known by his 
valor in the Roman armies, particularly at 
the ſiege of Jeruſalem. In the 7gth year 
of the Chriſtian cra, he was inveſted with 
the imperial purple, and the Roman people 
had every reaſon to expect in him the bar- 
barities of a Tiberius, and the debaucheries 
of a Nero. While in the houſe of Veſpaſian, 
Titus had been diſtinguiſhed for his extra- 
vagance and incontinence, his attendants 
were the moſt abandoned and diffolute, and 
it ſeemed that he wiſhed to be fuperior to the 
reſt of the world in the gratincation of eyery 
impure defire, and in every unnatural vice. 
From ſuch a private chatacter which ſtill 
migit be curbed by the authority and example 
&% a father, what could be expected by ty- 
ranny and oppreſſion? Yet Titus became a 
model of virtue, and in an age and office in 
which others with to gratify all their appe- 
tites, the emperor abandoned his uſyal protli- 
gacy, he forgot his debaucheries, and Bere- 
nice, whom he had loved with uncommon 
artor, even ts render himſelf deſpiſed by the 
Roman people, was diſmiſſed from his pre- 
neg. When raiſed tothe throne, he thought 
himſelf hound to be the father of his people, 
tue guirdian of virtue, and the patron of 
liberty; and Titus is perbaps the only 
Burch who, when inveſted with uncon— 


M- 8 
| tro!able power, bade adieu to thoſe vices, 
thoſe Juxuries and indulgencies, which as 
a private man he never ceaſed to gratify. 
He was moderate in his entertainments, and 
though he often refuſed the donations which 
were due to ſovereignty, no emperor was 
ever more generous and more magnificent 
tian Titus. All informers were baniſhed from 
his preſence, and even ſeverely puniſhed, 
A reform was made in the judicial pro- 
ceedings, and trials were no longer per- 
mitted to be poſiponed for years. The 
public edifices were repaired, and haths 
were erected for the convenience of the 
people. Spectacles were exhibited, and the 
Roman populace were gratified with the 
light of a naval combat in the ancient 
naumachia, and the ſudden appearance of 
oo wild beaſts brought into the circus for 
their amuſement. To do good to his ſub- 
jects was the ambition of Titus, and it was 
at the recolle ction that he had done no ſer- 
vice, or granted no favor one day, that he 
exclaimed in the memorable words of My 
friends, I have (5ſt a day / A continual with 
to be benevolent and Kind, made him popular; 
and it will not be wondered, that he whocould 
ſay that he had rather dic himſelf, than be the 
cauſe of the de ſtruct ion of one of his ſubjects, 
was called the love and dclight of mankind, 
Two of the ſenators conſpired againſt his 
life, but the emperor diſregarded their at- 


{ tempts, he made them his friends by kind- 


nels, and like another Nerva, preſented 
them with a ſword to deſtroy him. During 
his reign, Rome was thice days on fue, the 
towns of Campania were deſtroyed by an 
eruption of Veſuvius, and the empire was 
viſited by a peſtiſence which carried away an 
infinite number of inhabitants. In this 
time of public ealamity, the emperor's be- 
nevolence and philanthropy were conſpi- 
cuous. Titus comforted the afflicted as a 
tather, he alleviated their diſtreſſes by his 
liberal bounties, and as if they were but one 
family, he exerted himſelf for the good and 
pretervation of the whole. The Romans, 
huwever, had not long to enjoy the favors of 
a magnificent prince, Titus was taken ill, 
and as he retired into the country of the Sa- 
bines to his father's houſe, his indiſpofition 
was increaſed by a burning fever. He lifted 
his eyes to heaven, and with modeſt ſubmiſ- 
hon complained of the ſeverity of fate which 
removed him from the world when young, 
where he hag been employed in making a 
grateful people happy. He dicd the 13th of 
September, A. D. $1, in the qift year of 
his age, after a reign af two years, two 
months, and 20 days. The news of his 
death was reccived with lamentations; Rome 
was filled with tears, and all looked upon 
themſelves as deprived of the muſt benevo» 

3G 3 leat 


r 1 


Ws _ 
* 2 


N 


1 
- 


— - x. 


tt 1 — —— 


_— 


— 


42 ˙— 


T L 


jent of fathers. After him Domitian aſ- 
cended the throne, not without incurring tlie 
ſuſpicion of having haſtened his brother's 
end, by ordering him to be placed, during 
his agony, in a tub full of ſnow, where he 
expired. Domitian has alſo been accuſed of 
raiſing commotions, and of making attempts 
to dethrone his brother; but Titus diſre- 
garded them, and forgave the offender. 
Some authors have reflected with ſeverity 
upon the cruelties which Titus exerciſed 
againſt the Jews, but though certainly a 
diſgrace to the benevolent features of his 
character, we muſt conſider him as an in- 
ftrument in the hands of Providence, ex- 
erted for the puniſhment of a wicked and 
infatuated people. Joſeph. B. J. 7, c. 16, 
& c.—Suctunius.— Dio, &c. 

Titus Tatius, a king of the Sabines. 
Vid. Tatius. Livius, a celebrated biſ- 
torian. Vd. Livius. A ſon of Junius 
Brutus, put to death by order of his father, 
for conſpiring to reſtore the Tarquins. 
A friend of Coriolanus. A native of 
Crotona, engaged in Catiline's e 

TiTtYzvs, a ſhepherd introduced in Vir- 
gil's eclogues, &c. A large mountain 
of Crete, 

TiTvus, a celebrated giant, ſon of Ter- 
ra; or, according to others, of Jupiter, by 
Elara, the daughter of Orchomenos. He 
was of ſuch a prodigious fize, that his mo- 
ther died in travail after Jupiter had drawn 
her from the bowels of the earth, where ſhe 
had been concealed during her pregnancy to 
avoid the anger of Juno. Tityus attempted 
to offer violence to Latona, but the goddeſs 
delivercd herſelf from his importunities, by 
calling to her aſſiſtance her children, who 
killed the giant with their arrows. He was 
placed in hell, where a ſerpent continually 
devoured his liver; or, according to others, 
where vultures perpetually fed upon his en- 
trails, which grew again as ſoon as devoured. 
It is ſaid that Tityus covered nine acres when 
ſtretched on the ground. He had a ſmall 
chapel with an altar in the iſland of Eubca, 
Apollod. 1, c. 4. —Pind. Pyth. 4.— Homer, 
Od. 7, v. 325. Il. 1, v. 575. - Apollon. 
Rk. 1, v. 182, &c.—Virg. An. 6, v. 595. 
— Horat. 3, Od. 4, v. 77. — Hygin. fab. 55. 
— Ovid. Met, 4, v. 457.— Tibull. 1, el. 3, 
v. 75. 

Tivm, or Tion, a maritime town of 
Paphlagonia, built by the Mileſians. Mela. 
1, c. 9. 

TLEPGLEMUS, a ſon of Hercules and 
Aſtyochja, born at Argos. He left his na- 
tive country after the accidental murder of 
Licymnius, and retired to Rhodes, by order 
of the oracle, where he was choſen king, as 
being one of the ſons of Hercules, He went 


1 0 


to the Trojan war with nine ſhips, and way 
killed by Sarpedon. There were ſome feſti- 
xvalseflabliſhed at Rhodes in his honor, called 
Tlepolemeia, in which men and boys con- 
tended. The victors were rewarded with 
poplar crowns, Homer, II. —Apollod. 2, 
c. 7.— Died. 5,—Hygin. fab. 97. — One 
of Alexander's generals, who obtained Car. 
mania at the general diviſion of the Mace. 
donian empire. Pied. 18. An Egyp- 
tian general, who floriſhed B. C. 207, 

TMARUsS, a Rutulian in the wars of 
Eneas. Virg. Ain. 9, v. 685, —A 
mountain of Theſprotia, called Tomarus by 
Pliny. 

Tol us, a king of Lydia, who married 
Omphale, and was ſon of Sipylus and 
Chthonia. He offered violence to a young 
nymph called Arriphe, at the foot of Diana's 
altar, for which impiety he was afterwards 
killed by a bull. The mountain on which he 
was buried bore his name. Apollod. 2, c. 6, 
— Ovid. Met, 11, fab. 4.-—Hygin. fab. 191, 
A town of Aſia Minor, deftroyed by 
an earthquake, A mountain of Lydia, 
now Bouzdag, on which the river Pactolus 
riſes. The air was ſo wholeſome near 
Tmolus, that the inhabitants generally 
lived to their 150th year. The neighbour. 
ing country was very fertile, and produced 
plenty of vines, ſaffron, and odoriferous flow. 
ers. Strab. 13, &c.—llerodot. 1, c. 84, 
&c.—Ovid. Met. 2, &c.—Sil. 7, v. 210. 
ig. G. 1, v. 56. J. 2, v. 98. 

To G ATA, an epithet applied to a certain 
part of Gaul, Sh the inhabitants are 
diſtinguiſhed by the peculiarity of their 
dreſs. Vid. Gallia. 

ToGgonius GALLUsS, a ſenator of ig- 
noble birth, devoted to the intereſt of Ti- 
berius, whom he flattered, &c. Tacit. 
ann 

ToLBIACUM, a town of Belgica, ſouth 
of ſuliers. 

OLENUS, a river of Latium, now Sa/!s, 
falling into the Velinus. Ovid. Faft. 6, 
v. 561. 

ToLETUM, now To/edo, a town of Spain. 

ToL1$SToBOIr, a people of Galatia in 
Aſia, deſcended from the Buii of Gaul, 
Plin. 5, c. 32,-Liv. 58, c. 15 & 16. 

ToLLENTINUM, a town of Picenum, 
Plin. 3, e. 13. | 

ToLlMulpks, an Athenian officer, defeated 
and killed in a battle in Beotia, 447 B. C. 
Polyen. 7. 

ToLdsa, now Toulouſe, a town of Galli 
Narbonenſis, which became a Roman co- 
lony under Auguſtus, Minerva had ther 
a rich temple, which Cæpio the conſul 
plundered, and as he was never aſter for- 
tunate, the words aurum To;oſanum became 

proveibiah 


— 


roverb 
25 de 
ToL 
Turnus 
v. 429. 
Roman, 
of the 
c. 19. 
ToL' 
digging 
the reig 
conclud 
the hea 
Tom 
Thucyd. 
Tom 
Tou 
and Tar 
Tou 
weſtern 
36 mile 
The wo 
cauſe M 
body of 
celebrat 
was ba 
the cap 
Mileſiar 
Apollo. 
Pont. £ 
v. 33, 6 
Tom 
Tox 
It was u 
ſhore, : 
te rward 


This w: 


the Ty. 
away th 
tained 11 
Tod. 
Fur, 7, 
Top; 
antientl 
of ſerpe 
None ca 
©. 20. 
Top! 
Ton! 
Toki 
31 C. 4 
Tor 
daughte 
for 64 
Toke 
lius. F} 
Put to 
Oricum 
ſurrende 
Africa. 
Sylla's 2 
to the 
Egypr. 


ſeated 


B. C. 


Galli 
n C0- 

there 
conſul 
r fol- 
ecame 


erbiah 


A V 
proverbial. Cf. bell, G. Mela. 2, c. 5. 
Cie. de Nat. D. 3, c. 20. 

ToLumMNUs, an augur in the army of 
Turnus againſt Eneas. Virg. An. 11, 
v. 429. A king of Veii, killed by a 
Roman. He had ordered the ambaſſadors 
of the nation to be aſſaſſinated. Liv. 4, 
c. 19. 

Tous, a man whoſe head was found in 
digging for the foundation of the capitol, in 


the reign of Tarquin, whence the Romans 


concluded that their city ſhould become 
the head or miſtreſs of the world. 

TomMe&uM, a mountain of Peloponneſus. 
Thucyd. 

Tou ARxus. Vid. Tmarus. 

Tous, a country between Cappadocia 
and Taurus, Strabo. 

Tomos, or Tom1s, a town fituate on the 
weſtern ſhores of the Euxine fea, about 
36 miles from the mouth of the Danube. 
The word is derived from æπ Gu, ſeco, be- 
cauſe Medea, as it is ſaid, cut to pieces the 
body of her brother Abſyrtus there. It is 
celebrated as being the place where Ovid 
was baniſhed by Auguſtus. Tomos was 
the capital of lower Mœſia, founded by a 
Mileſian colony, B. C. 633. Strab. 7.— 
Apoallad. 1, c. 9. Mela. 2, c. 2.— 0d. ex 


Pent. 4, el. 14, v. 59. Trift. 3, el. 9, 


v. 33, &c. 

TomYRris. Vid. Thomyris. 

To xkA, a ſolemnity oblerved at Samos. 
It was uſual to carry Juno's ſtatue to the ſea 
ſhore, and to offer cakes before it, and af- 


terwards to replace it again in the temple, 


This was in commemoration of the theft of 


the Tyrrhenians, who attempted to carry 
away the ſtatue of the goddeſs, but were de- 
tained in the harbour by an inviſible force. 

TonGiLL1us, an avaricious lawyer, &c. 
Fur, 7, V. I30. 

ToypAzos, an iſland in the Arabian gulf, 
antiently called Op/iodes from the quantity 
of ſerpents that were there. The valuable 
ſtone called topaze is found there. Plin. 6, 
6. 3% 

Toy1&1s, or Top Rus, a town of Thrace, 

Toxriw1, a people of Scythia. Paler. 6. 

Toxs xx, a town of Macedonia, Liv. 
31, c. 45. Of Epirus. 

TorQuATA, one of the veſtal virgins, 
daughter of C. Silanus. She was a veſtal 
for 64 years. Tacit. 35 an. c. 69. 

TorqQuAirTvs, a firname of Titus Man- 
lius. Vid. Manlius. Silanus, an officer 
put to death by Nero. A governor of 
Oricum, in the intereſt of Pompey, He 
ſurrendered to J. Cæſar, and was killed in 
Africa. Het. Afric. 96. Au officer in 
Sylla's army. A Roman ſent ambaſſador 
to the court of Ptolemy Philometor of 
Fgypr. 


| 


TR 


TorToR, a ſirname of Apollo. He had 
a ſtatue at Rome under that name. 

Tous, a mountain of Sicily, near Agri- 
gentum. 

Tokyne, a ſmall town near Actium. 
The word in the language of the country 
ſignifies a /adle, which gave Cleopatra oc- 
caſion to make a pun when it fell into the 
hands of Auguſtus. Plut. in Ant. 

ToxanvDR1, a people of Gallia Belgica. 
Plia. 4, e. 7. 

ToxARTDIA, a feſtival at Athens, in 
honor of Toxaris, a Scythian hero who died 
there, . 

Toxrus, a ſon of neus, killed by 
his father. Apollod. 1, c. 8. 

Tox1CRATtE, a daughter of Theſpius. 

Q. TRABEA, a comic poet at Rome, in 
the age of Regulus, Some fragments of his 
poetry remain, Cic. in Tuf. 4, c. 31. Fin. 
2, C. 4. 

TracaXxtus, M. Galerius, a conſul in 
the reign of Nero, celebrated for his elo- 
quence as an orator, and for a majeſtic and 
commanding aſpect. Quintil.—Tacit. 
One of the friends and miniſters of Otho, 

TRACHAS, a town of Latium. Ovid. Met, 
15, v. 717. 

TRACHINIA, a ſmall country of Phthio- 
tis, on the bay of Malea, near mount CEta, 
The capital was called Trachis, or Trachina, 
where Hercules went after he had killed 
Eunomus. Strab, g9.—Apellod, 2, c. 7.— 
Ovid. Met. 11, v. 269. 

TRACHONIT1S, a part of Judæa, on the 
other fide of the Jordan. Pin. 5, c. 14. 

TRAGURIUM, a town of Dalmatia on 
the ſea. 

TRrAGUS, a river of Arcadia, falling into 
the Alpheus. Pau. 8, c. 33. 

TRAJANOPGLIS, a town of Thrace, 
A name given to Selinus of Cilicia, where 
Trajan died. | 

TRraJanvus, (M. Ulpius Crinitus) a Ro- 
man emperor, born at Italica in Spain. His 
great virtues, and his private as well as 
public character, and his ſervices to the 
empire, both as an officer, a governor, and 
a conſul, recommended him to the notice 
of Nerva, who ſolemnly adopted him as his 


ſon ; inveſted him during his life time with 


the imperial purple, and gave him the 
name of Cæſar and of Germanicus. A 
little time after Nerva died, and the election 
of Trajan to the vacant throne was con- 
firmed by the unanimous rejoicings of the 
people, and the free concurrence of the 
armies on the conhnes of Germany, and 
the banks of the Danube. The noble and 
independent behaviour of Trajan evinced 


the propriety and goodneſs of Nerva's . 


choice, and the attachment of the legions ; 
and the new emperor ſeemed calculated ta 
3G 4 enſure 


- 
. 1 
——— 
— ne 


—— — — — — 
— — — — — 


— — — — 


_ 
- = 
- . A — 


Vo 


x þ 


< 227. — — —— — —— 1 


* 


enfure peace and domeſtic tranquillity to 
the extenſive empire of Rome, All the 
actions of Trajan thewed a good and bene- 
volent prince, whoſe virtues truly merited 
the encomiums which the pen of an elegant 
and courteous panegyriſt has paid. The 
barbarians continued quiet, and the hoſ- 
tilities which they generally diſplayed at the 
election of a new emperor whoſe military 
abilities they diſtruſted, were naw few. 
Trajan however could not behold with ſatis- 
faction and unconcern, the inſolence of the 
Dacians, who claimed from the Roman 
people a tribute which the cowardice of 
Pomitian had offered. The ſudden ap- 
pearance of the emperor on the frontiers, 
awed the barbarians to peace; but Dece- 
balus, their warlike monarch, ſuon began 
hoſtilities by violating the treaty. The 
emperor entered the enemy's country, by 
throwing a bridge acroſs the rapid ftreants of 
tue Danube, and a battle was fought in which 
the Naughter was ſo great, that in the Roman 
camp linen was wanted to dreſs the wounds 
of the ſoldiers. Trajan obtaincd the vic- 
tory, and Decebalus deſpairing of ſucceſs, 
deitroyed himſelf, and Dacia became a 
province of Rome. That the ardor of the 
Roman ſoldiers in defeating their enemies 
might not cool, an expedition was under- 
taken into the eaſt, and Parthia threateved 
with immediate war. Trajan paſſed through 
the ſubmiſſive kingdom of Armenia, and 
by his well-directed operations, made him- 
ſelf maſter of the provinces of Aſſyria and 
Meſopotamia. He extended his conqueſts 
in the caſt, he obtained vittorics over un- 
known nations, and when on the extremi- 
ties of India, he lamented that he poſſeſſed 
not the vigor and youth of an Alexander, 
that he might add unexplored provinces and 
kingdoms to the Roman empire. Theſe 
ſucceſſes in different parts of the world, 
gained applauſe, and the ſenators were 
profuſe in the hopors they decreed to the 
conqueror. This however was but the 
blaze of tranſient glory. Tiajan had no 
ſooner hgnified his intentions of returning 
to Italy, than the conquered barbarians 
appeared again in aims, and the Roman 
empire did not acquire one ſingle acre of 
territory from the conqueſts of her ſovereign 
in the eaſt. The return of the emperor 
towards Rome was haſtened by indiſpo- 
ſition, he topped in Cilicia, and i the 
town of Sclinus, which afterwards was call- 
ed Trajanopolis, he was ſeized with à flux, 
and a few days after expired, in the begin- 
ning of Auguſt, A. D. 117, after a reign 
of 19 years, fix months, and 15 days, in 
the 64th year of his age. He was ſucceeded 
on the throne by Adrian, whom the emprefs 
Piotina introduced to the Roman armics, as 


> Ws 


the adopted ſon of her huſband. The aſhes 
of Trajan were carried to Rome, and de- 
poſited under the ſtatcly column which he 
had erected a few years before. Under this 
emperor the Romans enjoyed tranquillity, 
and for a moment ſuppoſed that their pro- 
ſperity was complete under a good and vir- 
tuous ſovereign. Trajan was fond of po- 
pularity, and he merited it, The ſounding 
titles of Optimus, and the father of his 
country, were not unworthily beftowed 
upon a prince who was equal to the greateſt 
generals of antiquity, and who to indicate 
hs aftability, and his wiſh to liften to the 
juſt complaints of his ſubje&s, diſtinguiſh. 
ed his palace by the inſcription of the pul- 
lic palace, Like other emperors he did 
not receive with an air of unconcern the 
homage of his friends, but roſe from his 
ſcat and went cordially to ſalute them. He 
refuſed the ſtatucs which the flattery of 
favorites wiſhed to erect to him, and he 
ridiculed the follies of an enlightened na- 
tion, that could pay adoration to cold in- 
animate pieces of marble. His public en- 
try into Rome gained him the hearts of the 
PR he appcarcd on foot, and ſhowed 
imſelf an enemy to parade, and an often, 
tatious equipage. When in his camp, he 
expoſed himſelf to the fatigues of war, like 
the meaneſt ſoldier, and croſſed the moſt 
barren deſerts and extenfive plains on foot, 
and in his dreſs and food diſplayed all the 


— — 


ſimplicity which once gained the appru- 
| bation of the Romans in their country man 
Fabricius. All the oldeſt ſoldiers he knew 
| Of their own name, he converſed with 

them with great familiarity, and never re- 
tired to his tent before he had viſited the 
camp, and by a perſonal attendance con- 
vinced himſelf of the vigilance and the 
ſecurity of his army. As a friend he was 
not leſs diftinguiſhed than as a general. He 
had a ſclect number of intimates, whom he 
viſited with freedom and openneſs, and at 
whoſe tables he partouk many a moderate 
repaſt without form or ceremony His con- 
fidence, however, in the good intentions of 
others, was perhaps carried to exceſs. His 
favorite Sura had once been accuſed of at- 
tempts upon his life, but Trajan diſregarded 
the informer, and as he was that ſame day 
invited to the houſe of rhe ſuppoſed con- 
ſpirator, he went thither early. To try 
farther the fincerity of Sura, he ordered 
himſelf to be ſhaved by his barber, to have 
a medicinal application made to his eyes by 
the hand of his ſurgeon, and to bathe to; 
gether with him. The public works of Tra- 
jan are alſo cclebrated, he opengd free and 
eaſy communications between the cities of 
his provinces, he planted many colonies, 
aud twniſhed Rome with all the corn and 


prov ions 


proviſic 
the tim 
tions, t 
that ce 
ſeen at 
column 
made h 
of the 
fect hig 
A. D. 
of the x 
the Chr; 
ference 
uncomm 
had bar! 
ſuljects 
the dear 
{cen thre 
and pop 
tinence 
He was 
and his ! 
ſured by 
moderati 
Auzguſtu: 
— Kuir 
bll. . 
empor, 
Trajan, v 
and a trio 
by the e 
of the el 
emperor ! 
TrxaAJe 
capital of 
TRALI 


Rome on 
'atican w 
I, ep. 109 
Txapk, 
the people 
ſt had a « 
lea, and be 
of the caſte 
ſome time 
Il. 35 . 4 
of Arcadia 
I's name fre 
c. 8. 
Tragrm 
RASUL 
arology at 
RAULU 
ne of Meft. 
Claudius, 
Trxepa, 
c. 12. 
C. Taxes, 
& by Julius 
ot 'ompey, 


E 


proviſions which could prevent a famine in 
the time of calamity. It was by his direc- 
tions, that the architect Apollodorus built 
that celebrated column which is fill to be 
ſeen at Rome, under the name of Trajan's 
column. The area on which it ſtands was 
made by the labors of men, and the height 
of the pillar proves that a large hill 144 
fect high was removed at a great expence, 
A. D. 114, to commemorate the victories 

of the reigning prince. His perſecutions of 
; the Chriſtians were ſtopped by the inter- 
ference of the humane Pliny, but he was 
uncommonly ſevere upon the Jews, who 
had harbarouſly murdered 200,000 of his 
ſubje&s, and even fed upon the fleſh of 
the dead, His vices have been obſcurely 
{cen through a reign of continued ſplendor 


and popularity, yet he js accuted of incon- | 


tinence and many unnatural indulgences, 
He was too muzh addicted to drinking, 
and his wilh to be ſtiled lord has bees cen 
ſured by thoſe who admired the diſſimulated 
moderation, and the modeſt claims of an 
Auguſtus, Plin. paneg. &c.— Dis. Caff. 


e — Fuiroep.— Ammian, — Spurtian.— Teſeph 
g bill. J. — Victor. The father of the 
4 emperor, who likewiſe bore the name of 
0 Trajan, was honored with the conſulſhip, 
c and a triumph, and the rank of a patrician 
it by the emperur Veſpafian. A general 
ty of the emperor Valens. A ſon ot the 
Ne emperor Decius. 
a TrAJrcTus RHENT, now Utrecht, the 
an capital of one of the provinces of Hollznd. 
> W 


TRALLES, a town of Lydia, now Sultan- 
th hifar. Juv. 3, v. 70.— Liv. 37, c. 45. 
I people of Illy ricum. 
TRANSTIBERINA, a part of the city of 
on- Rome on one fide of the Tiber. Mount 


the Vatican was in that part of the city. Marr. 
Was I, ep. 109. 
He TrAPEZUsS, a city of Pontus, built by 


the people of Sinope, now called Trebizend. 
| at It had a celebrated harbour on the Euxine 
ſea, and became famous under the emperors 
of the eaſtern empire, of which it was for 
ſome time the magnificent capital. Taciz. 
Il, 3, c. 47.—Plin. 6, c. 4. A town 
of Arcadia near the Alpheus. It received 
its _ from a ſun of Lycaon. polled. 3, 
c 8, 

TrasrmEnCUs. Vid. Thraſymenus. 

Tza$SUuLLvs, a man who taught Tiberius 
altrolugy at Rhodes, &c. 

TxzavLus MoxTANUCs,a Roman knight, 
ne of Meſſalina's favorites, put to death by 
Claudius, Tucit. A. 11, c. 36. 

TxeBA, a town of the Aqui. Plin, 3, 
C. 12. 

C. TxeBATIUS TESTAS, a man baniſh- 
edby [ulius Cæſar for following the intereſt 
o Pompey, and recalled by the eloquence 


A 


of Cicero, He was afterwards reconciled te 
Cæſar. Trebatius was not leſs diſt inguiſheck 
for his learning than for his integrity, bis 
military experience, and knowledge of law, 
He wrote nine books on religious ceremo- 
nies, and treatiſes on civil law; and the 
verſes that he compoſed proved him a poet 
of no inferior conſeqyence, Horat. 2, 
Sat. 1, v. 4. 

TREBELL1ANusS, (C. Annius,) a pirate 
who proclaimed himſelf emperor of Rome, 
A. D. 264. He was defeared and lain in 
Ifauria, by the lieutenants of Gallienus. 

TREBELLIENUS RuFvs, a prætor ap- 
pointed governor of the children of king 
Cotys, by Tiberius. A tribune who 
oppoſed the Gabinian law. A Roman 
who numbercd the inhabitants of Gaul. 
He was made governor of Britain, Tacir. 
A. 6, c. 39. 

TREBELLIUS PolLio, a Latin hiſto- 
rian, who wrote an account of the lives of 
the emperors, The beginning of this hiſ- 
tory is loſt ; part of the reign of Valerian, 
and the life ot the two Gallieni, with the 
30 tyrants, are the only fragments remain= 
ing. He floriſhed A. D. 305. 

TzEB1A, a river of Ciſalpine Gaul, riſ- 
ing in the Apennine, and falling into the 
Po, at the welt of Placentia, It is ccle- 
brated for the victory which Annibal ob- 
tained there over the forces of L. Sempio- 
nius, the Roman conſul. L. 4, v. 486. 
— Lucan, 2, v. 46.—Liv. 21, c. 54 & <6. 
——A town of Latium. Liv. 2, c. 39. 
—0 f Campania. Id. 23, C. 14.—0t Um- 
bria. %]. 3, c. 14. 

TAEBIUs, an officer in Cæſar's army in 
Gaul. A paraſite in Domitian's reign, 
Fun) 4. 

TREBONIA LEX, de provinciis, by I.. 
Trebonius the tribune, A. U. C. 698. it 
gave Cxfar the chief command in Gaul for 
hive years longer than was enacted by the 
Vatinian law, and in this manner prevented 
the ſenators from recalling or ſuperſeding 
him. Another by the ſame on the ſame 
year, conferred the command of the pro- 
vinces of Syria and Spain on Caſſius and 
Pompey, for 5 years.—D:c. C. 39. 
Another by L. Trebonius, the tribune, A. 
U. C. 305, which confirmed the election 
of the tribunes in the hands of the Romau 
people. Liv. 3 & 5. 

TRrEBONIUs, a ſoldier remarkable for 
his continence, &C. Caius, one of Cæ- 
ſar's friends, made through his interct 
pr1#tor and conſal. He was afterwards one 
of his bencfactor's murderers. He was 
killed by Dolabella at Smyrna. Caf. bell. 
5, c. 17 —(ic. in Phil. 11.—leorat. 1, Sat: 
4, v. 114. Garucianus, a governor of 
Aſtica, who put te death the procunſul 

Clodiusg 


7 « 

1 — — 
- 

— — ——ä— — 


— — IE — — — 


» a 


— = — 


* 


„ 
P  _— — _—__ .——— 


— 5 
„ 
4a * 


44 
* 


— * 
PW EC 


i. 
1 * F, 
- 


— 
: — 


— 
Ld 
— _— @——_— 


ES 


TM 


A tribune who propoſed a 
law at Rome, and impriſoned Cato, becauſe 
he oppoſed it. 
Varl A man caught in adultery, and 
ſeverely puniſhed in the age of Horace, 

TxEBULA, a town of the Sabines, cele- 
brated for cheeſe, The inhabitants were 
called Trebulani. Cic. in Apr. 2.— Mar- 
tial. 5, ep. 72. Another in Campania. 
Liv. 23, c. 39. 

Tutrvs, a river of Latium, falling into 
the Liris. 

TRES TABERNE, a place of the Appian 
road, where travellers took refreſhment, 
Cic. J. 1, ep. 13. |. 2, ep. 10 & 11. 

TxaEVIRI, a town and people of Belgi- 
um, now called Triers, Mela. 3, c. 2. 

TxTARIA, a woman well known for her 
crucky. She was the wife of L. Vitellius 
Tacit. WH. 1 & 3. 

C. Triax us, an orator, commended by 
Cicero. A friend of Pompey. He had 
for ſome time the care of the war in Aſia 
againſt Mithridates, whom he defeated, 
and by whom he was afterwards beaten. 
He was killed in the civil wars of Pompey 
and Cæſar. Cf. Bell. Civ. 3, c. 5. 

Ta1iBALLI, a people of Thrace ; or, ac- 
cording to ſome, of Lower Mafia. They 
were conquered by Philip, the father of 
Alexander; and ſome ages after, they 
maintained a long war againſt the Roman 
emperors. Pin. 

Tr1B0ct, a people of Alſace in Gaul. 
-Tacit. in Gem. 28. 

TzxIRULIUM, a town of Dalmatia. 

TzxrzunT PLEBIs, magillratcs at Rome, 
created in the year U. C. 261, when the 
people after a quarrel with the ſenators had 
retired to Mons Sacer. The two firſt were 
C. Licinius, and L. Albinus, but their 
number was ſoon after raiſed to fave, and 
37 years after to 10, which remained fixed. 
Their ofkce was annual, and as the firſt 
had been created on the 4th of the ides of 
December, that day was ever after choſen 
for the election. Their power, though at 
firſt ſmall, and granted by the patricians 
to appeaſe the momentary ſeditions of the 
populace, ſoon became formidable, and 
the fenators repented' too late of having 
conſented to elc& magiſtrates, who not 
only preſerved the rights of the people, but 
could ſummon afſemblics, propoſe laws, 

flop the conſultations of the ſenate, and 
even aboliſh their decrees by the word 
Feta. Their approbation was aWo neceſſary 
to confirm the ſenatis cenſulta, and this 
was done by affixing the letter T under it. 
If any irregnlarity happened in the ſtate, 
their power was almoſt abſolute ; they cri- 
ticized the conduct of all the public ma- 


4 


One of the adherents of | 


— 


3 


N 


Clodius Macer, by Galba's orders. Tart, | giftrates, and even dragged a conful to pr}. 
Ane. . 


ton, if the meaſures he purſued were hoſ- 
tile to the peace of Rome. The dictator 
alone was their ſuperior, but when that 
magiflrate was elected, the office of tri- 
bune was not, like that of all other infe- 
rior magiſtrates, abohſhed while he con- 
tinued at the head of the ſtate, The peo- 
ple paid them ſo much deference, that their 
perſon was held ſacred, and thence they 
were always called Sacroſan&i, To ſtrike 
them was a capital crime, and to interrupt 
them while they ſpoke in the aſſemblies, 
called for the immediate interference of 
power, The marks by which they were 
diſtinguiſhed from other magiſtrates were 
not very conſpicuous. They wore no par- 
ticular dreſs, only a beadle called wiatoy 
marched before them. They never fat in 
the ſenate, though ſome time after, their 
office entitled them to the rank of ſenators, 
Yet great as their power might appear, they 
received a heavy wound from their number, 
and as their conſultations and their reſolu- 
tions were of no effect if they were not all 
unanimous, the ſenate often took advan- 
tage of their avarice, and by gaining one 
of them by bribes, they, as it were, ſuſ- 
pended the authority of the reſt. The 
office of tribunc of the people, though at 
firſt deemed mean and ſervile, was after- 
wards one of the firſt ſteps that led to 
more honorable employments, and as no 
patrician was permitted to canvaſs for the 
tribuncſhip, we find many that deſcended 
among the plebeians to exerciſe that im- 
portant office. From the power with which 
they were at laſt inveſted by the activity, 
the intrigues, and continual applications of 
thoſe who were in office, they became al- 
moſt abſolute in the ſtate, and it has been 
properly obſerved, that they cauſed for 
greater troubles than thoſe which they were 
at firſt created to filence, Sylla, when 
raiſed to the dictatorſnip, gave a fatal blow 
to the authority of the tribunes, and by 
one of his decrees, they were no Jonget 
permitted to harangue and inflame the peo- 
ple; they could make no laws; no appeal 
lay to their tribunal, and ſuch as bad been 
tribunes, were not permitted to ſolicit for 
the other offices of the ſtate. This diſgrace 
however was but momentary, at the death 
of the tyrant the tribunes recovered thel 
privileges by means of Cotta and Pompe) 
the Great. The ofiice of tribune remained 
in full force till the age of Auguſtus, who, 
to make himſelf more abſolute, and 1 
perſon ſacred, conferred the power ® 
office upon himſelf, whence he was called 
tribunitid poteſtate denatus, His ſucceſſo!s 
on the throne imitated his example, and 35 


the emperor was the rcal and * 
1 


bune 
were 
vileg' 
was t 
never 
excep 
Went 
fices 
houſe 
every 
redre i 
Their 
the u 
other 
bunes, 
fares, 
legion 
all qu: 
they d. 
watch- 
hrſt ct 
Was at 
After t 
were c| 
the rig 
tween 
were gi 
familie 
clavii, 
their pe 
by the 
the rig} 
confirm 
the pec 
cliofen 
ring, al 
months. 
it was u 
Knights, 
Amy, 4 
ten fron 
Campai 
There — 
militun 
of conſi 
only thr 
afterwar, 
cording 
ple, and 
of them 
Patrician 
ſiſted for 
interrupt. 
ed, as th 
the conſi 
at the he: 
Common 
P'@torian 
perſon of 
and prote 
ofhcers cl 
opt the 
** defray 


longer 
be peo- 
appeal 
ad been 
licit for 
diſgrace 
ge death 
ed thei 
Pompe) 
emame 
us, who, 
and his 
wer and 
yas called 
ſucceſſoi3 
ey and ds 
ficial ul 
bunch 


T R 


bune, ſuch as were appointed o the office 


were merely nominal without power or pri- 
vilege. Under Conſtantine the tribunethip 
was totally aboliſhed. The tribunes were 
never permitted to I 4 out of the city, 
except at the Feriæ Latinæ, when they 
went with other magiſtrates to offer ſacri- 
fices upon a mountain near Alba. Their 
houſes were always open, and they received 
every complaint, and were ever ready to 
redreſs the wrongs of their conſtituents. 
Their authority was not extended beyond 
the walls of the city. There were alſo 
other officers who bore the name of tri- 
bunes, ſuch as the tribuni militum or mili- 
tares, who commanded a divihon of the 
legions. They were empowered to decide 
all quarrels that might ariſe in the army, 
they took care of the camp, and gave the 
watch-word. There were only three at 
brit choſen by Romulus, but the number 
was at laſt encreaſed to fix in every legion. 
After the expulſion of the Tarquins, they 
were choſen by the conſuls, but afterwards 
the right of electing them was divided be- 
tween the people and the conful. They 
were generally of ſenatorian and equeſtrian 
families, and the former were called /ati- 
clavii, and the latter angrfliclatii from 
their peculiar dreſs. Thoſe that were choſen 


by the conſuls were called Rutuli, becauſe | 


the right of the conſuls to elect them was 
confirmed by Rutulus, and thoſe elected by 
the people were called Comitiati, becauſe 
choſen in the comitia. They wore a golden 
ring, and were in office no longer than fix 
months. When the conſuls were elected, 
it was uſual to chuſe 14 tribunes from the 
knights, who had ſerved five years in the 
amy, and who wer: called juriorcs, and 
ten from the people who had been in ten 
campaigns, who were called ſeriores. 
Thee were alſo ſome officers called 7ribuni 
militum conſulari potefiate, elected inſtead 
of conſuls, A. U. C. 310. They were 
only three originally, but the number was 
afterwards encreaſed to fix, or more, ac- 
cording to the will and pleaſure of the peo- 
ple, and the emergencies of the ſtate. Part 
of them were plebeians, and the reſt of 
patrician families. When they had ſub- 
ſiſted for about 70 years, not without ſome 
nterruption, the office was totally aboliſh- 
ed, as the plebeians were admitted to ſhare 
the conſulſhip, and the conſuls continued 
at the head of the Rate till the end of the 
common wealth. The tribuni cohortium 
Pr e&torianarum, were entruſted with the 


perſon of the emperor, which they guarded | 


and protected. The 7ribuni erarii were 
othcers choſen from among the people, who 
ept the money which was to be applied 


0 defray the expences of the army, The 


T R 


richeſt perſons were always choſen; am 
much money was requiſite for the pay of 
the ſoldiers, They were greatly diſtin- 
guiſhed in the ſtate, and they ſhared with 
the ſenators and Roman knights the priyi- 
leges of judging. They were abolithed by 
Julius Cæſar, but Auguſtus re-eſtabliſhed 
them, and created 200 more, to decide 
cauſes of ſmaller importance. The 1 
buni celerum had the command of tne guard 
which Romulus choſe for the ſafety of his 
perſon. They were 100 in number, dif- 
tinguiſhed for their probity, their opulence, 
and their nobility. The tribuni volup- 
tatum were commiſſioned to take care of 
the amuſements which were prepared for 
the people, and that nothing might be 
wanting in the exhibitions. This office 
was alſo honorable. 

TRICAL A, a fortified place at the ſouth 
of Sicily. Sil. 14, v. 271. 

TRICASSES, a people of Champagne in 
Gaul, 

TRICASTINT, a people of Gallia Narbo- 
nenſis. S/. 3, v. 466.—Liv. 21, c. 3t. 

Tyiceæ, a town of Theſſaly, where 
Aſculapius had a temple. The inhabitants 
went to the Trojan war, —£Liv. 32, c. 13. 
— Hemer. Il. —Plin. 4, c. 8. 

TRxicnHoNnNIUM, a town of AÆtolia. 

Tz1cipitInNus. d. Lucretius. 

TRICLARIA, a yearly feſtival celebrated 
by the inhabitants of three cities in Toniag 
to appeaſe the anger of Diana 7riclar:a, 
whole temple had been defiled by the adul 
terous commerce of Menalippus and Co- 
metho. It was uſual to ſacritice a boy and 
a girl, but this barbarous cuſtom was abo- 
liſhed by Eurypilus. 

TRricoRti, a people of Gaul, now 
Dauphine, Liv. 21, c. 31. 

TRryCoRYTHUS, a town of Attica, 

TRICRENA, a place of Arcadia, where, 
according to ſome, Mercury was bora. 
Pauf. 8, „ 

TRI DEN TUN, a town of Ciſalpine Gaul, 
now called Trent, and famous in hiſtory 
for the eccleſiaſtical council which ſat there 
15 years to regulate the affairs of the 
church, A. D. 1545. 

TRIETERICA, feſtivals in honor of Bac- 
chus, celebrated every three years. Firg, 
En. 4, v. 302. 

TRIFANUM, a place of Latium near 
Sinueſſa. Liv. 8, c. It. 

TRIFOLINUS, a mountain of Campa- 
nia, famous for wine. Mart. 13, ep. 104. 
lin. 14, c. 7. 

TRIGEMINA, one of the Roman gates, 


| ſo called becauſe the three Horatii went 
thro' againſt the, Curiatii, 


Liu. 4, c. 16. 
LE 33, e. . „. 

TRINACRIA, or TRINACRK1S, one of 
the 


pany” 


— 


— 


* _— 2 ——U— ae AE ; — — — 


* — _— — 


— — — 


AR2— — — 


8 
the antient names of Sicily, from its trian- 
gular form. Virg. Mu. z, v. 384, &c. 

TxinivM, a river of Italy falling into 
tie Adriatic. 

Tx1NOBANTES, a people of Britain in 
modern Eiſex and Middlcſex. Tucit, ann. 
14, c. 31.—Cz/. G. 5, c. 20. 

TRTIOCIALA, or TRIOCLA, a town in 
the ſouthern parts of Sicily. SI. 14, v. 
271. 

TRIAS, or Tx1ors, a ſon of Neptune 
by Canace, the daughter of /Eolus. He 
was father of Etiſichthon, who is called on 
that account Triopeius, and his daughter 
Triopeis. Ovid. Met. 8, v. 754 — pille. 
1, c. 5,—A ſon of Phorbas, father to 
Algenor and Jaſus. Homer, Hymn. in Ap. 
211. A ſon of Piranthus. 

TarruvriA, one of the antient names 
of Elis. Liv. 28, c. 8. A mountain 
where Jupiter had a temple in Panchaia, 
whence he is called Triphylius. 

FTRrIOPIUM, a town of Caria. 

TazzepGt rs, an antient town of Pheenicia, 
built by the liberal contribution of Tyre, 
Sidon, and Aradus, whence the name. 
A town of Pontus. A diftrit of Ar-, 
cadia,—of Laconia, Liv, 35, c. 27, af 
Theſſaly, ib. 42, c. 53. A town of 
Lydia or Caria, A diſtrict of Africa 
between the Syrtes. 

TxiyTGLEMUSs, a ſon of Qcceanus and 
Terra, or, according to ſome, of Trochi- 
tus, a prieſt of Argos. According to the 
more received opinion he was ſon of Ce- 
leus, king of Attica, by Nera, whom 
ſome have called Mctanira, Cuthonea, 
Hyona, or Polymnia. He was born at 
Fleuſis in Attica, and was curcd in his 
youth of a ſevere ilincſs by the care of 
Ceres, who had been invited into the houſe 
t Celeus by the monarch's children, as 
ſhe travelled over the country in queſt of 
her daughter, To iepay the kindneſs of 
Ccbeus, the goddeſs took particular notice 
Gf his ſon. She fed him with her own 
milk, and placed him on burning coals 
during the night, to deſtroy whatever par- 
zicles of mortality he had received om 
his parents. The mother was aſtoniſhed at 
the uncommon growth of her ſon, and ſhe 
had the curioſity to watch Ceres. She diſ- 


turbed the goddeſs by a ſudden cry, when 


Triptolemus was laid on the burning aſhes, 
and as Ceres was therefore unable to make 
him immortal, ſhe taught him agriculture, 
and rendered him ſerviceable to mankind, 
by inſtructing him how to ſow corn, and 
make bread. She alſo gave him her cha- 
riot, which was drawn by two dragons, 
and in this celeſtial vehicle he travelled all 
over the carth, and diſtributed corn to all 


the inhabitants of the world. In Scythia | 


fab. 147.—Pauſ. 2, c. 14. |. 8, c. 4. 


1 
the favorite of Ceres neatly loft his life; 
but Lyncus, the king of the country, who 
had conſpired to murder him, was changed 
into a lynx. At his return to Eleuts, 
Triptolemus reſtured Ceres her chariot, and 
eſtabliſhed feſtivals and myſteries in bonor 
of the deity. He reigned for ſome time, 
and after death received divine honors, 
Some ſuppoſe that he accompanied Bacchijs 
in his Indian expedition. Diced.—llygit, 


Jufſtin. 2, c. 6. Apolled. 1, c. S. — Calin. 
in Cer. 22.— O. Met. 5, v. 646. aft, 
4, v. 501. Tei. 3, el. 8, v. 1. 

TzxigutTtRA, a name given to Sicily by 
the Latins, far its triangular form. Lucrer, 
I, v. 78. 

Trr1sMEGISTYS, à famous Egyptian, 
Lid. Mercurius. 

TRITIA, a daughter of the river Triton, 
mother of Menalippus, by Mars.-— A 
town in Achaia, built by her ſon, bore her 
name. Pauſ. 7, c. 22. 

Tx1TaGENIlA, a firname of Pallas. He- 


fied. 


Tx1Tow, a fca deity, ſon of Neptune, 
by Amphitrite ; or according to ſome, by 
Celeno, or Salacia, He was very powerful 
among the ſea deities, and could calm the 
ocean and abate ſtorms at pleaſure. He is 
generally repreſented as blowing a ſhell, 
his budy above the waiſt is like that of a 
man, and below, a dolphin, Some repre: 
ſent him with the fore fect of a norſe. 
Many of the ſca deities are called Tritons, 
but the name is generally applied to thole 
enly who are half men aud balf fiſhes. 
Apallod. 1, c. 4. —Hefied. Theog. v. g30.— 
Aid. Met. 1, v. 333.— (ic. de Nat. D. 1, 
c. 28.—Pirg. An. 1, v. 148. |. 6, v. 173. 
—Pauſ. 9, c. 20. — A river of Africa, 
falling into the lake Tritonis. One of 
the names of the Nilc. A ſmall river of 
Be vtia or Theſſaly. ; 

TzxrToNI1s, à lake and river of Africa, 
near which Minerva had a temple, whence 
ſhe is firnamed 7ritenis or Tritonia, Heres 
det. 4, C. 178. —Pauf. 9, c. 33.— Ving. 
Ain. 2, v. 171.—Mela, 1, c. 7. Athens 
is alſo called Tritenis, becauſed dedicated 
to Minerva. Ovid. Mer. 5. 

Taito, a tpwn of Doris. Liv. 28, 
C. 7. 

TRIVENTUM, a town of the Samnites. 

Trivia, à lirname given to Diana, be- 
cauſe ſhe pichded over all places where 
three roads met. At the new moon the 
Athenians offered her ſacrifices, and 4 
ſumptuous entertainment, Which was ge- 
nerally diſtributed among the poor. Firg. 
An. 6, v. 13. J. 7, v. 774. —Ovid. Met. 
2, v. 416. Faſt. 1, v. 389. 


TXIVIA ANTRUM, a place in the valle 
3 U 


of At 
Alart 


vern t 
Theſe 
piring 
and b 
purſui 
fortun 
was ii 
and C 
office, 
and la. 
Auguf 
throug 
liberty 
leagues 
he mac 
triumy 
the ſp: 
were al 
capital 
took CC 
and eve 
cerned, 
were er 
them ei 
af the 
Watched 
night t 
ready te 
ettectua 
triumvir 
that wer 
the emp 
the land 
Over the 
was plac 
Rome. 
maſters 
We coin, 
Intimate. 
leen on 2 
A. A. & 
feht, . 
that the 
of Cicer 
before th 
darum Cur 
As were 
2 plague 
they took 
health an 
legends, N 
were mo 
among 
cheſen 1 


t 


** 


of Aricia, where the nymph Egeria reſided. 


Mart. 6, ep. 47. 
Tziviez LUCUS, a place of Campania, 
in the bay of Cumz. Ving. Zn. 6, v. 13. 
TrivicuM, a town in the country of 
the Hirpini in Italy. Heraf. t, Sat. 5, v. 


— 


79, 5 1 8 
TrxrvmMvini reipublice cituendæ, were 


three magiſtrates appointed equally to go- 
vern the Roman ſtate with ablulute power. 
Theſe officers gave a fatal blow to the ex- 
piring independence of the Roman peopte, 
and became celebrated for their different 
purſuits, their ambition, and their various 
fortunes. The firſt triunivirate, B. C. 60, 


was in the hands of J. Cæſar, Pompey, | 


and Crafſus, who at the expiration of their 
office, kindled a civil war. The ſecond 
and laſt triumvirate, B. C. 43, was under 


Auguftus, M. Antony, and Lepidus, and | 


through them the Romans totally loſt their 
liberty. Auguftus diſagreed with his col- 
leagues, and after he had defeated them, 
he made himſelf abſolute in Rome. The 
triumvirate was in full force at Rome for 
the ſpace of about 12 years. There 
were alſo othcers who were called eriumwnir: 
capitales, created A. U. C. 464. They 
took cognizance of murders and robberies, 
and every thing in which ſlaves were con- 
cerned, Criminals under ſentence ot death 
were entruſted to their care, and they had 
them exccuted according to the commands 
of the prætors. The trumvwiri nutturni 
watched over the ſafety of Rome in the 
night time, and in caſe of fire were ever 
ready to give orders, and to take the moſt 
eſfectual meaſures to extinguiſh it. The 
triumvir; agrar had the care of colonies 


* 


2 


this privilege belonged to the kings, and 
afterwards devolved upon the confuls, and 
the cenſors, A. U. C. 3ro. The trium- 
viri menſarii were choſen in the ſecond Pu- 
nic war, to take care of the coin and 
prices of exchange. 

TxIUMVIRORUM INSULA, a place on 
the Rhine which falls into the Po, where 
the triumvirs Antony, Lepidus, and Au- 
guſtus, met to divide the Roman empire 
after the battle of Mutina. Dio. 46, c. 55. 
—Appian. Civ, 4. 

TroAvEs, the inhabitants of Troas. 

TRoaAs, a country of Phrygia in Aſia 
Minor, of which Troy was the capital. 
When Troas is taken for the whole king- 
dom of Priam, it may be faid to contain 
Myſia and Phrygia Minor; but if only ap- 
phed to that part of the country where 
Troy was fituatos its extent is confined 
within very narrow limits. Troas was au- 
tiently called Dardania. Vid. Troja. 

Tzocuons, a lake in the ifland of De- 
los, near which Apollo and Diana were 


born. 


Txocmi, a people of Galatia. Liv. 38, 
c. 16. 

Txœzr, a town of Argolis, in Pelo- 
ponne ſus, near the Saronicus Sinus, which 
received its name from Trœzen, the ſon of 
Pelops, who reigned there tor ſome time. 
It is often called Thefeis, becauſe Theſeus 
was born there; and Peofidonia, becauſe 
Neptune was worthipped there. Star. 
Ieh. 4, v. $1.——Pau. 2, c. 50.— Plat. in 
Theſ. —Ovid. Met. 8, v. 566. |. 15, v. 
296. Another town at the ſouth of 
the Peloponneſus. 

TrociLiz, three ſmall iſlands near 


that were ſent to ſettle in different parts of | Samos. 


the empire. They made a fair divihon of 


| 


TxoGILIUM, a part of mount Mycale, 


the lands among the citizens, and exerciſed | projecting into the ſea. Serab. 14. 


over the new colony all the power which 
was placed in the hands of the conſuls at 
Rome. The triumviri monetal's were 
maſters of the mint, and had the care or 
te coin, hence their office was generally 
intimated by the ton wing letters often 
teen on antient coins and mcdals; IILVIR. 
A. A. A. F. F. i. e. Irmi aur, ar- 
gerito, are flando, feriende. Some ſuppoſe 
tiat they were created only in the age 
of Cicero, as thoſe wo were employed 
before them, were called Dernariorium fun- 
dorum curatores. The triumtiri valetudi- 
nis were choſen when Rome was viſited by 
a plague or ſome peſtiferous diſtemper, and 
they took particular care of the temples of 
health and virtue, The triumwiri fenatics 
legendi, were appointed to name thoſe that 
were muſt worthy to be made ſenators from 
among the plebeians. They were fiſt 
cheſen in the age of Auguitus, as before, 


! 
1 
' 


TroG1LUs, a harbour of Sicily, Sl, 
I4, v. 259. 
TRoGLODYTE, a people of AXthiopia, 


| who dwelt in caves (TawyAn /pects, Ju 


| 


| ſubee). They were all ſhepherds, and had 


their wives in common. Sab. 1. -. 4. 
1, c. 4 8. 

Trocvs Ponies, a Latin hiſtorian, 
B. C. 41. His father was ene of the 
friends and adherents of J. Cziar. Trogus 
wrote an univerſal hiſtory of all the moſt 
important events that had happened from 
the heginning of the world to the age of 
Auguſtus, divided into 44 books. This 
hiſtory, which was greatly admired for its 
purity and elegance, was epitomized by 
Juſtin, and is Mill extant. Some ſuppoſe 
that the epitome is the cauſe that the ori- 
ginal of Trogus is loſt. 

TxoJa, acity, the capital of Troas, or 
according to others, a country. of which 

Lium 


— —k— — on — 3 


- 


c 


— — —— 
ae 
222 2 - —__ 


— 


3 
IP 
TE ihe. AM 
« a 


7 


1 


mum was the capital. It was built on a 
fmail eminence near mount Ida, and the 
promontory of Sigzum, at the diſtance of 
bout four miles from the ſea ſhore. Dar- 
danus the firſt king of the country built it, 
and called it Drdaniad, and from Tros one 
of his ſucceſſors it was called Tra, and 
trom Ilus lien. Neptune is alſo ſaid to 
bave built, or more properly repaired, its 
walls, in the age of king Laomedon. This 
city has been celcbrated by the poems of Ho- 
mer and Virgil, and of all the wars which 
kave been carried on among the antients, 
that of Troy is the moſt famous. The 
Trojan war was undertaken by the Greeks, 
to recover Helen, whom Paris the ſon of 
Priam king of Troy had carried away 
from the houſe of Menclaus. All Greece 
united to avenge the cawſe of Menelaus, 
and every prince furnithed a certain number 
of ſhips and ſoldiers. According to Eu- 
ripides, Virgil, and Lycophron, the ar- 
mament of the Greeks amounted to 1000 
tips. Homer mentions them as being 
1136, and Thucydides ſuppoſes that they 
were 1200 in number. The number of 
men which theſe ſhips carried is unknown; 
yet as the largeſt contained about 120 
men each, and the ſmalleſt 50, it may be 
ſuppoicd that no leis than 100,000 men 
were engaged in this celebrated expedition. 
Azamemnon was choſen general of all 
theſe forces; but the princes and kings of 
Greeve were admitted among his coun- 
tellors, and by them all the operations of 
the war were directed. The moſt cele- 
brated of the Grecian princes that diſtin- 
guiſhed themſelves in this war, were Achil- 
tes, Ajax, Menelaus, Ulyſſes, Diomedes, 
Proteſilaus, Patroclus, Agamemnon, Nei- 
tor, Neoptolemus, &c. The Grecian ar- 
my was oppoſed by a more numerous 
force, The king of Troy received aſſiſt- 
ance from the neighbouring princes in Aſia 
Minor, and reckoned among his moſt ac- 
tive generals, Rheſus king of Thrace, and 
Memnon, who entered the field with 
20,000 Aſlyrians and Athioptans. Many 
of the adjacent cities were reduced and 
plundered before the Greeks approached! 
the walls; but when the ſiege was begun, 
the enemies on both fides gave probte 
of valor and intrepidity. The army of 
the Grecks, however, was vilited by a 
plague, and the operations were not les 
rerarded by the quarrel of Agamemnon and 
Achilles. The loſs was great on buth 
ſides; the moſt valiant of the Trojans, and 
particularly of the ſons of Priam, were 
flain in the ficld ; and indeed, fo great was 
the laughter, that the rivers of the coun- 
try are repreſented as filled with dead bo- 
ches and Luits of armour, After the ſiege 


1 


had been carried on for ten years, ſome of 
the Trojans, among whom were Aneas 
and Antenor, betrayed the city into the 
hands of the enemy, and Troy was reduced 
to aſhes. The poets however, ſupport, that 
the Greeks made themſelves maſters of 
the place by artifice, They ſecretly filled 
a large wooden horſe with armed men, and 
led away their army from the plains, as if 
to return home. The Trojans brought the 
wooden horſe into their city, and in the 
night the Greeks that were confined within 
the fndes of the animal, ruſhed out and 
opened the gates to their companions, who 
had returned from the place of their con- 
cealment. The greateſt part of the inha- 
bitants were put to the ſword, and the 
others carried away by the conquerors, 
This happened, according to the Arun- 
delian marbles, about 1184 years before 
the Chrittian era, in the 353oth year of 
the Julian period, on the night between 
the 11th and 12th of June, 408 years be- 
fore the firſt olympiad. Some time after, 
a new city was raiſed, about 30 ſtadia 
from the ruins of the old Troy ; but though 
it bore the antient name, and received am- 
ple donations from Alexander the Great, 
when he viſited it in his Aſiatic expedi- 
tion, yet it continued to be ſmall, and in 
the age of Strabo it was nearly in ruins, 
It is ſaid that J. Cæſar, who wiſhed to 
paſs for one of the deſcendants of AZneas, 
and conſcquently to be related to the Tro- 
jans, intended to make it the capital of 
the Roman empire, and to tranſport there 
the ſenate and the Roman people. The 
ſame apprehenſions were entertained in 
the reign of Auguſtus, and according to 
ſome, an ode of Horace, um & tena- 
cem propefiti virum was written purpoſely 
to diſſuade the emperor from putting into 
execution ſo wild a project. Vid. Paris, 
Aneas, Antenor, Agamemnon, Ilium, La- 
omedon, Menelaus, &c. Virg. Ain.—He- 
mer. (vid. Diod, &c. 

To ANI and TRojucENnaz, the inha- 
birants of” Troy. 

TrojANnT LUDI, games inſtituted by 
Encas or his ſon Aſcanius, to commemo- 
rate the death of Anchiſes, and celebrated 
in the circus at Rome, Boys of the beſt 
ſamilies, dreſſed in a neat manner, and 
accoutred with ſuitable arms and weapons, 
were permitted to enter the lift, Sylla ex- 
hibited them in his dictatorſhip, and under 
Auguſtus they were obſerved with unuſual 
pomp and ſolemnity. A mock fight on 
horſe-back, or ſometimes on foot, was en- 
hibited. The leader of the party was called 
princeps juventutis, and was generally the 
ſon of a ſenator, or the heir apparent to the 


empire, Ving. An, 5, v. 602. | 
| 


Tx61LUs 


Tas. 
killed by 
Apollod. 3 
—Virg. A 

TRoME 
Liv. 6, c. 

TROP A 
ſtone mon 
Pompey.— 
where Di 
luted emp 

TRroPH 
of Erginus 
tia, He l 
with the at 
and when 
ward for h 
prieſteſs te 
during tha 
pleaſure, 
Trophoniu 
dead in th 
nias, howe 
in the eat 
country w 
Beotians v 
nius for rel 
where he g 
diſcovered 
of bees, a1 

eaſe their 

Trophoniu; 
paſſed for t 
a ſtatue we 
were offer 
ſulted to gi 
phonius be! 
aracles of ( 
required, 2 
make part 
body with 
of certain 
a linen rob 
bis hand, |} 
tie cave by 
he returnec 
ceived an ai 
de jected at 
proverbial 

that he ha 
Phonius, * 
games in hi 


Aſſaracus, 
war again 
whom he 
the youngeſt 
Phrygia W 2 


. 


N 


TaSiLus, a ſon of Priam and Hecuba, 
killed by Achilles during the Trojan war. 
Apollod. 3, c. 12.— Horat. 2, Od. 9, v. 16. 
—Virg. An. 1, v. 474. | 

TRzoMENTINA, one of the Roman tribes, 
Liv. 6, c. 5. 

TroP AA, a town of the Brutii. A 
ſtone monument on the Pyrenees, erected by 
Pompey. Druſi, a town of Germany 
where Druſus died, and Tiberius was ſa- 
luted emperor by the army, 

Tzor Hortus, a celcbrated architect, ſon 
of Erginus, king of Orchomenos in Bœo— 
tia, He built Apollv's temple at Delphi, 
with the aſſiſtance of his brother Agamedes, 
and when he demanded of the god a re- 
ward for his trouble, he was told by the 
prieſteſs to wait eight days, and to live 
during that time with all chearfulngſs and 
pleaſure, When the days were paſſed, 
Trophonius and his brother were found 
dead in their bed. According to Pauſa- 
nias, however, he was ſwallowed up alive 
in the earth: and when afterwards the 
country was viſited by a great drought, the 
Beotians were directed to apply to Tropho- 
nius for relief, and to ſeek him at Lebadea, 
where he gave oracles in a cave. They 
diſcovered this cave by means of a {warm 
of bees, and Trophonius told them how to 
eaſe their misfortunes. From that time 
Trophonius was honored as a gud, he 
paſſed for the ſon of Apollo, a chapel and 
a ſtatue were creed to him, and facrifces 
were offered to his divinity, when con- 
ſulted to give oracles. The cave of Tro- 
phonius became one of the moſt celebrated 
aracles of Greece. Many ceremonies were 
required, and the ſuppliant was obliged to 
make particular ſacrifices, to anoint his 
body with oil, and to bathe in the waters 
of certain rivers. He was to be cluthed in 
a linen robe, and with a cake of honey in 
his hand, he was directed to deſcend into 
tie cave by a narrow entrance, from whence 
te returned backwards, after he had re- 
ceived an anſwer. He was always pale and 
dejected at his return, and thence it became 
proverbial to ſay of a melanchuly man, 
that he had conſulted the oracle of Tro- 
Phonius. There were annually exhibited , 
games in honor of Trophonius at Lebadea. 
Pauſ. g, c. 37, &c.—Cic. 7 1 
—Plut.—Plin, 34, c. 7.—£lian. V. H. 

3 C. 45. 

Tros,/a ſon of Ericthonius, king of 
Troy) married Callirhoe, the daughter 
of the Scamander, by whom he had Ilus, 
Aſſaracus, and Ganymedes. He made 
war againſt Tantalus, king of Phrygia, 
whom he accuſed of having ſtolen away 
the youngeſt of his ſons. The capital of 

"rygia was called Troja from him, and 


ſiſtance of foot ſoldiers. 


TIT 
the country itſelf Troas. Vrg. 3, G. v. 
36.— Homer. II. 20, v. 219.—Apilled. 3, 
e. 13. 

TRoSSULUM, a town of Etruria, which 
gave the name of Treſſuli to the Roman 
knights who had taken it without the aſ- 
Plin, 32, c. 4. 
—Senec. ep. 86 & 87.— Perſ. 1, v. 82. 

TROTILUM, a town of Sicily. Tau- 
cyd. 6. 

TRUENTUM, or TRUENTINUM, a river 
of Picenum, falling into the Adriatic, 
There is alſo a town of the ſame name in 
the neighbourhood, S7l. 8, v. 434.—Mela. 
2.—Plin. 3, c. 13. 

TRYPHERUS, a cclebrated cook, &c. 
Fav. IT, 

T&vYPHIODORVUS, a Greek poet in the 
6th century, who wrote a poem in 24 
books on the deſtruction of Troy, from 
which he excluded the « in the firit book, 
the Þ in the ſecond, and the y in the third, 
&c. 

TRzyPnon, a tyrant of Apamea in Syria, 
put to death by Antiochus. Tuſtin. 36, 
"A 7 A ſirname of one of the Ptolemies. 


lian. V. H. 14, c. 31.—A grammarian 


of Alexandria, in the age of Auguſtus. 

Tus ANT Es, a people of Germany. Ta- 
cit. I, c. 51. : 

TuBERo, (Q. Mlius) a Roman conſul, 
ſon-in-law of Paulus the conqueror of Per- 
ſeus. He is celebrated for his poverty, in 
which he ſeemed to glory, as well as the 
reſt of his family. Sixteen of the Tuberos, 
with their wives and chiidren, hved in a 
ſmall houſe, and maintained themſelves 
with the produce of a little field, which 
they cultivated with their own hands. The 
firſt piece of filver plate that entered the 
houſe of Tubero, was a ſmall cup, which 
his father-in-law preſented to him, aſter 
he had conquered the king of Macedonia. 
A learned man, 
Africa. A Roman general who march. 
ed againſt the Germans under the empe- 
rors. He was accuſed of treaſon, and ac- 
quitted, 

TuzuRBo, two towns of Africa, called 
Major and Minor. 

Tucca, Plautius, a friend of Ho- 
race and Virgil, He was ordered by Au- 
guſtus, as ſome report, to reviſe the Æneid 
of Virgil, which remained uncorrected on 
account of the premature death of the 
poet. A town of Mauritania. 

Tuccia, an immodeſt women in Jus 


venal's age. Tuwv. 6, v. 64. : 
Tucia, a river near Rome. SY, 13, * 
8 
Tup gz, or TUuDERTIA, an antient 


town of Umbria. 


The inhabitants were 
called Tudertes, 


Sil. 45 V. 222. 


o 
TupRt, 


A governor of 


* 


T U 


Tf uo 


Tore, a people of Germany, Tucit. | kuſband ſhe had every reaſon to be diffatis« 


ar erm. 42. 

Tucta, now Toia, a town of Spain. 
. . 

Tucint, or TuGEx1, a people of Ger- 
many. 

Tvgurinus, Jul. a Roman Knight 
who conſpired agaiuſt Neto, & c. Tucit. 
a Th, . . 

Tutsro, a deity of the Germans; the 
founder of the nation. Tucit, de Germ. 2. 

Tvr.crsA, a river of Spain falling into 
the Mediterranean, now Francel:. 

Tur.1NnG1, a people of Germany be— 
tween the Rhine and the Danube. Cy}. 1, 
e . 

Torka, one of Camilla's attendants 
in the Rutultan wat. PFirg. Ain. 11, 
v. 656. 

Tur.Lra, a daughter of Servius Tullius, 
king of Rome. She married Tarquin the 


huſband Arunx, and confented to fee Tul- 
Ins aſſaſſinated, that Tarquin might be 
raiſed to the thrune. It is ſaid that ſhe 
ordered her chariot to be driven over the 
body of her aged father, which had been 
thrown all mangled and bloody in one of 
the ſtreets of Rome. She was afterwartls 
baniſhed from Rome with her huſhand. 
Ovid. in Ih, 363. Another daughter of 
Servius Tullius, who marricd Tarquin the 
proud. She was murdered by her own 
tuſband, that he might marry her ambi- 
twus fifter of the ſame name. A daugh- 
ter of Cicero. Vid. Tulliola. A de- 
bauched woman, Fu. 6, v. 306. 
TULLIA Lx, de ſenatu, by M. Tullius 
Cicero, A. U. C. 690, enacted that thoſe 
who had a /ibera legutis granted them by 
tne ſenate, ſhould hold ir no more than 
ane year. Such ſenators as had a era 
lexatio, travelled through the provinces of 
the empire without any expence, as if they 
were employed in the affairs of the ftate, 
Another de ' ambitu, by the ſame, the 
fime year. It forbad any perſon, two 
years before he canvaſſed for an office, to 
exhibit a ſhow of gladiators, unleſs that 
caſe had devolved upon him by will. Se- 
nators guilty of the crime of ambitus, were 
puniſhed with the ague & igntis interdietic 


for ten years, and the penalty inflicted on- 


the commons was more ſevere than that of 
the Calpurnian law. 

TULLItANUM, a ſubterraneous priſon in 
Rome, built by Servius Tullius, and added 
ro the other called Robur, where criminals 
were confined, S./ H. in B. Catil, 

TuLLtidLa, or TULL1A, a daughter of 
Cicero by Terentia, She married Caius 
Piſo, and afterwards Furius Craffipes, and 
laitly P. Corn. Dolabella. With this lat 


prond, atter ſhe had murdered her firſt | 


— 


— 
2 — 


hed. Dolabella was turbulent, and conſe- 
quently the cauſe of much grief to Tullia 
and her father. Tullia died iu childbeq, 
about 44 years before Chriſt. Cicero was 
ſo inconſolable on this occaſion, that ſome 
have accuſed him of an unnatural partiality 
for his daugliter. According to a ridiculous 
ſtory which ſome of tne moderns report, in 
the age of pope Paul zd. a monument was 
diſcovered on the Apptan road, with the 


| ſuperſcription of Talllalæ ffliæ mc. The 


budy of a wotnan was found in it, which 
was reduced to aſhes as ſoon as touched; 
there was alſo a lamp burning, which was 
extinguiſhed as ſoon as the air gained ad- 
miſſion there; and which was ſuppoſed tg 
have been liglited above 1500 years. Cie. 
— Plut An Cic. 

Tuts Cimber, the ſon of à freedman, 
roſe to great honors, and followed the intereſt 
of Pompey. He was teconciled to J. Cæſar, 
whom he murdered with Brutus, Lt. 
Ciccro, a celebrated orator. Vd. Cicero. 
The ſon of the orator Cicero. Vid. 
Citero. Servius, a King of Rome. Vd. 
Servius.——Sencecivy a man accuſed of con- 
{piracy againſt Nero with Piſo. A friend 
of Otho.— One of the Kings of Rome, 
Vid. Servius. 

TvLtvs HosTiLtus, the 3d king of 
Rome after the death of Numa. He was 
of a warlike and ative diſpoſition, and ſig- 
nalized himſelf by his expedition againſt the 
people of Alba, whotn he conquered, and 
whoſe city he deſtroyed, after the famous 
battle of the Horatii and Curiatii. He after- 
wards carried his arms againſt the Latins and 
rhe neighbouring ſtates with ſucceſs, and 
enforced reverence for majeſty among his 
ſubjects. He died with all his family about 
640 years before the Chriſtian era, after a 
reign of 32 years. The manner of his death 
is not preciſely known. Some ſuppoſe that 
he was killed by lightening, while he was 
performing ſome magical ceremonies in his 
own houſe; or, according to the more pro- 
bable accounts of others, he was murdered 
by Ancus Martius, who ſet fire to the palace, 
to make it believed that the impicty of Tul- 
lus had been puniſhed by heaven. Flor. 1, 
c. 3.—Dionyſ. Hal.—FVirg. x. 6, v. 814. 
Liv. 1, c. 22.— Put. A conſul, 
A. U. C. 686. Horat. 3, od. 8, v. 12. 

Tuxkra, or Tunis, a town of Africa, 
near which Regulus was defeated and taken 
by Xanthippus. Li, 30, c. 9. 

TuNnGR1, a name given to ſome of the 
Germans, ſuppoſed to live on the banks of 
the Maeſe, whoſe chief city called Atuatuca, 
is Row Tongeren,——The river of the coun- 
try is now the Spaw, Tacit. de Germ. 2: 

C. Tux Avtvs, a Latin tragic pou 


the age 
16, v. 2 
Tur] 
Tux! 
Sat. 3,5 
but unce 
nor of EF 
TurrT 
Spain, i 
Liv, 21, 
TuRet 
Tiberius, 
Tukr1 
Mediterr 
Tux 

in Switze 
Tot. 
Tu Rr! 
age. Ho 
Turn 
Daunus a 
Aneas, 7 
from Ital 
daughter 
engaged tt 
with no ſu 
courage ar 
quered an 
by Eneas 
uncommo 
& c.— 776, 
v. 879. M 
Tundn 


, pital, Cz; 


TURPr« 
To RU 
Adriatic. 
Tux ur. 
Tukvun 
poſed to be 
TusCar 
at the weſt 
Vid. Etruri 
Tosci, 
The villa 
ſources of 
Tuscv1i., 
eero, near 
Compoſed 
contempt ol 
uſe. 1, c. 
t. r, 
Tuscir: 
miles from 
the fon of 
Called Freſe, 
mhicent vill: 
Aic—S; re 
e. 
Toscus, 
er is called 
g. 2. I 
Tusceys 


-vnſul, 
2. 
Africa, 
taken 


3 


the age of Auguſtus. Ovid. ex Pont. 4, el. 


16, v. 29. 

TUurBA, a town of Gaul. 

Tux80, a gladiator, mentioned Horat, 2, 
Sat. 3, v. 310. He was of a ſmall ſtature, 
but uncommonly courageous. A gover- 
nor of Pannonia, under the emperors. 

TuRDETANT, or TURDUTTY, a people of 
Spain, inhabiting both fides of the Bztis, 
Liv. 21, c. 6. I. 28, c. 39. I. 34, c. 17. 

TvuREs1s, a Thracian, who revolted from 
Tiberius. 

TuR1ASs, a river of Spain falling into the 
Mediterranean, now Guadalaviar. 

Tux1cuM, a town of Gaul, now Zurich, 
in Switzerland. 

TUuR1oSA, a town of Spain. 

TuR1Us, a corrupt judge in the Auguſtan 
age. Horat. 2. Sat. 1, v. 49 

TurNnus, a king of the Rutuli, ſon of 
Daunus and Venilia. He made war againſt 
Aneas, and attempted to drive him away 
from Italy, that he might not marry the 
daughter of Latinus, who had been previouſly 
engaged to him. His efforts were attended 
with no ſucceſs, though ſupported with great 
courage and a numerous army. He was con- 
quered and at laſt killed in a ſingle combat 
by Eneas. He is repreſented as a man of 
wncommon ſtrength. Virg. n. 7, v. 56, 
&c.— Tibul. 2, el. 5, v. 49.— Ovid. Faſt. 4, 
v. 879. Met. 14, v. 451. 

TunGwnes, a people of Gaul, whoſe ca- 


pital, Cæſarodunum, is the modern Tours. 


Tuxpio. Vid. Ambivius. 

TuzRus, a river of Italy falling into the 
Adriatic, 

TukULL1vus, one of Czſar's murderers. 

TukuNn1Us, a river of Sarmatia, ſup- 
poſed to be the Duina, or Duna. 

TusCANIA and TusCta, a large country 
at the weſt of Rome, the ſame as Etruria. 
Vid. Etruria. 

Tusct, the inhabitants of Etruria. 
The villa of Pliny the younger near the 
ſources of the Tiber. Plin. ep. 5 & 6. 

Tuscui.Anum, a country houſe of Ci- 
eero, near Tuſculum, where the orator 
compoſed his quzſtiones concerning the 
contempt of death, &c. in five books. Cic. 
Tuſe. 1, c. 4. Att. 15, ep. 2. Div. 2, 
bis 


TuscULum, a town of Latium, about 12 
miles from Rome, founded by Telegonus 
the ſon of Ulyfſes and Circe. It is now 
called Freſcati, and is famous for the mag- 
nificent villas in its neighbourhood. Cic. ad 
— 5.—-Horat. 3, Od. 23, v. 8, 

6. | 


Tvscvs, belonging to Etruria. The Ti- 
der is called Taſcus amnis, from its ſituation. 
Firg. An. 10, v. 199. 

Tuzeus vicus, a ſmall village near 


— — EE EI 


j 


» By 


Rome, It received this name from the 
Etrurians of Porſenna's army, that ſettled 
there, Liv, 2, c. 14. 

Tuscum MARE, a part of the Mediter- 
ranean, on the coaſt of Etruria. Vid. Tyr- 


rhenum. 


Tura, a queen of Illyricum, &c. 

_ TuT1A, a veſtal virgin accuſed of incon- 
tinence. She proved herſelf to be innocent 
by carrving water from the Tiber to the 
temple of Veſta in a fieve, after a ſolemn 
invocation to the goddeſs. Liv. 20. A 


ſmall river ſix miles from Rome, where 


Annibal pitched his camp when he retreated 
from the city. Liv, 26, c. 11. 

TuTrcum, a town of the Hirpini. 

TyANna, a town at tHe foot of mount 
Taurus in Cappadocia, where Apollonius 
was born, whence he is called Tyaners, 
Ovid. Met. 8, v. 719.—Strab. 12. 

TyanTT1s, a province of Aſia Minor, 
near Cappadocia. 

TyBr1s, Fid. Tiberis. A Trojan who 
fought in Italy with Eneas againſt Turnus. 
Virg. Eu. 10, v. 124. 

TYuvUR, a town of Latium on the Anio. 
Vid. Tibur. 

Treu, one of the Oceanides. Hefiod. 
Theog. v. 360. A part of the town of 
Syracuſe, Cic. in Verr. 4, c. 53. 

Tycarvs, a celebrated artiſt of Hyle in 
Bœotia, who made Hector's ſhield, whick 
was covered with the hides of ſeven oxen. 
Ovid, Faſt. 3, v. 823.—Strac, g.— Homer. 
II. 7, v. 220. 

Typ, a town of Hiſpania Tarraconenſis. 
Ital. 3, v. 367. 

Tynevs, a ſon of CEneus, king of Ca- 
lydon. He fled from his couutry after the 
accidental murder of one of his friends, and 
found a ſafe aſylum in the court of Adraſtus, 
King of Argos, whoſe daughter Deiphyle he 
married. When Adraitus wiſhed to replace 
his ſon-in-law Polynices on the throne of 
Thebes, Tydeus undertook to go and de- 
clare war againſt Etcocles, who uſurped tho 
crown. The reception he met provoked his 
reſentment ; he challenged Eteocles and his 
officers to ſingle combat, and defeated them. 
On his return to Argos, he flew 50 of the 
Thebans who had conſpired againſt his life, 
and laid in an ambuſh to ſurprize him; and 
only one of the number was permitted to 
return to Thebes, to bear the tidings of the 
fate of his companions. He was one of the 
ſeven chiefs of the army of Adraſtus, and 
during the Theban war he behaved with 
great courage. Many of the enemies expired 
under his blows, till he was at laſt wounded 
by Melanippus. Though the blow was fa- 
tal, Tydeus had the ſtrength to dart at bis 
enemy, and to bring him to the ground, be- 
fore he wa; carried away from the fight by 

3 H his 


—— — — — 


1 


At his own requeſt, the | 


dead body of Melanippus Wa“ brought to 
him, and after he had ordered the head to 


be cut off, he began to tea out the brains 
| that they fled away and aſſumed different 


hes companions, 


with his tceth. The ſavage barbarity of 
Tydeus diſpleaſed Minerva, who was com- 
ing to bring him relief, and to make him an 
immortal; and the goddeſs left him to his 
fate, and ſuffered him to die. He was bu- 
ried at Argos, where his monument was 
fill to be ſeen in the age of Pauſanias. He 
was father to Diomedes. Some ſuppoſe 
that the cauſe of his flight to Argos, Was 
the murder of the ſon of Melus, or accord- 
ing to others, of Alcathous his father's bro- 
ther, or perhaps his own brother Olenius. 
Homer. Il. 4, v. 365, 289. —4poiled. 1, f. 8. 
1 c. 6.4 . Sept. ante CD, 
Pauſ. 9, C. 18.— Diad. 2.—Eurip. 1 Sup. 
irg. An. 6, v. 479. — Ovid. in Ih, 350, 
& c. 
Tvpiprs, a patronymic of Diomedes, as 
fon of Tydeus. Fr x. 1, v. 101.— 
Horat. 1, Od. 15, v. 3. 
Ty1 05s, a town of peloponneſus near 
T xharus, now Bakrain. 
TymMBER, a fon of Daunus, wh 


Fo 


ſhapes. 


Etna, in 


Hygin. fe 
32 5, — c. 
Theog. $20. — mer. Iym.— Herodot. 2, C 
156.—Pirg. An. , v. 716. 


by firiking the carth. 
make him the {ame as the famous Typhœ- 
Vid. Typhœus.— A brother of Oh- 
married Nepthys. 
for his brother during his expedition, and 
murdered him. The death of Ofiris was 
o aſſiſted avenged by his ſon Orus, and Typhon was 


us. 
ris, who 


His head was cut of in an en-{p 


of every cvil, 


ant ſhrieks of different animals, 
no ſooner born, than, to a 


ibis, Apollo 


1 


He was 
venge the death 


of his brothers the giants, he made war 


| againſt heaven, and ſo frightened the gods, 


Jupiter became a ram, Mercury 


a crow, Juno a cow, Bac - 


chns a goat, Diana a cat, Venus a fiſh, &c. 
The father of the gods at laſt reſumed cou- 
rages and put Typhaus to flight with his 
thunderbolts, and cruſhed him under mount 
the ifland of Sicily, or according 


ſome, under the iſland Inarime. Ty- 


phœus became 
and Orthos, by his union with Echidna. 
ib. 152 & 196. —0vid. Met. 5, v. 


Tveno, A 


ut to death. 


Turnus. 
gagement by Pallas. irg. u. 10, V- koned among 
391, &c. 

ntain. Ovid. Met. 6, 


Tvuöl es, a mou 
v.18. Vid. Tmolus. i 
TyMPANIAy an inland town of Elis. 
TyMPHE1, a people between 
Theſſaly. 
TyYVNDARI DR, 
dren of Tyndarus, 
Helen, &c. Ovid. 
Colchis. | 
TyxDARrIS, 2 patronym 
daughter of Tyndarus. 
60.———A town of Sicily near Meſſana. 
Sil. 14, V+ 209. Horace 
to one of his miſtreſſes, as beſt expteſſve of 
all female accompliſhments, 1, Od. 17, 
v. 10.— A name given to Caſſandra. 
Ovid. A. A. 2, v. 408.— A town of Col- 


Met. 8.—A people o 


epteſented 


a patrony mic of the chil- | Tyrannion, 
as Caſtor, Pollux, and | He was taken by I 
f | bis liberty by Murzna. He opened a ſchuol 


in the houſe of his friend Cicero, and en- 
ſriendihip. He was extremely 


ic of Hclen, joyed his 
| fond of buoks, and collected a library 9 


chis on the Phaſis. Plin. 
TyxDARVs, a fon of CEbalus and Gor- 


gophone, or, according to ſome, of Perieres. 
He was king of Lacedzmon, and married 
the celebrated Leda, who bore him Timan- 
dra, Philonoe, &c. and alſo became mother 
of Pollux and Helen by Jupiter. Vid. Leda, 
Caſtor, Pollux, Clytemneſtra, &c. 

Tyxxvickus, a general of Heraclea. Pe- 

an. 
Tvrucus, or TYPHON, 2 famous gi- 
ant, ſon of T artarus and Terra; who had a 
hundred heads like thoſe of a ſerpent or a 
dragon. Flames of devouring fire were 
darted from his mouth and from bis eyes, 


Epirus and | intimate with Cicero. 
was Theophraſtus, and he received that of 


from his auſterity to his pupils. 


about 


bought by 


TYRAS, 


twecn 

now CA 

10, v. 50. 
TVy EIS, 


and he uttered horrid yells, like the diſſon- 


3 N 


as a wolf and a crocodile. Plut. 
n If. & 0 Diad. r. 
TyrRanNion, a grammarian of Pontus, 


20,000 volumes. 
induftry the world is indebted for the pte- 
ſervation of Ariftotle's works, —T here 
was alſo one of his diſciples called Diocles, 
who bore his name. 
Phenicia, and was made priſoner in the 
war of Auguſtus and Antony: 


Sarmatia, falling into the 
e Danube and the Bory ſthenes 


the Niefter, 


* in his wars againſt Turnus, 


father of Geryon, Cerberus, 
ſept. ante Theb.—Hefied, 


giant whom Juno produced 
Some of the poets 


He laid ſnare? 


(Vid. Ofiris.) He was rec- 
the Egyptians to be the cauſe 
and on that account generally 


His original name 


.ucullus, and reſtored to 


To his care 4nd 


He was a native of 


He was 
Dymes, one of the emperor's 


favorites, and afterwards by Terentia, wiv 
gave him his liberty. | 
rent volumes, in one of which he proved 
that the Latin tongue Was derive 
Greek; and another in which Homer's po- 
ems were corrected, &c. 

TyxANNUsS, a ſon of Pterelaus. 


He wrote 65 ditte- 


d from ti 


or TYRA, a river of European 
Euxine ſea, be- 


Ovid. Pont. & © 
of #- 


He u 
votet 


one of the companions 


brother t 
403. 
TVRII 
Alexande 
TVI. 
Græcia. 
Trac 
fled fron 
his maſte 
c. 10. 
Tynro, 
Salmoneu 
was treat 
ther-in-la 
ner father 
She becar 
as ſhe oft 
ver, Nept 
vored lov 
had two | 
tune, wh 
incontinct 
cle pre ſ 
had arriv 
avenged 
nating th 
her amou 
uncle Cre 
thaon, P 
called Sai 
11, v. 23 
. 9 — 
2, el. 30, 
am. Jz "7 
c. 42. 
TyRo: 
of Pheœn 
Ty 
ſons of 1 
Latinus. 
Tyan 
Vid. Etri 
TYRR 
Mediterr 
Etruria. 
at the bc 
TyvrR 
dia, who 
country ' 
Tacit. 4 
A friend 
612, 
TyRR 
whoſe |: 
of Aſcan 
tween A 
_ 1 
A. 7, 
&. ©: 91 


ſthenes 


. 47 i. 


5 of KF 
He wv” 


* 


brother to Teuthras. 
493: | | 

TYRIDATES, a rich man in the age of 
Alexander, &c. Curt. 

Tyzit, or TYRus, a town of Magna 
Gracia. 

TrrroTEs, an cunuch of Darius, who 
fled from Alexander's camp, to inform 
his maſter of the queen's death. Curt. 4, 
e. 10. 

Tyro, a beautiful nymph, daughter of 
Salmoneus, king of Elis and Alcidice. She 
was treated with great ſeverity by her mo- 
ther- in- law Sidero, and at laſt removed from 
her father's houſe by her uncle Cretheus. 
She became enamoured of the Enipeus; and 
as ſhe often walked on the banks of the ri- 
ver, Neptune aſſumed the ſhape of her fa- 
vored lover, and gained her affections. She 
had two ſons, Pelias and Neleus, by Nep- 
tune, whom ſhe expoſed, to conceal her 
incontinence from the world, The children 
were preſerved by ſhepherds, and when they 
had arrived to years of maturity, they 
avenged their mother's injuries by aſſaſſi- 
nating the cruel Sidero. Some time after 
her amour with Neptune, Tyro married her 
uncle Cretheus, by whom the had Amy- 
thaon, Pheres, and Alon. Tyro is often 
called Salmonis from her father. Hemer. Od, 
I1, v. 234 —Pyndar. Pyth. 4.— Apelled. 1, 
c. 9.—Dicd. 4.— Propert. 1, cl. 13, v. 20. I. 
2, el. 30, v. $1. 1. 3, el. 19, v. 13.—Ovid. 
am. 3, el. 6, v. 43.— lian. J. H. 12, 
c. 42. 

TyRos, an iſland of Arabia. — A city 
of Phcenicia, Vid. Tyrus. 

TysRHEIDAE, a patrony mic given to the 
ſons of Tyrrheus, who kept the flocks of 
Latinus. Virg. An. 7, v. 484. 

TyRRHENTI, the inhabitants of Etruria. 
Vid. Etruria. 

TYRRHENUM Mar, that part of the 
Mediterranean which lies on the coaſt of 
Etruria, It is alſo called Jnferum, as being 
at the bottom or ſouth of Italy. 

Tyxnxukvus, a ſon of Atys king of Ly- 
dia, who came to Italy, where part of the 
country was called after him. Strab. 5.— 
Facit. Ann. 4, c. 55,—Paterc, I, e. 1.—— 
. friend of Eneas. Virg. An. 11, v. 

12. 

Trxzurus, a ſhepherd of king Latinus, 
whoſe ſtag being killed by the companions 
of Aſcanius, was the firſt cauſe of war be- 
tween Aneas and the inhabitants of La- 
tium. Hence the word Tyrrheides. Virg. 
An, 7, v. 485.— An Egyptian general, 
B. C. 91. 


Virg. Eu. 10, v. 


3 


Tras1s, a place in the Balearides, ſup- 
poſed to be the palace of Saturn, 
_ TryrTevs, a Greek elegiac poet, born 
in Attica, ſon of Archimbrotus. In the 
ſecond Meſſenian war, the Lacedzmonians 
were directed by the oracle to apply to the 
Athenians for a general, if they wiſhed to 
finiſh their expedition with ſucceſs, and they 
received Tyrtzus, The poet, though ridi- 
culed for his many defortnities, and his ig- 
norance of military affairs, animated the 
Lacedzmonlans with martial ſongs; juſt as 
they wiſhed to raiſe the fiege of Ithome, 
and inſpired them with ſo much courage, 
that they defeated the Meſſenians. For his 
ſervices, he was made a citizen of Lacedz- 
mon, and treated with great attention. Of 
the compoſitions of Tyrtzus, nothing is 
extant but the fragments of four or five 
elegies. He floriſhed about 684 B. C. 
Tuſtin, 2, c. 5. —Strab. 8.—Ariftet. Polit. 
Gy C. 7.— Herat. de Art. p. 402. —-Alian. 
V. H. 12, c. 50 —Pauſ. 4, c. 6, &c. 

Tyzvs, or Tyros, a very antiept city of 
Phœnicia, built by the Sidonians, on a ſmall 
iſland at the ſouth of Sidon, about 200 ſtadia 
from the ſhore, and now called Sur. There 
were, properly ſpeaking, two places of that 
name, the old Tyros, called Palætyres, on 
the ſea-ſhore, and the other in the iſland, 
It was about 19 miles in circumference, 
including Palætyros, but without it about 
four miles. Tyte was deſtroyed by the 
princes of Afyria, and afterwards rebuilt, 
It maintained its independence till the a 
of Alexander, who took it with much FI 
culty, and only after he had joined the iſland 
to the continent by a mole, after a fiege of 
ſeven months, on the 2oth of Auguſt, B. C. 
332. The Tyrians were naturally induftri- 
ous ; their city was the emporium of com- 
merce, and they were deemed the inventors 
of ſcarlet and purple colors. They founded 
many cities in different parts of the world, 
ſuch as Carthage, Gades, Leptis, Utica, &c. 
which on that account are offen diſtinguiſhed 
by the epithet 7). The buildings of Tyre 
were very ſplendid and magnificent; the 
walls were 150 feet high, with a propor- 
tionable breadth. Hercules was the chief 
deity of the place. It had two large and 
capacious harbours, and a powerful fleet; 
and was built, according to ſome writers, 
about 2760 years before the Chrifiiag era. 
Strab. 16,—Herodet. 2, c. 44.— Mela. 1, c. 
12.—Curt. 4, c. 4. —Pirg. An. 1, v. 6, 
339, &c.— Ovid. Faß. 1, & c. Met. 5 & 10. 
—Lucan. 3, &c. ; 

Tvs1Aas, a man celebrated by Cicero, 


Vid. Tiſias. 


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V A 


ACATIONE (lex de) was enacted | A bloody battle was fought, in which the 
V barbarians obtained ſome advantage, and 
Valens was hurried away by the obſcurity 
of the night, and the affection of his ſol- 
diers for his perſon, into a lonely houſe, 
which the Goths ſet on fire. Valens, un- 
able to make his eſcape, was burnt alive in 
the 5oth year of his age, after a reign of 15 
years, A. D. 378. He has been blamed for 
his ſuperſtition and cruelty, in putting to 
death all ſuch of his ſubjects whoſe name 
began by Theod, becauſe he had been in- 
formed by his favorite aftrologers, that his 
crown would devolve upon the head of an 
officer hoe name began with theſe letters, 
Valens did not poſſeſs any of the great 
qualities which diſtinguiſh a great and pow - 
erful monarch. He was illiterate, and of a 
diſpofition naturally indolent and inactive. 
Yet though timorous in the higheſt degree, 
he was warlike ; and though fond of caſe, 
he was acquainted with the character of his 
oſhcers, and preferred none but ſuch as 
He was a great friend of 
diſcipline, a pattern of chaſtity and tempe- 
rance, and he ſhewed himſelf always ready 
to liſten to the juſt complaints of his ſub- 
jects, though he gave an attentive car to 
flattery and malevolent informations. An- 
Valerius, a proconſul of 
Achaia, who proclaimed himſclf emperor of 
Rome, when Macrian, who had been in- 
veſted with the purple in the eaſt, attempt- 
ed to aſſaſſinate him. He reigned only fix 
months, and was murdered by his ſoldiers, 
Fabius, a friend of Vitel- 
lius, whom he ſaluted emperor, in oppo- 
ſition to Otho. He was greatly honored by 
Vitellius, &c.——A general of the empe- 
The name of the ſecond 
Mercury mentioned by (uc. de Nat, D. 3, 


concerning the exemption from mili- 
tary ſervice, and contained this very remark- 
able clauſe, i, bellum Gallicum exoriatur, 
in which caſe the prieſts themſelves were 
not exempted from ſervice. This can inti- 
mate how apprehenſive the Romans were of 
the Gauls, by whom their city had once 
been taken. 

VAcca, a town of Numidia. Salluft. 
Jug. A river of Spain. 

Vaceæi, a people at the north of Spain. 
Liu. 21, c. 5. l. 35, c. 7. I. 46, c. 47. 

Vaccuvs, a general, &c. Liv. 8, c. 
I9. 

Noda; a goddeſs at Rome, who pre- 
fided over repuſe and leiſure, as the word 
indicates \(vacare). Her feſtivals were ob- 
ſerved in the month of December. Ovid. 
Faſt. 6, v. 307. —Horat. 1, ep. 10, v. 49. 

V ADIMONIS LACUS, a lake of Etruria, 
whoſe waters were ſulphurcous. The E- 
trurians were defeated there by the Ro- 
mans; and the Gauls by Dolabella. Liv. 
9, c. 39.—Fler. 1, c. 13.—Plin, 8, cp. 20. 

Vaca, a town of Africa. S. 3, v. 
259. 

ebd. a river of Sicily between 
the towns of Camarina and Gela. Si. 14, 
v. 229. 

1 an obſcene lawyer of Mu- 
tina. Juv. 16, v. 23. | 

Vacivi, or VAGIENNI, a people of 

Liguria, at the ſources of the Po, whoſe 
capital was called Augiſia Fagiennorum, Sil. 
2, v. 606. 

VALa, (C. Numonius,) a friend of Ho- 
race, to whom the poct addreſſed 1 ep. 15. 

VALAL1s, a river of modern Holland, 

pow called the Waal. Facit. Ann. 2, 
c. 6. 
VALENs (Flavius) a ſon of Gratian born 
in Pannonia. His brother Valentinian took 
him as his colleague on the throne, and ap- 
pointed him over the eaſtern parts of the 
Roman empire. The bold meaſures and the 
threats of the rebel Procopius, frightened the 
new emperor; and if his friends had not 
intervened, he would have willingly re ſigned 
all his prezenfions to the empire, which his 
brother had entruſted to his care. By per- 
ſeverance, however, Valens was enabled to 


deſtroy his rival, and to diſtinguiſh bhimſelf 


in his ways againſt the northern barbarians. 
But his lenity to theſe ſavage intruders 
proved fatal to the Roman power; and 
By permitting ſome of the Goths to ſettle in 
the provinces of Thraee, and to have free 
acceſs to every part of the country, Valens 
&acouraged them to make depredations on 
luis ſubjects, and to difturb their tranquillity. 
His eyes were opened too late; he attempted 


poſſeſſed merit. 


ror Honorius. 


VALENTIA, one of the antient names of 
A town of Spain, a little below 
Saguntum, founded by J. Brutus, and for 
ſome time known by the name of Julia Co- 
A town of Italy.— Another is 


VALENTINIANUS 1, a ſon of Gratian; 
raiſed to the imperial throne by his merit 
and valor. He kept the weſtern part of the 
empire for himſelf, and ap 
eaſt his brother Valens. N 
convincing proof of his military valor in 
the victories which he obtained over the 
barbarians in the provinces of Gaul, the 
deſ:rts of Africa, or on the banks of the 
Rhine and the Danube. The inſolence 0l 
the Quadi he puniſhed with great ſeverity; 
and when theſe deſperate and indigent bar: 
barians had deprecated the conquero' i 
mercy, Valentinian treated them with 


inted over the 
e gave the moſt 


AD. 423 


to te pel them, Dat he failed in the attempt. 
* 


n and upbraided them with wy 


mark 
ſuch v 
fell lit 
veyed 
ſoon a 
agonie 
limbs, 
He w: 
and h 
repreſe 
in the 
an iraſ; 
pride i. 
were hi 
ſhone f. 
Ammia. 
of Vale 
the (ect 
only fi 
ther, C 
ſeemed 
and the 
robbed 
years a 
this he! 
Theodo! 
eaſt. H 
Maxim 
and Val 
accomp: 
time aft 
a native 
whom h 
and from 
than tie 
Valentin 
pened tl 
Vienne, 
He has t 
tues, and 
beſtowed 
real mer; 
of the t. 
complain 
amuſeme 
ſuch fefti 
wild beafi 
tainment 
remarkab 
mency, ne 
ſuch as h 
he uſed to 
cious. H. 
and exem 
Theodofiu 
Romans n 
curity.— 
of Conſtan 
Theodoſiu 
lated to th 
emperor in 
dged as ſ 


* 


mark of reſentment, While he ſpoke with 
ſuch warmth, he broke a blood veſſel, and 
fell lifeleſs on the ground. He was con- 
veyed into his paiace by his attendants, and 
ſoon after died, after ſuffering the greateſt 
agonies, violent fits, and contorſions of his 
limbs, on the 17th of November, A. D. 375. 
He was then in the 55th year of his age, 
and had reigned 12 years, He has been 
repreſented by ſome, as cruel and covetous 
in the higheſt degree. He was naturally of 
an iraſcible diſpoſition, and he gratified his 
pride in expreſſing a contempt for thoſe who 
were his equals in military abilities, or who 
ſhone for gracefulneſs or elegance of addrefs. 
Ammian. About ſix days after the death 
of Valentinian, his ſecond ſon, Valentinian 
the ſecond, was proclaimed emperor, tho 
only five years old. He ſucceeded his bro- 
ther, Gratian, A.D. 383, but his youth 
ſeemed to favor diſſenſion, and the attempts 
and the uſurpations of rebels. He was 
robbed of his throne by Maximus, four 
years after the death of Gratian; and in 
this helpleſs ſituation he had recourſe to 
Theodoſius, who was then emperor of the 
eaſt, He was ſucceſsful in his applications; 
Maximus was conquered by Theodoſius, 
and Valentinian entcred Rome in triumph, 
accompanied by his bene factor. He was ſome 
time after ſtrangled by one of his officers, 
a native of Gaul, called Arbogaſtes, in 
whom he had placed too much confidence, 
and from whom he expected more deference 
than the ambition of a barbarian could pay. 
Valentinian reigned nine years. This hap- 
pened the 15th of May, A. D. 392, at 
Vienne, one of the modern towns of France, 
He has been commended for his many vir- 
tues, and the applauſe which the populace 
beſtowed upon him, was beſtowed upon 
real merit. He aboliſhed the greateſt part 
of the taxes; and becauſe his ſubjects 
complained that he was too fond of the 
amuſements of the circus, he ordered all 
ſuch feſtivals to be abolithed, and all the 
wild beaſts that were kept for the enter- 
tainment of the people to be ſlain. He was 
remarkable for his benevolence and cie- 
mency, not only to his friends, but even to 
ſuch as had conſpired againſt his life; and 
he uſed to ſay, that tyrants alone are ſuſpi- 
cious. He was fond of imitating the virtues 
and exemplary life of his friend and patron 
Tbeodoſius, and if he had lived longer, the 

omans might have enjoyed peace and ſe- 
curity.——Valentinian the tnird, was fon 
of Conftantius and Placidia, the daughter of 
Theodofius the Great, and therefore, as re- 
lated to the imperial family, he was ſaluted 
emperor in his youth, and publicly acknow- 
ledged as ſuch at Rome, the zd of October, 


V A 

He was at firſt governed by his mother, and 
the intrigues of his generals and courticrs ; 
and when he came to years of diſcretion, he 
diſgraced himfelf by violence, oppreſſion, 
and incontinence. He was murdered in the 
midſt of Rome, A. D. 454, in the 36th 
year of his age, and 31ſt of his reign, by 
Petronius Maximus, to whoſe wife he had 
offered violence. The vices of Valentinian 
the third were conſpicuous ; every paſſion 
he wiſhed to gratify at the expence of his 
honor, his health, and character; and as he 
lived without one ſingle act of benevolence 
or Kindneſs, he died lamented by none, 
though pitied for his imprudence and vi- 
cious propenſities. He was the laſt of the 
family of Theodoſius. A ſon of the 
emperor Grattan, who died when very 
young. 

VALERIA, a ſiſter of Publicola, who ad- 
viſed the Roman matrons to go and depre- 
cate the reſentment of Coriolanus. /t. in 
Cor, ——A daughter of Publicola, given as 
an hoſtage to Porſenna by the Romans. 
She fled from the enemy's country, and 
ſwam acroſs the Tiber. A daughter of 
Meſſala, ſiſter to Hortenſius, who married 
Sylla. The wife of the emperor Valen- 
tian. The wife of the emperor Galetius, 
&c.——A rcad in Sicily, which led from 
Meſſana to Lilybzum. A town of Spain. 
Plin. 3, c. 3. 

VALERA LEX, de provocaticne, by P. 
Valerius Poplicola, the ſole conſul, A. U. C. 
243. It permitted the appeal from a magi- 
ſtrate to the people, and forbad the magi- 
ſtrate to punith a citizen for making the ap- 
peal. It further made it a capital crime 7M 
a citizen to aſpire to the ſovereignty of 
Rome, or to exerciſe any office without the 
choice and approbation of the people. V.. 
Max. 4, c. 1,—Liv. 2, c. 8.— Dion. Hal. 4. 
Another, de debitoribus, by Valerius 
Flaccus. It required that all creditors ſhould 
diſcharge their debtors, on receiving a 
fourth part of the whole ſum. Another 
by M. Valerius Corvinus, A.U.C. 453, 
which confirmed the firſt Valerian law, en- 
acted by Poplicola. Another, called 
alſo Horatia, by L. Valerius and M. Ha- 
tius the conſuls, A. U. C. 304. It revived 
the firſt Valerian law, which under the 
triumvirate had loſt its force. Another, 
de magiſtratibur, by P. Vaierius Poplicola, 
ſole conſul A. U. C. 243. It created two 
queſtors to take care of the public treaſure, 
which was for the future to be kept in the 
temple of Saturn. Plur. in Pop. —Liv. 2. 

VALERIANUS, (Publius Licinius) a Ro- 
man, proclaimed emperor by the armies in 
Rhœtia, A. D. 254. The virtues which 
| ſhone in him when a private man, were loſt 


A. D. 42 3, about the 6th year of his age. 


| when he afceuded the throne, For merly 


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EE Eee i LAOS.” | 


A 


diſtinguiſhed for his temperance, modera- 
tion, and many virtues, which , fixed the 
unintluenced choice of all Rome upon hum, 
Valerian inveſted with the purple diſplayed 
inability and mcannels, He was cowardly 
in his operations, and though acquainted 
with war, and the patron of ſcience, he 
ſeldom acted with prudence, or favored 
meu of true genius and merit. He took 
his ſon Gallienus as his colleague in the 
empire, and ſhowed the malevolence of 
his heart by perſecuting the Cluiſtians 
whom he had tor a while tolerated. He 
alſo made war againſt the Goths and Scythi- 
ans; but in an expedition which he under- 
took againſt Saper, king of Perſia, his arms 
were attended with ill ſucceſs, He was 
conquered in Meſopotamia, and when he 
wiſhed to have a private conference with 
Sapor, the conqueror ſeized his perſon, 
and carried him in tiiumph to his capital, 
where he expuſed him, and in all the 
cities of his empire, to the ridicule and 
inſolence of his ſubjects. When the Per- 
ſian monarch mounted on horſchack, Vale- 
rian ſerved as a footſtool, and the many 
other inſults which he ſuffered, excited in— 
dignation even among the courtiers of Sapor. 
The monarch at laſt ordered him to be flay- 
cd alive, and ſalt to be thrown over his 
mangled body, ſo that he died in the 
greateſt torments. His ſkin was tanned, 
and painted in red; and, that the ignominy 
of the Roman empire might be laſting, it 
was nailed in one of the temples of Perſia. 
Valerian died in the 71 year of his age, 
A. D. 260, after a reign of ſeven years, 
——-A grandſon of Valerian the emperor. 
He was put to death, when his father, the 
emperor Gallienus, was killed. One of 
the generals of the uſurper Niger. A 
worthy ſenator, put to death by Helioga- 
balus. 

VAaLERIUS Publius, a celebrated Ro- 
man, ſurnamed Poplicelu, for his popula» 
rity, He was very active in aſſiſting Bru- 
rus to expel the Tarquins, and he was the 
firſt that took an oath to ſupport the liberty 
and independence of his country. Though 
he had been refuſed the conſulſhip, and 
had retired with great diſſatis faction from 
the direction of affairs, yet he regarded the 
public opinion, and when the jealouſy of 
tne Romans inveighed againſt the towering 
appearance of his hcuſe, he acknowledged 
the reproof, and in making it lower, he 
ſhowed his wiſh to be on a level with his 
fellow-citizens, and not to erect what might 
be conſidered as a citadel for the oppreſſion 
of his country. He was afterwards honored 
witi: the conſulſhip, on the expulſion of 
Collatinus, and he triumphed over the 
Ltcariaps, after te had gained the victory 


| 


\ £7: Wi 
in the battle in which Brutus and the ſons of 
Tarquin had fallen. Valerius died after hi 
had been four times conſul, and enjoyed 
the popularity, and received the thanks and 
the gratitude, which a people redeemed 
from flavery aud oppreſſion, uſually pay 
to their patrons and deliverers, He wa 
fo poor, that his body was buried at the 
public expence. The Roman matron; 
mourned his death a whole year. Ply, 
in vita, Flor. 1, c. 9,—-Liv. 3, c. 8, &c. 
Corvinus, a tribune of the ſoldiers 
under Camillus. When the Roman army 
were challenged by one of the Senones, 
remarkable for bis firevgth and ſtature, 
Valerius undertovk to engage him, and 
obtained an eaſy victory, by means of a 
crow that afiſtcd him, and attacked the 
face of the Gaul, whence his firname of 
Corvinus, Valcrins triumphed over the 
Etrurians, and the neighbouring ſtates 
that made war againſt Rome, and was 
fix times honored with the conſulſhip. He 
died in the 1ooth year of his age, admired 
and regretted for many private and public 
virtues. Val. Max. 8, c. 13.—Liv, 7, 
c. 27, &c.—Plut, in Mar,—Cic. in Cat. 
Antias, an hiftorian often quoted, and parti- 
cularly by Livy. Flaccus, a conſul with 
Cato, whoſe friendſhip he honorably ſhared, 
He made war againſt the Infubres and Boii, 
and killed 10,000 of the encmy, 
Marcus Corvinus Meffala, a Roman, 
made conſul with Auguſtus. He di- 
tinguiſhed himſelf by his learning as well 
as military virtues, He loſt his memory 
about two ycars before his death, and, ac- 
cording to ſome, he was even ignorant of 
his own name. Sueton, in Aug.—(ic, in 
Brut. Soranus, a Latin poet, in the 
ige of Julius Czſai, put to death for be- 
tray ing a ſecret. He acknowledged no 
god, but the ſoul of the univerſe.— 
Maximus, a brother of Poplicula.——A 
Latin hiſtorian who carried arms under 
the ſons of Pompey. He dedicated lus 
time to ſtudy, and wrote an account of 
all the moſt celebrated ſaings and action: 
of the Romans, and other illuſtrious per- 
ſons, which is ſtill extant, and divided 
into nine books. It is dedicated to T'- 
berius. Some have ſuppoſed that he 
lived after the age of Tiberius, from the 
want of purity and elegance, which ſo 
conſpicuouſly appear in his writings, un- 
worthy of the correctneſs of the golden 
age of the Roman literature, The belt 
editions of Valerius are thoſe of Tonc- 
nius, 4to. L. Bat. 1726, and of Vorſtius, 
8vo. Berolin. 1672. Marcus, a broth 


of Poplicola, who defeated the army of the 
Sabines in two battles. He was honored 


| with a titumphy and the Romans, to Buy 
neu 


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* 
thcir ſenſe of his great merit, built him a 
houſe on mount Palatine, at the public ex- 
pence, Potitus, a general who ſtirred 
up the people and army againſt the de- 
cemvirs, and Appius Claudius in particular, 
He was choſen conſul, and conquered the 
Volſci and AMqui._— Flaccus, a Roman, 
intimate with Cato the cenſor. He was 
conſul with him, and cut off an army of 
10,000 Gau] in one battle. He was alſo 
choſen cenſor, and prince of the ſenate, &c. 
A Latin port who floriſhed under 
Veſpaſian. He wrote a pogm in eight 
books on the Argonautic expedition, but 
jt remained unfiniſhed on account of his 
premature death. The Argonauts were 
there left on the ſea in their return home. 
Some critics have been laviſh in their 
praiſes upon Flaccus, and have called 
him the ſecond poet of Rome, after Virgil. 
His poetry, however, is deemed by ſome 
frigid and languiſhing, and his ſtile uncouth 
and inclegant. The beſt editions of Flaccus 
are thoſe of Burman, L. Bat. 1724, and 
2mo. Utr. 1702. Aſiaticus, a cele- 
brated Roman, accuſcd of having murdered 
one of the relations of the empexror Clau- 
dius. He was condemned by the intrigues 
of Meſſalina though innocent, and he open- 
ed his veins and bled to death. Tacir, 
Ann. A friend of Vitellius. Fahi- 
anus, a youth condemned under Nero, for 
counterfeiting the will of one of his friends, 
&c. Tacit. Ann. 14, C. 42. Lævinus, 
a conſul, who fought againſt Pyrrhus dur- 
ing the Tarentine war. Vid. Lævinus. 
Præconinus, a lieutenant of Cæſar's army in 
Gaul, flain in a ſkirmiſh. Paulinus, a 
friend of Veſpaſian, &c. 

VaLERvUs, a friend of Turnus againſt 
Aneas. Virg. An. 10, v. 752. 

Valorus RuFvrs, a Roman poet in the 
Auguſtan age, celebrated for his writings. 
He was very intimate with Horace, {:bul. 
3, el. 1, v. 180.— erat. 1, Sat. 10, 
v. 82. 

VANDALn, a people of Germany. 
Tacit, de Germ. c. 3. 

VanGiG6nes, a people If Germany. 
Their capital, Borbetomagus, is now called 
Worms. Lucan. 1, v.431.—Cef. G.1, c. 51. 
VANNIA, a town of Italy, north of the 
Po, now called Civita, 

Vannivs, a king of the Suevi, baniſhed 
under Claudius, &c, Tacit. A. 12, c. 29. 
VAPINEUM, a town of Gaul. 

VARANES, a name common to ſome of 
the Perſian monarchs, in the age of the 
Roman emperors, 

VarD#1, a people of Dalmatia. Cic. 
fam. 5, ep. 9. 

Varia, a town of Latium. 

VAKRIA LEX, de majeſtate, by the tribune 


A 
L. Varius, A. U. C, 662. It ordained that 
ay! ſuch as had aſſiſted the confederates in 
their war againſt Rome, ſhould be publicly 
tried. —— Another de civitate, by Q. Va- 
rius Hybrida, It puniſhed all ſuch as were 
ſuſpected of having aſſiſted or ſupported 
the people of Italy in their petition to be- 
come tree citizens of Rome. Cic. pro Mil. 
36, in Brut, 56, 88, &c. 

Vaxivr, a people of Germany, Tacit. 
de Ger. 40. : 

VARISTI, a people of Germany. 

Vartvs, a tragic poet, intimate with 
Horace and Virgil. He was one of thoſe 
whom Auguſtus appointed to reviſe Vir- 
gil's Eneid. Some fragments of his poe- 
try are ſtill extant. Beſides tragedies, he 
wrote a panegyric on the emperor. Quin= 
tilian ſays, J. 10, that his Thyeſtes was 
equal to any compoſition of the Greek 
poets, Horat. 1, Sat. 5, v. 40. —A man 
uo raiſed his reputation by the power of 
his oratory. Cic. de Orat. 1, c. 25. 
One of the friends of Antony, ſurnamed 
(len. — -A man in the reign of Otho, 
puniſhed for his adulteries, &c. 

VARRO, M. Terentius, a Roman con- 
ſul defeated at Cannæ, by Annibal. Vid. 
Terentius, A Latin writer, celebrated 
for his great learning, He wrote no leſs 


than 500 different volumes which ate all 


now loſt, except a treatiſe de re ruflica, and 


| another de lingud Lating, dedicated to the 


orator Ciecro, He was Pompey's lieute- 
nant in his piratical wars, and obtained a 
naval crown. In the civil wars he was 
taken by Cæſar, and proſcribed, but he 
eſcaped, He had been greatly commended 
by Cicero for his crudition, and St. Au- 
guſtin ſays, that it cannot but be wondered 
how Varro, who read ſuch a number of 
books, could find time to compoſe ſo many 
volumes; and how he who compoled ſp many 
volumes, could be at leiſure to peruſe ſuch 
a variety of books, and gain ſo much lite- 
rary information. He died B. C. 28, in 
the 35th year of his age. The beſt edition 
of Varro is that of Dordrac, 8vo, 1619. 
Cic. in Acad. &c,— Yuintil — Attacinus, 
a native of Gaul, in the age of J. Cæſar. 
He tranſlated into Latin verſe the Argo- 
nautica of Apollonius Rhodius, with great 
correctneſs and elegance, He alſo wrote a 
poem intitled de bello Seguanice, beſides 
epigrams and elegies, Some fragments of 
his poetry are ſtill extant, He failed in his 
attempt to write ſatire, rat. 1, Sat. 10, 
v. 46,—Qvid, Am. 1, v. 15.— Cuint. 10, c. 1. 
VARRONIS VILLA, now Ficevaro, was 
ſituate on the Anio, in the country of the 

Sabines. Cic. Phil. 2, cp. 41. | 
Varvs, (Quintilius) a Roman procgn- 
ſul, deſcended from an illuſtrious family. 
3H 4 He 


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py f 
4 4 =y — — 
-- . | —— — — - 
4 


„% Awe.” HRPPTTIASI . 
= - + 
* 
* S, — 


72 — 
- T - 


V A 


He was appointed governor of Syria and 
afterwards made commander of the armies 
in Germany, He was ſurpriſed by the 
enemy, under Arminius, a crafty and dif- 
fimulating chief, and his army was cut to 

jieces, When he ſaw that cvery thing was 
oft, he killed himſelf, A. D. 10, and his 


example was followed by ſome of his offi- 


cers. His head was afterwards ſent to 
Auguſtus at Rome, by one of the Bar- 
barian chiefs, as alſo his body; and ſo 
great was the influence of this defeat upon 
the emperor, that he continued for whole 
months to ſhow all the marks of dejection 
and of deep ſorrow, often exclaiming, * 0 
Farus, refiere me my legions.”” The bodies 
of the Nain were leſt in the field of battle, 
where they were found fix years after by 
Germanicus, and buried with great pomp. 
Varus has been taxed with indulence and 
eowardice, and ſome have intimated, that 
if he had not truſted too much to the in- 
fnnations of the barbarian chiefs, he might 
have not only eſcaped ruin, but awed the 
Germans to their duty. His avarice was 
alſy conſpicuous, he went poor to Syria, 
whence he returned loaded with riches. 
Morat. 1, Od. 24.—Paterc. 2, c. 117.— 
Flor. 4, c. I 2.—Firp. Ecl. 6. A ſon of 
Varus, who marricd a daughter of Ger- 
manicus. Tacit. An. 4, c. 6. The 
father and grandfather of Varus, who was 
killed in Germany, flew themſelves with 
their own ſwords, the one after the 
battle of Philippi, and the other in the 
Plains of Pharſalia. Quintilius, a friend 
of Horace, and other great men in the Au- 
guſtan age. He was a good judge of poc- 
try, and a great critic, as Horace, Art. P. 
433, ſeems to infinuate. TI voet has 
addreſſed the 18th ode of his book to 
nim, and in the 24th he mourns patheti- 
caliy his death. Some ſuppoſe this Varus 
to be the perſon killed in Germany, while 
others believe him to be a man who devoted 
his time mere to the muſes than to war. 
Lucius, an ep'curean philoſupher, in- 
timate with J. Cætar. Some ſuppoſe that 
it was to him that Viryil inſcribed his fixth 
eclogue. He is commended by Quinti/. 6, 
6 Alfrenus, a Roman, who 
though originally a thoc-maker, became 
conſul, and diſtinguiſhed himſelf by his 
abilities as an orator. He was buried at 
the public expence, an honor granted to 
few, and only to perſons of merit. Horat, 
1, Sat. 3, Accius, one of the friends 
of Cato in Africa, &c. A river which 
falls into the Mediterranean, to the welt of 
Nice, after ſeparating Liguria from Gallia 
Narbonenſis. Lucan. 1, v. 404. 
VASATES, a people of Gaul. 


V azchnss, a people of Spain, on the 


{ 


$7 4 


Pyrenees. They were ſo reduced by a 
famine by Metellus, that they fed on human 
fleth. Plin. 3, c. 3.—Auſon. 2, v. 100,— 
Fuv. 15, v. 93. 

Vas10, a town of Gaul in modern Pro- 
vence, Cic. fam, 10, ep. 34. 

VATICANVUS, a hill at Rome, near the 
Tiber and the Janiculum, which produced 
wine of no great eſteem. It was diſre- 
garded by the Romans on account of the 
unwholeſomencſs of the air, and the con- 
tinual ſtench of the filth that was there, 
and of ſtagnated waters. Heliogabalus 
was the firſt who cleared it of all dif. 
agreeable nuiſances. It is now admired 
for antient monuments and pillars, for a 
celebrated public library, and for the pa- 
lace of the pope. Horat. r, od. 20. 

VATiINIA LEx, de provinciis by the tri- 
bune P. Vatinius, A. U. C. 694. It ap- 
pointed Cæſar governor of Gallia Ciſal- 
pina and Illyricum, for five years, with- 
out a decree of the ſenate, or the uſual 
cuſtom of caſting lots. Some perſons 
were alſo appointed to attend him «5 
lieutenants witkout the interference of 
the ſenate. His army was to be paid out 
of the pablic pee: and he was im- 
powered to plant a Roman colony in the 
town of Novocomum in Gaul.—— Another 
by P. Vatinius the tribune, A. U. C. 694, 
de repetundis, tor the better management of 
the trial of thoſe who were accuſed of ex- 
tortion. 

VarTinivs, an intimate fiiend of Ci- 
cero, once diſtinguiſhed for his enmity to 
the orator. He hated the people of Rome 
for their great vices and corruption, whence 
exceſſive hatred became proverbial in the 
words Vatinianum odium. Catull. 14, v. 3. 
A ſhoe-maker, ridiculed for his great 
deformities, and the oddity of his charac- 
ter. He was one of Nero's favorites, and 
he ſurpaſſed the reſt of the courtiers in flat- 
tery, and in the commiſſion of every im- 
pious deed. Large cups, of no value, arc 
called Fatiniana from him, becauſe he 
uſed one which was both ill ſhaped and 
uncouth. Tacit, Aan. 13, c. 34. —Juv.— 
Mart. 14, ep. 96. 

VATiEnus, now Saterno, a river riſing 
in the Alps and falling into the Po. Martial, 
3, ep. 67.—Plin. 3, c. 16. 

Unit, a people of Germany near the 
Rhine, tranſported acroſs the river by 
Agrippa, who gave them the name of 
Agrippinenſes, from his daughter Agrip- 

ina, wha had been born in the country. 

heir chief town, Ubiorum oppidum, is 
now Cologne. Tacit. G. 28. An. 12, 
c. 27.—Plia. 4. c. 17.—Cef. 4, c. 30. 

Ucilkcox, a Trojan chief, praiſed 


* the ſoundneſs of his counſels and — 
1 


good ir 
on fire 
312.—/ 
Uce1 
Ucvu1 
H:irtius, 
Cor 
town of 
Vec1 
tain. & 
VecT 
v. 150. 
Vor 
VDI 
very erue 
Aqui 
briacum, 
Vece 
rihed B 
his treati 
Modeſtus 
Veors 
mat ia. 
Vera, 
race, „p. + 
VEIAN 
Horace, 1 
Vertex 
They we 
abe they 
Verex: 
as he was 
for his libe 
Vers, 
he diſtanc 
It ſuſtaine 
omans, : 
ſtroyed by 
Jears, At 
Veii was J. 
than the ci! 
ſy eligible, 
Ig of the 
melined to 
don their 
have been c 
poſed by t 
Dmüllus. 
tw. 1, e. 4 
— Lit, 57 0 
: VIJSvis, 
II omen at 
the Capituli 
was the ſam 
de cradle, 
Vithout thy 
ly by his 
the 5 
young. Ou 
VeLang: 
" the fide o 
ne, Palatin 


VE 


od intentions. His houſe was firſt ſet 
on fire by the Greeks. Virg. An. 2, v. 
312.—Homer, I. 3, v. 148. 

Uck ria, a town of Gaul. 

Ucunis, now Lucubi, a town of Spain. 
Hirtius. 

Upina, or Vebinum, now Udine, a 
town of Iraly. 

VecTts, the iſle of Jght, ſouth of Bri- 
tain. Suet. Cl. 4. 

VecTivs, a rhetorician, &c. 
v. 150. 

VEtcTonts. Vid. Vettones. 

VEepivs PoLLie, a friend of Auguſtus, 
very cruel to his ſervants, &c. Vid. Pollio. 
Aquila, an officer at the battle of Be- 
briacum, &c. Taeit. H. 2, c. 44. 

VecETIVs, a Latin writer, who flo- 
rihed B. C. 355. The beft edition of 
his treatiſe de , together with 
Modeſtus, is that of Paris, 4tv. 1607. 

Veola, an iſland on the coalt of Dal- 
matia. 

VIA, a ſorcereſs, in the age of Ho- 
race, p. 5, v. 29. 

VriAxvs, a gladiator, in the age of 
Horace, 1, ep. I, v. 4. 


Juv. 7, 


VerewTEs, the inhabitants of Veœii. 


They were carried to Rome, where the 
trihe they compoſed was called Veientina. 
Fid. Ven. 

VriENro, Fabr. a Roman, as arrogant 
as he was ſatirical, Nero baniſhed him 
for his libellous writings. Juv. 3, v. 185. 

Veit, a powerful city of Etruria, at 
the diſtance of about 12 miles from Rome. 
It ſuſtained many long wars againſt the 
Romans, and was at laſt taken and de- 
ſtroyed by Camillus, after a hege of ten 
years. At the time of its deſtruction, 
Veii was larger and far more magnificent 
than the city of Rome. Its fituation was 
ſv eligible, that the Romans, after the burn- 
ing of the city by the Gauls, were long 
inclined to migrate there, and totally aban- 
don their native home, and this would 
have been carried into execution if not op- 
poſed by the authority and eloquence of 
Camillus. 
Div. 1, e. 44.—Herat. 2, Sat. 3, v. 143. 
—Liv. 5, c. 21, Kc. | 
 Vej6vis, or VejuefTER, a deity of 
il omen at Rome. He had a temple on 
the Capituline hill. Some ſuppoſe that he 
was the ſame as Jupiter the infant, or in 
e cradle, becauſe he was repreſented 
Vitnout thunder, or a ſcepter, and had 
only by his fide the goat Amalthæa, and 
the Cretan nymph who fed him when | 
young, Ovid. Fal. 3, v. 430. 

VELaBRUM, a marihy piece of ground 
an tae ſide of the Tiber, between the Aven- | 
4%, Palatine, and Capitoline bills, which | 


Ovid. 2, Faſt. v. 195.—Cic. de 


| 


V E 

| Auguſtus drained, and where he built 
houſes. The place was frequented as a 
market, where oil, cheeſe, and other com- 
modities were expoſed to ſale. Horat. 2, 
Sat. 3, v. 229.— Ovid. Faß. 6, v. 401.— 
Tibull, 2, el. 5, v. 33.— Plaut. 3, c. 1, 
v. 29. 

VELANtvs, one of Cæſar's officers in 
Gaul, &c. 

VELAUN1, a people of Gaul. 

Vina, a maritime town of Lucania, 
founded by a colony of Phoceans, about 
600 years after the coming of Aneas into 
Italy, The port in its neignbourhood was 
called Velinus portus. Strab. 6.—Mela. 2, 
c. 4 —Cic, Phil, 10, c. 4. —Firg. An. 6, 
v. 366. An eminence near the Roman 
forum, where Poplicola built himſelf a 
houſe. Liv. 2, c. 6.—Cic. 7, Att. 15; 


| 


VELi1Ca, or VELLICA, a town of the 
Cantabri. 

VrLIxA, a part of the city of Rome, 
adjoining mount Palatine. It was alſo one 
of the Roman tribes. Herat. 1, ep. 6, 
v. 52.—Cic. 4, ad Attic, ep. 15 

VELINus, a lake in the country of the 
Sabines, formed by the ſtagnant waters of 
the Vehnus, between ſome hills near Reate. 
The river Velinus riſes in the Appennines, 
and after it has formed the lake, it falls 


into the Nar, near Spoletium. Firg. An. 7, 


v. 517. 
VEL1oCAss1, a people of Gaul. 
VELITERNA, or VELITRA, an anticnt 
town of Latium on the Appian road, 20 
miles at the caſt of Rome. The inhabi- 
tants were called Nliterni. It became a 
Roman colony. Liv. 8, c. 12, &c.— 
Sueton. in Aug, Ital. 8, v. 378, &c. 
VELL a%,*Fpeople of Gaul. 
VELLAUxuDUNUM, a town of the Se- 
nones, now Beaune, Ce. 7, c. 11. 
VELLEDA, a woman famous among the 
Germans, in the age of Veſpaſian, and wor- 
ſhipped as a deity. Tacit. de Germ. 8. 
VELLE1vs Paterculus, a Roman hiſto= 
rian, deſcended from an <quettrian family 
of Campania. He was at firſt a military 
tribune in the Roman armies, and for 
nine years ſerved under Tiberius in the 
various expeditions which he undertook 
in Gaul and Germany. Velleius wrote 
an epitome of the hiſtory of Greece, and 
of Rome, and of other nations of the 
moſt remote antiquity, but of this au- 
thentic compoſition there remain only 
fragments of the hiſtory of Greece and 
Rome from the conqueſt of Perſeus, by 
Paulus, to the 19th year of the reign of 
Tiberius, in two books. It is a judicious 
account of celebrated men, and illuſtrious 
cities, the hiſtorian is happy in his de- 
ſcriptions, his pictures are true, and his 
Nar fals: 


—— — — — ——— —— 


«** * -wS7 


2 — 
* - — 


- — AI 
* 


* 8 9 
1 


— 


* 
. a — 
1 1 


RY 


- > 


4 


- 
-" 


hed - 
— 


6 — 4 
4 o< „„ „ 


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- 


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TE 2 * — — I —h— a, 
r 


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= on 


_—_— 


_ 
* * * „ 


* * 
312 


V E 


parrations live'y and interreſting. The 
whole is candid and impartial, but oniy 
till the reign of the Cars, when the 
writer began to be influenced by the pre- 
fence of the emperor, or the power of 
his favorites. Paterculus is deſervedly cen- 
fured for his invectives againſt Pompey, and 
his encomiums on the cruel Tiberius, and 
the unfortunate Sejanus. Some ſuppofe 
that he was involved in the ruin of this 
diſappomted courtier, whom he had ex- 
tolled as a pattern of virtue and morality. 
The beft editions of Paterculus are thoſe 
of Ruhnkenius, 8vo. 2 vols. L. Bat. 1779; 
of Barbou, Paris, 12mo. 1777, and of Bur- 
man, 8vo. L. Bat. 1719. Caius, the 
grandfather of the hiſtorian of that name, 
was one of the friends of Livia. Re killed 
himſelf when old and unable to accompany 
Livia in her flight. 

VeLoCaAssEs, the people of Fexin, in 
Normandy, Cæſ. G. 2, c. 4. 

VEnArrRUM, a town of Campania, 
abounding in olive trees. It became a 
Roman colony. It had been ſounded by 
Diomedes. Horat. 2, Od. 6. v. 16.— Mar- 
tial. 13, ep. 98.— Ju. 5, v. 86. 

VENED1, a people of Germany, near the 
mouth of the Viſtula, or gulf of Dantzie. 
Tacit, de Germ, 46.—Plin. 4, c. 13. 

VENEL1, a people of Galha Celtica. 

VENxET1, a people of Italy in Ciſal- 
pine Gaul, near the mouths of the Po. 
They were deſcended from a nation of 
Paphlagonia, who ſettled there under An- 
tenor, tome time after the Tiojan war. 
The Venetians, why have been long a 
powertul and commercial nation, were 
originally very poor, whence a winter in 
the age of the Roman empctors ſaid, that 
they had no other feuce againit tle waves 
ot the ſea than hurdles, no food but fiſh, 
no wealth; beſides their fiſhing-boats, and 
no merchandize but falt. Straub. 4, &c,— 
Liv. 1, c. 1,—Mela. 1, c. 2. |. 2, c. 4— 
Caf. bell. G. 3, c. S. — Lucan. 4, v. 134.— 
Ita“. 8, v. 605. A nation or Gaul, at 
the ſouth of Armorica, on the wetter" 
coaſt, powerful by ſea. Their chief city is 
now called Fannes, Cz]. 3, G. S. 

VENnETILA, a part of Gaul, on the mouths 
of the Po. Vid. Veneti. 

VzxnegTus PAULUus, a Centurion who 
con pired againſt Nero with Piſo, &c. T acir. 
I5, Ann. c. 50. A lake through which 
the Rhine paſſes, now Bedenſee, or Conſtance. 
Mela. 3, c. 2. 

VExIL1ia, a nymph, filter to Amata, 
and mother of Turnus, by Daunus. Am- 
phirite the fea goddeſs is alſo called Ve- 
nilia.. Virg. An. 10, v. 76.—O0vid. Met. 
14. v. 334.— Varro. de J. L. 4, c. 10. 
VIXNORESs, à people oi the Rhætian 
Alps. 


V £E 


Vegxoxrts, an hiſtorian mentioned by 
Cic. ad Attir, 12, ep. 3, &c. 

VEtxTA BELGARUM, a town of Britzin, 
now I inchefter. Silurum, a town ot 


| Britain, now Cuersbent, in Monmouthſhire, 


Icenorum, now Norwich. 

VENTI. The ant;ents, and efpecially 
the Athenians, paid particular attention 70 
the winds, and offered tllem ſacrifices as 
to deities, intent upon the deſtruction of 
mankind, by continually caufing florms, 
tempeſts, and earthquakes. The winds 
were repreſented in different attitudes and 
forms. The four principal winds were 
Furu:, the ſouth eaſt; who is repreſented 
as a young man flying with great impetu- 
oſity, and often appearing in a playſome 
and wanton humor. Huter, the ſouth 
wind, appeared generally as an old man 
with grey hair, a gloomy countenance, a 
head covered with clouds, a (able veſture, 
and duſky wings. He is the diſpenſer of 
rain, and of all heavy ſhowers. Zephyrur 
is repreſented as the mildeſt of all the 
winds. He 1s young znd gentle, and his 
lap is filled with vernal ſtowers. He mar- 
ried Flora the goddeſs, with whom he en- 
joyed the moſt perfect felicity. Boreas, or 
the north wind, appears always rough and 
thivering. He is the father of 1ain, ſnow, 
hail, and tempeſts, and is always repre- 
ſented ſurrounded with impenetrable clouds, 
Thoſe of inferior note were, V/, whute 
name is feldom mentioned. He appeared 
as a young man holding ſruit in his lap, 
ſuch as peaches, oranges, & . , or 
ſouth-weſt, repreſented with black wings, 
and a melancholy countenance, Corus, or 
north-weſt, drives clouds of fnow befor? 
him, and Aguilo, the north-eaſt, is equally 
dreadful in appearance. The winds, sc. 
cording to ſome mythotogiſts, were con- 
fined in a large cave, of which Eolus had 
the management, and without this uc 
ceflary precaution, they would have over- 
turned the earth, and reduced every thing 
do its original chaos. Firg, Ax. 1, v. 57, 
& c. 

VexTipius Bassrs, a native of Pice- 
num, born of an obſcure family. When 
Aſculum was taken, he was carried be- 
fore the triumphant chariot of Pompeii 
Strabo, hanging on his mother's breal 
A bold, aſpiring ſoul, aided by the g. 
tronage of the family of Cæſar, raiſcd 
him from the mean occupation of a chait- 
man and muleteer to dignity in the ftate 
He diſplayed valor in the Roman . 
mies, and gradually areſe to the offset 
of tribune, prætor, high prieſt, and cose 
ſul, He made war againſt the Parthiar\ 
and conquered them in three great d 
tles, B. C. 30. He was the firſt Ronan 


| ever bondted with a hUiumph over = 
Wu 


thin, 
the R 
public 
Ve 197 
tine, 4 
brothe 
vored 
VE. 
emper 
VE: 
ſont ir 
aſliſtan 
v. 9. 
VES 
Acitics 
dels of 
queen 
graces : 
of cou 
of mo! 
tions t 
of Ura 
dauglite 
ſpeaks 
and Lig 
the ſea, 
the Net 
Tyre, 
Svrians. 
ſprung | 
mutiiate 
been thy 
known, 
mytholc 
mention 
iſland of 
of Cythe 
zephyrs, 
tie (eaſy 
mis. 8 
where 2] 
all the 
perſonal 
ter affes 
Violence, 
to punith 
ringe to | 
nis mai 
of Love 
ſions, an 
by her ; 
trigue w 
She was 
expoſed t 
tic gods. 
mother o 
by Mars ; 
Phroditus 
Ftune, 
Guns, | 


Olympus, 


uchiſes, 


Ny 
fo 
as 
of 

ms, 

nds 
and 
vere 
ed 

Gur 

me 

outh 
man 

e, 2 

ture, 

r of 

hyrus 

| the 

u ms 

Mare 

e en- 

28, or 

1 and 

(now, 

repre- 

louds. 
whote 
reared 
is lap, 
, or 
wings, 
rus, or 
befo'? 
equally 
Is, 2c» 
re con- 
lus had 
his uc⸗ 
e overs 
y thing 


1 V. 3 


of Pice- 
When 
ried be- 
ompeiu⸗ 
5 breal 
the pa- 
7 raiſc 
A chau- 
he ſtate. 
man at's 
* obeci 
and con- 
Parthiar\ 
reat hate 
it Rom 
over Pa 


Ul 


S 


ma. He died greatly lamented by all 
the Ruman people, and was buried at the 
public expence. Flat. in Anton.——Tuv. 7, 
v. 199. Cumanus a governor of Palet- 
tine, &c. Tarit. A. 13, c. 54 Two 
brothers in the age of Pompey, who fa- 
vorcd Carbo's intereſt, &c, aut. 

VENVLEIUS, a writer in the age of the 
emperor Alexander, 

VeuTLUs, one of the Latin elders 


1 


, 


; 


— — — 


VE 


woods and ſolitary retreats of mount Ida. 


Vid. Anchiſes, AEneas.]J The power of 
Venus over the heart, was ſupported and 
afſiſted by a celebrated girdle, called zone 
by the Greeks, and cet by the Latins. 
This myRerious girdle gave beauty, grace, 
and elegance, when worn even by the 


; moſt deformed; it excited love, and rekind- 


led extinguiſhed flames. 


ſont into Magna Gracia, to demand the 


alliſtlance of Diomedes, &c. 
v. 9. 

kus, one of the moſt celebrated 
deities of the ancients. 
dels of beauty, the mother of love, the 
queen of laughter, the miſtreſs of the 
graces and of pleaſures, and the patroneſs 
of courtezans, 
of more than one Venus. 


Virg. An. 8, 


Plato men- 


of Uranus, and Venus Popularia, the 
daugliter of Jupiter and Dione. Cicero 
ſpeaks of four, a daughter of Calus 


She was the god- | 


Some mythologiſts ſpeak | 


| | | Pallas and Juno, [Fid. Paris, Diſcordia. J 
tions two, Venus Urania, the daughter 


and Light, one fprung from the froth of | 
the ſea, a thi, , daughter of Jupiter and 


the Nereid Dione, and a fourth 
Tyre, and the fame as the Aſtarte of the 
Sviians. Of theſe however the Venus 
ſprung from the froth of the ſea, after the 


horn at 


mutiiated part of the body of Uranus hat ' 


been thrown there by Saturn, is the moſt 
known, and of her in particular, ancient 
mythologiſts as well as painters, make 
mention. She aroſe from the fea near the 


ceremony. 


iſland of Cyprus, or according to Heſiod, 
of Cythera, whither ſhe was wafted by the 
zephyrs, and received on the ſea ſhore by 


tue ſeuſons, daughters of Jupiter and The- 


mis. She was ſoon after carried to heaven, 
and among fiſhes, thoſe called the aphya 


where all the gods admired her beauty, and 
all the goddeſſes became jealous of her 
perſonal caarms, Jupiter attempted to gain 
ter affections and even withed to offer her 


violence, but Venus refuied, and the god, 


to punith her obſtinacy, gave her in mar- 
rige to his ugly and deformed fon Vulcan. 
Tuis marriage did not prevent the goddels 
of Love from gratifying her favorite paſ- 
ſions, and ſhe defiled her huſband's bed, 
by her amours with the gods, Her in- 
trigue with Mars is the moſt celebrated. 
She was caught in ker lover's arms, and 
expoſcd to the ridicule and Jaughter of all 


111 


| ſuno herfelf was 
incelted to this powerful ornament, to 
gain the favors 1 and Venus, 
though herſelf poſſeſted of every charm, 
no ſuoner put on her ceſtus, than Vulcan, 
unable to reſiſt the influence of love, for- 
got all the inttigues and infidelities of his 
wife, and fabricated arms. even for her 
[legitimate children. The conteſt of Ve- 
nus for the golden apple of Diſcord is 
well known, She gained the prize over 


and rewarded her impartial judge with 
the hand of the taireſt woman in the 
world. The worſhip of Venus was uni- 
verfally eftabliſhed; ſtatues and temples 
were erected to her in every kingdom, 
and the antients were fond of paying ho- 
mage to a divinity who pieſided over 
generation, and by whoſe influence alone, 
mankind exitted, In her ſacrifices and 
in the feſtivals celebrated in her honor, 
two much licentiouſneſs prevailed, and 
public proſtitution was often part of the 
Victims were ſeldom offered 
to her, or her altars ſtained with blood, 
though we find Aſpaſia making repeated 
lacrihces. No pigs however, or male ani- 
mals were deemed acceptable. The rofe, 
the myitle, and the apple, were ſacred to 
Venus, and among birds the dove, the 
ſwan, and the ſparrow, were her favorites, 


and the lycuſtomus. The goddeſs of beauty 
was repreſented among the anticnts in dit- 
ferent forms. At Elis ſhe appeared ſeated 
on a geat, with one fout reſting on a tor- 
toiſe. At Sparta and Cythera, ſhe was 
repreſented armed like Minerva, and ſome- 
times wearing chains on her fect. In the 
temple of Jupiter Olympius, ſhe was re- 
prefented by Phidias, as riſing from the 
ſea, received by love, and crowned by the 
goddeſs of perſuaſion, At Cnidos her 
ſtatue made by Praxiteles, repreſented her 
naked, with one hand hiding what mo- 
deſty Keeps concealed, Hur ſtatue at Ele 
phantis was the fame, with only a naked 
Cupid by her fide, In Sicy.n ſhe held 4 
poppy in one hand, and im the other an 
apple, while on her head the had a crown, 
which terminated in a point, to intimate* 
the pole. She is generally repreſented with 


her ton Cupid, on a chalet drawn by. 
dovcs 


— —— 


K K ́ — — — e 


— — — — 


LH 
2 
p — 


— — > — 


— — 


Kr ůů RR IHE” 


A — m 


* wr” "> 


* — — 


— - 


— 
„ _ - 
— . 


* * * 


* 
* 


S * .<- 5 . 


CIT 


FM 
— — — —— — 
* =Y - 


— — — 
n 


* 


V--E 


doves, or at other times by ſwans or ſpar- 
rows. The ſirnames of the goddeſs are 
numerous, and only ſerve to ſhow how 
well eſtabliſhed her worſhip was all over 
the earth. She was called (ria, becauſe 
particularly worthipped in the iſland of 
Cyprus, and in that character ſhe was 
often repreſented with a beard, and the 
male parts of generation, with a ſceptre 
in her hand, a..d the body and dreſs of a 
female, wiwnce ſhe is called duplex Ama- 
thufia by Catulius. She received the name 
of Paphia, beciuſe worſhipped at Paphos, 
where ſhe had a temple with an altar, on 
which rain never fell, though expoſcd in 
the open air. Sume of the antients called 
her £/poftrophia or Epijtriphia, as allo Ve- 
nus Urania, and Venus Paurndemos, The 
firſt of theſe ſhe received as preſiding over 
wantonneſs and ingeſftuous enjoy ments; 
the ſecond becauſe ſhe patromzed pure 
love, and chaſte and moderate gratifica- 
tions ; and the third becauſe ſhe favored 
the propenſities of the vulgar, and was 
fond of ſenſual pleaſures, The Cnidians 
raiſed her temples under the name of Ve- 
nus Aeren, of Doris, and of Eupen. In 
her temple under the name of Euploca, 
t Cnidos, was the moſt celebrated of ber 

| Satay being the moſt perfect picce of 
Praxiteles. It was made with white mar- 
ble, and appcarcd ſo engaging, and f(» 
much like life, that according to tome 
hiſtorians, à youth of the place introd ced 
himſelf in the night into her temple, and 
attemp: ed to gratiſy his paſſions on the life- 
leſs image. Venus was alſo frrnamed Cy- 
therza, becauſe ſhe was the-chick deity of 
Cythera; Exepolis, becauſe her ſtatue was 
without the city at Athens; Philomeda, 
from her affection for the phallus ; Pi- 
lommeis, becauſe the queen of laughter; 
Teliffigama, becauſe the prefided over mar- 
riage ; Coltada, (alot ia, or Coliasi, becauſe, 
worſhipped ,on a promontory of the ſame 
name in Auita; Area, becauſe armed 
like Mars; Ferticordia, becauſe ſhe could 
turn the hearts of women to cultivate chaſ- 
tity % Apaturia, becauſe ſhe deceived ; 
don, becauſe ſhe was repreſented bald; 
Jicyna, becauſe worſhipped at Eryx ; 
Etaira, becauſe the patroneſs of cour- 
gezans; Acidalia, becauſe of a fountain of 
Orchomenos; Laſilea, becauſe the queen 
of love ; Myriga, beeayſe the myrtle was 
ſacred to hei; Libertina, from her inclina- 
tions to gratify lult ; Aechanitis, in alluſion 
to the many artifices practiſed in love, 
Kc. &c. As goddeſs of the ſea, becauſe, 
in the boſom of the waters, Venus 

was called Pontia, Marina, Limnefia, Fpi- 
pontia, Pelagia, Saligenia, Pontogenia, 


| 


| 


. 
V E 
Aligena, Thalaſſia, &c. and as riſing from 
the ſen, the name of Anadyomene is applied 
to her, and rendered immortal Ly the cele- 
brated painting of Apelles, which repre» 
ſented her as iflung from the boſom ot the 
waves, and wringing her treſſes on her 
ſhoulder. Vd. Anadyomene. Cic. de 
Nat. D. 2, C. 47. I. 35 C. 2 3.—Oqphen; 
Hymn. 54 - Heſi9d, Theog. —Sappho.— Ho- 
mer. Hymn in Ven, & c.— irg. Au. 5, v. 
Soo, &c.-Ovid, Ilercid. 15, 16, 19, &c. 
Net. 4 fas. 55 & c - Diod. 1 & 5.—tHy. 
gin. fab. 94, 271.—Pauſ. 2, c. 1. l. 4, c. 
30. |. 5, e. 18.—Martial. 6, ep. 13.— Eu- 
rip. in Hid. in Iphig. in Troad.— Plut. in 
reti. lian. V. H. 12, c. L—Athen, 
12, &c.—Catullus — Lactant. de falſe re.— 
Calaber, 11,— Lucian. dial. &c.—Strab. 14, 


—Tacit. Ann. 3, &c.— Fal. Max. 8, c. 11. 


— lin. 36. — Hora. 3, Od. 26. J. 4, 0d, 
11, &c.— A planet called by the Greeks 
Phoſphorus, and by the Latins Lucifer, 
when it rites before the fun, but when it 
follows it, Heſperus or Veſper. Cic. de Nat, 
2, C..20, in ſymm. Scip. 

Venus Prnevne&aA, a . wn of Spain, 
near tne borders of Gaul. 

VrNüstA, or VENUsSTON, a town of A- 
pulia, where Horace was born. Pat of 
the Roman army fled thither aſter the de- 
feat at Cannæ. The town, tho' in ruins, 
contains ſtill many pieces ot antiquity, eſpe- 
cially a marble buſt preſerved in the great 
ſquare, and {aid falſcly to be an original 
repreſentation of Horace, Venuſia was on 
the confines of Lucania, whence the poet 
ſaid Lucanys an Apuius anceps, Strab, 5 & 
6.—Horat. 2, Sat. I, v. 35.— Li. 22, 
c. 84. 

Vuracorti, a people between the ape 
and the Allobroges. Liv. 21, c. 38.— 
Ceſ. G. 3; © 1. 

ERANIA, the wife of Piſo Licinianus, 
whom Galba adopted. 

VERANIUS, 4 governor of Britain un- 
der Nero. He ſucceeded Dicius Gallus. 
Tacit. 14. Ann. 

VEerBAnus Lacus, now Majera, 2 
lake af Italy, from which the Ticinus 
flows. It is in the modern ducby ot Mi- 
lan, and extends 80 miles in length from 
ſouth to north, and 5 or 6 in hreadth, 
Steob, 4. 

VERBIGENUS, a village in the countly 
of the Celtz, 

VEruINUM, a town at the north of 
Gaul, 

VERCELLA&, a town on the borders of 
Inſubria, where Marius defeated the Cim- 
bri. Plz, 3, c. 17.— (ic. fem. 11, ep. 19. 
5. 8, v. 598. 

VERCINGELGRIN, a chief of the Ron 


— 


in the 
ed an 
bell. G 
Vet 
into the 
VER 
rals an 
bell. G. 
VER 
e. 19. 
VER 
falling 
nibal m 
bodies 
*al. A 
Ver 


Ven 
Pleiades 
began t 
their na1 
tur, P, 
D. 2, e 

VRC 
Roman 
the abſo! 
fered to 
rhetoric i. 
on accou 
C. 71. 

Vero 
VrRO 
the Edu 
G. f, c. 
VertT 
nified by 
deity, an 
and Virtt 
young v. 
With al 
and mod 
that ſhe 
well, to j 
ſhe is fou 
VrROI 
Cæſ. G. 1 
VI RO 
modern V 
St. Quint 
VIER 
Athelis, I 
by Brenny 
(Epos, C: 
born there 
and an an 
porors, an 
4. 9, C 
&.15, v.; 
Vezox 
Conenhs. 
VI ARE. 


un- 
allus. 


, 4 
1cinus 
„ Mi- 
from 
cadth. 


OuNiry 
th of 


gers of 
Þ m 
ep. 19. 


Gaul 
}a 


2 


in the time of Cæſar. He was conquer- 
ed and led in triumph, &c, Cæſar. 
bell. G. 

Vrrsts, a ſmall river of Latium falling 
into the Anio. | 

VERGASILLAUNUS, one of the gene- 
rals and friends ot Vereingetorix. Cæſar. 
bell. G. 

VII O, a town of the Brutii. Liv. 30, 
6. 19. 

Voacrt Leh a ſmall river near Cannæ, 
falling into the Auhdus, over which An- 
nibal made a bridge with the ſliugntered 
bodies of the Romans. Flor. 2, c. 6.— 
Pal. Max. 9, c. 11. 

Vracitila, the wife of Coriolanus, 
&c. 

VERGILtA, a town of Spain ſuppoſed 
to be Murcia. 

VerGiLy®, ſeven ſtars called alſo 
Pliiades, When they ſet, the antients 
began to ſow their corn. They received 
their name from the ſpring . were orian- 
tur. Propert. 1, el. 8, v. 18.—Cic. de Nat. 
D. :, c. 44. 

VzRGINItUS, one of the officers of the 
Roman troops in Germany, who refuſed 
the abſolute power which his ſoldiers of- 
fered to him. Tucir. 1, Hift. c. 8. A 
rheturician in the age of Nero, baniſhed 
on account of his great fame. Id. An. 15, 
6. 71. 

VerGIUM, a town of Spain. 

VrRGoOBRETUS, one of the chiefs of 
the Ædui, in the age of Cæſar, & c. Cæſ. 
G. i, e. 16. 0 

VrRTras, (truth,) was not only perſo- 
nified by the antients, but alſo made a 
deity, and called the daughter of Saturn 
and Virtue, She was repreſented like a 
young virgin, dreſſed in white apparel, 
with all the marks of youthful diffidence 
and modeſty. Democritus uſed to (ay, 
tat ſhe hid herſelf at the bottom of a 
well, to intimate the difficulty with which 
ſhe is found. | 

VEeropbocTivs, one of the Helvetii. 
Cæſ. G. 1, c. 7. 

VI RoMAN ut, a people of Gaul, the 
modern Vermandois. The capital is now 
St. Quintin. Cz. G. B. 2. 

VIRGNA, a town of Venetia, on the 
Athelis, in Italy, founded, as ſome ſuppoſe, 
by Brennus, the leader of the Gauls. C. 
Nepos, Catullus, and Pliny the elder, were 
born there. It was adorned with a circus 
and an amphitheatre by the Roman em- 
p*rors, and ſtill preſerves its ancient name. 
Flin,g, c. 22.—Strab. $.-0vid. am. 3, 
41. 15, v. 7. 

VexOwes, a people of Hiſpania Tarra- 
tonentis. Si. 3, v. 578. 

VIAKSSIN un, a town in the country 


97 8. 42. 


V 


| of the Volſci. Liv. 4, c. 1, &c.—Pal. 


Marx. 6, c. 5. 

C. Verits, a Roman who governed 
the province of Sicily as pretor. The op- 
preſſion and tapine of whien he was guilty 
while in office, ſo offended the Sicilians, 
that they brought an accufation againſt 
him before the Roman ſenate, Cicero un- 
dertook the cauſe of the Sicilians, and 
pronounced thoſe celebrated orations which 
are ſtil] extant. Verres was defended by 
Hortenſius, but as he deſpaired of the ſuc- 
ceſs of his defence, he Lift Rome without 
waiting for his ſentence, and lived in great 
attluence in one of the provinces. He was 
at laſt killed by the ſoldiers of Antony the 
triumvir, about 26 years after his vuluntary 
exile from the capital. Cic. in Ver.-Plin, 
34, C. 2. 

VERRITVUS, a general of the Friſii in 
the age of Nero, & c. Tacit. ann 13, c. 54. 

VIIRIVUSs FLACCUS, a freedman and 
grammarian famous for his powers in in- 
truſting. He was appointed over the 
grand-children of Auguſtus, and alſo diſ- 
tinguiſhed himſelf by his writings, Cell. 
4, c. 5,—Suet, de Gram. 

VERRIVSs FLAccus, a Latin critic, B. 
C. 4. whoſe works have becn edited with 
Dacier's and Clak's notes, 4to, Amft. 
1699. 

VErRRUGo, a town in the. country of 
the Volici. L. 4, e. 1. 

VERTICO, one of the Nervii, who de- 
ſerted to Czſar's army, &c. Caf. B. G. 


5 45. 


VERTICORDIA, one of the Thomas of 


Venus, the ſame as the Apoftrophia of the 
Greeks, becauſe her aſſiſtance was implu- 
red to turn the hearts of the Roman ma- 
trons, and teach them tu folluw viitue and. 
modeſty. Val. Max. 8. 

VerTrscus, one of the Rhemi, who 
commanded a troop of horſe in Calar's 
army. Cæſ. B. G. 8, c. ta. 

VERTUMNUS, A Jcity a the Ro- 
mans, who preſided over the ſpring and 
over orchards. He endcavoutred to gain 
the affections of the goddeſs Pomona; and 
to effect this, he aſſumed the ſhape and 


dreſs of a fiſherman, of a ſoldier, a pes 


ſant, a reaper, &c. but all to no purpoſe, 
till under de farm of an old woman, he 


| prevailed upon his miſtreſs and married 


her. He is generally repreſented "as a 
young man crowned with flowers, co» 
vered up to the waiſt, and holding in bis 
riznt hand fruit, and a crown of plenty, 
in lis left. Ovid, Met. 14, v. 642, &. 
— Provert. 4, el. 2, v. 2.—tlorat. 2, Sat. 7, 
v. 14. 

VERUL.x, a town of the Hernici. Liv. 


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Vr zus, a licutenant under Cor- 
bulo, who drove away Tiridates from 
Media, &c. Tacit. cnn. 14, c. 26. 
Virus, (Lucius Ceionius Commodus,) 
a Roman emperor, ſon of AElius and Do- 
mitia Lucilla, He was adopted in the 
th year of his age by M. Aurelius, at the 
requeſt of Adrian, and he married Luci- 
lia the daughter of his adopted father, who 
alſo took him as his colleague on the 
throne. He was ſent by M. Aurelius to 
oppoſe the barbarians in the eaft, His arms 
were attended with ſucceſs, and he obtain- 
ed a victory over the Parthians. He was 
honored with a triumph at his return home, 
and {oon after he marched with his impe- 
tial colleague againſt the Marcomanni in 
Germany. He died in this expedition of 
an apoplexy, in the 39th year of his age, 
after a reign of eight years, and ſome 
months. His body was brought back to 
Rome, and buricd by -M. Aurelius with 
great pomp and ſolemnity. Verus has 
Leen greatly cenſured for his debaucherics, 
which appeared more enormous and dff- 
gulting, when compared to the temperance, 
mecknels, and poputatity of Aurelius. 
Tae example of his father did not influence 
bim, and he often retired from the frugal 
and moderate repaſt of Aurelius, to the 
profuſe banquets uf his own palace, where 
the night was ſpent in riot and dchauch- 
erv, gyith the meaneſt of the populace, 
with ge dancers, buffoons, and Jalci- 
vious courtezans. At one entertainment 
alone, where there were no more than 12 
gueſts, the emperor ſpent no leſs than ſix 
millions of ſeſterces, or about 32,200 l. 
ſterling. But it is to be obſerved, that 
whatever was molt ſcarce and coſtly was 
there ; the gueſts never drank twice ont 
of the ſame cup; and whatever veſſcls 
they had touched, they received as a pre- 
ſent from the emperor when they left the 
palace. In his Parthian expedition, Verus 
did not check his vicious propenſities , 
for four years he left the care of the war to 
his othcers, while he retired to the volup- 
tuous retreats of Daphne, and the luxurious 
banquets of Antioch. His fondneſs for a 
horſe has been faithfully recorded. The 
animal had a ſtatue of gold, he was fed 
with almonds and raiſins by the hand of 
the emperor, he was clad in purple, and 
kept in the moi ſplendid of the halls of the 
palace, and when dead, the emperor, to 
expreſs his forrow, raiſed him a magnifi- 
cent monument on mount Vatican. Some 
have Tuſpeted M. Aurelius of diſpatching 
Verus to rid the world of his debaucher ies, 
and ' guilty actions, but this feems to be 
the report of malevolence. L. Annzus, 
4 ſon of the emperor Aurelius, who died 


| 


* 


Y E 


in Paleſtine.— The father of the emperot 
Verus, He was adopted by the emperor 
Adrian, but like his ſon he diſgraced hims 
ſelf by his debaucherics and extravagance, 
He died before Adrian. 

VEsBIus, or VEesUB1Us, Vid. Veſu- 
vius. 
VłEsCIA, a cown of Campania. Liv. 8, 
e. 11. 
VEsSCIANUM, a country houſe of Cicero 
in Campania, between Capua and Nola. 
Cic. 15, ad Attic. 2. 

F. VEsCULARIUS, a Roman knight 
intimate with Tiberius, & e. Tacit, Ann. 

VISENIIO, a town of Gaul, now Pe- 
ſancen, Ceſ. 1, G. 38. 

VESENTIUM, a town of Tuſcany. 

VEsER1s, a place or river near mount 
Veſuvius. Liv. 8, c. 8.— Cie . 3, c. 31, 

Vestvius & VEeStvus. Vid. Veſu- 
vius. 

VISsIDIA, a river of Tuſcany. 

VsoN NA, a town of Gaul, now Pe- 
igucux. 

VESPACIE, a ſmall village of Umbria 
near Nutſia. Suct. Feſp. 1. 

VesSPASIANUs, Titus Flavius, a Ro- 
man emperor deſcended from an obſcure 
family at Reate, He was honored with 
the conſulſhip, not ſo much by the influ. 
cnce of the imperial courtiers, as by his 
own private merit and his public ſervices, 
He accompanied Nero into Greece, but he 
offended the prince by falling afleep while 
he repeated one of his poetical compoſi- 
tions. This momentary reſentment ot the 
emperor did not prevent Veſpaſian from 
being ſent to carry on a war againſt the 
Jews. His operations were crowned with 
lucceſs; many of the cities of Paleſtine 
ſurrendered, and Veſpaſian began the ſiege 
of Jeruſalem, This was, however, at- 
chieved by the hands of his ſon Titus, and 
the death of Vitellius and the affection of 
his ſoldiers, haſtened his riſe, and he was 
proclaimed emperor at Alexandria. The 
choice of the army was approved by every 
province of the empire; but Veſpaſian did 
not betray any ſigns of pride at ſo ſudden 
and ſo unexpected an exaltation, and 
though once employed in the mean of- 
he of a burſe doctor, he behaved, when 
inveſted with the imperial purple, with 


+ all the dignity and greatneſs which be- 


came a ſucceſſor of Auguſtus. In the 
beginning of his reign Veſpaſian at- 
tempted to reform the manners of the 
Romans, and he took away an appoint- 
ment which he had a few days befor: 
granted to a young nobleman who ap; 
proached bim to return him thanks, 2 
ſmelling of perfumes and covercd with 


ointment, adding, I had rage! 1 
N m 


| 


ſmelt © 
buildin; 
the gre: 
ment. 
popular 
with a 
the 70ot! 
Roman 
and he 
ed by t 
han has 
tes, 1 
ſtattery, 
title of 
Often be 
tyrannic 
informe! 
ſrirators 
lberality 
addreffe 
Arſaces 
nus, the 
with the 
narch, 
own wot 
ting of 
merit, 
hundred 
ally paid 
difterent 
to encou 
ſciences. 
generoht 
paſian w 
accounts 
new taxc 
he migh 
tage, and 
which g; 
the mear 
regardleſs 
fatished 
raiſed fre 
him at t 
oftenſave ? 
avaricious 
rer uſed 1 
Treated thi 
when dry, 
were wet. 
Ciminals 
the moſt © 
their poſl 
* ty uf t 
all under t 
bines, wh 
avarice an 
kon. in vit. 
Vessa, 
VesTa, 
and Saturr 
is often « 


with Rhe. 


ria 


Ro- 
ſcure 
with 
nflu- 
y his 
vices. 
ut he 
while 
poſi- 
t the 
from 
| the 
with 
eſtine 
ſiege 
vu 
„ and 
ion of 
e was 
The 
every 
an did 
ſudden 
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in of- 
when 
win 
ch be⸗ 
In the 
in at- 
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ppoint- 
before 
ho ap; 
ks, all 
d with 
had 


ſme 


i 


ſmelt of garlick, He repaired the public 


buildings, embelliſhed the city, and made 
the great roads more ſpacious and conve- 
ment. After he had reigned with great 
popularity for 10 years, Veſpaſian died 
with a pain in his bowels, A. D. 79, in 
the 7oth year of his age. He was the firit 
Roman emperor that died a natural death, 
and he was alſo the firſt who was ſucceed- 
ed by his own ſon on the throne. Veſpa- 
fan has been admired for his great vir- 
tes, He was clement, he gave no ear to 
fattery, and for a long time refuſed the 
title of father of his country, which was 
often beſtowed upon the moſt worthleſs and 
tyrannical of the emperors. He deſpiſed 
informers, and rather than puniſh con- 
ſrirators, he rewarded them with great 
Wberality, When the king of Parthia 
addrefled him with the ſuperſcription of 
Arſaces king of kings to Flavius Veſpaſia- 
us, the emperor was no way diſſatisfied 
with the pride and inſolence of the mo- 
narch, and anſwered him again in his 
own words; Flavius Vrſpeftanus to Arſaces 
ting of kings, To men of learning and 
merit, Veſpaſian was very liberal: one 
hundred thouſand ſeſterces were annu— 
ally paid from the public treaſury to the 
different profeſſors that were appointed 
to encourage and promote the arts and 
ſciences, Vet in ſpite of this apparent 
generofity ſome authors have taxed Vel- 
paſian with avatice. According to their 
accounts he loaded the provinces with, 
new taxes, he bought commodities, that 
he might ſell them to a greater advan- 
tage, and even laid an impoſt upon urine, 
which gave occaſion to Titus to ridicule 
the meanneſs of his father. Veſpaſian, 


regardleſs of his ſon's obſervation, was 


ſatisfied to ſhew him the money that was 
naiſed from ſo productive a tax, aſking 
him at the ſame time whether it ſmelt 
oftenſive? His miniſters were the moſt 
avaricious of his ſubje&ts, and the empe- 
ret uſed very properly to 1emark that he 
treated them us ſponges, by wetting them 
when dry, and ſqucezing them when they 
were wet. He has been acculed of felling 
criminals their lives, and of cundemning 
the molt opulent to make himſelf maſter ot 
their poſſeſſions. If, however, he was 
g'ilty of theſe meaner practices, they were 
all under the name of one of his concu— 
bines, who wiſhed to eich herſclf by the 
avarice and credulity of the emperor, Sue- 
fon, in vit. Tust. hiſt. 4. 

VessA, a town of Sicily. 

Vesra, a goddeſs, daughter of Rhea 
and Saturn, ſiſter to Ceres and Juno. She 
is often confounded by the mythologiſls 
with Rhea, Ceres, Cybcle, Proſerpine, 


V E 


| Hecate, and Tellus. When conſidered 28 


the mother of the gods, the is the mother 
of Rhea and Saturn; and when conſidered 
as the patroneſs of the veſtal virgins and 
the goddeſs of fire, the is called thꝭ daugh- 
ter of Saturn and Rhea. Under this laſt 
name ſhe was worthipped by the Romans. 
Aneas was the firſt who introduced her 
myſteries into Italy, and Numa built her 
a temple where no males were permitted 
to go. The Palladium of Troy was ſup- 
poſed to be preſerved within her ſanctuary, 
and a fire was continually kept lighted by 
a certain number of virgins, who had de- 
dicated themſelves to the ſervice of the 
goddeſs, (Vid. Vefiales.) If the fre of 
Veſta was ever extinguiſhed, it was ſup- 
poſed to threaten the republic with ſome 
tndden calamity. The virgin ky whoſe 
negligence it had been extinguithed was 
ſeverely puniſhed, and it was Kkindled again 
by the rays of the ſun. The temple of 
Veſta was of a round form, and the god- 
deſs was repreſented in a long flowing robe 
with a veil on her head, holding in one 
hand a lamp, or a two-cared veſlel, and in 
the other a javelin, or ſometimes a Palla- 
dium. On ſome medals the appears hold- 
ing a drum in one hand, and a ſmall figure 
of victory in the other. Heſtod. Theog. v. 
454.—Gic. de leg. 2, c. 12. Apolled. 1, 
c. I.—Pirg. An. 2, v. 296,-Died. 5.— 
Ovid. Faſt. 6, Trijt. 3.—- Jul. Max. 1, c. I. 
— Put. in Num. — Pauf. 5 C. 14. 
VESTALES, prieſteſſes among the Ro- 
mans, conſecrated to the ſervice of Veſta, 
as their name indicates. This office was 
very antient, as the mother of Romulus 
was one of the veſtals. Æneas is ſup- 
poſed to have firſt choten the veſtals. Nu- 
ma firſt appointed four, to which Tarquin 
added two. They were always choſen by 
the monarchs, but after the expulſion of 
the Tarquins, the high prieſt was entruſted 
with the care of them. As they were to 
be virgins, they were choſen young, from 
the age of fix to ten; and if there was not 
a4 ſufhciers number that preſented them- 
(elves as candidates for the office, twenty 
virgins were ſelected, and they upon whom 
the lot feil were obliged to become prieſt» 
eſles. Plebeians as well as patricians were 
permitted to propole themſelves, but it 
was required that they ſhould be born of a 
good family, and be without blemiſh or 
deformity in every part of their body. For 
thirty years they were to remain in the 
greateſt continence; the ten firſt years were 
(pent in learning the duties of the order, 
the ten following were employed in diſ- 
charging them with fidelity and ſanctity, 
and the ten laſt in inſtructing ſuch as had 


entered the novyiciate, When the thirty 
ö 


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of her order, and compelled to deſcend 


* E 
yeafs were elapſed they were permitted to | 
marry, or if they ſtill preferred celibacy ; 
they waited upon the reſt of the veſtals, 
As ſoon as a veſtal was initiated, her head 
was ſhaved, tv intimate the _— of her 
perſon, as ſhe was then free from the 
ſhackles of parental authority, and ſhe was 
permitted to diſpoſe of her poſſeſſions as 
ſhe pleaſed. The employment of the veſ- 
tals was to take care that the ſacred fire of 
Veſta was not extinguiſhed, for if it ever 
happened, it was dcemed the prognoſtic 
of great calamities to the ſtate; the of- 
fender was puniſhed for her negligeace, 
and ſeverely ſcourged by the high prieſt. 
In ſuch a caſe all was conſternation at 
Rome, and the fire was again kindled by 
glaſſes with the rays of the ſun. Another 
equally particular charge of the veſtals was 
to keep a ſacred pledge, on which depended 
the very exiſtence of Rome, which accord- 
ing to ſome, was the Palladium of Troy, 
or ſome of the myſteries of the gods of 
Samothrace. The privileges of the veſ- 
tals were great, they had the moft ho- 
norable ſeats at public games and feſtivals, 
a lictor with the faſces always preceded 
tnem when they walked in public, they 
were carried in chariots when they pleaſed, 
and they had tne power of pardening cri- 
minals when led to execution, if they de- 
clared that their meeting was accidental. 
Their declarations in trials were received 
without the formality of an oath, they were 
ehoſen as arbiters in cauſes of moment, and 
in the execution of wills, and ſo great was 
the deference paid them by the magiſtrates, 
az well as by the people, that the conſuls 
themſelves made way for them, and bowed 
their faſces when they paſſed before them. 
To inſult them was a capital crime, and 
whoever attempted to violate their chaſtity 
was beaten to death with ſcourges. If 
any of them died while in office, their body 
was buried within the walls of the city, 
an honor granted to few. Such of the 
veſtals as proved incontinent were puniſhed 
in the moſt rigorous manner, Numa or- 
dered thera to be ſtoned, but Tarquin the 
elder dug a large hole under the earth, where 
a bed was placed with a little bread, wine, 
water, and oil, and a ligated lamp, and 
the guilty veſtal was tripped of the habit 


into the ſubterraneous cavity, which was 
immediately ſhut, and fhe was left to die 
through hunger. Few of the veſtals were 
guilty of incontinence, and for the ſpace 
of one thouſaud years, during which the 
order continued ellabliched, from the reign 
of Numa, only 18 were puniſhed for the 
violation of their vow. The veſtals were 


abolithed by Theodoſius the Great, and 


S 


the fire of Veſta extinguiſhed, The dreſs 
of the Veſtals was peculiar ; they wore « 
white veſt with purple borders, a white 
linen ſurplice called /inteum ſupernum, above 
which was a great purple mantle which 
flowed to the ground, and which was 
tucked up when they offered ſacrifices, 
They had a cloſe covering on their head, 
called infula, from which hung ribbands, 
or wit?fe, Their manner of living was 
ſumptuous, as they were maintained at 
the public expence, and though originally 
ſatisfied with the ſimple diet of the Ro- 
mans, their tables foon after diſplayed the 
luxuries and the ſuperfluities of the great 
and opulent. Liv. 2, &c.—Plut. in Nun. 
Sc. — Val. Max. 1, c. 1.—Cic. de Nat, D. 
3, c. 30.— Flor. 1, &c. 

VEsSTAL1A, feſtivals in honor of Veſta, 
obſerved at Rome on the gth of June, 
Banquets were then prepared before the 
houſes, and meat was ſent to the veſtals 
to be offered to the gods, millſtones were 
deeked with garlands, and the aſſes that 
turned them were led round the city co- 
vered with garlands. The ladies walked 
in the proceſſion, bare-footed, to the tem- 
ple of the goddeſs, and an altar was erected 
to Jupiter ſirnamed Piſtor. Ovid. Faſt, 6, 
v. 305. 

VesTALI1UM MATER, a title given Ly 
the ſenate to Livia the mother of Tiberius, 
with the permiſfon to fit among the veſtal 
virgins at plays. Tacit, 4. An. c. 16. 
VESTIA Ori, a common proſtitute 
of Capua. 

VesTIcrius SpURINA, an officer ſext 
by Otho to the borders of the Po, &c. 
Tacit. 

VesrTIL1us SExTvs, a pretorian, diſ- 
graced by Tiberius, becauſe he was eſ⸗ 
teemed by Druſus. He killed hirnſclf, 
Tacit. An. 4, c. 16. 

VESTILLA, a matron of a patrician fa 
mily, who declared publicly before the ma- 
giſtrates that ſhe was a common proſtitute. 
She was baniſhed to the iſland of Seriphos 
for her immodeſty. 

VesTINn1, a people of Italy near the 
Sabines, famous for the making of cheeſe. 
Pin. 3, c. . Martial. 13, ep. 31. 

L. VesTinus, a Roman knight ap- 
pointed by Veſpaſian to repair the capitol, 
&c. Tacit, H. 4, c. 53.— Liv. 8, (. 29. 
A conſul put to death by Nero in ti 
time of Piſo's conſpiracy. 

Vesvits. Vid. Veſuvius. : 

VesULUs, now Fife, a large mountais 
of Liguria near the Alps, where the Po 
takes its rile, Vi. An. 10, . 708. 
—Plin. 3, c. 19. | 

VesUvius, a mountain of Campan, 
about fix miles at the eaſt of — 


lJebrats 
Algunt 
the wi 
Veluy 
and vi 
dry a1 
volcan 
Chriſti 
compa 
turned 
cularly 
the bur 
carried 
country 
Libya, 
fatal te 
time th 
there ne 
ot the 
a \mok 
The pe 
is 3780 
Lc 4 
cit, Iii 
. 16. 


ment in 
now Sz 
RR, 

Vert: 
made 11 
till the 
minated 
Plut. in 
Cæſar « 
conſpirac 
the allies 
the Rom 
murdcred 
cenamour 
and railc 
procl1im 
by one « 
laid viole 

Vir 
3 C. 14. 

Verr 


antient n 
—PÞPlin, 2 


Very 


Etruria, 1 
The Rom 
of their m 
35 e. 5.— 


VETO 


divided ir 
and Senii. 


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Coriolanu 


omann 


daughter-; 


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ian ſa- 
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eriphos 


ar the 
C neeſe. 


ht ap- 
capitol, 
. 29. 
in tis 


ountail 
the Po 
V. 70d. 


mpania, 
les, ce 


lebcated 


FE 


Jebrated for its volcano, and now called 
Aunt Soma. The anticnts, particularly 
the writers of the Auguſtan age, ſpoke of 
Veſuvius, as a place covered with orchards 
and vineyards, of which the middle was 
dry and barren. The firſt eruption of this 
volcano was in the 7gth year of the 
Chriſtian era under Titus. It was ac- 
companied by an earthquake, which over- 
turned ſeveral citics of Campania, parti- 
cularly Pompeii and Herculaneumz and 
the burning aſhes which it threw up, were 
carried not only over the neighbouring 
country, but as far as the ſhores of Egy pt, 
Libya, and Syria. This eruption proved 
fatal to Pliny the naturaliſt. From that 
time the eruptions have been frequent, arid 
there now exiſts an account of twenty- nine 
of theſe, Veſuvius continually throws up 
a ſmoke, and ſometimes aſhes and flames. 
The perpendicular height of this mountain 
is 3780 feet. Dis. Caf}. 46 Harro. de R. 
1, c. 6, Liv. 23, c. 39.—Strab. 5,—Ta- 
cit, it. 1, c. 2.-—Mela, 3, e. 4.—Plin. 6, 
6h. 16.— Ital. 12, v. 152, &c.—PFirg, G. 
2, v. 224. AJſart. 4, ep. 43 & 44. 

VETERA CASTRA, a Roman incamp- 
ment in Germany, which became a town, 
now Santen, near Cleves. Tacit. II. 45 C. 
18. A. % © 45% 

VETTius Sy. a Roman ſenator who was 
made interrex at the death of Romulus, 
till the election of another king. He no— 
minated Numa, and reſigned his office. 
Nut. in Num. A man who accuſed 
Czlar of being concerned in Catiline's 
conſpiracy. Cato, one of the officers of 
the allies in the Marſian war. He defeated 
the Romans, and was at laſt betrayed and 
murdered, —— ARoman knight who became 
enamoured of a young female at Capua, 
and raiſed a tumult amongſt the flaves who 
proclaimed him king. He was betrayed 
by one of his adherents, upon which he 
laid violent hands on himſelt. 

VEetrTana, a town of Umbria. Pin. 
3z C. 14. 

VETTowEs, Vetones, or Vectones, an 
anticut nation of Spain. Si/. 3, v. 378. 
—Plin. 25, c. 8. 

VETULONIA, one of the chief cities of 
Etruria, whoſe hot waters were famous. 
The Romans were ſaid to derive the badges 
of their magitterial offices from thence. Pin. 
3 C. $,—ltal. 8, v. 484. 

VETCRIA, one of the Roman tribes, 
divided into the two branches of the Junii 
and Senii. It received its name from the 
eturian family, which was originally call- 
ed Vetuſian. Lo. 36. The mother of 
Coriolanus. She was ſolicited by all the 

man matrons to go to her ſon with her 


daughter-in-law, and entreat him net te 


* 


make war againſt his country. She went 
and prevailed over Coriolanus, aud for her 
lervices to the late, the Roman ſenate of- 
tered to reward her as ec pleaſed. She 
only aſked to raiſe a temple to the goddeſs 
of female fortune, which was done on the 
very ſpout where ſhe had pacified her fon. 
Liv. 2, c. 40.—Dionyſ. Hal. 7, &c. 

VETUR1vUs, a Roman artiſt, who made 
ſhiclds for Numa. Vid. Mfumurius. 
Caius, a Roman conſul, accuſed before the 
people, and fined becauſe he had ated 
with imprudence while in office. A 
Roman who conſpired againſt Galba. Tas 
cit, Hiſt, t, c. 25. A conſul appointed 
one of the decemvirs. Another conſul 
defeated by the Samnites, and obliged to paſt 
under the 1 oke with great iguominy. A 
tribune of the people, &c. 

L. VeTus, a Roman who propoſed to 
open a communication between the Medi- 
terranean and the German ocean, by means 
of a canal, He was put to death by order 
of Nero. A man accuſed of adultery, 
&C. 

UFENS, a river of Italy near Tarracina. 
Fig. An. 7, v. $92. Another river of 
Picenum. Liv. 5, c. 35. A prince who 
aſſiſted Turnus againſt Aneas. The Tro- 
jan monarch made a vow to facritice his 
four ſons to appeaſe the manes of his friend 
Pallas, in the ſame manner as Achilles is 
repreſented killing ſome Trojan youths on 
the tomb of Patroclus. Firg. An. 7, v. 
745. l. 10, ». 518. He was afterwards 
Killed by Gyas, Id. 12, v. 460. 

UrEN TINA, a Roman tribe firſt created 
A. U. C. 435, with the tribe Falerina, in 
conſequence of the great increaſe of popu- 
lation at Rome. Liv. 9, c. 20.— Feftus. 

VIA /Emylia, a celebrated road, made by 
the conſul M. Emylius Lepidus, A. U. C. 
567. It led with the Flaminian road to Aqui- 
le ia. There was alſo another of the ſame name 
in Etruria, which led from Piſæ to Derto- 
na. Appia, was made by the cenſor 
Appius, and led from Rome to Capua, 
and from Capua to Brunduſium, at the 
diſtance of 3 50 miles, which the Romans 
call a five-days journey. It paſſed ſuc- 
ceſſively thro' the towns and ſtages of 
Aricia, Forum Appii, Tarracina, Fundi, 
Minturnæ, Sinuefla, Capua, Caudium, 
Bencventum, Equotuticum, Herdonia, Ca- 
nuſium, Barium, Egnatia, to Brunduſium. 
It was called by way of eminence regina 
viarum, made ſo ſtrong, and the ſtones ſs 
well cemented together, that it remained 
entire for many hundred years. Some parts 
of it are ſtill to be ſeen in the neighbour» 
hood of Naples. Appius carried it only 
130 miles as far as Capua, A. U. C. 442, 
and it was finiſhed as far as Brunduhum 


THE: by 


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by Auguitus. There was alſo another 
road called Minucia, or Numicia, which 
led to Brunduſium, but by what places is 
now uncertain.-—Flaminia was made by 
the cenſor Flaminius, A. U. C. 533. It 
led from the Campus Martius, to the mo- 
dern town of Rimini, on the Adiiatic, 
through the country of the Oſci and Etru- 
rians, at the diſtance of about 360 miles. 
Lata, one of the antient ſtreets of Rome. 
Valeria led from Rome to the country 
of the Marſi, through the territories of the 
Sabines. There were beſides many ſtreets 
and roads of inferior note, fuch as the Au- 
relia, Caſſia, Campania, Ardetina, Labi- 
cana, Domitiana, Oftienſis, Præneſtina, 
Ec. all of which were made and conſtantly 
kept in repair at the public expence. 

Viapkvs, the claſſical name of the 
Oder which falls into the Baltic. Pre. 

VIS IIA, one sf the Veſtal virgins in 
the favors of Meſſalina, & c. Tacit. Ann, 
12 C. 42. 

V 181D1Us, a friend of Mæcenas. Her. 
2, Sat. 8, v. 22. 

Viervs, a Roman who refuſed to pay 
any attention to Cicero when haniſhed, 
though ne had received from him the moſt 
unbounded favors. ——Siculus. Vid. Sica, 
——A proconſul of Spain, baniſhed for ill 
conduct. A Roman knight accuſed of 
extortion in Africa, and baniſhed. A 
man who poiſoned himſelſ at Capua. 
Sequeſter, a Latin writer, whoſe treatiſe 


de fluminibus, & c. is beſt edited by Ober- 


lin. 8vo. Argent. 1778. 

Viso, a town of Lucania, antiently 
called Hipponium and Hippo. Cic. ad att. 
3, c. 3.—Plin, 3, c. 5. A town of 
Spain—of the Brutii, 

VisuLznus Agrippa, a Roman knight 
accuſed of. treaſon, He attempted to poi- 


ſon himſelf, and was ftrangled in priſon,. 


though almoſt dead. Tacit. 6, An. c. 40. 
A mutinous ſoldier in the army of 
Germanicus, &Cc. 

ViByuLLIius RuFvus, a friend of Pom- 
pey, taken by Cæſar, &c, Plut,—Cic. in 
ep. A pretor in Nero's reign. 

Vica For, a goddeſs at Rome, who 
prefided over victory (a wvincere and potiri). 
Li. 2, C. . 

VIcCEN IIA, or VICE TIA, a town of 
Ciſalpine Gaul, at the north-weſt of the 
Adriatic. Tacit, Hiſt. 3. 

ViCELLIUs, a friend of Galba, who 
Lrought him news of Nero's death. 

Vicus Longus, a ſtreet at Rome, where 
an altar was raiſed to the goddeſs Pudicitia, 
or the modeſty of the plebeians. Liv. 10, 

43 Cyprius, a place on the Eſqui- 


c 
Une kill, where the Sabines dwelt, 


9 


8 


Victor Skxxr. AURELIUS, a writ 
in the age of Conſtantius. He gave the 
world a conciſe hiſtory of the Roman em- 
perors, from the age of Auguſtus to his 
own time, or A. D. 360. He alſo wrote 
an abridgement of the Roman hiſtory, be- 
fore the age of Julius Czfar, which is 
now extant, and aſcribed by different au- 
thors to C. Nepos, to Tacitus, Suetonius, 
Pliny, &c. Victor was greatly eſtecmed 
by the emperors, and honored with the 
confſulſhip. The beſt edition of Victor is 
that of Pitiſcus, 8 vo. Utr. 1696 ; and tha: 
of Artnzenius, 4to. Amt. 1733. 
VicToR1A, one of the deities of the 
Romans, called by the Greeks Nice, ſup- 
poſed to be daughter of Titan and Styx, 
The goddeſs of victory was ſiſter to 
Strength and Valor, and was one of the 
attendants of ſupiter. She was greatly 
honored by the Greeks, particularly at A- 
thens. Sylla raifed her a temple at Rome, 
and inſtituted feſtivals in her honor. She 
was repreſented with wings, crowned with 
laurel, and holding the branch of a palm- 
tree in her hand. A golden ſtatue of this 
' goddeſs, weighing 320 pounds, was pre- 
ſented to the Romans by Hiero king «* 
Syracuſe, and depoſited in the temple of 
Jupiter, on the Capitoline hill. Lv. 22. 
Varro de L. L. — IIe. Theg —liygin, 
pref. fab. — Snet. 

VicToRIA Mos, a place of Spain at 

the mouth of the Iberus. Liv. 24, c. 41. 
VricToRivs, a man of Aquitain, who, 
A. D. 463, invented the paſchal cycle ot 
532 years. 
VrcToRINA, a celcbrated matron who 
placed herſelf at the head of the Roman 
armies, and made war againſt the emperor 
Gallienus. Her ſon Victorinus, and bet 
grandſon of the ſame name, were declared 
emperors, but when they were aſſaſſinatec, 
Victorina inveſted with the imperial purpie 
one of her favorites called Tetricus. Sht 
was ſome time after poiſoned, A. D. 26, 
and according to ſume by Tetricus Lin- 
ſelf, 

VretoRiNnus, a Chriſtian writer, wb9 
compoſed a worthleſs epic poem on de 
death of the ſeven children mentioned n 


| the Maccabees, and diſtinguiſhed himiei 


more by the active part he took in his writ: 
ings againſt the Arians. 
Vicruuviæ, a ſmall town of Inſubri 
near Placentia. Liv. 21, c. 45. 
Vipucassts, a people of Normandy 
Plin, 4, c. 18. 
VIENNA, a town of Gallia Narbonenſis 
Strab. 1,—Caf. bell. G. 7, e. 9. 
VIILIA LEX, annalis or annariay by L 


Villius, the tribune, A. U. C. 574 def 


the Pp 
otfice 
queſt 
tribun 
for th; 
VII 
thor o 
Annal. 
Lias, 1 
baſſade 
confere 
monare 
himſelf 
daught. 
64. 
Vim 
which ] 
number 
there. 
the city 
whence 
c. 44.— 
Vinc 
thers, A 
edited þ 
Vinc 
under N. 
officer in 
Vixp 
Conſtant 
culture, 
VI VDI 
many, b. 
and the 
was Caller 
Swabia a 
Aupuſta 
e 4, 
Vrxpzg 
about the 
* 407, 
VIN DE 
Who revolt 
to deliver 
ranny, H 
army, but 
emperor's 
that all wa: 
himſelf, 6 
% 6. © 
V He, 
conlpiracy 
ef the Ron 
ſtore Tarqu 
ply le warde 
IU, 2, C. 
7 
4, c. 14. 
245 
the Helvetii 
as. 1 
Vine 


Ti 


0 the proper age required for exereiſing the 
8 office of a magiſtrate, 25 years for the 
2 queſtorſhip, 27 or 28 tor the edileſhip or 
wn tribuneſhip, for the office of pretor 30, and 
* for that of conſul 43. Liv. 11, c. 44. 

= Virtus, a tribune of the people, au- 
by thor of the Villian law, and thence called 
* Arnalis, a firname borne by his family. 


Liv. 11, c. 44 Publius, a Roman am- 
baſſador ſent to Antiochus. He held a 
he conference with Annibal, who was at the 
| monarch's court. A man who diſgraced 
himſelf by his criminal amours with the 
daughter of Sylla, Horat. 1, Sat. 2, v. 
64. | 

ViminAL1s, one of the ſeven hills on 
which Rome was built, ſo called from the 
number of oziers (vimines) which grew 
there. Servius Tullius firſt made it part of 
the city, Jupiter had a temple there, 
whence he was called Viminalis. Ziv. 1, 
c. 44. —Varro. L. L. 4, c. 8. 

VIiNCENTLUS, one of the Chriſtian fa- 
thers, A. D. 434, whoſe works are beſt 
edited by Baluzius, Paris 1669. 

Vincivs, a Roman knight, condemned 
under Nero. Tacit, An. 14, c. 40. An 
officer in Germany. 

VixpaLIus, a writer in the reign of 
| Conſtantius, who wrote ten books on Agri- 
Heir. culture. 

VI xD Lic, an antient people of Ger— 
many, between the heads of the Rhine 
* and the Danube. Their country, which 
was called Vindelicia, forms now part of 


cle 0: Swabia and Bavaria, and their chief town 
f Auguſta Vindelicorum, is now Auſburgh. 
beg Herat. 4, Od. 4, v. 18. 


5 VINDEMIATOoR, a conſtellation that roſe 
_— about the nones of March. Ovid. Faſt. 3, 


het a 
. v. 407.—Plin. 18, c. 13. 
— hom ers a governor of Gaul, 
ny who revolted againſt Nero, and determined 


| ae to deliver the Roman empire from his ty- 
ranny. He was followed by a numerous 


| 20y army, but at laſt defeated by one of the 
NINE emperor's generals, When he perceived 
2 that all was loſt, he laid violent hands upon 
my iis 28 68 4 Sueten in Galb.—T acit. 
41 , c. 51.— ,in. 9, p. 19. 
_ Vinpicivs, a V4 2 diſcovered the 
. _ conſpiracy which ſome of the molt noble 
ne ef the Roman citizens had formed to re- 
Tnſubra ſtore Tarquin to his throne. He was am- 


ply rewarded, and made a citizen of Rome. 
Liv, 2, c. 5.— Put. in Pop/. 

VIS DIILI, a nation of Germany. Pin. 
4, e. 14. 

VixporissA, now Wendiſh, a town of 
the Helyetii on the Aar, in the territory of 


mandy 


bonenſi. 


. by L. 
* Berne. Tacit, 4, Hiſt. 61 & 70. 
"the Vixieivs, a Roman conſul poiſoned 


V I 


ſpired againſt Nero, &c. 

Vinipivs, a miſer mentioned by Ho- 
race, I Sat. 1, v. 95, Some manuſcripts 
read Numidius and Umidius. 

T. Virus, a commander in the preto- 
rian guards, intimate with Galba, of whom 
he became the firſt miniſter. He was ho- 
nored with the conſulſhip, and ſome time- 
after murdered. Tacit, H. 1, c. 11, 42 
& 48.—Plut, A man who revolted 
from Nero, 

Vinxivs, Aſella, a ſervant of Horace, 
to whom, ep. 13, is addreſſed as injunc- 
tions how to deliver to Auguſtus ſome 
poems from his maſter. 

Viesax1a, a daughter of M. Agrippa, 
mother of Druſus. She was the only one 
of Agrippa's daughters who died a natural 
death. She was married to Tiberius when 
a private man, and when the had been re- 
pudiated, ſhe married Aſinius Gallus. Ta- 
cit, A. 1, e. 12. l. 3, e. 39. 

VinBrvus, (qui inter wires bis fuit) a 
name given to Hippolytus, after he had 
been brought back to life by Zſculapivs, 
at the inftance of Diana, who pitied his 
unfortunate end. Virgil makes him ſon of 
Hippolytus, A. 7, v. 762.—O0vid. Mer. 
15, v. 544. 

PuBL. VircitLivs MaARo, called the 
prince of the Latin poets, was born at An- 
des, a village near Mantua, about 70 
years before Chriſt, on the 15th of Octo- 
ber. His firſt years were ſpent at Cre- 
mona, where his taſte was formed, and his 
riſing talents firſt exerciſed, The diftri- 
bution of the lands of Cremona to the 
ſoldiers of Auguſtus, after the battle of 
Philippi, nearly proved fatal to the poet, 
and when he attempted to diſpute the poſ- 
ſeſſion of nis fields with a ſoldier, Virgil 
was obliged to ſave his life from the re- 
ſentment of the lawleſs veteran, by ſwim- 
ming acroſs a river. This was perhaps the 
beginning of his greatneſs, he repaired to 
Rome, where he ſoon formed an acquaint- 
ance with Mecznas, and recommended 
himſelf to the favors of Auguſtus. The 
emperor reſtored his lands to the poet, 
whoſe modeſt muſe knew ſo well how to 
pay the tribute of gratitude, and his firſt 
uculic was written to thank the patron, as 
well as to tell the world that his favors 
were not unworthily beſtowed. The ten 
bucolics were written in about three years. 
The poet ſhewed his countrymen that be 
could write with graceful ſimplicity, with 
elegance, delicacy of ſentiments, and with 
purity of language. Some time after, Vir- 
gil undertook the Georgices, a poem the 
moſt perfect and finiſhed of all Latin com- 

112 politiuns. 


— 


— — —— 


— 


—— 


- 


- - Þ 
al 
9 

4 q 

= 
Y» 
. 
z? 
5 
' 7+ . 
1 


4 . 8 


poſitions, The neid was begun, as ſome | 


3 


ſuppoſe, at the particular requeſt of Au- 
guſtus, and the poct, while he attempted 
to prove that the way family was lincally 
deſcended from the founder of Lavinium, 
viſibly deſcribed in the pious and benevo- 
lent character of his hero, the amiable 


qualities of his imperial patron. The great 


metit of this poet is well known, and it 
will ever remain undecided, which of the 
two poets, either Homer or Virgil, is more 
entitled tv our praiſe, our applaufe, and 
our admiration. The writer of the Iliad 
ſtood as a pattern to the favorite of Au- 
guſtus. The voyage of Zneas is copied 
from the Odyſſey, and for his battles, Vir- 
gil found a model in the wars of Troy, 
and the animated deſcriptions of the Iliad. 
The poet died before he had reviſed this 
immortal work, which had alicady en- 
gazed his time for 11 ſueceſſive years. He 
had attempted to attend his patron in the 
eaſt, but he was detained at Naples on ac- 
count of his ill health. He however went 
to Athens, where he met Auguſtus in his 
return, but he ſoon after fell ſick at Me- 
gara, and though indiſpoſed, he ordered 
himſelf to be removed to Italy, He landed 
at Brunduſium, where a few days after he 
expired, the 22d of September, in the 5 f ſt 
ycar of his age, B. C. 19. He left the 
greateft part of his immenſe poſfeſſions to 
his friends, particularty to Mecznas, Tucca, 
and Auguſtus, and he ordered as his laſt 
will his unfiniſhed poem to be burnt. Theſe 
laſt injunctions were diſobeyed, and ac- 
cording to the words of an ancient poet, 
Auguſtus ſaved his favorite Troy from a 
ſecond and more diſmal conftagration, The 
poem was delivered by the emperor to 
three of his literary friends. They were 
ordered to reviſe and to expunge whatever 
they deemed improper ; but they were 
ſtrictly enjoined not to make any additions, 
and hence, as ſome ſuppoſe, the cauſes 
that ſo many lines of the AÆueid are un- 
finiſhed, particularly in the Jaſt books. 
The body of the poet, according to his 
own directions, was conveyed to Naples, 
and interrcd with much ſolemnity in a 
monument erected on the road that leads 
from Naples to Puteoli. The following 
modeſt diſtich was engraved on the tomb, 
written by the poct ſome few moments be- 
fore he expired: 


Mantua me genuit ; Calabri rapuere ; tent 
nunc 
Parthenepe : cecini paſcua, rura, duces, 


Tic Romans were not inſenſible of the 


merit of their poet. Virgil received much | ſport and ridicule of Rome. In the wow 


applauſe in the capital, and when he en- 


tered the theatre, he was aſtoniſhed anc | ſatisſactory account of the rel1yious 


1 


delighted to ſee the crouded audience rite 
up to him as an emperor, and welcome his 
approach, by reitcrated plaudits, He was 
naturally modeſt, and of a timorous diſpo- 
ſition. When people crouded to gaze upon 
him, or pointed at him with the finger 
with raptures, the poet bluſhed and ftole 
away from them, and often hid himſeif 
in ſhops to be removed from the curivfity 
and the admiration of the public, The 
; moſt liberal and gratifying marks of ap- 
; probation he received were from the em- 
peror and from Octavia. He attempred in 
| his Aneid to paint the virtues, and to la- 
ment the premiature death of the ſon of 
Octavia, and he was defired by the empe- 
ron to repeat the lines in the preſence of the 
afflicted mother. He had no ſooner begun 
nate, &c. than Octavia burſt into tears ; 
he continued, but he had artfully ſuppreſſed 
the name of her fon, and when he repeated 
in the 16th line, the well known words 
I NMarecllus eris, the princeſs ſwooned 
away, and the poet withdrew, but not 
without being hbcrally rewarded. Odtavn 
preſented him ten ſeſterces for every one vi 
his verſes in praiſe of her fon, the whole of 
which was equivalent to 2coo1. Engliſh 
money. As an inſtance of his modeſty, 
the following circumſtance has been recorc- 
ed. Virgil wrote this diſtich, in whick 
he compared his patron to Jupiter, 


Nocte pluit totd, redeunt ſpectacula man, 

Diviſum imperium cum Jodie Caſar have, 
and placed it in the night on the gates ct 
the palace of Auguſtus. Enquities wer? 
made for the author by order of Auguſtus, 
and when Virgil had the dithdence not t: 
declare himſelf, Bathyllus, a contemprtit: 
poct of the age, claimed the verſes as il 
own, and was libcrally rewarded. Tl. 
diſpleaſed Virgil; he again wrote the vert 
near the palace, and under them 


Hos eg verſiculas feei, tulit alter honor; 


with the beginning of another line in ces 
words | 
Sic vos non vobis, 


four times repeated. Auguſtus wiſhed tl? 
lines to be finiſhed, Bathyllus ſec med ut 
able, and Virgil at laſt, by completing “ 
ſtanzi in the following order 


Sic ds non vobis nidificatis aves ; 
Sic w9s non vebis wellera fertis 9906; 
Sic vos non wobis mellifical is apes; 
Sic 5 non wobis fertis aratra bet es. 
proved himſelf to be the author of the an 
tich, and the poetical uſurper became 


of Vugil we can find a more perfect 7 
(600 


mel 


mon 
in all 
Every 
liftor 
much 
whole 
the ha 
Was 1 
own } 
himſe' 
ſhape. 
marka 
ed co! 
{eſhons 
public 
withou 
life tir 
ceived 
numere 
theſe f 
that of 
diæ, 1 
ham, 
IL. Bat 
Lipf. 1. 
1755, a 
tore, 2, 
27 pert. 
44. 10, 
Lin Vo 
ep. 21.— 
when Ci 
tue exile 
of the r 
Fratr. 
ViI RS 
. Virg 
demvir, 
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monies and cuſtoms of the Romans, . than 
in all rhe other Latin poets, Ovid excepted. 
Every thing he mentions is founded upon 
liftorical truth, and though he borrowed 
much from his predeceſſors, and even 
whole lines from Ennius, yet he has had 
the happineſs to make it all his own. He 
was uncommonly ſevere in reviſing his 
own poetry, and he uſed often to compare 
himſelf to a hear that licks her cubs into 
ſhape. In his connections, Virgil was re- 
markablc, his friends enjoyed his unbound- 
ed confidence, and his library and poſ- 
ſeſſions leemed to be the property of the 
public. Like other great men he was not 
without his enemics and detractors in his 
life time, but from their aſperſions he re- 
ceived additional luſtre. Among the very 
numcrous and excellent editions of Virgil, 
theſe few may be collected as the beſt; 
that of Maſvicius, 2 vols. 4to. Leovar- 
diæ, 1717 ; of Baſkerville, qto. Birming- 
ham, 1757; of the Varivrum, in Svo. 
I. Bat. 1661; of Heyne, 4 vols. Svo. 
Lipf. 1767; of Edinburgh, 2 vols, 12mo. 
1735, and of Glaſgow, 121m0. 1758. Va- 
tire, 2, c. 36. —Horat. 1, Sit. 5, v. 40.— 
Prapert. 2. &, 34, v. 61. — Oi. Tit. 4, 
6. 10, v. 51. Mart. 8, ch. 56.— Juv. 
il, v. 178. —Quintil, 10, c. 1.—Plin. 3, 
ep. 21. Caius a pretor of Sicily, who, 
when Cicero was baniſhed, refuſed to recciye 
tie exiled orator, tho' his friend, for fear 
of the reſentment of Clodius. Circ. ad &. 
Fratr. 

VIRGINIA, a daughter of the centurion 
L. Virginius. Appius Claudius, the de- 
cemvir, became enamoured of her, and at- 
tempted to remove her from the place 
where ſhe reſided. She was claimed by 
one of his favorites as the daughter of a 
gave, aud Appius, in the capacity, and 
with the authority of judge, had pro- 
nounced the ſentence, and delivered her 
into the hands of his friend, when Vir- 
ginius, informed of his violent proceed- 
ings, arrived from the camp. The father 
demanded to fee his daughter, and waen 
this requeſt was granted, he ſnatched a 
knife and plunged it in Virginia's breaſt, 
caclaiming, This is all, my deareſt daughter, 
[ can give thee, to preſerre thy chaſlity from 
tc luſt and violence of a tyrant. No ſooner 
was the blow given, than Virginius ran to 
the camp with the bloody Knife in his 
hand. The ſoldiers were aſtoniſhed and 
incenſed, not againſt the murderer, but the 
tyrant that was the cauſe of Virginia's 
deati., and they immediately marched to 
Rome. Appius was ſeized, but he de- 
ſtroyed himſelf in priſon, and prevented 
the exccution of the law. Spurius Oppius, 
auotier of the decemyirs who had not op- 


| 


3 


poſed the tyrant's views, killed himſelf 
alto, and Marcus Claudius, the favorite of 
Appius, was put to death, and the decem- 
viral power aboliſhed, about 449 years be- 
fore Chriſt, Liv. 3, c. 44, &c. 

Vircinivs, the father of Virginia, 
made tribune of the people. Vid. Virginia. 
A tribune of the people who accuſed 2. 
Cæſo the ſon of Cineinnatus. He increaſed 
the number of the tribunes to ten, and diſ- 
tinguiſhed himſclt by his ſeditions againſt 
the patricians. Another tribune in the 
age of Camillus, fined for his oppoſition to 
a law which propoſed going to Veii. 
An avgur who died of the plague. 
Caius, a pretor of Sicily, who oppoſed the 
entrance of Cicero into his province, though 
under many obligations to the orator, Some 
read Virgilius.— A tribune who encou- 
raged Cinna to ctiminate Sylla, One of 
the generals of Nero in Germany. He 
made war againit Vindex and conquered 
him, He was treated with great coldnefs 
by Galba, whoſe intercſt he had ſupported 
with ſo much ſucceſs. He refuſed all dan- 
gerous Rations, and though twice offered 
the imperial purple, he rejected it with dil- 
dain. Plut. A Roman orator and rhe» 
torician. 

ViRrlATHUs, a mean ſhepherd of Luſi- 
tania, who gradually roſe to power, and by 
firſt heading a gang of robbers, ſaw him- 
ſelf at laſt followed by a numerous army. 
He made war againſt Me Romans with un- 
common ſucceſs, and for 14 years enjoyed 
the envied title of protector of public li- 
berty in the provinces of Spain, Many 
generals were defeated, and Pompey him- 
ſelf was aſhamed to find himſelf beaten. 
Cæpio was at Jaſt ſent againſt him, but his 


deſpair of conquering him by force of 


arms, Obliged him to have recourſe to ar- 
tifice, and he had the meannefs to bribe 
the ſervants of Viriathus to murder their 
maſter, B. C. 40. Fler. 2, c. 17.—Pa!. 
Max. 6, c. 4. 

V1kiDoMARUS, a young man of great 
power among the Edui. Cæſar greatly 
honored him, but he tought at laſt againſt 
the Romans. Cap. bell. G. 7, c. 39, &c. 

VI1IRIPLACA, a goddeſs among the Ro- 
mans who pre ſided over the peace of fami- 
lies, whence her name, (v/fum placare), 
If any quarrel happened between a man 
and has wife, they generally repaired to the 
temple of the goddeſs, and came back re- 
concided. Val. Max. 2, C. 1. 

VI Ro, a gctitious name introduced in 
Juvenal's 5 Sar, 

VirTus, all virtues were made deities 
among the Romans. Marcellus erected 
two temples, one to Virtue and the other 


| to Honor. They were built in ſuch a man- 


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ner, that to ſee the temple of Honor it 
was neceſſary to paſs through that of Vir- 
tue; a happy allegory among a nation free 
and independent. The principal virtues 
were diſtinguiſhed, each by their attire. 
Prudence was known by her rule, and her 
pointing to a globe at her feet; Temperance 
had a bridle; Juſtice held an equal ba- 
lance; and Fortitude leant againſt her 
ſword; Honeſty was clad in a tranſparent 
veſt; Modeſty appeared veiled ; Clemency 
wore an olive branch, and Devotion threw 
incenſe npon an altar; Tranquillity was 
ſeen to lean on a column; Health was 
known by her ſerpent, Liberty by her cap, 
and Gaiety by her myrtle. 

Vi1sSARG1s, a river of Germany, now 
called the Weſer, and falling into the Ger- 
man ocean. Varus and his legions were 
eut to pieces there by the Germans. Pell. 
2, c. 105. — Tacit. An. 1, c. 70. |. 2, c. 


ViscELL#, now We/!z, a town of No- 
ricum, between the Ens and Mure. Cre. 
Am. 11. 

V1SCELLIA LEX, was made hy Viſcel- | 
hus Varro, the conſul, A. U. C. 776, to re- 
ſtrain the introduction of improper per- 
ſons into the offices of the ſtate. 

L. VisELLIius Varro, a lieutenant in 
Germany under Tiberius. Tacit. An. 3, c. 
41. J. 4, c. 1. 

ViszlLus, a man Whoſe father-in-law 
the commentators of Horace believe to 
have been afflicted with a hernia, on their 
obſervations on this verſe. 1 Sat. 1, v. 
105. Eft inter Tanaim quiddam, ſocerum- 
gue Viſelli. f 

VisTVULA, a river falling into the Bal- 
tic, the eaſtern boundary of anticat Ger- 
many. 

ViTELLIA, a Roman colony on the 
borders of the Equi. Liv. 5, c. 29. 

VIiTELL1vVsS Aulus, a Roman raiſed by 
his vices to the throne. He was deſcended 
from one of the moſt illuſtrious families 
of Rome, and as ſuch he gained an eaſy 
admiſhon to the palace of the emperors. 
The greateſt part of his youth was ſpent 
at Capreæ, where his willingneſs and com- 
pliance to gratify the moſt vicious propen- 
lities of Tiberius, raiſed his father to the 
dignity of conſul and governor of Syria. 
The applauſe he gained in this ſchool of 
debauchery, was too great and flattering to 
induce V itellius to alter his conduct, and 
no longer to be one of the votaries of vice, 
Caligula was pleaſed with his (kill in driv- 
ing a chariot. Claudius loved him becauſe 
he was a great gameſter, and he recom- 
mended himſelf to the favors of Nero by 
wiſhing him to fing publicly in the crouded 
With ſuch an inſinuating diſpoſi- 


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— — — — — 


3 


tion, it is not to be wondered that Viteltiug 
became ſo great. He did not fall with his 
patrons, like the other favorites, but the 
death of an emperor ſeemed to raiſe him 
to greater honors, and to procure him freſh 
applauſe. He paſſed through all the offices 
of the ſtate, and gained the ſoldiery by do- 
nations and liberal promiſes. He was at 
the head of the Roman legions in Germany 
when Otho was proclaimed emperor, and 
the exaltation of his rival was no ſooner 
heard in the camp, than he was likewiſe 
inveſted with the purple by his ſoldiers, 
He accepted with pleaſure the dangerous 
office, and inſtantly marched againſt Otho, 
Three battles were fought, and in all Vi- 
tellius was conquered. A fourth however, 
in the plains between Mantua and Cremo- 
na left him maſter of the field and of the 
Roman empire. He feaſted his eyes in 
viewing the bodies of the lain and the 
ground covered with blood, and regardleſs 
of the inſalubrity of the air, proceeding 
from ſo many carcaſes, he told his attend- 
ants that the ſmell of a dead enemy was 
always ſweet. His firſt care was not like 
that of a true conqueror, to alleviate the 
diſtreſſes of the conquered, or patronize 
the friends of the dead, but it was to in- 
ſult their misfortunes, and to intoxicate 
himſelf with the companions of his de- 
bauchery in the held of battle. Each ſue- 
ceſſi ve day exhibited a ſcene of greater ex- 
travagance. Vitellius feaſted four or five 
times a day, and ſuch was his exceſs, tha! 
he often made himſelf vomit to begin his 
repaſt afreſh, and to gratity his palate with 
more luxury. His food was of the moi! 
rare and exquiſite nature, the deſerts of 
Libya, the ſhores of Spain, and the waters 
of the Carpathian ſea, were diligently 
ſearched to ſupply the table of the empe- 
ror. The moſt celebrated of his feaſts was 
that with which he was treated by his bro- 
ther Lucius. The table, among other 
meats, was covered with two thouſand dit- 
ferent diſhes of fiſh, and ſeven thouſand 
of fowls, and ſo expenſive was he in every 
thing, that above ſeven millions ſteriin? 
were ſpent in maintaining his table in the 
ſpace of four months, and Joſephus has 
properly obſerved, that if Vitellius bad 
reigned long, the great opulence of all th: 
Roman empire would have been found in- 
ſufficient to defray the expences of his 
banquets. This extravagance which de- 
lighted the favorites, ſoon raiſcd the indig- 
nation of the people, Veſpaſian was pro- 
claimed emperor by the army, and his mi 
nifter Primus was ſent to deſtroy the Im. 
perial glutton. Vitellius concealed hirutcl 
under the bed of the porter of his palace, 
but this obſcure retreat betrayed ham, 
| nl 


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hand: 
draw! 
make 
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and | 
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peror 
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bribe t 
ſary ag 
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friends. 
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Vir 
berius, 
e. 7 

Vir: 

M. \ 
architec 
For miæ. 
ings, an 
his life 
treatiſe 
cated to 
on archi 
antients. 
that he 


Dacre, 
VII 
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igently 
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Fanum Voltumnæ ſtood. 


1 A ˙ — 


9 


y25 dragged naked through the ſtreets, his 
hands were tied behind his back, and a 
drawn ſword was placed under his chin to 
make him lift his head. After ſuffering 
the greateſt inſults from the populace, he 
was at laſt carried to the place of execution, 
and put to death, with repeated blows, 
His head was cut off and fixed to a pole, 
and his mutilated body dragged with a 
hook, and thrown into the Tiber, A. D 
69, after a reign of one year, except 12 
days. Suet.— Tucit. Hift, 2.— Eutrop.— 
Div. — Plut.— Lucius, the father of the em- 
peror obtained great honars by bis flattery 
to the emperors, He was made governor 
of Syria, and in this diſtant province he 
vbliged the Parthians to ſue for peace. His 
adulation to Meſſalina is well known, and 
he obtained as a particular favor the ho- 
norable office of pulling off the ſhoes of 
the empreſs, &c. Suet, &c——A brother 


of the emperor, who enjoyed his favors by 
Publius, : 


encouraging his gluttuny, &c. 
an uncle of the emperor of that name, He 


was accuſed. under Nero of attempts to 
bribe the people with money from the trea- 


ſury againſt the emperor. He killed him- 
ſelf before his trial. One of the flatterers 
of Tiberius. An officer of the pretorians 
under Otho. A ſon of the emperor Vi- 
tellius, put to death by one of his father's 
friends. Some of the family of the Vi- 
tellii conſpired with the Aquilii and other 
illuſtrious Romans to reſtore Tarquin to 
kis throne. Their conſpiracy was diſco- 
vered by the conſuls, and they were ſe- 
verely puniſhed, Plut. &c. 

ViTERBUM, a town of Tuſcany, where 
It is not men- 


Liv. 4, c. 23 


doned by claſſical writers. 
& 1. I. $, 6. 17. 


Virta, a mother put to death by Ti- 


berius, for weeping at the death of ker ſon, 
&c. Jacit. Ann. 7, c. 10. 
Vitricus, a firname of Mars. Ovid. 
M. Vit&ruvius Pollio, a celebrated 


architect in the age of Auguſtus, bon at 


Formiæ. He is known only by his writ- 
ings, and nothing is recorded in hiſtory of 
his life or private character. He wrote a 
treatiſe on his profeſſion, which he, dedi- 
cated to Auguſtus, and it is the only book 
on architecture now extant, written by the 
antients, In this work he plainly ſhews 
that he was maſter of his profeſhon, and 
that he poſſeſſed both genius and abilities. 
The beſt edition of Vitruvius is that of De 
Laet, Amſt. 1649. 

Vir dra, a deity among the Romans 
who preſided over feſtivals and rejoicings. 
Macreb, 3, c. 2. 

ViTULARIA VIA, a road in the country 


# Arpinum. Cic. C. fr. 3, ep. 1. 


1 


ad. 


ht 


i 


V- & 


UTA TrhajJina, a Roman colony 
planted in Sarmatia by Trajan. 

Urriaxvs Domitius, a lawyer in the 
reign of Alexander Severus, of whom he 
became the ſecretary and principal miniſter. 
He raiſed a perſecution againſt the Chriſ- 
trans, and was at laſt murdered by the præ- 
torian guards, of which he had the com- 
mand, A. D. 226. There are ſome frag- 
ments of his compoſitions on civil law ſtill 
extant. The Greek commentaries of Ul- 
pian on Demoſthenes, were printed in fol. 
1527, apud Aldum. Marcellus, an officer 
in the age of Commodus. Julianus, a 
man {ent to oppoſe Heliogabalus, &c. 

ULCBRA, a ſmall town of Latium, 
where Auguſtus was educated. Juv. 10g 
v. 102, —Horat. 1, ep. 11. 

ULvyssEs, a king of the iſlands of Ithaca, 
and Dulichium, ſon of Anticlea and La- 
ertes, or according to ſome, of Siſyphus. 
[ Vid. Siſyphus & Anticlea.] He became, 
like the other princes of Greece, one of the 
ſuitors of Helen, but as he deſpaired of 
ſucceſs in his applications, en account of 
the great number of his competitors, he ſo- 
licited the hand of Penelope, the daughter 
of Icarius. Tyndarus, the father of Helen, 
favored the addreſſes of Ulyſſes, as by him 
he was ditected to chuſe one of his daugh- 
ter's ſuitors without offending the others, 
and to bind them all by a folemn oath, that 
they would unite together in protecting 
Helen if any violence was ever offered to 
her perſon. Ulyſſes had no ſooner obtained 
the hand of Penelope, than ke returned to 
Ithaca, where his father refigned him the 
crown, and zetired to peace and rural ſoli— 
tude. The rape of Helen, however, by 
Paris, did not long permit him to remain in 
his kingdom, and as he was bound to defend 
her againſt every intruder, he was ſuramon=- 
ed to the war with the other princes of 
Greece. Pretending to ke inſane, not to 
leave his beloved Penelope, he yoked a 
horſe and a bull together, and ploughed the 
ſea ſhore, where he ſowed ſalt inſtead of 
corn. This diſſimulation was ſoon diſco- 
vered, and Palamedes, by placing before 
the plough of Ulyfſes, his infant ſon Tele- 
machus, convinced the world, that the father 
was not mad, who had the providence to 
turn away the plough from the furrow, not 
to hurt his child. Ulyſſes was therefore 
obliged to go to the war, but he did not 
forget him who had diſcovered his pretended 
inſanity. [Fid, Palamedes.] During the 
Trojan war, the King of Ithaca was courted 
for his prudence and ſagacity. By his 


means Achilles was diſcovered amang the 
daughters of Lycomedes, king of Scyros, 
[ Vid. Achilles. ] and Philoctetes was induced 
to abandon Lemnos, and to fight the Tro- 


2ans 


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U L 


Jans with the arrows of Hercules, [Id. 
Phile&:tes.) He was not lefs diſtinguiſhed 
for his activity and valor. With the aſſiſt- 
ance of Diomedes he murdercd Rheſus, and 
ſlaughtered the ſleeping Thracians in the 
midſt of their camp, | Vid. Rheſus & Da- 
lon, ] and he introduced himſelf into the city 
of Priam, and carried away the Palladium 
of the Trojans. [ Vid. Palladium, ) For 
theſe eminent ſervices he was univerſally 
applauded by the Greeks, and he 
was rewarded with the arms of Achilles, 
which Ajax had diſputed with him. After 
the Trojan war Ulyiles embarked on board 
his ſhips to return to Greece, but he was 
expoſed to a number of misfortunes before 
he reached his native country. He was 
thrown by the winds upon the coaſts of 
Africa, and viſited the country of the Lo- 
tophagi, and of the Cyclops in Sicily. Po- 
lyphemus, who was the king of the Cyclops, 
ſcized Ulyſſes with his companions, hve of 
whom he devoured, [ Vid. Peg mus,] but 
the prince of Ithaca intuxicated him and 
put out his eye, and at laſt eſcaped from 
the dangerous cave where he was confined 
by tying himſelf under the belly of the ſheep 
of the Cyclops when led to paſture, In 
Folia he met with a friendly reception, 
and Zolus gave him, conhned in bags, all 
the winds which could obſtruct his return 
to Ithaca, but the curiohty of his compa- 
nions to know what the bags contained, 
proved nearly fatal, The winds ruſhed 
with impetuoſity, and all the fleet was de- 
ſtroy ed, except the ſhip which carricd Ulyſ- 
ſes. From thence he was thrown upon the 
coſts of the Lxitrygones, and of thc ifland 
ca, where the magician Cuce changed all 
his companions into pigs for their voluptu— 
wuſneſs. He eſcaped their fate by means 
of an herb which he had received from 
Mercury, and after he had obliged the ma- 
gician by force of arms to reſtore his com- 

anions to their original ſhape, he yielded to 
E. charms, and made her mother of Tele- 
gonus. He viſited the infernal regions, 
and conſulted Tirchas how tv reg.in his 
country in ſaſety; and after he had re- 
ccived every neceſſary information, he re- 
turacd on earth. He paſſe q along rhe coaſts 
of the Sirens unhutt, by the directions of 
Circe,, [Fiz Sirenes.} and eſcaped the 
Whirlpool d ſhoals of Scylla, and Ca- 
rybdis. On tue coaſts of Sicily his compa- 
nions nale and Killed fume oxen that were 
ſacred 10 Apollo, for which the God de- 
ſtroyed the thips, and all were drowned, 
except Ulyſſes, who ſaved limfſelt on a 
ank, and ſwam to the ifland of Calypſo, 
in Ogygia, There, for (even years, he tor- 


got Ithaca, in the arms of the goddgts by 


9 


whom he had two children. The gods at 
laſt interfered, and Calypſo, by order of 
Mercury, ſuffered him to depart after ſhe 
had furniſhcd him a ſhip, and cvery thing 
requiſite for the voyage. He had almoſt 
reached the ifland of Corcyra, when Nep- 
rune, ſtill mindful that his fon Polyphemus 
had been robbed of his fight by the perfi- 
dy of Ulyſles, raiſed a ſtorm and ſunk his 
ſhip. Ulyſſes ſwam with difficulty to the 
iſland of the Phæacians, where the kind. 
neſs of Nauſicaa, and the humanity of her 
father, king Alcinous, entertained him for 
a while. He related the ſeries of his mis- 
fortunes to the monarch, and at laſt, by 
his bhencvolence, he was conducted in a ſhip 
to Ithaca. The Pheacians laid him on tic 
ſca ſhore as he was aſſcep, and Ulyſſes 
found himſelf ſafely reftored to his coun. 
try, after a long abſence of 20 yeats. He 
was well informed that his palace was be- 
ſieged by a number of ſuitors, who conti- 
nually diſturbed the peace of Penclope, 
and therefore he aſſumed the habit of a 
beggar, by the advice of Minerva, and 
made himſelf known to his ſon, and his 
faithful ſhepherd Eumæus. With them 
he took mcaſures to re-eſtabliſh himſelf 
on his throne, he went to the palace, and 
was perſonally convinced of the virtues 
and of the fidelity of Penelope. Before his 
arrival was publicly Known, all the im- 
portuning ſuitors were put to death, and 
Ulyſſes reſtored to the peace and boſom of 
his family. [id. Laertes, Penelope, Tele- 
machus, Eumaus.) He lived about 16 years 
after his return, and was at laſt killed hy 
his ſon Telegonus, Who had landed in Itha- 
ca, with the hopes of making himſclf 
known to his father. This unfortunate 
event had been foretold to him by Tireſias, 
who aſſured him that he ſhould die by the 
violence of ſomething that was to iſſue 
from the boſom of the ſea. [Vid. Telegs- 
nus.] According to ſome authors, Ulyſſes 
went to cunſult the oracle of Apollo after 
his return to Ithaca, and he had the mean- 
neſs to ſeduce Erippe, the daughter of a 
king of Epirus, who had treated him with 
great kindneſs, Hippe had a ſon by lia 
whom ſhe called Euryalus. When come 
to ycars of puberty, Euryalus was fent tv 
Itiaca by his mother, but Penclope 19 
ſooner knew who he was, than ſhe reſo!v:d 
to deſlroy him. Therefore when Ulye 

returned, he put to immediate death bis un- 
known ſon, on the crimination of Penelope 

his wife, who accuſed him of attempts upen 

her virtue, The adventures of Ulyſſes i 

his return to Ithaca from the Trojan wa 

are the ſubject of Homer's Odyſſey. Home": 

1. & Od,—Virg. An. 2, 3, &c,— Dif" 


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(ret. 1, &c.— Oi. Met. 13 FHeriid, 1. 
Hygin, fab, 201, &c.— Apolled, 3, c. 10.— 
. ty e. 17 & 22. |. 3, c. 12. l. 7, c. 4. 
Eliun. V. H. 13,5 6. 12.—IIerat. 35 Od. 29, 
v. 8.—Parthen. Erot. 3.—Plut,—Plin, 35. 
— [zetz, ad Lyc. * 

ULyYSSEUM, a promontory of Sicily, weſt 
of Pachinus, 

UMBER, a lake of Umbria near the Ti- 
ber. Propert. 4, el. 1, v. 124. 

UmBrAa Pour, a portico of Pompey 
at Rome. Mart. 5, ep. 10. 

UMBRIA, a country of Italy, ſeparated 
from Etruria by the Tiber, bounded on 
the North by the Adriatic ſea, caſt by Pi- 
cenum, and the country of the Sabines, and 
ſouth by the river Nar. Some derive the 
word Umbria ab imbribus, the frequent 
ſhowers that were ſuppoſcd to fall there, ur 
from the ſhadow /umbra} of tne Apen- 
nines which hung over it. Umbria had 
many citics of note. The Umbrians op- 
poſed the Romans in the infancy of their 
empire, but afterwards they became their 
allies, about the year U. C. 434. Catull, 
40, v. I1.—Srrab, $.—Plin, 3, c. P2.— 
Dienyſ. Hal. 

UMBRIG1US, a foothſaver, who foretold 
approaching calamities to Galba, Tur. 3, 
v. 21.—-T7acit. H. 1, c. 27. 

UMBRo, a navigable river of Italy. 
Plin; 3, e. 8. A general who aſüſted 
Turnus againſt Ancas, and was Killed 
during the war. He could affuage the fury 
of ſerpents by his ſongs, and counteract the 
poiſonous effects of their bites, Vg. An. 
7. v. 782. I. IO, v. 544. 

UN ca, a firname of Minerva. 

Uncuz, a town of Meſopotamia. 

UxDECEMviRI, magiſtrates at Athens, 
to whom ſuch as were publicly condemned 
were delivered to be executed, C. Nep. in 
Phac, 

Usti, a people of Cotantin in Gaul, 
conquered by Cæſar. Cæſ. Bell. G. 2, c. 34. 

UNx1A, a ſirname of Juno, derived from 
une , toanoint, becauſe it was uſual among 
the Romans for the bride to anoint the 
tar-fhold of her huſband, and from this ne- 
ceſſary ceremony wives were called Unxores, 
and afterwards Uxares, from Unxia, wiv 
preſided over them. 

VoceT1us, part of mount Jura. Tucit. 
IT. 1, c. 68. 

VöcòdxtaLkx, de teftamentis, by Q. Vo- 
conius Saxa, the tribunc, A. U. C. 584, en- 
acted, that no woman ſhould be left heirs 
to an eſtate, and that no rich perſon ſhould 
leave by his will more than the fourth part 
of his fortune to a woman, This ſtep was 
taken to prevent the decay of the nobleſt 
and moſt illuſtrious of the families of 


9 


3 
| Rome, This law was abrogated by Am 


guſtus. 

Voconit fokunx, a town of Gaul, be- 
tween Antibes and Marſcilles. Cic. 10, 
fan. 1. 

Vocowivs, Victor, a Latin poet, &c. 
Martial, 7, ep. 28. Saxa, a tribune who 
| made a law. — An officer of Lucullus in 
Aſia. 

VocoxriA, now Vaſo. Sil. 3, v. 167. 

VoGcisus, now Fange, a mountain of 
Belgie Gaul, which ſeparates the Sequani 
from the Lingones. Lucan. 1, v. 397,— 
Ce. G. 4, c. 10. 

Vol x, a city of the Equi. Liv. 4, 
c. 49. 

VoLactrivs, a ſoldier who aſſaſſinated 
one of his officers, &g. Tacit. I. 2, c. 75. 

VoLANA, a town of the Samnites. 

VoLAaNnDuM, a fortified place of Ar- 
menia. 

VoLATERRA, an antient town of Etru- 
ria, famous for hot baths, Perſius the ſa- 
tyriſt was born there. Liv. 10, c. 12.— 
Strab. 5.—Gic. 13, fam. 4. 

Vorcaz, or Vol, a people of Gaul 
hetween the Garonne and tne Rhone, Liv. 
21, c. 26.— Mela 2, c. 5. 

Vol ci, an inland town of Lucania, now 
Laura. Liu. 27, c. 15. A town of 
Etruria. Pin. 3, c. 5. 

Votoclsks, a name common to many 
of the Kings of Parthia, who made war 
againſt tze Roman emperors. 

VoLscews, a Latin chief who diſgover- 


— 


| cd Niſus and Euryalus as they returned 


from the Rutulian camp loaded with ſpoils. 
He killed Euryalus, and was lnatelt imme- 
diately flabbed by Niſus. 7g. Mu. , v. 
370 & 442, 

Volset, or Votet, a people of Latium, 
whoſe territories are bounded on the ſouth 
by the Tyrrhene ſca, north by the country 
of the Hernici and Matt, welt by the La- 
tins and Rutulians, and caſt by Campania, 
Their chief cities were Antium, Circen, 
Anxur, Corioli, Fregellæ, Arpinum, &c. 
Ancus king of Rome made war againſt 
them, and in the time of the republic they 
became formidable enemies, till they were 
at laſt conquered with the reſt of the Latins. 
Lin, 3 & 4.—FVirg. G. 2, v. 168. Tu. g, v. 
50 5. J. 11, v. 546, &c,—Strab. 5. — Mela. 
2, C. 4 & 0, 

VoLSINIUM, a town of Etruria in Italy, 
dettroyed, according to Pliny 2, c. 53, by 
hre from heaven. The inhabitants numbered 
the years, by fixing nails in the temple of 
Noitia, a Tuſcan goddeſs. Liv. 5, c. 31. 
l. 7, c. 3.—Fuv. 3, v. 191.— Tucit. Ann, 
4.— Out. ; 

V 0LTINIA, one of the Roman tribes. 

VoL vs 


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Vorvn1Lts, a town of Africa, ſuppoſed | 
Fez, the capital of Morocco. /in. 5, c. 1. 

Vol uud FAN Uu, a temple in Etru- 
ria, ſacred to the goddeſs Volumna, who 
prefided over the will and over complat- 
fance, where the ſtates of the country uſed 
to aſſemble. Viterbo now ſtands on the 
ſpot. Lis. 4, c. 23. J. 5, c. 17. l. 6,c 2. 

VoLuMNia, the wife of Coriolanus. 
Liu. 2, c. 40. The freedwoman of Vo- 
lumnius Eutrapelus, Cic. Phil, 2, c. 24. 

VoLumnus & VoLUMNA, two deitics 
who prefided over the will. They were 
chiefly invoked at marriages, to preſerve 
concord between the hufband and wife. 
They were particularly worſhipped by tie 
Etrurians. Lv. 4, c. 61. 

T. VoLumNn1's, a Roman famous for 
his friendſhip towards M. Lucullus, whom 
M. Antony had put tu death, His great 
Jamentations were the cauſe that he was 
dragged to the triumvir, of whom he de- 
manded to be conducted to the hody of his 
friend, and there 10 be put to death. His 
requeſt was eaſily granted. Liv. 124, c. 
20. A . mimic whom Brutus put to 
death. An Etrurian who wrote tragedies 
in his own native language. A conſul 
who defeated the Samnites and the Etrurt- 
ans, & c. Liv. 9. A friend of M. Bru- 
tus He was preſerved when that great 
republican killed himſelf, and he wrote an 
account of his death and of his actions, 
from which Plutarch ſelected ſome remarks. 
A preſect of Syria, B. C. 11. A 
Roman knight, put to death by Catiline. 

VolLur rs & VoLUP1A, the goddeſs of 
ſenſual pleaſures, worſhipped at Rome, 
where the had a temple. She was repre- 
ſented as a young, and beautiful woman, 
well dreſſed, and elegantly adorned, having 
Virtue under her ſcet. 

C. Voluszxus, a military tribune in 
Cæſar's army, &c. Cæſ. Bell. G. 3. 

VoLvstanus, a Roman taken as col- 
league on the imperial throne, by his father 
Gallus. He was killed by his ſoldiers. 

V6LUs1vs, a poet of Patavia who wrote, 
like Ennius, the annals of Rome in verſe, 
Seneca, ep. 93 —Catull. 96, v. 7. Satur- 
ninus, a governor of Rome, who died in the 
93d year of his age, beloved and reſpected, 
under Nero. Tacit. Ann. 13. Caius, a 
Jojdier at the fiege of Cremona, &c. 
One of Nevo's officers. Tacit. Ann. 15, 
b. $5; 

VoLvsvs, a friend of Turnus. Vg. An. 
11, v. 463. 

VorL vu x, a ſon of Bocchus, whom the Ro- 
mans defeated, Sy lla ſuſpected his fidelity, 
& c 

VouAxvs, 2 river of Picenum in Italy. 
J. 37 C. 13.— “. 11. 8, V. 438. 


— — ——— 


3 


Voxdvrs, a king of Paitliia expelled hy 
his ſubzects, and afterwards placed on the 
throne of Armenia. Tacit, Ann. 12, c. 14. 
Another, King of Armenia. A man 
made king of Parthia by Auguſtus. 

Vorrscus, a native of Syracuſe, 303, 
A. D. who wrote the life of Aurelian, Ta- 
citus, Florianus, Probus, Firmus, Carus, &c. 
He is one of the fix authors who are called 
Hiftorie Auguſtæ ſcriptores, but he excells 
ail others in the elegance of his ſtile, and 
the manner in which he relates the various 
actions of the emperors. He is not how- 
ever without his faults, and we look in vain 
for the purity or perſpicuity of the writers 
of the Auguſtan age. 

VG3RANuUs, a freed man of Q. Luctatius 
Catulus, famous for his robberies as well as 
his cunning, &c. Horat. 1, fat. 8, v. 39. 

VortzNus MoeNTANUS, a man of learn- 
ing baniſhed to one of the Balcares for his 
malevolent reflectious upon Tiberius. Ovid 
has celebrated him as an excellent poct, 
Tacir. Ann. 4, c. 42. 

Ups, the father of one of the Dianas 
mentioned by the antients, from which 
circumſtance Diana herſeif is called LVyis. 
Cic. de Nat. D. 3, c. 23. — Callim, in 
Dian. 

URANIA, one of the Muſes, daughter of 
Jupiter and Mnemoſyne, who preſided over 
aſtronomy. She is generally called mother 
of Linus, and of the god Hymenzus, She 
was repreſented as a young virgin drefled in 
an azure colored robe, crowned with ſtars, 
and holding a globe in her hands, and hav- 
ing many mathematical inſtruments placed 
round. Hefied. Theog. 77. —Apolled. 1, c. 
2.—ygin. fab. 161. A ſirname of Ve- 
nus, the ſame as Celeſtial. She was ſuppoſed, 
in that character, to preſide over beauty and 
generation, and was called daughter of 
Uranus or Ca:lus by the Light. Plato in 
Symp.—Cic. de Nat. D. 3, c. 23.—Pauſ. 1, 
c. 14, Sc. |. 7, e. 26, Oe. A town of 
Cyprus. 

Urxanir, or UR11, a people of Gaul. 

UzANoPGLIs, a town at the top of 
Athos. 

UrxXxus, or OURANUS, a deity, the 
ſame as Cœlus, the moſt antient of all the 
gods. He married Tithea, or the Earth, by 
whom he had Ccus, Creus, Hyperion, 
Mnemoſyne, Cottus, Phebe, Briareus, 
Thetis, Saturn, Giges, called from their 
mother Titans. His chiidren conſpired 
againſt him, becauſe he confined them in 
the boſom of the earth, and his ſon Saturn 
mutilated him, and drove him from his 
throne. 

UBA, now Orbe, a town of the Hel- 
veti, on à ner of the ſame name. 


ic, 


U- 
fallin 
LY E. 

U 


of A 
ranea 
founc 
years 
comm 
metr 
of C. 
Rom 
tweet 


Italy, 


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1 has 


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CA, 


8 


UzBiCUA, a town of Hiſpania Tarraco- 
nenſis. 

Urzs1cus, an actor at Rome, in Domi- 
tian's reign. Juv. 6. 

UzB1nUM, now Urbino, a town of Um- 
bria. Plin. 3, c. 14. 

UrGo, now Gorgona, an iſland in the 
bay of Piſa, 25 miles weſt of Leghorn, fa- 
mous for anchovies. Pin. 3, c. 6. 

URr14, a town of Calabria, built by a 
Cretan colony. Strab. 6. Of Apulia. 
Dres, a people of Italy. Liv. 42, 
e. 48. 

URzSENTUM, a town of the Brutii, now 
Or. Plin. 3, c. 11. 

Urs1Dpivs, an adulterer. J. 6, v. 38. 

Usc ANA, a town of Macedonia. Liv. 43, 
c. 18. 

UsceTA, a town of Africa Propria. 
Hift. Af. 89. 

UscuDAMA, a town of Thrace, Eutrop. 
6, c. 8, 

Ustrkres, or Us tit, a people of Ger- 
many. Caf. Bell. G. 4, c. 1, &c. 

Us ric, a town in an ifland on the coaſt 
of Sicily, near Panormum. Horat. 1, od. 17, 
v. 11. 

UTENs, a river of Gaul, now Montone, 
falling into the Adriatic by Ravenna, Liv. 
Sy C. 38. ; 

Urica, now Satcer, a celebrated city 
of Africa, on the coaſt of the Mediter- 
ranean, on the ſame bay as Carthage, 
founded by a Syrian colony above 287 
years before Carthage. It had a large and 
commodious harbour, and it became the 
metropolis of Africa, after the deſtruction 
of Carthage in the 3d Punic war, and the 
Romans granted it all the lands fituate be- 
tween Hippo and Carthage. It is celebrated 
for the death of Cato, who from thence is 
called Uticenfis, or of Utica, Strav. 17.— 
Lucan. 6, v. 306.— Jin. 18, c. 4.— 
Plin, 16, c. 40. Liv. 25, c. 31.— LI. 3, 
V. 242. 

Ve LCANALI1A, feſtivals in honor of Vul- 
can, brought to Rome from Præneſte, and 
obſerved in the month of Auguſt. The 
ſtrects were illuminated, fires kindied every 
where, and animals thrown into the flames, 
as a ſacrifice to the deity. Varro de L. L. 5. 
—Dioenyſ. Hal. 1.—Columell, 11.,—Plin. 18, 
e. 13. 

VuLcAiniinsvLA, or Vulcania, a name 
given to the iſlands between Sicily and 
Italy, now called Lipari. Virg. An. 8, v. 
422. They received it becauſe there were 
there ſubterranegus fires, ſuppoſed to be ex- 
eited by Vulcan, the god of fire. 

 VuLcantvs, Terentianus, a Latin biſto- 
rian, who wrote an account of the life of 
the three Gordians, &c. 

VuLcAnvus, a god of the antients who 


3 


pre ſided over fire, and was the patron of all 
artiſts who worked iron and metals. He 
was ſon of Juno alone, who in this wiſhed 
to imitate Jupiter, who had produced Mi- 
nerya from his brains. According to Ho- 
mer, he was ſon of Jupiter and Juno, and 
the mother was ſo diſguſted with the de- 
formities of her ſon, that ſhe threw him into 
the ſea as ſoon as born, where he remained 
for nine years, According to the more re- 
ceived opinion, Vulcan was educated in 
heaven with the reſt of the gods, but his 
father kicked him down from Olympus, 
when he attempted to deliver his mother, 
who had been faſtened by a golden chain for 
her inſolence. He was nine days in coming 
from heaven upon earth, and he fell in the 
iſland of Lemnos, where, according to 
Lucian, the inhabitants ſeeing him in the 
air, caught him in their arms. He however 
broke his leg by the fall, and ever after 
remained lame of one foot, He fixed his 
refidence in Lemnos, where he built himſelf 
a palace, and raiſed forges to work metals. 
The inhabitants of the ifland became ſenſi- 
ble of his induſtry, and were taught all the 
uſeful arts which could civilize their rude 
manners, and render them ſerviceable to the 
good of ſociety. The firſt work of Vulcan 
was, according to ſome, a throne of gold 
with ſecrct ſprings, which he preſented to 
his mother to avenge himſelf tor her want 
of atfection towards him. Juno no ſooner 
was ſeated on the throne, than the found 
herſelf unable to move. The gods attempted 
to deliver her, by breaking the chains which 
held her, but to no purpoſe, and Vulcam 
alone had the power to ſet her at liberty. 
Bacchus intoxicated him and prevailed upon 
him to come to Olympus, where he was 
reconciled to his patents. Vulcan has been 
celebrated by the antient poets for the inge- 
nious works and automatical figures which 
he made, and many {peak of two goldem 
ſtatues, which not only ſeemed animated, 
but which walked by his fide, and even aſ- 
ſiſted him in the working of metals. It is 
ſaid, that at the requeſt of Jupiter he made 
the firſt woman that ever appeared on earth, 
well known under the nanie of Pandora. 
[ Vid. Pandora. ] The Cyclops of Sicily, were 
his miniſters and attendants, and with him 
they fabricated, not only the thunderbolts of 
Jupiter, but alſo arms tor the gods and the 
moſt celebrated herocs. His forges were 
ſuppoſed to be under mount Atna, in the 
iſland of Sicily, as well as in every part of 
the carth where there were vulcanos. The 
moſt known of the works of Vulcan which 
were preſented to mortals are, a collar given 
to Hermione the wife uf Cadmus, and a 
ſceptre, which was in the poſſeſſion of Aga- 


| memnon king of Argos and Mycenæ. The 
collar 


— . 


> * 


—— — — — — 
— — — 


—— 


— —— 


i} 


— Wy, 2 O_o es — —— — 


— 


— 


— 


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o 
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collar proved fatal to all thoſe that wore * 
but the ſceptre, after the death of Agamem- 
non, was carefully preſerved at Cheronæa, 
and regarded as a divinity, The amours of 
Vulcan are not numerous. He demanded 
Minerva from Jupiter, who had A er 
him in marriage whatever goddeſ he ſhould 
chuſe, and when ſhe refuſed his addrefles, he 
attempted to offer her violence. Minerva 
reſiſted with ſucceſs, though there remained 
on her body ſome marks of Vulcan's pation, 
which ſhe threw down upon carth wrapped 
up in wool. [Pid. Erifichthonivs, } This 
diſappointment in his love was repaired by 
2 who gave him one of the Graces, 

enus is univerſally acknowledged to have 
been the wife of Vulcan; her infidelity is 
well known, as well as her amuurs with 
Mars, which were diſcovered by Phebus, 
and expoſed to the gods by her own huſband. 

Vid. Ale&ryon.] The worthip of Vulcan was 
well eſtabliſhed, particularly in Egypt, at 
Athens, and at Rome. It was uſual in 
the ſacrifices that were offered to him to 
burn the whole victim and not referve part 
of it as in the immolations to the reſt of 
the gods. A calf and a boar pig were 


the Principal victims offered. Vulcan was | 


repreſented as covered with fweat, blowing 
with his nervous arm the hres of his forges. 
His breaſt was hairy, and his forchead was 
blackened with ſmoke. Some repreſent 
him lame and deformed, holding a bammer 
raiſed in the air, ready to ftrike ; while with 
the other hand lic turns, with pincers, athun- 
derbolt on his anvil. He appears on tome 
monuments with a long beard, diſhevelicd 
hair, half naked, and a ſmall round cap on 
his head, while he nolds a hammer and pin- 
cers in his hand. The Egyptians repreſented 
him under the figure of a monkey. Vulcan 
has received the names of Mulciber, Pam- 

hanes, Clytotechnes, Pandamator, Olla po- 
des, Chalaipoda, & c. ail expreihve of his 
lameneſs and his profeſſon. He was father 
of Cupid, by Venus; of Cæculus, Cecrops, 
Cacus, Periphetes, Cercyon, Ocriha, &c. 
Cicero ſpeaks of more than one deity of the 
name of Vulcan. One he calls fon of Cœ- 
kts, and father of Apollo, by Minerva; the 
teeond he mentions is ſon of the Nile, and 
called Phtas by the Egyptians ; the third 
was ſon of Jupiter and Juno, and fixed his 
reſidence in Lemnos; and the fourth who 
built his forges in the Lipari iſlands was ſon 
of Menalius. Vulcan ſeems to have been 
admitted into heaven more for ridicule than 
any other purpoſe, He ſeems to be the great 
cuckold of Olympus, and even his wite is 
repreſented as laughing at his deformities, 
and mimicking his lameneſs to gain the 
ſmiles of her lovers. Hefrod, Theog, & in 
Scut, Herc,—Apelled. 1, c. 3, & c. —Ilamer. 


93 * 
II. 1, v. 57. & l. 15, v. 18. l. 11, v. 397, &c. 


Dio d. 5. — Pau. 1, c. 20. |. 3, 17.— ic. 


de Nat. De. 3, c. 22.— Herodot. 2 & 3.— 
Lare de I. I. Virg. Eu. 7, &. 

VuLcATtivs, a Roman knight, who con- 
ſpired with Piſo againſt Nero, &c. Tacit.— 
A ſenator in the reign of Dioclefian, why 
attempted to write an hiſtory of all ſuck as 
had reigned at Rome, either as lawful ſo- 
vereigns or by uſurpation. Of his works 
nothing is extant but an account of Avidius 
Caſhus, who revolted in the caſt during the 
reign of M. Aurelius, which ſome aſcribe to 
Sfartianus. 

VuLrso0, a Roman conſul who invaded 
Africa with Regulus. Another conſul. 
He had the provinces of A ſia while in office, 
and triumphed over the Galatians. 

VuLTURA, or Vulturaria, a mountain on 
the borders of Apulia. Hlerat. 3, od. 4, v. 9. 
—Lucan. q, v. 183. 

VUuLTUREIUS, a man who conſpired 
againſt his country with Catiline. 

Vur.TURIUS, a ſirname of Apollo. Id. 
Vulturnus. 

VULTURNUM, a town of Campania, 
near the mouth of the Vulturnus. Lis 25 

. 20,—Plin. 3, c. 5. Alſo an antient 
name of Capua. Liv. 4, c. 37. 

VuLTURNUS, a river of Campania 
riſing in the Apennines, and falling into the 
Tyrrhene ſea, after paſſing by the town of 
Capua. Lucret. 5, 664.—Virg. An. 7, v. 
729. The god of the Tiber was alſo 
known by that name. Farre de L. L. 4, 
8 The wind which received the 
name of Vulturnus, when it blew from the 
fide of the Vulturnus, highly incommoded 
the Romans at the battle of Cannæ. Liv. 
22, c. 43 & 46.— A firname of Apollo 
on mount Liſſus in Ionia, near Epheſus. 
The god received this name from a ſhepherd 
who raifed him a temple, after he had been 
drawn out of a ſubterraneous cavern by 
vultures, 

VuLsINUuUm, a town of Etruria, where 
Sejanus was born. 

UxaMa, a town of Spain on the Iberus. 
Sil. 3, v. 384. 

UxaNnT15, now HMant, an iſland on the 
coaſt of Britany. 

UxzELLOLUNUM, a town of Gaul de- 
fended by ſteep rocks, now Pucch d' Iſſelu. 
C. B. G. 8, c. 33. 

UxkN run, a town of Calabria, now 
Ugento. 

U x11, mountains of Armenia, with a na- 
tion of the ſame name, conquered by Alex- 
ander. The Tigris riſes in their country, 
Strab.—Dizd, 

Ux1SAaMa, an ifland in the weſtern agcan. 

UziTa, an inland town of Africa, de- 


ſtroyed by Cæſar. Iirt. de Afric. 41, Kc. 


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ANTHE, one of the Occanades, He- 
fiod. Theog. v. 356. 

XaxTHI, a people of Thrace. The 
inhabitants of Xanthus in Aſia. id. 
Xanthus. 

XaxTHia Phoceus, a Roman whom 
Horace addreſſes in his 2. od. 4, and of 
whom he ſpeaks as enamoured of a ſervant 
maid, 

XanTHICA, a feſtival obſerved by the 
Macedonians in the month called Xanthi- 
cus, the ſame as April. It was then uſual 
to make a luſtration of the army with great 
ſolemnity. A bitch was cut into two 
parts, and one half of the body placed on 
one fide and the other part on the other 
ſide, after which the ſoldiers marched be- 
tween, and they imitated a real battle by a 
ſham engagement. 

XANTHIPPE, a daughter of Dorus. Vid. 
Xantippe. 

XANTHIPPUS, a ſon of Melas, kiled by 
Tydeus. Vid. Xantippus. 

XanTHo, one of Cyrene's attendant 
nymphs. Vg. G. 4, v. 336. 


X E. 


Xant1Ytcres, one of the leaders of the 
10,000 Greeks, after the battle of Cunaxa. 

XANTIPPE, a daughter of Dorus who 
married Pleuron, by whom ſhe nad Age- 
nor, & c. Apollod. 1, c. 7. The wife 
of Socrates, remarkable for her ill humour 
and pee viſh diſpoſition, which are become 
proverbial. Some ſuppoſe that the philo- 
lopher was acquainted with her moroſe- 
nels and inſolence before he married 
her, and that he took her for his wife to 
try his patience, and inure himſelf to the 
malevolent reflections of mankind. She 
; continually tormented him with her imper- 
tinence; and one day, not ſatisfied with 
| uſing the moſt bitter invectives, the emp- 
tied a veſſe} of dirty water on his head, 
upon which the philoſopher coolly obſerv- 
ed, after thunder there generally falls rain. 
Alias. V. Il. 7, e. 10. 1.9, e. 7. I. 11, e, 
12.— Dig. in Socrat. 
' XavwTiyePpus, a Lacedzmonian general 
who aſſiſted the Carthaginians in the firſt 
Punic war, He defeated the Romans, 256 
B. C. and took the celebrated Regulus pri- 


. _ . 
XanTHUSs, or XANnNTHOs, a river of | foner. Such fignal ſervices deſerved to be 


Troas in Aha minor. It is the fame as 


rewarded, but the Carthaginians looked 


the Scamander, but according to Homer, with envious jealouſy upon Xantippus, and 
it was called Xanthus by the gods and Sca-| he retired to Corinth after he had ſaved 
mander by men. [ Vid. Scamander.} A | them from deſtruction. Some authors 
river of Lycia, antiently called Sirbes. It | fupport, that the Carthaginians ordered him 
was ſacred to Apollo, and fell into the ſea | to be alſaflinatedgand his body to be thrown 
near Patara. Heomer. II. 6, v. 172. —Pirg. into the ſea as he was returning home; 
En. 4, v. 143.—Mela. 1, c. 15. One While others ſay that they had prepared a 
of the horſes of Achilles, who ſpoke to his leaky ſhip to convey him to Corinth, which 
maſter when chid with ſeverity, and told he artfully avoided, Liv. 18 & 28, c. 43. 
kim that he muſt ſoon be killed. Hamer. — Appian. de Pun, An Athenian gene- 
JI. 19. One of the horſes given to Juno, ral who defeated the Perſian fleet at My- 
by Neptune, and afterwards to the ſons of , cale with Leotychides. A ſtatue was crect- 
Leda An hiftorian of Sardes in the ed to his honor in the citadel of Athens. 
wign of Darius. A Greek hiſtorian of He made ſome conqueſts in Thrace, aud 
Lydia. Dionyſ. Hal. A king of Leſbos. | encreaſed the power of Athens, He was 
A king of Bœotia, who made war; father to the celebrated Pericles by Aga- 
againſt the Athenians. He was killed by! riſte the niece of Cliſthenes, who expelled 
the artifice of Melanthus. [ Vid. Aputuria.] | the Piſiſtratidæ from Athens. Pauſ. 3, 
A Greek poet. A philoſopher of; c. 7. I. 8, c. 52. A ſon of Pericles who 
Samus, in whoſe houſe ZEfop lived ſome | diſgraced his father by his difobedience, 
time as ſervaut. A town of Lycia on his ingratitude, and his extravagance. He 


the river of the ſame name, at the diſtance 
of about 15 miles from the ſea ſhore. The 
inhabitants are celebrated for their love 
of liberty and national independence. 
Brutus laid ſiege to their city, and when 
at laſt they were unable longer to ſupport 
themſelves againſt the enemy, they ſet fire 
to their houſes and deſtroyed themſelves. 
The conqueror wiſhed to ſpare them, but 
though he offered rewards to his ſoldiers, 
if they brought any of the Xanthians alive 
into his preſence, only 150 were ſaved 


much again{] their will. Appian. 4.——=Ptut. 
in Brut, 


"of 
& 


died of the plague in tne Peloponneſian 
war, Plut, 

XENAGGRAS, an hiſtorian. Dionyſ. Hal, 
A philoſopher who meaſured the hezght 
of mount Olympus. 

XENARCHUS, a comic poet. A peri- 
patetic philoſopher of Seleuſia, who taught 
at Alexandria and at Rome, and was inti- 
mate with Auguſtus, Sab. 14.—A 
prætor of the Achæan league who wiſhed 
to favor the intereit of Pericus, king of 
Macedonia, againſt the Romans. 

XENARES, an intimate friend of Cleo» 
menes king of Sparta, 


XENETUS, 


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OY 


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—— — — — 
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X E 


XextTvs, a rich Locrian, whoſe daugh- 
ter Doris married Dionyſius of Sicily, &c. 
Ariſt. Pol. 5, c. J. 

Xrrrus, a Chian writer who compoſed 
an hiſtory of his country. 

XENVIADrs, a Corinthian who went to 
buy Diogenes the Cynic, when ſold as a 
flave. He aſked him what he could do? 
upon which the Cynic anſwered, command 
freemen. This noble anſwer ſo pleaſed 
Xeniades, that he gave the Cyuic his li- 
berty, and entruſted him with the care and 
the education of his children. Diog.—Gell. 
2, Cc. 18. 

Xen1vs, a firname given to Jupiter as 
the god of hoſpitality, 

XINOCLIA, a prieſteſs of Apollo's tem- 
ple at Delphi, from whom Hercules ex- 
torted an oracle by force. Pau. 10,C.13. 

XxenGCLEs, a tragic writer, who ob- 
tained four times a poetical prize in a con- 
tention in which Euripides was competitor, 
The names of his tragedies which obtained 
the victory were CEdipus, Lycaon, Bac- 
chx, Athamas Satyricus, againſt the Alex- 
ander, Palamedes, Trojani, and Siſvphus 
Satyricus, of Euripides. His grandſon 
bore alſo the name of Xenocles, and ex- 
celled in tragical compoſitions. lian. V. 
H. 2, c. 8. A Spartan officer in the ex- 
pedition which Ageſilaus undertook againſt 
the Perſians. An architeét of Eleuſis. 
A friend of Aratus. One of the 
friends of Cicero, A celebrated rheto- 
rician of Adramyttium. Strab. 13. 

XENOCRATES, an antient philoſopher 
born at Calcnedonia, and educated in the 
ſchool of Plato, whoſe friendſhip he gain- 
ed, and whoſe approbation he merited. 
Though of a dull and ſluggiſh diſpoſition, 
he ſupplied the defects of nature by un- 
wearied attention and induſtry, and was at 
laſt found capable of ſucceeding in the 
ſchool of Plato after Speuſippus, about 
339 years before Chriſt, He was re- 
markable as a diſciplinarian, and he re- 
quired that his pupils ſhould be acquainted 
with mathematics before they came under 
his care, and he even rejected ſome who 
had not the neceſſary qualification, ſaying 
that they had not yet found the key of phi- 
Joſophy. He did not only recommend 
himſelf to his pupils by precepts, but 
more powerfully by example, and fince the 
wonderful change he had made upon the 
conduct of one of his auditors, [ Vid. Pole- 
mom.] his company was as much ſhunned 
by the diſſolute and extravagant, as it was 
courted by the virtuous and the benevolent. 
Philip of Macedon attempted to gain his 
confidence with money, but with no ſuc- 
ceſs, Alexander in this imitated his father 


X E 


and ſent ſome of his friends with go talents 
for the philoſopher. They were intiodue- 
ed, and ſupped with Xenocrates. The 
repaſt was ſmall, frugal, and elegant, with- 
out oftentation. On the morrow, the of. 
fcers of Alexander wiſhed to pay down 
the 50 talents, but the philoſopher aſked 
them whether they had not perceived from 
the entertainment of the preceding day, 
that he was not in want of money: Tel 


your maſier, (aid he, to keep his money, he 


has more people to maintain than I have, 
Yet not to offend the monarch, he accepted 
a ſmall ſum, about the 200th part of one 
talent. His charaQter was not leſs conſpi- 
cuous in every other particular, and he bas 
been cited as an inſtance of virtue from the 
following circumſtance: The courtezan 
Lais had pledged herſelf to forfeit an im- 
menſe ſum of money, if ſhe did not triumph 
over the viitue of Xenocrates. She tried 
every art, aſſumed the moſt captivating 
looks, and uſed the moſt tempting attitudes 
to gain the philoſopher, but in vain; and 
ſhe declared at laſt, that ſhe had not loſt 
her money, as ſhe had pledged herſelf to 
conquer an human being, not a lifeleſs 
ſtone. Though ſo reſpected and admired, 
yet Xenocrates was poor, and he was drag- 
ged to priſon, becauſe he was unable to pay 
a ſmall tribute to the ſtate, He was de- 
livered from confinement by one of his 
friends. His integrity was ſo well known, 
that when he appeared in the court as a 
witneſs, the judges diſpenſed with his 
oath, He died B. C. 314, in his 82d year, 
after he had preſided in the academy for 
above 25 years, It is ſaid, that he fell in 
the night with his head into a baſon of 
water, and that he was ſuffocated. He 
had written above 60 treatiſes on different 
ſubje&s, all now loſt. He acknowledged 
no other deity but heaven, and the ſeven 
planets. Diog.—Cic. ad Attic. 10. ep. 1, 
&c. Tuſc. 5, c. 32.— Val. Max. 2, c. 10. 
— Lucian. A phyſician in the age of 
Nero, not in great eſteem. His Greek 
treatiſe, de alimento ex aquatilibus, is beſt 
edited by Franzius Lipſ. 8vo. 1774.— An 
excellent painter. Plin. 34, c. 8. 

XENoDAMUS, an illegitimate ſon of 
Menelaus, by Gnoſſia. polled, 3, c. 11. 
An athlete of Anticyra, Pauſ. 10, 
c. 36. 

XINoplck, a daughter of Syleus, killed 
by Hercules. Apollod. 2, c. 6.— A 
daughter of Minos and Paſiphac. 16. 3, 
e. 5. 

XINODGcH hs, a Meſſenian crowned at 
the Olympic games. Pauf. 4, c. 5.— 4 
native of Cardia, &c. 


XENOPHANES, a Greek philoſopher of 


cor 


Coloph. 
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Alter 


— — — — — 


X E 
Solophon, diſciple of Archelaus, B. C. 


535, He wrote ſeveral poems and trea- 
tiſes, and founded a ſect which was called 
the Eleatic, in Sicily. Wild in his opinions 
about aſtronomy, he ſuppoſed that the ſtars 
were extinguiſhed every morning, and re- 
kindled at night ; that ecliples were occa- 
ſioned by the temporary extinction of the 
ſun ; that the moon was inhabited, and 18 
times bigger than the carth ; and that there 
were ſeverat ſuns and moons for the conve- 
nience of the different climates of the earth. 


He further imagined that God and the 


world were the ſame, and he credited the 
eternity of the univerſe, but his incoherent 
opinion about the divinity, raiſed the in- 
dignation of his countrymen, and he was 
baniſhed. He died very poor when about 
100 years old. Cic. gueſt. 4. c. 37. de div. 
1. c. 3. de Nat. D. 1, c. 11.,—LaFart. 
Div. Inſt. 3, c. 23. A governor of Ol- 
bus, in the age of M. Antony. Strab. 
14. One of the miniſters of Philip, 
who went to Annibab's camp, and made 
a treaty of alliance between Macedonia and 
Carthage, 

XENOpPH Ius, a Pythagorean philoſo- 
pher, who lived to his 170th year, and 
enjoyed all his faculties to the laſt. Pal. 
Max. 8, c. 13. One of Alexander's 
generals. Curt. 5, c. 2. A robber of 
whom Aratus hired tome troops. 

XxNôHoN, an Athenian, fon of Gryl- 
lus, celebrated as a general, an hiſtorian, 
and a philoſopher. In the ſchool of So- 
crates he received thoſe inftructions and 
precepts which afterwards fo eminently 
diſtinguiſhed him at the head of an army, 
in literary ſohrude, and as the prudent fa- 
ther of a family. He was invited by Prox- 
enus, one of his intimate friends, to accom- 
pany Cyrus the younger in an expedition 
againſt his brotker Artaxerxes, King of 
Perha ; but he refuſed to comply without 
previouſly conſulting his vencrable maſter, 
and enquiring into the propricty of ſuch a 
meaſure, Socrates ſtrongiy oppoſed it, 
and obſerved, that it might raiſe the reſent- 
ment of his countrynien, as Sparta had 
made an alliance with the Perhan manarch ; 
but, however, before he proceeded further, 
he adviſed him to conſult the oracle of A- 
pollo. Xenophon paid due deference to 
the injunctions of Socrates, but as he was 
ambitious of glory, and cager to engage in 
« Uiitant expedition, he haſttencd with pre- 
cipitation to Sardis, where he was intro- 
duced to the young prince, and treated 
with great attention. In the army of Cyrus, 
Xenophon ſhewed that he was a true diſ- 
ciple of Socrates, and that he had been 
educated in the watlike city of Athens. 
Alter the deciſive battle in the plains of 


X E 


Cunaxa, and the fall of young Cyrus, the 
prudence and vigor of his mind were called 
into action. The ten thouſand Greeks who 
had followed the ſtandard of an ambitious 
prince, were now at the diſtance of above 
boo leagues from their native home, in a 
country ſurrounded on every ſide by a vic- 
torious enemy, without money, without 
proviſions, and without a leader. Xeno- 
phon was ſelected from among the officers, 
to ſupcrintend the retreat of his country- 
men, and though he was often oppoſed by 
male volence and envy, yet his perſuaſive 
eloquence and his activity convinced the 
Greeks that no general cbuld extricate them 
from every diſſiculty, better than the diſ- 
ciple of Socrates. He role ſuperior to 
danger, and though under continual alarms 
from the ſudden attacks of the Perſians, he 
was enabled to croſs rapid rivers, penetrate 
through vaſt deſarts, gain the tops of moun- 
tains, till he could reſt ſecure tor a while, 
and refreſh his tired companions. This 
celebrated retreat was at lait happily et- 
ied, the Greeks returned home after a 
march of 1155 paraſangs, or leagues, which 
was performed in 215 days, after an ab- 
lence of 15 months. The whole perhaps 
might now be forgotten, or at leait but 
vbicurely known, if the great philoſo- 
pher who planacd it, had not employed 
nis pen in deicribing the dangers which he 
clcaped, and the diihculties which he tur- 
mounted. He was no ſooner returned from 
Cunaxa, than he ſought new honors in fol- 
lowing the fortune of Ageſilaus in Aſia. 
He enjoyed his confidence, ne fought un- 
der his ſtandard, and conquered with him 
in the Aſiatic provinces, as well as at the 
battle of Coronæa. His fame, however, 
did not eſcape the aſperſions of jealouſy, 
| he was publicly baniſhed from Athens for 
accompanying Cyrus again his brother, 
and being now without a home, he retued 
to Scillus, a ſmall town of the Lacedæmo- 
nians, in the ncigubourhood of Olympia. 
In this ſolitary retreat he dedicated his 
time to literary purſuits, and as he had ace 
quired riches in his Aftatic expeditions, he 
began to adorn and variegate by the hand 
of ait, for his pleaſure and enjoyment, the 
country which turrounded Seillus. He 
built a magnincent temple to Diana, in 
| imitation of that of Epheſus, and ſpent 
| part of his time in rural employments, or 
in hunting in the woods and mountains. 

His peacelul occupations, however, were 
ſun ditturbed, a war arule between the 
Laccdæmonians and Elis The ſanctity of 
Diana's temple, and the venerable age of 
the philoſopher, who lived iu the delight- 
ful retreats of Scillus, were diſregarded, 
| and Xcnophon, driven by the Elians 2 * 
ils 


** — aw — wa — 2 : 827 „ 


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X E 


his favorite ſpot, where he had compoſed 


and written for the information of poſterity, 
and honor of his country, retired to the 
city of Corinth. In this place he died in 
the goth year of his age, 359 years before 
the Chriſtian era. The works of Xeno- 
phon are numerous: He wrote an ac- 
count of the expedition of Cyrus, called 
the Anabaſis, and as he had no inconſider- 
able ſtiare in the enterprize, his deſcrip- 
tions muſt be authentic, as he was himſelf 
an eye witneſs, Many however have ac- 
cuſed him of partiality. He appeared of- 
ten too fond of extolling the virtues of his 
favorite Cyrus, and while he deſcribes with 
contempt the imprudent operations of the 
Perſians, he does net negle& to ſhow that 
he was à native of Greece. His Cyrope- 
dia, divided into eight books, has given rife 
to much criticiſm, and while ſome warm- 
ly maintain that it is a faithful account of 
the life and the actions of Cyrus the Great, 
and declare that it is ſupported by the au- 
thority of ſcripture ; others as vehemently 
deny its authenticity. According to the 
opiuions of Plaro and of Cicero, the Cy- 
ropzdia of Xcnophon was a moral romance, 
and theſe venerable philoſophers ſupport, 
that the hiſtorian did not ſo much write 
what Cyrus had been, as what every true 
good and virtuous monarch ought to be, 
His He//enica were written as a continu- 
ation of the hiſtory of Thucydides; and 
in his Memorabilia of Socrates, and in his 
apology y, he has ſhewn himſelf, as Valerius 
Maximus obſerves, a perfe&t maſter of the 
philoſophy of that great man, and he has 
explained his doctrines and moral pre- 
cepts with all the ſucceſs of perſualive clo- 
quence and conſcivus integrity, Theſe are 
the moſt famous of his compoſitions, be- 
ſides which there are other ſmall tracts, his 
eulogium given on Ageſilaus, his cono— 
mics, on the duties of domeſtic life, the 
dialogue intitled Hiero, in which he hap- 
pily deſcribes and compares the miſery 
which attended the tyrant, with the felicity 
of a virtuous prince; a treatiſe on hunt- 
ing, the ſympoſum of the philoſophers, on 
the government of Athens and Sparta, a 
treatiſe on the revenues of Attica, &c. 
The fimplicity and the elegance of Xeno- 
phon's diction have procured him the name 
of Athenian muſe, and the bee of Greece, 
and they have induced Quintilian to ſay, 
that the graces dictated his language, and 
that the goddeſs of perſuaſion dwelt upon 
his lips. His ſentiments, as to the divinity 
and religion, were the ſame as thoſe of the 
venerable Socrates ; he ſupported the im- 
mortality of the ſoul, and exhorted his 
friends to cultivate thoſe virtues which en- 
ſwe the happineſs of maukind, with all the 


» Wo 


zeal and fervor of a chriſtian. Hs ha: 
been quoted as an inſtance of tendernef; 
and of reſignation on providence, As he 
was offering a ſacrificce, he was informed 
that Gryllus, his eldeſt ſon, had been killed 
at the battle of Mantinca. Upon this he 
tore the garland from his head, but when 
he was told that his fon had died like a 
Greek, and given a mortal wound to the 
enemy's general, he replaced the flowers 
on his head, and continued the facrifice, 
exclaiming that the pleaſure he derived 
from the valor of his ſon, was greater than 
the grief which his unfortunate death occa- 
ſioned. The beſt editions of Xenophon 
are thoſe of Leunclavius fol. Francof. 1596, 
of Erneſti 4 vols. 8vo. Lipf. 1763, and the 
Glaſgow edition 12mo. of the Cyropædia 
1767, the expedition of Cyrus 1764, the 
Memorabilia 1761, and the hiſtory of 
Greece, 1762, and likewiſe the edition of 
Zeunius, publiſhed at Leipſic, in $vo. in 
| 6 vols. betwecn the years 1778 & 1791, 
Cic. in Orat. 19.—Pal. Max. 5, c. 10.— 
Quintil. 10, c. 2.— lian. V. II. 3, c. 13. 
I. 4, c. 5.—Dicg. in Aenapl.— Seneca. 
A writer in the beginning of the fourth 
century, known by his Gicek romance in 
five books, De -lmoribus Anthhiæ Abrocome, 
publiſhed in 8vo. and 4to. by Cocceius 
Lond. 1726. A phylician of the em- 
peror Claudius, born in the ifland of Cos, 
and ſaid to be deſcended from the Aſcle- 
piades. He enjoyed the emperor's favors, 
and through him the people of Cos wer: 
exempt from all taxes. He had the mesu— 
neſs to poiſon his benefactor at the infliga- 
tion of Agrippina. Tacit. 12, Ann. c. 01 
& 67. An officer under Adrian, &c. 

XEtRA, a town of Spain, now Ach, 
where the Moors gained a battle over Ro- 
deric king of the Goths, and became maſters 
of the country. 

XTROLIB VA, a part of Africa between 
Egypt and Cyrene. 

XERXENA, a part of Armenia, Sl. 


11. 
XXRxEsS iſt, ſucceeded his father Darius 
on the throne of Perſia, and though but the 
ſecond ſon of the monarch, he was preferred 
to his elder brother Artabazanes. The 
cauſes alledged for this preference went, 
that Artabazancs was fon of Darius when 
a private man, and that Xerxes was bon, 
after his father had been raiſed on the Per- 
fan throne, of Atoſſa, the daughter ot 
Cyrus. Xerxes continued the warlike pre- 
| parations of his father, and added the fe. 
volted kingdom of Egypt to his extenſive 
polſcſhons. Heafterwards invaded Europe, 
and entered Greece with an army, whic 

together with the numerous retinue of fer- 


vants, cunuchs, and women, that attended 
it, 


it, arm 
fouls. 
of hiſt 
ſtopped 
00 Sp: 
es, altc 
ſhould « 
ſome o 
into his 
days the 
were re} 
execute 
courage 
triumph 
led a de 
tain, ani 
Leonida 
riſhed o 
reported, 
Spartans 
tent, wh 
dered th 
ing thou 
Thermo 
grace of 
was do c: 
fleet was 
mis, and 
of Athen 
ations of 
millions 
ſuperior 1 
maritime 
ſucceſs o. 
of immin 
Xerxes l 
he march 
before he 
parade in 
Mus, the 
hind, wit 
the reſt 1 
war, of 
their tim 
his ſteps 
birds of [ 
fed upon 
When he 
found thi 
erected t 
ſtorms, a 
ſmall fiſh 
dom and 
loſſes, ani 
up to riot 
and luxus 
ſubjects, 
his guard; 
dered hin 
his reign, 
tian ea. 


'of Xerxes 


authees, 2 
was not o 


met, 
ceius 
em- 
Cos, 
ſcle- 
vors, 
were 
esu 
ſliga- 
. 0 
Kc. 
Lcrex, 
Ro- 


aſtcrs 


tween 
F11ab, 


Darius 
ut the 
ferred 
The 
were, 
when 
born, 
e Per- 
iter of 
e Ple- 
he te- 
tenſive 
urope, 
which 
of fer- 
tended 
it, 


X E. 


it, amounted to no leſs than 5, 28 3, 220 
fouls. This multitude, which the fidelity 
of hiſtorians have not exaggerated, was 
ſtopped at Thermopylz, by the valor of 
oo Spartans, under king Leonidas. Xer- 
— aſtoniſhed that ſuch a handful of men 
ſhould dare to oppoſe his progreſs, ordered 
ſome of his ſoldiers to bring them alive 
into his preſence, but for three ſucceſſive 
days the moſt valiant of the Perſian troops 
were repeatedly defeated in attempting to 
execute the monarch's injunctions, and the 
courage of the Spartans might perhaps have 
triumphed longer, if a Trachinian had not 
led a detachment to the top of the moun- 
tain, and ſuddenly fallen upon the devoted 
Leonidas. The king himſelf nearly pe- 
riſhed on this occaſion, and it has been 
reported, that in the night, the deſperate 
Spartans ſought, for a while, the royal 
tent, which they found deſerted, and wan- 
dered through the Perſian army, ſlaughter- 
ing thouſands before them. The battle of 
Thermopylæ was the beginning of the diſ- 
grace of Xerxes; the more he advanced, it 
was to experience new diſappointments, his 
fleet was defeated at Artemiſium and Sala- 
mis, and though he burnt the deſerted city 
of Athens, and truſted to the artful infinu- 
ations of Themiſtecles, yet he found his 
millions unable to conquer a nation that was 
ſuperior to him in the knowledge of war and 
maritime affairs. Mortified with the ill 
ſucceſs of his expedition, and apprehenſive 
of imminent danger in an enemy's country, 
Xerxes haſtened to Perſia, and in 30 days 
he marched over all that territury which 
before he had paſſed with much pomp and 
parade in the ſpace of ſix months. Mai do- 
Mus, the beſt of his generals, was left be- 
hind, with an army of zoo, ooo men, and 
the reſt that had ſurvived the ravages of 
war, of famine, and peſtilence, followed 
their timid monarch into Thrace, where 
his ſteps were marked by the numerous 
birds of prey that hovered round him, aud 
fed upon the dead carcaſes of the Perhans. 
When he reached the Helleſpont, Xerxes 
found the bridge of boats which he had 
erected there, totally deſtroyed by the 
ſtorms, and he croſſed the ftreights in a 
{mall fiſhing veſſel. Reſtored to his king- 
dom and ſafety, he forgot his dangers, his 
loſſes, and his defeats, and gave himſelf 
up to riot and debauchery. Hig indolence, 
and luxurious voluptuouſneſs offended his 
ſubjefts, and Artabanuy, the captain of 
is guards, conſpired againſt him, and mur- 
dered him in his bed, in the 21ſt year of 
his reign, about 464 years before the Chriſ- 
tan era. The perſonal accompliſhments 


of Xerxes have been commended by antient 


athds, and Herodotus obſerves that there 
Was not one man among the millions of his 


* 


army, that was equal to the monarch in 
comelineſs or ſtature, or that was as worthy 
to preſide over a great and extenſive em- 
pire. The picture is finiſhed, and the cha- 
racter of Xerxes completely known when 
we hear Juſtin exclaim, that the vaſt arma- 
ment which invaded Greece, ' was without 
a head. Xerxes has been cited as an in- 
ſtance of humanity. When he reviewed 
his millions from a ſtately throne in the 
plains of Aſia, he ſuddenly ſhed a torrent 
of tears on the recollection that the multi- 
tude of men he ſaw before his eyes, in one 
hundred years, ſhould be no more. His 
pride and inſolence have been deſervedly 
cenſured, he ordered chains to be thrown 
into the ſea, and the waves to be whipped 
becauſe the firſt bridge he had laid acroſs 
the Helleſpont had been deſtroyed by a 
ſtorm. He cut a channel through mount 
Athos, and ſaw his fleet fail in a place 
which before was dry ground. The very 
rivers were dried up by his army as he ad- 
vanced towards Greece, and the cities which 
he entered reduced to want and poverty. 
Herodot. 1, c. 183. l. 7, c. 2, &c.— Died. 
11.—Strab. g. —Alian. 3, V. H. 25.— 
Juſtin. 2, c. 10, &c,—Parſ. 3, c. 4. 1. 8, 
c. 46. —Lucan. 2, v. 672.—Plut. in Them. 
&c.— Val. Max. The 2d, ſucceeded his 
father Artaxerxes Longimanus on-the throne 
of Perſia, 425 B. C. and was aſſaſſinated 
in the farſt year of his reign by his brother 
Sogdianus. A painter of Heraclea, who 
made a beautiful repreſentation of Venus. 

XEuxEs, an officer of Antiochus the 
Great, king of Syria. 

X1LINE, a town of Colchis. 

X1yHON1A, a promontory of Sicily, at 
the north of Syracuſe, now Cruce. Strab. 
6. Alſo a town near it, now Auguſta. 

Xois, an ifland formed by the mouths 
of the Nile. Strad. 17. 

XvuTHIA, the antient name of the plains 
of Leontium in Sicily. Diod. 5. 

XuTHus, a fon of Hellen, grandſon of 
Deucalion. He was baniſhed from Theſſaly 
by his brothers, and came to Athens, where 
he married Creuſay, the daughter of King 
Erechtheus, by whom he had Achæus and 
lon, He retired after the death of his 
father-in-law into Achaia, where he died. 
According to ſome, he had no children, but 
adopted Ion, the ſon whom Creuſa, before 
her marriage, had borne to Apollo. Apoyed. 
I, c. 7,—Pauſ. 7, c. 1. 

Xycavs, a Macedonian who told Philip 
of his cruelty when he had put his ſon Deme- 
trius to death, at the inſtigation of Perſeus, 

XYLENOPSL1s, a town at the mouth of 
the Indus, built by Alexander, ſuppoſed to 
be Lakeri. Plin. 6, c. 23. 

XvyLineg, a town of Pamphylia. Liv. 
38, c. 15. 


3 K XVTOroris, 


— - 
> a4 — * 
— — — — 


— — 
we 
— ——————_ 
—— 


— 


» "Ih 4 


XyYLoPoL1s, a town of Rene. 


Plin, 4, c. 10. 


J. 


Xyx1As, a lake of Theſſaly, or, accord- 
ng to ſome, of Bœotia. Liv. 32, c. 13- 


33,5 C. 3. 


„E 


ed at Athens, in honor of Minerva, and in 


commemoration of the time in which the 
people of Attica left their country ſeats, 
and by advice of Theſeus, all united jn one 
body. 


X vNo1CHIA, an anniverſary day obſerv- 


3 
ABATUS, a river of Media, falling 
into the Tigris, near which the ten 
thouſand Grecks ſtopped in their return. 
Xenophon. 

Zapnictne, a province of Perſia. 

ZABIRNA, a town of Libya, where 
Bacchus deſtroyed a large beaſt that infeſted 
the country. Died. 3. 

ZaBvus, a river of Aſſyria, falling into 
the Tigris. 

ZACYNTHUS, a native of Bœotia, who 
accompanied Hercules when he went into 
Spain to deftroy Geryon. At the end of 
the expedition, he was entruſted with the 
care of Geryon's flocks, by the hero, and 
ordered to conduct them to Thebes, As 
he went on his journey, he was bit by a 
ſerpent, and ſome time aſter died. His 
companions carried his body away, and 
buried it in an iſland of the Jonian fea, 
which from that time was called Zacynthus, 
The iſland of Zacynthus, now called Zante, 
is ſituate at the ſouth of Cephalenia, and 
at the weſt of the Peloponneſus. It is a- 
bout 60 miles in circumference. Liv. 26, 
c. 24--—Plin. 4, c. 12.—Strab, 2 & 8.— 
Mela. 2, c. 7. Iſomer. Od. 1, v. 246. l. , 
v. 24.— vid. de art. am. —Peauſ. 4, C. 23. 
—Virg. An. 3, v. 270. A ſon of Dar- 
danus. Pauſ. 8. 

ZADRIS, a town of Colchis. 

ZAGRAVUsS, a fon of Jupiter and Profer- 
pine, the ſame as the firſt Bacchus, of whom 
Cicero ſpeaks. Some ſay that Jupiter ob- 
tained Proſerpine's favors in the form of a 
ſerpent in one of the caves of Sicily, where 
her mother had concealed her from his pur- 
ſuits, and that from this union Zagrzus 
was born. 

ZAGRUS, a mountain on the confines of 
Media and Babylonia. Strab. 11, 

ZALATES, an effeminate youth brought 
to Rome from Armenia as an hoſtage, &c. 
Fuv. 20, v. 164. 

ZALEUCUS, a lawgiver of the Locrians 
in Italy, and one of the diſciples of Pytha- 
goras, 5 50 B. C. He was very humane, and 
at the ſame time very auſtere, and he at- 
tempted to enforce his laws more by in- 
ſpiring ſhame than dread, He had wiſely 
decreed, that a perſon guilty of adultery 


| 


2 A 


ſhould loſe both his eyes. His philoſophy 
was Called to a trial, when he was inform- 
ed that his ſon was an adulterer. He or. 
dered the law to be executed; the people 
interfered, but Zaleucus reſiſted, and ta- 
ther than violate his own inſtitutions, he 
commanded one of his own eyes, and one 
of thoſe of his ſon; to be put out. This 
made fuch an impreſſion upon the people, 
that while Zalcucus preſided over the Lo- 
crians, no perſon was again found guilty 
of adultery. Val. Max. 1, c. 2. I. 6. c, 
5.——Cic. de leg. 2, c. 6. ad Attic. 6, ep, I. 
Alias. V. IT. 2, c. 37. |. 3, c. 17. l. 
13, c. 24. —Strab, 6. 

ZAMA, or ZAM, a town of Numi-. 
dia, 300 miles from Carthage, celebrated 
for the victory which Scipio obtained ther: 
over the great Annibal, B. C. 202. Me- 
te llus beſieged it, and was obliged to retue 
with great Joſs. After Juba's death it was 
deftroyed by the Romans. Hirt. Af. gr. 
C. Nep. in Annib.— Liv. 30, c. 29.— a. 
luft. de Jug. — Flor. 3, c. 1.— Ital. 3, 
A -olionk 17 A town of Cappaco- 
cia —of Meſopotamia, 

ZAME15, a debauched king of Aſſyri, 
fon of Semiramis and Ninus, as ſome x- 
port, He reigned 38 years. 

ZaMolxts, or ZALMOXIsS, a flaveand 
diſciple of Pythagoras. He accompanied 
his maſter in Egypt, and afterwards te- 
tired into the country of the Getz, which 
had given him birth. He began to civilie 
his countrymen, and the more eaſily d 
gain reputation, he concealed himſelf for 
three years in a ſubterraneous cave, and 
afterwards made them believe, that he wa 
juſt raiſed from the dead. Some place him 
before the age of Pythagoras. After death 
he received divine honors. Diog. Her- 
dot. 4, c. 19, &c. g 

ZANCLE, a town of Sicily, on the frail! 
which ſeparate that iſland from Italy. It 
received its name from its appearing like 
ſcythe, which was called (ann, in the 
language of the country. It fell into th 
hands of the Samians, 497 years before the 
Chriſtian era, and three years after it ## 
recovered by Anaxilaus, the Meſſenian J. 


rant of Rltegium, who gave it the wy 


df his 1 
It was 
Chriſti: 
Italy, 
and Ci 
Ital. I, 
14, v. 
ZAR 
ZAR 
Who wa 
mans b 
Tigrane 
and his 
magnifi 
in Luc. 
ZARI 
to revo 
c. to. 
Bactra, 
It is cal 
Plin. 6, 
LATE 
ZAUE 
4, c. 19 
ZEBL 
uſurped 
tion of ! 
LELA 
near the 
Pharnace 
preſſing 
words ve 
Hirt. Ale 
foot of I 
ZEL A: 
Lin, 31, 
ZL; 
ZL: 
Z vo, 
in Italy, t 
the adop 
ſuppoſed 
about the 
ſibility, N 
were the 
the reſt « 
ſaid, that 
try from t 
was diſcc 
moſexcry 
of his acc 
unparallel 
conquered 
tongue Wi 
face of th 
pounded a 
midſt of | 
chus, as 1 
ance; the 
l no, as i 
is ear wi 
. uſe, 25 C. 
in Frag.— 


ſophy 
form- 
le or- 
people 
nd ra- 
ns, be 
ad one 
This 
Yeople, 
e Lo- 
guilty 
3 
ep. l. 


9. 


Numi- 
ebratcd 
d their 

Me- 
% retire 
h it was 
Af. 91. 
j.—da!- 
11. 30 v 
appaco- 


Aſſyra, 
ome n- 


ſlave and 

mpanice 

ards te- 

* which 
o civilue 
eaſily to 
mſelf for 
ave, and 
at he was 
place him 
ter death 
. Hare. 


the ſtraitz 
Italy. It 
ing Uke 1 
955 in the 

into the 
before the 
ter it vn 
Tenian !Y* 


the name 
of 


3 


df his native country, and called it Mæſſuna. 
It was founded about 1058 years before the 
Chriſtian era, by the pirates of Cumæ in 
Italy, and peopled by Samians, Ionians, 
and Chalcidians. Strab. 6,—Died, 4.— 
Ital. 1, v. 662.— Ovid. Faſt. 4, v. 499. Met. 
14, v. 6. J. 15, v. 290.—Pauſ. 4, c. 23. 

ZARAx, a town of Peloponneſus, 

ZarBiEnUs, a petty monarch of Afia, 
who was gained to the intereſt of the Ro- 
mans by one of the officers of Lucullus, 
Tigranes put him to death for his deſertion, 
and his funeral was celebrated with great 
magnificence by the Roman general. Plut. 
in Luc. 

ZARIASPES, 4 Perſian who attempted 
to revolt from Alexander, &c, Curt. , 
c. to. A river, now Dehajh, on which 
Bactra, the capital of Bactriana, was built. 
It is called Bactrus by Curtius 7, e. 4.— 
Plin. 6, e. 15 & 16. 

ZATHES, a river of Armenia. 

ZAVECES, a people of Libya. Herodot. 
4 C. 193- 

ZeBiNA, Alexander, an impoſtor who 
uſurped the throne of Syria at the inſtiga- 
tion of Ptolemy Phyſcon. 

ZrLA, or ZeLta, a town of Pontus 
rear the river Lycus, where Cæſar defeated 
Pharnaces, ſon of Mithridates. In ex- 
preſſing this victory, the general uſed the 
words ven, vidi, bici. Suet, Caf. 37.— 
Hirt. Alex. 72. A town of Troas at the 
foot of Ida. Another in Lycia. 

ZELASIUM, a promontory of Theſſaly. 
Liv. 31, c. 46. 

ZiLlts, a town of Spain. 

ZtrLvs, a daughter of Pallas. 

Zx vo, a philoſopher of Elia or Velia 
in Italy, the diſciple, or, according to ſome, 
the adopted ſon of Parmenides, and the 
ſuppoſed inventor of dialectic. His opinions 
about the univerſe, the unity, incomprehen- 
ſibility, and immutabiliry of all things, 
were the ſame as thoſe of Xenophanes and 
the reſt of the Elatic philoſophers. It is 
ſaid, that he attempted to deliver his coun- 
try from the tyranny of Nearchus. His plot 
was diſcovered, and he was expoſed to the 
moſtexcruciating torments to reveal the name 
of his accomplices, but this he bore with 
unparalleled fortitude, and not to be at laſt 
conquered by tortures, he cut off his 
tongue with his teeth and fpit it into the 
face of the tyrant. Some ſay that he was 
pounded alive in a mortar, and that in the 
midſt of his torments he called to Near- 
ehus, as if to reveal ſomething of import- 
ance ; the tyrant approached him, and 
Zeno, as if willing to whiſper to him, caught 
his ear with his teeth and bit it off. Cie. 
Tuſe + 2, C. 22. de Nat. D. 3, c. 33.—Died. 
in Frag.— Val. Max. 3, c. 3.—Diog. 9, 
be founder of the ſect of the ſtoics, 


2 E 


born at Citium in the iſland of Cyprus. 
| The firſt part of his life was ſpent * 
merclal purſuits, but he was ſoon called to 
more elevated employments. As he was 


ſhip on the coaſt of Attica, and he'was 
mipwrecked near the Pirzus. This mo- 
ment of calamity he regarded as the begin- 
ning of his fame. He entered the houſe 
of a bookſeller, and to difipate his me- 
lancholy reflections he began io read. The 
book was written by Xenophon, and the 
merchant was ſo pleaſed and captivated by 
the eloquence and beauties of the philoſo- 
pher, that from that time he renounced 
the purſuits of a buſy life, and applied 
himſelf to the ſtudy of philoſophy. Ten 
years were ſpent in frequenting the ſchool 
of Crates, and the ſame number under 
Stilpo, Xenocrates, and Polemon. Perfect in 
every branch of knowledge, and improved 
from experience as well as obſervation, 
Zeno opened a ichool at Athens, and ſoon 
ſaw himſelf attended by the great, the 
learned, and the powerful. His followers 
were called Stoics, becauſe they received 
the inſtructions of the philoſopher in the 
portico called goz. He was ſo reſpected 


publicly decreed him a brazen ſtatue and a 
crown of gold. His life was an example 
of ſoberneſs and moderation, his mangers 
were auſtere, and to his temperance and 
regularity he was indebted for the continual 
flow of health which he always enjoyed. 
After he had taught publicly for 48 years, 
he died in the 98th year of his age, B. C. 
264, a ſtranger to diſeaſes, and never in- 
commoded by a real indiſpoſition. He 
was buried in that part of the city called 
Ceramicus, where the Athenians raiſed 
him a monument. The founder of the 
ſtoic philoſophy ſhone before his followers 


he perceived to be the ultimate of his re- 
ſearches. He withed to live in the world 
as if nothing was properly his own; he 
loved others, and his affections were ex- 
tended even to his enemies. He felt a 
pleaſure in being kind, benevolent, and 


ments of pleaſure were reciprocal, He ſaw 
a connection and dependence in the ſyſtem 
of the univerſe, and perceived that from 
thence aroſe the harmony of civil ſociety, 
the tenderneſs of parents, and filial grati- 
rude. In the attainment of virtue the goods 
of the mind were to be preferred: to thoſe 
of the body, and when that point was once 
gained, nothing could equal our happineſs 
and perfection, and the ſtoic could view 


or poverty, pain and pleaſure, which gould 


neither move nor influence the ſerenity of 
3K 3 his 


4 


returning from Phanicia a ſtorm drove his 


during his life time, that the Athenians + 


as a pure example of imitation, Virtue 


attentive, and he found that theſe ſenti- 


with indifference health or ſickneſs, riches 


9 


2 * — 


— 223 hs _ 
— — . — —— 


—ñ . — 


» mw ru. . xWh—k . : 
at E. 0 ys 5 CI p = 


, ſh - 
his mind. Teno recommended refignation, | 


he knew that the laws of the univerſe 
eannot be changed by man, and therefore 


ZE 


lufopher of Tarſus, B. C. 207. Tj, 
name of Zeno was common to ſome of 
the Roman emperors, on the throne of 


he wiſhed that his diſciples ſhuuld not, in | Conſtantinople, in the 3th and 6th centuries, 


rayer, deprecate impending calamities, 

ut rather beſeech Providence to grant them 

fortitude to bear the ſevercſt trials with 
leaſure and due reſignation to the will of 

* An avzbitrary command over the 
paſſions was one of the rules of ſtoiciſm, 
to aſſiſt dur friends in the hour of calamity 
was our duty, but to give way to childiſh 
ſenſations. was unbecoming our nature, 
Pity, therefore, and anger wete to be ba- 
niſhed from the heart, propriety and de- 
corum were to be the guides in every thmg, 
and the external actions of men were the 
beſt indications of their inward feelings, 
their fecret inclinations, and their charac- 
ter. It was the duty of the ſtoic to ſtudy 
himſelf; in the evening he was enjoined to 
review with critical accuracy the events of 
the day, and to regulate his future conduct 
with more care, and always to hnd an im- 
partial witneſs within his own breaſt. Such 
were the leading characters of the ſtoic 
philoſophy, whoſe followers were ſo illuſ- 
wious, ſo perfect, and ſo numerous, and 
whoſe effects were productive of fuch ex- 
emplary virtues in the annals of the human 
mind. Zeno in his maxims uſcd to ſay, 
that with virtae men could live happy un- 
der the moſt preſſing calamities. He faid, 
that nature had given us two ears, and only 
one mouth to tell us that we ought to 
Den mere than ſpeak. He compar. ,! thoſe 
whoſe achons were diſſonam with their 
profeſtons to the coin of Alexandria, which 
ed Leautiful to the eye, though made 

of the baſeſt metals. He acknowledged 
enly one God, the ſoul of the univerſe, 
which he conceived to be the body, and 
therefore he believed that thoſe two toge- 
ther united, the foul and the body, formed 
one perfect animal, which was the god of 
the Noics, Among the moſt ihlunrious 

followers of his dottrine, and as the muſt 
reſpectable writers, may be tucutioncd 

Niete, Sencca, the emperor AAntorinys, 

&c. Cie. Acad. 1, c. 12. de Nat. D. 1, 

e. 14. J. 2, c. 8 & 24. |. 3, c. 24. pro 

Aar. de Orat. 32, &c. Fin. Seneca. 

Epiftetrs,— Arrian.— lian. V. II. 9, c. 

25.— Diog. An Epicurean philoſophei 

ot Sidon, who numbered among bis pupils 

Cicero, Poruponius Atticus, Cotta, Pom- 

pey, &c, Cc. de Nat. D. 1, c. 21 & 34. 

—-A rhetorician, father to Polemon, who 

was made king of Fontus. The ſon of 

Polemon who was king of Armenia, was 

aiſo called Zeno. Strab. 12.— Tacit. Ann. 

2z ©. 36. A native of Lepreos, crowned 

at the Olympic games. Pau. 6, c. 15. 


" ZENnou1aA, a qucen of Iberia, wife to 


Rhadamiſtus. She accompanied her huf. 
band when he was baniſhed from his king. 
dom by the Armenians, but as ſhe was un. 
able to follow him on account of her preg. 
nancy, ſhe entreated him to murder her, 
Rhadamiſtus long hefitated, but fear ful of 
her falling into the hands of his enemy, he 
obeyed, and threw her body into the Araxes, 
Her cloaths kept her up on the 1urface of 
the water, where ſhe was found iy ſome 
ſhepherds, and as the wound was not mor- 
tal, her life was preſerved, and ſhe was cat- 
ried to Tiridates, who acknowledged her as 
queen. Tacit Ann. 12, c. 51. Septi- 
mia, a celebrated princeſs of Palmyra, 
who married Odenatus, whom Gallienus 
acknowledged as his partner on the Ro- 
man throne. After the death of her huſ- 
band, which, according to ſome authors, 
| the is ſaid to have haſtened, Tenobia 
reigned in the eaſt as regent of her infant 
children, who were honored with the title 
of Czſars. She aſſumed the name of Au- 
guſta, and the appeared in imperial robes, 
and ordered herſelf to be ſtiled the queen of 
the eaſt. The troubles which at that time 
agitated the weſtern parts of the empire, 
prevented the emperor from checking the 
inſolence and ambition of this princeſs, who 
boaſted to be ſprung from the Prolemies of 
Egypt. Aurelian was no ſooner inveſted 
with the imperial purple than he marched 
into the eatt, determined to puniſh the 
pride of Zenobia. He well knew her valo, 
and he was not ignorant that in her war 
again the Perſiaus, ſhe had diſtinguiſhet 
herſelf no lets than Odenatus. She wa 
the miſtreſs of the eaſt ; Egypt acknow- 
ledged her power, and all the provinces of 
| Aha Minor were ſubje& to her command. 
| When Aurelian approached the plains of 
Syria, the Palmyrean queen appeared 2 
the head of 700,000 men. She bore the 
labors of the field like the meaneſt of ber 
ſoldicrs, and walked on foot fearlels of 
danger. Two battles were fought, the 
courage of the queen gained the ſuperiontyy 
but an imprudent evolution of the Palmy* 
rean cavalry ruined her cauſe ; and whil 
| they purſued with ſpirit the flying enemy 
the Roman infantry ſuddenly fell upon tit 
main body of Zenobia's army, and the de- 
feat was mevitable. The queen fied to 
Palmyra, determined to ſupport a biete. 
Aurelian followed her, and after he had 
moſt cxhauſted his fiores, be propoſed 
terms of accommodation, which Weft ke“ 
jected with diſdain by the warlike prince. 


nf, $£c4) Ul Antiochus.— A pl. 


[ Her hopes of victory however $001 aui, 
7 


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Z E 


ed, and though ſhe harrafſed the Romans | 
night and day by continual fallies from her 

walls, and the working of her military 

engines, ſhe deſpaired of ſucceſs when ſhe 

heard that the armies which were marching. 
to her relief from Armenia, Perha, and the 

eaſt, had partly been defeated and partly 
bribed from her allegiance, She fled from 

Palmyra in the night, but Aurelian, who 

was apprized of her eſcape, purſued her, 
and le was caught as ſhe was croſſing the 

river Euphrates. She was brought into 

the preſence of Aurelian, and though the 
ſoldiers were clamorous for her death, ſhe 
was reſerved to adorn the triumph of the 

conqueror. She was treated with great 

humanity, and Aurelian gave her large 

poſſeſſions near Tibur, where ſhe was per- 

mitted to live the reſt of her days in peace, 

with all the grandeur and majeſty which 

became a queen of the eaſt, and a war- 
like princeſs. Her children were patronized | 
by the emperor, and married to perſans of 
the firſt diſlinction at Rome. Zenobia 

has been admired not only for her military 

abilities, but alſo for her literary talents. } 
She was acquainted with every branch of 
uſeful learning, and ſpoke with fluency the 

language of the Egyptians, the Greeks, 

and the Latins. She compoſed an abridg- 

ment of the hiſtory of the oriental nations, 

and of Egypt, which was greatly com- 
mended by tne antients. She received no 
leſs honor from the patronage ſhe afforded | 
to the celebrated Longinus, who was one 
of her favorites, and who taught her the 
Greek tongue. She has alſo been — 
for ber great chaſtity, and her conſtancy, 
though ſhe betrayed too often her propen- 
ities to cruelty and intoxication when in 
the midſt of her officers, She fell into the 
hands of Aurelian about the 273d year of 
the Chriſtian era. Aur. Vit. —Zo/. Sc. 
A town of Syria, on the Euphrates. 

ZExOB11 INSUL &, ſmall iſlands at the 
mouth of the Arabian gulf. 

ZexnoDdRUs, a ſculptor in the age of 
Nero. He made a ftatue of Mercury, as 
alſo a coloſſus for the emperor, which was 
110 feet high, and which was conſecrated 
to the ſun. The head of this coloſſus was 
ſome time after broken by Veſpaſian, who 
placed there the head of an Apollo ſur- 
rounded with beams. Plin. 34, C. 7. 

ZENoODoTIA, a town of Meſopotamia, 
near Nicephorium. Plut, in Craff. | 

ZexopDoTUSs, a native of Trœzene, 
who wrote an hiſtory of Umbria. Dion. 
Hal. 2.——A grammarian in the age of 
Ptolemy Soter, by whom he was appointed 
to take care of the celebrated labrary of 
Alexandria, He died B. C. 245. | 


"I 


| 


BY 


4 


LENOTHEMIS, a Greek writer. lian. 
* H. 17. C. 30. 


2 E 

ZrenynivM, a promontory of Magna 
Grzcia towards the Ionian ſea,whence, ac- 
cording to ſome, the Locrians are cafled 
Epizephyrii. A town of Cilicia. Liv. 
33, c. 20.—-— 4A cape of Crete, now Sas 
Zuane. Of Pontus, &c. 

ZEPHYRUM, a promontory in the iſland 
of Cyprus, where Venus had a temple 
built by Ptolemy Philadelphus, whence ſhe 
was called Zephyria, It was in this temple 
that Arſinoe made an offering of her hair 
to the goddeſs of beauty. 

ZrPHYRUs, one of the winds, fon of Aſ- 
treus and Aurora, the ſame as the Favonize 
of the Latins. He married a nymph called 
Chloris, or Flora, by whom he had a ſon 
called Carpos. Zephyr was ſaid to pro- 
duce flowers and fruits by the ſweetneſs af 
his breath. He had a temple at Athens, 
where he was repreſented as a young man 
of delicate form, with tue wings on his 
ſhouiders, and with his head covered with 
all ſorts of flowers. He was ſuppoſed tg 
be the ſame as the weſt wind. Heſigg. 
Theog. 377.—Virg. En. 1, v. 135. I. 2, 
v. 417. J. 4, v. 223, &c.—Ovid. Met. 1, 
v. 64. 1. 15, v. 700.—Propert. 1, el. 16, 
v. 34; & c. | 

Ze&YNTHUS, à town of Samothrace, 
with a cave ſacred to Hecate. The epithat 
of Zerynthius is applied to Apollo, and alſs 
to Venus. Ovid. Tri. 1, el. 9, v. 19.— 
Liv. 38, c. 4t. 

Zrrnss, ZE&TES, or ZETUs, a ſon of 
Boreas, king of Thrace aud Orithya, who 
accompanied, with his brother Calais, the 
Argonauts to Colchis. In Bithypia, the 
two brothers, who are repreſented with 
wings, delivered Phineus from the continual 
perſecution of the Harpyes, and drove 
theſe monſters as far as the iflands called 
Strophades, where at laſt they were ſtopped 
by Iris, who promiſed them that Phineus 
ſhould no longer be tormented by chem. 
They were both kiked as ſome ſay, by 
Hercules during the Argonautic expedition, 
and were changed into thoſe winds which 
generally blow before the dog - ſtar appears, 
and ate calted Prodromi by the Greeks. 
Their iter Cleopatra married Phincus king 


| of Bithynia, Orpheus Arg.—Apolicd. 1, 


c. 9. |. 3, c. 15.—Hygin. fab. 14.—0vid. 
Met. 8, v. 716.— Pau. 3, c. 18.—Pal. Flacc. 
ZETTA, a town of Africa, near Thapſus, 
now Zerbi, Strab. 17. — Hirt. Afr. 68. 
ZeTvs, or ZETHUS,a ſon of Jupiter and 
Antiope, brother to Amphion. The two 
brothers were born on mount Cithæron, 
where Antiope had fled to avoid the reſent- 
ment of her father Ny&eus. When they 
had attained the years of manhood, they 
collected a number of their friends to as 
venge the injuries which their mother had 


ſuffered from Lycus, the ſuccefior of Nyc- 
ALS ! 4 teus 


* 


— —— — 


— 


— — 


| Z E 

tens on the throne of Thebes, and his wife 
Dirce. Lycus was put to death, and his 
wife tied to the tail of a wild bull, that 
dragged her over rocks and precipices till 
ſhe died. The crown of Thebes was ſeized 
by the two brothers, not only as the reward 
of this victory, but as their inheritance, and 
Zethus ſurrounded the capital of his do- 
minions with a ſtrong wall, while his bro- 
ther amuſed himſelf with playing on his 
Iyre. Muſic and verſes were diſagreeable 
to Zethus, and, according to ſome, he pre- 
vailed upon his brother no longer to pur- 
ſue ſo unproductive a ſtudy. Hygin. fab. 7. 
—Pauf. 2, c. 6, c. —-Apellod. 3, c. 5 & 
10.—Horat. t, ep. 18, v. 41. 

Zevers, a portion of Africa, in which 
Carthage was. The other diviſion was 
called Byzacium. Ifidor, 14, 5.—Plin. 5,c.q. 

ZevGMA, a town of Meſopotamia, on 
the weftern banks of the Euphrates, where 
was a well known paſſage acroſs the river. 
It was the caſtern boundary of the Roman 
empire, and in Pliny's age, a chain of iron 
was ſaid to extend acroſs it. Plin. 5, c. 24. 
m—Strab. 16.— Curt. 3, c. 7.—Tacit, An. 
n. A town of Dacia. 

Zeus, a name of Jupiter among the 
Greeks, 

Z*UxIDAMUS, a king of Sparta, of the 
family of the Proclidz. . He was father of 
Archidamus, and grandſon of Theopompus, 
and was ſucceeded by his ſon Archidamus. 
Pan. 3, c. 7. 

ZeuxInmAs, a pretor of the Achzan 
league, depoſed becauſe he had propoſed 
to his countrymen an alliance with the 
Romans. 

Zzuxtipyr, a daughter of Eridanus, mo- 
ther of Butes, one of the Argonauts, &c. 
Apolled. 3, c. 15. A daughter of Lao- 
medon. She married Sicyon, who after his 
father-in-law's death became king of that 
city of Peloponneſus, which from him has 
been called Sicyon. Pau. 2, c. 6. 

Zevuxis, a celebrated painter, born at 
Heraclea, which ſome ſuppoſe to be the 
Heraclea of Sicily. He floriſhed about 
468 years before the Chriſtian era, and was 
the diſciple of Apollodorus, and contem- 
porary with Parrhaſius. In the art of paint- 
ing he not only ſurpaſſed all his contempo- 
raries, but alſo his maſter, and became fo 
ſenſible, and at the ſame time ſo proud of 
the value of his pieces, that he refuſed to 
ſell them, obſerving that no ſum of money, 
however great, was ſufficient to buy them. 
tis moſt celebrated paintings were his 
Jupiter fitting on a throne, ſurrounded by 
the gods; his Hercules ftrangling the ſer- 
pents in the preſence of his affrighted pa- 
rents; his modeſt Penelope ; and his Helen, 


2 0 
he had painted at the requeſt of the people 
of Crotona, and that he might not be with. 
out a model, they ſent him the moſt beau- 
tiful of their virgins. Teuxis examined 
their naked beauties, and retained five, 
from whoſe elegance and graces united, 
he conceived in his mind the form of the 
moſt perfect woman in the univerſe, which 
his pencil at laſt executed with wonderful 
ſucceſs. His conteſt with Parrhaſius is well 
known; [Vid. Parrkhafius,] but though he 
repreſented nature in ſuch perfection, and 
copied all her beauties with ſuch exactneſs, 
he often found himſelf deceived. He painted 
grapes, and formed an idea of the goodneſs 
of his piece from the birds which came to 
eat the fruit on the canvaſs. But he ſoon 
acknowledged that the whole was an ill 
executed picce, as the figure of the man 
who carricd the grapes was not done with 
ſufficient expreſſion to terrify the birds, 
According to ſome, Zeuxis died from 
laughing at a comical picture he had made 
of an old woman. Cie. de Inv. 2, c. 1. 
Put. in Par, &c.—Quintil. 

ZEVUxo, one of the Oceanides. Hef:4. 

Z1ILIA, or ZEL1s, a town in Mauritania, 
at the mouth of a river of the ſame name, 
Flix. 8, e. 1. 

ZIMARA, a town of Armenia Minor, 
12 miles from the ſources of the Euphrates, 
Plin. 5, c. 24. 

Z1NnG1s, a promontory of Æthiopia, near 
the entrance of the Red Sea, now cape 
Orfui, 

ZroBER1s, a river of Hyrcania, whoſe 
rapid courſe is deſcribed by Curt. 6, c. 4. 
Zirærks, a king of Bithynia who died 
in his 7oth year, B. C. 279. 

ZiTHaA, a town of Meſopotamia. 

Z zA, a town of Arabia, 

Z0iLvus, a ſophiſt and grammarian of 
Amphipolis, B. C. 259. He rendered bim- 
ſelf known by his ſevere criticiſms on the 
works of Iſocrates, and the poems of Ho- 
mer, for which he received the name of 
Homeromaſtic, or the chaſtiſer of Homer, 
He preſented his criticiſms to Ptolemy Phi- 
ladelphus, but they were rejected with in- 
dignation, though the author declared that 
he ſtarved for want of bread. Some ſay, 
that Zoilus was cruelly ſtoned to death, or 
expoſed an a croſs, by order of Ptolemy, 
while others ſupport, that he was burnt 
alive at Smyrna. The vame of Zoilus is 
generally applied to auſtere critics. The 
works of this unfortunate grammarian are 
loſt. lian. J. H. 11, c. 10.—Diony/. 
Hal,—Ovid. de Rem. Am. 266.— An 
officer in the army of Alexander. 

Zolrrus, a ſon-in-law of Hiero of 
Sicily, 


& hich was afterwards placed in the temple 
of Juno Lacinia, in Italy. This laſt piece 


Lo vA, a town of Africa. Dio. 48. 
Of Thrace on the AEgean ſea, where he 
wood: 


Iinor, 
rates, 


1, near 
' cape 


whoſe 


e. 4 
» died 


1an of 
d bim- 
In the 
f Ho- 
me of 
lomer, 
* Phi- 
1th in- 
ed that 
ne ſay, 
ath, or 
olemy, 
; burnt 
oilus is 

The 
jan are 
Diany/. 
— An 


ero of 


8.— 
ere the 
wood; 


2 0 


woods are ſaid to have followed the ſtrains 
of Orpheus. Mela, 2, c. 2.— Herodot. 


ZoNARAS, one of the Byzantine hiſ-; 


torians, whoſe Greek Annales were cdited 
2 vols. fol. Paris, 1686. 

ZorYR1o, one of Alexander's officers, 
left in Greece when the conqueror was in 
Aſia, &c. Curt, 10, c. 1. 

ZoyYRION, a governor of Pontus, who 
made war againſt Scythia, & c. Tuſtin, 2, c. 3. 

ZorF Rus, a Perſian, ſon of Megabyzus 
who, to ſhew his attachment to Darius, the 


ſon of Hyſtaſpes, while he beſieged Baby- 


lon, cut off his cars and noſe, and fled to the 
enemy, telling them that he had received 
ſuch a treatment from his royal maſter be- 


cauſe he had adviſed him to raiſe the ſiege, | 


as the city was impregnable, This was 
credited by the Babylonians, and Zopyrus 
was appointed commander of all their forces. 
When he had totally gained their confi- 
dence, he betrayed the city into the hands 
of Darius, for which he was liberally re- 
warded. The regard of Darius for Zopy- 
rus could never be more ſtrongly expreſſed 
than in what he uſed often to ſay, that he 
had rather have Zopyrus not mutilated 
than twenty Babylons. Herodot. 3, c. 154. 
& c. Plut.—Juſtin. 1, c. 10. An orator 
of Clazomenz. Quinti/. 3, c. 6. A 


phyſician in the age of Mithridates. He 


gave the monarch a deſcription of an anti- 
dote which would prevail againſt all forts 
of poiſons. The experiment was tried 
upon criminals, and ſucceeded. —A phy- 
ſician in the age of Plutarch. An officer 
of Argos, who cut off the head of Pyrrhus. 
Plut. A man appointed maſter of Alci- 
biades, byPericles. Plut.——A phyſiogno- 
miſt. Lic. de ſat, 5, A rhetorician of 
Colophan. Drop. 

Zo80ANDA, a part of Taurus, between 
Meſopotamia and Armenia, near which the 
Tigris flows. Plin. 6, c. 27. 

Z0ROASTER, a king of Bactria, ſuppoſed 
to have lived in the age of Ninus, king of 
Aſſyria, ſome time before the Trojan war. 


According to Juſtin, he firſt invented magic, 


or the doctrines of the Magi, and rendered 
himſelf known by his deep and acute re- 
ſearches in philoſophy, the origin of the 
world, and the ſtudy of aſtronomy. He 


bas reſpected by his ſubjects and contem- 


poraries for his abilities as a monarch, a 
'awgiver, and a philoſopher, and though 
many of his doctrines are puerile and ridi- 
culous, yet his followers are ſtill found in 
numbers in the wilds of Perſia, and the ex- 
tenſive provinces of India. Like Pythago- 
145, Zoroaſter admitted no viſihle object 
ot devotion, except fire, which he conſider- 
ed as the moſt proper emblem of a ſupreme 
veing; which doctrines ſeem to have been 
Fecletved by Numa, in the worſhip, and 


Z Y 


ceremonies he inſtituted in honor of Veſta. 
According to ſome of the moderns, the 
doctrines, the laws, and regulations of this 
celebrated Bactrian are ftill extant, and 
they have been lately introduced in Europe 
in a French tranſlation. The age of Zoro- 
aſter is ſo little known, that many ſpeak of 
two, three, four, and even fix lawgivers of 
that name. Some authors, who ſupport 
that two perſons only of this name floriſh- 
ed, deſcribe the firſt as an aſtronomer, 
living in Babylon, 2459 years B. C. whilſt 
the era of the other, who is ſuppoſed to 
have been a native of Perſia, and the re- 
ſtorer of the religion of the Magi, is fixed 
589, and by ſome 519 years B. C. Jujtin, 
I, c. 1.—Augyft, de Civ.—Ord, 1.— 
Plin. 7, &c. 

Zosi uus, an officer in the reign of Theo- 
doſius the younger, about the year 410 of 
the Chriſtian era. He wrote the hiſtory of 
the Roman emperors in Greek, from the 


age of Auguſtus to the beginning of the 5th 


* 


1 


century, of which only the five firſt books 
and the beginning of the fixth are extant. 
In the frſt of theſe he is very ſuccin& in 
his account from the time of Auguſtus to 
the .reign of Diocletian, but in the ſucceed- 
ing he became more ditfuſe and intereſting. 
His compoſition is written with elegance, 
but not much fidelity, and the author 
ſhowed his malevolence againſt the Chriſ- 
tians in his hiſtory of Conſtantine, and ſome 
of his ſucceſſors. The beſt editions of 
Zoſimus are that of Cellarius, 8vo. 12 
1728, and that of Reitemier, 8 vo. Lip. 
1784. 

Zosi NE, the wife of king Tigranes, led 
in triumph by Pompey. Put. 

ZosSTER, a town, harbour, and pro- 
montory of Attica, Cic. ad Att. 5, 
ep. 12. 

ZosSTER1A, a ſirname of Minerva. She 
had two ſtatues under that name in the city 
of Thebes, in Bceotia. 

ZoTALE, a place near Antiochia in 
Margiana, where the Margus was divided 
into ſmall ſtreams. Fin. 6, c. 16. 

ZOTHRAUSTEsS, a lawgiver among the 
Arimaſpi. Diod. 

Zuchis, a lake to the caſt of the Syrtis 
Minor, with a town of the ſame name, 
famous for a purple dye, and ſalt-fiſh. 
Strab. 17. i 

ZvOANTESs, a people of Africa, 

ZYGiA, a firname of Juno, becauſe ſhe 


pre ſided over marriage, (4 guy; jurge). 


She is the ſame as the Pronuba of the 
Latins. Pindar.— Pollux, 3, C. 3. 

Z volt, a ſavage nation at the north of 
Colchis. Strab. 11. 

Zvcor suis, a town of Cappadocia, on 
the borders of Colchis. Strab. 12. 

Zvokiræ, a nation of Libya, 


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